Chapter 12: Hydrodynamic and Hydrostatic Bearings

A cup of tea, standing in a dry saucer, is apt to slip about in an awkward manner, for which a remedy is found in introduction of a few drops of water, or tea, wetting the parts in contact. Lord Rayleigh (1918)

A Kingsbury Bearing.

Hamrock Fundamentals of Machine Elements

Density Wedge and Stretch

p

ub

ub(x)

Figure 12.1 Density wedge mechanism.

Figure 12.2 Stretch mechanism.

Hamrock Fundamentals of Machine Elements

Physical Wedge and Normal Squeeze

wa

ub

wb

Figure 12.3 Physical wedge mechanism.

Figure 12.4 Normal squeexe mechanism.

Hamrock Fundamentals of Machine Elements

Translation Squeeze and Local Expansion

p

p ua

ub

Heat

Figure 12.5 Translation squeeze mechanism.

Figure 12.6 Local expansion mechanism.

Hamrock Fundamentals of Machine Elements

ua A E C

Moving

B

ua D

Velocity Proles in Slider Bearings

B Stationary (a)

A

B B

A (b)

ua
A B
L A ua H

Wz
C J ua

M K B ua D I B

z
A Stationary

h
B

Figure 12.7 Velocity profiles in a parallel-surface slider bearing.

(c)

Figure 12.8 Flow within a fixed-incline slider bearing (a) Couette flow; (b) Poiseuille flow; (c) resulting velocity profile. Hamrock Fundamentals of Machine Elements

Thrust Slider Bearing

Bearing pad Wt A A

ro ri Thrust bearing Lubricant

Bearing pad

Figure 12.9 Thrust slider bearing geometry. Hamrock Fundamentals of Machine Elements

Force and Pressure Proles for Slider Bearing

Film pressure distribution

Wz

sh

Wa
ub q

Wxa z Wza Wzb ub Fa ho Fb

sh

ho q qs qs (both sides)

Figure 12.10 Force components and oil film geometry in a hydrodynamically lubricated thrust slider bearing.

Figure 12.11 Side view of fixedincline slider bearing.

Hamrock Fundamentals of Machine Elements

Design Procedure for Fixed-Incline Thrust Bearing

1. Choose a pad length-to-width ratio. A square pad (! = 1) is generally thought to give good performance. If it is known whether maximum load or minimum power loss is more important in a particular application, the outlet lm thickness ratio Ho can be determined from Fig. 12.13. Once ! and Ho are known, Fig. 12.14 can be used to obtain the bearing number Bt. From Fig. 12.15 determine the temperature rise due to shear heating for a given ! and Bt. The volumetric specic heat Cs = "Cp, which is the dimensionless temperature rise 4. 6 2 parameter, is relatively constant for mineral oils and is equivalent to 1.36 ! 10 N/(m C). Determine lubricant temperature. Mean temperature can be expressed as

2. 3.

where tmi = inlet temperature, C. The inlet temperature is usually known beforehand. Once the mean temperature tm is known, it can be used in Fig. 8.17 to determine the viscosity of SAE oils, or Fig. 8.16 or Table 8.4 can be used. In using Table 8.4 if the temperature is different from the three temperatures given, a linear interpolation can be used. (continued)

!tm m = tmi + t 2

Hamrock Fundamentals of Machine Elements

Design Procedure for Fixed-Incline Thrust Bearing

5. Make use of Eqs. (12.34) and (12.68) to get the outlet (minimum) lm thickness h0 as

h0 = Hol

!0ubwt WzBt

Once the outlet lm thickness is known, the shoulder height sh can be directly obtained from sh = ho/Ho. If in some applications the outlet lm thickness is specied and either the velocity ub or the normal applied load Wz is not known, Eq. (12.72) can be rewritten to establish ub or Wz. 6. Check Table 12.1 to see if the outlet (minimum) lm thickness is sufcient for the pressurized surface nish. If ho from Eq. (12.72) " ho from Table 12.1, go to step 7. If ho from Eq. (12.72) < ho from Table 12.1, consider one or both of the following steps: Increase the bearing speed. Decrease the load, the surface nish, or the inlet temperature. Upon making this change return to step 3. 7. Evaluate the other performance parameters. Once an adequate minimum lm thickness and a proper lubricant temperature have been determined, the performance parameters can be evaluated. Specically, from Fig. 12.16 the power loss, the coefcient of friction, and the total and side ows can be determined. a. b.

Hamrock Fundamentals of Machine Elements

1.0

Dimensionless minimum film thickness, Ho = ho /sh

Slider Bearings: Conguration and Film Thickness

Sliding surface or runner ri Na

.8
Maximum normal load

.6

.4

Minimum power consumed

ro

.2

Length-to-width ratio, = l /wt

Figure 12.13 Chart for determining Pads minimum film thickness corresponding to maximum load or Figure 12.12 Configuration of minimum power loss for various multiple fixed-incline thrust slider pad proportions in fixed-incline bearing bearings. Hamrock Fundamentals of Machine Elements

Film Thickness for Hydrodynamic Bearings

Surface nish (centerline average), Ra m in. 0.1-0.2 4-8 Examples of manufacturing methods Grind, lap, and supernish Grind and lap Approximate relative costs 17-20 Allowable outlet (minimum) lm thicknessa , ho m in. 2.5 100

Description of surface Mirror-like surface without toolmarks; close tolerances .2-.4 8-16 Smooth surface with17-20 6.2 250 out scratches; close tolerances .4-.8 16-32 Smooth surfaces; close Grind, le, 10 12.5 500 tolderances and lap .8-1.6 32-63 Accurate bearing surGrind, precision 7 25 1000 face without toolmarks mill, and le 1.6-3.2 63-125 Smooth surface withShape, mill, 5 50 2000 out objectionable toolgrind and marks; moderate turn tolerances a The values of lm thickness are given only for guidance. They indicate the lm thickness required to avoid metal-to-metal contact under clean oil conditions with no misalignment. It may be necessary to take a larger lm thickness than that indicated (e.g., to obtain an acceptable temperature rise). It has been assumed that the average surface nish of the pads is the same as that of the runner.

Table 12.1 Allowable outlet (minimum) film thickness for a given surface finish. Hamrock Fundamentals of Machine Elements

Thrust Bearing - Film Thickness

10 6

Dimensionless minimum film thickness, Ho = ho /sh

4 2

Length-towidth ratio, 0
1/2

1
1

2 3 4

.6 .4 .2 .1

10

20

40

60

100

200

400

1000

Bearing number, Bt

Figure 12.14 Chart for determining minimum film thickness for fixed-incline thrust bearings. Hamrock Fundamentals of Machine Elements

Thrust Bearings - Temperature Rise

1000 600

Dimensionless temperature rise, 0.9 Cs wt l t m /Wz

400 200

Length-towidth ratio, 4 3 2 1

100 60 40 20 10 6 4 0 1 2 4 6 10 20 40

1/2

60

100

200

400

1000

Bearing number, Bt

Figure 12.14 Chart for determining dimensionless temperature rise due to viscous shear heating of lubricant for fixed-incline thrust bearings. Hamrock Fundamentals of Machine Elements

Thrust Bearings - Friction Coefcient

1000 600 Dimensionless coefficient of friction, l / sh 400 200 100 60 40 20 10 6 4 2 1 0 1 2 3 4

Length-towidth ratio,

1/2

10

20

40

60

100

200

400

1000

Bearing number, Bt

Figure 12.16a Chart for determining friction coefficient for fixedincline thrust bearings. Hamrock Fundamentals of Machine Elements

Thrust Bearings - Power Loss

1000 600 Power loss variable, 1.5 hpl / Wz ub sh, W-s/N-m 400 200 4 100 60 40 20 10 6 4 2 1 1
1/2

Length-towidth ratio,

10

20

40 60

100

200

400

1000

Bearing number, Bt

Figure 12.16b Chart for determining power loss for fixed-incline thrust bearings. Hamrock Fundamentals of Machine Elements

(b)

Thrust Bearings - Lubricant Flow

4

q qs (both sides)

q qs Length-towidth ratio,
1/2

Dimensionless flow, q/wt ub sh

4
1

3 2

10

20

40

60

100

200

400

1000

Bearing number, Bt
(c) Figure 12.16c Chart for determining lubricant flow for fixedincline thrust bearings.

Hamrock Fundamentals of Machine Elements

Thrust Bearings - Side Flow

1.0

.8

Volumetric flow ratio, qs /q

Length-towidth ratio,
.6

4 3
.4 .2

1
1/2

0
0 1 2 4 6 10 20 40 60 100 200 400 1000

Bearing number, Bt

Figure 12.16d Chart for determining lubricant side flow for fixedincline thrust bearings. Hamrock Fundamentals of Machine Elements

Wr

Journal Bearing Pressure Distribution

e 0 0 b hmin

0

Film pressure, p max

Figure 12.17 Pressure distribution around a journal bearing.

pmax

Hamrock Fundamentals of Machine Elements

Concentric Journal Bearing

u Na r

Figure 12.18 Concentric Journal Bearing

c wt

2r u u Bearing h=c Journal

Figure 12.19 Developed journal bearing surfaces for a concentric journal bearing. Hamrock Fundamentals of Machine Elements

Typical Radial Load for Journal Bearings

Average radial load per area, Wr psi MPa

Application Automotive engines: Main bearings Connecting rod bearing Diesel engines: Main bearings Connecting rod bearing Electric motors Steam turbines Gear reducers Centrifugal pumps Air compressors: Main bearings Crankpin Centrifugal pumps

600-750 1700-2300 900-1700 1150-2300 120-250 150-300 120-250 100-180 140-280 280-500 100-180

4-5 10-15 6-12 8-15 0.8-1.5 1.0-2.0 0.8-1.5 0.6-1.2 1-2 2-4 0.6-1.2

Table 12.2 Typical radial load per area Wr* in use for journal bearings. Hamrock Fundamentals of Machine Elements

Journal Bearing - Film Thickness

Figure 12.20 Effect of bearing number on minimum film thickness for four diameter-to-width ratios. Hamrock Fundamentals of Machine Elements

Journal Bearings - Attitude Angle

100 Diameter-towidth ratio, j 0 60 40 1 2 4

Attitude angle, , deg

80

20

10 2

10 1 Bearing number, Bj

100

101

Figure 12.21 Effect of bearing number on attitude angle for four different diameter-to-width ratios. Hamrock Fundamentals of Machine Elements

Journal Bearing - Friction Coefcient

2 102 102 Dimensionless coefficient of friction variable, rb /c

Diameter-towidth ratio, j
10
1

2 0 1

100 0 10 2 10 1 Bearing number, Bj 100 101

Figure 12.21 Effect of bearing number on coefficient of friction for four different diameter-to-width ratios. Hamrock Fundamentals of Machine Elements

Journal Bearing - Flow Rate

8 Diameter-towidth ratio, j 4 2 4 1 0

Dimensionless volumetric flow rate, Q = 2q /rbcwt b

10 2

10 1 Bearing number, Bj

100

101

Figure 12.23 Effect of bearing number on dimensionless volume flow rate for four different diameter-to-width ratios. Hamrock Fundamentals of Machine Elements

Journal Bearing - Side Flow

1.0

Side-leakage flow ratio, qs /q

.8 .6 .4

Diameter-towidth ratio, j

1 .2

10 2

10 1 Bearing number, Bj

100

101

Figure 12.21 Effect of bearing number on side-flow leakage for four different diameter-to-width ratios. Hamrock Fundamentals of Machine Elements

Journal Bearing - Maximum Pressure

1.0
Dimensionless maximum film pressure, Pmax = Wr /2rb wt pmax

.8 .6

Diameter-towidth ratio, j

1 .4 .2 2 4

10 2

10 1 Bearing number, Bj

100

101

Figure 12.25 Effect of bearing number on dimensionless maximum film pressure for four different diameter-to-width ratios. Hamrock Fundamentals of Machine Elements

Journal Bearing - Maximum and Terminating Pressure Location

Location of maximum pressure, max, deg Location of terminating pressure, 0, deg

Diameter-towidth ratio, j 100 0 80 60 40 1 20 0

10 2 10 1 Bearing number, Bj 100

0 max

25 1 2 4 20 4 15 10 5 0
101

Figure 12.21 Effect of bearing number on location of terminating and maximum pressure for four different diameter-to-width ratios. Hamrock Fundamentals of Machine Elements

Journal Bearing - Effect of Radial Clearance

Minimum film thickness, h min; power loss, hp; outlet temperature, tmo; volumetric flow rate, q

hmin hp

t mo

.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0 103

Radial clearance, c, in.

Figure 12.27 Effect of radial clearance on some performance parameters for a particular case. Hamrock Fundamentals of Machine Elements

Squeeze Film Bearing

w = h t

l z

ho

Surface b x

Surface a Figure 12.21 Parallel-surface squeeze film bearing

Hamrock Fundamentals of Machine Elements

Wz Bearing runner

Wz

Bearing pad Bearing recess Manifold (a) Wz (b) Wz Recess pressure, pr = 0 Supply pressure, ps = 0 pr > 0 ps > 0

Restrictor

Flow, q=0

Fluid Film in Hydrostatic Bearing

ho

q=0

p = pl p = pl

p = pr p = ps

(c) Wz + Wz

(d) Wz Wz ho + ho

ho ho

p = pr + pr p = ps

p = pr pr p = ps

Figure 12.29 Formation of fluid film in hydrostatic bearing system. (a) Pump off; (b) pressure buildup; (c) pressure times recess area equals normal applied load; (d) bearing operation; (e) increased load; (f) decreased load.

(e)

(f)

Hamrock Fundamentals of Machine Elements

Wz

Radial Flow Hydrostatic Bearing

ro ri

p=0

pr

sh

ho

Figure 12.30 Radial flow hydrostratic thrust bearing with circular step pad.

Hamrock Fundamentals of Machine Elements