PROJECT : PROBLEM :

CPCL, MANALI, 1 X 20 MW GTG, UNIT 3 PROBLEMS IN OVERALL DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION OF GENERATOR AND GENERATOR TRANSFORMER

While commissioning Generator Transformer ( GT ) of gas turbine, it was observed that the overall differential protection of the Generator was repeatedly acting inspite of all healthy connections. The electrical system of CPCL is provided with a Generator of 28.5 MVA/ 11 kV/ 1478 A rating and a Generator Transformer of 33 MVA/ 11 kV/ 7.07 kV DYn11 group. The Current Transformers (3 nos.) on the Generator neutral side is rated for 2000/ 1 A and current transformer on the 7 kV side of the transformer is 3000/1 (3 no.s). The relay supplied for overall differential protection is DUOBIAS of EASUN REYROLLE. Normally in the older relays, all the CT connections are given as per book theory (star on delta side of transformer and delta on star side of transformer) and interposing CTs are used to count for the ratio mismatches with the transformer current ratio. The generator does not contribute to any change in this configuration. In the later designs of numerical relays, the same function of interposing CTs and connections of the interposing CTs can be specified by simple software variables. This has eased the system of protection by eliminating the use of interposing CTs, standard CT connections irrespective of star or delta side of Generator Transformer and use of the same relay for multiple protections as in the case at CPCL. The same DUOBIAS relay was used for transformer star side Restricted Earth Fault Protection also. At CPCL both the Generator side CTs and the transformer bushing CTs

were connected in star and connected to the relay in a 4 wire configuration. As per the old theory, the CTs on the star side of the transformer should be delta and because of the use of the numerical relay star connection was given, the vector group configuration of the internal interposing CTs as yd1 ( equivalent of DYn11 when seen from the transformer star side) is to be given. The delta side of the transformer however was having only a star CT configuration and hence a yy0 interposing CT configuration in the relay was sufficient. Suitable multipliers were also incorporated (1.08 for HT side CTs and 1.10 for LT side CTs) Once the relay configurations were set, wiring configurations were checked and found to be alright as per the schematic and interconnection diagram. Again, it was checked for differential stability and the system stability could not be established. System was analysed again by raising the current slightly under short circuit connection. It was observed at a particular point of primary current, the winding current on the HT side read 0.07 A and the winding Current on LT side also read 0.07 A. An operating current of 0.12 A was observed through the relay, whereas the current of 0.14 A was expected or 0 A in case of polarity problem. As the measured value of 0.12 A is close to 0.14 A, the polarity was reversed. So CT polarities at the transformer end were reversed as that of Generator CTs polarity. It was observed that the HT side winding, LT side winding, relay operating currents all read 0.07 A. It was inferred from this that it can occur only if the phase is shifted by 120 deg. 120 deg. phase shift gives a resultant of 0.07 A and if polarity is reversed, the angle becomes 60 degrees and it gives a resultant of 0.12 A. Hence phase CTs of R,Y, B on any one side were suspected to have got shifted by 120 degrees.

To confirm the same, the vector group configuration of the interposing CT was changed to yd4 corresponding to 120 degrees and it was found that relay current became zero. The Generator side Neutral CTs were checked and it was found to be in order by physical verification and continuity. The transformer was inspected for any markings of phase details. There was no printed Phase details near the CT termination and also the CTs were totally immersed in oil and hence oil is to be drained to verify the CTs physically. Assembly drawing from BHELJhansi was not available. The vector group of the transformer is confirmed, as the machine has been synchronized many a times already. Core balance test connection was made with the transformer windings on the LT side shorted and a small voltage of 6 V was given with a single phase 230 V variac. Based on the % impedance already known, this current should be around 6 A. Also it was observed that the same current was only flowing in the single phase winding of the transformer where the voltage was given. The other two windings acts like a potential divider and hence should show a drop of 3 V across each winding. So the winding with 6 V will draw a current of 6 A on the same winding whereas the other two windings were drawing just 3 A, correspondingly the secondary side inline winding also drew higher current than the other two. The vector grouping for a Dyn11 configuration is as shown below: Applied Voltage = 6 V across RY The other two voltages VYB = 3 V, VBR = 3 V Hence currents in these two windings should also be lesser than the winding RY, so corresponding secondary current would also be less than the one corresponding to RY. Now for vector group Dyn11 Primary RY corresponds to secondary nr Primary YB corresponds to secondary ny Primary BR corresponds to secondary nb

Hence with higher voltage across RY should give a higher current across RY and hence nr under short circuit condition. Practically it was observed that the current in one phase of the secondary of the secondary side CT showed 5 mA whereas the other two showed 2.5 mA, hence it was concluded that this CT corresponds to r phase of the secondary of the transformer. Similarly the other two phases were also found out by giving a small voltage in the other two phases one by one and the CTs for each phase were identified. It was observed that the CTs did not match with the markings.

The CTs were correctly marked, the machine was again rolled and checked. The values indicated change in polarity of one of the CTs. So polarities were then interchanged one by one and checked for stability. b phase CT polarity was found reversed and corrected. Operating currents in both the primary side and secondary windings were found to be 0.07 A and the relay currents were found to be zero and hence stability of the system was proved.