AR 0416, Town Planning & Human Settlements,

UNITI

INTRODUCTION TO TOWNPLANNINGANDPLANNINGCONCEPTS
CT.Lakshmanan B.Arch., M.C.P. AP(SG)/Architecture

PRESENTATION STRUCTURE
INTRODUCTION
DEFINITION PLANNERS ROLE AIMS & OBJECTIVES OF TOWN PLANNING PLANNING PROCESS URBAN & RURAL IN INDIA TYPES OF SURVEYS SURVEYING TECHNIQUES DIFFERENT TYPE OF PLANS

PLANNING CONCEPTS
GARDEN CITY Sir Ebenezer Howard GEDDISIAN TRIAD Patrick Geddes NEIGHBOURHOOD PLANNING C.A.Perry RADBURN LAYOUT EKISTICS SATELLITE TOWNS RIBBON DEVELOPMENT

TOWN PLANNING
city should be built to give its A place where men had a inhabitants hb security and d h happiness A common life for a noble end Aristotle Plato people have the right to the city Town planning a mediation of space; making of a place

WHATISTOWNPLANNING?

The art and science of ordering the use of land and siting of buildings and communication routes so as to secure the maximum practicable degree of economy convenience, economy, convenience and beauty beauty.

An attempt to formulate the principles that should guide us in creating a civilized physical background for human life whose main impetus is thus foreseeing and guiding change.

WHATISTOWNPLANNING?
An art of shaping and guiding the physical growth of the town creating buildings and environments to meet the various needs such as social, cultural, economic and recreational etc. and to provide healthy conditions for both rich and poor to live, to work, and to play or relax, thus bringing about the social and economic well-being for the majority of mankind.

WHATISTOWNPLANNING?
physical, social and economic planning of an urban environment It encompasses many different disciplines and brings them all under a single umbrella. The Th simplest l d definition f of f urban b planning l is that h it is the h organization of all elements of a town or other urban environment.

Physical

Ecological

IFPLANNINGWASNOTTHERE?
Uneven & Chaotic development contrasting urban scenario Mixed Landuse Industries springing up in residential zones Congested Transportation Network overflowing traffic than expected

CONTRASTING URBAN SCENARIO

ROLEOFPLANNERS
Consider human communities are always y in the p process of changing Recognize the complexity of communities Concern C about b the h future f

G th of Growth f the th city it

AIMS&OBJECTIVESOFTOWNPLANNING
to create and promote healthy conditions and environments for all the people to make right use of the land for the right purpose by zoning to ensure orderly development to avoid encroachment of one zone over the other social, economic, cultural and recreational amenities etc etc. Recreational amenities open spaces, parks, gardens & playgrounds, town halls stadiums community stadiums, centers, cinema houses, and theatres To preserve the individuality of the town To preserve the aesthetics in the design of all elements of town or city plan,

HEALTH

CONVENIENCE

BEAUTY

PLANNINGPROCESS
IDENTIFICATION & DEFINITION OF PROBLEM DATA COLLECTION Studies & Surveys
Identification of trend and direction of growth, Traffic survey, Study on demography, Climate, Resources and other potentials In the form of study maps, graphs, charts, etc and long t & short term h t term t objectives are identified Demographic projection & forecasting based on migration, employment, industrialisation and urbanisation

DEFINING THE OBJECTIVES

To regulate T l t growth th , t to nullify llif the th bad b d effects ff t of f past t growth, th to t improve the transportation facilities, to optimize the resources utilization, to balance population and economic activities, to promote social integration among different categories, to promote a convenient comfortable, beautiful and healthy environment.

DATA ANALYSIS

FORECASTING

FIXING THE PRIORITIES

Identification of priorities based on the need, importance and urgency

Preparation of development plans, formulation of zones, alteration l i to the h existing i i zoning i regulations, l i widening of roads etc

DESIGN

IMPLEMENTATION

Implementation by the suitable authorities , within time & must satisfy all the required obligations

REVIEW, EVALUATION & FEEDBACK

Monitoring by periodical inspections, feedbacks & review reports.

URBAN&RURALINDIA

Urban Area Census of India

all ll places l with ith a municipality, corporation, cantonment board or notified town area committee;

all other places which has features as

a minimum population of 5000; at least 75% of the male working population engaged in nonagricultural pursuits and a density of population of at least 400 persons per sq. km. and predominantly urban way of life (urbanism)

Apart from urban area & urban agglomeration rest is considered as Rural Area.

URBAN&RURALINDIA
CENSUS CLASSIFICTION OF TOWNS & CITIES
Class of Cities/Towns Class I Class II Class III Class IV Class V Class VI Range of Population 100,000 and above 50,000 to 99,999 20 000 to 49 20,000 49,999 999 10,000 to 19,999 5,000 to 9,999 Below 5,000 No of Towns (Census of No. India) 393 401 1151 1344 888 191

Report of National Commission on Urbanization, vol. One

TYPESOFSURVEYS REGIONAL SURVEYS

done over a region dealing with PHYSICAL FACTORS like topography, physically difficult land, geology, landscape etc etc. PHYSICAL ECONOMIC FACTORS like agricultural value of the land, mineral resources and water gathering lands, areas with i h public bli services, i transportation i linkages etc. SOCIAL ECONOMIC FACTORS like areas of influence of towns and villages, employment, population changes etc

TOWN SURVEYS
done at much d h small ll scale l and d apart from the above data collected from the regional surveys it also includes
LANDUSE SURVEYS DENSITY SURVEYS SURVEYS FOR THE AGE AND CONDITION OF THE BUILDINGS TRAFFIC SURVEYS OTHER SOCIAL SURVEYS

SURVEYINGTECHNIQUES Q
SELF SURVEYS - mailing g questionnaires q to the p persons to be surveyed INTERVIEWS - by asking questions to the people to be surveyed d DIRECT INSPECTION - when the surveyor himself inspects the situations concerned OBSERVERS PARTICIPATION - when the observer himself participate in acquiring the data required

SURVEYINGTECHNIQUES Q SCALES FOR STRUCTURING QUESTIONNAIRE

NOMINAL where there is no ordering, like asking of sex, age, employment in any particular service etc. ORDINAL where h there h is i a specific ifi order d of f choices h i like lik asking of priorities, housing conditions, climate etc. INTERVAL where an interval of time is g given importance p like time taken to shift from LIG housing to MIG housing, time interval to change from two wheelers to four wheelers etc. this provides an yardstick of measurements

SURVEYINGTECHNIQUES Q
SELECTION OF SAMPLES
More disastrous results - of poor information, larger sample size is required. For varied expected responses - larger sample size is required. Larger L the th total t t l population, l ti smaller the percentage of the population are required to be surveyed. y
Sample Size number of persons selected for conducting the survey S l persons that Sample h are included l d d in the h survey

TYPES OF SAMPLES

SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING - selecting samples at random without any criteria to select the samples SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING -selection of the Kth element along g a particular p street, where k can be any y number STRATIFIED SAMPLING - making of a homogenous listing of the different sects of the population and collecting a certain percentage at random from each sect CLUSTERED SAMPLING - when samples p are selected from clusters and not from a homogeneous listing

DIFFERENTTYPESOFPLANS
Structural plan
A structure plan is one

Comprehensive plan The comprehensive

plan seeks to combine in one document the prescriptions for all aspects of city development. It includes an analysis of the citys economy, its demographic characteristics, and the history of its spatial development as a preface to plan for how the city should evolve over 20 year period

Developmental plan
means a plan for the development or redevelopment or improvement of f the h area within the jurisdiction of a planning authority It includes a regional plan, master t plan, l detailed d t il d development plan and a new town development plan

that singles out for attention of certain aspect of the environment usually the landuses, the main movement systems and the location of critical facilities and buildings. Such a plan aims to influence certain key vocational decisions while recognizing that there are many other things that cant and perhaps should not be decided at the outset.

GARDENCITY SirEbenezerHoward

GardenCity ymostpotent p planningmodelin Westernurbanplanning CreatedbyEbenezer Howardin1898tosolve urbanandruralproblems Sourceofmanykey planningideasduring 20thcentury

GARDENCITY importantdates

1850 1928 1899 1903

SIREBENEZERHOWARD PublishedGardenCityofTomorrow GardenCityAssociationwasformed LETCHWORTHwasdesignedfor35000persons 1920 1947 WELWYNwasdesignedfor40000persons LETCHWORTHhad16000population&100factories WELWYNhad18000population &75factories

UK Europe US restoftheworld

THECONCEPT
GardenCity an impressivediagramof THETHREEMAGNETS namelythetown magnet,country magnetwiththeir advantagesand disadvantagesandthe thirdmagnet g with attractivefeaturesof bothtownandcountry life. Naturallypeople preferredthethirdone namelyGardenCity

THECONCEPT
Coregardencityprinciples
Strongcommunity Ordereddevelopment Environmentalquality

Theseweretobeachievedby:
Unifiedownershipoflandto preventindividualland speculationandmaximise communitybenefit Carefulplanningtoprovide generouslivingand workingspacewhile maintainingnaturalqualities Socialmixandgood communityfacilities Limitstogrowthofeach gardencity Localparticipationin decisionsaboutdevelopment

THECONCEPT
Affordability
Howardwantedgardencityforall incomes Mostoriginallyforthoseofmodest incomes Theirattractivenessasliving environments i t has h often ft made d thembecomemorepopularwith betteroffpeople

Examples E l of fmodest d ti incomegarden d city

Kapyla (Helsinki, (Helsinki Finland), Finland) ColonelLightGardens(Adelaide, Australia)and Orechovka (Prague,CzechRepublic)

APPLICATION
Letchworth 35 miles fromLondon Landof3822 acres ReservedGreenbelt 1300 acres Designedforamaximum p p of35000 population In30 years developed population p with15000 p & 150shops,industries

LETCHWORTH , UK
HealthoftheCountry ComfortsoftheTown

APPLICATION
Welwyn 24 milesfrom London Landof2378 acres g foramaximum Designed of40000 population In15 years developed with10000 population& industries

50shops, shops

WELWYN ,UK

APPLICATION
Enskede, Stockholm, Sweden (1908-)

Margarethenhohe in Essen, Germany (1908-)

Chemin Vert in Reims, France

APPLICATION
VALLINGBY, STOCKHOLM
After 1945, the garden city model was mutated into satellite or new towns in many countries . eg in Sweden, UK or Hong Kong.

MILTON KEYNES, KEYNES UK

SHATIN, HONG KONG

GEDDISIANTRIAD PatrickGeddes

Fatherofmodern townplanning Firsttolink sociologicalconcepts intotownplanning Surveybeforeplan i diagnosis i.e. di i before b f treatment

GEDDISIANTRIAD importantdates 1854 1932 1886 1892 1911 1915 PATRICKGEDDES SettledinEDINBERGH Outlooktower WorldsfirstSociological y observatory ExhibitiononCitiesandTownplanning P bli h dCities Published Citi in i E Evolution l ti VisitedINDIA 1920 23 Professor P f of fCi Civics i and dS Sociology i l inUniversityofBombay SettledinMontpellier,France

1924

GEDDISIANTRIAD

Organicrelationshipbetween

SOCIAL,PHYSICAL & ECONOMICAL environment

PatrickGeddes Planningconcepts
Ruraldevelopment,UrbanPlanningandCityDesign arenotthesame andadoptingacommonplanning process isdisasturous Conurbationwavesofp population p inflowtolarge g cities,followedbyovercrowdingandslumformation, andthenthewaveofbackflow thewholeprocess resulting l inamorphous h sprawl, l waste,and d unnecessaryobsolescence.

PatrickGeddes Planningconcepts

CONURBATION DELHI NCR, NCR INDIA

LONDON , UK

PatrickGeddes Planningconcepts
Thesequenceofplanning istobe:
Regionalsurvey p Ruraldevelopment Townplanning ydesign g City

Thesearetobekeptconstantlyuptodate Hegavehisexpertadviceforthe improvementofabout18 majortownsin India.

PatrickGeddes Outlook Tower

tookoverShorts Observatoryin1892. Observatory spectacularviewsthe surrounding gcity yregion. g Positionedatthetopis theCamera

Obscura, which
refractsanimageontoa whitetablewithin,for study yandsurvey. y

PatrickGeddes Outlook Tower

atoolforregionalanalysis,index museumandtheworldsfirst sociological g laboratory. y ItrepresentstheessenceofGeddess thought hisholism,visualthinking, andcommitmenttounderstanding g thecityintheregion. Hesaidofit:Ourgreatestneedtoday istoconceivelifeasawhole,toseeits manysidesintheirproperrelations, butwemusthaveapracticalaswell asaphilosophicinterestinsuchan integratedviewoflife. NowthetowerishometothePatrick GeddesCentreForPlanning gStudies, whereanarchiveandexhibitionare housed.

NEIGHBORHOODUNIT
Theneighbourhoodisthe planningunitforatown.
evolved

advent of industrial revolution and degradation of the city environment caused due to
due to the

high congestion,

heavy traffic movement through the city, insecurity to school going children, distant di t t location l ti of f shopping h i and d recreation ti activities; etc.

NEIGHBORHOODUNIT
to create a safely

healthy physical

environment in which
children hild will ill have h no traffic t ffi streets t t to t cross on their way to school, schools which are within walking distance from home; an environment in which women may have an easy walk to a shopping centre where they may get the daily households goods, employed people may find convenient transportation to and from work. well equipped playground is located near the house where children may play in safety with their friends for healthy development of their mind and spirit. spirit

PRINCIPLESOFNEIGHBORHOODUNIT UnitofUrban Pl Planning i StreetSystem Facilities F ili i Population Sector S SizeandDensity Neighbourhood N i hb h d Walkways Protective P t ti St Strips i

CLARANCESTAINsCONCEPTION

Walkingdistanceradiusis onemile. InthefigureA,elementary schoolisthecentreofthe unitandwithinaonehalf mileradiusofallresidents intheneighbourhood, localshoppingcentres locatedneartheschool. Residentialstreetsare suggestedasCULDESACS toeliminatethroughtraffic andparkspaceflowsinto theneighbourhood

RADBURNSCONCEPT
"Wedidourbesttofollow Aristotle'srecommendationthata cityshouldbebuilttogiveits inhabitantssecurityand happiness ClarenceStein "themostsignificantnotionin20thCentury urbandevelopment AnthonyBailey

"TownfortheMotorAge"istruly a"TownforTomorrow"

thefirstmajoradvanceincityplanningsince "social planning of an advanced order. It is Venice LewisMumford

manipulation of physical elements to induce and encourage a social and human goal. It is a kind of planning which recognizes that the growing edge of civilization is in the human and not the mechanical direction, though the mechanical factors must be carefully aligned and allocated to support and advance the communal achievements and the social inventions of a free people of autonomous family life. James Dahir

RADBURNsPlanning conceivedby 1929Radburn Created CLARANCESTEIN& 25000people l HENRYWRIGHT 149acres F t that Factors th tinfluenced i fl d 430singlehouses RapidIndustrialisation after WorldWarI 90rowhouses MigrationofRuraltoCities 54semiattachedhouses DramaticgrowthofCities HousingShortage 93apartmentunits Theneedtoprovidehousing
andprotectfrommotorised t ffi traffic

RADBURNsPlanning INSPIRATION
HenryWright's"SixPlanksforaHousingPlatform"
Plansimply,butcomprehensively. D 'tstop Don't t at tthe th individual i di id lproperty t line.Adjustpaving,sidewalks,sewers andtheliketotheparticularneedsof thepropertydealtwith nottoa conventional ti lpattern. tt Arrange A buildingsandgroundssoastogive Carsmustbeparkedandstored, d li i made, deliveries d waste t collected ll t d (Vehicular Movement) plan forsuchserviceswithaminimum

playgrounds,schoolgardens, playgrounds gardens schools, schools theatres,churches,publicbuildings andstores. Putfactoriesandother industrial b ildi buildings wheretheycanbeused

sunlight,airandatolerable outlooktoeventhesmallestand cheapesthouse. Provideamplesitesintheright placesforcommunityuse:i.e.,

ofdanger danger,noiseand confusion.

Relationship betweenbuildings.

withoutwastefultransportation
ofgoodsorpeople.

Develop pcollectively ysuchservicesas willaddtothecomfortofthe individual,atlowercostthanis possibleunderindividualoperation. Arrangefortheoccupancyof housesonafairbasisofcostand service,includingthecostofwhat needstobedoneinorganizing, buildingandmaintainingthe community.

RADBURNSCONCEPT
SEPARATION ofpedestrian
andvehiculartraffic SUPERBLOCK largeblock surroundedbymainroads housesgroupedaroundsmall CULDESACS eachaccessed frommainroad,Living, Bedroomfacedgardens& parks,serviceareastoACCESS
GLENROCK Bolder

ERNIERail l road

ROADS

remainingland PARKAREAS WALKWAYS designed g such thatpedestrianscanreach socialplaceswithoutcrossing automobilestreet

SADDLEBROOK Township

Sadd dle river

RADBURNSCONCEPT
FINANCIALPLANNING Parkswithoutadditional costfromResidents Savingsfrom f minimising roads requireslessroad area 25%lessareagave12 15%oftotalparkarea

RADBURNSCONCEPT applications
US
BaldwinHills LosAngels Kitimat B.C

England postWWII
Coventry, Stevenage, Bracknelland Cumbermauld

Chandigarh,India Brazilia,Brazil SeveraltownsinRussia SectionofOsaka,Japan Wellington g ,New Zealand US Reston,Virginia& Columbia,Maryland

Sweden
Vallingby, Baronbackavna Estate,Orebro& Beskopsgaden k d EstateGoteborg b

EKISTICS
Ekisticsisthestudy ofhumansettlement, which examinesnotonlybuiltforms,butalsotheinterfaceof time,movementsandsystemsinthebuilt environment. i t Doxiadis sawekisticsasanintellectualapproachto b l balance th convergenceofthepast the past,present present, andfutureinhumansettlementsaswellasa system forcreatively coping withthegrowthof population,rapidchangeandthepressuresoflarge scale,highdensityhousing.

EKISTICS
EkisticsLograthamic Scale(ELS) ELSconsistsof15Ekistic Units ranging fromMantoEcumenopolis Classifiedunder4majortypes Minorshells,orelementaryunits(man,
room,house)
MAN ROOM DWELLING NEIGHBOURHOOD TOWN CITY METROPOLIS CONURBATION MEGALAPOLIS URBANREGION ECUMENAPOLIS

Microsettlements, theunitssmallerthan than,

orassmallas,thetraditionaltownwhere peopleusedtoandstilldoachieve ywalking g interconnectionby

Mesosettlements, betweenthetraditional
townandtheconurbationwithinwhichone cancommutedaily

Macrosettlements, whoselargestpossible
expressionistheEcumenopolis,

EKISTICSUNITS
NATURE MAN SOCIETY SHELL NETWORKS

Geological resources Topographical resources Soilresources Waterresources Plantlife Animallife Climate

Population compositionand Biological Bi l i lneeds d d it density (space,air, Social temperature, stratification etc.,) Culturalpatterns Sensation S ti and d Economic E i perception(the development fivesenses') Education Emotional Healthand needs d (h (human welfare lf relations, Lawand security,beauty, administration etc.) Moralvalues

Watersupply systems Housing Powersupply Community systems services(schools, Transportation hospitals,etc.) systems(water, Shoppingcenters road,rail,air) andmarkets Communication Recreational systems facilities (telephone,radio, Civicandbusiness TVetc.) centers(townhall, Sewerageand lawcourts,etc.) drainage Industry Physicallayout Transportation (Ekistic plan) centers

EKISTICS Nature& GoalsofSettlement FiveelementsformsaSystem Goal makemanhappyandsafe. safe

Primary

Man
Secondary

Nature

Society

N t Network k

Sh ll Shells

Tertiary

SATELLITETOWNS
Asatellitetownor satellitecityisaconcept inurbanplanningthat refersessentially yto miniaturemetropolitan areasonthefringeof largerones

SATELLITETOWNS
Characteristics Satellitecitiesare smallormediumsized citiesnear alarge metropolis,thatare Predatethat metropolis' t li 'suburban b b expansion; Areatleastpartially independentfrom p thatmetropolis economicallyand socially;
Arephysicallyseparatedfrom themetropolisbyrural territory;satellite ll citiesshould h ld havetheirownindependent urbanizedarea,orequivalent; q ; Havetheirownbedroom communities; Haveatraditionaldowntown surrounded bytraditional "inner innercity city" neighborhoods; Mayormaynotbecounted as partofthelargemetropolis' CombinedStatisticalArea

RIBBONDEVELOPMENT
Ribbondevelopment meansbuildinghousesalongthe routesofcommunicationsradiatingfromahuman settlement. SuchdevelopmentgeneratedgreatconcernintheUK duringthe1920sand30s,aswellasinnumerousother countries. FollowingtheIndustrialrevolution, revolution ribbon developmentbecameprevalentalongrailway lines predominantlyintheUK,Russia,andUnitedStates. Agoodexampleofthiswasthedeliberatepromotion ofMetroland alongLondon'sMetropolitanrailway. SimilarevidencecanbefoundfromLongIsland (where FrederickWDunton boughtmuchrealestateto encourageNewYorkers tosettlealongtheLongIsland Railroad lines),Boston andacrosstheAmericanmid west Ribbondevelopmentcanalsobecomparedwitha li linear village ill which hi his i avillage ill that h grewalong l a transportationroute,notaspartofacity'sexpansion.

AR 0416, Town Planning & Human Settlements,

UNITII
ANCIENT SYSTEM OF TOWN PLANNING IN INDIA

CT.Lakshmanan B.Arch., M.C.P. AP(SG)/Architecture

TOPICSTOBECOVERED
INDUSVALLEYCIVILIZATION
MOHENJADORO HARAPPA

EXTRACTSFROMCHANAKYAS CHANAKYA SARTHASASTRA

REGIONALCONCEPTS MANASARAVASTUSASTRA
8TOWNPLANNINGCONCEPTS

PLANNINGCONCEPTSBEHIND
FATEHPURSIKHRI SHAHJAHANABAD JAIPUR DELHI

INDUSVALLEYCIVILIZATION
Alsoreferred toas HARAPPAN CIVILIZATION & SARASWATHI SINDHU CIVILIZATION Between B t INDUSRIVER ANDTHE GHAGGAR HAKRARIVER [Pakistanand North Western India]

HARAPPA

MOHENJODARO

INDUSVALLEYCIVILIZATION

TOWNPLANNINGCONCEPT
SOPHISTICATED&ADVANCEDURBANCULTURE STREETSINPERFECTGRIDPATTERNSINBOTH MOHENJODORO&HARAPPA WORLD WORLDS SFIRSTSANITATIONSYSTEM INDIVIDUALWELLSANDSEPARATECOVEREDDRAINSALONG THESTREETSFORWASTEWATER HOUSESOPENEDTOINNERCOURTYARDS&SMALLERLANES IMPRESSIVEDOCKYARDS,GRANERIES,WAREHOUSES,BRICK PLATFORMS&PROTECTIVEWALLS MASSIVECITADELSPROTECTEDTHECITYFROMFLOODS& ATTACKERS CITYDWELLERS TRADERS&ARTISANS ALLTHEHOUSESHADACCESSTOWATER&DRAINAGE FACILITIES

INDUSVALLEYCIVILIZATION

DEVELOPMENTOFCITIES
CITIESGREWOUTOFEARLIERVILLAGESTHAT EXISTEDINTHESAMELOCALITYFOR<100YRS GREWINSIZE&DENSITYANDSURROUNDEDBY NUMEROUSTOWNS&VILLAGES CITIESINTERLINKEDBYTRADE&ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES, ,RELEGIOUSBELIEFS, ,SOCIAL RELATIONS,ETC VASTAGRICULTURALLANDS,RIVERS&FORESTS BYPASTORALCOMMUNITIES,FISHERFOLKAND HUNTERSSURROUNDEDEACHCITY

INDUSVALLEYCIVILIZATION

DEVELOPMENTOFCITIES CLASSIFICATIONOFTOWNS
Smallvillages/hamlets 0 10hectares Largetowns 10 50hectares Cities 50hectares

IMPORTANTCITIES
CITY MOHENJODARO HARAPPA GANWERIWALA RAKHIGARHI DHOLAVIRA REHMANDEHRI SIZEINHECTARES 200 150 80 80 100 22 12000 POPULATION 3541000 23500

MOHENJODARO
NOFORTIFICATION MAJORSTREETSIN NORTHSOUTH DIRECTION INTERSECTIONAT RIGHTANGLES STREETSWITHIN BUILTUPAREAS WERENARROW DISTINCTZONING FORDIFFERENT GROUPS

MOHENJODARO

SETTLEMENT DIVISIONS
RELEGIOUS, INSTITUTIONAL & CULTURAL AREAS AROUND MONASTERY & GREAT BATH IN THE WESTERN PART NORTH AGRICULTURE & INDUSTRIES SOUTH ADMINISTRATION, TRADE & COMMERCE

MOHENJODARO

CONSTRUCTIONTECHNIQUES Q
BUILDINGS MASONRYCONSTRUCTIONBYSUN DRIEDBRICKS RANGINGFROM2ROOMSTOMANSIONSWITH MANYROOMS UNDERGROUNDSEWERAGE&DRAINAGEFROM HOUSES HELICALPUMPSFORPUMPINGWATERINGREAT BATH PRINCIPALBUILDINGS MONASTRY&BATH INDICATINGRELIGIOUSCULTURE

MOHENJODARO
12x7x3MINDIMENSIONS EARLIESTPUBLICWATERTANKIN ANCIENTWORLD LEDGEEXTENDSFORTHEENTIREWIDTH OFPOOL WATERTIGHTFLOOR THICKLAYEROF BITUMEN FLOORSLOPESINSOUTHWESTCORNER WITHASMALLOUTLETCONNECTINGTO ABRICKDRAIN ROOMSLOCATEDINTHEEAST

GREATBATH

GRANARY

MOHENJODARO

50x40MINDIMENSION,4.5MTALL MASSIVEMUDBRICKFOUNDATION 2ROWSOFSIXROOMSALONGACENTRALPASSAGEWAY[7MWIDE &PAVEDWITHBAKEDBRICKS] EACHROOM15.2x6.1MHAS3STEEPERWALLSWITHAIRSPACE BETWEEN AWOODENSUPERSTRUCTURESUPPORTEDINSOMEPLACESBY LARGECOLUMNSWOULDHAVEBEENBUILTONTOPOFTHEBRICK FOUNDATIONS,WITHSTAIRSLEADINGUPFROMTHECENTRAL PASSAGEAREA. SMALLTRIANGULAROPENIGS AIRDUCTSFORFRESHAIR BENEATHHOLLOWFLOORS THELARGESIZEOFTHEGRANARYPROBABLYINDICATESAHIGHLY DEVELOPEDAGRICULTURALCIVILIZATION

HARAPPA
23000 POPULATION 150HECTARES
EARLIESTCITYMAYHAVEBEENFORMED DURINGTHEKOT DIJI PHASE,I.E.,

2500BC

2800

25HA. ITBECAMEACENTREFORTRADE NETWORKSEXTENDINGFROM

EARLIESTCITYCOVEREDANAREAOF SOUTH.

BALUCHISTANANDAFGHANISTANTO THEWESTOFTHESEACOAST INTHE

TOWNSBUILTOVER

HARAPPA

RAISED S MUD BRICKPLATFORMS

HARAPPA

TOWNPLANNING
CITADELMOUNDANDLOWERTOWNSURROUNDEDBYAMASSIVEBRICK

WALL.
CITADELHADSQUARETOWERSANDBASTIONS. LARGEOPENAREASINSIDETHEGATEWAYMAYHAVEBEENUSEDASA MARKETOR

CHECKPOINTFORTAXINGGOODSCOMINGINTOTHECITY
OUTSIDETHECITYWALLSACLUSTEROFHOUSESMAYREPRESENT TEMPORARYRESTSTOPSFORTRAVELLERSANDCARAVANS

NODIVISIONOFTHESOCIETYISREFLECTEDINTHELAYOUTOFTHE
CITY.SINCELARGEPUBLICBUILDINGS,MARKETAREAS,LARGEANDSMALL HOUSESASWELLASCRAFTWORKSHOPSHAVEBEENFOUNDINTHESAME NEIGHBOURHOOD. NEIGHBOURHOOD

BARRACKLIKEGROUPOFSINGLEROOMEDTENEMENTS WEREFOR
THEPOORERCLASSES

TOWNPLANNING
Basichouseplans
singleroomtenements houseswithcourtyards

HARAPPA

Houses roomson3sidesopeningintoacentralcourtyard Nearlyalllargehouseshadprivatewells.

Hearths( brick orstonelinedfireplaceoro oven enoftenused sedforcooking and/orheating)commoninrooms. Bathrooms ineveryhousewithchutesleadingtodrainagechannels. Firstfloorbathroomsalsobuilt. Brickstairwaysprovidedaccesstotheupperfloors. Housesbuiltwithaperimeterwallandadjacenthouseswereseparatedby anarrowspaceofland. Granary withareasforthreshinggrains. Burntbricksmainly yusedfordrains, ,wellsandbathrooms. Sundriedbricksusedmainlyforfillings. Timberusedforflatroofsandasframesorlacingforbrickwork

ARCHITECTURE
BUILDINGMATERIALS MUDBRICKSANDBAKEDBRICKS,WOODAND

HARAPPA

REEDS REEDS.
THEAVERAGESIZEOFTHEBRICKSWAS7X12X34CM(FORHOUSES)AND 10X20X40CMFORTHECITYWALLS.THELARGERBRICKSHAVEA STANDARDRATIOOF1:2:4. MUDBRICK,BAKEDBRICK&WOODORSTONEWEREUSEDFORTHE FOUNDATIONANDWALLSOFTHEHOUSES. THEDOORS,WINDOWSWEREMADEFROMWOODANDMAT. HOUSEFLOORS HARDPACKEDEARTH

BATHINGAREASANDDRAINS BAKEDBRICKANDSTONE. STONE ROOFS WOODENBEAMSCOVEREDWITHREEDSANDPACKEDCLAY. LARGEST ARG STBUILDINGS UI INGSMA MADEENTIRELY NTIR YOFWOOD. WOO . WINDOWS SHUTTERS&LATTICEWORK

HARAPPA
ARCHITECTURE:LARGEPUBLICSTRUCTURES LARGEBUILDINGSADMINISTRATIVEORRITUALSTRUCTURES. ACCESSROUTESORPROVIDEDTHOROUGHFAREFROMONEAREA
TOANOTHER. MARKETSANDPUBLICMEETINGSHELDINLARGEOPEN

COURTYARDS.
HOUSESANDPUBLICBUILDINGSGROUPEDWITHSHARED WALLSANDFORMEDLARGERBLOCKS&ACCESSEDBYWIDE STREETS. MOSTHOUSESHADPRIVATEBATHS&TOILETS ASWELLAS PRIVATEWELLS.

HARAPPA

DRAINAGESYSTEM
WELLSANDRESERVOIRS DRINKINGANDBATHING.
WELLSWERELINEDWITHSPECIALLYMADEWEDGESHAPED BRICKSTOFORMASTRUCTURALLYSOUNDCYLINDER.

ROPES WEREUSEDTOLIFTTHEWATEROUT,PROBABLYWITH LEATHERORWOODENBUCKETS.

SOMENEIGHBOURHOODSHADCOMMUNALWELLS.

HARAPPA

DRAINAGESYSTEM
BATHINGPLATFORMSWITHWATERTIGHTFLOOR&DRAINS[OPEN OUTTOLARGERDRAINSINSTREETS]PROVIDEDINROOMSADJACENTTO THEWELLS. BUILTINSIDETHEWALLWITHANEXITOPENINGJUSTABOVETHESTREET DRAINS.

DRAINSANDWATERCHUTESINTHEUPPERSTOREYSWEREOFTEN

TAPEREDTERRACOTTADRAINPIPESWEREUSEDTODIRECTWATER
OUTTOTHESTREET. MANYHOUSESHADDISTINCTTOILETS,SEPARATEFROMTHEBATH AREAS. COMMODESWERELARGEJARSORSUMPPOTSSUNKINTOTHE FLOORSANDMANYOFTHEMCONTAINEDASMALLJAR. DRAINSCOVEREDWITHBAKEDBRICKSORDRESSEDSTONEBLOCKS. GARBAGEBINSWEREPROVIDEDALONGTHEMAJORSTREETS.

REGIONALCONSIDERATION CHANAKYASARTHASASTHRA
CONGESTEDTOWN,SHOULD BE FREED OF SURPLUS POPULATION,WHICH SHOULD THEN BE HOUSED IN A NEWPLACE.
TOWNS POSITIONED TO HELP EACH OTHER.

SANGRAHAN SANGRAHAN (COLLECTION REGISTER /TAX COLLECTOR) 10VILLAGES,SARVATIK AMONG 200,DRONAMUKH(CHIEF)AMONG 400AND STHANIYAAMONG 800 MIGRATED PEOPLE IN NEW SETTLEMENT EXEMPTED FROM PAYMENT OF TAXES FOR SOME YEARS.
NEW VILLAGE HIGHER PROPORTION OF AGRICULTURISTS AND SHUDRAS. MARKET SALE OF GOODS RECEIVED FROM TRADERS ON HIGHWAYS. DAMS CONSTRUCTED OVER RIVERS NALAS. TEMPLES AND GARDENS SHOULD BE PROVIDED. ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE AGED,THE CHILDREN AND INFORMAL PERSONS. CEREALS AND WEALTH WILL GROW IF THE AGRICULTURISTS ARE KEPT BUSY.ATTEMPTS SHOULD BE MADE TO PROTECT AND INCREASE QUARRIES,FORESTS AND CANALS.

TOWNPLANNING CHANAKYASARTHASASTHRA
ACITY LOCATED CENTRALLY TO FACILITATE TRADE AND COMMERCE. THE SITE LARGE IN AREA,AND NEARAPERENNIAL WATERBODY. SHAPE CIRCULAR,RECTANGULAR OR DEPRESSED CLASS FOREST, FOREST GOODS

SQUARE AS WOULD SUIT THE TOPOGRAPHY.

SEPARATE AREAS FOR MARKETING DIFFERENT GOODS.
WALL AROUND THE TOWN,

CEMETRIES

6DANDAS HIGH AND

PALACE & TEMPLES

12DANDAS WIDE.BEYOND THIS WALL THERE SHOULD BE THREE MOATS OF 14,12 AND 10WIDE TO BE CONSTRUCTED FOUR ARMLENGTHS APART.DEPTH 3/4 / TH OF WIDTH. THREEEAST WEST AND THREE NORTH
SOUTH ROADS,SHOULD DIVIDE THE TOWN.
THE MAIN ROADS SHOULD BE 8DANDAS WIDE AND

TRADERS / SKILLED WORKERS KSHATRIYAS

OTHER ROADS 4DANDAS WIDE.

1WELL FOR 10HOUSES.

TREASURY / GOLDSMITHS / INDUSTRIES / DOCTORS,/ ARTISTS

PRIEST & MINISTERS

ANCIENTTOWNCLASSIFICATION

Dandaka Sarvathobhadra Nandyavarta Padmaka S Swastika tik Prastara Karmuka Chaturmukha

ANCIENTTOWNCLASSIFICATION Dandaka
STREETS ARE STRAIGHT AND CROSS EACH
OTHER AT RIGHT ANGLES AT THE CENTRE VILLAGE HAS 4GATES ON FOUR SIDES VILLAGE IS RECTANGULAR /SQUARE WIDTH OF THE STREET VARIES FROM ONE FIVE DANDA 2TRANSVERSE STREET AT THE EXTREMITIES HAVE SINGLE ROW OF HOUSES THE VILLAGE OFFICES LOCATED IN THE EAST. THE FEMALE DEITY/CHAMADEVATA LOCATED OUTSIDE THE VILLAGE AND THE MALE DEITIES IN THE NORTHERN PORTION

ANCIENTTOWNCLASSIFICATION

SARVATOBHADRA
Thistypeoftownplanis applicabletolargervillagesand towns,whichhavetobe constructedonasquaresites. Accordingtothisplan,the wholetownshouldbefully occupiedbyhousesofvarious descriptionsandinhabitedby allclassesofp people. p Thetempledominatesthe village

ANCIENTTOWNCLASSIFICATION

NANDYAVARTA
Thisplaniscommonlyused fortheconstructionoftowns andnotforvillages. Itisgenerallyadoptedforthe siteseithercircularorsquare inshape,3000 4000 HOUSES Thestreetsrunparalleltothe centraladjoiningstreetswith thetempleofthepresiding yinthecenter ofthe deity town. Nandyavartaisthenameof aflower,theformofwhichis followedinthislayout layout.

ANCIENTTOWNCLASSIFICATION

PADMAKA
Thistypeofplanwas practicedforbuildingofthe townswithfortressallround. Thepatternoftheplan resemblesthepetalsoflotus radiatingoutwardsfromthe center. center Thecityusedtobepractically anislandsurroundedby water,having gnoscope p for expansion

ANCIENTTOWNCLASSIFICATION

SWASTIKA
Swastikatypeofplan contemplatessomediagonal streetsdividingthesiteinto certain t i rectangular t l plots. l t Thesiteneednotbemarkedout intoasquareorrectangleandit maybeofanyshape. Arampartwallsurroundsthe town,withamoatatitsfoot filledwithwater. Twomainstreetscrosseach otheratthecenter,runningsouth tonorthandwesttoeast.

ANCIENTTOWNCLASSIFICATION

PRASTARA
Thecharacteristicfeatureofthis planisthatthesitemaybe eithersquareorrectangularbut nottriangularorcircular circular. Thesitesaresetapartforthe poor,themiddleclass,therich andtheveryrich,thesizesofthe sites it increasing i i according di to t the th capacityofeachtopurchaseor buildupon. Themainroadsaremuchwider comparedtothoseofother patterns. Thetownmayormaynotbe surroundedbyafort.

ANCIENTTOWNCLASSIFICATION KARMUKA
Thisplanissuitablefortheplacewherethesiteofthetown isintheformofaboworsemicircularorparabolicand mostlyappliedfortownslocatedontheseashoreor riverbanks. riverbanks Themainstreetsofthetownrunfromnorthtosouthoreast towestandthecrossstreetsrunatrightanglestothem, dividingthewholeareaintoblocks. Thepresidingdeity,commonlyafemaledeity,isinstalledin thetemplebuildinanyconvenientplace.

ANCIENTTOWNCLASSIFICATION CHATURMUKHA
Chaturmukha typeofplan isapplicabletoalltowns startingfromthelargest towntothesmallest village. Thesitemaybeeither squareorrectangular havingfourfaces. Thetownislaidouteastto westlengthwise,withfour main i streets. Thetempleofthepresiding deitywillbealwaysatthe center

FATEHPURSIKRI I t d ti Introduction

Founded ou dedbyAkbar, ba ,t this sc city tyhas asalong o gsto story, y, whichsaysthatAkbarbuiltthiscityinthehonour ofthesaint,Shaikh Salim Chishti.Itisbelieved that, h Akbar kb didn't d d ' had h dheir h till llthe h ageof f26. Regardingthis,hevisitedthesaint,whose blessinggaveAkbar3sons. sons Henceforth,thecityofRedSandstonebuildings wasestablished theFatehpur Sikri.

 UnlikeAgrathatwasd athrivingcentreof trade,Sikri wasalittlevillagewhichhadfirst cometoMughal noticewhenBabur, Babur triumphantafterdefeatingRana Sanga at Khanuwa in1527, 1527 accordingtoapopular belief,namedthevillageShukri,meaning thanksgiving

 Fatehpur Sikri issaidtobethelookalikeof themosqueinMeccaandhasdesigns,taken fromthePersian&Hinduarchitecture. architecture Itwasplannedasthe cultural,commercialand administrativecentreofmughal empire. empire

 Fatehpur Sikri isbuiltinredsandstone,andisa beautifulblendofHinduandIslamicarchitectural elements. Thesandstoneisrichlyornamentedwithcarvingand fretwork. Fatehpur Sikri wasabandoned14yearsafterits creation. creation Todayitisaghostcity,itsarchitectureisinaperfect stateofpreservation,andwanderingthroughthe palaces l i iti iseasytoi imagine i that h this hi wasoncearoyal l residenceandadynamicculturalcentre.

FATEHPURSIKHRI
CITY BUILT ON FLAT TERRAIN ON ROCKY SANDSTONE RIDGE

FATEHPUR SIKHRI

Naubat Khana (TheDrumHouse): Near theentrypointtothecity.Theroad passesthroughthisbuilding.Probablythis wastheplacethatannouncedthearrival oftheemperor.

FATEHPURSIKHRI
CITY AND ITS WALLS

FATEHPURSIKHRI
LAYOUT PLAN

D E F

B C

A STONE CULTERS MOSQUE B SALIM CHISTI CHISTIS S MOSQUE C BULAND DARWAZA D CARAVAN SARAI E JODH BAI PALACE F MAHAL E KHAS G PACHISI COURT H DIWAN-E-KHAS I DIWAN-E-AM

IMPERIALCOMPLEX

Theimperialpalacecomplex complex,consistingofthe treasury,theoffices,Daulat Khana,theHaram sara orladiespalace, palace nowappearsirregular anddisjointed;butinAkbarstimeiswaspart ofawellconnectedandhighlyplanned complex.

FATEHPURSIKHRI

A - STABLES FOR CAMELS & HORSES B - RAJA BIRBAL'S HOUSE C - JODH BAI'S HOUSE D - MARYAM'S GARDEN E - MARYAM'S HOUSE F - HOSPITAL AND GARDEN G - PANCH MAHAL H - EMPEROR'S STUDY I - DIWAN-E-KHAS J - PACHISI COURT K - GARDEN L - EMPEROR'S PRIVATE APTS M - EMPEROR EMPEROR'S S SLEEPING QTZ N - HOUSE OF THE TURKISH SULTANA O - ADMINISTRATION AND ARCHIVES P - DIWAN-E-AM PAVILION Q - DIWAN-E-AM R - ENTRANCES FOR PUBLIC S - RESERVED ENTRANCE FOR IMPERIAL FAMILY

DiwaniAm
DiwaniAm(HallofPublicAudience): The placewheretherulermeetsthegeneralpublic. public DiwaniAmisatypicalfeatureofalltheMughal palaces.Atoneendofthecourtisanelevated pavilion Thepiercedstonescreensaremost pavilion. noteworthy.Nowtheopencourtisconvertedinto agardenwithlawn,whereoncestoodthe courtiersinhumility. humility

Daulat Khana

Comprisesthepillaredstructureknownas DiwaniKhass,KhanaiKhass,theKhwabgah, theAnup Talao, Talao theTurkishSultanas Sultana spavilion andotherminorstructures

DiwaniKhass ( (JewelHouse) )

DiwaniKhas (Hall llof fPrivate Audience):Thisis whereAkbarmet hisministers, scholarsand generalstodiscuss religiousand courtlymatters.

Pillar detail from Diwan-i-Khas interior

 Aproblemfacedwhileidentifyingmany monumentsinFathehpur isthattheywere constructedinsuchawaythatavarietyof usescouldbeassignedtothem.

AnkhMichauli

peopleoftenattributethisbuildingthegame ofhideandseek.Andevenextendedthatto thelevelthatAkbarplayedthehideandseek gamewiththewomenoftheharem!Most likelythisisthevaulthouseofthepalace wherevaluableswerekeptinthesafecustody.

AnkhMichauli

Astrologers g seat
Luxuriouslyextravagant stonebracketsplacedon eachofthekiosksfour openings.Theemperor would ldsit ithere h and dwatch t h thedistributionofthe coppercoinswhich contemporaryeuropean travellers sayusually heapedinthecourtyard topaysubordinate officers

Diwan KhanaiKhass

Diwan KhanaiKhass :Akbarisbelieved tohave h sat,discussing di i various i issues i with i h closeadvisors.

Khwabgah g
OnthefirstflooroftheDiwan KhanaiKhasswas p private p room,knownaskhwabgah g theemperors orsleepingchamber.AftersittinginDiwan KhanaiKhass forseveralhoursAkbarprobably usedtoretirehereforrelaxation.

Anup p Talao

Anup Talao orthepeerlesspool29m squaretank, k nowd drymostof fthe h year. Anup Talao hasacentralislandlinkedby f b four bridges id toi itssides. id

TurkishSultanasHouse

TheTurkishSultanasHouse: Themost elaboratelycarvedbuildinginFatehpur Sikri.ItsoftenattributedtotheTurkish wifeofAkbar. Akbar

 Itismorep probably ythe'Hujra j IAnup p Talao, , mentionedbyBadauni,apleasurepavilionattachedto thepondandmighthavebeenusedbytheTurkish queensforthispurpose purpose. Intricatelycarvedlikewood,thisbuildingisalsoknown as'superbjewelcasket'and eachofitsstoneslabhasa differentdesignsuchasarabesquedesignsonthe pillarsofverandahandbellshaped, shaped floralandherring bonecarvingsonthebracketssupportingtheroof.

Pachisi Court

Pachisi Court: Thisislocatedatthevery centerofthemainpalacecomplex.On theopenfloorarethemarkingsofa boardgamecalledPachisi ,hencethe name.

IMPERIALHAREM

Anenclosurewherewomenoftheroyal householdlivedinprotectedenvirons.It includedthepanch mahal, mahal Jodh Bai Bais s palace, palace Maryams houseandbirbals house.Eachwas connectedwithotherbycoveredpassages passages, andscreenedofftotheeastfromtheDaulat khana

Panch Mahal

Panch Mahal isanextraordinarystructure structure, entirelycolumnar,consistingoffourstoreys of decreasingsizewithakiosk kiosk,disposed asymmetricallyuponagroundfloorthat contains84columns columns.Thefirststoreycontains 56columns;thesecond20;thethird12;and thetopstoreyisasingledomedkiosk supportedonfourpillars.

 Panch mahal ismodelled onthepersian badgir orwindcatcherandmeanttomitigate theintensesummerheat. heat Yetitwasunlikethe persian originalthatitwasnottowerbutbuilt indiminishingstages. stages Alsoithadfivestoreys, storeys nottheusualthreeandwasscreenedonall butthegroundfloor

Jodh Bas PalaceandMaryams house

Jodh Ba Bas s Palace: Thisisalargeharemwere thewomenofthepalacelived.

 Maryams house: Twomaryams inAkbarscourt. Maryam Makani (equalinranktomary)wasAkbars motherHamida Banu BegumandMaryam Zamani (mary oftheage)washisfirstRajput queen. Itis b li dthat believed th tthis thi building b ildi within ithi al largecourt twas usedbyAkbarsmotherandqueen.ItsbuiltinHindu stylewithmanythemestakenfromtheHindu mythologypaintedonthewalls walls.

Nagina g Masjid j

Nagina Masjid :Theprivatemosquefor the h l ladies di of fthe h H Harem.

Birbals house

Birbals House:Thoughitisnamedso, chances h areunlikely lik l that h this hi wasused dby b thisfamousministerofAkbar.Thisisone of fthe h mostbeautiful b if lbuildings b ildi within i hi the h palacecomplex.

LowerHaram Sara

At tt the erear ea o ofthe t ep principal c pa Haram a a sa sara, a,is salarge a ge colonnadedenclosure.Ithasbeenvariously calledtheimperialstablesforcamels,elephants orthe h emperors choicest h h horses. Theplacemusthavebeenallottedtotheserving maids id of fth theladies l di palaces. l The Th sanitary it needs d of f thestaffweremetwithahammam attheeastern endoftheblock.

FATEHPURSIKHRI

1. 2. 3. 4.

MEETING PLACE WITH THE COMMON PEOPLE AND THE SOLDIERS DIWANEAM MEETING PLACE WITH THE MINISTERS, PRIVELEGED NOBLEMEN & HIGH OFFICIALS DIWAN-E-KHAS KINGS DAY PALACE AND SLEEPING QUARTERS KHWABAGH ENCLOSURE FOR IMPERIAL LADIES [PRIVATE AND STRICTLY GUARDED] MARYAM & JODH BAI PALACE

Monuments
SituatedonthespotwhereSheikhSalim Chisti lived,the sacredcomplexissituatedatthehighestpointoftheridge. JamiMasjid orthemaincongregationalmosqueofthe townisthemostimportantbuildinghereandhousestwo monumentalgatewaysknownasBuland Darwaja commemoratingAkbar'svictoryoverDeccanandBadshahi Darwaja,thereservedentrancefortheemperortothe mosque. Italsohousesabigandbeautifulcourtyardwiththe splendidarchitecturalmasterpieceknownastheTombof S li Chishti, Salim Chi hti which hi his i oneof fthe th most tsought htafter ft buildingsinFatehpur Sikri.

FATEHPURSIKHRI
JAMIMOSQUE Q ANEXPRESSIONOFARCHITECTURALGRACEAND PERFECTION

JamiMasjid j Fatehpur p Sikri

JamiMasjid ortheFridayMosqueisoneof th most the tbeautiful b tif land dlargest l tmosquesof f theworld.Thiselegantbuildingisthemost sacredbuildingandtheprincipalmosqueof thetownandthussituatedonthehighest pointoftheridge

Badshahi Darwaja j
Badshahi Darwaza ortheRoyalDoorwasreserved foremperortojointhecongregationalprayer.It wassituatedontheeasternsideofthemosque facing gAgra g andwasthemainentrancetothe mosque.Projectingoutintheformofahalf hexagonalporch

Buland Darwaja j

 Buland Darwaza isthehighestandgrandest gatewayinIndiaandranksamongthebiggest intheworld world.Itcanbeapproachedbya13 metreflightofstepsfromoutside,whichadds toitssplendour. splendour Thegatewasraisedin1602 ADtocommemorateAkbarsvictoryover Deccan. Deccan

Buland g gate, ,entrancetoMasjid j

 ThemausoleumwasbuiltbyAkbarasamarkofhisrespectand reverencefor f th thesaint i tand ditwascompleted l t din i the th year158081. 81 Raisedonaboutameterhighplatform,thereisflightoffivesteps toreachitsentranceporch. Elegantmarblescreensenclosethemaintombbuildingonallsides whilethetombisplacesinthecentreofthemainhallwithasingle semicirculardome. Theserpentinebracketsemergingfromthepillarscarvedwith stylizedpeacocktailpatternandslopingeavesaddtothe magnificenceoftheporch.Thedoorofthemainchamberiscarved elaboratelywitharabesquepatternsandboastsofQuranic inscriptions. inscriptions

Fatehpur Sikri: Salim Chistis Tomb

FATEHPURSIKHRI

ACTUALEASTWESTORIENTATIONISAFEWDEGREESNORTHTOTHEAXISOF THEMOSQUE.ASARESULTOFTHISATSUNRISEANDDURINGSPECIFICPERIOD OFTHEYEAR,THESUNMOVESINTOAPARTICULARPOSITIONOVERTHEAXISOF THEMOSQUE.ITREACHESTHEREQUIREDALTITUDEANDSTRIKESTHECENTRAL MIHRAB

Hiran Minar
Akbarhadap penchantforelephants p andlovedtobreak andcontrolwildelephants.Itispossiblethatitwashis waytoemphasizehisskillatcontrollingtheelephants. Another A th th theorysaysth that tth theemperorused dt towatch t h fromthistowerthecombatorkilledtheanimals, driventogether g forhisdiversion. Yetanothertheorysaysthattheroyalladiesusedto watchfromthistowerAkbar'santicswiththe elephants. elephants

 Thelocalg guidessay ythatthetoweris thetombofAkbar'sfavourite Elephant (meaning: g named'Hiran'( antelope/deer)onwhosebackAkbar g andwonmany ybattlesand hadfought themarblespokesrepresentsthe p studdedarmour ofhiselephant.

SHAHJAHANABAD Introduction
By the time the emperor Shah Jahan (192858) came to the throne the Mughal empire had throne, ruled continuously over northern India for almost a century and the artistic tradition of Mughals had reached a stage of maturity and refinement. During Shah Jahans rein the architectural development was remarkable due to his interest and patronage of architecture. His buildings were characterized by sensitivity and delicateness.

Background
The Mughal period from Akbar ( 15661605) to Shah Jahan was comparatively long and peaceful; i was marked it k d by b the h development d l of f cities. i i Shah Sh h Jahan established residences in Lahore, Agra and Delhi. In 1638, he laid the foundations of new capital, p , centered around Lal Q Qila or Red Fort. This was an improvement on the citadel in Agra, because of the experienced gained by Shah Jahan, where limited space and narrow streets made it difficult diffic lt for the processions of his troupes. The site for the new capital in Delhi was ideally suited as a convergence point of land routes, being centrally located geographical. The site was situated on the western bank of river Yamuna where a natural projection formed a triangle with th land the l d and d the th river. i

MuslimUrbanLife
By Shah Jahans time, the Muslims in India had partially Indianized. Under the Mughals, they were mainly an urban community, and they disliked village. Muslim life was closely linked to religious event, as well as to ceremonies and festivals or ritual events. events Shah Jahan was a religious person and was very particular about observing ceremonies. On the morning of the most important Muslim festival EidiQurba (the fest of the ), Muslims g go to Idg gah, , or p place of p prayer, y ,g generally y situated outside the city y sacrificed), or village in an open space. The Idgah of Shahjahanabad is located on the crest of the ridge, west of the city.

SpatialStructure
Urban spatial structure of Shahjahanabad was different from that of the other Mughal Capitals, because it was planned and built by one concentrated planning effort. Creation of architectural expression of what has often been called the patrimonial system in its climax. climax The shurafaur ignited from the qasbah garrison posts & admn. settlements in which Islamic scholars also met their clients & where an integrative or even syncretists cultured prevailed usually established around a tomb or a waqf . The shurafa usually were situated to the west of the place, along one of the two boulevards at Chandni Chowk, & originated from the employers palace, thus furnishing the city with an unequivocal structure. Those professional groups delivering fresh agrarian products to the city must have settled along the southern and southsouthwestern rim of the city walls (Delhi gate & Turkman gate): this is where institutions , such as Masjid gadarion (shephereds mosque), Masjid kasai (butchers mosque) were located. They all represent low ranking traders. The closer to the core of the city y the more socially y recognized g are the p professional settled there: weavers, producers of wool, traders of saddle horses, oil extractors & manufacturers of straw goods, each of them represented by their respective mosques. Further, in the direction of Chandni Chowk, mostly representative of the trading professions, e.g. traders of fabrics, fabrics fish, fish meats and luxury goods, goods but also some of the professional groups processing goods, e.g. producers of water pipes can be found, all of them are characterized by the spatial proximity to the imperial house.

PlanningofShahjahanabad
The city was planned according to hindu planning principles of shilpashastra from vastushastra. The site was placed on a high land as in the shastra and was karmukha or bow s bo shaped, aped, for o this s e ensured su ed its s prosperity. The arm of the archer was Chandni Chowk. The string was Yamuna river. The junction of the two main axes is the most auspicious point in the whole region and was therefore the red fort.

Thecityform morphologyelements
Theurbaninfrastructurewaslaidoutinageometricpattern. ShowstracesofbothPersianandHindutraditionsoftownplanningand architecturewiththePersianinfluencelargelyaccountingfortheformalismand symmetryofthepalacesgardensandboulevards.

ThedesignedinfrastructureofShahjahanabadcomprised Thefort TheFridaymosque. Theothermajormosques,includingthecorrespondingwaqfproperties. Thetwomainboulevards. ThebazaarsaroundtheFridaymosque. Theelaboratesystemofwaterchannels. Themajorgardensandthecitywall. Thearrangementoftheseplannedelementswasinfluencedbycertainsite features,whichprecludedabsolutegeometry.

TheFort&TheMosque q
The Red Fort and Jama Masjid were thorough fares that framed the city. From Lahore Gate ran a broad avenue with a covered arcade designed and paid for by Jahan Ara that housed over 1500 shops. Today known as Chatta Bazaar. The remainder of Shahjahanabad took shape within the city walls with its havelis mansions, mansions mosques, mosques temples, temples Sikh shrines and the gardens of the nobility. The walled and g guarded establishments of these grandees included private living quarters for the nobles and their harem.

TheRedFort( (PalaceComplex) p )
The plan of the fort was made by Shah Jahan and two Muslim architects. The foundation stone of the fortified place was laid in 1638. Construction work began in 1639 and was complete p in j just nine y year. The p palace complex, p , located along g the western river front was built as an ideal residence for the emperor, it was conceived and designed as a paradise on Earth. The layout of the fort was drawn on a formal geometrical plan actually an irregular octagon with two long sides on east and west. It h d two had t gates, t th t on the that th west t was called ll d the th Lahori L h i Darwaza, D while hil that th t on the th south was the Delhi Darwaza. Bearing on the cardinal points, the elements of the fort were arranged in the geometrical pattern that reflected the life and customs of Mughal court.

JamiMasjid
The Jami Masjid was the principal mosque of the capital, the congregational centre and one of the most important institutions for the M li Muslims i in Sh hj h b d Shah Shahjahanabad. Sh h Jahan J h commenced building the mosque in 1650, and completed it 6years later. It was located at the central part of the city and on a raised foundation at the top of a hill 9mts above the street level. The mosque dominated the walled city as a visual i l as well ll as a spiritual i it l symbol b l of f supreme god. Its architectural design followed by traditional style, but improvements were made here as well. Te courtyard y was large g and was enclosed by pillared corridors. Its layouts, having a main entrance on the east, was geometric and the whole mosque faced west towards Mecca. Mecca Muslim urban life was closely evolved around the Jami Masjid.

MajorStreets
The streets in Mughal capital were usually narrow and crooked. However, the major streets in the new capital were designed as wide and straight. The eastwest street called Chandni Chowk connected the Lahori Darwaza of the fort to the Lahori Darwaza of the city wall. It ran in a straight line forming a wide boulevard with broad vista. The Fort was visible from any place on the street. This perspective view marked a new concept of town planning for the Mughal capital. Chandni Chowk is 1.4km in l length h and d jogged d right h at the h Fatehpuri h Begum Mosque. It was built as the central axis of the city. Karawan Sarai and begum ki Sarai were also located in this area. Another main street the Faiz Bazaar or Akkarabadi Bazaar, was also l wide d and d straight. h It had h d a north hsouth h axis and d connected d Delhi gate of the fort with the city walls Delhi gate and is about 1km in length. These major two streets developed as processional routes, as well as commercial arteries. The streets also assumed importance for ritual events. events

FiveMainStreets
The basic network of the five main streets extended from Chandni Chowk and Faiz Bazaar to other gates and to different part of the walled city. The streets were built as the spines of major activities and developed as commercial thorough affairs. They connected the Ajmeri Darwaza with the Jami Masjid and Turkman and Lahori Darwazas. Their intersections formed a landmark. Important buildings were located on these arteries. The other streets were less significant and were mainly built as access roads to the residential areas.

MAHALLA /KATRA

There was a tendency of the cities' population to settle by ethnic affiliations and to live in the same neighborhoods. The urban community and the Mughal capital was formed by such districts or wards, known as mahallas and katras. These homogeneous units also define cultural as well as socio-economic activities. There were 36 mahallas in the walled city. Each katra had an enclosed space created between residential and commercial buildings having entry to a katra made through a gate. These courtyards were environmentally sound and acted as main ventilation shafts in a hot and arid climate. Communal open space was conspicuously absent as it is so today. There was not much need for communal open space, other than for worship which is why the Jami Masjid was provided with a spacious courtyard. Thus, it is clear that planning of a residential area in the Mughal capital did not provide for Thus social units.

Streets, Bazaars, Chowks

The city was separated from the surrounding land by a wall and a moat. Passing through the city citys s gates marked the passage from one domination to another. The main thoroughfares , the secondary roads and the bazaars were public space.

Havellis
The members of the imperial household whio lived outside the fort/ palace built large mansions (havellis) on the model of the imperial design of the red fort. As a rule these city y p palaces accommodated not only y the owner and his family, y, but also their numerous followers, servants, and craftsmen with their workshops. The internal organisation of the space within the havellis was therefore also based on the strict distinction between the public, semi private and private spaces.

Interior courtyard of a Havelli in the walled city

Notice the spill out of day to day activities in the courtyard thus the typology was not only suited climatically but also enhanced the living.

Streetscapes
There emerges a hierarchy of streets in the layout of the city. The secondary streets were the ones which entered the south of the city from Chandni Chowk. Chowk (thus they were perpendicular for some distance and then assumed an organic form once deep in the city). The secondary street structure also includes the streets that are parallel to the city walls forming a concentric ring so to say, say in the southern part of the city. They then intermingle at chowks with the third layering of streets, which derive their character from the fact that they are perpendicular to the main mosque, Jama Masjid.

Bagh
The north area of Chandni Chowk was occupied by a bagh called the Jahanara Begumis Garden. It was laid out in a planned fashion, in addition to the road planning of Chandni Chowk.

CITY WALLS

The layout o the city walls was based on a geometrical planning; i.e. to say, a polygonal plan with gateways. The four main gates were Delhi Darwaza on south, the Ajmeri Darwaza on the south-west, south west the Lahori Darwaza on the west and the Kashmiri Darwaza on the north. These important gates were positioned according to the basic network of the city, being laced on the cardinal points. The graphic representation of the city was indicated geometric planning and the geometric placement of the main gates.

Conclusion
The new Mughal capital and the fort were designed as an ideal city and a paradise on Earth. The design and planning methods were geometric and provided for green areas (gardens) and water facilities. Principal elements in the town planning were the fort, the Jami Masjid, two major streets, city wall and gates, the Bagh, the Idgah and the Karawan Sarai. Th Red The R d fort f t was designed d i d as a symbol b l of f Muslim M li power and d as an ideal id l living li i space on a formal geometrical plan. The Jami Masjid was designed as a symbol of Muslim power and of the capital. Two major streets were developed as the central axis and as processional routes and they were new elements in the capital; the design and the planning method was a new concept in town planning in the Mughal capital. Planning g in the capital p did not p provide p planning g of residential areas. The city wall and gateways were drawn on a geometrical plan. Urban forms and patterns developed on there own in response to the emperors basic need and idea and little attention was paid to the social planning.

Jaipur

ReasonsforMaharajaSawai JaiSinghtochange hiscapitalfromAmbertoJaipur

MilitaryReasons Geographical Reasons

Twosignificantfactsresponsiblefortheoriginofthe city i and dits i subsequent b layout l

Theneed Th dof fanewcapital i lfor f 18th 18 h centuryDhoondhar astheearlier oneofAmberbuiltonahillwas gettingcongested. congested Sawai RajaJaiSinghsvisionofthe newcapital it lasastrong t political liti l statementatparwithMughal citiesandasathrivingtradeand commercehubfortheregion region.

ThelayoutofthecityofJaipur wonderfullylinkstheconceptofa Shastric citywiththepracticalitiesofthechosensite. First,thestraightlineoftheridgesuggesteditselfastherouteforoneof themaineastwestthoroughfaresandbuildingaroadalongitscrest makesbestpossibleuseofthetopographyforthepurposeofdrainage. WhatfollowedthenwastoregularizetheAmberSanganer roadasa northsouthrouteatrightanglestoit. Thepointofintersectionwouldbeoneofthecitysmaincrossroads (chaupar)

ThesouthernboundaryofthecityhadtoliewithinthelineoftheAgra Ajmerroad. d Sob byextending d the h NSroad dasf faraspossible bl southwards h d givesthefirstfixeddimension,thelengthofasideofasquareandso establishesthesizeoftheunitormoduleofthecity. AroadcuttingtheplainfromNtoSlinkingAmber,the Amber the capitaltoSanganer, Sanganer theprincipaltradingtown.Thisroadhadtobepreservedandcontrolled andthereforehadtofallwithinthecitysboundaries g citiesof Agra g andAjmer j AsecondroadranEtoWbetweentheMughal andplacingthenewcityonthisalready establishedcommunicationline wouldhelpsecureits economicsuccess.Howeversince thiswasan imperialroadthatcouldnotbeencroachedon,thusthecityhadtobe containedtothenorthofthisline. line

ThecentralaxisofthetownwaslaidfromEasttoWestbetweenthe gatesoftheSun(Suraj pol)andthemoon(Chandpol) Thiswascrossedbytworoadsatrightanglesdividingthetowninto ninealmostsquare,almostequallysizedblocks,whichwerefurther subdividedbylanesandalleysallatrightangles.

 Th Thepalace l b building ildi covered d twoblocks,thetownsixand theremainingninthblockwas notusableonaccountofsteep hills. SothisNorthWestwardwas transferredtotheSouthEast cornerofthecity,makingthe shapeoftheplanasawhole asymmetricalratherthan square.

 Thecitys y divisionintoninewardswasalsoinconformity ywith theHinducastesystem,whichnecessitatedthesegregationof peoplebelongingtodifferentcommunitiesandranks. FollowingthedirectionsoftheHinduShilpa shastra,widthof themainstreets&otherlaneswerefixed.Thusthemain streetsofthecitywere111ft.wide,secondarystreets55ft. wide&thesmallerones27ft.wide.

 Southofthemainroadwerefouralmostequal rectangles. l Therectangleoppositethepalacehasbeen brokenupintotwoequalandsmallerrectangles bytheChaura Rasta.Thusaltogetherthereare nowfiverectanglesonthesouthofthemainroad calledChowkris. O Onthe th N North thof fthe th main i road dfrom f West W tto t East E t arethePurani Basti,thePalaceandRamchandraji

Jaipur isknownasthePinkCity,aratheridealizeddescriptionofthe terracottacoloredlimeplasterthatcoatstheoldpartofthecity's walls,buildings,andtemples. Thereasonsforpaintingthetownpinkareunknown,butvarious theorieshavebeentossedabout about,fromusingpinktocutdownglare glare,to JaiSinghII'sapparentdevotiontoLordShiva(whosefavoritecoloris reputedlyterracotta). OthersbelieveSinghwantedtoimitatethecolorofthesandstoneused inthefortsandpalacesofhisMughal emperorfriends. Themostpopularreason(spreadnodoubtby"Britishers"duringthe Rajera)isthatpinkisthetraditionalcolorofhospitality,andthecity wasfreshlypaintedandpavedwithpinkgraveltowarmlywelcome EdwardVIIforhisvisitherein1876

CONCEPTUALPLAN CHAUPAR

CHAUPAR Itsasquarethat occursattheintersectionof eastwestroadswiththree northsouthroads.Each chaupar is around100mx 100m.Wereusedforpublic gatheringonfestiveoccasions. occasions Thedistancebetweentwo chaupars isabout700mwhich isidealforpedestrian movement. It I h hascontrolled ll d faadetreatmentenvelopingit

BAZAARS
Originallyonlyfourbazaarswereplannedforthecity. city Thesewerelater namedasJohri bazaar,Sireh Deori Bazaar,Kishan poleBazaar&Gangori Bazaar Onthemainstreetsstrictcontrolwasexercisedonthestreetfaade,along which h hwerelocated l dshops h and darcades d onestoreyhigh, h h b butb beyond dthe h frontagethebuildingscouldbeofanyheightoranyshape,somebuiltwith flatroofs&otherswithtraditionalchattris

PlanningofNewDelhi

Introduction

Delhiremainsoneoftheoldestsurvivingcities inworldtoday. Itisanamalgamofeightcities cities,eachbuiltina diferent eraonadifferentsiteeachera leavingitsmark, mark andaddingcharcter toit andeachrulerleavingapersonallayerof architecturalidentity. identity

Lutyens Delhi He'saonemanbrandforNewDelhi'sheritage butdoeshedeserveallthecredit?

 Lutyens y Delhi"isusedindiscriminately ytoinclude theworkofalltheotherbrilliantarchitectswho workedtobuildNewDelhiinthe1930s. Theonlyfourbungalowresidencesdesignedby EdwinLutyens,fortheprivatesecretary,surgeon general,militarysecretary,andcomptroller,lie hiddenwithinthesecurityzoneofthePresidents Estate. Estate

 HeisthearchitectofViceroysHouse(Rashtrapati Bhavan) andtheestatesbungalowsforstaffandbodyguards,aswell asofthetwoHyderabadandBarodapalacesatIndiaGate Hewasheroworshippedbyhischarmedcirclewhocastas villainsandpersecutorsallthosewhoopposedhim.These villainsincludedHerbertBaker,hisassociatearchitecton whosestrengthhehadwonthecontract;theviceroy,Lord Hardinge,thecitysfounderpatron;andahostofother collaboratorscumantagonists.

 HerbertBaker madesevenbungalowsandtheNorthand SouthBlocks. LordHardinge insistedonroundabouts(Lutyens hadinitially designedthestreetsatrightangles),hedgesandtrees (Lutyens saidthetreeswouldntsurvive)anddemandedthe Raisina HillsitefortheViceroysHouse(Lutyens preferreda moresouthernsettingclosertoMalcha).Hardinge also insistedonaMughalstylegardenforViceroysHouse (Lutyens waskeenonanEnglishgardenwithartless natural t lplanting). l ti )

 RobertTorRussell builtConnaughtPlace,theEasternand WesternCourts,TeenMurti House,Safdarjung Airport, NationalStadiumandover4,000governmenthouses. E.MontagueThomas designedandbuiltthefirstsecretariat buildingofNewDelhiwhichsetastyleforthebungalows. TheotherbungalowsofNewDelhiaretheworkof architectslikeW.H.Nicholls,C.G.andF.B.Blomfield,Walter SykesGeorge,ArthurGordonShoosmith andHenryMedd.

City yplan p
EvenLutyenslayoutplancannotbeconsidered original. Hehadinitiallydesignedacitywithallthestreets crossingatrightangles,muchlikeNewYork. ButHardinge toldhimoftheduststormsthatsweep thelandscapeintheseparts,insistingonroundabouts, hedges g andtreestobreaktheirforce, ,g giving ghimthe plansofParisandWashingtontostudyandapplyto Delhi

ChoiceofSite
LordHardinge g hadsuggested gg thattheImperial p Delhi CommitteeconsiderRaisina,adramaticrockyoutcrop abuttingtheRidge,asasiteforGovernmentHouse, butLutyenswasinfavourofMalcha On4November,1912,theviceroy,accompaniedby g visitedalltheproposed p p sitesand threeengineers, concludedthat"RaisinawasthebestforGovernment House".Theengineersagreedunanimouslywiththis view. view SothesitewasnotchosenbyLutyens

Commanding gStature

ItwasSwintonJacob Jacob,advisoronIndian materialsandornaments,whosuggested raisingthegroundlevelofGovernmentHouse (orViceroysHouse),onacarefullystudied contourplannot plan notLutyens

Materials

The euseof o the t esupe superb brhubarb uba bred eda and dbe beige gep pink sandstonesforRashtrapatiBhavanisalso creditedtoLutyens. But,hehadactuallyopposeditinfavourofwhite marbleasusedintheTajMahal. Hecouldhardlyhavebeenawarethatinwhitehe toowouldhavebuiltamausoleum. In I fact, f t sandstone dt wassuggested t dby b the th geologicaldepartment,whichgotnocredit

Trees
ItwasP.H.Clutterbuckwhocompiledalistof72speciesoftreesthat would ldgreenthe h areasuccessfully f ll and dreported don18August,1912that h theafforestationoftheRidgewas"decidedlypossible".T.R.J.Ward, thoughanengineer,alsosupportedthisproposal. Lutyens,however,didnotagree.Hewroteprivatelytotheviceroy:"Will treesreallygrowontheRidge?Icouldimaginethemdoingwellfor10or years, ,butafterthatthey ymay ydieoff."Wardhadsaidthereverse, ,that 15y therewouldbeafinegrowthin10or15years. Today,LutyensiscreditedforthegreeningoftheRidgewherethetrees havelastedalmostacentury,notjust10or15yearsashehadwarned.

TheMughal g Garden

Lutyens y waskeenondoing ganEnglish g g garden HardingeforcedhimtotravelandseetheMughal gardensofAgra,Lahore,andSrinagar. ItwasMustoe M t and dWalter W lt Sykes S k G Georgewho h landscapedandplantedLutyensMughalGarden wheretherewere17milesofhedges g tomaintain

LutyensLoathingForThingsIndian

Isittohonour animperialistarchitectwho tookeveryoccasiontodenounceallthatwas Indiaitsarchitecture,itspeople,theirfood andtheirmindset. Infact,afterhehadbuiltalltherewastobe built,Lutyens wasevenungratefulenoughto saythatIndiancraftsmenhadbrokenthumbs.

 Lutyens y hadbeenunperceptive p p enough g topass p a sweepingjudgementonallofIndiasstanding architecturalheritagewhenhewrote:"Theyarejust spurtsbyvariousmushroomdynastieswithasmuch intellectinthemasanyotherartnouveau." HemayhaveimmodestlyimaginedthattheDelhi Orderwhichhecreatedforthecapitalsofhispillars wouldmatchandlastwiththefiveclassicalorders orders theDoric,Corinthian,Ionic,TuscanandComposite.

 They yaredarkandillsmelling, g ,theirfoodisvery y strangeandfrighteningandtheydonotimprove withacquaintance. Thehelpersinhisarchitects officehedescribesasodd oddpeoplewithodd nameswhodothosethingsthatborethewhite man Lutyenscametotheconclusionthatitwasnot possibleforIndiansandwhitestomixfreelyas "Theyarevery,verydifferentandIcannotadmit themonthesameplaneasmyself."

Lutyens y BowsToHardingeAt g Last

Eleveny yearsbeforeSirEdwinLutyens y died, ,itseems thatinafinalmomentofhonestselfappraisalanda reckoning,hefinallyacknowledgedtheviceroys contributionwithaprickingconscience: "This ThisnewcityowesitsbeingtoLordHardinge...His patienceandcourageintimesofgreatstress,personal andpolitical,hiseventemperinthemidstofdiverse discussionremaininmymemoryasbeingparallelonly withthegreatnessofhisconception."

 ItisagreatpitythatthestatueofLordHardinge, NewDelhisfounder,wasremovedfrombeneaththe Jaipur Columnforthiscitywouldnothaveseenthe lightofdaywithouthimandthatLutyensstill remainswithinRashtrapati Bhavan

AR 0416, Town Planning & Human Settlements,

UNITIII
LECORBUSIERSCONTRIBUTION TOTOWNPLANNING

CT.Lakshmanan B.Arch.,M.C.P. AP(SG)/Architecture

TOPICSTOBECOVERED

CIAM LAVILLECONTEMPORAINE(CONCENTRIC CITY)

PLANVOISIN

LINEARINDUSTRIALCITY LAVILLERADIUSE(RADIANTCITY) CHANDIGARH

LeCorbusier

originallyCharlesEdouard Jeanneret 18871965 foundingfatherofthemodernist movement

CIAM1928
(Congrs Internationaux d'Architecture Moderne ).Attherequestof arich i hpatron t of farchitects, hit t Madame M d Hlne Hl de d Mandrot(1867 M d t(1867 1948),in1928,Sigfried Giedion organizedameetingofleading ModernarchitectsincludingBerlage ,LeCorbusier,ElLissitzky , Rietveld ,andStam Theorganizationwashugelyinfluential.Itwasnotonlyengagedin formalizingthearchitecturalprinciplesoftheModernMovement, butalsosawarchitectureasaneconomicandpoliticaltoolthat couldbeusedtoimprovetheworldthroughthedesignofbuildings andthroughurbanplanning.

 Itaffirmedthattownplanningistheorganizationoffunctionsof collectivelife thisappliestobothruralandurbansettlements fourfunctionsofanysettlement

dwelling work recreation transportation,whichconnectsthefirstthreewithoneanother.

LeCorbusierorganizedinCIAM, CIAM AssemblyofConstructorsforan ArchitecturalRenewal(ASCORAL)whichsystematicallystudiedthe problemsofconstruction,architectureandcityplanning.

 ItresultedinthepublicationofTheThreeHuman Establishments.Theexaminationofworkingconditionsina mechanisticsocietyledtotherecognitionoftheutilityand necessityofthreeunitestablishmentsindispensablefor humanactivity: TheFarmingunit thecooperativevillage:aunitfor agriculturalproduction Thelinearindustrialcity Theradioconcentriccity sameasRadiantcity(Ville Radieuse)fortheexchangeofgoodsandservices. (modificationsoflaville contemporaine)

Backgroundofvillecontemporaine:philosophyof Lecorbusier
Nomatterhowopenandgreen,citiesshouldbefranklyurban,urban surroundingsaretobedefinitelycontrastingwithruralsurroundings Densitiesareinthemselvesnotaproblem.Congestionandslum conditionsinthecitiesareduetoexcessivecoverage,persistenceofold streetpatternsandunrestrictedlandspeculation Slumsexistbecauseofthefailuretoprovidethepropersurroundingfor highdensityliving Heprotestsagainststrictfunctionalism:Humancreationsthatsurvive arethosewhichproduceemotions, emotions andnotthosewhichareonly useful

LAVILLECONTEMPORAINE (CONCENTRICCITY)1922
Cityfor3millionpeoplewasproposedbyLe corbusier in1922,whichwasbasedonfour principles: Decongestionofthecentreofthecities Augmentationofthedensity Enlargementofthemeansofcirculation Increaseinthenumberofparksandopenspaces

THREEZONES CENTRALCITY PROTECTEDGREENBELT FACTORIES&SATELLITETOWNS CENTRALCITY Rectanglecontainingtwocross axialhighways Atitsheartwasasixleveltransport interchange centreformotor,rail lines(undergroundandmainline railways)androofofwhichisair field 24cruciformskyscrapers 60 storeyedofficebuildingwith density1200ppaandcovers5%of theground Surroundingskyscraperswas apartmentdistrict 8storey buildingsarrangedinzigzagrows withbroadopenspaceswith densityof120ppa

 Thebuildingsinthecentralareawereraisedon stilts(pilotis)soastoleavepanoramasofunbroken greeneryatgroundlevel Thegeneralimpressionwasmoreofacityinapark thanofaparklandinthecity Thecityespousedspace,speed,massproduction andefficientorganisation,butalsooffered combinationofnaturalandurbanenvironments

criticism Classbasedconceptionoflife differentclasses beingseparatelyhoused Doubtswereexpressedaboutthescaleand degreeofcentralisation

PLANVOISIN1925

18doublecruciform60 storeyskyscrapers, placedinan orthogonalstreetgrid andparklikegreen space Lecorbusierreworked certainelementsofthe VilleContemporaine& appliedtoasectionofparis threeclustersofluxury apartments

Streetsystem y
Heavy ytrafficwouldp proceedatbasementlevel lightertrafficatgroundlevel fasttrafficshouldflowalonglimitedaccessarterial roadsthatsuppliedrapidandunobstructedcrosscity movement pedestrianisedstreets, streets whollyseparatefromvehicular trafficandplacedataraisedlevel. Thenumberofexistingstreetswouldbediminishedby twothirdsduetothenewarrangementsofhousing, leisurefacilitiesandworkplaces,withsamelevel crossingpointseliminatedwhereverpossible.

 Criticsattackeditsfocusonthecentralcity city, wherelandvalueswerehighestanddislocations mostdifficult thecreationofvastemptyspacesinplaceof closeknitstreetswiththeirvariedciviclife

LINEARINDUSTRIALCITY
Leavingtheevilsofthesprawlingtown,thenewindustrialcommunities arelocatedalongthemainarteriesoftransportation water,railand highwayconnectingtheexistingcities. Factoriesareplacedalongthemainarteries,separatedfromthe residentialsectionbythehighwayandagreenstrip Theresidentialareasincludethehorizontalgardentownofsinglehouses andverticalapartmentbuildingswithciviccenter.Sports,entertainments, shopping pp gandofficefacilitiesaredistributedinthisdistrictandall communityfacilitiesareplacedwithinampleopenspace.

LAVILLERADIUSE (RADIANTCITY)

Lecorbusierrearrangedthekeyfeaturesof theVilleContemporaine. Thebasicideasoffreecirculationand greenerywerestillpresent,butthe juxtapositionofdifferentlanduseshad changed.Forexample,thecentralareawas nowresidentialinsteadofaskyscraperoffice core.

ElementsofLeCorbusiersPlan

veryhighdensity
1,200peopleperacreinskyscrapers
overcrowdedsectorsofParis&Londonrangedfrom 169213pers./acreatthetime Manhattanhasonly81pers./acre

120peopleperacreinluxuryhouses
6to10timesdenserthancurrentluxuryhousinginthe U.S.

multileveltrafficsystemtomanagethe intensityoftraffic

Analogyofthecitywiththe abstract b t timage i of faman

Theskyscrapers(businessarea)oftheVilleContemporaine wererearrangedawayfromthecitycenteratthe head[The]bodywasmadeupofacresofhousingstrips laidoutinasteppingplantogeneratesemicourtsand harbours ofgreenerycontainingtenniscourts,playingfields andpaths. Trafficpattern anorthogonalsystemwithsuperimposed diagonals&theciviccenterisonthemainaxis Lightmanufacturing,freightyardsandheavyindustriesatthe bottom

ElementsofLeCorbusiersPlan
accesstogreenspace
between48%and95%ofthe surfaceareaisreservedfor greenspace gardens d squares sportsfields restaurants t t theaters withnosprawl,accesstothe protectedzone zone protected (greenbelt/openspace)is quickandeasy

Thelogicofincreasingurban d it density
Themoredensethepopulationofacityisthelessare thedistancesthathavetobecovered. trafficisincreasedby:
thenumberofpeopleinacity thedegreetowhichprivatetransportationismoreappealing (clean,fast,convenient,cheap)thanpublictransportation theaveragedistancepeopletravelpertrip thenumberoftripspeoplemustmakeeachweek

Themoral,therefore,isthatwemustincreasethe densityofthecentresofourcities,wherebusinessaffairs arecarriedon on.

C H A N D I G A R H

 Sincep punjab j wasdividedintotwoparts, p ,thecapital p wasleftin pakistanthereforepunjabinindiarequirednewcapital Thefirstmasterplanforthenewcapitalwasassignedto AmericanengineerandplannerAlbertMayer,whowasa friendofClarenceSteinofRadburnfameinNewJersey. y Heworkedonthemasterplanwithhisclosestassistant, MatthewNowicki,untilthelatterdiedinaplanecrashin 1950.Hisdutiesweretotaketheformofarchitectural control.

 Mayerwasn wasnt tnewtoIndia. India InDecember, December 1949,whenthePunjabgovernment approachedhimfortheChandigarhproject project, hewasalreadyassociatedwitharural developmentprojectatEtawah(Uttar Pradesh),andpreparationofmasterplansfor GreaterBombayandKanpur Kanpur.

 Mayer y wasthrilledwiththep prospect p ofp planning gabrandnew city,andheacceptedtheassignmentalthoughitofferedhim amodestfeeof$30,000fortheentireproject. Hisbriefwastoprepareamasterplanforacityofhalfa millionp people, p ,showing gthelocationofmajor j roadsandareas forresidence,business,industry,recreationandallieduses. HewasalsotopreparedetailedbuildingplansfortheCapitol Complex,CityCentre,andimportantgovernmentfacilities andarchitecturalcontrolsforotherareas.

 Themasterplanwhichalbert mayer produced forchandigarh assumesafanshaped outline spreading gentlytofillthesite outline,spreading betweenthetworiverbeds. AttheheadoftheplanwastheCapitol,the seatof fthe h stategovernment,and dthe h City Ci Centrewaslocatedintheheartofthecity.

 Twolinearparklandscouldalsobenoticed running i continuously ti l f fromthe th northeast th thead h dof f theplaintoitssouthwesterntip.Acurving networkofmainroadssurroundedthe neighborhoodunitscalledSuperblocks. firstphaseofthecitywastobedevelopedonthe northeasternsidetoaccommodate1,50,000 residentsandthesecondphaseontheSouth westernsideforanother350,000people.

 Mayer y likedthevariationof f[ [Indian] ]streets, ,offsetting ff gand breakingfromnarrowintowiderandbackandthoughtthat theywereappropriatetoalandofstrongsunlight,atthe narrowpoints, points hishousedesigninvolvedaninnercourtyard forventilationwithsmallopeningsonthestreetsideto protectprivacy. Welovedthislittleinnercourtyard,Mayerwrote,forit seemedtoustobringtheadvantagesofcoolnessanddignity intoaquitesmallhouse.

 Anotherelementinp planning gwastop placea groupofhousesaroundanotverylargecourt, withtheendssomewhatnarrowing,whichcould serveasasocialunit uniti i.e. e agroupofrelativesor friendsorpeoplefromthesamelocalitymight livethere,withthecentralareaforplay,gossip, etc t . Theneighbourhood unitsweretocontainschools andlocalshoppingcentres.

 Theflatnessofthesiteallowedalmostcompletefreedomin creatingstreetlayoutanditisofinteresttonotehatthe overallpatterndeliberatelyavoidsageometricgridinfavour ofalooselycurvingsystem. Thedeathofnowickinecessitatedtheselectionofanew architectforchandigarh chandigarh.Whenmayerresigned, resigned theindian authoritiesputtogetheranew,europeanplanningteam.The twoappointedadministrators,vermaandthapar,decidedon therenownedswissarchitect architect,lecorbusier, corbusier whosenamewas suggestedbythebritisharchitectsmaxwellfryandhiswife janedrew.

 Atfirst,lecorbusier wasnotkeentotakethe assignment,butwaspersuadedbyverma.Le corbusier's loftyvisionsandidealswerein harmonywithnehru's aspirations. LeCorbusierrequestedtheassistanceofhis cousinPierreJeanneret.Jeanneret eventually agreedtoliveonthesiteashisrepresentative andchiefarchitect.

 LeCorbusiercouldthenvisitIndiatwiceay yearfora monthatatime(hecametothesite22times).Thus, Jeanneret,togetherwithFryandDrew,assenior architectsworkinginIndiaforaperiodofthreeyears andassistedbyateamof20idealisticyoungIndian architects,woulddetailthep planandLeCorbusier couldconcentrateonmajorbuildings. Allfouroftheprotagonistsweremembersofthe Congres Internationaux d'Architecture Moderne (CIAM). (CIAM)

THREEDISCIPLINES

Thedisciplineofmoney Lecorbuiseronceremarkedthatindiahas thetreasuresofaproudculture,buther coffersareempty.Andthroughoutthe projectthedesireforgrandnesswas hamperedbytheneedforstricteconomy.In workinguphisdesigns,lecorbuiserconsulted the h programfor f each h b building ildi asgiven i i inthe h budgetandthenpreparedtheinitialproject.

THREEDISCIPLINES

Thedisciplineoftechnology Availableinquantity,however,wasgoodclay stoneandsand,and,above sand and aboveall allhumanlabour labour. Thematerialsofwhichchandigarhhasbeen constructedareroughconcreteinthecapitol complexandthecentralbusinessdistrictand formostofthecity city,especiallyin housing,locallyproducedbrick.

THREEDISCIPLINES

Thedisciplineofclimate Besidestheadministrativeandfinancial regulatonstherewasalawofthesuninindia india. Thearchitecturalproblemconsists;firstto makeshade shade,second secondtomakeacurrentofair[to ventilate],thirdtocontrolhydraulics.

 Asthemosteconomicalandreadily yavailable materialforbuildingatchandigarhwaslocallymade brick. The h fl flatroof fwasemployed l dthrough h houtin chandigarhhousingbecauseofitsusefulnessasa sleepingarea 70%ofthebuildingwouldbeprivateinallthe sectors. Residentialplotsrangingindimensionsfrom75sq. Yardsto5000sqyards.

 Lecorbuiser wasresponsibleforthegeneraloutlinesofthe masterplanandthecreationofthemonumental buildlings,while pierre jeanneret,maxwell fryandjane drew werechargedwiththetaskofdevelopingtheneighbourhood sectorswiththeirschools,shopping bazaars,and thetractsof governmenthousing. Intheprogrampresentedtothearchitects,13categoriesof houseswerespecified,eachcorrespondingtoalevelof governmentemployment. employment Smallwindowsopeningshavebeenconsistentlyemployed

 The ec city yo ofChandigarh a d ga was asthe ecu culmination a o o ofLe e corbusiers life. Thiscityisliketheman.Itisnotgentle.Itishardand assertive.Itisnotpractical;itisriddledwithmistakes made d not ti inerrorb but ti inarrogance. Itisdislikedbysmallminds minds,butnotbybigones. ones Itis unforgettable.ThemanwhoadoredtheMediterranean hasherefoundfulfillment, ,inthescorching gheatofIndia.

GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION
Itwasboundbytwoseasonalchoes,orrivulets,the patiali Rao andtheSukhna inthenorthwestandthe southeastrespectively.Itextendsinthenortheastright uptothefoothillsoftheshivaliks. Theregionexperiencesextremesintheclimate.The temperaturecouldriseto45degreesinsummerand droptofreezingpointinwinter. Th Thedirection di ti of fthe th prevalent l twinds i d is i southeast th tto t the th northwestinsummerandnorthwesttothesoutheastin winter.

 thebasicframeworkofthemasterp planandits componentstheCapitol,CityCentre,university, industrialarea,andalinearparkland as conceivedbyMayerandNowicki wereretained byLeCorbusier. Therestructuredmasterplanalmostcoveredthe samesiteandtheneighbourhood unitwas retainedasthemainmoduleoftheplan. plan

 TheSuper p blockwasreplaced p by ynowwhatiscalledthe Sectorcoveringanareaof91hectares,approximately thatofthethreeblockneighbourhood unitplannedby Mayer. Mayer TheCityCentre,therailwaystationandtheindustrial areasbyandlargeretainedtheiroriginallocations. However,theCapitol,thoughstillsitedattheprime locationofthenortheasterntipoftheplan,wasshifted slightlytothenorthwest. northwest

THEBIOLOGICAL ANALOGY
LeCorbusierlikedtocomparethecityhe plannedtoabiologicalentity: theheadwastheCapitol, theCityCentrewastheheartand theinstitutionalareaandtheuniversity ywas limbs.

 LeCorbusieridentifiedfourbasicfunctionsofacity:living, working,circulation andcareofthebodyandspirit Eachsectorwasprovidedwithitsownshoppingand communityfacilities,schoolsandplacesofworship. Circulation wasofgreatimportancetoLeCorbusierand determinedtheotherthreebasicfunctions functions. Bycreatingahierarchyofroads,LeCorbusiersoughttomake everyplaceinthecityswiftlyandeasilyaccessibleandatthe sametimeensuretranquilityandsafetyoflivingspaces.

THEPERIPHERYCONTROLACT
ThePeriphery p yControlActof1952createdawide greenbeltaroundtheentireunionterritory. Itregulatedalldevelopmentwithin16kilometers ofthecitylimit,prohibitedtheestablishmentof anyothertownorvillageandforbade commercialorindustrialdevelopment. TheideawastoguaranteethatChandigarhwould alwaysbesurroundedbycountryside.

INDUSTRY
Despite p hisbiasagainst g industry, y,LeCorbusierwasp persuaded tosetaside235hectaresfornonPolluting,lightindustryon theextremesoutheasternsideneartherailwaylineasfar awayfromtheEducationalSectorandCapitolaspossible. possible Of this,136hectaresweretobedevelopedduringthefirst phase. Intheeventofthecityexpandingsouthward,LeCorbusier suggestedthecreationofanadditionalindustrialareainthe southernpartofthecitywhereasecondrailwaystationcould beestablished.

SECTOR
LeCorbusierandhisteamreplacedsuperblockswitha geometricmatrixofgenericneighbourhood units, units sectors sectors . Thenewcityplanrepresentedageneralcitythatcould,likea romanmilitarysettlement,beplacedonanyflatpieceofland. LeCorbusierclaimedthatthe firstphaseofexistenceisto pyspace p andthenewp planallowedforsuchan occupy expansion. However However,thecitywasplannedtohouseanumberof1 1,50,000 50 000 inhabitantsinitsfirstphase,realizedbetween195166,and 500000initsfinalstage.

 Theneighbourhood itselfissurroundedbythefasttraffic roadcalledV3intersectingatthejunctionsofthe neighbourhood unitcalledsectorwithadimensionof800 metersby1200meters. Theentranceofcarsintothesectorsof800metersby1200m, whichareexclusivelyreservedtofamilylife, life cantakeplaceon fourpointsonly;inthemiddleofthe1200m.inthemiddleof the800meters. Allstoppageofcirculationshallbeprohibitedatthefour circuses,attheanglesoftheSectors.

 Thebusstopsareprovidedeachtimeat200metersfromthe circussoastoservethefourpedestrianentrancesintoa sector. Thus,thetransittraffictakesplaceoutofthesectors:the sectorsbeingsurroundedbyfourwallboundcarroads withoutopenings(theV3s) V3s). Andthis(anoveltyintownplanninganddecisive)wasapplied atChandigarh:nohouse(orbuilding)dooropensonthe thoroughfareofrapidtraffic.

 Taking gchandigarh g asanexample,we p , may yseeatoncethe democraticideawhichallowsustodevoteanequalcareto housingallclassesofsocietytoseeknewsocialgroupings Eachsectorisdesignatedbynumber,thecapitalcomplex being gnumber1,with , theremaining gsectorsnumbered consecutivelybeginningatthenorthcornerofthecity. Thereare30sectorsinchandigarh,ofwhich24areresidential. Thesectorsattheupperedgeofthecityareofabbreviated size. size

OPENSPACES

Some800hectaresofgreenopenspaceare spreadovertheapproximately114square kilometersoftheCapitalProjectarea. MajoropenareasincludetheLeisureValley, SukhnaLake,RockGardenandmanyother specialgardens. Inaddition,thesectorsarevertically integratedbygreenspaceorientedinthe directionofthemountains.

LANDSCAPING
Landscaping p gp proceededsideby ysidewiththeconstructionof thecityfromtheveryinception.Threespaceswereidentified forspecialplantation:theroadsides,spacesaroundimportant buildings parksandspecialfeaturessuchasSukhnaLake. buildings, Lake LeCorbusierscontributiontolandscaping p gwasofcategorising g g treeforms.Hemadeasimpleanalysisofthefunctionalneeds andaestheticsuitabilityforthevariousareas,devotingspecial attentiontospecificroads roads.

 prominent p flowering gtreesareg gulmohar( (Delonixregia) g ), amaltas(Cassiafistula),kachnar(Bauhineavariegata),pink cassia(CassiaJavanica) andsilveroak(Grevillearobusta). Among A the th conspicuous i nonflowering fl i t treesonefinds fi d kusum k (Schleichetatrijuga)andpilkhan(Ficusinfectoria)alongV3 roadsides. Thesetrees,notedfortheirvast,thickspreadingcanopies formgreatvaultingsheltersovermanyofthecitysroads. In I all, ll morethan h 100different diff treespecies i have h been b planted l d in(Fieusreligosa)Chandigarh.

HOUSING
Lowercategory g yresidentialbuildings g areg governedby ya mechanismknownasframecontroltocontroltheir facades. This Thi fixes fi the th building b ildi line li and dheight h i htand dthe th useof fbuilding b ildi materials. Certainstandardsizesofdoorsandwindowsarespecified p and allthegatesandboundarywallsmustconformtostandard design. This Thi particularly i l l applies li tohouses h built b il onsmall llplots l of f250 squaremetresorless.

7Vs
The7Vsestablishesahierarchyoftrafficcirculationranging from:arterialroads(V1),majorboulevards(V2)sector definers(V3),shoppingstreets(V4),neighbourhoodstreets (V5),accesslanes(V6)andpedestrianpathsandcycletracks (V7sandV8s). V1CONNECTSCHANDIGARHTOOTHERCITIES V2ARETHEMAJORAVENUESOFTHECITYE.GMADHYA MARGETC V3ARETHECORRIDORSSTREETSFORVEHICULARTRAFFIC ONLY V4..V7ARETHEROADSWITHINTHESECTORS

PLANOFTHECITY

THECAPITOLCOMPLEX
Theareaofthegreatestsymbolicsignificanceinchandigarhwasthe capitolcomplex,whichinitsfinalformwasbasedonthedesignof agraetcrossaxis Themostimportant p group g pofthebuildings g constituting gthecapitol p right,theparliament leftandinthebackground,thesecretariat Intheforeground,thepoolofthepalaceofjustice Theartificialhillsinthefrontofthesecretariathavenotbeen createdandlaidoutinaccordancewithcoebusiersconceptions Althoughthesceneisharmoniusineffect,therearestillmissingthe buildingsthatbelonghere,suchas,forinstance,thetowersof shadows

SITEPLAN
OPENHAND

GOVERNOR,SPALACE

HIGHCOURT

ASSEMBLY

SECRETARIAT

ARCHITECTURALFEATURES

PARASOLROOF FORMINGARCHES DOUBLEROOF GAPLEFTBETWEEN TWOROOFS COLOUREDMASSIVEPILLARS FULLHTENTRANCE

AR 0416, Town Planning & Human Settlements,

UNITIV
ZONING AND DEVELOPMENT CONTROL

CT.Lakshmanan B.Arch., , M.C.P. AP(SG)/Architecture

TOPICSTOBECOVERED

REGIONALPLANNING
CENTRALPLACETHEORY

SUBDIVISIONREGULATION ZONING

RegionalPlanning

WhatisaRegion?

anareawithcertaincharacteristics,often

meresize,byvirtueofwhichitisadoptedasa suitableunitforsomeparticularpurposeof businessandadministration. Itisalsoanareawhichishomogeneousin

ofthepeople,suchasindustry,farming, distributionofpopulation,commerce,orthe general lsphere h of finfluence fl of facity. Aregioningeneraltermsisenvisagedasanatural unit, ,incontrasttotheartificialunitcreatedfor administrativepurposes.

respectofsomeparticularsetof associated i t dconditions diti ,whether h h of fthe h l land dor

CentralPlacetheory y

discoveredthatthereissome orderingprinciplegoverningthe distributionoftownsandcities,that is,settlementsconcernedwiththe provisionofgoodsandservices developedatheoryregardingthe gradationoftownsandthedegreeof centralizedservices

centralplace p
centralp placeisdefinedasasettlementp providing g servicesforthepopulationofitshinterland(knownas complementaryregion),supplyingitwithcentralgoods andservices(educational, (educational leisureandculturalfacilities) aswellasthoseofretailandwholesaletrade. BasicelementsofChristaller theoryare Acentralgood Acentralplace Acomplimentaryregion

 IntheCentralPlaceTheory(CPT)ofChristaller, Christaller centralitymeansimportance.Itismanifested by ytheq quantity yandq quality yofdifferentservices andfunctionsprovidedbythesettlement. Itisdefinedasthefunctionalimportanceof settlementofthecentralplace.Functions determinethecentralityofthecentreandnot thelocation.

 Oneofthemostimportantcharacteristicsofacentral functionisthatitgeneratesspatialinteractions, throughthemovementofmen,materialsandideas betweenthecenterp placeandthecomplimentary p y regionsurroundingit.Rarethefunction,thehigherthe rangeoftheinteraction. Eachcenterhasitscomplimentaryareaandfromthe centeremanatesthecentrifugalordistributive functionsandfromthecomplimentaryareastothe centergravitatecentripetalactivitiesoractivitiesof collection.

AssumptionsofCentralPlace Theory Th
(1)TheLandscapeisevenwithanevendistributionofnatural resourcesand danevenspread dof fpopulation l ti invariably i i bl assumed d tobefarmers.Peopledothemarketinginacirculararea. (2)Theradiusofthecircleofthemarketingi.e.theextentofthe marketisthefunctionoftransportcost. market cost Thecirclessooverlapthat thecommonareasofoverlapprovidehexagonalshapes,andall consumersandareaareservedbyvariouscenters. (3)Populationisevenlydistributedinallthedirectionsandthe movementofpeopleinallthedirectionsisunimpededandinvolves equalunittransportcost. (4)Allpeoplearerational:theywanttominimizecost(transportcost andthetimecostoftravelinginparticular)andmaximizegains gains. (5)Alltheconsumershavethesamepurchasingpower

(6)Lowerorderfunctionsareavailableatlowerorderplacesand hi h order higher d f functions ti at thi higher h order d places, l though th hhigher hi h order d settlementshavemanylowerorderfunctionsalso. (7)Therelationshipbetweensettlementnodesisorderlyandnot disorderly Thereisahierarchyoffunctionsrelatedtothehierarchy disorderly. ofsettlements.Ineveryfieldtherearefacilitiesrangingfromthe lowesttothehighestorder.(Primaryschooltoinstitutesto specializelearningandresearch;villagedispensarytospecialized i tit t of institutes fsurgery/medical di lt treatment; t t onecounter t b bank kt tobi big banks). (8)Eachlowerorhigherorderservicerequiresthresholdpopulation. Acinemahallwillrequireaminimumfilm filmviewing viewingpublicto(say) 500memberspershow.Athresholdpopulationandefficiencyof transportsystem(Lowtransportcost)willsustainafacility.

 Nowletusassumeafarmersellinghis produceatpointAasinthediagram. diagram Otherfarmersarewillingtotraveldistance atopurchasefromthisfarmer. Sincewehave h assumedthat h travel lis equallyeasyinalldirections,themarket areaforthefarmeratAisgivenbythe circlewithradiusa. Intimemoreproducersmaydeveloptheir ownseparatemarketareasasshowninthe diagram. Withthedevelopmentoftransportation andcommunicationsthemarketareaswill expandandtherewillbeanattemptto coverthemaximumpossiblespace. Withcircular i l market k tareaswecanhave h a situationasinthediagram

 Whileinthediagramthereareseveralunserved areas (theshadedregioninthefigure),inthediagramthere isconsiderableoverlapping.Neitheroftheseinstances givesastableresult. g Whileintheformercasetheunserved areaswillhave tobesplitequallybetweenneighboringareas,inthe latterconsumersintheshadedregionwilltendto choosethenearestcentre. Ultimatelyhexagonalmarketareaswillemergeas giveninthediagram diagram.Itisonlythishexagonal arrangementthatensuresanefficientdivisionofspace betweenanumberofcentralplaces.

formalandfunctionalregions g

Delineationofformalregions g : Groupingtogetheroflocalunitswithsimilar characteristicsaccordingtocertainclearly definedcriteria criteria,butwhichdiffersignificantly fromunitsoutsidetheregiononthebasisof chosencriteria Delineationoffunctionalregion: Involvinggroupingtogetheroflocalunitsthat displayaconsiderabledegreeof interdependence. interdependence

Regional g planning p g

Regionalplanningisacategoryofplanning anddevelopmentthatdealswithdesigning andplacinginfrastructureandother elements l t acrossalarge l area. Regionalplanningzonesmayencompass severaltowns,citiesorevenpartsof diff different tstates, t t each hof fwhich hi hcould ldhave h theirownplanningofficesintherealmof urbanplanning" planning urban

PLANNINGREGIONSOFTAMILNADU
Madrasmetropolitanregion AreacoveredbyChingleput Districtandpalar basininthenortharcot district VelloreRegioni.e.theremainingpartsofthenortharcot district Southarcot regionincludingcuddalore neyveli ligniteare andponniar basin Salemregion Coimbatoreregion Nilgiris region Tiruchirapalli Thanjavur regionorcauveri deltaregion Madurairegion Tirunelveli regionincludingkanyakumari

subdivisionregulation
Earlierineverycitymuchlandiseithervacantor inefficientlyused speculativeprospect Variousmethodshavebeenproposedtoemphasize taxationonland Necessityforregulationsoverthesubdivisionof urbanlandwasurgent,sinceuseanddevelopment oflandconstitutearightbestowedbythe communityupontheindividual,andthisrightmay bewithdrawnifheviolatestheconditions

Subdivisionandlayout y

Ap pieceoflanddividedintomorethan8 parcels,eachofwhichistobesold p yiscalledLayout y , separately whereaslessthanorequalto8divisionsis calledasubdivisionofland

Manyinterestsinvolved
Tothelanddeveloperthesubdividingofland isprimarilyamatterofprofit Tothecommunity,itisamatterofpublic concernActivities Activitiesdeterminequalityofliving Wheresuchactivitiesareuncontrolled,they placeburdenonpublictreasury excessive cost tof fpublic bli improvements i t and d maintenance,increaseincostofservices

Transformingcityplanto reality li
Manyelementsintheoverallplanarerealized atthetimethelandisdeveloped Highways,streetsandalleys,sewerandwater lines,powerlines lines,schools, schools transportation lines,policeandfireprotection Thecityplaniseitherrealizedoritislostin the h subdivision bdi i i of fland l d

Subdivisionprocedure p

Landissurveyed Officialsrecordsconsulted proposed highway specialeasements, highway, easements rightofwayetc. etc Amenities,culturalandsocialfacilities ReferSubdivisionordinances Plannerorengineer g top prepare p p preliminary y plan includesize,shapenooflots,location ofstreets, ,radii, ,drainage, g ,utilitiesetc.

Subdivisionprocedure p

Estimateisprepared costofdevelopment Tentativemapisfilewithlocalagency approvalobtainedelse Incorporatesuggestionmade,ifanyandre submit b i

Zoning g

Zoning isadeviceoflanduseregulationused bylocalgovernmentsinmostdeveloped countries. countries Th Theword d i isd derived i d f fromthe h practice i of f designatingpermittedusesofland,basedon mapped dzoneswhich hi hseparateonesetof fl land d usesfromanother.

 Theoretically Theoretically,theprimarypurposeofzoningis tosegregateusesthatarethoughttobe incompatible. incompatible I Inpractice, i zoning i i isused dtopreventnew developmentfrominterfereing withexisting residents id orbusinesses b i and dtopreservethe h "character"ofacommunity.

Zoningmayincluderegulationofthe kindsofactivitieswhichwillbeacceptableon particularlots (suchasopenspace,residential, agricultural,commercialorindustrial), thedensitiesatwhichthoseactivitiescanbe performed(fromlowdensityhousing suchassingle familyhomestohighdensitysuchashighrise apartmentbuildings), th height the h i htof fb buildings, ildi theamountofspacestructuresmayoccupy, thelocationofabuildingonthelot(setbacks), theproportionsofthetypesofspaceonalot,suchas howmuch landscapedspace,impervioussurface, trafficlanes, lanes andparking mustbeprovided provided.

 Mostzoning gsystems y haveap procedurefor grantingvariances(exceptionstothezoning rules),usuallybecauseofsomeperceived hardshipcausedbytheparticularnatureofthe property inquestion. Basically,urbanzonesfallintooneoffivemajor categories:residential,mixedresidential commercial commercial, commercial, commercial industrialandspecial (e.g.powerplants,sportscomplexes,airports, shoppingmallsetc.).

Zoningtypes
Zoningcodeshaveevolvedovertheyearsas urbanplanningtheoryhaschanged,legal constraintshavefluctuated, fluctuated andpolitical prioritieshaveshifted. Thevariousapproachestozoningcanbe dividedintofourbroadcategories:Euclidean, Performance Incentive, Performance, Incentive andDesignbased.

StandardEuclidean
Alsoknownas"Building BuildingBlock" Block zoning characterized h i dby b the h segregation i of fland l duses intospecifiedgeographicdistrictsand di dimensional i lstandards d d stipulating i l i li limitations i i onthemagnitudeofdevelopmentactivity that h is i allowed ll dtotake k place l onl lotswithin i hi eachtypeofdistrict

StandardEuclidean
Useswithineachdistrictareusuallyheavily prescribedtoexcludeothertypesofuses (residentialdistrictstypicallydisallow commercialorindustrialuses). Some"accessory"or"conditional"usesmay b allowed be ll din i order d toaccommodate d the h needsoftheprimaryuses.

StandardEuclidean
Dimensionalstandardsapply pp ytoany ystructuresbuilton lotswithineachzoningdistrict,andtypicallytakethe formofsetbacks,heightlimits,minimumlotsizes,lot coveragelimits limits,andotherlimitationsonthe"building building envelope Euclideanzoningisutilizedbysomemunicipalities becauseofitsrelativeeffectiveness,easeof implementation(onesetofexplicit explicit,prescriptiverules) rules), longestablishedlegalprecedent,andfamiliarityto plannersanddesignprofessionals.

EuclideanIIZoning
EuclideanIIZoningusestraditionalEuclidean zoningclassifications(industrial,commercial, multifamily, family residential, residential etc.) etc )butplacesthem inahierarchicalorder"nesting"onezoning classwithinanothersimilar

EuclideanIIZoning
For o e example, a p e,multi u t family a yis snot oto only ype permitted ttedin "higherorder"multifamilyzoningdistricts,but alsopermittedinhighordercommercialand industrial d lzoningdistricts d aswell. ll Protectionoflandvaluesismaintainedby stratifyingthezoningdistrictsintolevels accordingtotheirlocationintheurbansociety (neighborhood,community,municipality,and region). g )

Performancezoning
Alsoknownas"effects effectsbasedplanning planning performance f zoning i usesperformance f based b d orgoalorientedcriteriatoestablishreview parametersfor f proposed ddevelopment d l projectsinanyareaofamunicipality.

Performancezoning
Performancezoningoftenutilizesa"points points based"systemwherebyapropertydeveloper canapplycreditstowardmeetingestablished zoninggoalsthroughselectingfroma'menu' ofcomplianceoptions(someexamples include:mitigationofenvironmentalimpacts, providingpublicamenities, amenities buildingaffordable housingunits,etc.).

Performancezoning
Theappealofperformancezoningliesinits highlevelofflexibility,rationality, transparencyandaccountability performance f zoning i canbe b extremely l diffi difficult l toimplementandcanrequireahighlevelof di discretionary i activity i i onthe h partof fthe h supervisingauthority

Incentivezoning
incentivezoningisintendedtoprovidearewardbased systemtoencouragedevelopmentthatmeetsestablished urbandevelopmentgoals Typically,abaselevelofprescriptivelimitationson developmentwillbeestablishedandanextensivelistof incentivecriteriawillbeestablishedfordevelopersto adoptornotattheirdiscretion. Arewardscaleconnectedtotheincentivecriteriaprovides anenticementfordeveloperstoincorporatethedesired developmentcriteriaintotheirprojects projects.

Incentivezoning g
Common Co o e examples a p esinclude c udeFAR( (floor oo a area earatio) at o) bonusesforaffordablehousingprovidedonsite, andheightlimitbonusesfortheinclusionof public bl amenitiesonsite. Incentivezoningallowsforahighdegreeof flexibility,butcanbecomplextoadminister.The moreaproposeddevelopmenttakesadvantage ofincentivecriteria,themorecloselyithastobe reviewedonadiscretionary ybasis

Formbasedzoning
F Formb based dzoning i regulates l t not tthe th type t of fl land d use,buttheformthatthatlandusemaytake.For instance,formbasedzoning ginadenseareamay y insistonlowsetbacks,highdensity,and pedestrianaccessibilityamongotherthings. Formbasedzoningalsomayspecifydesirable design g features, ,howeverwhenformbasedcodes donotcontainappropriateillustrationsand diagrams,theyhavebeencriticizedasbeing difficulttointerpret

Formbasedzoning
Asanotherexample example,inalargelysuburban singlefamilyresidentialarea,usessuchas offices retail, offices, retail orevenlightindustrialcouldbe permittedsolongastheyconformed(setback, buildingsize size,lotcoverage coverage,height height,andother factors)withotherexistingdevelopmentin thearea. area

AR0416TownPlanning&HumanSettlements

UNITV
INTRODUCTIONTOHUMANSETTLEMENTS

CT.Lakshmanan B.Arch.,M.C.P. AP(SG)/Architecture

TOPICSTOBECOVERED

growthanddecayofhumansettlements influenceofsocioeconomicfactorsinthe developmentofhumansettlements

fivemajor j phases p
Primitivenonorganisedhumansettlements(startedwith theevolutionofman.) Primitiveorganisedsettlements(theperiodofvillages eopolis whichlastedabout10,000 10 000years.) years ) Staticurbansettlementsorcities(polis whichlasted about5,0006,000years.) Dynamicurbansettlements(dynapolis whichlasted200 400years.) The Th universal i lcity it (ecumenopolis ( li which hi his i now beginning.)

Primitivenonorganisedhumansettlements Thecommunitiestakeupasmallerareawherethey areagricultural,andalargeronewheretheyare huntingandcattlebreedingcommunities. onamacroscale,theyconsistsofanucleuswhichis thebuiltuppartofthehumansettlement,and severalpartswhichleadoutintotheopen,thinning outuntiltheydisappear

 Thereisnophysical linesconnectingthis primitivesettlement withothers;thereare nonetworksbetween settlements.

Primitiveorganisedsettlements eraoforganisedagriculture,settlementsalsobegan toshowsomecharacteristicsoforganisation Ininitialthehumanhadoneroomdwelling gin circularform,toorganisetherelationshipofhis communitywithothercommunitiesheexpandedhis dwellingbyplacingmanyroundformssidebyside

Duetothelossofspacebetweenthem,theydevelopedmoreregular shapeswithnospacelostbetweenthem.Theevolutionreachedthe stageatwhicharectilinearpatterndevelopsintoaregulargrid iron one.

Staticurbansettlements
Assettlementsg grewinsize, ,mancametorealisethatthe principleofthesinglenucleuswasnotalwaysvalidinthe internalorganisationofthetotalshellsofthecommunity,at thissinglenodalpoint, point whichwasadequateforthevillageand forsmallcities,nolongersufficed. Thefirstthingtohappenwastheexpansionofthenucleusin oneormoredirections;itwasnolongerlimitedtothe settlement's settlement scenterofgravity. gravity

Example:ThesmallsettlementofPriene Priene,inancientGreece Greece, wherethecentralnucleusexpandedintwoways: firstinalinearformalongamainstreetwhichcontained shopsthatwouldnormallybeclusteredinthecentralagora secondly dl through h hthe h decentralisation d li i of fsomefunctions, f i such h astemples.

Dynamicurbansettlement

Inthedynamicurbanphase, phase settlementsin spacearecharacterisedbycontinuousgrowth. Hence,alltheirproblemsarecontinuously i intensified ifi dand dnewonescontinuously i l created.

 Dynamic y settlements, ,createdasaresultofanindustrial technologicalrevolution,multiplyinginnumberandform,and nowbeingcreatedatanevenhigherrate. The Th evils il d described ib din i them th areth theevils il of fyesterday t d which hi h arebeingmultipliedtodayinaverydangerousmanner. Thismakesthedynamic y settlementcompletely p ydifferentfrom anyothercategoryofsettlementsandarealthreatto humanityitself.

man'sp positionisdangerous g inthe dynamicsettlement

Early yDynapolis y p Thisisthephasewhensmallindependenthuman settlements l with i h i independent d d administrative d i i i unitsarebeginningtogrowbeyondtheirinitial boundaries. bou da es. Fromtheeconomicp pointofviewthis developmentisrelatedtoindustrialisation,and fromthetechnologicalpointofviewtothe railroadera, era whichfirstmadecommutingfrom distancepointspossible.

MetropolisIDynametropolis
fateofthehistoricalmetropoliseshasbeen dynamicgrowth,astaticphase,andthen death staticphaseforametropolisistheprelude ofitsdeclineanddeath dynamicmetropolis,afterlosingits momentumforgrowth,becomesnegatively d dynamic. i

M l Megalopolis li IDynamegalopolis D l li
Amegalopolishasthesameexternalcharacteristics asthemetropolis,theonlydifferencebeingthat everyphenomenonappearsonamuchlargerscale. Itischaracteristicthatallp phenomenonofthe developmentofhumansettlementsuptothe metropolisshownona100sq.km.Scale,for megalopolis l l would ldb be1,000sq.km. k

Ecumenopolis p Regardlessofwhetherdynamicsettlementsare simple(Dynapolis),orcomposite(metropolisesand megalopolises),theyhavebeengrowing continuouslyduringthelastcenturiesandthisis apparenteverywhereatpresenti.e.thewholeEarth will illbe b covered dby b onehuman h settlement ttl t

INFLUENCE OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC FACTORS IN DEVELOPMENT OF A SETTLEMENT

Townplanner T l needs d d data t t tob basehi his proposalsinrespectofthetypeandnumber of fdwelling d lli units it in i alocality l lit oratown t populationstructure conditionofexistinghousing futurehousingtrendspertainingtovarious incomegroups realisticpictureoftheeconomicsituation

 tothinkintermsofsocialandgeographic groupingofthedwellingunitswhilepreparing thelayouts,andplacesuchamenitiesand servicesasschools,clubs,shops,placesof amusement,etc.,atthe h di disposal lof fthe h community. Thedataforprovisionoftheseamenitiesand services i onthe h right i h scale l h hastob besupplied li d bythesociologist.

Forapopulationof1lakh 15,000telephonelines 1lakhm3 ofwater Itconsumesperday 20,000 20 000litresofmilk 5,000loavesofbread 60,000bananas 10,000 10 000k kgof fpotato t t 7,000kgofonion 12,000kgofgrain 3,000kgofpulse 240barsofchocolate 1400bottlesofcola(peaksummer)

 populationstructureandtrendsisnotavailablefromthe censusreports.Forinstance,thesereportsdonotgiveany ideaoftheaccommodationinusebyfamilies,andwhether theoccupationofthesameisvoluntaryorcompulsory.i.e. dictatedbycircumstances.Intheformercase,peoplelive togetherbecausetheyaremembersofafamily.Inthelatter casetheydosobyforceofcircumstancessuchaseconomic difficultiesorshortageofaccommodation. Informationonsuchmattersisofvitalimportancetothe plannertoarriveatthevolumeofnewhousingrequired required.Ifhis proposalsarenotbasedonfactualdata,theyarelikelytobe unrealisticand,asarule,fallshortofrequirements

Demandofhousingatafuturedate= Existingdemand+replacementneed+futuredemand Increase/diminutioninthesizeofthefamily: Childreng growup, p g getmarriedandraisefamiliesoftheirown. Conversely,daughtersgetmarriedandleavetheparental households. Itisdifficultforthemajorityofhouseholdsandonlythe affluentpeoplecanaffordtofindadditionalaccommodation neartheirpreviousdwellingunits. units Inmanycases cases,suchpeople shifttobetterbutdistantlocalitieswheretheenvironmentis pleasantandmorecongenial.

 Whentownsareintheprocessofreplanning or redevelopment itisessentialtoensurethatserviceslike redevelopment, schools,clinics,shopsandculturalinstitutionsareprovidedin properrelationshipwithresidentialaccommodation. Itisalsodesirabletokeepthesizeofdevelopmentwithin reasonablelimits, limits becausebignesslacksintimacyandsocial relationshipamongpeople. Itistoavoidsituationslikethesethattheconceptofthe neighbourhood unithascomeintoexistence.

Bibliography g p y
TextbookofTownPlanning,A.Bandopadhyay, BooksandAllied,Calcutta2000 JohnRatcliffe,AnIntroductiontoTownand CountryPlanning,Hutchinson1981 ArthurB.Gallion andSimonEisner,TheUrban Pattern CityplanningandDesign,VanNostrand Reinholdcompany Rangwala,TownPlanning,Charotar publishing house G.K.Hiraskar,TownPlanning Rame Gowda,UrbanandRegionalplanning N.V.Modak,V.N.Ambedkar,Townandcountry planningandHousing, Housing orientlongman, longman 1971