ElectricalConsiderationsfor HVDCTransmissionLines

JoeMooney, y,PE

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LearningObjectives
Attheendofthispresentationyouwillbeableto:
IdentifytheelectricalrequirementsforHVDClines. Id tif th Identify thecomponents t used din i ACt toDCconversion. i UnderstandthehistoryofHVDCconversionandtransmission UnderstandtheoperationofHVDCconversiontechnology. UnderstandtherequirementsofanHVDCconvertorstation. UnderstandthedifferencesbetweenclassicHVDCandnewHVDC technology. UnderstandthefundamentalrequirementsofHVDCtransmissionline design. UnderstandtheinsulationrequirementsforanHVDCline.

HVDC ABriefHistory
FirstHVDCSystemCommissionedin1954
Gotland,Sweden 100kV, 100kV 20MW, 20MW 60milesofsubmarinecable

FirstInstallationinNorthAmericain1969
VancouverIsland,BC 260kV,312MW,46milesofsubmarinecable

HVDC ABrief fHistory

LastMercuryArcValveInstallation
PacificDCIntertie 1970 1440MW, 1440MW 400kV Currentlyat3100MW,500kV

GraphicCourtesyABB PhotoCourtesyABB

HVDC ABrief fHistory

LongestDistanceinOperation 1062miles
DemocraticRepublicofCongo,Africa 1983, 1983 500kV, 500kV 560MW 560MW,overheadline

HighestVoltageinOperation 600kV

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Itaipu,Brazil 1987,twocircuits@3150MWeach,490+miles

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HVDC ABrief fHistory

FirstMultiTerminalHVDCSystem
QuebecNewEngland 1992, 1992 450kV, 450kV 2000MW

LongestSubmarineCable
NorwaytoNetherlands 362Miles 2008,450kV,700MW

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HVDC ASnapshot h of fthe h Future

HighestVoltage 800kV
Two T circuits i i i inChina Chi 5000MW,890miles(2010) 6400MW,1295miles(2011)
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GraphicCourtesySiemens

LongestCircuit Over1550miles
RioMaderia inBrazil 600kV,3150MW Scheduledtobeinoperationin2012
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WhentoUseHVDC
LongDistance LongUnderground/SubmarineCables AsynchronousSystems ControlledPowerTransfer ReduceRight g ofWay y

HVDCProjects j PlannedinChina

Source:MarketAvenue

6000MW HVDCvs.AC RightofWayComparison

500kVDC 500kVAC

500kVvs.500kVAC

800kVvs.800kVAC

TypicalHVDCConverterStation

GraphicCourtesyABB

HVDCTechnology
HVDCClassic
LineCurrentCommutated;Thyristors Largeblocksofpower;1000s 1000 sofMW Highvoltageapplications;800kV

HVDCLight/PLUS Li ht/PLUS
VoltageSourceCommutated;IGBT Smallblocksofpower;100sofMW Lowervoltages;200kV

HVDCClassicDesign
TwelvePulseConverter RequiresSpeciallyDesignedTransformers PowerSystemMustSupplyReactivePower ThyristorsareSwitchedonandturnedoffbyreversevoltage HarmonicFiltersarerequired

HVDCClassicValveGroups

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HVDCClassicConverterTransformer

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HVDCClassicACFilters

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3000MWHVDCClassicStation

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HVDCLightDesign
InsulatedGateBipolarTransistors Offtheshelftransformer Switchedonandoff PulseWidthModulation Powerfactorcanbecontrolled Simplehighpassfilterforhighorderharmonics

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HVDCLightComponents

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HVDCLightStation

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HVDCOperation
Monopole
Singlepositivedcvoltage(e.g.,+500kV)
Onehighvoltageconductor

Neutralreturn
Metallicreturnvialowvoltageconductor Earthreturnthroughgroundelectrode

Limited edOpe Operation a o

Faultormaintenanceresultsinoutage

AC P Power System

AC C Power System m

Monopole p HVDC
AC Power Sy ystem

AC Power Syst tem

HVDCOperation
Bipole
Positiveandnegativevoltage(e.g.,500kV)
Twohighvoltageconductors

Neutralreturn
Metallicreturnvialowvoltageconductor Earthreturnthroughgroundelectrode

BestOperationalFlexibility
Operateinmonopoleconfigurationasneeded Allowsformaintenanceoroutageofonepole ptohalfofratedp poweroutput p Up

Bipole Operation Earth hReturn

HVDC C Cable/OH Line

AC Powe er System

AC Powe er System

Earth Return Ground Electrode

HVDC Cable/OH Line

Bipole Operation Metallic ll Return

HVDC Cable/OH Line

AC Power r System

AC Powe er System

LVDC Cable/OH Line

HVDC Cable/OH Line

CostComparison HVDCvs.AC
HVDChasahigherinstallationcostduetothe converterstationsandfilteringrequirements. ThecostofanHVDClineislessthanthecost ofanACline. Long L AClines li aremoreexpensive i due d toshunt h andseriescompensationrequirements.

Costvs.DistanceforHVDCandAC

ElectricalConsiderations
Insulation Metallicorearthreturn(groundelectrode) Audible dibl Noise i MagneticandElectricFields

InsulationRequirements
AirClearanceRequirements
SwitchingPerformance Lightning

Altitude Pollution/Contaminants

AirClearanceRequirements
8 6 4 2 0 500 800 System y voltage g ( (kV) ) 1100 EHVAC Air Clearance Requirements (meter)

EHVAC
Switching primary Lightning secondary

2.6p.u. 1.8p.u.

HVDC
HVDC Air Clearance Requirements (meter)

8 6 4 2 0 400

Switching secondary Lightning primary

AirClearanceRequirements areSignificantlyLowerfor HVDC HVDC.

600 System voltage (kV) 800

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EffectofAltitude
Relativeincreaseininsulation requirementswithaltitude
1.30
Lightning

EHVAC
Ai AirClearance Cl (switching) Insulation(p (pollution) )

1.25 1.20 1.15 1.10 1 05 1.05 1.00 0.95 0.90 0

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Switching Pollution

HVDC
AirClearance (lightning) Insulation(creepage)
500 1000 1500 2000

Altitude(meter)

InsulationRequirements forHVDCareMore SensitivetoAltitude

EarthReturn
MetallicReturn
Samecurrentratingasmainconductor Insulatedforvoltagedropcausedbycurrentflow

EarthReturn
Expansivegroundelectrode Requiressignificantstudy
Gravitysurvey,hydrologicalsurvey,electricalresistivity survey,geologicalmodeling

IPPSouthernElectrode

IPPHVDC Ground G d Electrode Connectionto Tower

CoronaandAudibleNoise
WeatherhasSmallerEffectonCoronaLosses forHVDCLines RequirementforConductorBundlingis ReducedforHVDCLinestoMeetAudible NoiseRequirements

CoronaandAudibleNoise
Typical corona losses (kW/km)
Frost 1000
EHVAC

Rain

Fair

100
HVDC

10 1 0
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CoronaLosseson HVDCareless SensitivetoWeather Conditions

EHVAC,HVDC

500

1000 Altitude (m)

1500

2000

UHVACConductorBundles for55dBMaximum
2000 1500
6 6 9

Altitude (meter) 1000

500

0 700 800 900 1000 1100

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System voltage (kV)

HVDCConductorBundles f 45dB for d Maximum

3 4 6 7

2000 1500
2 4 5 6

Altitude (meter)

1000 500 0 400 500 600 700 800

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System voltage (kV)

MagneticandElectricFields
NoMagneticInductionfromDC CurrentflowinOppositeDirectionsCancel MagneticFieldEffectonHVDC
ComparabletoEarthsMagneticField(50T)

FieldRequirementsforDCarelessStringent thanAC
GreaterPublicAcceptance

ItaipuHVDCandEHVSystem
HVDCLineCostabout70%ofACLine

ITAIPU 2x6300MW

3x765kVAC,2intermediateS/S 6300MWwithSC 4500MWwithoutSC 3circuits i it

2x 600kVDC 6300MW,2convertersperpole 4700MWwithpoleoutage 4poles l

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Itaipu p 765kVAcLines
Line1. 891km1982,86, Line2. 891km1989 Line3. 915km1999,00,01

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About70%GuyedVee Averageweight8500kg,guyed Selfsupporting,weight14000kg 15.80mPhasespacing,guyed 14.30mPhasespacing,selfsupport Conductor4xBluejay564mmACSR 450mmsubconductorspacing 35Insulators 95mRoW oneline 178mRoW twolines

Itaipu600kVHVDCLines
Bipole 1792km1984 Bipole 2820km1987

About80%GuyedMast Averageweight5000kg,guyed Selfsupporting,weight9000kg Conductor4xBittern644mm45/7ACSR 450mmsubconductorspacing 32Insulators510mmcreep,27mm/kV 16.40mpolespacing 72mRoW percircuit

PhotoCourtesyABB

Thankyouforyourtime.

QUESTIONS?
Thisconcludestheeducationalcontentofthisactivity activity.

JoeMooney,P.E. Sr ProjectManager Sr. www.powereng.com March2010