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FEMINIST RESEARCH METHODS Sylvia H. Guerrero (ed.). (1999). Gender-sensitive and feminist methodologies: A handbook for health and social researchers. Quezon City: University Center for Womens Studies University of t!e "!ili##ines. $1% #a&es. 'ivided into five #arts: "art (: Women)*entered resear*! and re#rodu*tive !ealt! and t!in+in& feminist "art ((: ,esear*! desi&ns and strate&ies "art (((: -et!ods and te*!ni.ues "art (/: Qualitative and feminist analysis "art /: S#e*ial 0o#i*s Key Terms Reproductive Health (t is a state of *om#lete #!ysi*al mental and so*ial 1ell)2ein& and not merely t!e a2sen*e of disease or infirmity in all matters relatin& to t!e re#rodu*tive system and all its fun*tions and #ro*esses. ,e#rodu*tive !ealt! t!erefore im#lies t!at #eo#le are a2le to !ave a satisfyin& and safe se3 life and t!at t!ey !ave t!e *a#a2ility to re#rodu*e and t!e freedom to de*ide 1!en and !o1 often to do so (Cairo (nternational Conferen*e on "o#ulation and 'evelo#ment ((C"') "ro&ramme of 4*tion 1995). 0!ree 2asi* #rin*i#les: 1) 0rust in 1omen and in t!eir *a#a2ility to ma+e de*isions a2out re#rodu*tion 2ased on a**ess to ade.uate information and a##ro#riate servi*es. 6) Sensitivity to and understandin& of 1omens re#rodu*tive e3#erien*e. $) Conne*tin& t!e various levels of intervention7*ommunity *ountry and international7in #lannin& and im#lementin& !ealt! #ro&rams. Femi ist Research (t involves a more *riti*al e3amination of #revailin& met!ods and te*!ni.ues in !ealt! studies 1!i*! !ave 2een #redominantly .uantitative and #ositivist in orientation or studies t!at !ave 2een des*ri2ed as resear*! on rat!er t!an for 1omen. Guidin& #rin*i#les: ) 84 *onne*ted relations!i# 2et1een resear*!er and resear*! 2et1een +no1er and +no1n9 (0!om#son 1996 in Guerrero 1999) ) (n*or#orates 1omens 1ays of +no1in&: 8min&lin& reason and emotion intuition and analyti* t!ou&!t9 (0!om#son 1996 in Guerrero 1999) ) Understandin& realities: refle3ivity and *ons*iousness)raisin& ) Goin& 2eyond +no1led&e &eneration: en&a&in& in a*tion for *!an&e 0!ere is affirmation t!at +no1led&e must move 2eyond +no1led&e for its o1n sa+e. (t em#!asizes &eneration of +no1led&e a2out 1omen t!at 1ill *ontri2ute to 1omens li2eration and eman*i#ation. 0!us resear*! 2e*omes instrumental in im#rovin& 1omens daily lives and influen*in& #u2li* #oli*ies as 1ell (-a&uire 19:% in Guerrero 1999). 'ra1in& on t!e earlier 1or+s of S!ulamit ,ein!arz (1996) and 4nn ;a+ley (1996) feminist resear*! a*+no1led&es t!e diversity of feminist resear*! #ra*ti*es and t!e need to em#loy met!ods t!at are a##ro#riate and sensitive to t!e issues 2ein& studied. Hen*e feminist resear*! is o#en to 2ot! .uantitative and .ualitative met!ods of resear*!. Ethics i Femi ist Research <ssential features:

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,eaffirmation of old resear*! et!i*s su*! as =enefits and ,e*i#ro*ity (nformed Consent and "riva*y and Confidentiality =rea+in& do1n t!e resear*! !ierar*!y <t!i*s of #ersonal involvement and #arti*i#ation 0!e li2eratory &oal and res#onsi2le resear*! ,esear*!ers self)refle3ivity <t!i*s in #ro*essin& t!e data Condu*t of resear*!ers vis)>)vis t!e fundin& a&en*ies t!eir institutions and t!e resear*! !ierar*!y

RESEARCH DESI!NS AND STRATE!IES ,esear*! desi&n ? t!e 1!ole #lan and 2lue#rint for t!e in.uiry @ 4 maAor &uidin& #rin*i#le in *!oosin& t!e desi&n is t!e a##ro#riateness and suita2ility of t!e strate&yB#lan to t!e resear*! #ro2lem and *on*ern. Surveys ? *onsists of as+in& .uestions of a (su##osedly) re#resentative *ross)se*tion of t!e #o#ulation. 0!e lo&i* of surveys is t!at it is &enerally not feasi2le to intervie1 everyone in t!e #o#ulation ("erez 1999). "arti*ularly useful to arrive at &eneralizations for des*ri#tive and e3#lanatory analyses 1!ere lar&e num2ers are essential. 0y#es of surveys a**ordin& to time dimension (a) Cross)se*tional surveys ? *on*lusions are 2ased on o2servations made at one time only. (2) Con&itudinal surveys ? surveys re#eated to &enerate des*ri#tions and e3#lanations of lar&e #o#ulation over several #oints in time ) 0rend studies ? study *!an&es 1it!in some &eneral #o#ulation over time (e.&. surveys *ondu*ted every D years from 19%: to 199$ to study trends in #ro#ortions of 1omen in t!e *!ild2earin& a&es 1D)EE for E #oints in time) ) Co!ort studies ? e3amine s#e*ifi* se&ments of t!e #o#ulation as t!ey *!an&e over time (e.&. survey to study t!e em#loyment attitudes of t!e *o!ort of 1omen 2orn durin& t!e 19$Fs. 4 sam#le of 6F)6D years mi&!t 2e surveyed in 19DF anot!er sam#le of $F)$D in 195F and anot!er sam#le of EF)ED years in 19%F.) ) "anel studies ? similar to trend and *o!ort analyses e3*e#t t!at t!e same set of #eo#le is studied ea*! time t!e survey is *ondu*ted (e.&. a *ontra*e#tive s1it*! study amon& 1omen a&ed 6D)$E years in 1!i*! t!e same 1omen 1ould 2e intervie1ed every 5 mont!s for 6 years and as+ed t!e *ontra*e#tive met!od t!ey use at ea*! survey). 0!ree 2road survey a##roa*!es: mailed .uestionnaire tele#!one intervie1 and fa*e)to) fa*e intervie1. (n most *ases fa*e)to)fa*e intervie1 is t!e #referred a##roa*! 2e*ause it allo1s for fle3i2ility and o2servation of non)ver2al 2e!avior and &enerates !i&!er res#onse rates. Criti*ismsBCimitations of survey resear*! ) Survey resear*! is 2ased on an unrealisti* stimulus res#onse t!eory of *o&nition and 2e!avior. ) (t is assumed t!at a survey .uestion 1ill mean t!e same t!in& to every res#ondent and every &iven res#onse must mean t!e same 1!en &iven 2y different res#ondents. ) Survey resear*! demands t!at t!e survey intervie1ers remain neutral 2y follo1in& t!e .uestion 1ordin& and se.uen*e e3a*tly as it a##ears in t!e .uestionnaire to re*ord res#onses e3a*tly as t!ey are &iven 2y t!e res#ondents and to #ro2e 1!en res#ondents res#ond to a .uestion 1it! an ina##ro#riate ans1er. ) Survey resear*! also assumes t!at all mem2ers of t!e initial sam#le of res#ondents

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*om#lete t!e survey intervie1. ) Survey resear*! unli+e studies involvin& dire*t o2servation ty#i*ally re.uires t!at an initial study desi&n remain un*!an&ed. Surveys *an seldom deal 1it! t!e *onte3t of so*ial life. E"perime tal research methodolo#y ) its stron&est feature is its a2ility to demonstrate *ausality. 01o dimensions of an e3#eriment: 1!ere it ta+es #la*e (la2oratory v. field) and !o1 mu*! involvement t!e resear*!er !as in #rodu*in& t!e *ausal ante*edent (true v. natural). Control is at t!e !eart of t!ese t1o *lassifi*ation s*!emes. "re)e3#erimental desi&ns (a) ;ne)s!ot *ase study (2) ;ne)&rou# #retest)#osttest desi&n (*) Stati*)&rou# *om#arison <3#erimental desi&ns (a) 0rue e3#erimental desi&n (2) Solomon four)&rou# desi&n (*) "ost)test)only *ontrol &rou# desi&n Quasi)e3#erimental desi&ns ) ideal for situations 1!erein t!e *onditions for a true e3#eriment *annot 2e met (i.e. e.uivalen*e t!rou&! randomization *annot 2e met 2e*ause t!e natural situation #re*ludes it). ,at!er t!an *om#arin& a randomized e3#erimental &rou# to a randomized *ontrol &rou# t!at !as not 2een administered t!e treatment in a .uasi)e3#erimental desi&n *om#arisons are made 1it! a none.uivalent *ontrol &rou# or a #re)e3istent *om#arison &rou# t!at !as !ad no e3#osure to t!e treatment. ) ,e&ression)dis*ontinuity e3#eriment ) 0ime)series e3#eriment (ssues in e3#erimental resear*! ) 4rtifi*iality of t!e e3#eriment ) <t!i*al *on*erns Naturalism ? a resear*! #!iloso#!y rat!er t!an a #arti*ular met!odG develo#ed as a rea*tion to #ositivism. (ts em#!asis is on studyin& so*ial #!enomena in natural settin&s not in a la2oratory or artifi*ial settin&. (t see+s to re#rodu*e reality 8as is9 (0an 1999). Stren&t!s of Haturalism 0!e naturalisti* #ers#e*tive #rovides a mu*!)needed *riti.ue of t!e validity of e3#erimental met!ods t!at are still .uite #ervasive in se3uality resear*! #arti*ularly in t!e evaluation of interventions. 4not!er stren&t! is t!e im#ortant referen*e to lo*al +no1led&e. (ts em#!asis on immersion in *ommunities an immersion t!at in*ludes #arti*i#ation in #eo#les a*tivities rat!er t!an #retendin& to 2e a2le to a2le to remain t!e deta*!ed o2server. 0!e naturalist #ers#e*tive tries to dra1 out #eo#les rationalities !o1 t!ey e3#lain fa*ts. 0!is #ers#e*tive loo+s at #eo#les +no1led&e in its 1idest sense. $i%e history&li%e story&oral history&story Cife !istory ? #resents t!e e3#erien*es and definitions !eld 2y one #erson one &rou# or one or&anization as t!is #erson &rou# or or&anization inter#rets t!ese e3#erien*es. Cife storyBKuwentong buhay ? a re*ord of ones inner life from t!e individuals #oint of vie1 (4.uino 1999)

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(n literature auto2io&ra#!ies and 2io&ra#!ies 1ere t!e earliest sour*es of life !istory. (n ant!ro#olo&y life !istory a##roa*! is *redited to t!e C!i*a&o S*!ool of So*iolo&y ("ar+ =ur&ess Sut!erland et al) .ualitative studies of devian*e *rime and so*iolo&y of a *ity done in 196F)EF. 0!omas and Inanie*+is The Polish Peasant in Europe and America (191:) is 2elieved to !ave influen*ed t!e C!i*a&o S*!ool of So*iolo&y. 0!is 1or+ *ontains letters and do*uments of life of ordinary #easants and t!eir families. (n t!e 19EFs !o1ever .ualitative resear*! in t!e US 1as overs!ado1ed 2y t!e rise of .uantitative resear*!. (nterestin&ly .ualitative resear*! usin& life story 1as *ontinued in "oland. (n <uro#e #arti*ularly in t!e UJ oral !istories 1ere used due to t!e dominan*e and influen*e of t!e Ca2our "arty. 4**ordin& to Kris*! oral !istory is a #o1erful tool for dis*overin& e3#lorin& and evaluatin& t!e nature of t!e #ro*ess of !istori*al memory7!o1 #eo#le ma+e sense of t!eir #ast !o1 t!ey *onne*t individual e3#erien*e and its so*ial *onte3t !o1 t!e #ast 2e*omes #art of t!e #resent and !o1 #eo#le use it to inter#ret t!eir lives and t!e 1orld around t!em. Keminism !as #layed a *ru*ial role in t!e develo#ment of oral !istory es#e*ially in t!e 195Fs. (ntera*tionist #ers#e*tive ? distaste for a2stra*tion reifi*ation and a2solutesG !umans in!a2it dual 1orlds material and sym2oli* t!eir intera*tions are #redi*ated u#on t!e emer&en*es of selves t!rou&! 1!i*! t!ey are a2le to 2e self)refle3ive *ommuni*ate and ta+e t!e roles of ot!ersG meanin& !as to 2e 1or+ed out in en*ounters and 1!ile tem#orarily a&reed u#on is ever flo1in& and never fi3edG lives and so*ial order are o#en and ne&otia2leG im#ortan*e of t!e su2Ae*tive vie1#oint 0!ese traits are s!ared 2y t!e intera*tionist #ers#e*tive and feminism. (m#ortant t!emes in life story (a) Stories and so*ial *onstru*ts ) (ntera*tionist a##roa*! not aimed at a linear or definite story. <3#erien*e is a stream a flo1G so*ial stru*tures are seamless 1e2s of *riss)*rossin& ne&otiationsG 2io&ra#!ies are in a *onstant state of 2e*omin& and as t!ey evolve so t!eir su2Ae*tive a**ounts of t!emselves evolve ("lummer 19:$ in 4.uino 1999). ) 4**ordin& to Coleman (1991 in 4.uino 1999) a life !istory is not a stati* #rodu*t of an individual at a #arti*ular #oint in time 2ut a develo#in& #ro*ess refle*tin& a *!an&in& vie1 of t!e life *ourse. ) /ie1#oint of t!e #erson tellin& t!e story is &iven im#ortan*e and so are t!eir rea*tions fa*ial e3#ressions and ot!er mannerisms. (2) 0!e relations!i# 2et1een t!e teller of life story and t!e resear*!er ) ,esear*! re#orts do not al1ays #ay attention to field1or+ relations or to !o1 data are analyzed. Keminist met!ods !ave de#arted from t!is #ra*ti*e. ) 80!e *riti*al .uestions for oral intervie1ers are 1!ose story is t!e 1oman as+ed to tell 1!o inter#rets it and in 1!at *onte3tsL 0!e su2Ae*ts story (t!e data) is t!e result of an intera*tion 2et1een t1o #eo#le. 0!e #ersonality and t!e 2iases of t!e resear*!er *learly enter into t!e #ro*ess to affe*t t!e out*ome. (s t!e 1omans understandin& of !er o1n e3#erien*e t!at is sou&!t or is t!e resear*!er stru*turin& t!e intervie1 so t!at t!e su2Ae*t tells a story t!at *onforms to t!e resear*!ers orientationL (f t!e &oal of t!e intervie1 is to en*oura&e t!e 1oman to tell !er o1n story to s#ea+ in !er o1n terms t!en !o1 one as+s .uestions and in 1!at 1ords 2e*omes *riti*al to t!e out*ome of t!e intervie19 (Ma*+ in 4nderson et al. 19:% as .uoted in 4.uino 1999). ) 'emo*rati* #ro*ess ) t!e resear*!er must also 2e 1illin& to s!are a #art of !erself to t!e intervie1 #ro*ess so t!at it 2e*omes re*i#ro*al (=!ave 19:: in 4.uino 1999). (*) 0!e relations!i# amon& t!e individual *ulture and stru*ture ) 8Clearly individuals a*tions are refle*ted in t!eir life !istories and t!ose of

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ot!ers 2ut e.ually individuals life e3#erien*es refle*t t!e stru*tural fa*ts 1!i*! im#in&ed u#on t!em and moulded or *onstrained t!eir e3#erien*es and a*tions. -ar+et demand and su##ly fa*tors (2ut not solely t!rou&! la2our mar+ets) as 1ell as demo&ra#!i* *!an&es and &overnment #oli*ies le&islation and *!an&es in t!e so*io)le&al frame1or+ are all e3am#les of influen*es individuals mi&!t e3#erien*e. 4s 1ell as t!e re*o&nition of t!e im#ortan*e of t!ese fa*tors and t!eir timin& in understandin& t!e #atterns of individuals e3#erien*es life and 1or+ !istory analysis *an 2e an avenue to resear*!in& ot!er institutional and stru*tural *!an&es9 ('e3 1991 in 4.uino 1999). ) 4**ordin& to Giddens (1991 in 4.uino 1999) it is im#ortant to loo+ not only at t!e res#onse of an individual to t!e events 1it!in t!e stru*ture 2ut also at t!e individuals initiative daily stru&&les *reative resistan*e t!at s!o1 t!at t!e individual is not a mere #assive vi*tim of t!e *ulture or so*ial stru*ture. Writin& 1omens !istory a**ordin& to 1omens terms

METHODS AND TECHNI'(ES Sampli # Desi# s 0!e *!oi*e of sam#lin& desi&n t!at 1ill #rovide #ro2a2ility sam#le de#ends on t!e nature of your study resour*e fa*tors (time *ost #ersonnel) and effi*ien*y. 0y#es: 1) Sim#le random sam#lin& 6) Stratified sam#lin& $) Cluster sam#lin& (rres#e*tive of t!e +ind of sam#lin& desi&n used t!e lar&er t!e sam#le size t!e more a**urate t!e results 2ut *ostlier. 0!e sam#le size must 2e lar&e enou&! to (a) allo1 for relia2le analysis of *ross)ta2ulations (2) #rovide for desired levels of a**ura*y on estimates of #ro#ortions of means and (*) test for t!e si&nifi*an*e of differen*es 2et1een #ro#ortions or means. Femi ist Eth o#raphy Keminist et!no&ra#!y must serve t!e immediate and lon&)term interest of 1omen 2ot! t!ose 1!o #rovide t!e resear*! information and t!ose 1!o stand to 2enefit from t!e results of t!e study in*ludin& t!e resear*!er. Keminist et!no&ra#!y must en!an*e &ender ine.uality and li2erate 1omen from #atriar*!y and ot!er forms of o##ression. Keminist et!no&ra#!y must use feminist t!eories in t!e analysis of data. Keminist et!no&ra#!y must &enerate *on*e#ts t!at 1ill *ontri2ute to a 2etter understandin& of &ender relations. <ssentials of feminist et!no&ra#!y: 1) Can&ua&e and voi*es ? 2e sensitive to #eo#les lan&ua&e es#e*ially 1omens 1ays of des*ri2in& t!eir e3#erien*esG !old &ender a1areness 1or+s!o#s in *ases 1!ere lo*al *ulture in!i2its 1omen from s!arin& t!eir e3#erien*e of domesti* violen*e and ot!er o##ressive #ra*ti*es 6) =e!avior ? a*tions as im#ortant as 1ordsG #arti*i#ate in t!eir day)to)day a*tivities $) <motions ? understand t!e de#t! and ran&e of emotionsG sensitivity to lo*al 1ords and e3#ressions as 1ell as non)ver2al 2e!avior t!at si&nify various +inds of emotions E) (nter*onne*tions ? loo+ for #ossi2le inter*onne*tions 2et1een your resear*! *on*erns and t!e lar&er so*ial milieu D) 'iversity ? #ay attention to t!e diversity of 1omen and t!eir e3#erien*es 5) "arti*i#atory en&a&ement ? try as mu*! as #ossi2le to involve t!e 1omen your resear*! #artners in t!e different #!ases of t!e resear*! #roAe*t %) 'ia*!roni* #ro*esses ? 2e sensitive to #ast events and develo#ments and t!eir effe*t on *ontem#orary life

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:) ,efle3ivity ? al1ays 2e a1are of !o1 you as a resear*!er or !o1 your #resen*e is influen*in& 1!at is 2ein& o2served and t!e findin&s t!at result from t!e study Strate&ies for *olle*tin& information 1) Pagmamasid (o2servation) 6) Pakikiramdam (feelin& your 1ay t!rou&!) $) Pakikilahok (#arti*i#ation) E) Pagtatanong-tanong (intervie1) D) Pakikipagkwentuhan (*onversation) 5) ama-samang talakayan (fo*us &rou# dis*ussion) %) Colle*tion of se*ondary and #rimary data Keminist resear*! unders*ores t!e im#ortan*e of mutual transformation and t!e 2rea+in& do1n of 2oundaries 2et1een t!e resear*!er and t!e informant.

)articipatory Actio Research *)AR+ Center for Womens ,esear*! and "4, Center for Womens ,esear*! 1as 2orn in 19:$ out of a need to *!annel t!e ra&e of *ountless 1omen a&ainst t!e -ar*os di*tators!i# into sustained and or&anized a*tion. (ts #ur#ose 1as to ta+e an a*tive role in 2uildin& a stron& 1omens movement. Kirst D years: CW, loo+ed at *onditions of 1omen from t!e 2asi* se*tors fo*usin& on t!e #easantry t!e 1or+ers t!e ur2an #oor and indi&enous *ommunities. 0!ey &at!ered data on t!eir role in #rodu*tion and !ouse!old 1or+ #arti*i#ation in *ommunity underta+in&s and de*isionma+in& 1it!in t!e family. ;t!er resear*! to#i*s: violen*e a&ainst 1omen 1omen in disaster)affe*ted areas im#a*t of &overnment e*onomi* #ro&rams and #oli*ies on 1omen at t!e &rassroots ,esear*! di*tates: 1) Women)dire*ted or in a**ordan*e 1it! t!e needs of t!e 1omens or&anizations and *enters and 2ased on a readin& of t!e e*onomi* #oliti*al and so*io*ultural situation 6) "arti*i#atory or 1it! t!e dire*t involvement of t!e #artner or&anization in all as#e*ts $) 4*tion)oriented or 1it! a defined usefulness for CW, and t!e #artner or&anization CW,s ,esear*! Core 0eam ? sets t!e resear*! desi&n develo#s t!e data)&at!erin& instruments and frame1or+ for data analysis #rovides &uidan*e in data &at!erin& and *ollation and de*ides on *!an&es in any as#e*t of resear*! #ro*ess. 0!e idea of t!e resear*! *ore team evolved from CW,s lon& e3#erien*e in ma+in& resear*! 1or+ a *olla2orative underta+in& 1it! 1omens &rou#s. CW, esta2lis!ed *lose *onne*tion 1it! national or lo*al se*toral 1omens or&anizations or re&ional 1omens *enters. Some of CW, resear*! #roAe*ts 1ere funded 2y a&en*ies su*! as World =an+ and UH(C<K. I tervie,i # -ome a d Childre 4. 0!e Counselin& (ntervie1 Counselin& is a dialo&ue 2et1een t!e *lient and t!e *ounselor in an atmos#!ere t!at is 1arm a**e#tin& and nonAud&mental. 0!e *ounselor !el#s t!e *lient develo# as a #erson 2y !el#in& !im or !er deal 1it! !is or !er *on*erns and #ro2lems 1!i*! ot!er1ise +ee# !im or !er from rea*!in& !er !is or !er full #otential. Counselin& ta+es a feminist #ers#e*tive 1!en it see+s to em#o1er t!e 1oman *lient to ma+e a de*ision 1!i*! &ives !er more freedom 1!ile at t!e same time ta+in& res#onsi2ility for it. (t 2rea+s out of t!e usual *ounselin& #aradi&m 2ased on a mental !ealt! *on*e#t 1!i*! is 2asi*ally mas*uline. Counselin& is 2asi*ally done t!rou&! t!e intervie1 1!i*! &uides t!e 1oman *lient 1oman *lient t!rou&! t!e initial sta&e of esta2lis!in& t!e relations!i# 2et1een t!e *ounselor and t!e 1oman *lient e3#lorin& t!e 1omans *on*erns and o#enin& all #ossi2le o#tions and on &uidin& t!e 1oman *lient in de*idin& on t!e *ourse of t!e most a##ro#riate a*tion.

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0!e *ounselin& intervie1 1) Cistenin& 6) /er2al res#ondin& ) 4**e#tin& t!e 1oman *lient ) <sta2lis!in& t!e relations!i# ) ,elatin& t!e *urrent to t!e #revious *ounselin& session ) ,estatin& ) ;2servin& ) ,efle*tin& ) <n*oura&in&BS!arin& ) Silen*e ) Ko*usin& ) Clarifyin& ) (nter#retin& ) (ntrodu*in& o#tions ) Summarizin& ) ,elatin& t!e *urrent session 1it! t!e su**eedin& session ) ,einfor*in& em#o1erin&

=. C!ild)Sensitive (ntervie1in& 4n im#ortant #rere.uisite to intervie1in& *!ildren is a little 2a*+&round on *!ildrens memory a2ility t!eir su&&esti2ility and narrative a2ility. C!ildrens memory a2ility ) C!ildren !ave &ood memory a2ility 2ut Aust li+e adults t!eir memory is not infalli2le and it fades over time ) -emory retrieval strate&ies ? little *!ildren !ave to 2e #rom#ted or *oa*!ed on !o1 to remem2er a *ertain eventBin*ident. =ut as t!ey &ro1 older t!ey need less of t!is #rom#tin& to tri&&er t!eir memory and 2y a&e : or 9 t!ey are una2le to &enerate and use retrieval strate&ies s#ontaneously. ) C!ildren remem2er eventsBin*idents in a sele*tive manner. 'e#endin& on t!eir level of +no1led&e and e3#erien*e t!eir sta&e of *o&nitive develo#ment and t!eir a2ility to reason and *on*lude t!ey remem2er only #arts if an in*ident 2ased on 1!at t!ey im#ortant in t!eir o1n youn& minds. ) 0!e *onte3t *ertain *!ara*teristi*s of t!e settin& and atmos#!ere *an fa*ilitate or undermine t!e *!ilds memory fun*tion. C!ildrens narrative a2ility C!ildrens narrative a2ility is limited at first *onsistin& only of a very s+eletal stru*ture and is very loosely or&anized. 0!e a2ility to narrate #ast events 2e&ins to emer&e only durin& t!e #res*!ool and &rade s*!ool years. C!ildrens su&&esti2ility ) Su&&esti2ility is not sim#ly a matter of a&e. (t de#ends on fa*tors su*! as t!e situation in!erent develo#ment and #ersonality fa*tors t!e ty#e of event t!e im#ortan*e of im#a*t of t!e event t!e ty#e of information sou&!t 2y t!e intervie1er t!e 1ay t!e intervie1s 1as *ondu*ted t!e lan&ua&e used and ot!er influen*es #rior to and durin& t!e intervie1. =ut at a##ro3imately 1F or 11 years of a&e *!ildren are no more su&&esti2le t!an adult (-yers et al. 1995 in Guerrero)-analo 1999). ) W!en ta*+lin& t!e issue of su&&esti2ility one must also address t!e effe*ts of multi#le intervie1s. Studies s!o1 t!at t!ere a##ears to 2e little to lose and mu*! to &ain 2y eliminatin& multi#le intervie1s (-yers et al. 1995 in Guerrero)-analo 1999). 0!is is 2e*ause multi#le intervie1s add more stress to an already vulnera2le *!ildG and 1it! more intervie1s t!e &reater t!e *!an*e t!at t!e intervie1er 1ill as+ unne*essarily su&&estive .uestions. 0!e .uality of a *!ilds narrative or testimony de#ends more on t!e *ommuni*ative *om#eten*e of an adult rat!er t!an t!e *!ilds. Focus !roup Discussio *F!D+

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4**ordin& to =ailey (199E in Gastardo)Cona*o 1999) fo*us &rou#s sa1 modest &ro1t! in t!e 19%Fs and a ra#id rise in t!e 19:Fs rea*!in& maturity and an almost faddis! status in t!e 19:Fs and t!e 199Fs #arti*ularly in t!e 199Fs 1!en almost everyone a##eared to Aum# into t!e KG' 2and1a&on. <arlier in its develo#ment fo*us &rou#s enAoyed mu*! su**ess in mar+et resear*! 1!ere t!eir &reatest utility 1as in e3#lorin& in)de#t! 1!at *onsumers really t!in+ a2out #rodu*ts 1!et!er t!ey 1ill 2uy t!ese #rodu*ts and t!eir reasons for t!eir 2e!avior. KG' 1as also used early on as a tool in evaluative and a##lied resear*! #roAe*ts. 4lt!ou&! KG' is often used to au&ment data from lar&er surveys t!ey are also used as inde#endent data)&at!erin& met!ods. (n re*ent years feminists informed 2y #ost#ositivist #!iloso#!ies of s*ien*e !ave used t!e KG' to en&a&e in #arti*i#atory and transformative resear*!. 0!eir standards for doin& t!e KG' t!erefore differ from t!ose of traditional so*ial s*ien*e resear*!ers. 0!ey #ut &reater im#ortan*e on intersu2Ae*tivity unders*ore differen*es and diversity 1!ile attem#tin& to also understand *ommon e3#erien*es and vie1#oints. 0!ey value t!e #ro*ess of data *olle*tion t!at is dialo&i* and non!ierar*!i*al as 1ell as ma3imize t!e KG's #otential for *ons*iousness raisin& of #arti*i#ants and as a venue for ne&otiations. KG' is a dis*ussion)2ased intervie1 t!at #rodu*es a #arti*ular ty#e of .ualitative data. (t involves t!e simultaneous use of multi#le res#ondents to &enerate data and it is t!e Nfo*used (t!at is on an Ne3ternal stimulus) and relatively sta&ed (t!at is 2y a Nmoderator) nature of t!e fo*us &rou# met!od t!at se#arates it from ot!er ty#es of &rou# intervie1in& strate&y. 4**ordin& to some a fo*us &rou# is no more t!an a 1ell)tar&eted and 1ell)desi&ned meetin& (-ill1ard 199D in Gastardo)Cona*o 1999). ;n t!e lo*al s*ene a *ultural variant of t!e KG' t!e Gina2ayan& 0ala+ayan (G0) !as 2een develo#ed 2y resear*!ers and #ra*titioners of Si+olo!iyan& "ili#ino. (ts similar to !o1 t!e KG' is *arried out 2ut t!e differen*e lies in t!e stron& em#!asis on *ultural sensitivity +no1led&e of Si+olo!iyan& "ili#ino 2y its users and #arti*i#ants and t!e utilization of t!is t!eoreti*al frame1or+ on su2se.uent data analysis ('alisay 1995 in Gastardo)Cona*o 1999). (ssues for *onsideration (a) ,ole of silen*e (2) <m#!asis on ver2al intera*tion (*) *i*al *on*erns 0!e KG' as a tool for feminist resear*!. 4 roundta2le dis*ussion at t!e U" Center for Womens Studies on KG' met!odolo&y 2rou&!t out its many #otential stron& #oints: ) (t is useful for raisin& *ons*iousness and #romotin& solidarity amon& 1omen es#e*ially in dis*ussin& violen*e. ) (t fa*ilitates 1omen s#ea+in& u# and #rovides learnin& for all #arti*i#ants. ) (t is a so*ial &at!erin& for 1omen an o##ortunity for t!em to &et out of t!eir daily *ondition to e3#ress t!emselves and s!are t!eir many e3#erien*es. ) 4**ordin& to Ce*ille Hoffman 1omen 1!o !ave #arti*i#ated in t!e KG' !ave 2een most a##re*iative and !ave tal+ed a2out !o1 it !as 2een one of t!e ni*est t!in&s t!at !ave ever !a##ened in t!eir life. ) =ut a more im#ortant #oint is 1!at !a##ens to t!em after t!e KG'. 4llo1in& 1omen to e3#ress t!emselves is fineG *ons*iousness raisin& is very im#ortantG 2ut 1ill t!ere 2e a su2stantial im#a*t on t!eir lives after t!atL ) Sin*e feminist resear*! aims to des*ri2e understand and t!eorize a2out 1omens lives in t!e *onte3t of 1omens lived e3#erien*es and from t!eir o1n #ers#e*tive it is im#ortant t!at t!e KG' 2e*omes an o##ortunity for a free)1!eelin& 2ut not dire*tionless s!arin& of vie1s. ) Jintanar (199%) unders*ores t!e sensitive role of t!e fa*ilitator and re*order in KG'. 0!e fa*ilitator must ena2le all t!e #arti*i#ants to dis*uss as 1ell as listen to ea*! ot!ers vie1s. ) W!ere *lass et!ni*ity a&e and ot!er fa*tors seem to stifle t!e free flo1 of ideas #o#ular forms of fa*ilitation (e.&. unfreezin& e3er*ises and &ames) may 2e used. ) (t is im#ortant t!at a *limate of o#enness trust and fle3i2ility as 1ell as feelin& of sta2ility 2e esta2lis!ed at t!e onset.

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) 0!e re*order must ma+e sure t!at t!e do*umentation of t!e KG' results refle*ts t!e diversity and ri*!ness of t!e 1omens voi*es. Creative a d )ro.ective Tech i/ues Drama0Forum 4+in to t!e KG' 2e*ause it #rodu*es a #arti*ular ty#e of data. (t involved t!e simultaneous #arti*i#ation of multi#le #arti*i#ation of multi#le res#ondents to &enerate data. (t is most useful 1!en attem#tin& to surfa*e *ulture)sensitive and &ender)sensitive t!emes t!at are !ard to measure in more stru*tured resear*!es. =ot! resear*!er and #arti*i#ant are en&a&ed in a*tive dialo&ue 1!ere one learns from t!e ot!er. 0!us t!e forum 2e*omes more meanin&ful and relates to t!e *on*rete e3#erien*es of t!e female and male #arti*i#ants 1!o are stimulated to involve t!emselves into a #ro*ess of dee#er refle*tion and furt!er a*tion (4n*!eta)0em#la 1999). 0!e *lot!)dia#er: 0!e 'avao City e3#erien*e o (n 199D a resear*! #roAe*t aimed at #oli*y develo#ment on 1omen 1as *on*e#tualized. Jey informants from HG;s in 'avao City 1!o 1ere identified t!rou&! '(W404 a 1omens HG; net1or+ #arti*i#ated. ;t!er #arti*i#ants 1ere 1omen and men from &rassroots and middle *lass and &overnment em#loyees. o Gender)sensitization sessions 1ere *ondu*ted 1!ere issues su*! as so*ial *onstru*tion of &ender se3uality and trends on t!e "!ili##ine 1omens movement and &ovt res#onses to 1omens *ause 1ere ta*+led. 0!ese sessions led to a .ualitative data *olle*tion t!rou&! t!e use of drama)forum. o "assa&e of Women 'evelo#ment Code of 'avao City 84n ;rdinan*e "rovidin& an (nte&rated Gender and 'evelo#ment Su##ort System in 'avao City9 Commu ity theatre 0!e *on*e#t of *ommunity t!eatre 1as 2orne out of t!e desire of t!e 'evelo#ment of "eo#les Koundation ('"K) an HG; t!at #ioneered t!e evolution of #rimary !ealt! *are a##roa*! to *ommunity develo#ment in -indanao from t!e late 195Fs t!rou&! t!e 19:Fs to s!are t!e information 1it! ot!er *ommunity mem2ers. (t 1as *on*eived to &ive 1omen a voi*e an o##ortunity to e3#ress t!emselves (Canson 1999). 0!eatre &rou# Sinin& Cola 1as founded to find a medium for #resentin& zarsuelas t!at 1ould de#i*t *rimes suffered 2y 1omen in a s!ar# 1itty and !umorous 1ay. =ut sensi2ilities of some 1omen 1!o s!ared t!eir e3#erien*es 1ere offended and felt t!at t!ey 1ere 2etrayed 2y t!e dramatists. 0!is led t!e t!eatre &rou# to find an alternative medium. "u##etry 1as *!osen as an alternative: 1) (t allo1s for a sim#le 2ut a 2old #resentation 1!ere t!e messa&e *an 2e stren&t!ened 2y satire and ridi*ule. 6) (t *an serve as a #latform for *ontroversial ideas: 4 #u##et *an say 8#enis9 and 8va&ina9 1it!out ma+in& t!e audien*e feel s.ueamis!. -ain limitation: (t *annot *arry a mass of detailed information *om#le3 #ro*edures or a *om#li*ated series of events. '(A$ITATI1E AND FEMINIST ANA$2SIS Te"tual a alysis 4nalysis of te3t usin& Stru*turalism and "oststru*turalism Structuralism Kerdinand de Saussure sa1 lan&ua&e as a system of si&ns ea*! si&n *om#risin& a si&nifier (t!e sound #attern or 1ritten ima&e) and t!e si&nified t!e *on*e#t re#resented 2y t!e si&nifier. He o##oses t!is to t!e traditional notion of lan&ua&e as a system of nomen*lature t!at is a list of terms *orres#ondin& to a list of t!in&s and its underlyin& assum#tion t!at ideas already e3ist inde#endently of 1ords and t!at t!e *onne*tion 2et1een a name and a t!in& is natural or

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un#ro2lemati*. "rimarily interested in !o1 a lan&ua&e 1or+s as a system de Saussure fo*uses only on !o1 si&ns a*.uire meanin& in terms of t!eir differen*e from ot!er si&ns in t!e system. 0!us !e *on*entrates on t!e t1o terms of t!e si&n t!e si&nifier and t!e si&nified. He i&nores t!e referent or 1!at t!e si&n #oints to in t!e real 1orld. -aAor #oints of Kerdinand de Saussures t!eory: o 0!ere is no #ree3istent meanin&. ,at!er t!an lan&ua&e 2ein& trans#arent transmittin& an idea or a 8meanin&9 1!i*! #re*edes it lan&ua&e in fa*t *onstru*ts meanin&. o -eanin& is so*ially and *olle*tively *onstru*ted. 0!e stru*tures of a lan&ua&e 1!i*! ena2le it to 2e fun*tional or meanin&ful are a #rodu*t of so*iety t!at is t!e totality of individuals t!at ma+e u# a lan&ua&e *ommunity. o -eanin& is not referentialG meanin& is not to 2e found in individual 1ords and 1!at t!ey refer to 2ut in t!eir relations!i# to ot!er si&ns in t!e system. 0!is relations!i# may 2e des*ri2ed as o##ositional or one of differen*e. 0!us 8*at 8 !as meanin& only 2y virtue of its differen*e from 8rat 9 8*ar 9 or 8mat 9 or any ot!er si&n not 2y virtue of its intrinsi* relations!i# 1it! t!e *on*e#t for 1!i*! it stands nor 2y virtue of its referen*e to any o2Ae*t in t!e real 1orld. -eanin& is t!us relational and differential.

)oststructuralism "oststruralists e3em#lified 2y Kren*! #!iloso#!er Ma*.ues 'errida disre&arded t!e referent and *on*entrated on t!e 1ritten te3t. 0!ey dra1 out t!e im#li*ations of meanin& as differen*e 2y #osin& t!e dilemma t!at t!ere *annot 2e a sim#le one)to)one relations!i# 2et1een a si&nifier and its si&nified nor is t!ere a *lear differen*e 2et1een t!e t1o. 4**ordin& to 0erry <a&leton (19:$) 8OiPf you 1ant to +no1 t!e meanin& (or si&nified) of a si&nifier you *an loo+ it u# in a di*tionary 2ut all you 1ill find 1ill 2e yet more si&nifiers 1!ose si&nifieds you *an in turn loo+ u# and so on. 0!e #ro*ess...is not only in t!eory infinite 2ut some!o1 *ir*ular: si&nifiers +ee# *!an&in& into si&nified and vi*e versa and you 1ill never arrive at a final si&nified 1!i*! is not a si&nifier in itself.9 -eanin& is never *om#letely #resent in any one si&n 2ut is dis#ersed alon& 1!at t!e #oststru*turalists *all an 8endless *!ain9 of si&nifiers. -oreover sin*e a si&n !as meanin& only t!rou&! its differen*e from ot!er si&ns it also *arries 1it! it 8tra*es9 of t!ese ot!er si&ns !o1ever un*ons*iously. 4nd 2e*ause a si&n may 2e used re#eatedly its meanin& is never identi*al 1it! itself 2ut *!an&es from *onte3t to *onte3t: as t!e *onte3t *!an&es so does t!e *!ain of si&nifiers of 1!i*! it is a #art. 0!e *riti*al readers tas+ is t!us to o#en u# t!e te3t or de*onstru*t it rootin& out t!e o##ositional systems (2inary !ierar*!i*al o##ositions) 1!i*! underlie t!e te3t 2y 1!at t!e #oststru*turalists *all t!e 8a#orias9 or im#asses of meanin&. (t tries to s!o1 !o1 t!e seemin&ly aut!oritative te3t under*uts itself and its o1n lo&i* 2y teasin& out t!e in*onsisten*ies *ontradi*tions and *onfli*tin& assum#tions t!at may 2e found t!erein. 0e3tual analysis may 2e seen as a t!reefold #ro*ess 1!i*! involves: 1) ,eadin& ? a de*odin& #ro*ess 2ased on t!e *ommonality of lin&uisti* #ra*ti*e and *ultural and !istori*al information s!ared 2y 1riter and reader. (t involves a 2asi* *om#re!ension of t!e te3t t!at ma+e #ossi2le t!e ot!er sta&es of t!e #ro*ess. 6) (nter#retation ? *onsists of ma+in& inferen*es dra1in& out assum#tions and im#li*ations and notin& t!e *ontradi*tions or 1!at !as 2een left out or re#ressed. 0!is is t!e #rimary a*tivity in te3tual analysis and ma+es use of de*onstru*tive #rin*i#les and te*!ni.ues. (n &ender analysis #arti*ularly it ta+es #la*e 1it!in t!e !istori*al *onte3t of #o1er relations and &ender o##ression and may 2e motivated 2y t!e #oliti*al interests of t!e inter#reter and t!e &rou# s!e re#resents. $) Criti*ism ? involves *riti.uin& t!e value system and t!e *ultural *odes em2odied in t!e te3t. @ 4**ordin& to S*!oles (199F) t!ese t!ree sta&es are not dis*rete or se#arate a*tivities. Wit! readin& as t!e 2ase a*tivity inter#retation and *riti*ism may ta+e #la*e simultaneously. Jintanars te3tual analysis of Hilarion Henares arti*le Se3ual !arassment and t!e matin& &ame

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1!i*! a##eared in t!e Hovem2er D 1991 issue of t!e Philippine !aily "n#uirer.
Se"ual Harassme t a d the Mati # !ame Ho1 t!at St. ,ina 'avid *ondemned se3ual !arassment *itin& t!e *ase of Guillerma Castanares 1!o 1as for*ed to dan*e 2efore <du*ation offi*ials in !er under1ear as *ondition for em#loyment let us as devils advo*ate e3#lore t!e ot!er side 78se3ual !arassment9 as #art of t!e matin& &ame. W!at !a##ened to Castanares is mali*ious mis*!ief o2s*enity #u2li* s*andal a2use of aut!ority and violation of t!e san*tity of !er #erson li+e #im#in& 1oman)2eatin& mas!in& and ra#e. 4ny man 1!o ta+es un*ons*iona2le advanta&e of a 1oman in need s!ould 2e 2oiled in S!ell oil and *loseted 1it! a fa&&ot 1!o is a *anni2al. =ut t!e 4nita Hill testimony at t!e *onfirmation !earin&s if ne1ly a##ointed US Su#reme Court Musti*e Claren*e 0!omas is somet!in& else. 4nita Hill a**used 0!omas of 8se3ual !arassment9 more t!an ten years after it !a##ened de#i*tin& !im as a 2oss 1!o #estered !er for dates tal+ed dirty and 2oasted a2out !is s+ills as a lover. 8Con& Mo!n Silver9 is a #un on Claren*e 0!omas as Con& Mo!n Silver t!e love #irate not 'on& "uno as Con& Mo!n Silver 1it! silver 2ullets and a !orse named Silver. W!at Claren*e 0!omas 1as su##osed to !ave done is #art of t!e matin& &ame and !a##ens in every &at!erin& of males and females. 4 male #esters a female for dates even if refused 2y !er 2e*ause t!e femaie is assumed to 2e *oy demure and #layin& !ard to &et. 4 male s#ea+s t!e lan&ua&e of love !intin& of Aoys un2ounded and 1!at may 2e a tem#tin& offer to one 1oman may 2e an o2s*enity to anot!er. 4 male +no1n to 2e a s+illful lover is attra*tive 1!o *om#etes to 1in 1!at ot!ers 1ant: su*! man s!ould advertise !is assets. W!ere to dra1 t!e line 2et1een a*ts of sedu*tion and se3ual !arassmentL 0!ere are no fi3ed rules. -ost 1omen say 8( may not 1ant a man to su**eed in &ettin& 1!at !e 1ants 2ut ( *ertainly feel flattered if !e tried. ( 1ant to !ave to !ave t!e o#tion to a**e#t or reAe*t.9 Corito Kiel says s!e 1ants to 2e sedu*ed a&ainst !er 1ill so t!at s!e may enAoy it 1it!out feelin& &uilt 1!ile !er sedu*er 1ill *ertainly roast in !ell. =eautiful 1omen 1!o are *ontinually !arassed 1ant to 2e sedu*tive a2out 1!o 1ill !arass t!em en*oura&in& Senators ;rly -er*ado and =utz 4.uino 1!ile a**usin& any man 1it! a*ne =; or 2ad 2reat! of un1el*ome se3ual !arassment. U&ly 1omen Carito Kiel #oints out rarely &et sedu*ed and so t!ey insist on a system of !andi*a##in& a set of rules t!at 1ill im#ede t!e sedu*tion of 2eautiful 1omen and e.ualize t!e odds. U&ly 1omen are t!e maAority in any female &rou# so t!ey ma+e t!e rules t!at ma+e every 1or+in& #la*e devoid of love and affe*tion terrorized 2y 8#itiless female in.uisition.9 4meri*an males are 2ein& neutered 2y u&lies and dy+es. W!ere to dra1 t!e lineL -y friend "ontororoy feels t!e 2attle line must 2e re)dra1n all t!e time li+e a s!iftin& no)mans land de#endin& on 2attle *onditions and on every #air of #rota&onists in t!e 2attle of t!e se3es. Good)loo+in& *o*+s of t!e 1al+ li+e 4drian Cristo2al Kran+ C!avez S#eedy Gonzales and a!em are #ra*ti*ally dra&&ed to t!e !aysta*+ to t!e !aysta*+ 2y 1omen *ryin& 8'ontQ 'ontQ 'ont sto#Q9 4ndin& ,o*es 1ears a 0)s!irt *a#tioned 8Ho se3...#leaseQ9 ;n t!e ot!er !and on*e *asual &lan*e from Mess <stanislao and Moey Cuisia *onstitutes an unfor&iva2le indefensi2le !arassment to most 1omen. 4nd a minis+irt 1ill drive 2ot! of t!em 2ananas and u# t!e 1all. /estal vir&ins li+e Mulie Ra# 'aza 1!o t!ro1s flo1ers to t!e moon and 'omini Suarez 0orrevillas 1!o 8slee#s in 42ra!ams 2osom9 ($ichard """ 4*t (/ s*ene $G Cu+e 15:66) *an ta+e it and dis! it out 1it!out 2ein& offended and em2arassed. /ir&in Corito Kiel 1ould *!allen&e t!e 'irty ;ld -an 1!o #ro#ositioned !er: 8(f you *an 2eat me in a ra*e u# t!e stairs (of t!e (nter*on) you *an !ave me.9 ;n t!e ot!er !and old)fas!ioned ladies (#are!o sa imo (nday) feel offended if a man so mu*! as *om#liments t!em on t!eir 2eauty or se3uality. (n US Auris#ruden*e t!ere is t!e 8stu2)your)toe test9 on se3ual e3#letives. 4s %ewsweek says 8(f a male stu2s !is toe !e usually s*reams 8;! fu*+Q9 so t!at it is #ermissi2le and #rote*ted as free s#ee*! 2ut 8;! *untQ9 is not t!e usual e3#letive and t!erefore is for2idden as se3ual !arassment *ontri2utin& to !ostile environment. 0!e Hill)0!omas affair is &reeted 2y 1omen feminists in <uro#e 1it! !oots and &i&&les as 8#roof of 4meri*an !y#o*risy #rudery and naivete 9 1it! t!e 2attle*ry 8Cets +ee# sedu*tionQ9 Kili#ino so*iety !as al1ays 2een a matriar*!y 1it! 1omen en&a&ed in =(& =usiness and re#resented in &overnment more t!an 1omen of t!e US47a 1oman #resident four Su#reme Court Musti*es (US !as only one) t1o senators out of 6E (in US 6 out of 9:). ;ur 1omen realize t!at se3ual !arassment is a le&itimate #art of t!e matin& &ame 2y 1!i*! 1omen must first resist a mans advan*e t!en trium#!antly 2lo*+ !is retreat.

Discourse a alysis 4s a resear*! met!od dis*ourse analysis *omes from #ostmodernism or #oststru*turalism. (t is t!en fair to say t!at dis*ourse analysis *annot 2e seen as a standardized a##roa*! or met!od. 4s inter#reted 2y Sylvia <strada)Claudio (1999) Kou*ault starts 1it! t!e idea t!at #o1er and +no1led&e are fused in arena 1!i*! !e *alls dis*ourse. He &oes 2eyond t!e traditional idea t!at +no1led&ea2le #eo#le *an +no1 t!e 1or+in&s of t!e 1orld and t!erefore move a2out in a 1ay t!at !el#s t!em a*!ieve t!eir &oals. Kor Kou*ault individuals and institutions e3er*ise #o1er in a more #rofound 1ay. 0!rou&! *laims to +no1led&e t!at as 1ell as t!e institutional #ra*ti*es t!at derive from t!ese *laims #o1er is e3er*ised in t!e 1ay t!at di*tates 1!at is true moral &ood #at!olo&i*al and even 1!at is 8!uman.9 "o1er and +no1led&e are fused to&et!er in

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2road areas of understandin& and 2e!avior t!at determine !uman nature. 0!ese 2road areas are 1!at Kou*ault *alled dis*ursive fields. 'oin& dis*ourse analysis involves loo+in& at 2ot! te3t and *onte3t. (t involves loo+in& at t!e forms 1!i*! are used to *onvey meanin&s or ideas (e.&. 2oo+s ne1s#a#ers et*.) t!e #ra*ti*es t!at surround t!ese te3ts (e.&. #u2lis!in& rules and re&ulations a*ademi* !ierar*!ies) t!e institutions 1!i*! *ertify t!e validity of t!e +no1led&e *laims made in t!ese te3ts (e.&. t!e media t!e s*!ools or an art museum) and t!e intera*tion of t!ese various #ra*ti*es 1it! ot!er #ra*ti*es and institutions. 'is*ourse analysis allo1s us to as+ 1!i*! +ind of *ons*iousness is 2ein& di*tated to us 2y a #arti*ular te3t or a series of te3ts 1it!in #arti*ular institutions and #ra*ti*es. 'is*ourse analysis of Henares arti*le.

S)ECIA$ TO)ICS HI1&AIDS a d STDs Research 8Sa+it sa 2a2ae9 ? (nfe*tions in 1omen are often 8silent 9 ma+in& resear*! and dia&nosis more diffi*ult and ma+in& 1omen more vulnera2le to t!e more serious *onse.uen*es of S0's. H(/B4('S and S0' #revention #ro&rams need *onte3tualized resear*!. Conte3tualized resear*! relyin& on .ualitative met!ods su*! as in)de#t! intervie1s and KG's e3#lores #eo#les a1areness of t!eir se3uality and !o1 t!is mi&!t relate to situations of ris+. Emer#i # research o mid0li%e3 a#i #3 a d older ,ome 0!e 8feminization of t!e a&ed #o#ulation9 em#!asizes t!e follo1in& ima&es of older 1omen: ) S!e is !i&!ly vulnera2le and is most li+ely 1ido1 1it! no #ension. ) S!e s!all *ontinue !er role as a *are&iver to t!e youn&. ) S!e most li+ely lives in t!e rural area. ) Her !ealt! is &enerally #oor 2e*ause of treatin& it as se*ondary to !er *!ildrens and !us2ands. ) S!e does not !ave a**ess to *redit. ) S!e may 2e a*tive in reli&ious a*tivities. -et!ods: 1) (ntensive life !istories ? studies 2y Hale (199F) and Hur1i*! (199$) !ave de2un+ed t!e stereoty#e of t!e older 1oman as an un#leasant #erson. 6) <t!no&ra#!ies ) $) KG's ? 4 1996 U" Womens Studies)s#onsored KG' 1it! ur2an meno#ausin& 1omen de2un+ed t!e notion t!at meno#ause 1as su##osed to 2e un*omforta2le and un#leasant. E) <3amination of literary te3ts featurin& older 1omen ? 4 rereadin& of a 0oni -orrisons female elderly *!ara*ters s!o1ed t1o dominant ima&es of 1omen: &ivers of life and strate&ists of survival. D) Kriends!i#s amon& older 1omen ? 8a 2uffer and a trium#! of solidarity and su##ort9 (Ma*o2s in ,osent!al 199F) 5) <3amination of !o1 #rint and audio)visual mass media #ortray older 1omen ? some US studies: t!eres a *urious a2sen*e of ima&es of #eo#le over 5D #romotin& or sellin& anyt!in& in t!e mediaG "!ili##ines 0/: older #ersons endorsin& adult dia#ers and *al*ium)enri*!ed mil+ %) Ho1 reli&ious 1omen *onfront a&in& :) 4&in& and se3uality ? &enerally *onsidered as ta2oo su2Ae*tG #ostmeno#ausal years A ,oma 4s stress 'e#artment of Ca2or and <m#loyment)s#onsored stress mana&ement 1or+s!o# for 1omen mana&ers revealed t!e follo1in& stressors: 1) 0!e lon& !ours of *ommutin& from !ome to t!e 1or+#la*e 6) 0!e domesti* *!ores t!at needed to 2e done 2efore leavin& for and u#on returnin& from 1or+ $) 0!e *!ildrens illnesses E) Havin& to ta+e *are of t!eir a&in& #arents Women #arti*i#ants in ot!er stress mana&ement seminar)1or+s!o#s *ondu*ted 2y t!e U"

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Center for Womens Studies (1995)199%) revealed almost t!e same stressors 1it! t!e addition of t!e follo1in&: 1) -arital #ro2lems #arti*ularly t!e !us2ands infidelity 6) Kinan*ial #ro2lems $) C!ild rearin& and #arentin& E) C!ildrens a*ademi* #erforman*e D) (n)la1 #ro2lems 5) ,elations!i# #ro2lems at 1or+ %) Unsym#at!eti* su#ervisors :) =earin& res#onsi2ility for fertility re&ulation 9) Gro1in& old (meno#ause) 1F) "ersonal illness
4da#tation 4*tion 4lteration 4**e#tan*e 41areness

Wellness 0rian&le

Re%ere ces 4n*!eta)0em#la -.K. (1999). 0!e drama)forum: Generatin& data for #oli*y formulation. (n S. H. Guerrero (<d.). Gender-sensitive and feminist methodologies: A handbook for health and social researchers (##. 66D)6$5). Quezon City: University Center for Womens Studies University of t!e "!ili##ines. 4.uino C. (1999). "a&2a2a!a&i n& +u1enton& 2u!ay: (san& #animulan& #a&tin&in. (n S. H. Guerrero (<d.). Gender-sensitive and feminist methodologies: A handbook for health and social researchers (##. 5%)95). Quezon City: University Center for Womens Studies University of t!e "!ili##ines. Canilao H.". (1999). <t!i*s in feminist resear*!. (n S. H. Guerrero (<d.). Gender-sensitive and feminist methodologies: A handbook for health and social researchers (##. 6$)DF). Quezon City: University Center for Womens Studies University of t!e "!ili##ines. Canson C.M. (1999). 0!e *ommunity t!eatre as an alternative medium. (n S. H. Guerrero (<d.). Gendersensitive and feminist methodologies: A handbook for health and social researchers (##. 6$%)6EE). Quezon City: University Center for Womens Studies University of t!e "!ili##ines. <strada)Claudio S. (1999). 'is*ourse analysis. (n S. H. Guerrero (<d.). Gender-sensitive and feminist methodologies: A handbook for health and social researchers (##. 6D9)65:). Quezon City: University Center for Womens Studies University of t!e "!ili##ines. Gastardo)Cona*o -.C. (1999). 0!e fo*us &rou# dis*ussion. (n S. H. Guerrero (<d.). Gender-sensitive and feminist methodologies: A handbook for health and social researchers (##. 61D)66E). Quezon City: University Center for Womens Studies University of t!e "!ili##ines. Guerrero S. (1999). =roadenin& t!e *on*e#t of re#rodu*tive !ealt! and t!in+in& feminist. (n S. H. Guerrero (<d.). Gender-sensitive and feminist methodologies: A handbook for health and social researchers (##. $)1E). Quezon City: University Center for Womens Studies University of t!e "!ili##ines. Guerrero)-analo S. (1999). C!ild sensitive intervie1in&: "ointers in intervie1in& *!ild vi*tims of a2use. (n S. H. Guerrero (<d.). Gender-sensitive and feminist methodologies: A handbook for health and social researchers (##. 19D)6FE). Quezon City: University Center for Womens Studies University of t!e "!ili##ines.

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Jintanar 0.=. (1999). 0e3tual analysis. (n S. H. Guerrero (<d.). Gender-sensitive and feminist methodologies: A handbook for health and social researchers (##. 6E9)6D:). Quezon City: University Center for Womens Studies University of t!e "!ili##ines. "eSano)Ho C. (1999). 0!e *ounselin& intervie1: 0a+in& a feminist #ers#e*tive. (n S. H. Guerrero (<d.). Gender-sensitive and feminist methodologies: A handbook for health and social researchers (##. 1:$) 1::). Quezon City: University Center for Womens Studies University of t!e "!ili##ines. "erez 4.<. (1999). Surveys. (n S. H. Guerrero (<d.). Gender-sensitive and feminist methodologies: A handbook for health and social researchers (##. 1F%)115). Quezon City: University Center for Womens Studies University of t!e "!ili##ines. So2rit*!ea C.(. (1999). Keminist et!no&ra#!y. (n S. H. Guerrero (<d.). Gender-sensitive and feminist methodologies: A handbook for health and social researchers (##. 1%D)1:6). Quezon City: University Center for Womens Studies University of t!e "!ili##ines. 0an -.C. (1999). Haturalism and se3uality resear*!. (n S. H. Guerrero (<d.). Gender-sensitive and feminist methodologies: A handbook for health and social researchers (##. D9)55). Quezon City: University Center for Womens Studies University of t!e "!ili##ines.

Mulie C!ristine -ateo -4 -edia Studies (Kilm) -edia 65F : Manuary 6FF9