Ch. 23: Reproductive System 1. Functions of the Male Reproductive System i.

The tests produce sperm and the male sex hormone testosterone ii. The ducts transport, store, and assist in the maturation of sperm iii. The accessory sex glands secrete most fo the liquid portion of semen iv. The penis contains the urethra, a passageway for ejaculation of semen and excretion of urine 2. Organs of the male reproductive system a. Testes i. Produce sperm 1. Sperm are transported and stored, helped to mature, and conveyed to the exterior by a system of ducts. 2. Semen contains sperm plus the secretions provided by the accessory sex glands ii. Secrete hormones iii. Leydig cells produce testosterone iv. Sertoli cells produce inhibin v. Testosterone production, stimulated by increased LH (Luteinizing Hormone) from the anterior pituitary, promotes development and maintenance of male secondary sex characteristics vi. Testosterone stimulates protein synthesis and regulates spermatogenesis vii. Semen contains sperm plus the secretions provided by the accessory sex glands viii. LH and FSH both indirectly affect spermatogenesis ix. Testosterone stimulates the final stages of spermatogenesis x. Testosterone and DHT brings male characteristics b. System of ducts transports, stores, helps to mature, conveys to the exterior the sperm i. Epididymis site of sperm maturation ii. Ductus deferens stores sperm iii. Ejaculatory ducts carry sperm into the urethra iv. Urethra terminal duct of the male reproductive system, serving as a passageway for both sperm and urine c. Accessory sex glands i. Seminal vesicles ii. Prostate iii. Several supporting structures, including the scrotum and the penis d. Other i. Epididymis tightly-coiled tube connecting the efferent ducts from the rear of each testicle to its vas deferens

ii. Seminiferous tubules produce sperm, lined with spermatogonia 3. Spermatogenesis a. Process by which the seminiferous tubules of the testes produce sperm b. Consists of three stages i. Meiosis 1. Somatic cells a. Two chromosomes make a pair homologous chromosomes b. Diploid cells 2n = 46 chromosomes 2. Gamete cell i. Haploid cell n = 23 chromosomes ii. Two successive stages: Meiosis I and Meiosis II a. Spermatogenesis begins during puberty and continues throughout life b. Spermatogonium i. Spermatogonia contain diploid number of chromosomes (46) ii. After a spermatogonium undergoes mitosis, one cell stays near the basement membrane as a spermatogonium so stem cells remain for future mitosis iii. The other cells differentiate into a primary spermatocyte. iii. Meiosis I a. Crossing-over i. What is the significance of crossing-over? ii. Crossing-over permits the formation of new combinations of genes from maternal and paternal chromosomes. b. Genetic recombination c. Cells formed by meiosis I are haploid secondary spermatocytes iv. Meiosis II a. Cells formed from meiosis II, termed spermatids, contain 23 chromosomes, each of which is composed of a single chromatid. 2. Spermiogenesis a. Each haploid spermatid develops into a single sperm cell

4. Parts of a sperm cell a. Acrosome contains hydrolytic enzymes b. Nucleus contains the chromosomes c. Mitochondria contains enzymes for making ATP; energy generation for motility d. Tail flagellum; motility region e. Head genetic region 5. Functions of the Female Reproductive System a. The ovaries produce secondary oocytes and hormones, including estrogens, progesterone, inhibin, and relaxin b. The uterine tubes transport a secondary oocyte to the uterus, and normally are the sites where fertilization occurs c. The uterus is the site of implantation of a fertilized ovum, development of the fetus during pregnancy, and labor. d. The vagina receives the penis during sexual intercourse and is a passageway for childbirth. e. The mammary glands synthesize, secrete, and eject milk for nourishment of the newborn. 6. Primary organs of the female reproductive system a. Ovaries i. Pairs organs that produce secondary oocytes (cells that develop into mature ova, or eggs, following fertilization) and hormones, such as progesterone and estrogens, inhibin, and relaxin. b. Supporting structures/organs

i. Uterine (fallopian) tubes transports the secondary oocytes from the ovaries to the uterus ii. Oviducts iii. Uterus (womb) serves as part of the pathway for sperm deposited in the vagina to reach the uterine tubes. 1. Site of implantation of a fertilized ovum, develop of the fetus during pregnancy, and labor iv. Vagina v. External organs (vulva) c. Mammary glands i. Secondary glands of the female reproductive system ii. The semen contains alkaline substances secreted from accessory male sex glands, such as seminal vesicles. The alkaline secretion neutralize the vaginal acids to prevent the killing of sperm so that fertilization can occur d. Other i. Mons pubis cushions the pubic symphysis 7. Reproductive hormones a. Oxytocin hypothalamic i. Secreted in response to uterine distention or nipple stimulation, initiates uterine contraction and stimulates mammary glands to eject milk b. FSH anterior pituitary reproductive hormones i. Support ovulation and sperm production in males c. Estrogen ovarian hormones i. Promotes development and maintenance of female reproductive system, sex characteristics, and breasts d. Progesterone prepares the uterus endometrium for implantation of the fertilized ovum and prepares mammary gland for milk secretion e. Testosterone testicular hormones 8. Oogenesis a. Formation of gametes in the ovaries b. Oogenesis begins in females before they are even born c. Females have all the eggs they will ever have before birth i. Meiosis I 1. Cells in the ovaries differentiate into oogonia, which give rise to cells that develop into secondary ooctyes 2. Before birth, most of these cells degenerate, but a few develop into larger cells called primary oocytes 3. These cells begin during fetal development but do not complete it until after puberty

4. After puberty, hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary stimulate the resumption of oogenesis each month. 5. The diploid primary oocyte completeles meiosis I, resulting in two haploid cells of unequal size, both with 23 chromosomes n 6. The smaller cell produced is the first polar body which is basically discarded 7. The larger is known as the secondary oocyte, receives most of the cytoplasm. 8. After secondary oocyte is formed, it begins meiosis II and then stops and then stops. The follicle in which these events are taking place the mature follicle soon ruptures and releases its secondary oocyte, called ovulation ii. Meiosis II 1. At ovulation, the single secondary oocyte is expelled into the pelvic cavity and swept into the fallopian tube. If a sperm penetrates the secondary oocyte (fertilization), meiosis II resumes. 2. The secondary oocyte splits into two haploid cells (n) of unequal size. The larger is called the ovum, or mature egg; the smaller one is the second polar body. 3. The nuclei of the sperm cell and ovum unite, forming a diploid (2n) zygote.