The Wars Of The Jews Or The History Of The Destruction Of Jerusalem

By Flavius Josephus
Translated By William Whiston Preface Book 1 - Containing The Interval Of One Hundred And Si ty-Seven !ears" From The Ta#ing Of Jerusalem By Antio$hus %piphanes& To The 'eath Of Herod The (reat" Chapter 1 - Ho) The City Jerusalem Was Ta#en& And The Temple *illaged +By Antio$hus %piphanes," As Also Con$erning The A$tions Of The -a$$a.ees& -atthias And Judas/ And Con$erning The 'eath Of Judas" Chapter 2 - Con$erning The Su$$essors Of Judas& Who Were Jonathan And Simon& And John Hyr$anus" Chapter 3 - Ho) Aristo.ulus Was The First That *ut A 'iadem A.out His Head/ And After He Had *ut His -other And Brother To 'eath& 'ied Himself& When He Had 0eigned 1o -ore Than A !ear" Chapter !ears" - What A$tions Were 'one By Ale ander Janneus& Who 0eigned T)enty-Seven

Chapter ! - Ale andra 0eigns 1ine !ears& 'uring Whi$h Time The *harisees Were The 0eal 0ulers Of The 1ation" Chapter " - When Hyr$anus Who Was Ale ander2s Heir& 0e$eded From His Claim To The Cro)n Aristo.ulus Is -ade 3ing/ And After)ard The Same Hyr$anus By The -eans Of Antipater& Is Brought Ba$# By A.etas" At 4ast *ompey Is -ade The Ar.itrator Of The 'ispute Bet)een The Brothers" Chapter # - Ho) *ompey Had The City Of Jerusalem 'elivered 5p To Him But Too# The Temple By For$e" Ho) He Went Into The Holy Of Holies/ As Also What Were His Other % ploits In Judea" Chapter $ - Ale ander& The Son Of Aristo.ulus& Who 0an A)ay From *ompey& -a#es An % pedition Against Hyr$anus/ But Being Over$ome By (a.inius He 'elivers 5p The Fortresses To Him" After This Aristo.ulus %s$apes From 0ome And (athers An Army Together/ But Being Beaten By The 0omans& He Is Brought Ba$# To 0ome/ With Other Things 0elating To (a.inius& Crassus And Cassius" Chapter % - Aristo.ulus Is Ta#en Off By *ompey2s Friends& As Is His Son Ale ander By S$ipio" Antipater Cultivates A Friendship With Caesar& After *ompey2s 'eath/ He Also *erforms (reat A$tions In That War& Wherein He Assisted -ithridates" Chapter 1& - Caesar -a#es Antipater *ro$urator Of Judea/ As 'oes Antipater Appoint

*hasaelus To Be (overnor Of Jerusalem& And Herod (overnor Of (alilee/ Who& In Some Time& Was Called To Ans)er For Himself +Before The Sanhedrim,& Where He Is A$6uitted" Se tus Caesar Is Trea$herously 3illed By Bassus And Is Su$$eeded By -ar$us" Chapter 11 - Herod Is -ade *ro$urator Of All Syria/ -ali$hus Is Afraid Of Him& And Ta#es Antipater Off By *oison/ Whereupon The Tri.unes Of The Soldiers Are *revailed With To 3ill Him" Chapter 12 - *hasaelus Is Too Hard For Feli / Herod Also Over$omes Antigonus In 0attle/ And The Je)s A$$use Both Herod And *hasaelus But Antonius A$6uits Them& And -a#es Them Tetrar$hs" Chapter 13 - The *arthians Bring Antigonus Ba$# Into Judea& And Cast Hyr$anus And *hasaelus Into *rison" The Flight Of Herod& And The Ta#ing Of Jerusalem And What Hyr$anus And *hasaelus Suffered" Chapter 1 - When Herod Is 0e7e$ted In Ara.ia& He -a#es Haste To 0ome Where Antony And Caesar Join Their Interest To -a#e Him 3ing " Chapter 1! - Antigonus Besieges Those That Were In -asada& Whom Herod Frees From Confinement When He Came Ba$# From 0ome& And *resently -ar$hes To Jerusalem Where He Finds Silo Corrupted By Bri.es" Chapter 1" - Herod Ta#es Sepphoris And Su.dues The 0o..ers That Were In The Caves / He After That Avenges Himself 5pon -a$heras& As 5pon An %nemy Of His And (oes To Antony As He Was Besieging Samosata" Chapter 1# - The 'eath Of Joseph +Herod2s Brother, Whi$h Had Been Signified To Herod In 'reams" Ho) Herod Was *reserved T)i$e After A Wonderful -anner" He Cuts Off The Head Of *appus& Who Was The -urderer Of His Brother And Sends That Head To +His Other Brother, *heroras& And In 1o 4ong Time He Besieges Jerusalem And -arries -ariamne" Chapter 1$ - O) Herod And Sosius Too# Jerusalem By For$e/ And What 'eath Antigonus Came To" Also Con$erning Cleopatra2s Avari$ious Temper" Chapter 1% - Ho) Antony At The *ersuasion Of Cleopatra Sent Herod To Fight Against The Ara.ians/ And 1o) After Several Battles& He At 4ength (ot The 8i$tory" As Also Con$erning A (reat %arth6ua#e" Chapter 2& - Herod Is Confirmed In His 3ingdom By Caesar& And Cultivates A Friendship With The %mperor By -agnifi$ent *resents/ While Caesar 0eturns His 3indness By Besto)ing On Him That *art Of His 3ingdom Whi$h Had Been Ta#en A)ay From It By Cleopatra With The Addition Of 9enodoruss Country Also" Chapter 21 - Of The +Temple And, Cities That Were Built By Herod And %re$ted From The 8ery Foundations/ As Also Of Those Other %difi$es That Were %re$ted By Him/ And What -agnifi$en$e He Sho)ed To Foreigners/ And Ho) Fortune Was In All Things Favora.le To Him" Chapter 22 - The -urder Of Aristo.ulus And Hyr$anus& The High *riests& As Also Of -ariamne The :ueen" Chapter 23 - Calumnies Against The Sons Of -ariamne" Antipateris *referred Before Them" They Are A$$used Before Caesar& And Herod Is 0e$on$iled To Them"

Chapter 2 - The -ali$e Of Antipater And 'oris" Ale ander Is 8ery 5neasy On (laphyras A$$ount" Herod *ardons *heroras& Whom He Suspe$ted& And Salome Whom He 3ne) To -a#e -is$hief Among Them" Herod2s %unu$hs Are Tortured And Ale ander Is Bound" Chapter 2! - Ar$helaus *ro$ures A 0e$on$iliation Bet)een Ale ander *heroras& And Herod" Chapter 2" - Ho) %ury$les ;<=> Calumniated The Sons Of -ariamne/ And Ho) %uaratus Of Costs Apology For Them Had 1o %ffe$t" Chapter 2# - Herod By Caesars 'ire$tion A$$uses His Sons At %urytus" They Are 1ot *rodu$ed Before The Courts But !et Are Condemned/ And In A 4ittle Time They Are Sent To Se.aste& And Strangled There" Chapter 2$ - Ho) Antipater Is Hated Of All -en/ And Ho) The 3ing %spouses The Sons Of Those That Had Been Slain To His 3indred/But That Antipater -ade Him Change Them For Other Women" Of Herod2s -arriages& And Children" Chapter 2% - Antipater Be$omes Intolera.le" He Is Sent To 0ome& And Carries Herod2s Testament With Him/ *heroras 4eaves His Brother& That He -ay 3eep His Wife" He 'ies At Home" Chapter 3& - When Herod -ade In6uiry A.out *heroras2s 'eath A 'is$overy Was -ade That Antipater Had *repared A *oisonous 'raught For Him" Herod Casts 'oris And Her A$$ompli$es& As Also -ariamne& Out Of The *ala$e And Blots Her Son Herod Out Of His Testament" Chapter 31 - Antipater Is Convi$ted By Bathyllus / But He Still 0eturns From 0ome Without 3no)ing It" Herod Brings Him To His Trial" Chapter 32 - Antipater Is A$$used Before 8arus& And Is Convi$ted Of 4aying A *lot +Against His Father, By The Strongest %viden$e" Herod *uts Off His *unishment Till He Should Be 0e$overed& And In The -ean Time Alters His Testament" Chapter 33 - The (olden %agle Is Cut To *ie$es" Herod2s Bar.arity When He Was 0eady To 'ie" He Attempts To 3ill Himself" He Commands Antipater To Be Slain" He Survives Him Five 'ays And Then 'ies" Book 2 - Containing The Interval Of Si ty-1ine !ears" From The 'eath Of Herod Till 8espasian Was Sent To Su.due The Je)s By 1ero" Chapter 1 - Ar$helaus -a#es A Funeral Feast For The *eople& On The A$$ount Of Herod" After Whi$h A (reat Tumult Is 0aised By The -ultitude And He Sends The Soldiers Out 5pon Them& Who 'estroy A.out Three Thousand Of Them" Chapter 2 - Ar$helaus (oes To 0ome With A (reat 1um.er Of His 3indred" He Is There A$$used Before Caesar By Antipater/ But Is Superior To His A$$users In Judgment By The -eans Of That 'efense Whi$h 1i$olaus -ade For Him" Chapter 3 - The Je)s Fight A (reat Battle With Sa.inus2s Soldiers& And A (reat 'estru$tion Is -ade At Jerusalem" Chapter - Herod2s 8eteran Soldiers Be$ome Tumultuous" The 0o..eries Of Judas" Simon And Athronoeus Ta#e The 1ame Of 3ing 5pon Them"

Chapter ! - 8arus Composes The Tumults In Judea And Cru$ifies A.out T)o Thousand Of The Seditious" Chapter " - The Je)s (reatly Complain Of Ar$helaus And 'esire That They -ay Be -ade Su.7e$t To 0oman (overnors" But When Caesar Had Heard What They Had To Say& He 'istri.uted Herod2s 'ominions Among His Sons A$$ording To His O)n *leasure" Chapter # - The History Of The Spurious Ale ander" Ar$helaus Is Banished And (laphyra 'ies& After What Was To Happen To Both Of Them Had Been Sho)ed Them In 'reams" Chapter $ - Ar$helaus2s %thnar$hy Is 0edu$ed Into A +0oman, *rovin$e" The Sedition Of Judas Of (alilee" The Three Se$ts" Chapter % - The 'eath Of Salome" The Cities Whi$h Herod And *hilip Built" *ilate O$$asions 'istur.an$es" Ti.erius *uts Agrippa Into Bonds But Caius Frees Him From Them& And -a#es Him 3ing" Herod Antipas Is Banished" Chapter 1& - Caius Commands That His Statue Should Be Set 5p In The Temple Itself/ And What *etronius 'id Thereupon" Chapter 11 - Con$erning The (overnment Of Claudius& And The 0eign Of Agrippa" Con$erning The 'eaths Of Agrippa And Of Herod And What Children They Both 4eft Behind Them" Chapter 12 - -any Tumults 5nder Cumanus& Whi$h Were Composed By :uadratus" Feli Is *ro$urator Of Judea" Agrippa Is Advan$ed From Chal$is To A (reater 3ingdom" Chapter 13 - 1ero Adds Four Cities To Agrippas 3ingdom/ But The Other *arts Of Judea Were 5nder Feli " The 'istur.an$es Whi$h Were 0aised By The Si$arii The -agi$ians And An %gyptian False *rophet" The Je)s And Syrians Have A Contest At Cesarea" Chapter 1 - Festus Su$$eeds Feli Who Is Su$$eeded By Al.inus As He Is By Florus/ Who By The Bar.arity Of His (overnment For$es The Je)s Into The War" Chapter 1! - Con$erning Berni$e2s *etition To Florus& To Spare The Je)s& But In 8ain/ As Also Ho)& After The Seditious Flame Was :uen$hed& It Was 3indled Again By Florus" Chapter 1" - Cestius Sends 1eopolitanus The Tri.une To See In What Condition The Affairs Of The Je)s Were" Agrippa -a#es A Spee$h To The *eople Of The Je)s That He -ay 'ivert Them From Their Intentions Of -a#ing War With The 0omans" Chapter 1# - Ho) The War Of The Je)s With The 0omans Began& And Con$erning -anahem" Chapter 1$ - The Calamities And Slaughters That Came 5pon The Je)s" Chapter 1% - What Cestius 'id Against The Je)s/ And Ho)& 5pon His Besieging Jerusalem& He 0etreated From The City Without Any Just O$$asion In The World" As Also What Severe Calamities He 5nder Went From The Je)s In His 0etreat" Chapter 2& - Cestius Sends Am.assadors To 1ero" The *eople Of 'amas$us Slay Those Je)s That 4ived With Them" The *eople Of Jerusalem After They Had +4eft Off, *ursuing Cestius& 0eturn To The City And (et Things 0eady For Its 'efense And -a#e A (reat -any (enerals For& Their Armies And *arti$ularly Josephus The Writer Of These Boo#s" Some A$$ount Of His Administration"

Chapter 21 - Con$erning John Of (i$hala" Josephus 5ses Stratagems Against The *lots John 4aid Against Him And 0e$overs Certain Cities Whi$h Had 0evolted From Him" Chapter 22 - The Je)s -a#e All 0eady For The War/ And Simon& The Son Of (ioras& Falls To *lundering" Book 3 - Containing The Interval Of A.out One !ear" From 8espasian2s Coming To Su.due The Je)s To The Ta#ing Of (amala" Chapter 1 - 8espasian Is Sent Into Syria By 1ero In Order To -a#e War With The Je)s" Chapter 2 - A (reat Slaughter A.out As$alon" 8espasian Comes To *tolemais" Chapter 3 - A 'es$ription Op (alilee& Samaria& And Judea" Chapter - Josephus -a#es An Attempt 5pon Sepphoris But Is 0epelled" Titus Comes With A (reat Army To *tolemais" Chapter ! - A 'es$ription Of The 0oman Armies And 0oman Camps And Of Other *arti$ulars For Whi$h The 0omans Are Commended" Chapter " - *la$idus Attempts To Ta#e Jotapata And Is Beaten Off" 8espasian -ar$hes Into (alilee" Chapter # - 8espasian& When He Had Ta#en The City (adaea -ar$hes To Jotapata" After A 4ong Siege The City Is Betrayed By A 'eserter& And Ta#en By 8espasian" Chapter $ - Ho) Josephus Was 'is$overed By A Woman& And Was Willing To 'eliver Himself 5p To The 0omans/ And What 'is$ourse He Had With His O)n -en& When They %ndeavored To Hinder Him/ And What He Said To 8espasian& When He Was Brought To Him/ And After What -anner 8espasian 5sed Him After)ard" Chapter % - Ho) Joppa Was Ta#en& And Ti.erias 'elivered 5p" Chapter 1& - Ho) Tari$heae Was Ta#en" A 'es$ription Of The 0iver Jordan& And Of The Country Of (ennesareth" Book - Containing The Interval Of A.out One !ear" From The Siege Of (amala To The Coming Of Titus To Besiege Jerusalem" Chapter 1 - The Siege And Ta#ing Of (amala" Chapter 2 - The Surrender Of (is$hala/ While John Flies A)ay From It To Jerusalem" Chapter 3 - Con$erning John Of (is$hala" Con$erning The 9ealots And The High *riest Ananus/ As Also Ho) The Je)s 0aise Seditions One Against Another +In Jerusalem," Chapter - The Idumeans Being Sent For By The 9ealots& Came Immediately To Jerusalem/ And When They Were % $luded Out Of The City& They 4ay All 1ight There" Jesus One Of The High *riests -a#es A Spee$h To Them/ And Simon The Idumean -a#es A 0eply To It" Chapter ! - The Cruelty Of The Idumeans When They Were (otten Into The Temple 'uring The Storm/ And Of The 9ealots" Con$erning The Slaughter Of Ananus& And Jesus& And 9a$harias/ And Ho) The Idumeans 0etired Home"

Chapter " - Ho) The 9ealots When They Were Freed From The Idumeans& Sle) A (reat -any -ore Of The Citi?ens/ And Ho) 8espasian 'issuaded The 0omans When They Were 8ery %arnest To -ar$h Against The Je)s From *ro$eeding In The War At That Time" Chapter # - Ho) John Tyranni?ed Over The 0est/ And What -is$hiefs The 9ealots 'id At -asada" Ho) Also 8espasian Too# (adara/ And What A$tions Were *erformed By *la$idus" Chapter $ - Ho) 8espasian "5pon Hearing Of Some Commotions In (all& ;@A> -ade Haste To Finish The Je)ish War" A 'es$ription Of" Jeri$ho& And Of The (reat *lain/ With An A$$ount Besides Of The 4a#e Asphaltitis" Chapter % - That 8espasian& After He Had Ta#en (adara -ade *reparation For The Siege Of Jerusalem/ But That& 5pon His Hearing Of The 'eath Of 1ero& He Changed His Intentions" As Also Con$erning Simon Of (eras" Chapter 1& - Ho) The Soldiers& Both In Judea And %gypt& *ro$laimed 8espasian %mperor/And Ho) 8espasian 0eleased Josephus From His Bonds" Chapter 11 - That 5pon The Con6uest And Slaughter Of 8itellius 8espasian Hastened His Journey To 0ome/ But Titus His Son 0eturned To Jerusalem" Book ! - Containing The Interval Of 1ear Si -onths" From The Coming Of Titus To Besiege Jerusalem& To The (reat % tremity To Whi$h The Je)s Were 0edu$ed" Chapter 1 - Con$erning The Seditions At Jerusalem And What Terri.le -iseries Affli$ted The City By Their -eans" Chapter 2 - Ho) Titus -ar$hed To Jerusalem& And Ho) He Was In 'anger As He Was Ta#ing A 8ie) O The City Of The *la$e Also Where He *it$hed His Camp" Chapter 3 - Ho) The Sedition Was Again 0evived Within Jerusalem And !et The Je)s Contrived Snares For The 0omans" Ho) Titus Also Threatened His Soldiers For Their 5ngoverna.le 0ashness" Chapter - The 'es$ription Of Jerusalem"

Chapter ! - A 'es$ription Of The Temple" Chapter " - Con$erning The Tyrants Simon And John" Ho) Also As Titus Was (oing 0ound The Wall Of This City 1i$anor Was Wounded By A 'art/ Whi$h A$$ident *rovo#ed Titus To *ress On The Siege" Chapter # - Ho) One Of The To)ers %re$ted By The 0omans Fell 'o)n Of Its O)n A$$ord/ And Ho) The 0omans After (reat Slaughter Had Been -ade (ot *ossession Of The First Wall" Ho) Also Titus -ade His Assaults 5pon The Se$ond Wall/ As Also Con$erning 4onginus The 0oman& And Castor The Je)" Chapter $ - Ho) The 0omans Too# The Se$ond Wall T)i$e& And (ot All 0eady For Ta#ing The Third Wall" Chapter % - Titus When The Je)s Were 1ot At All -ollified By His 4eaving Off The Siege For A While& Set Himself Again To *rose$ute The Same/ But Soon Sent Josephus To 'is$ourse With His O)n Countrymen A.out *ea$e"

Chapter 1& - Ho) A (reat -any Of The *eople %arnestly %ndeavored To 'esert To The 0omans/ As Also What Intolera.le Things Those That Staid Behind Suffered By Famine& And The Sad Conse6uen$es Thereof" Chapter 11 - Ho) The Je)s Were Cru$ified Before The Walls Of The City Con$erning Antio$hus %piphanes/ And Ho) The Je)s Overthre) The Ban#s That Had Been 0aised By The 0omans" Chapter 12 - Titus Thought Fit To %n$ompass The City 0ound With A Wall/ After Whi$h The Famine Consumed The *eople By Whole Houses And Families Together" Chapter 13 - The (reat Slaughters And Sa$rilege That Were In Jerusalem" Book " - Containing The Interval Of A.out One -onth" From The (reat % tremity To Whi$h The Je)s Were 0edu$ed To The Ta#ing Of Jerusalem By Titus" Chapter 1 - That The -iseries Still (re) Worse/ And Ho) The 0omans -ade An Assault 5pon The To)er Of Antonia" Chapter 2 - Ho) Titus (ave Orders To 'emolish The To)er Of Antonia And Then *ersuaded Josephus To % hort The Je)s Again +To A Surrender," Chapter 3 - Con$erning A Stratagem That Was 'evised By The Je)s& By Whi$h They Burnt -any Of The 0omans/ With Another 'es$ription Of The Terri.le Famine That Was In The City" Chapter - When The Ban#s Were Completed And The Battering 0ams Brought& And Could 'o 1othing& Titus (ave Orders To Set Fire To The (ates Of The Temple/ In 1o 4ong Time After Whi$h The Holy House Itself Was Burnt 'o)n& %ven Against His Consent" Chapter ! - The (reat 'istress The Je)s Were In 5pon The Conflagration Of The Holy House" Con$erning A False *rophet& And The Signs That *re$eded This 'estru$tion" Chapter " - Ho) The 0omans Carried Their %nsigns To The Temple& And -ade Joyful A$$lamations To Titus" The Spee$h That Titus -ade To The Je)s When They -ade Suppli$ation For -er$y" What 0eply They -ade Thereto/ And Ho) That 0eply -oved Titus2s Indignation Against Them" Chapter # - What After)ard Befell The Seditious When They Had 'one A (reat 'eal Of -is$hief& And Suffered -any -isfortunes/ As Also Ho) Caesar Be$ame -aster Of The 5pper City" Chapter $ - Ho) Caesar 0aised Ban#s 0ound A.out The 5pper City +-ount 9ion, And When They Were Completed& (ave Orders That The -a$hines Should Be Brought" He Then *ossessed Himself Of The Whole City" Chapter % - What In7un$tions Caesar (ave When He Was Come Within The City" The 1um.er Of The Captives And Of Those That *erished In The Siege/ As Also Con$erning Those That Had %s$aped Into The Su.terranean Caverns& Among Whom Were The Tyrants Simon And John Themselves" Chapter 1& - That Whereas The City Of Jerusalem Had Been Five Times Ta#en Formerly& This Was The Se$ond Time Of Its 'esolation" A Brief A$$ount Of Its History"

Book # - Containing The Interval Of A.out Three !ears" From The Ta#ing Of Jerusalem By Titus To The Sedition At Cyrene" Chapter 1 - Ho) The %ntire City Of Jerusalem Was 'emolished& % $epting Three To)ers/ And Ho) Titus Commended His Soldiers In A Spee$h -ade To Them& And 'istri.uted 0e)ards To Them And Then 'ismissed -any Of Them" Chapter 2 - Ho) Titus % hi.ited All Sorts Of Sho)s At Cesarea *hilippi" Con$erning Simon The Tyrant Ho) He Was Ta#en& And 0eserved For The Triumph" Chapter 3 - Ho) Titus 5pon The Cele.ration Of His Brothers And Fathers Birthdays Had -any Of The Je)s Slain" Con$erning The 'anger The Je)s Were In At Antio$h& By -eans Of The Transgression And Impiety Of One Antio$hus& A Je)" Chapter - Ho) 8espasian Was 0e$eived At 0ome/ As Also Ho) The (ermans 0evolted From The 0omans& But Were Su.dued" That The Sarmatians Overran -ysia& But Were Compelled To 0etire To Their O)n Country Again" Chapter ! - Con$erning The Sa..ati$ 0iver Whi$h Titus Sa) As He Was Journeying Through Syria/ And Ho) The *eople Of Antio$h Came With A *etition To Titus Against The Je)s But Were 0e7e$ted By Him/ As Also Con$erning Titus2s And 8espasian2s Triumph" Chapter " - Con$erning -a$herus& And Ho) 4u$ilius Bassus Too# That Citadel& And Other *la$es" Chapter # - Con$erning The Calamity That Befell Antio$hus& 3ing Of Commagene" As Also Con$erning The Alans And What (reat -is$hiefs They 'id To The -edes And Armenians" Chapter $ - Con$erning -asada And Those Si$arii Who 3ept It/ And Ho) Silva Betoo# Himself To Form The Siege Of That Citadel" %lea?ar2s Spee$hes To The Besieged" Chapter % - Ho) The *eople That Were In The Fortress Were *revailed On By The Words Of %lea?ar& T)o Women And Five Children Only % $epted And All Su.mitted To Be 3illed By One Another" Chapter 1& - That -any Of The Si$arii Fled To Ale andria Also And What 'angers They Were In There/ On Whi$h A$$ount That Temple Whi$h Had Formerly Been Built By Onias The High *riest Was 'estroyed" Chapter 11 - Con$erning Jonathan& One Of The Si$arii& That Stirred 5p A Sedition In Cyrene& And Was A False A$$user +Of The Inno$ent,"

The Wars Of The Jews Or The History Of The Destruction Of Jerusalem Book 1
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HOW TH+ C)T3 J+,01(.+6 W(1 T(7+'8 ('D TH+ T+6P.+ P)..(*+D 9B3 ('T)OCH01 +P)PH('+1:5 (1 (.1O CO'C+,')'* TH+ (CT)O'1 O/ TH+ 6(CC(B++18 6(TTH)(1 ('D J0D(1; ('D CO'C+,')'* TH+ D+(TH O/ J0D(15
@" AT the same time that Antio$hus& )ho )as $alled %piphanes& had a 6uarrel )ith the si th *tolemy a.out his right to the )hole $ountry of Syria& a great sedition fell among the men of po)er in Judea& and they had a $ontention a.out o.taining the government/ )hile ea$h of those that )ere of dignity $ould not endure to .e su.7e$t to their e6uals" Ho)ever& Onias& one of the high priests& got the .etter& and $ast the sons of To.ias out of the $ity/ )ho fled to Antio$hus& and .esought him to ma#e use of them for his leaders& and to ma#e an e pedition into Judea" The #ing .eing thereto disposed .eforehand& $omplied )ith them& and $ame upon the Je)s )ith a great army& and too# their $ity .y for$e& and sle) a great multitude of those that favored *tolemy& and sent out his soldiers to plunder them )ithout mer$y" He also spoiled the temple& and put a stop to the $onstant pra$ti$e of offering a daily sa$rifi$e of e piation for three years and si months" But Onias& the high priest& fled to *tolemy& and re$eived a pla$e from him in the 1omus of Heliopolis& )here he .uilt a $ity resem.ling Jerusalem& and a temple that )as li#e its temple ;@> $on$erning )hi$h )e shall spea# more in its proper pla$e hereafter" A" 1o) Antio$hus )as not satisfied either )ith his une pe$ted ta#ing the $ity& or )ith its pillage& or )ith the great slaughter he had made there/ .ut .eing over$ome )ith his violent passions& and remem.ering )hat he had suffered during the siege& he $ompelled the Je)s to dissolve the la)s of their $ountry& and to #eep their infants un$ir$um$ised& and to sa$rifi$e s)ine2s flesh upon the altar/ against )hi$h they all opposed themselves& and the most approved among them )ere put to death" Ba$$hides also& )ho )as sent to #eep the fortresses& having these )i$#ed $ommands& 7oined to his o)n natural .ar.arity& indulged all sorts of the e tremest )i$#edness& and tormented the )orthiest of the inha.itants& man .y man& and threatened their $ity every day )ith open destru$tion& till at length he provo#ed the poor sufferers .y the e tremity of his )i$#ed doings to avenge themselves" B" A$$ordingly -atthias& the son of Asamoneus& one of the priests )ho lived in a village $alled -odin& armed himself& together )ith his o)n family& )hi$h had five sons of his in it& and sle) Ba$$hides )ith daggers/ and thereupon& out of the fear of the many garrisons +of the enemy,& he fled to the mountains/ and so many of the people follo)ed him& that he )as en$ouraged to $ome do)n from the mountains& and to give .attle to Antio$hus2s generals& )hen he .eat them& and drove them out of Judea" So he $ame to the government .y this his su$$ess& and .e$ame the prin$e of his o)n people .y their o)n free $onsent& and then died& leaving the government to Judas& his eldest son"

<" 1o) Judas& supposing that Antio$hus )ould not lie still& gathered an army out of his o)n $ountrymen& and )as the first that made a league of friendship )ith the 0omans& and drove %piphanes out of the $ountry )hen he had made a se$ond e pedition into it& and this .y giving him a great defeat there/ and )hen he )as )armed .y this great su$$ess& he made an assault upon the garrison that )as in the $ity& for it had not .een $ut off hitherto/ so he e7e$ted them out of the upper $ity& and drove the soldiers into the lo)er& )hi$h part of the $ity )as $alled the Citadel" He then got the temple under his po)er& and $leansed the )hole pla$e& and )alled it round a.out& and made ne) vessels for sa$red ministrations& and .rought them into the temple& .e$ause the former vessels had .een profaned" He also .uilt another altar& and .egan to offer the sa$rifi$es/ and )hen the $ity had already re$eived its sa$red $onstitution again& Antio$hus died/ )hose son Antio$hus su$$eeded him in the #ingdom& and in his hatred to the Je)s also" C" So this Antio$hus got together fifty thousand footmen& and five thousand horsemen& and fours$ore elephants& and mar$hed through Judea into the mountainous parts" He then too# Bethsura& )hi$h )as a small $ity/ .ut at a pla$e $alled Beth?a$haris& )here the passage )as narro)& Judas met him )ith his army" Ho)ever& .efore the for$es 7oined .attle& Judas2s .rother %lea?ar& seeing the very highest of the elephants adorned )ith a large to)er& and )ith military trappings of gold to guard him& and supposing that Antio$hus himself )as upon him& he ran a great )ay .efore his o)n army& and $utting his )ay through the enemy2s troops& he got up to the elephant/ yet $ould he not rea$h him )ho seemed to .e the #ing& .y reason of his .eing so high/ .ut still he ran his )eapon into the .elly of the .east& and .rought him do)n upon himself& and )as $rushed to death& having done no more than attempted great things& and sho)ed that he preferred glory .efore life" 1o) he that governed the elephant )as .ut a private man/ and had he proved to .e Antio$hus& %lea?ar had performed nothing more .y this .old stro#e than that it might appear he $hose to die& )hen he had the .are hope of there.y doing a glorious a$tion/ nay& this disappointment proved an omen to his .rother +Judas, ho) the entire .attle )ould end" It is true that the Je)s fought it out .ravely for a long time& .ut the #ing2s for$es& .eing superior in num.er& and having fortune on their side& o.tained the vi$tory" And )hen a great many of his men )ere slain& Judas too# the rest )ith him& and fled to the topar$hy of (ophna" So Antio$hus )ent to Jerusalem& and staid there .ut a fe) days& for he )anted provisions& and so he )ent his )ay" He left indeed a garrison .ehind him& su$h as he thought suffi$ient to #eep the pla$e& .ut dre) the rest of his army off& to ta#e their )inter-6uarters in Syria" D" 1o)& after the #ing )as departed& Judas )as not idle/ for as many of his o)n nation $ame to him& so did he gather those that had es$aped out of the .attle together& and gave .attle again to Antio$hus2s generals at a village $alled Adasa/ and .eing too hard for his enemies in the .attle& and #illing a great num.er of them& he )as at last himself slain also" 1or )as it many days after)ard that his .rother John had a plot laid against him .y Antio$hus2s party& and )as slain .y them" +'D'OT+1 ;@> I see little differen$e in the several a$$ounts in Josephus a.out the %gyptian temple Onion& of )hi$h large $omplaints are made .y his $ommentators" Onias& it seems& hoped to have Emade it very li#e that at Jerusalem& and of the same dimensions/ and so he appears to have really done& as far as he )as a.le and thought proper" Of this temple& see Anti6" B" FIII" $h" B" se$t" @--B& and Of the War& B" 8II" $h" @=" se$t" G"

CH(PT+, 25
CO'C+,')'* TH+ 10CC+11O,1 O/ J0D(18 WHO W+,+ JO'(TH(' ('D 1)6O'8 ('D JOH' H3,C('015
@" WH%1 Jonathan& )ho )as Judas2s .rother& su$$eeded him& he .ehaved himself )ith great

$ir$umspe$tion in other respe$ts& )ith relation to his o)n people/ and he $orro.orated his authority .y preserving his friendship )ith the 0omans" He also made a league )ith Antio$hus the son" !et )as not all this suffi$ient for his se$urity/ for the tyrant Trypho& )ho )as guardian to Antio$hus2s son& laid a plot against him/ and .esides that& endeavored to ta#e off his friends& and $aught Jonathan .y a )ile& as he )as going to *tolemais to Antio$hus& )ith a fe) persons in his $ompany& and put him in .onds& and then made an e pedition against the Je)s/ .ut )hen he )as after)ard driven a)ay .y Simon& )ho )as Jonathan2s .rother& and )as enraged at his defeat& he put Jonathan to death" A" Ho)ever& Simon managed the pu.li$ affairs after a $ourageous manner& and too# (a?ara& and Joppa& and Jamnia& )hi$h )ere $ities in his neigh.orhood" He also got the garrison under& and demolished the $itadel" He )as after)ard an au iliary to Antio$hus& against Trypho& )hom he .esieged in 'ora& .efore he )ent on his e pedition against the -edes/ yet $ould not he ma#e the #ing ashamed of his am.ition& though he had assisted him in #illing Trypho/ for it )as not long ere Antio$hus sent Cende.eus his general )ith an army to lay )aste Judea& and to su.due Simon/ yet he& though he )as no) in years& $ondu$ted the )ar as if he )ere a mu$h younger man" He also sent his sons )ith a .and of strong men against Antio$hus& )hile he too# part of the army himself )ith him& and fell upon him from another 6uarter" He also laid a great many men in am.ush in many pla$es of the mountains& and )as superior in all his atta$#s upon them/ and )hen he had .een $on6ueror after so glorious a manner& he )as made high priest& and also freed the Je)s from the dominion of the -a$edonians& after one hundred and seventy years of the empire +of Seleu$us," B" This Simon also had a plot laid against him& and )as slain at a feast .y his son-in-la) *tolemy& )ho put his )ife and t)o sons into prison& and sent some persons to #ill John& )ho )as also $alled Hyr$anus" ;A> But )hen the young man )as informed of their $oming .eforehand& he made haste to get to the $ity& as having a very great $onfiden$e in the people there& .oth on a$$ount of the memory of the glorious a$tions of his father& and of the hatred they $ould not .ut .ear to the in7usti$e of *tolemy" *tolemy also made an attempt to get into the $ity .y another gate/ .ut )as repelled .y the people& )ho had 7ust then admitted of Hyr$anus/ so he retired presently to one of the fortresses that )ere a.out Jeri$ho& )hi$h )as $alled 'agon" 1o) )hen Hyr$anus had re$eived the high priesthood& )hi$h his father had held .efore& and had offered sa$rifi$e to (od& he made great haste to atta$# *tolemy& that he might afford relief to his mother and .rethren" <" So he laid siege to the fortress& and )as superior to *tolemy in other respe$ts& .ut )as over$ome .y him as to the 7ust affe$tion +he had for his relations,/ for )hen *tolemy )as distressed& he .rought forth his mother& and his .rethren& and set them upon the )all& and .eat them )ith rods in every .ody2s sight& and threatened& that unless he )ould go a)ay immediately& he )ould thro) them do)n headlong/ at )hi$h sight Hyr$anus2s $ommiseration and $on$ern )ere too hard for his anger" But his mother )as not dismayed& neither at the stripes she re$eived& nor at the death )ith )hi$h she )as threatened/ .ut stret$hed out her hands& and prayed her son not to .e moved )ith the in7uries that she suffered to spare the )ret$h/ sin$e it )as to her .etter to die .y the means of *tolemy& than to live ever so long& provided he might .e punished for the in7uries he done to their family" 1o) John2s $ase )as thisE When he $onsidered the $ourage of his mother& and heard her entreaty& he set a.out his atta$#s/ .ut )hen he sa) her .eaten& and torn to pie$es )ith the stripes& he gre) fee.le& and )as entirely over$ome .y his affe$tions" And as the siege )as delayed .y this means& the year of rest $ame on& upon )hi$h the Je)s rest every seventh year as they do on every seventh day" On this year& therefore& *tolemy )as freed from .eing .esieged& and sle) the .rethren of John& )ith their mother& and fled to 9eno& )ho )as also $alled Cotylas& )ho )as tyrant of *hiladelphia" C" And no) Antio$hus )as so angry at )hat he had suffered from Simon& that he made an e pedition into Judea& and sat do)n .efore Jerusalem and .esieged Hyr$anus/ .ut Hyr$anus opened the sepul$her of 'avid& )ho )as the ri$hest of all #ings& and too# then$e a.out three thousand talents in money& and indu$ed Antio$hus& .y the promise of three thousand talents& to raise the siege" -oreover& he )as the first of the Je)s that had money enough& and .egan to hire foreign au iliaries also"

D" Ho)ever& at another time& )hen Antio$hus )as gone upon an e pedition against the -edes& and so gave Hyr$anus an opportunity of .eing revenged upon him& he immediately made an atta$# upon the $ities of Syria& as thin#ing& )hat proved to .e the $ase )ith them& that he should find them empty of god troops" So he too# -eda.a and Samea& )ith the to)ns in their neigh.orhood& as also She$hem& and (eri??im/ and .esides these& +he su.dued, the nation of the Cutheans& )ho d)elt round a.out that temple )hi$h )as .uilt in imitation of the temple at Jerusalem/ he also too# a great many other $ities of Idumea& )ith Adoreon and -arissa" H" He also pro$eeded as far as Samaria& )here is no) the $ity Se.aste& )hi$h )as .uilt .y Herod the #ing& and en$ompassed it all round )ith a )all& and set his sons& Aristo.ulus and Antigonus& over the siege/ )ho pushed it on so hard& that a famine so far prevailed )ithin the $ity& that they )ere for$ed to eat )hat never )as esteemed food" They also invited Antio$hus& )ho )as $alled Cy?i$enus& to $ome to their assistan$e/ )hereupon he got ready& and $omplied )ith their invitation& .ut )as .eaten .y Aristo.ulus and Antigonus/ and indeed he )as pursued as far as S$ythopolis .y these .rethren& and fled a)ay from them" So they returned .a$# to Samaria& and shut the multitude again )ithin the )all/ and )hen they had ta#en the $ity& they demolished it& and made slaves of its inha.itants" And as they had still great su$$ess in their underta#ings& they did not suffer their ?eal to $ool& .ut mar$hed )ith an army as far as S$ythopolis& and made an in$ursion upon it& and laid )aste all the $ountry that lay )ithin -ount Carmel" G" But then these su$$esses of John and of his sons made them .e envied& and o$$asioned a sedition in the $ountry/ and many there )ere )ho got together& and )ould not .e at rest till they .ra#e out into open )ar& in )hi$h )ar they )ere .eaten" So John lived the rest of his life very happily& and administered the government after a most e traordinary manner& and this for thirty-three entire years together" He died& leaving five sons .ehind him" He )as $ertainly a very happy man& and afforded no o$$asion to have any $omplaint made of fortune on his a$$ount" He it )as )ho alone had three of the most desira.le things in the )orld& - the government of his nation& and the high priesthood& and the gift of prophe$y" For the 'eity $onversed )ith him& and he )as not ignorant of any thing that )as to $ome after)ard/ insomu$h that he foresa) and foretold that his t)o eldest sons )ould not $ontinue masters of the government/ and it )ill highly deserve our narration to des$ri.e their $atastrophe& and ho) far inferior these men )ere to their father in feli$ity" +'D'OT+1 ;A> Why this John& the son of Simon& the high priest and governor of the Je)s& )as $alled Hyr$anus& Josephus no )here informs us/ nor is he $alled other than John at the end of the First Boo# of the -a$$a.ees" Ho)ever& Si tus Seuensis& )hen he gives us an epitome of the (ree# version of the .oo# here a.ridged .y Josephus& or of the Chroni$les of this John Hyr$anus& then e tant& assures us that he )as $alled Hyr$anus from his $on6uest of one of that name" See Authent" 0e$" *art I" p" A=H" But of this younger Antio$hus& see 'ean Aldri$h2s note here"

CH(PT+, 3
HOW (,)1TOB0.01 W(1 TH+ /),1T TH(T P0T ( D)(D+6 (BO0T H)1 H+(D; ('D (/T+, H+ H(D P0T H)1 6OTH+, ('D B,OTH+, TO D+(TH8 D)+D H)61+./8 WH+' H+ H(D ,+)*'+D 'O 6O,+ TH(' ( 3+(,5
@" FO0 after the death of their father& the elder of them& Aristo.ulus& $hanged the government into a #ingdom& and )as the first that put a diadem upon his head& four hundred seventy and one years and three months after our people $ame do)n into this $ountry& )hen they )ere set free from the Ba.ylonian slavery" 1o)& of his .rethren& he appeared to have an affe$tion for Antigonus& )ho )as ne t to him& and made him his e6ual/ .ut for the rest& he .ound them& and put them in prison" He also

put his mother in .onds& for her $ontesting the government )ith him/ for John had left her to .e the governess of pu.li$ affairs" He also pro$eeded to that degree of .ar.arity as to $ause her to .e pined to death in prison" A" But vengean$e $ir$umvented him in the affair of his .rother Antigonus& )hom he loved& and )hom he made his partner in the #ingdom/ for he sle) him .y the means of the $alumnies )hi$h ill men a.out the pala$e $ontrived against him" At first& indeed& Aristo.ulus )ould not .elieve their reports& partly out of the affe$tion he had for his .rother& and partly .e$ause he thought that a great part of these tales )ere o)ing to the envy of their relatersE ho)ever& as Antigonus $ame on$e in a splendid manner from the army to that festival& )herein our an$ient $ustom is to ma#e ta.erna$les for (od& it happened& in those days& that Aristo.ulus )as si$#& and that& at the $on$lusion of the feast& Antigonus $ame up to it& )ith his armed men a.out him/ and this )hen he )as adorned in the finest manner possi.le/ and that& in a great measure& to pray to (od on the .ehalf of his .rother" 1o) at this very time it )as that these ill men $ame to the #ing& and told him in )hat a pompous manner the armed men $ame& and )ith )hat insolen$e Antigonus mar$hed& and that su$h his insolen$e )as too great for a private person& and that a$$ordingly he )as $ome )ith a great .and of men to #ill him/ for that he $ould not endure this .are en7oyment of royal honor& )hen it )as in his po)er to ta#e the #ingdom himself" B" 1o) Aristo.ulus& .y degrees& and un)illingly& gave $redit to these a$$usations/ and a$$ordingly he too# $are not to dis$over his suspi$ion openly& though he provided to .e se$ure against any a$$idents/ so he pla$ed the guards of his .ody in a $ertain dar# su.terranean passage/ for he lay si$# in a pla$e $alled formerly the Citadel& though after)ards its name )as $hanged to Antonia/ and he gave orders that if Antigonus $ame unarmed& they should let him alone/ .ut if he $ame to him in his armor& they should #ill him" He also sent some to let him #no) .eforehand that he should $ome unarmed" But& upon this o$$asion& the 6ueen very $unningly $ontrived the matter )ith those that plotted his ruin& for she persuaded those that )ere sent to $on$eal the #ing2s message/ .ut to tell Antigonus ho) his .rother had heard he had got a very the suit of armor made )ith fine martial ornaments& in (alilee/ and .e$ause his present si$#ness hindered him from $oming and seeing all that finery& he very mu$h desired to see him no) in his armor/ .e$ause& said he& in a little time thou art going a)ay from me" <" As soon as Antigonus heard this& the good temper of his .rother not allo)ing him to suspe$t any harm from him& he $ame along )ith his armor on& to sho) it to his .rother/ .ut )hen he )as going along that dar# passage )hi$h )as $alled Strato2s To)er& he )as slain .y the .ody guards& and .e$ame an eminent instan$e ho) $alumny destroys all good-)ill and natural affe$tion& and ho) none of our good affe$tions are strong enough to resist envy perpetually" C" And truly any one )ould .e surprised at Judas upon this o$$asion" He )as of the se$t of the %ssens& and had never failed or de$eived men in his predi$tions .efore" 1o) this man sa) Antigonus as he )as passing along .y the temple& and $ried out to his a$6uaintan$e& ;they )ere not a fe) )ho attended upon him as his s$holars&> IO strangeJI said he& Iit is good for me to die no)& sin$e truth is dead .efore me& and some)hat that I have foretold hath proved false/ for this Antigonus is this day alive& )ho ought to hare died this day/ and the pla$e )here he ought to .e slain& a$$ording to that fatal de$ree& )as Strato2s To)er& )hi$h is at the distan$e of si hundred furlongs from this pla$e/ and yet four hours of this day are over already/ )hi$h point of time renders the predi$tion impossi.le to .e fill filled"I And )hen the old man had said this& he )as de7e$ted in his mind& and so $ontinued" But in a little time ne)s $ame that Antigonus )as slain in a su.terraneous pla$e& )hi$h )as itself also $alled Strato2s To)er& .y the same name )ith that Cesarea )hi$h lay .y the sea-side/ and this am.iguity it )as )hi$h $aused the prophet2s disorder" D" Hereupon Aristo.ulus repented of the great $rime he had .een guilty of& and this gave o$$asion to the in$rease of his distemper" He also gre) )orse and )orse& and his soul )as $onstantly distur.ed at the thoughts of )hat he had done& till his very .o)els .eing torn to pie$es .y the intolera.le grief he )as under& he thre) up a great 6uantity of .lood" And as one of those servants that attended him

$arried out that .lood& he& .y some supernatural providen$e& slipped and fell do)n in the very pla$e )here Antigonus had .een slain/ and so he spilt some of the murderer2s .lood upon the spots of the .lood of him that had .een murdered& )hi$h still appeared" Hereupon a lamenta.le $ry arose among the spe$tators& as if the servant had spilled the .lood on purpose in that pla$e/ and as the #ing heard that $ry& he in6uired )hat )as the $ause of it/ and )hile no.ody durst tell him& he pressed them so mu$h the more to let him #no) )hat )as the matter/ so at length& )hen he had threatened them& and for$ed them to spea# out& they told/ )hereupon he .urst into tears& and groaned& and said& ISo I per$eive I am not li#e to es$ape the all- seeing eye of (od& as to the great $rimes I have $ommitted/ .ut the vengean$e of the .lood of my #insman pursues me hastily" O thou most impudent .odyJ ho) long )ilt thou retain a soul that ought to die on a$$ount of that punishment it ought to suffer for a mother and a .rother slainJ Ho) long shall I myself spend my .lood drop .y dropK let them ta#e it all at on$e/ and let their ghosts no longer .e disappointed .y a fe) par$els of my .o)els offered to them"I As soon as he had said these )ords& he presently died& )hen he had reigned no longer than a year"

CH(PT+,
WH(T (CT)O'1 W+,+ DO'+ B3 (.+2('D+, J(''+018 WHO ,+)*'+D TW+'T341+-+' 3+(,15
@" A1' no) the #ing2s )ife loosed the #ing2s .rethren& and made Ale ander #ing& )ho appeared .oth elder in age& and more moderate in his temper than the rest/ )ho& )hen he $ame to the government& sle) one of his .rethren& as affe$ting to govern himself/ .ut had the other of them in great esteem& as loving a 6uiet life& )ithout meddling )ith pu.li$ affairs" A" 1o) it happened that there )as a .attle .et)een him and *tolemy& )ho )as $alled 4athyrus& )ho had ta#en the $ity Aso$his" He indeed sle) a great many of his enemies& .ut the vi$tory rather in$lined to *tolemy" But )hen this *tolemy )as pursued .y his mother Cleopatra& and retired into %gypt& Ale ander .esieged (adara& and too# it/ as also he did Amathus& )hi$h )as the strongest of all the fortresses that )ere a.out Jordan& and therein )ere the most pre$ious of all the possessions of Theodorus& the son of 9eno" Whereupon Theodopus mar$hed against him& and too# )hat .elonged to himself as )ell as the #ing2s .aggage& and sle) ten thousand of the Je)s" Ho)ever& Ale ander re$overed this .lo)& and turned his for$e to)ards the maritime parts& and too# 0aphia and (a?a& )ith Anthedon also& )hi$h )as after)ards $alled Agrippias .y #ing Herod" B" But )hen he had made slaves of the $iti?ens of all these $ities& the nation of the Je)s made an insurre$tion against him at a festival/ for at those feasts seditions are generally .egun/ and it loo#ed as if he should not .e a.le to es$ape the plot they had laid for him& had not his foreign au iliaries& the *isidians and Cili$ians& assisted him/ for as to the Syrians& he never admitted them among his mer$enary troops& on a$$ount of their innate enmity against the Je)ish nation" And )hen he had slain more than si thousand of the re.els& he made an in$ursion into Ara.ia/ and )hen he had ta#en that $ountry& together )ith the (ileadires and -oa.ites& he en7oined them to pay him tri.ute& and returned to Areathus/ and as Theodorus )as surprised at his great su$$ess& he too# the fortress& and demolished it" <" Ho)ever& )hen he fought )ith O.odas& #ing of the Ara.ians& )ho had laid an am.ush for him near (olan& and a plot against him& he lost his entire army& )hi$h )as $ro)ded together in a deep valley& and .ro#en to pie$es .y the multitude of $amels" And )hen he had made his es$ape to Jerusalem& he provo#ed the multitude& )hi$h hated him .efore& to ma#e an insurre$tion against him& and this on a$$ount of the greatness of the $alamity that he )as under" Ho)ever& he )as then too hard for them/ and& in the several .attles that )ere fought on .oth sides& he sle) not fe)er than fifty thousand of the Je)s in the interval of si years" !et had he no reason to re7oi$e in these vi$tories& sin$e he did .ut $onsume his o)n #ingdom/ till at length he left off fighting& and endeavored to $ome to a $omposition

)ith them& .y tal#ing )ith his su.7e$ts" But this muta.ility and irregularity of his $ondu$t made them hate him still more" And )hen he as#ed them )hy they so hated him& and )hat he should do in order to appease them& they said& .y #illing himself/ for that it )ould .e then all they $ould do to .e re$on$iled to him& )ho had done su$h tragi$al things to them& even )hen he )as dead" At the same time they invited 'emetrius& )ho )as $alled %u$erus& to assist them/ and as he readily $omplied )ith their re6uests& in hopes of great advantages& and $ame )ith his army& the Je)s 7oined )ith those their au iliaries a.out She$hem" C" !et did Ale ander meet .oth these for$es )ith one thousand horsemen& and eight thousand mer$enaries that )ere on foot" He had also )ith him that part of the Je)s )hi$h favored him& to the num.er of ten thousand/ )hile the adverse party had three thousand horsemen& and fourteen thousand footmen" 1o)& .efore they 7oined .attle& the #ings made pro$lamation& and endeavored to dra) off ea$h other2s soldiers& and ma#e them revolt/ )hile 'emetrius hoped to indu$e Ale ander2s mer$enaries to leave him& and Ale ander hoped to indu$e the Je)s that )ere )ith 'emetrius to leave him" But sin$e neither the Je)s )ould leave off their rage& nor the (ree#s prove unfaithful& they $ame to an engagement& and to a $lose fight )ith their )eapons" In )hi$h .attle 'emetrius )as the $on6ueror& although Ale ander2s mer$enaries sho)ed the greatest e ploits& .oth in soul and .ody" !et did the upshot of this .attle prove different from )hat )as e pe$ted& as to .oth of them/ for neither did those that invited 'emetrius to $ome to them $ontinue firm to him& though he )as $on6ueror/ and si thousand Je)s& out of pity to the $hange of Ale ander2s $ondition& )hen he )as fled to the mountains& $ame over to him" !et $ould not 'emetrius .ear this turn of affairs/ .ut supposing that Ale ander )as already .e$ome a mat$h for him again& and that all the nation )ould +at length, run to him& he left the $ountry& and )ent his )ay" D" Ho)ever& the rest of the +Je)ish, multitude did not lay aside their 6uarrels )ith him& )hen the +foreign, au iliaries )ere gone/ .ut they had a perpetual )ar )ith Ale ander& until he had slain the greatest part of them& and driven the rest into the $ity Berneselis/ and )hen he had demolished that $ity& he $arried the $aptives to Jerusalem" 1ay& his rage )as gro)n so e travagant& that his .ar.arity pro$eeded to the degree of impiety/ for )hen he had ordered eight hundred to .e hung upon $rosses in the midst of the $ity& he had the throats of their )ives and $hildren $ut .efore their eyes/ and these e e$utions he sa) as he )as drin#ing and lying do)n )ith his $on$u.ines" 5pon )hi$h so deep a surprise sei?ed on the people& that eight thousand of his opposers fled a)ay the very ne t night& out of all Judea& )hose flight )as only terminated .y Ale ander2s death/ so at last& though not till late& and )ith great diffi$ulty& he& .y su$h a$tions& pro$ured 6uiet to his #ingdom& and left off fighting any more" H" !et did that Antio$hus& )ho )as also $alled 'ionysius& .e$ome an origin of trou.les again" This man )as the .rother of 'emetrius& and the last of the ra$e of the Seleu$idse" ;B> Ale ander )as afraid of him& )hen he )as mar$hing against the Ara.ians/ so he $ut a deep tren$h .et)een Antipatris& )hi$h )as near the mountains& and the shores of Joppa/ he also ere$ted a high )all .efore the tren$h& and .uilt )ooden to)ers& in order to hinder any sudden approa$hes" But still he )as not a.le to e $lude Antio$hus& for he .urnt the to)ers& and filled up the tren$hes& and mar$hed on )ith his army" And as he loo#ed upon ta#ing his revenge on Ale ander& for endeavoring to stop him& as a thing of less $onse6uen$e& he mar$hed dire$tly against the Ara.ians& )hose #ing retired into su$h parts of the $ountry as )ere fittest for engaging the enemy& and then on the sudden made his horse turn .a$#& )hi$h )ere in num.er ten thousand& and fell upon Antio$hus2s army )hile they )ere in disorder& and a terri.le .attle ensued" Antio$hus2s troops& so long as he )as alive& fought it out& although a mighty slaughter )as made among them .y the Ara.ians/ .ut )hen he fell& for he )as in the forefront& in the utmost danger& in rallying his troops& they all gave ground& and the greatest part of his army )ere destroyed& either in the a$tion or the flight/ and for the rest& )ho fled to the village of Cana& it happened that they )ere all $onsumed .y )ant of ne$essaries& a fe) only e $epted" G" A.out this time it )as that the people of 'amas$us& out of their hatred to *tolemy& the son of -enhens& invited Aretas +to ta#e the government,& and made him #ing of Celesyria" This man also made an e pedition against Judea& and .eat Ale ander in .attle/ .ut after)ards retired .y mutual

agreement" But Ale ander& )hen he had ta#en *ella& mar$hed to (erasa again& out of the $ovetous desire he had of Theodorus2s possessions/ and )hen he had .uilt a triple )all a.out the garrison& he too# the pla$e .y for$e" He also demolished (olan& and Seleu$ia& and )hat )as $alled the 8alley of Antio$hus/ .esides )hi$h& he too# the strong fortress of (amala& and stripped 'emetrius& )ho )as governor therein& of )hat he had& on a$$ount of the many $rimes laid to his $harge& and then returned into Judea& after he had .een three )hole years in this e pedition" And no) he )as #indly re$eived of the nation& .e$ause of the good su$$ess he had" So )hen he )as at rest from )ar& he fell into a distemper/ for he )as affli$ted )ith a 6uartan ague& and supposed that& .y e er$ising himself again in martial affairs& he should get rid of this distemper/ .ut .y ma#ing su$h e peditions at unseasona.le times& and for$ing his .ody to undergo greater hardships than it )as a.le to .ear& he .rought himself to his end" He died& therefore& in the midst of his trou.les& after he had reigned seven and t)enty years" +'D'OT+1 ;B> Josephus here $alls this Antio$hus the last of the Seleu$idae& although there remained still a shado) of another #ing of that family& Antio$hus Asiati$us& or Commagenus& )ho reigned& or rather lay hid& till *ompey 6uite turned him out& as 'ean Aldri$h here notes from Appian and Justin"

CH(PT+, !
(.+2('D,( ,+)*'1 ')'+ 3+(,18 D0,)'* WH)CH T)6+ TH+ PH(,)1++1 W+,+ TH+ ,+(. ,0.+,1 O/ TH+ '(T)O'5
@" 1OW Ale ander left the #ingdom to Ale andra his )ife& and depended upon it that the Je)s )ould no) very readily su.mit to her& .e$ause she had .een very averse to su$h $ruelty as he had treated them )ith& and had opposed his violation of their la)s& and had there.y got the good-)ill of the people" 1or )as he mista#en as to his e pe$tations/ for this )oman #ept the dominion& .y the opinion that the people had of her piety/ for she $hiefly studied the an$ient $ustoms of her $ountry& and $ast those men out of the government that offended against their holy la)s" And as she had t)o sons .y Ale ander& she made Hyr$anus the elder high priest& on a$$ount of his age& as also& .esides that& on a$$ount of his ina$tive temper& no )ay disposing him to distur. the pu.li$" But she retained the younger& Aristo.ulus& )ith her as a private person& .y reason of the )armth of his temper" A" And no) the *harisees 7oined themselves to her& to assist her in the government" These are a $ertain se$t of the Je)s that appear more religious than others& and seem to interpret the la)s more a$$urately" lo) Ale andra hear#ened to them to an e traordinary degree& as .eing herself a )oman of great piety to)ards (od" But these *harisees artfully insinuated themselves into her favor .y little and little& and .e$ame themselves the real administrators of the pu.li$ affairsE they .anished and redu$ed )hom they pleased/ they .ound and loosed +men, at their pleasure/ ;<> and& to say all at on$e& they had the en7oyment of the royal authority& )hilst the e penses and the diffi$ulties of it .elonged to Ale andra" She )as a saga$ious )oman in the management of great affairs& and intent al)ays upon gathering soldiers together/ so that she in$reased the army the one half& and pro$ured a great .ody of foreign troops& till her o)n nation .e$ame not only very po)erful at home& .ut terri.le also to foreign potentates& )hile she governed other people& and the *harisees governed her" B" A$$ordingly& they themselves sle) 'iogenes& a person of figure& and one that had .een a friend to Ale ander/ and a$$used him as having assisted the #ing )ith his advi$e& for $ru$ifying the eight hundred men +.efore mentioned", They also prevailed )ith Ale andra to put to death the rest of those )ho had irritated him against them" 1o) she )as so superstitious as to $omply )ith their desires& and a$$ordingly they sle) )hom they pleased themselves" But the prin$ipal of those that )ere in danger fled to Aristo.ulus& )ho persuaded his mother to spare the men on a$$ount of their dignity& .ut to e pel them out of the $ity& unless she too# them to .e inno$ent/ so they )ere suffered to go

unpunished& and )ere dispersed all over the $ountry" But )hen Ale andra sent out her army to 'amas$us& under pretense that *tolemy )as al)ays oppressing that $ity& she got possession of it/ nor did it ma#e any $onsidera.le resistan$e" She also prevailed )ith Tigranes& #ing of Armenia& )ho lay )ith his troops a.out *tolemais& and .esieged Cleopatra& ;C> .y agreements and presents& to go a)ay" A$$ordingly& Tigranes soon arose from the siege& .y reason of those domesti$ tumults )hi$h happened upon 4u$ullus2s e pedition into Armenia" <" In the mean time& Ale andra fell si$#& and Aristo.ulus& her younger son& too# hold of this opportunity& )ith his domesti$s& of )hi$h he had a great many& )ho )ere all of them his friends& on a$$ount of the )armth of their youth& and got possession of all the fortresses" He also used the sums of money he found in them to get together a num.er of mer$enary soldiers& and made himself #ing/ and .esides this& upon Hyr$anus2s $omplaint to his mother& she $ompassionated his $ase& and put Aristo.ulus2s )ife and sons under restraint in Antonia& )hi$h )as a fortress that 7oined to the north part of the temple" It )as& as I have already said& of old $alled the Citadel/ .ut after)ards got the name of Antonia& )hen Antony )as +lord of the %ast,& 7ust as the other $ities& Se.aste and Agrippias& had their names $hanged& and these given them from Se.astus and Agrippa" But Ale andra died .efore she $ould punish Aristo.ulus for his disinheriting his .rother& after she had reigned nine years" +'D'OT+1 ;<> -atL@DE@M/ -atL@GE@G" Here )e have the oldest and most authenti$ Je)ish e position of .inding and loosing& for punishing or a.solving men& not for de$laring a$tions la)ful or unla)ful& as some more modern Je)s and Christians vainly pretend" ;C> Stra.o& B" F8I" p" H<=& relates& that this Selene Cleopatra )as .esieged .y Tigranes& not in *tolemais& as here& .ut after she had left Syria& in Seleu$ia& a $itadel in -esopotamia/ and adds& that )hen he had #ept her a )hile in prison& he put her to death" 'ean Aldri$h supposes here that Stra.o $ontradi$ts Josephus& )hi$h does not appear to me/ for although Josephus says .oth here and in the Anti6uities& B" FIII" $h" @D" se$t" <& that Tigranes .esieged her no) in *tolemais& and that he too# the $ity& as the Anti6uities inform us& yet does he no )here intimate that he no) too# the 6ueen herself/ so that .oth the narrations of Stra.o and Josephus may still .e true not)ithstanding"

CH(PT+, "
WH+' H3,C('01 WHO W(1 (.+2('D+,<1 H+),8 ,+C+D+D /,O6 H)1 C.()6 TO TH+ C,OW' (,)1TOB0.01 )1 6(D+ 7)'*; ('D (/T+,W(,D TH+ 1(6+ H3,C('01 B3 TH+ 6+('1 O/ ('T)P(T+,8 )1 B,O0*HT B(C7 B3 (B+T(15 (T .(1T PO6P+3 )1 6(D+ TH+ (,B)T,(TO, O/ TH+ D)1P0T+ B+TW++' TH+ B,OTH+,15
@" 1OW Hyr$anus )as heir to the #ingdom& and to him did his mother $ommit it .efore she died/ .ut Aristo.ulus )as superior to him in po)er and magnanimity/ and )hen there )as a .attle .et)een them& to de$ide the dispute a.out the #ingdom& near Jeri$ho& the greatest part deserted Hyr$anus& and )ent over to Aristo.ulus/ .ut Hyr$anus& )ith those of his party )ho staid )ith him& fled to Antonia& and got into his po)er the hostages that might he for his preservation ;)hi$h )ere Aristo.ulus2s )ife& )ith her $hildren>/ .ut they $ame to an agreement .efore things should $ome to e tremities& that Aristo.ulus should .e #ing& and Hyr$anus should resign that up& .ut retain all the rest of his dignities& as .eing the #ing2s .rother" Hereupon they )ere re$on$iled to ea$h other in the temple& and em.ra$ed one another in a very #ind manner& )hile the people stood round a.out them/ they also $hanged their houses& )hile Aristo.ulus )ent to the royal pala$e& and Hyr$anus retired to the house of Aristo.ulus"

A" 1o) those other people )hi$h )ere at varian$e )ith Aristo.ulus )ere afraid upon his une pe$ted o.taining the government/ and espe$ially this $on$erned Antipater ;D> )hom Aristo.ulus hated of old" He )as .y .irth an Idumean& and one of the prin$ipal of that nation& on a$$ount of his an$estors and ri$hes& and other authority to him .elongingE he also persuaded Hyr$anus to fly to Aretas& the #ing of Ara.ia& and to lay $laim to the #ingdom/ as also he persuaded Aretas to re$eive Hyr$anus& and to .ring him .a$# to his #ingdomE he also $ast great reproa$hes upon Aristo.ulus& as to his morals& and gave great $ommendations to Hyr$anus& and e horted Aretas to re$eive him& and told him ho) .e$oming a filing it )ould .e for him& )ho ruled so great a #ingdom& to afford his assistan$e to su$h as are in7ured/ alleging that Hyr$anus )as treated un7ustly& .y .eing deprived of that dominion )hi$h .elonged to him .y the prerogative of his .irth" And )hen he had predisposed them .oth to do )hat he )ould have them& he too# Hyr$anus .y night& and ran a)ay from the $ity& and& $ontinuing his flight )ith great s)iftness& he es$aped to the pla$e $alled *etra& )hi$h is the royal seat of the #ing of Ara.ia& )here he put Hyr$anus into Aretas2s hand/ and .y dis$oursing mu$h )ith him& and gaining upon him )ith many presents& he prevailed )ith him to give him an army that might restore him to his #ingdom" This army $onsisted of fifty thousand footmen and horsemen& against )hi$h Aristo.ulus )as not a.le to ma#e resistan$e& .ut )as deserted in his first onset& and )as driven to Jerusalem/ he also had .een ta#en at first .y for$e& if S$aurus& the 0oman general& had not $ome and seasona.ly interposed himself& and raised the siege" This S$aurus )as sent into Syria from Armenia .y *ompey the (reat& )hen he fought against Tigranes/ so S$aurus $ame to 'amas$us& )hi$h had .een lately ta#en .y -etellus and 4ollius& and $aused them to leave the pla$e/ and& upon his hearing ho) the affairs of Judea stood& he made haste thither as to a $ertain .ooty" B" As soon& therefore& as he )as $ome into the $ountry& there $ame am.assadors from .oth the .rothers& ea$h of them desiring his assistan$e/ .ut Aristo.ulus2s three hundred talents had more )eight )ith him than the 7usti$e of the $ause/ )hi$h sum& )hen S$aurus had re$eived& he sent a herald to Hyr$anus and the Ara.ians& and threatened them )ith the resentment of the 0omans and of *ompey& unless they )ould raise the siege" So Aretas )as terrified& and retired out of Judea to *hiladelphia& as did S$aurus return to 'amas$us again/ nor )as Aristo.ulus satisfied )ith es$aping +out of his .rother2s hands&, .ut gathered all his for$es together& and pursued his enemies& and fought them at a pla$e $alled *apyron& and sle) a.out si thousand of them& and& together )ith them Antipater2s .rother *halion" <" When Hyr$anus and Antipater )ere thus deprived of their hopes from the Ara.ians& they transferred the same to their adversaries/ and .e$ause *ompey had passed through Syria& and )as $ome to 'amas$us& they fled to him for assistan$e/ and& )ithout any .ri.es& they made the same e6uita.le pleas that they had used to Aretas& and .esought him to hate the violent .ehavior of Aristo.ulus& and to .esto) the #ingdom on him to )hom it 7ustly .elonged& .oth on a$$ount of his good $hara$ter and on a$$ount of his superiority in age" Ho)ever& neither )as Aristo.ulus )anting to himself in this $ase& as relying on the .ri.es that S$aurus had re$eivedE he )as also there himself& and adorned himself after a manner the most agreea.le to royalty that he )as a.le" But he soon thought it .eneath him to $ome in su$h a servile manner& and $ould not endure to serve his o)n ends in a )ay so mu$h more a.7e$t than he )as used to/ so he departed from 'iospolis" C" At this his .ehavior *ompey had great indignation/ Hyr$anus also and his friends made great inter$essions to *ompey/ so he too# not only his 0oman for$es& .ut many of his Syrian au iliaries& and mar$hed against Aristo.ulus" But )hen he had passed .y *ella and S$ythopolis& and )as $ome to Corea& )here you enter into the $ountry of Judea& )hen you go up to it through the -editerranean parts& he heard that Aristo.ulus )as fled to Ale andrium& )hi$h is a strong hold fortified )ith the utmost magnifi$en$e& and situated upon a high mountain/ and he sent to him& and $ommanded him to $ome do)n" 1o) his in$lination )as to try his fortune in a .attle& sin$e he )as $alled in su$h an imperious manner& rather than to $omply )ith that $all" Ho)ever& he sa) the multitude )ere in great fear& and his friends e horted him to $onsider )hat the po)er of the 0omans )as& and ho) it )as irresisti.le/ so he $omplied )ith their advi$e& and $ame do)n to *ompey/ and )hen he had made a long apology for himself& and for the 7ustness of his $ause in ta#ing the government& he returned to the

fortress" And )hen his .rother invited him again +to plead his $ause,& he $ame do)n and spa#e a.out the 7usti$e of it& and then )ent a)ay )ithout any hinderan$e from *ompey/ so he )as .et)een hope and fear" And )hen he $ame do)n& it )as to prevail )ith *ompey to allo) him the government entirely/ and )hen he )ent up to the $itadel& it )as that he might not appear to de.ase himself too lo)" Ho)ever& *ompey $ommanded him to give up his fortified pla$es& and for$ed him to )rite to every one of their governors to yield them up/ they having had this $harge given them& to o.ey no letters .ut )hat )ere of his o)n hand-)riting" A$$ordingly he did )hat he )as ordered to do/ .ut had still an indignation at )hat )as done& and retired to Jerusalem& and prepared to fight )ith *ompey" D" But *ompey did not give him time to ma#e any preparations +for a siege,& .ut follo)ed him at his heels/ he )as also o.liged to ma#e haste in his attempt& .y the death of -ithridates& of )hi$h he )as informed a.out Jeri$ho" 1o) here is the most fruitful $ountry of Judea& )hi$h .ears a vast num.er of palm trees ;H> .esides the .alsam tree& )hose sprouts they $ut )ith sharp stones& and at the in$isions they gather the 7ui$e& )hi$h drops do)n li#e tears" So *ompey pit$hed his $amp in that pla$e one night& and then hasted a)ay the ne t morning to Jerusalem/ .ut Aristo.ulus )as so aftrighted at his approa$h& that he $ame and met him .y )ay of suppli$ation" He also promised him money& and that he )ould deliver up .oth himself and the $ity into his disposal& and there.y mitigated the anger of *ompey" !et did not he perform any of the $onditions he had agreed to/ for Aristo.ulus2s party )ould not so mu$h as admit (a.inius into the $ity& )ho )as sent to re$eive the money that he had promised" +'D'OT+1 ;D> That this Antipater& the father of Herod the (reat )as an Idumean& as Josephus affirms here& see the note on Anti6" B" FI8" $h" @C" se$t" A" It is some)hat pro.a.le& as Haper$amp supposes& and partly Spanheim also& that the 4atin is here the truest/ that *ompey did him Hyr$anus& as he )ould have done the others from Aristo.ulus& se$t" D& although his remar#a.le a.stinen$e from the A=== talents that )ere in the Je)ish temple& )hen he too# it a little after)ard& $h" H" se$t" D& and Anti6" B" FI8" $h" <" se$t" <& )ill to (ree# all )hi$h agree he did not ta#e them" ;H> Of the famous palm trees and .alsam a.out Jeri$ho and %ngaddl& see the notes in Haver$amp2s edition& .oth here and B" II" $h" M" se$t" @" They are some)hat too long to .e trans$ri.ed in this pla$e"

CH(PT+, #
HOW PO6P+3 H(D TH+ C)T3 O/ J+,01(.+6 D+.)-+,+D 0P TO H)6 B0T TOO7 TH+ T+6P.+ B3 /O,C+5 HOW H+ W+'T )'TO TH+ HO.3 O/ HO.)+1; (1 (.1O WH(T W+,+ H)1 OTH+, +2P.O)T1 )' J0D+(5
@" At this treatment *ompey )as very angry& and too# Aristo.ulus into $ustody" And )hen he )as $ome to the $ity& he loo#ed a.out )here he might ma#e his atta$#/ for he sa) the )alls )ere so firm& that it )ould .e hard to over$ome them/ and that the valley .efore the )alls )as terri.le/ and that the temple& )hi$h )as )ithin that valley& )as itself en$ompassed )ith a very strong )all& insomu$h that if the $ity )ere ta#en& that temple )ould .e a se$ond pla$e of refuge for the enemy to retire to" A" 1o) as .e )as long in deli.erating a.out this matter& a sedition arose among the people )ithin the $ity/ Aristo.ulus2s party .eing )illing to fight& and to set their #ing at li.erty& )hile the party of Hyr$anus )ere for opening the gates to *ompey/ and the dread people )ere in o$$asioned these last to .e a very numerous party& )hen they loo#ed upon the e $ellent order the 0oman soldiers )ere in" So Aristo.ulus2s party )as )orsted& and retired into the temple& and $ut off the $ommuni$ation .et)een the temple and the $ity& .y .rea#ing do)n the .ridge that 7oined them together& and prepared to ma#e an opposition to the utmost/ .ut as the others had re$eived the 0omans into the $ity& and had delivered up the pala$e to him& *ompey sent *iso& one of his great offi$ers& into that pala$e )ith an

army& )ho distri.uted a garrison a.out the $ity& .e$ause he $ould not persuade any one of those that had fled to the temple to $ome to terms of a$$ommodation/ he then disposed all things that )ere round a.out them so as might favor their atta$#s& as having Hyr$anus2s party very ready to afford them .oth $ounsel and assistan$e" B" But *ompey himself filled up the dit$h that )as oil the north side of the temple& and the entire valley also& the army itself .eing o.liged to $arry the materials for that purpose" And indeed it )as a hard thing to fill up that valley& .y reason of its immense depth& espe$ially as the Je)s used all the means possi.le to repel them from their superior situation/ nor had the 0omans su$$eeded in their endeavors& had not *ompey ta#en noti$e of the seventh days& on )hi$h the Je)s a.stain from all sorts of )or# on a religious a$$ount& and raised his .an#& .ut restrained his soldiers from fighting on those days/ for the Je)s only a$ted defensively on sa..ath days" But as soon as *ompey had filled up the valley& he ere$ted high to)ers upon the .an#& and .rought those engines )hi$h they had fet$hed from Tyre near to the )all& and tried to .atter it do)n/ and the slingers of stones .eat off those that stood a.ove them& and drove them a)ay/ .ut the to)ers on this side of the $ity made very great resistan$e& and )ere indeed e traordinary .oth for largeness and magnifi$en$e" <" 1o) here it )as that& upon the many hardships )hi$h the 0omans under)ent& *ompey $ould not .ut admire not only at the other instan$es of the Je)s2 fortitude& .ut espe$ially that they did not at all intermit their religious servi$es& even )hen they )ere en$ompassed )ith darts on all sides/ for& as if the $ity )ere in full pea$e& their daily sa$rifi$es and purifi$ations& and every .ran$h of their religious )orship& )as still performed to (od )ith the utmost e a$tness" 1or indeed )hen the temple )as a$tually ta#en& and they )ere every day slain a.out the altar& did they leave off the instan$es of their 'ivine )orship that )ere appointed .y their la)/ for it )as in the third month of the siege .efore the 0omans $ould even )ith great diffi$ulty overthro) one of the to)ers& and get into the temple" 1o) he that first of all ventured to get over the )all& )as Faustus Cornelius the son of Sylla/ and ne t after him )ere t)o $enturions& Furius and Fa.ius/ and every one of these )as follo)ed .y a $ohort of his o)n& )ho en$ompassed the Je)s on all sides& and sle) them& some of them as they )ere running for shelter to the temple& and others as they& for a )hile& fought in their o)n defense" C" And no) did many of the priests& even )hen they sa) their enemies assailing them )ith s)ords in their hands& )ithout any distur.an$e& go on )ith their 'ivine )orship& and )ere slain )hile they )ere offering their drin#-offerings& and .urning their in$ense& as preferring the duties a.out their )orship to (od .efore their o)n preservation" The greatest part of them )ere slain .y their o)n $ountrymen& of the adverse fa$tion& and an innumera.le multitude thre) themselves do)n pre$ipi$es/ nay& some there )ere )ho )ere so distra$ted among the insupera.le diffi$ulties they )ere under& that they set fire to the .uildings that )ere near to the )all& and )ere .urnt together )ith them" 1o) of the Je)s )ere slain t)elve thousand/ .ut of the 0omans very fe) )ere slain& .ut a greater num.er )as )ounded" D" But there )as nothing that affe$ted the nation so mu$h& in the $alamities they )ere then under& as that their holy pla$e& )hi$h had .een hitherto seen .y none& should .e laid open to strangers/ for *ompey& and those that )ere a.out him& )ent into the temple itself ;G> )hither it )as not la)ful for any to enter .ut the high priest& and sa) )hat )as reposited therein& the $andlesti$# )ith its lamps& and the ta.le& and the pouring vessels& and the $ensers& all made entirely of gold& as also a great 6uantity of spi$es heaped together& )ith t)o thousand talents of sa$red money" !et did not he tou$h that money& nor any thing else that )as there reposited/ .ut he $ommanded the ministers a.out the temple& the very ne t day after he had ta#en it& to $leanse it& and to perform their a$$ustomed sa$rifi$es" -oreover& he made Hyr$anus high priest& as one that not only in other respe$ts had sho)ed great ala$rity& on his side& during the siege& .ut as he had .een the means of hindering the multitude that )as in the $ountry from fighting for Aristo.ulus& )hi$h they )ere other)ise very ready to have done/ .y )hi$h means he a$ted the part of a good general& and re$on$iled the people to him more .y .enevolen$e than .y terror" 1o)& among the Captives& Aristo.ulus2s father-in-la) )as ta#en& )ho )as also his un$leE so those that )ere the most guilty he punished )ith de$ollatlon/ .ut re)arded Faustus& and those )ith him that had fought so .ravely& )ith glorious presents& and laid a tri.ute upon the

$ountry& and upon Jerusalem itself" H" He also too# a)ay from the nation all those $ities that they had formerly ta#en& and that .elonged to Celesyria& and made them su.7e$t to him that )as at that time appointed to .e the 0oman president there/ and redu$ed Judea )ithin its proper .ounds" He also re.uilt (adara& ;M> that had .een demolished .y the Je)s& in order to gratify one 'emetrius& )ho )as of (adara& and )as one of his o)n freed-men" He also made other $ities free from their dominion& that lay in the midst of the $ountry& su$h& I mean& as they had not demolished .efore that time/ Hippos& and S$ythopolis& as also *ella& and Samaria& and -arissa/ and .esides these Ashdod& and Jamnia& and Arethusa/ and in li#e manner dealt he )ith the maritime $ities& (a?a& and Joppa& and 'ora& and that )hi$h )as an$iently $alled Strato2s To)er& .ut )as after)ard re.uilt )ith the most magnifi$ent edifi$es& and had its name $hanged to Cesarea& .y #ing Herod" All )hi$h he restored to their o)n $iti?ens& and put them under the provin$e of Syria/ )hi$h provin$e& together )ith Judea& and the $ountries as far as %gypt and %uphrates& he $ommitted to S$aurus as their governor& and gave him t)o legions to support him/ )hile he made all the haste he $ould himself to go through Cili$ia& in his )ay to 0ome& having Aristo.ulus and his $hildren along )ith him as his $aptives" They )ere t)o daughters and t)o sons/ the one of )hi$h sons& Ale ander& ran a)ay as he )as going/ .ut the younger& Antigonus& )ith his sisters& )ere $arried to 0ome" +'D'OT+1 ;G> Thus says Ta$itusE Cn" *ompelna first of all su.dued the Je)s& and )ent into their temple& .y right of $on6uest& Hist" B" 8" $h" M" 1or did he tou$h any of its ri$hes& as has .een o.served on the parallel pla$e of the Anti6uities& B" FI8" $h" <" se$t" <& out of Ci$ero himself" ;M> The $oin of this (adara& still e tant& )ith its date from this era& is a $ertain eviden$e of this its re.uilding .y *ompey& as Spanheim here assures us"

CH(PT+, $
(.+2('D+,8 TH+ 1O' O/ (,)1TOB0.018 WHO ,(' (W(3 /,O6 PO6P+38 6(7+1 (' +2P+D)T)O' (*()'1T H3,C('01; B0T B+)'* O-+,CO6+ B3 *(B)')01 H+ D+.)-+,1 0P TH+ /O,T,+11+1 TO H)65 (/T+, TH)1 (,)1TOB0.01 +1C(P+1 /,O6 ,O6+ ('D *(TH+,1 (' (,63 TO*+TH+,; B0T B+)'* B+(T+' B3 TH+ ,O6('18 H+ )1 B,O0*HT B(C7 TO ,O6+; W)TH OTH+, TH)'*1 ,+.(T)'* TO *(B)')018 C,(1101 ('D C(11)015
@" I1 the mean time& S$aurus made an e pedition into Ara.ia& .ut )as stopped .y the diffi$ulty of the pla$es a.out *etra" Ho)ever& he laid )aste the $ountry a.out *ella& though even there he )as under great hardship/ for his army )as affli$ted )ith famine" In order to supply )hi$h )ant& Hyr$anus afforded him some assistan$e& and sent him provisions .y the means of Antipater/ )hom also S$aurus sent to Aretas& as one )ell a$6uainted )ith him& to indu$e him to pay him money to .uy his pea$e" The #ing of Ara.ia $omplied )ith the proposal& and gave him three hundred talents/ upon )hi$h S$aurus dre) his army out of Ara.ia ;@=> A" But as for Ale ander& that son of Aristo.ulus )ho ran a)ay from *ompey& in some time he got a $onsidera.le .and of men together& and lay heavy upon Hyr$anus& and overran Judea& and )as li#ely to overturn him 6ui$#ly/ and indeed he had $ome to Jerusalem& and had ventured to re.uild its )all that )as thro)n do)n .y *ompey& had not (a.inius& )ho )as sent as su$$essor to S$aurus into Syria& sho)ed his .ravery& as in many other points& so in ma#ing an e pedition against Ale ander/ )ho& as he )as afraid that he )ould atta$# him& so he got together a large army& $omposed of ten thousand armed

footmen& and fifteen hundred horsemen" He also .uilt )alls a.out proper pla$es/ Ale andrium& and Hyr$anium& and -a$horus& that lay upon the mountains of Ara.ia" B" Ho)ever& (a.inius sent .efore him -ar$us Antonius& and follo)ed himself )ith his )hole army/ .ut for the sele$t .ody of soldiers that )ere a.out Antipater& and another .ody of Je)s under the $ommand of -ali$hus and *itholaus& these 7oined themselves to those $aptains that )ere a.out -ar$us Antonius& and met Ale ander/ to )hi$h .ody $ame Oa.inius )ith his main army soon after)ard/ and as Ale ander )as not a.le to sustain the $harge of the enemies2 for$es& no) they )ere 7oined& he retired" But )hen he )as $ome near to Jerusalem& he )as for$ed to fight& and lost si thousand men in the .attle/ three thousand of )hi$h fell do)n dead& and three thousand )ere ta#en alive/ so he fled )ith the remainder to Ale andrium" <" 1o) )hen (a.inius )as $ome to Ale andrium& .e$ause he found a great many there en-$amped& he tried& .y promising them pardon for their former offenses& to indu$e them to $ome over to him .efore it $ame to a fight/ .ut )hen they )ould hear#en to no terms of a$$ommodation& he sle) a great num.er of them& and shut up a great num.er of them in the $itadel" 1o) -ar$us Antonius& their leader& signali?ed himself in this .attle& )ho& as he al)ays sho)ed great $ourage& so did he never sho) it so mu$h as no)/ .ut (a.inius& leaving for$es to ta#e the $itadel& )ent a)ay himself& and settled the $ities that had not .een demolished& and re.uilt those that had .een destroyed" A$$ordingly& upon his in7un$tions& the follo)ing $ities )ere restoredE S$ythopolis& and Samaria& and Anthedon& and Apollonia& and Jamnia& and 0aphia& and -ariassa& and Adoreus& and (amala& and Ashdod& and many others/ )hile a great num.er of men readily ran to ea$h of them& and .e$ame their inha.itants" C" When (a.inius had ta#en $are of these $ities& he returned to Ale andrium& and pressed on the siege" So )hen Ale ander despaired of ever o.taining the government& he sent am.assadors to him& and prayed him to forgive )hat he had offended him in& and gave up to him the remaining fortresses& Hyr$anium and -a$herus& as he put Ale andrium into his hands after)ards/ all )hi$h (a.inius demolished& at the persuasion of Ale ander2s mother& that they might not .e re$epta$les of men in a se$ond )ar" She )as no) there in order to mollify (a.inius& out of her $on$ern for her relations that )ere $aptives at 0ome& )hi$h )ere her hus.and and her other $hildren" After this (a.inius .rought Hyr$anus to Jerusalem& and $ommitted the $are of the temple to him/ .ut ordained the other politi$al government to .e .y an aristo$ra$y" He also parted the )hole nation into five $onventions& assigning one portion to Jerusalem& another to (adara& that another should .elong to Amathus& a fourth to Jeri$ho& and to the fifth division )as allotted Sepphoris& a $ity of (alilee" So the people )ere glad to .e thus freed from monar$hi$al government& and )ere governed for the future .y all aristo$ra$y" D" !et did Aristo.ulus afford another foundation for ne) distur.an$es" He fled a)ay from 0ome& and got together again many of the Je)s that )ere desirous of a $hange& su$h as had .orne an affe$tion to him of old/ and )hen he had ta#en Ale andrium in the first pla$e& he attempted to .uild a )all a.out it/ .ut as soon as (a.inius had sent an army against him under Sis$uria& and Antonius& and Servilius& he )as a)are of it& and retreated to -a$herus" And as for the unprofita.le multitude& he dismissed them& and only mar$hed on )ith those that )ere armed& .eing to the num.er of eight thousand& among )hom )as *itholaus& )ho had .een the lieutenant at Jerusalem& .ut deserted to Aristo.ulus )ith a thousand of his men/ so the 0omans follo)ed him& and )hen it $ame to a .attle& Aristo.ulus2s party for a long time fought $ourageously/ .ut at length they )ere over.orne .y the 0omans& and of them five thousand fell do)n dead& and a.out t)o thousand fled to a $ertain little hill& .ut the thousand that remained )ith Aristo.ulus .ra#e through the 0oman army& and mar$hed together to -a$herus/ and )hen the #ing had lodged the first night upon its ruins& he )as in hopes of raising another army& if the )ar )ould .ut $ease a )hile/ a$$ordingly& he fortified that strong hold& though it )as done after a poor manner" But the 0omans falling upon him& he resisted& even .eyond his a.ilities& for t)o days& and then )as ta#en& and .rought a prisoner to (a.inius& )ith Antigonus his son& )ho had fled a)ay together )ith him from 0ome/ and from (a.inius he )as $arried to 0ome again" Wherefore the senate put him under $onfinement& .ut returned his $hildren .a$# to Judea& .e$ause (a.inius informed them .y letters that he had promised Aristo.ulus2s mother to do so& for her delivering the

fortresses up to him" H" But no) as (a.inius )as mar$hing to the )ar against the *arthians& he )as hindered .y *tolemy& )hom& upon his return from %uphrates& he .rought .a$# into %gypt& ma#ing use of Hyr$anus and Antipater to provide every thing that )as ne$essary for this e pedition/ for Antipater furnished him )ith money& and )eapons& and $orn& and au iliaries/ he also prevailed )ith the Je)s that )ere there& and guarded the avenues at *elusium& to let them pass" But no)& upon (a.inius2s a.sen$e& the other part of Syria )as in motion& and Ale ander& the son of Aristo.ulus& .rought the Je)s to revolt again" A$$ordingly& he got together a very great army& and set a.out #illing all the 0omans that )ere in the $ountry/ hereupon (a.inius )as afraid& ;for he )as $ome .a$# already out of %gypt& and o.liged to $ome .a$# 6ui$#ly .y these tumults&> and sent Antipater& )ho prevailed )ith some of the revolters to .e 6uiet" Ho)ever& thirty thousand still $ontinued )ith Ale ander& )ho )as himself eager to fight also/ a$$ordingly& (a.inius )ent out to fight& )hen the Je)s met him/ and as the .attle )as fought near -ount Ta.or& ten thousand of them )ere slain& and the rest of the multitude dispersed themselves& and fled a)ay" So (a.inius $ame to Jerusalem& and settled the government as Antipater )ould have it/ then$e he mar$hed& and fought and .eat the 1a.ateansE as for -ithridates and Orsanes& )ho fled out of *arthin& he sent them a)ay privately& .ut gave it out among the soldiers that they had run a)ay" G" In the mean time& Crassus $ame as su$$essor to (a.inius in Syria" He too# a)ay all the rest of the gold .elonging to the temple of Jerusalem& in order to furnish himself for his e pedition against the *arthians" He also too# a)ay the t)o thousand talents )hi$h *ompey had not tou$hed/ .ut )hen he had passed over %uphrates& he perished himself& and his army )ith him/ $on$erning )hi$h affairs this is not a proper time to spea# +more largely," M" But no) Cassius& after Crassus& put a stop to the *arthians& )ho )ere mar$hing in order to enter Syria" Cassius had fled into that provin$e& and )hen he had ta#en possession of the same& he made a hasty mar$h into Judea/ and& upon his ta#ing Tari$heae& he $arried thirty thousand Je)s into slavery" He also sle) *itholaus& )ho had supported the seditious follo)ers of Aristo.ulus/ and it )as Antipater )ho advised him so to do" 1o) this Antipater married a )ife of an eminent family among the Ara.isus& )hose name )as Cypros& and had four sons .orn to him .y her& *hasaelus and Herod& )ho )as after)ards #ing& and& .esides these& Joseph and *heroras/ and he had a daughter )hose name )as Salome" 1o) as he made himself friends among the men of po)er every )here& .y the #ind offi$es he did them& and the hospita.le manner that he treated them/ so did he $ontra$t the greatest friendship )ith the #ing of Ara.ia& .y marrying his relation/ insomu$h that )hen he made )ar )ith Aristo.ulus& he sent and intrusted his $hildren )ith him" So )hen Cassius had for$ed Ale ander to $ome to terms and to .e 6uiet& he returned to %uphrates& in order to prevent the *arthians from repassing it/ $on$erning )hi$h matter )e shall spea# else)here" ;@@> +'D'OT+1 ;@=> Ta#e the li#e attestation to the truth of this su.mission of Aretas& #ing of Ara.ia& to S$aurus the 0oman general& in the )ords of 'ean Aldri$h" IHen$e ;says he> is derived that old and famous 'enarius .elonging to the %millian family +represented in Haver$amp2s edition,& )herein Aretas appears in a posture of suppli$ation& and ta#ing hold of a $amel2s .ridle )ith his left hand& and )ith his right hand presenting a .ran$h of the fran#in$ense tree& )ith this ins$ription& -" SCA505S %F S"C"/ and .eneath& 0%F A0%TAS"I ;@@> This $itation is no) )anting"

CH(PT+, %
(,)1TOB0.01 )1 T(7+' O// B3 PO6P+3<1 /,)+'D18 (1 )1 H)1 1O'

(.+2('D+, B3 1C)P)O5 ('T)P(T+, C0.T)-(T+1 ( /,)+'D1H)P W)TH C(+1(,8 (/T+, PO6P+3<1 D+(TH; H+ (.1O P+,/O,61 *,+(T (CT)O'1 )' TH(T W(,8 WH+,+)' H+ (11)1T+D 6)TH,)D(T+15
@" 1OW& upon the flight of *ompey and of the senate .eyond the Ionian Sea& Caesar got 0ome and the empire under his po)er& and released Aristo.ulus from his .onds" He also $ommitted t)o legions to him& and sent him in haste into Syria& as hoping that .y his means he should easily $on6uer that $ountry& and the parts ad7oining to Judea" But envy prevented any effe$t of Aristo.ulus2s ala$rity& and the hopes of Caesar/ for he )as ta#en off .y poison given him .y those of *ompey2s party/ and& for a long )hile& he had not so mu$h as a .urial vou$hsafed him in his o)n $ountry/ .ut his dead .ody lay +a.ove ground,& preserved in honey& until it )as sent to the Je)s .y Antony& in order to .e .uried in the royal sepul$hers" A" His son Ale ander also )as .eheaded .y S$i-pio at Antio$h& and that .y the $ommand of *ompey& and upon an a$$usation laid against him .efore his tri.unal& for the mis$hiefs he had done to the 0omans" But *tolemy& the son of -enneus& )ho )as then ruler of Chal$is& under 4i.anus& too# his .rethren to him .y sending his son *hilippio for them to As$alon& )ho too# Antigonus& as )ell as his sisters& a)ay from Aristo.ulus2s )ife& and .rought them to his father/ and falling in love )ith the younger daughter& he married her& and )as after)ards slain .y his father on her a$$ount/ for *tolemy himself& after he had slain his son& married her& )hose name )as Ale andra/ on the a$$ount of )hi$h marriage he too# the greater $are of her .rother and sister" B" 1o)& after *ompey )as dead& Antipater $hanged sides& and $ultivated a friendship )ith Caesar" And sin$e -ithridates of *ergamus& )ith the for$es he led against %gypt& )as e $luded from the avenues a.out *elusium& and )as for$ed to stay at Asealon& he persuaded the Ara.ians& among )hom he had lived& to assist him& and $ame himself to him& at the head of three thousand armed men" He also en$ouraged the men of po)er in Syria to $ome to his assistan$e& as also of the inha.itants of 4i.anus& *tolemy& and Jam.li$us& and another *tolemy/ .y )hi$h means the $ities of that $ountry $ame readily into this )ar/ insomu$h that -ithridates ventured no)& in dependen$e upon the additional strength that he had gotten .y Antipater& to mar$h for)ard to *elusium/ and )hen they refused him a passage through it& he .esieged the $ity/ in the atta$# of )hi$h pla$e Antipater prin$ipally signali?ed himself& for he .rought do)n that part of the )all )hi$h )as over against him& and leaped first of all into the $ity& )ith the men that )ere a.out him" <" Thus )as *elusium ta#en" But still& as they )ere mar$hing on& those %gyptian Je)s that inha.ited the $ountry $alled the $ountry of Onias stopped them" Then did Antipater not only persuade them not to stop them& .ut to afford provisions for their army/ on )hi$h a$$ount even the people a.out -emphis )ould not fight against them& .ut of their o)n a$$ord 7oined -ithridates" Whereupon he )ent round a.out 'elta& and fought the rest of the %gyptians at a pla$e $alled the Je)s2 Camp/ nay& )hen he )as in danger in the .attle )ith all his right )ing& Antipater )heeled a.out& and $ame along the .an# of the river to him/ for he had .eaten those that opposed him as he led the left )ing" After )hi$h su$$ess he fell upon those that pursued -ithridates& and sle) a great many of them& and pursued the remainder so far that he too# their $amp& )hile he lost no more than fours$ore of his o)n men/ as -ithridates lost& during the pursuit that )as made after him& a.out eight hundred" He )as also himself saved une pe$tedly& and .e$ame an unreproa$ha.le )itness to Caesar of the great a$tions of Antipater" C" Whereupon Caesar en$ouraged Antipater to underta#e other ha?ardous enterprises for him& and that .y giving him great $ommendations and hopes of re)ard" In all )hi$h enterprises he readily e posed himself to many dangers& and .e$ame a most $ourageous )arrior/ and had many )ounds almost all over his .ody& as demonstrations of his valor" And )hen Caesar had settled the affairs of %gypt& and )as returning into Syria again& he gave him the privilege of a 0oman $iti?en& and freedom from ta es& and rendered him an o.7e$t of admiration .y the honors and mar#s of friendship he .esto)ed upon him" On this a$$ount it )as that he also $onfirmed Hyr$anus in the high priesthood"

CH(PT+, 1&
C(+1(, 6(7+1 ('T)P(T+, P,OC0,(TO, O/ J0D+(; (1 DO+1 ('T)P(T+, (PPO)'T PH(1(+.01 TO B+ *O-+,'O, O/ J+,01(.+68 ('D H+,OD *O-+,'O, O/ *(.).++; WHO8 )' 1O6+ T)6+8 W(1 C(..+D TO ('1W+, /O, H)61+./ 9B+/O,+ TH+ 1('H+D,)6:8 WH+,+ H+ )1 (C=0)TT+D5 1+2T01 C(+1(, )1 T,+(CH+,O01.3 7)..+D B3 B(1101 ('D )1 10CC++D+D B3 6(,C015
@" ABO5T this time it )as that Antigonus& the son of Aristo.ulus& $ame to Caesar& and .e$ame& in a surprising manner& the o$$asion of Antipater2s further advan$ement/ for )hereas he ought to have lamented that his father appeared to have .een poisoned on a$$ount of his 6uarrels )ith *ompey& and to have $omplained of S$ipio2s .ar.arity to)ards his .rother& and not to mi any invidious passion )hen he )as suing for mer$y/ .esides those things& he $ame .efore Caesar& and a$$used Hyr$anus and Antipater& ho) they had driven him and his .rethren entirely out of their native $ountry& and had a$ted in a great many instan$es un7ustly and e travagantly )ith relation to their nation/ and that as to the assistan$e they had sent him into %gypt& it )as not done out of good-)ill to him& .ut out of the fear they )ere in from former 6uarrels& and in order to gain pardon for their friendship to +his enemy, *ompey" A" Hereupon Antipater thre) a)ay his garments& and sho)ed the multitude of the )ounds he had& and said& that as to his good-)ill to Caesar& he had no o$$asion to say a )ord& .e$ause his .ody $ried aloud& though he said nothing himself/ that he )ondered at Antigonus2s .oldness& )hile he )as himself no other than the son of an enemy to the 0omans& and of a fugitive& and had it .y inheritan$e from his father to .e fond of innovations and seditions& that he should underta#e to a$$use other men .efore the 0oman governor& and endeavor to gain some advantages to himself& )hen he ought to .e $ontented that he )as suffered to live/ for that the reason of his desire of governing pu.li$ affairs )as not so mu$h .e$ause he )as in )ant of it& .ut .e$ause& if he $ould on$e o.tain the same& he might stir up a sedition among the Je)s& and use )hat he should gain from the 0omans to the disservi$e of those that gave it him" B" When Caesar heard this& he de$lared Hyr$anus to .e the most )orthy of the high priesthood& and gave leave to Antipater to $hoose )hat authority he pleased/ .ut he left the determination of su$h dignity to him that .esto)ed the dignity upon him/ so he )as $onstituted pro$urator of all Judea& and o.tained leave& moreover& to re.uild ;@A> those )alls of his $ountry that had .een thro)n do)n" These honorary grants Caesar sent orders to have engraved in the Capitol& that they might stand there as indi$ations of his o)n 7usti$e& and of the virtue of Antipater" <" But as soon as Antipater had $ondu$ted Caesar out of Syria he returned to Judea& and the first thing he did )as to re.uild that )all of his o)n $ountry +Jerusalem, )hi$h *ompey had overthro)n& and then to go over the $ountry& and to 6uiet the tumults that )ere therein/ )here he partly threatened& and partly advised& every one& and told them that in $ase they )ould su.mit to Hyr$anus& they )ould live happily and pea$ea.ly& and en7oy )hat they possessed& and that )ith universal pea$e and 6uietness/ .ut that in $ase they hear#ened to su$h as had some frigid hopes .y raising ne) trou.les to get themselves some gain& they should then find him to .e their lord instead of their pro$urator/ and find Hyr$anus to .e a tyrant instead of a #ing/ and .oth the 0omans and Caesar to .e their enemies& instead of rulers/ for that they )ould not suffer him to .e removed from the government& )hom they had made their governor" And& at the same time that he said this& he settled the affairs of the $ountry .y himself& .e$ause he sa) that Hyr$anus )as ina$tive& and not fit to manage the affairs of the #ingdom" So he $onstituted his eldest son& *hasaelus& governor of Jerusalem& and of the parts a.out it/ he also sent his ne t son& Herod& )ho )as very young& ;@B> )ith e6ual authority into (alilee"

C" 1o) Herod )as an a$tive man& and soon found proper materials for his a$tive spirit to )or# upon" As therefore he found that He?e#ias& the head of the ro..ers& ran over the neigh.oring parts of Syria )ith a great .and of men& he $aught him and sle) him& and many more of the ro..ers )ith him/ )hi$h e ploit )as $hiefly grateful to the Syrians& insomu$h that hymns )ere sung in Herod2s $ommendation& .oth in the villages and in the $ities& as having pro$ured their 6uietness& and having preserved )hat they possessed to them/ on )hi$h o$$asion he .e$ame a$6uainted )ith Se tus Caesar& a #insman of the great Caesar& and president of Syria" A 7ust emulation of his glorious a$tions e $ited *hasaelus also to imitate him" A$$ordingly& he pro$ured the good-)ill of the inha.itants of Jerusalem& .y his o)n management of the $ity affairs& and did not a.use his po)er in any disagreea.le manner/ )hen$e it $ame to pass that the nation paid Antipater the respe$ts that )ere due only to a #ing& and the honors they all yielded him )ere e6ual to the honors due to an a.solute lord/ yet did he not a.ate any part of that good-)ill or fidelity )hi$h he o)ed to Hyr$anus" D" Ho)ever& he found it impossi.le to es$ape envy in su$h his prosperity/ for the glory of these young men affe$ted even Hyr$anus himself already privately& though he said nothing of it to any .ody/ .ut )hat he prin$ipally )as grieved at )as the great a$tions of Herod& and that so many messengers $ame one .efore another& and informed him of the great reputation he got in all his underta#ings" There )ere also many people in the royal pala$e itself )ho inflamed his envy at him/ those& I mean& )ho )ere o.stru$ted in their designs .y the pruden$e either of the young men& or of Antipater" These men said& that .y $ommitting the pu.li$ affairs to the management of Antipater and of his sons& he sat do)n )ith nothing .ut the .are name of a #ing& )ithout any of its authority/ and they as#ed him ho) long he )ould so far mista#e himself& as to .reed up #ings against his o)n interest/ for that they did not no) $on$eal their government of affairs any longer& .ut )ere plainly lords of the nation& and had thrust him out of his authority/ that this )as the $ase )hen Herod sle) so many men )ithout his giving him any $ommand to do it& either .y )ord of mouth& or .y his letter& and this in $ontradi$tion to the la) of the Je)s/ )ho therefore& in $ase he .e not a #ing& .ut a private man& still ought to $ome to his trial& and ans)er it to him& and to the la)s of his $ountry& )hi$h do not permit any one to .e #illed till he hath .een $ondemned in 7udgment" H" 1o) Hyr$anus )as& .y degrees& inflamed )ith these dis$ourses& and at length $ould .ear no longer& .ut he summoned Herod to ta#e his trial" A$$ordingly& .y his father2s advi$e& and as soon as the affairs of (alilee )ould give him leave& he $ame up to +Jerusalem,& )hen he had first pla$ed garrisons in (alilee/ ho)ever& he $ame )ith a suffi$ient .ody of soldiers& so many indeed that he might not appear to have )ith him an army a.le to overthro) Hyr$anus2s government& nor yet so fe) as to e pose him to the insults of those that envied him" Ho)ever& Se tus Caesar )as in fear for the young man& lest he should .e ta#en .y his enemies& and .rought to punishment/ so he sent some to denoun$e e pressly to Hyr$anus that he should a$6uit Herod of the $apital $harge against him/ )ho a$6uitted him a$$ordingly& as .eing other)ise in$lined also so to do& for he loved Herod" G" But Herod& supposing that he had es$aped punishment )ithout the $onsent of the #ing& retired to Se tus& to 'amas$us& and got every thing ready& in order not to o.ey him if he should summon him again/ )hereupon those that )ere evil-disposed irritated Hyr$anus& and told him that Herod )as gone a)ay in anger& and )as prepared to ma#e )ar upon him/ and as the #ing .elieved )hat they said& he #ne) not )hat to do& sin$e he sa) his antagonist )as stronger than he )as himself" And no)& sin$e Herod )as made general of Coelesyria and Samaria .y Se tus Caesar& he )as formida.le& not only from the good-)ill )hi$h the nation .ore him& .ut .y the po)er he himself had/ insomu$h that Hyr$anus fell into the utmost degree of terror& and e pe$ted he )ould presently mar$h against him )ith his army" M" 1or )as he mista#en in the $on7e$ture he made/ for Herod got his army together& out of the anger he .are him for his threatening him )ith the a$$usation in a pu.li$ $ourt& and led it to Jerusalem& in order to thro) Hyr$anus do)n from his #ingdom/ and this he had soon done& unless his father and .rother had gone out together and .ro#en the for$e of his fury& and this .y e horting him to $arry his revenge no further than to threatening and affrighting& .ut to spare the #ing& under )hom he had .een

advan$ed to su$h a degree of po)er/ and that he ought not to .e so mu$h provo#ed at his .eing tried& as to forget to .e than#ful that he )as a$6uitted/ nor so long to thin# upon )hat )as of a melan$holy nature& as to .e ungrateful for his deliveran$e/ and if )e ought to re$#on that (od is the ar.itrator of su$$ess in )ar& an un7ust $ause is of more disadvantage than an army $an .e of advantage/ and that therefore he ought not to .e entirely $onfident of su$$ess in a $ase )here he is to fight against his #ing& his supporter& and one that had often .een his .enefa$tor& and that had never .een severe to him& any other)ise than as he had hear#ened to evil $ounselors& and this no further than .y .ringing a shado) of in7usti$e upon him" So Herod )as prevailed upon .y these arguments& and supposed that )hat he had already done )as suffi$ient for his future hopes& and that he had enough sho)n his po)er to the nation" @=" In the mean time& there )as a distur.an$e among the 0omans a.out Apamia& and a $ivil )ar o$$asioned .y the trea$herous slaughter of Se tus Caesar& .y Ce$ilius Bassus& )hi$h he perpetrated out of his good-)ill to *ompey/ he also too# the authority over his for$es/ .ut as the rest of Caesar2s $ommanders atta$#ed Bassus )ith their )hole army& in order to punish him for the murder of Caesar& Antipater also sent them assistan$e .y his sons& .oth on a$$ount of him that )as murdered& and on a$$ount of that Caesar )ho )as still alive& .oth of )hi$h )ere their friends/ and as this )ar gre) to .e of a $onsidera.le length& -ar$us $ame out of Italy as su$$essor to Se tus" +'D'OT+1 ;@A> What is here noted .y Hudson and Spanheim& that this grant of leave to re.uild the )alls of the $ities of Judea )as made .y Julius Caesar& not as here to Antipater& .ut to Hyr$anas& Anti6" B" FI8" $h" G" se$t" C& has hardly an appearan$e of a $ontradi$tion/ Antipater .eing no) perhaps $onsidered only as Hyr$anus2s deputy and minister/ although he after)ards made a $ipher of Hyr$anus& and& under great de$en$y of .ehavior to him& too# the real authority to himself" ;@B> Or t)enty-five years of age" See note on Anti6" B" I" $h" @A" se$t" B/ and on B" FI8" $h" M" se$t" A/ and Of the War& B" II" $h" @@" se$t" D/ and *oly." B" F8II" p" HAC" -any )riters of the 0oman history give an a$$ount of this murder of Se tus Caesar& and of the )ar of Apamia upon that o$$asion" They are $ited in 'ean Aldri$h2s note"

CH(PT+, 11
H+,OD )1 6(D+ P,OC0,(TO, O/ (.. 13,)(; 6(.)CH01 )1 (/,()D O/ H)68 ('D T(7+1 ('T)P(T+, O// B3 PO)1O'; WH+,+0PO' TH+ T,)B0'+1 O/ TH+ 1O.D)+,1 (,+ P,+-().+D W)TH TO 7).. H)65
@" TH%0%& )as at this time a mighty )ar raised among the 0omans upon the sudden and trea$herous slaughter of Caesar .y Cassius and Brutus& after he had held the government for three years and seven months" ;@<> 5pon this murder there )ere very great agitations& and the great men )ere mightily at differen$e one )ith another& and every one .etoo# himself to that party )here they had the greatest hopes of their o)n& of advan$ing themselves" A$$ordingly& Cassius $ame into Syria& in order to re$eive the for$es that )ere at Apamia& )here he pro$ured a re$on$iliation .et)een Bassus and -ar$us& and the legions )hi$h )ere at differen$e )ith him/ so he raised the siege of Apamia& and too# upon him the $ommand of the army& and )ent a.out e a$ting tri.ute of the $ities& and demanding their money to su$h a degree as they )ere not a.le to .ear" A" So he gave $ommand that the Je)s should .ring in seven hundred talents/ )hereupon Antipater& out of his dread of Cassius2s threats& parted the raising of this sum among his sons& and among others of his a$6uaintan$e& and to .e done immediately/ and among them he re6uired one -ali$hus& )ho )as at enmity )ith him& to do his part also& )hi$h ne$essity for$ed him to do" 1o) Herod& in the first pla$e&

mitigated the passion of Cassius& .y .ringing his share out of (alilee& )hi$h )as a hundred talents& on )hi$h a$$ount he )as in the highest favor )ith him/ and )hen he reproa$hed the rest for .eing tardy& he )as angry at the $ities themselves/ so he made slaves of (ophna and %mmaus& and t)o others of less note/ nay& he pro$eeded as if he )ould #ill -ali$hus& .e$ause he had not made greater haste in e a$ting his tri.ute/ .ut Antipater prevented the ruin of this man& and of the other $ities& and got into Cassius2s favor .y .ringing in a hundred talents immediately" ;@C> B" Ho)ever& )hen Cassius )as gone -ali$hus forgot the #indness that Antipater had done him& and laid fre6uent plots against him that had saved him& as ma#ing haste to get him out of the )ay& )ho )as an o.sta$le to his )i$#ed pra$ti$es/ .ut Antipater )as so mu$h afraid of the po)er and $unning of the man& that he )ent .eyond Jordan& in order to get an army to guard himself against his trea$herous designs/ .ut )hen -ali$hus )as $aught in his plot& he put upon Antipater2s sons .y his impuden$e& for he thoroughly deluded *hasaelus& )ho )as the guardian of Jerusalem& and Herod )ho )as intrusted )ith the )eapons of )ar& and this .y a great many e $uses and oaths& and persuaded them to pro$ure his re$on$iliation to his father" Thus )as he preserved again .y Antipater& )ho dissuaded -ar$us& the then president of Syria& from his resolution of #illing -ali$hus& on a$$ount of his attempts for innovation" <" 5pon the )ar .et)een Cassius and Brutus on one side& against the younger Caesar +Augustus, and Antony on the other& Cassius and -ar$us got together an army out of Syria/ and .e$ause Herod )as li#ely to have a great share in providing ne$essaries& they then made him pro$urator of all Syria& and gave him an army of foot and horse" Cassius premised him also& that after the )ar )as over& he )ould ma#e him #ing of Judea" But it so happened that the po)er and hopes of his son .e$ame the $ause of his perdition/ for as -ali$hus )as afraid of this& he $orrupted one of the #ing2s $up-.earers )ith money to give a poisoned potion to Antipater/ so he .e$ame a sa$rifi$e to -ali$hus2s )i$#edness& and died at a feast" He )as a man in other respe$ts a$tive in the management of affairs& and one that re$overed the government to Hyr$anus& and preserved it in his hands" C" Ho)ever& -ali$hus& )hen lie )as suspe$ted ef poisoning Antipater& and )hen the multitude )as angry )ith him for it& denied it& and made the people .elieve he )as not guilty" He also prepared to ma#e a greater figure& and raised soldiers/ for he did not suppose that Herod )ould .e 6uiet& )ho indeed $ame upon him )ith an army presently& in order to revenge his father2s death/ .ut& upon hearing the advi$e of his .rother *hasaelus& not to punish him in an open manner& lest the multitude should fall into a sedition& he admitted of -ali$hus2s apology& and professed that he $leared him of that suspi$ion/ he also made a pompous funeral for his father" D" So Herod )ent to Samaria& )hi$h )as then in a tumult& and settled the $ity in pea$e/ after )hi$h at the +*ente$ost, festival& he returned to Jerusalem& having his armed men )ith himE hereupon Hyr$anus& at the re6uest of -ali$hus& )ho feared his reproa$h& for.ade them to introdu$e foreigners to mi themselves )ith the people of the $ountry )hile they )ere purifying themselves/ .ut Herod despised the pretense& and him that gave that $ommand& and $ame in .y night" 5pon )hi$h -alithus $ame to him& and .e)ailed Antipater/ Herod also made him .elieve +he admitted of his lamentations as real,& although he had mu$h ado to restrain his passion at him/ ho)ever& he did himself .e)ail the murder of his father in his letters to Cassius& )ho& on other a$$ounts& also hated -ali$hus" Cassius sent him )ord .a$# that he should avenge his father2s death upon him& and privately gave order to the tri.unes that )ere under him& that they should assist Herod in a righteous a$tion he )as a.out" H" And .e$ause& upon the ta#ing of 4aodi$ea .y Cassius& the men of po)er )ere gotten together from all 6uarters& )ith presents and $ro)ns in their hands& Herod allotted this time for the punishment of -ali$hus" When -ali$hus suspe$ted that& and )as at Tyre& he resolved to )ithdra) his son privately from among the Tyrians& )ho )as a hostage there& )hile he got ready to fly a)ay into Judea/ the despair he )as in of es$aping e $ited him to thin# of greater things/ for he hoped that he should raise the nation to a revolt from the 0omans& )hile Cassius )as .usy a.out the )ar against Antony& and that he should easily depose Hyr$anus& and get the $ro)n for himself"

G" But fate laughed at the hopes he had/ for Herod foresa) )hat he )as so ?ealous a.out& and invited .oth Hyr$anus and him to supper/ .ut $alling one of the prin$ipal servants that stood .y him to him& he sent him out& as though it )ere to get things ready for supper& .ut in reality to give noti$e .eforehand a.out the plot that )as laid against him/ a$$ordingly they $alled to mind )hat orders Cassius had given them& and )ent out of the $ity )ith their s)ords in their hands upon the sea- shore& )here they en$ompassed -ali$hus round a.out& and #illed him )ith many )ounds" 5pon )hi$h Hyr$anus )as immediately aftrighted& till he s)ooned a)ay and fell do)n at the surprise he )as in/ and it )as )ith diffi$ulty that he )as re$overed& )hen he as#ed )ho it )as that had #illed -ali$hus" And )hen one of the tri.unes replied that it )as done .y the $ommand of Cassius&I Then&I said he& ICassius hath saved .oth me and my $ountry& .y $utting off one that )as laying plots against them .oth"I Whether he spa#e a$$ording to his o)n sentiments& or )hether his fear )as su$h that he )as o.liged to $ommend the a$tion .y saying so& is un$ertain/ ho)ever& .y this method Herod infli$ted punishment upon -ali$hus" +'D'OT+1 ;@<> In the Anti6uities& B" FI8" $h" @@" se$t" @& the duration of the reign of Julius Caesar is three years si months/ .ut here three years seven months& .eginning nightly& says 'ean Aldri$h& from his se$ond di$tatorship" It is pro.a.le the real duration might .e three years and .et)een si and seven months" ;@C> It appears evidently .y Josephus2s a$$ounts& .oth here and in his Anti6uities& B" FI8" $h" @@" se$t" A& that this Cassius& one of Caesar2s murderers& )as a .itter oppressor& and e a$tor of tri.ute in Judea" These seven hundred talents amount to a.out three hundred thousand pounds sterling& and are a.out half the yearly revenues of #ing Herod after)ards" See the note on Anti6" B" F8II" $h" @@" se$t" <" It also appears that (alilee then paid no more than one hundred talents& or the seventh part of the entire sum to .e levied in all the $ountry"

CH(PT+, 12
PH(1(+.01 )1 TOO H(,D /O, /+.)2; H+,OD (.1O O-+,CO6+1 ('T)*O'01 )' ,(TT.+; ('D TH+ J+W1 (CC01+ BOTH H+,OD ('D PH(1(+.01 B0T ('TO')01 (C=0)T1 TH+68 ('D 6(7+1 TH+6 T+T,(,CH15
@" WH%1 Cassius )as gone out of Syria& another sedition arose at Jerusalem& )herein Feli assaulted *hasaelus )ith an army& that he might revenge the death of -ali$hus upon Herod& .y falling upon his .rother" 1o) Herod happened then to .e )ith Fa.ius& the governor of 'amas$us& and as he )as going to his .rother2s assistan$e& he )as detained .y si$#ness/ in the mean time& *hasaelus )as .y himself too hard for Feli & and reproa$hed Hyr$anus on a$$ount of his ingratitude& .oth for )hat assistan$e he had afforded -aliehus& and for overloo#ing -ali$hus2s .rother& )hen he possessed himself of the fortresses/ for he had gotten a great many of them already& and among them the strongest of them all& -asada" A" Ho)ever& nothing $ould .e suffi$ient for him against the for$e of Herod& )ho& as soon as he )as re$overed& too# the other fortresses again& and drove him out of -asada in the posture of a suppli$ant/ he also drove a)ay -arion& the tyrant of the Tyrians& out of (alilee& )hen he had already possessed himself of three fortified pla$es/ .ut as to those Tyrians )hom he had $aught& he preserved them all alive/ nay& some of them he gave presents to& and so sent them a)ay& and there.y pro$ured good-)ill to himself from the $ity& and hatred to the tyrant" -arion had indeed o.tained that tyranni$al po)er of Cassius& )ho set tyrants over all Syria ;@D> and out of hatred to Herod it )as that he assisted Antigonus& the son of Aristo.ulus& and prin$ipally on Fa.ius2s a$$ount& )hom Antigonus had made his

assistant .y money& and had him a$$ordingly on his side )hen he made his des$ent/ .ut it )as *tolemy& the #insman of Antigonus& that supplied all that he )anted" B" When Herod had fought against these in the avenues of Judea& he )as $on6ueror in the .attle& and drove a)ay Antigonus& and returned to Jerusalem& .eloved .y every .ody for the glorious a$tion he had done/ for those )ho did not .efore favor him did 7oin themselves to him no)& .e$ause of his marriage into the family of Hyr$anus/ for as he had formerly married a )ife out of his o)n $ountry of no igno.le .lood& )ho )as $alled 'oris& of )hom he .egat Antipater/ so did he no) marry -ariamne& the daughter of Ale ander& the son of Aristo.ulus& and the granddaughter of Hyr$anus& and )as .e$ome there.y a relation of the #ing" <" But )hen Caesar and Antony had slain Cassius near *hilippi& and Caesar )as gone to Italy& and Antony to Asia& amongst the rest of the $ities )hi$h sent am.assadors to Antony unto Bithynia& the great men of the Je)s $ame also& and a$$used *hasaelus and Herod& that they #ept the government .y for$e& and that Hyr$anus had no more than an honora.le name" Herod appeared ready to ans)er this a$$usation/ and having made Antony his friend .y the large sums of money )hi$h he gave him& he .rought him to su$h a temper as not to hear the others spea# against him/ and thus did they part at this time" C" Ho)ever& after this& there $ame a hundred of the prin$ipal men among the Je)s to 'aphne .y Antio$h to Antony& )ho )as already in love )ith Cleopatra to the degree of slavery/ these Je)s put those men that )ere the most potent& .oth in dignity and elo6uen$e& foremost& and a$$used the .rethren" ;@H> But -essala opposed them& and defended the .rethren& and that )hile Hyr$anus stood .y him& on a$$ount of his relation to them" When Antony had heard .oth sides& he as#ed Hyr$anus )hi$h party )as the fittest to govern& )ho replied that Herod and his party )ere the fittest" Antony )as glad of that ans)er& for he had .een formerly treated in an hospita.le and o.liging manner .y his father Antipater& )hen he mar$hed into Judea )ith (a.inius/ so he $onstituted the .rethren tetrar$hs& and $ommitted to them the government of Judea" D" But )hen the am.assadors had indignation at this pro$edure& Antony too# fifteen of them& and put them into $ustody& )hom he )as also going to #ill presently& and the rest he drove a)ay )ith disgra$e/ on )hi$h o$$asion a still greater tumult arose at Jerusalem/ so they sent again a thousand am.assadors to Tyre& )here Antony no) a.ode& as he )as mar$hing to Jerusalem/ upon these men )ho made a $lamor he sent out the governor of Tyre& and ordered him to punish all that he $ould $at$h of them& and to settle those in the administration )hom he had made tetrar$hs" H" But .efore this Herod& and Hyr$anus )ent out upon the sea-shore& and earnestly desired of these am.assadors that they )ould neither .ring ruin upon themselves& nor )ar upon their native $ountry& .y their rash $ontentions/ and )hen they gre) still more outrageous& Antony sent out armed men& and sle) a great many& and )ounded more of them/ of )hom those that )ere slain )ere .uried .y Hyr$anus& as )ere the )ounded put under the $are of physi$ians .y him/ yet )ould not those that had es$aped .e 6uiet still& .ut put the affairs of the $ity into su$h disorder& and so provo#ed Antony& that he sle) those )hom he had in .onds also" +'D'OT+1 ;@D> Here )e see that Cassius set tyrants over all Syria/ so that his assisting to destroy Caesar does not seem to have pro$eeded from his true ?eal for pu.li$ li.erty& .ut from a desire to .e a tyrant himself" ;@H> *hasaelus and Herod"

CH(PT+, 13

TH+ P(,TH)('1 B,)'* ('T)*O'01 B(C7 )'TO J0D+(8 ('D C(1T H3,C('01 ('D PH(1(+.01 )'TO P,)1O'5 TH+ /.)*HT O/ H+,OD8 ('D TH+ T(7)'* O/ J+,01(.+6 ('D WH(T H3,C('01 ('D PH(1(+.01 10//+,+D5
@" 1o) t)o years after)ard& )hen Bar?apharnes& a governor among the *arthians& and *aeorus& the #ing2s son& had possessed themselves of Syria& and )hen 4ysanias had already su$$eeded upon the death of his father *tolemy& the son of -enneus& in the government +of Chal$is,& he prevailed )ith the governor& .y a promise of a thousand talents& and five hundred )omen& to .ring .a$# Antigonus to his #ingdom& and to turn Hyr$anus out of it" *a$orus )as .y these means indu$ed so to do& and mar$hed along the sea-$oast& )hile he ordered Bar?apharnes to fall upon the Je)s as he )ent along the -editerranean part of the $ountry/ .ut of the maritime people& the Tyrians )ould not re$eive *a$orus& although those of *tolemais and Sidon had re$eived him/ so he $ommitted a troop of his horse to a $ertain $up-.earer .elonging to the royal family& of his o)n name +*a$orus,& and gave him orders to mar$h into Judea& in order to learn the state of affairs among their enemies& and to help Antigonus )hen he should )ant his assistan$e" A" 1o) as these men )ere ravaging Carmel& many of the Je)s ran together to Antigonus& and sho)ed themselves ready to ma#e an in$ursion into the $ountry/ so he sent them .efore into that pla$e $alled 'rymus& +the )oodland ;@G> , to sei?e upon the pla$e/ )hereupon a .attle )as fought .et)een them& and they drove the enemy a)ay& and pursued them& and ran after them as far as Jerusalem& and as their num.ers in$reased& they pro$eeded as far as the #ing2s pala$e/ .ut as Hyr$anus and *hasaelus re$eived them )ith a strong .ody of men& there happened a .attle in the mar#et-pla$e& in )hi$h Herod2s party .eat the enemy& and shut them up in the temple& and set si ty men in the houses ad7oining as a guard to them" But the people that )ere tumultuous against the .rethren $ame in& and .urnt those men/ )hile Herod& in his rage for #illing them& atta$#ed and sle) many of the people& till one party made in$ursions on the other .y turns& day .y day& in the )ay of am.ushes& and slaughters )ere made $ontinually among them" B" 1o) )hen that festival )hi$h )e $all *ente$ost )as at hand& all the pla$es a.out the temple& and the )hole $ity& )as full of a multitude of people that )ere $ome out of the $ountry& and )hi$h )ere the greatest part of them armed also& at )hi$h time *hasaelus guarded the )all& and Herod& )ith a fe)& guarded the royal pala$e/ and )hen he made an assault upon his enemies& as they )ere out of their ran#s& on the north 6uarter of the $ity& he sle) a very great num.er of them& and put them all to flight/ and some of them he shut up )ithin the $ity& and others )ithin the out)ard rampart" In the mean time& Antigonus desired that *a$orus might .e admitted to .e a re$on$iler .et)een them/ and *hasaelus )as prevailed upon to admit the *arthian into the $ity )ith five hundred horse& and to treat him in an hospita.le manner& )ho pretended that he $ame to 6uell the tumult& .ut in reality he $ame to assist Antigonus/ ho)ever& he laid a plot for *hasaelus& and persuaded him to go as an am.assador to Bar?apharnes& in order to put an end to the )ar& although Herod )as very earnest )ith him to the $ontrary& and e horted him to #ill the plotter& .ut not e pose himself to the snares he had laid for him& .e$ause the .ar.arians are naturally perfidious" Ho)ever& *a$orus )ent out and too# Hyr$anus )ith him& that he might .e the less suspe$ted/ he also ;@M> left some of the horsemen& $alled the Freemen& )ith Herod& and $ondu$ted *hasaelus )ith the rest" <" But no)& )hen they )ere $ome to (alilee& they found that the people of that $ountry had revolted& and )ere in arms& )ho $ame very $unningly to their leader& and .esought him to $on$eal his trea$herous intentions .y an o.liging .ehavior to them/ a$$ordingly& he at first made them presents/ and after)ard& as they )ent a)ay& laid am.ushes for them/ and )hen they )ere $ome to one of the maritime $ities $alled %$dippon& they per$eived that a plot )as laid for them/ for they )ere there informed of the promise of a thousand talents& and ho) Antigonus had devoted the greatest num.er of the )omen that )ere there )ith them& among the five hundred& to the *arthians/ they also per$eived that an am.ush )as al)ays laid for them .y the .ar.arians in the night time/ they had also .een sei?ed on .efore this& unless they had )aited for the sei?ure of Herod first at Jerusalem& .e$ause if he )ere

on$e informed of this trea$hery of theirs& he )ould ta#e $are of himself/ nor )as this a mere report& .ut they sa) the guards already not far off them" C" 1or )ould *hasaelus thin# of forsa#ing Hyr$anus and flying a)ay& although Ophellius earnestly persuaded him to it/ for this man had learned the )hole s$heme of the plot from Saramalla& the ri$hest of all the Syrians" But *hasaelus )ent up to the *arfilian governor& and reproa$hed him to his fa$e for laying this trea$herous plot against them& and $hiefly .e$ause he had done it for money/ and he promised him that he )ould give him more money for their preservation& than Antigonus had promised to give for the #ingdom" But the sly *arthian endeavored to remove all this suspi$ion .y apologies and .y oaths& and then )ent +to the other, *a$orus/ immediately after )hi$h those *arthians )ho )ere left& and had it in $harge& sei?ed upon *hasaelus and Hyr$anus& )ho $ould do no more than $urse their perfidiousness and their per7ury" D" In the mean time& the $up-.earer )as sent +.a$#,& and laid a plot ho) to sei?e upon Herod& .y deluding him& and getting him out of the $ity& as he )as $ommanded to do" But Herod suspe$ted the .ar.arians from the .eginning/ and having then re$eived intelligen$e that a messenger& )ho )as to .ring him the letters that informed him of the trea$hery intended& had fallen among the enemy& he )ould not go out of the $ity/ though *a$orus said very positively that he ought to go out& and meet the messengers that .rought the letters& for that the enemy had not ta#en them& and that the $ontents of them )ere not a$$ounts of any plots upon them& .ut of )hat *hasaelus had done/ yet had he heard from others that his .rother )as sei?ed/ and Ale andra ;A=> the shre)dest )oman in the )orld& Hyr$anus2s daughter& .egged of him that he )ould not go out& nor trust himself to those .ar.arians& )ho no) )ere $ome to ma#e an attempt upon him openly" H" 1o) as *a$orus and his friends )ere $onsidering ho) they might .ring their plot to .ear privately& .e$ause it )as not possi.le to $ir$umvent a man of so great pruden$e .y openly atta$#ing him& Herod prevented them& and )ent off )ith the persons that )ere the most nearly related to him .y night& and this )ithout their enemies .eing appri?ed of it" But as soon as the *arthians per$eived it& they pursued after them/ and as he gave orders for his mother& and sister& and the young )oman )ho )as .etrothed to him& )ith her mother& and his youngest .rother& to ma#e the .est of their )ay& he himself& )ith his servants& too# all the $are they $ould to #eep off the .ar.arians/ and )hen at every assault he had slain a great many of them& he $ame to the strong hold of -asada" G" 1ay& he found .y e perien$e that the Je)s fell more heavily upon him than did the *arthians& and $reated him trou.les perpetually& and this ever sin$e he )as gotten si ty furlongs from the $ity/ these sometimes .rought it to a sort of a regular .attle" 1o) in the pla$e )here Herod .eat them& and #illed a great num.er of them& there he after)ard .uilt a $itadel& in memory of the great a$tions he did there& and adorned it )ith the most $ostly pala$es& and ere$ted very strong fortifi$ations& and $alled it& from his o)n name& Herodium" 1o) as they )ere in their flight& many 7oined themselves to him every day/ and at a pla$e $alled Thressa of Idumea his .rother Joseph met him& and advised him to ease himself of a great num.er of his follo)ers& .e$ause -asada )ould not $ontain so great a multitude& )hi$h )ere a.ove nine thousand" Herod $omplied )ith this advi$e& and sent a)ay the most $um.ersome part of his retinue& that they might go into Idumea& and gave them provisions for their 7ourney/ .ut he got safe to the fortress )ith his nearest relations& and retained )ith him only the stoutest of his follo)ers/ and there it )as that he left eight hundred of his men as a guard for the )omen& and provisions suffi$ient for a siege/ .ut he made haste himself to *etra of Ara.ia" M" As for the *arthians in Jerusalem& they .etoo# themselves to plundering& and fell upon the houses of those that )ere fled& and upon the #ing2s pala$e& and spared nothing .ut Hyr$anus2s money& )hi$h )as not a.ove three hundred talents" They lighted on other men2s money also& .ut not so mu$h as they hoped for/ for Herod having a long )hile had a suspi$ion of the perfidiousness of the .ar.arians& had ta#en $are to have )hat )as most splendid among his treasures $onveyed into Idumea& as every one .elonging to him had in li#e manner done also" But the *arthians pro$eeded to that degree of in7usti$e& as to fill all the $ountry )ith )ar )ithout denoun$ing it& and to demolish the $ity -arissa& and not only

to set up Antigonus for #ing& .ut to deliver *hasaelus and Hyr$anus .ound into his" hands& in order to their .eing tormented .y him" Antigonus himself also .it off Hyr$anus2s ears )ith his o)n teeth& as he fell do)n upon his #nees to him& that so he might never .e a.le upon any mutation of affairs to ta#e the high priesthood again& for the high priests that offi$iated )ere to .e $omplete& and )ithout .lemish" @=" Ho)ever& he failed in his purpose of a.using *hasaelus& .y reason of his $ourage/ for though he neither had the $ommand of his s)ord nor of his hands& he prevented all a.uses .y dashing his head against a stone/ so he demonstrated himself to .e Herod2s o)n .rother& and Hyr$anus a most degenerate relation& and died )ith great .ravery& and made the end of his life agreea.le to the a$tions of it" There is also another report a.out his end& vi?" that he re$overed of that stro#e& and that a surgeon& )ho )as sent .y Antigonus to heal him& filled the )ound )ith poisonous ingredients& and so #illed him/ )hi$hsoever of these deaths he $ame to& the .eginning of it )as glorious" It is also reported that .efore he e pired he )as informed .y a $ertain poor )oman ho) Herod had es$aped out of their hands& and that he said thereupon& II no) die )ith $omfort& sin$e I leave .ehind me one alive that )ill avenge me of mine enemies"I @@" This )as the death of *hasaelus/ .ut the *arthians& although they had failed of the )omen they $hiefly desired& yet did they put the government of Jerusalem into the hands of Antigonus& and too# a)ay Hyr$anus& and .ound him& and $arried him to *arthia" +'D'OT+1 ;@G> This large and noted )ood& or )oodland& .elonging to Carmel& $alled apago .y the Septuagint& is mentioned in the Old Testament& A3iL@MEAB/ IsaLBHEA<& and .y I Stra.o& B" F8I" p" HCG& as .oth Aldri$h and Spanheim here remar# very pertinently" ;@M> These a$$ounts& .oth here and Anti6" B" FI8" $h" @B" se$t" C& that the *arthians fought $hiefly on horse.a$#& and that only some fe) of their soldiers )ere free-men& perfe$tly agree )ith Trogus *ompeius& in Justin& B" F4I" A& B& as 'ean Aldri$h )ell o.serves on this pla$e" ;A=> -ariama$ here& in the $opies"

CH(PT+, 1
WH+' H+,OD )1 ,+J+CT+D )' (,(B)(8 H+ 6(7+1 H(1T+ TO ,O6+ WH+,+ ('TO'3 ('D C(+1(, JO)' TH+), )'T+,+1T TO 6(7+ H)6 7)'* 5
@" 1OW Herod did the more ?ealously pursue his 7ourney into Ara.ia& as ma#ing haste to get money of the #ing& )hile his .rother )as yet alive/ .y )hi$h money alone it )as that he hoped to prevail upon the $ovetous temper of the .ar.arians to spare *hasaelus/ for he reasoned thus )ith himself&E - that if the Ara.ian #ing )as too forgetful of his father2s friendship )ith him& and )as too $ovetous to ma#e him a free gift& he )ould ho)ever .orro) of him as mu$h as might redeem his .rother& and put into his hands& as a pledge& the son of him that )as to .e redeemed" A$$ordingly he led his .rother2s son along )ith him& )ho )as of the age of seven years" 1o) he )as ready to give three hundred talents for his .rother& and intended to desire the inter$ession of the Tyrians& to get them a$$epted/ ho)ever& fate had .een too 6ui$# for his diligen$e/ and sin$e *hasaelus )as dead& Herod2s .rotherly love )as no) in vain" -oreover& he )as not a.le to find any lasting friendship among the Ara.ians/ for their #ing& -ali$hus& sent to him immediately& and $ommanded him to return .a$# out of his $ountry& and used the name of the *arthians as a pretense for so doing& as though these had denoun$ed to him .y their am.assadors to $ast Herod out of Ara.ia/ )hile in reality they had a mind to #eep .a$# )hat they o)ed to Antipater& and not .e o.liged to ma#e re6uitals to his sons for the free gifts the father had made them" He also

too# the impudent advi$e of those )ho& e6ually )ith himself& )ere )illing to deprive Herod of )hat Antipater had deposited among them/ and these men )ere the most potent of all )hom he had in his #ingdom" A" So )hen Herod had found that the Ara.ians )ere his enemies& and this for those very reasons )hen$e he hoped they )ould have .een the most friendly& and had given them su$h an ans)er as his passion suggested& he returned .a$#& and )ent for %gypt" 1o) he lodged the first evening at one of the temples of that $ountry& in order to meet )ith those )hom he left .ehind/ .ut on the ne t day )ord )as .rought him& as he )as going to 0hino$urura& that his .rother )as dead& and ho) he $ame .y his death/ and )hen he had lamented him as mu$h as his present $ir$umstan$es $ould .ear& he soon laid aside su$h $ares& and pro$eeded on his 7ourney" But no)& after some time& the #ing of Ara.ia repented of )hat he had done& and sent presently a)ay messengers to $all him .a$#E Herod had prevented them& and )as $ome to *elusium& )here he $ould not o.tain a passage from those that lay )ith the fleet& so he .esought their $aptains to let him go .y them/ a$$ordingly& out of the reveren$e they .ore to the fame and dignity of the man& they $ondu$ted him to Ale andria/ and )hen he $ame into the $ity& he )as re$eived .y Cleopatra )ith great splendor& )ho hoped he might .e persuaded to .e $ommander of her for$es in the e pedition she )as no) a.out/ .ut he re7e$ted the 6ueen2s soli$itations& and .eing neither aftrighted at the height of that storm )hi$h" then happened& nor at the tumults that )ere no) in Italy& he sailed for 0ome" B" But as he )as in peril a.out *amphylia& and o.liged to $ast out the greatest part of the ship2s lading& he )ith diffi$ulty got safe to 0hodes& a pla$e )hi$h had .een grievously harassed in the )ar )ith Cassius" He )as there re$eived .y his friends& *tolemy and Sappinius/ and although he )as then in )ant of money& he fitted up a three-de$#ed ship of very great magnitude& )herein he and his friends sailed to Brundusium& ;A@> and )ent then$e to 0ome )ith all speed/ )here he first of all )ent to Antony& on a$$ount of the friendship his father had )ith him& and laid .efore him the $alamities of himself and his family/ and that he had left his nearest relations .esieged in a fortress& and had sailed to him through a storm& to ma#e suppli$ation to him for assistan$e" <" Hereupon Antony )as moved to $ompassion at the $hange that had .een made in Herod2s affairs& and this .oth upon his $alling to mind ho) hospita.ly he had .een treated .y Antipater& .ut more espe$ially on a$$ount of Herod2s o)n virtue/ so he then resolved to get him made #ing of the Je)s& )hom he had himself formerly made tetrar$h" The $ontest also that he had )ith Antigonus )as another indu$ement& and that of no less )eight than the great regard he had for Herod/ for he loo#ed upon Antigonus as a seditious person& and an enemy of the 0omans/ and as for Caesar& Herod found him .etter prepared than Antony& as remem.ering very fresh the )ars he had gone through together )ith his father& the hospita.le treatment he had met )ith from him& and the entire good-)ill he had sho)ed to him/ .esides the a$tivity )hi$h he sa) in Herod himself" So he $alled the senate together& )herein -essalas& and after him Atratinus& produ$ed Herod .efore them& and gave a full a$$ount of the merits of his father& and his o)n good-)ill to the 0omans" At the same time they demonstrated that Antigonus )as their enemy& not only .e$ause he soon 6uarreled )ith them& .ut .e$ause he no) overloo#ed the 0omans& and too# the government .y the means of the *arthians" These reasons greatly moved the senate/ at )hi$h 7un$ture Antony $ame in& and told them that it )as for their advantage in the *arthian )ar that Herod should .e #ing/ so they all gave their votes for it" And )hen the senate )as separated& Antony and Caesar )ent out& )ith Herod .et)een them/ )hile the $onsul and the rest of the magistrates )ent .efore them& in order to offer sa$rifi$es& and to lay the de$ree in the Capitol" Antony also made a feast for Herod on the first day of his reign" +'D'OT+1 ;A@> This Brentesium or Brundusium has $oin still preserved& on )hi$h is )ritten& as Spanheim informs us"

CH(PT+, 1!
('T)*O'01 B+1)+*+1 THO1+ TH(T W+,+ )' 6(1(D(8 WHO6 H+,OD /,++1 /,O6 CO'/)'+6+'T WH+' H+ C(6+ B(C7 /,O6 ,O6+8 ('D P,+1+'T.3 6(,CH+1 TO J+,01(.+6 WH+,+ H+ /)'D1 1).O CO,,0PT+D B3 B,)B+15
@" 1OW during this time Antigonus .esieged those that )ere in -asada& )ho had all other ne$essaries in suffi$ient 6uantity& .ut )ere in )ant of )ater/ on )hi$h a$$ount Joseph& Herod2s .rother& )as disposed to run a)ay to the Ara.ians& )ith t)o hundred of his o)n friends& .e$ause he had heard that -ali$hus repented of his offenses )ith regard to Herod/ and he had .een so 6ui$# as to have .een gone out of the fortress already& unless& on that very night )hen he )as going a)ay& there had fallen a great deal of rain& insomu$h that his reservoirs )ere full of )ater& and so he )as under no ne$essity of running a)ay" After )hi$h& therefore& they made an irruption upon Antigonus2s party& and sle) a great many of them& some in open .attles& and some in private am.ush/ nor had they al)ays su$$ess in their attempts& for sometimes they )ere .eaten& and ran a)ay" A" In the mean time 8entidius& the 0oman general& )as sent out of Syria& to restrain the in$ursions of the *arthians/ and after he had done that& he $ame into Judea& in pretense indeed to assist Joseph and his party& .ut in reality to get money of Antigonus/& and )hen he had pit$hed his $amp very near to Jerusalem& as soon as he had got money enough& he )ent a)ay )ith the greatest part of his for$es/ yet still did he leave Silo )ith some part of them& lest if he had ta#en them all a)ay& his ta#ing of .ri.es might have .een too openly dis$overed" 1o) Antigonus hoped that the *arthians )ould $ome again to his assistan$e& and therefore $ultivated a good understanding )ith Silo in the mean time& lest any interruption should .e given to his hopes" B" 1o) .y this time Herod had sailed out of Italy& and )as $ome to *tolemais/ and as soon as he had gotten together no small army of foreigners& and of his o)n $ountrymen& he mar$hed through (alilee against Antigonus& )herein he )as assisted .y 8entidius and Silo& .oth )hom 'ellius& ;AA> a person sent .y Antony& persuaded to .ring Herod +into his #ingdom," 1o) 8entidius )as at this time among the $ities& and $omposing the distur.an$es )hi$h had happened .y means of the *arthians& as )as Silo in Judea $orrupted .y the .ri.es that Antigonus had given him/ yet )as not Herod himself destitute of po)er& .ut the num.er of his for$es in$reased every day as he )ent along& and all (alilee& )ith fe) e $eptions& 7oined themselves to him" So he proposed to himself to set a.out his most ne$essary enterprise& and that )as -asada& in order to deliver his relations from the siege they endured" But still Joppa stood in his )ay& and hindered his going thither/ for it )as ne$essary to ta#e that $ity first& )hi$h )as in the enemies2 hands& that )hen he should go to Jerusalem& no fortress might .e left in the enemies2 po)er .ehind him" Silo also )illingly 7oined him& as having no) a plausi.le o$$asion of dra)ing off his for$es +from Jerusalem,/ and )hen the Je)s pursued him& and pressed upon him& +in his retreat&, Herod made all e $ursion upon them )ith a small .ody of his men& and soon put them to flight& and saved Silo )hen he )as in distress" <" After this Herod too# Joppa& and then made haste to -asada to free his relations" 1o)& as he )as mar$hing& many $ame in to him& indu$ed .y their friendship to his father& some .y the reputation he had already gained himself& and some in order to repay the .enefits they had re$eived from them .oth/ .ut still )hat engaged the greatest num.er on his side& )as the hopes from him )hen he should .e esta.lished in his #ingdom/ so that he had gotten together already an army hard to .e $on6uered" But Antigonus laid an am.ush for him as he mar$hed out& in )hi$h he did little or no harm to his enemies" Ho)ever& he easily re$overed his relations again that )ere in -asada& as )ell as the fortress 0essa& and then mar$hed to Jerusalem& )here the soldiers that )ere )ith Silo 7oined themselves to his o)n& as did many out of the $ity& from a dread of his po)er" C" 1o) )hen he had pit$hed his $amp on the )est side of the $ity& the guards that )ere there shot their

arro)s and thre) their darts at them& )hile others ran out in $ompanies& and atta$#ed those in the forefront/ .ut Herod $ommanded pro$lamation to .e made at the )all& that he )as $ome for the good of the people and the preservation of the $ity& )ithout any design to .e revenged on his open enemies& .ut to grant o.livion to them& though they had .een the most o.stinate against him" 1o) the soldiers that )ere for Antigonus made a $ontrary $lamor& and did neither permit any .ody to hear that pro$lamation& nor to $hange their party/ so Antigonus gave order to his for$es to .eat the enemy from the )alls/ a$$ordingly& they soon thre) their darts at them from the to)ers& and put them to flight" D" And here it )as that Silo dis$overed he had ta#en .ri.es/ for he set many of the soldiers to $lamor a.out their )ant of ne$essaries& and to re6uire their pay& in order to .uy themselves food& and to demand that he )ould lead them into pla$es $onvenient for their )inter 6uarters/ .e$ause all the parts a.out the $ity )ere laid )aste .y the means of Antigonus2s army& )hi$h had ta#en all things a)ay" By this he moved the army& and attempted to get them off the siege/ .ut Herod )ent to the $aptains that )ere under Silo& and to a great many of the soldiers& and .egged of them not to leave him& )ho )as sent thither .y Caesar& and Antony& and the senate/ for that he )ould ta#e $are to have their )ants supplied that very day" After the ma#ing of )hi$h entreaty& he )ent hastily into the $ountry& and .rought thither so great an a.undan$e of ne$essaries& that he $ut off all Silo2s pretenses/ and in order to provide that for the follo)ing days they should not )ant supplies& he sent to the people that )ere a.out Samaria ;)hi$h $ity had 7oined itself to him> to .ring $orn& and )ine& and oil& and $attle to Jeri$ho" When Antigonus heard of this& .e sent some of his party )ith orders to hinder& and lay am.ushes for these $olle$tors of $orn" This $ommand )as o.eyed& and a great multitude of armed men )ere gathered together a.out Jeri$ho& and lay upon the mountains& to )at$h those that .rought the provisions" !et )as Herod not idle& .ut too# )ith him ten $ohorts& five of them )ere 0omans& and five )ere Je)ish $ohorts& together )ith some mer$enary troops intermi ed among them& and .esides those a fe) horsemen& and $ame to Jeri$ho/ and )hen he $ame& he found the $ity deserted& .ut that there )ere five hundred men& )ith their )ives and $hildren& )ho had ta#en possession of the tops of the mountains/ these he too#& and dismissed them& )hile the 0omans fell upon the rest of the $ity& and plundered it& having found the houses full of all sorts of good things" So the #ing left a garrison at Jeri$ho& and $ame .a$#& and sent the 0oman army into those $ities )hi$h )ere $ome over to him& to ta#e their )inter 6uarters there& vi?" into Judea& +or Idumea&, and (alilee& and Samaria" Antigonus also .y .ri.es o.tained of Silo to let a part of his army .e re$eived at 4ydda& as a $ompliment to Antonius" +'D'OT+1 ;AA> This 'ellius is famous& or rather infamous& in the history of -ar# Antony& as Spanheim and Aldri$h here note& from the $oins& from *lutar$h and 'io"

CH(PT+, 1"
H+,OD T(7+1 1+PPHO,)1 ('D 10BD0+1 TH+ ,OBB+,1 TH(T W+,+ )' TH+ C(-+1 ; H+ (/T+, TH(T (-+'*+1 H)61+./ 0PO' 6(CH+,(18 (1 0PO' (' +'+63 O/ H)1 ('D *O+1 TO ('TO'3 (1 H+ W(1 B+1)+*)'* 1(6O1(T(5
@" SO the 0omans lived in plenty of all things& and rested from )ar" Ho)ever& Herod did not lie at rest& .ut sei?ed upon Idumea& and #ept it& )ith t)o thousand footmen& and four hundred horsemen/ and this he did .y sending his .rother Joseph thither& that no innovation might .e made .y Antigonus" He also removed his mother& and all his relations& )ho had .een in -asada& to Samaria/ and )hen he had settled them se$urely& he mar$hed to ta#e the remaining parts of (alilee& and to drive a)ay the garrisons pla$ed there .y Antigonus"

A" But )hen Herod had rea$hed Sepphoris& ;AB> in a very great sno)& he too# the $ity )ithout any diffi$ulty/ the guards that should have #ept it flying a)ay .efore it )as assaulted/ )here he gave an opportunity to his follo)ers that had .een in distress to refresh themselves& there .eing in that $ity a great a.undan$e of ne$essaries" After )hi$h he hasted a)ay to the ro..ers that )ere in the $aves& )ho overran a great part of the $ountry& and did as great mis$hief to its inha.itants as a )ar itself $ould have done" A$$ordingly& he sent .eforehand three $ohorts of footmen& and one troop of horsemen& to the village Ar.ela& and $ame himself forty days after)ards ;A<> )ith the rest of his for$es !et )ere not the enemy aftrighted at his assault .ut met him in arms/ for their s#ill )as that of )arriors& .ut their .oldness )as the .oldness of ro..ersE )hen therefore it $ame to a pit$hed .attle& they put to flight Herod2s left )ing )ith their right one/ .ut Herod& )heeling a.out on the sudden from his o)n right )ing& $ame to their assistan$e& and .oth made his o)n left )ing return .a$# from its flight& and fell upon the pursuers& and $ooled their $ourage& till they $ould not .ear the attempts that )ere made dire$tly upon them& and so turned .a$# and ran a)ay" B" But Herod follo)ed them& and sle) them as he follo)ed them& and destroyed a great part of them& till those that remained )ere s$attered .eyond the river +Jordan/, and (alilee )as freed from the terrors they had .een under& e $epting from those that remained& and lay $on$ealed in $aves& )hi$h re6uired longer time ere they $ould .e $on6uered" In order to )hi$h Herod& in the first pla$e& distri.uted the fruits of their former la.ors to the soldiers& and gave every one of them a hundred and fifty dra$hmae of silver& and a great deal more to their $ommanders& and sent them into their )inter 6uarters" He also sent to his youngest .rother *heroas& to ta#e $are of a good mar#et for them& )here they might .uy themselves provisions& and to .uild a )all a.out Ale andrium/ )ho too# $are of .oth those in7un$tions a$$ordingly" <" In the mean time Antony a.ode at Athens& )hile 8entidius $alled for Silo and Herod to $ome to the )ar against the *arthians& .ut ordered them first to settle the affairs of Judea/ so Herod )illingly dismissed Silo to go to 8entidius& .ut he made an e pedition himself against those that lay in the $aves" 1o) these $aves )ere in the pre$ipi$es of $raggy mountains& and $ould not .e $ome at from any side& sin$e they had only some )inding path)ays& very narro)& .y )hi$h they got up to them/ .ut the ro$# that lay on their front had .eneath it valleys of a vast depth& and of an almost perpendi$ular de$livity/ insomu$h that the #ing )as dou.tful for a long time )hat to do& .y reason of a #ind of impossi.ility there )as of atta$#ing the pla$e" !et did he at length ma#e use of a $ontrivan$e that )as su.7e$t to the utmost ha?ard/ for he let do)n the most hardy of his men in $hests& and set them at the mouths of the dens" 1o) these men sle) the ro..ers and their families& and )hen they made resistan$e& they sent in fire upon them +and .urnt them,/ and as Herod )as desirous of saving some of them& he had pro$lamation made& that they should $ome and deliver themselves up to him/ .ut not one of them $ame )illingly to him/ and of those that )ere $ompelled to $ome& many preferred death to $aptivity" And here a $ertain old man& the father of seven $hildren& )hose $hildren& together )ith their mother& desired him to give them leave to go out& upon the assuran$e and right hand that )as offered them& sle) them after the follo)ing mannerE He ordered every one of them to go out& )hile he stood himself at the $ave2s mouth& and sle) that son of his perpetually )ho )ent out" Herod )as near enough to see this sight& and his .o)els of $ompassion )ere moved at it& and he stret$hed out his right hand to the old man& and .esought him to spare his $hildren/ yet did not he relent at all upon )hat he said& .ut over and a.ove reproa$hed Herod on the lo)ness of his des$ent& and sle) his )ife as )ell as his $hildren/ and )hen he had thro)n their dead .odies do)n the pre$ipi$e& he at last thre) himself do)n after them" C" By this means Herod su.dued these $aves& and the ro..ers that )ere in them" He then left there a part of his army& as many as he thought suffi$ient to prevent any sedition& and made *tolemy their general& and returned to Samaria/ he led also )ith him three thousand armed footmen& and si hundred horsemen& against Antigonus" 1o) here those that used to raise tumults in (alilee& having li.erty so to do upon his departure& fell une pe$tedly upon *tolemy& the general of his for$es& and sle) him/ they also laid the $ountry )aste& and then retired to the .ogs& and to pla$es not easily to .e found" But )hen Herod )as informed of this insurre$tion& he $ame to the assistan$e of the $ountry

immediately& and destroyed a great num.er of the seditions& and raised the sieges of all those fortresses they had .esieged/ he also e a$ted the tri.ute of a hundred talents of his enemies& as a penalty for the mutations they had made in the $ountry" D" By this time ;the *arthians .eing already driven out of the $ountry& and *a$orus slain> 8entidius& .y Antony2s $ommand& sent a thousand horsemen& and t)o legions& as au iliaries to Herod& against Antigonus" 1o) Antigonus .esought -a$heras& )ho )as their general& .y letter& to $ome to his assistan$e& and made a great many mournful $omplaints a.out Herod2s violen$e& and a.out the in7uries he did to the #ingdom/ and promised to give him money for su$h his assistan$e/ .ut he $omplied not )ith his invitation to .etray his trust& for he did not $ontemn him that sent him& espe$ially )hile Herod gave him more money +than the other offered," So he pretended friendship to Antigonus& .ut $ame as a spy to dis$over his affairs/ although he did not herein $omply )ith Herod& )ho dissuaded him from so doing" But Antigonus per$eived )hat his intentions )ere .eforehand& and e $luded him out of the $ity& and defended himself against him as against an enemy& from the )alls/ till -a$heras )as ashamed of )hat he had done& and retired to %mmaus to Herod/ and as he )as in a rage at his disappointment& he sle) all the Je)s )hom he met )ith& )ithout sparing those that )ere for Herod& .ut using them all as if they )ere for Antigonus" H" Hereupon Herod )as very angry at him& and )as going to fight against -a$heras as his enemy/ .ut he restrained his indignation& and mar$hed to Antony to a$$use -a$heras of maladministration" But -a$heras )as made sensi.le of his offenses& and follo)ed after the #ing immediately& and earnestly .egged and o.tained that he )ould .e re$on$iled to him" Ho)ever& Herod did not desist from his resolution of going to Antony/ .ut )hen he heard that he )as .esieging Samosata ;AC> )ith a great army& )hi$h is a strong $ity near to %uphrates& he made the greater haste/ as o.serving that this )as a proper opportunity for sho)ing at on$e his $ourage& and for doing )hat )ould greatly o.lige Antony" Indeed& )hen he $ame& he soon made an end of that siege& and sle) a great num.er of the .ar.arians& and too# from them a large prey/ insomu$h that Antony& )ho admired his $ourage formerly& did no) admire it still more" A$$ordingly& he heaped many more honors upon him& and gave him more assured hopes that he should gain his #ingdom/ and no) #ing Antio$hus )as for$ed to deliver up Samosata" +'D'OT+1 ;AB> This Sepphoris& the metropolis of (alilee& so often mentioned .y Josephus& has $oins still remaining& as Spanheim here informs us" ;A<> This )ay of spea#ing& Iafter forty days&I is interpreted .y Josephus himself& Ion the fortieth day&I Anti6" B" FI8" $h" @C" se$t" <" In li#e manner& )hen Josephus says& $h" BB" se$t" G& that Herod lived IafterI he had ordered Antipater to .e slain Ifive days/I this is .y himself interpreted& Anti6" B" F8II" $h" G" se$t" @& that he died Ion the fifth day after)ard"I So also )hat is in this .oo#& $h" @B" se$t" @& Iafter t)o years&I is& Anti6" B" FI8" $h" @B" se$t" B& Ion the se$ond year"I And 'ean Aldri$h here notes that this )ay of spea#ing is familiar to Josephus" ;AC> This Samosata& the metropolis of Commagena& is )ell #no)n from its $oins& as Spanheim here assures us" 'ean Aldri$h also $onfirms )hat Josephus here notes& that Herod )as a great means of ta#ing the $ity .y Antony& and that from *lutar$h and 'io"

CH(PT+, 1#
TH+ D+(TH O/ JO1+PH 9H+,OD<1 B,OTH+,: WH)CH H(D B++' 1)*')/)+D TO H+,OD )' D,+(615 HOW H+,OD W(1 P,+1+,-+D TW)C+ (/T+, ( WO'D+,/0. 6(''+,5 H+ C0T1 O// TH+ H+(D O/ P(PP018 WHO W(1 TH+ 60,D+,+, O/ H)1 B,OTH+, ('D 1+'D1 TH(T H+(D TO 9H)1 OTH+,

B,OTH+,: PH+,O,(18 ('D )' 'O .O'* T)6+ H+ B+1)+*+1 J+,01(.+6 ('D 6(,,)+1 6(,)(6'+5
@" I1 the mean time& Herod2s affairs in Judea )ere in an ill state" He had left his .rother Joseph )ith full po)er& .ut had $harged him to ma#e no attempts against Antigonus till his return/ for that -a$heras )ould not .e su$h an assistant as he $ould depend on& as it appeared .y )hat he had done already/ .ut as soon as Joseph heard that his .rother )as at a very great distan$e& he negle$ted the $harge he had re$eived& and mar$hed to)ards Jeri$ho )ith five $ohorts& )hi$h -a$heras sent )ith him" This movement )as intended for sei?ing on the $orn& as it )as no) in the midst of summer/ .ut )hen his enemies atta$#ed him in the mountains& and in pla$es )hi$h )ere diffi$ult to pass& he )as .oth #illed himself& as he )as very .ravely fighting in the .attle& and the entire 0oman $ohorts )ere destroyed/ for these $ohorts )ere ne)-raised men& gathered out of Syria& and here )as no mi ture of those $alled veteran soldiers among them& )ho might have supported those that )ere uns#illful in )ar" A" This vi$tory )as not suffi$ient for Antigonus/ .ut he pro$eeded to that degree of rage& as to treat the dead .ody of Joseph .ar.arously/ for )hen he had got possession of the .odies of those that )ere slain& he $ut off his head& although his .rother *heroras )ould have given fifty talents as a pri$e of redemption for it" And no) the affairs of (alilee )ere put in su$h disorder after this vi$tory of Antigonus2s& that those of Antigonus2s party .rought the prin$ipal men that )ere on Herod2s side to the la#e& and there dro)ned them" There )as a great $hange made also in Idumea& )here -a$heras )as .uilding a )all a.out one of the fortresses& )hi$h )as $alled (ittha" But Herod had not yet .een informed of these things/ for after the ta#ing of Samosata& and )hen Antony had set Sosius over the affairs of Syria& and had given him orders to assist Herod against Antigonus& he departed into %gypt/ .ut Sosius sent t)o legions .efore him into Judea to assist Herod& and follo)ed himself soon after )ith the rest of his army" B" 1o) )hen Herod )as at 'aphne& .y Antio$h& he had some dreams )hi$h $learly fore.oded his .rother2s death/ and as he leaped out of his .ed in a distur.ed manner& there $ame messengers that a$6uainted him )ith that $alamity" So )hen he had lamented this misfortune for a )hile& he put off the main part of his mourning& and made haste to mar$h against his enemies/ and )hen he had performed a mar$h that )as a.ove his strength& and )as gone as far as 4i.anus& he got him eight hundred men of those that lived near to that mountain as his assistants& and 7oined )ith them one 0oman legion& )ith )hi$h& .efore it )as day& he made an irruption into (alilee& and met his enemies& and drove them .a$# to the pla$e )hi$h they had left" He also made an immediate and $ontinual atta$# upon the fortress" !et )as he for$ed .y a most terri.le storm to pit$h his $amp in the neigh.oring villages .efore he $ould ta#e it" But )hen& after a fe) days2 time& the se$ond legion& that $ame from Antony& 7oined themselves to him& the enemy )ere aftrighted at his po)er& and left their fortifi$ations ill the night time" <" After this he mar$hed through Jeri$ho& as ma#ing )hat haste he $ould to .e avenged on his .rother2s murderers/ )here happened to him a providential sign& out of )hi$h& )hen he had une pe$tedly es$aped& he had the reputation of .eing very dear to (od/ for that evening there feasted )ith him many of the prin$ipal men/ and after that feast )as over& and all the guests )ere gone out& the house fell do)n immediately" And as he 7udged this to .e a $ommon signal of )hat dangers he should undergo& and ho) he should es$ape them in the )ar that he )as going a.out& he& in the morning& set for)ard )ith his army& )hen a.out si thousand of his enemies $ame running do)n from the mountains& and .egan to fight )ith those in his forefront/ yet durst they not .e so very .old as to engage the 0omans hand to hand& .ut thre) stones and darts at them at a distan$e/ .y )hi$h means they )ounded a $onsidera.le num.er/ in )hi$h a$tion Herod2s o)n side )as )ounded )ith a dart" C" 1o) as Antigonus had a mind to appear to e $eed Herod& not only in the $ourage& .ut in the num.er of his men& he sent *appus& one of his $ompanions& )ith an army against Samaria& )hose fortune it )as to oppose -a$heras/ .ut Herod overran the enemy2s $ountry& and demolished five little $ities& and destroyed t)o thousand men that )ere in them& and .urned their houses& and then returned to his $amp/ .ut his head-6uarters )ere at the village $alled Cana"

D" 1o) a great multitude of Je)s resorted to him every day& .oth out of Jeri$ho and the other parts of the $ountry" Some )ere moved so to do out of their hatred to Antigonus& and some out of regard to the glorious a$tions Herod had done/ .ut others )ere led on .y an unreasona.le desire of $hange/ so he fell upon them immediately" As for *appus and his party& they )ere not terrified either at their num.er or at their ?eal& .ut mar$hed out )ith great ala$rity to fight them/ and it $ame to a $lose fight" 1o) other parts of their army made resistan$e for a )hile/ .ut Herod& running the utmost ha?ard& out of the rage he )as in at the murder of his .rother& that he might .e avenged on those that had .een the authors of it& soon .eat those that opposed him/ and after he had .eaten them& he al)ays turned his for$e against those that stood to it still& and pursued them all/ so that a great slaughter )as made& )hile some )ere for$ed .a$# into that village )hen$e they $ame out/ he also pressed hard upon the hindermost& and sle) a vast num.er of them/ he also fell into the village )ith the enemy& )here every house )as filled )ith armed men& and the upper rooms )ere $ro)ded a.ove )ith soldiers for their defense/ and )hen he had .eaten those that )ere on the outside& he pulled the houses to pie$es& and plu$#ed out those that )ere )ithin/ upon many he had the roofs sha#en do)n& )here.y they perished .y heaps/ and as for those that fled out of the ruins& the soldiers re$eived them )ith their s)ords in their hands/ and the multitude of those slain and lying on heaps )as so great& that the $on6uerors $ould not pass along the roads" 1o) the enemy $ould not .ear this .lo)& so that )hen the multitude of them )hi$h )as gathered together sa) that those in the village )ere slain& they dispersed themselves& and fled a)ay/ upon the $onfiden$e of )hi$h vi$tory& Herod had mar$hed immediately to Jerusalem& unless he tad .een hindered .y the depth of )inter2s +$oming on," This )as the impediment that lay in the )ay of this his entire glorious progress& and )as )hat hindered Antigonus from .eing no) $on6uered& )ho )as already disposed to forsa#e the $ity" H" 1o) )hen at the evening Herod had already dismissed his friends to refresh themselves after their fatigue& and )hen he )as gone himself& )hile he )as still hot in his armor& li#e a $ommon soldier& to .athe himself& and had .ut one servant that attended him& and .efore he )as gotten into the .ath& one of the enemies met him in the fa$e )ith a s)ord in his hand& and then a se$ond& and then a third& and after that more of them/ these )ere men )ho had run a)ay out of the .attle into the .ath in their armor& and they had lain there for some time in& great terror& and in priva$y/ and )hen they sa) the #ing& they trem.led for fear& and ran .y him in a flight& although he )as na#ed& and endeavored to get off into the pu.li$ road" 1o) there )as .y $han$e no.ody else at hand that might sei?e upon these men/ and for Herod& he )as $ontented to have $ome to no harm himself& so that they all got a)ay in safety" G" But on the ne t day Herod had *appus2s head $ut off& )ho )as the general for Antigonus& and )as slain in the .attle& and sent it to his .rother *heroras& .y )ay of punishment for their slain .rother/ for he )as the man that sle) Joseph" 1o) as )inter )as going off& Herod mar$hed to Jerusalem& and .rought his army to the )all of it/ this )as the third year sin$e he had .een made #ing at 0ome/ so he pit$hed his $amp .efore the temple& for on that side it might .e .esieged& and there it )as that *ompey too# the $ity" So he parted the )or# among the army& and demolished the su.ur.s& end raised three .an#s& and gave orders to have to)ers .uilt upon those .an#s& and left the most la.orious of his a$6uaintan$e at the )or#s" But he )ent himself to Samaria& to ta#e the daughter of Ale ander& the son of Aristo.ulus& to )ife& )ho had .een .etrothed to him .efore& as )e have already said/ and thus he a$$omplished this .y the .y& during the siege of the $ity& for he had his enemies in great $ontempt already" M" When he had thus married -ariamne& he $ame .a$# to Jerusalem )ith a greater army" Sosius also 7oined him )ith a large army& .oth of horsemen and footmen& )hi$h he sent .efore him through the midland parts& )hile he mar$hed himself along *hoeni$ia/ and )hen the )hole army )as gotten together& )hi$h )ere eleven regiments of footmen& and si thousand horsemen& .esides the Syrian au iliaries& )hi$h )ere no small part of the army& they pit$hed their $amp near to the north )all" Herod2s dependen$e )as upon the de$ree of the senate& .y )hi$h he )as made #ing/ and Sosius relied upon Antony& )ho sent the army that )as under him to Herod2s assistan$e"

CH(PT+, 1$
HOW H+,OD ('D 1O1)01 TOO7 J+,01(.+6 B3 /O,C+; ('D WH(T D+(TH ('T)*O'01 C(6+ TO5 (.1O CO'C+,')'* C.+OP(T,(<1 (-(,)C)O01 T+6P+,5
@" 1OW the multitude of the Je)s that )ere in the $ity )ere divided into several fa$tions/ for the people that $ro)ded a.out the temple& .eing the )ea#er part of them& gave it out that& as the times )ere& he )as the happiest and most religious man )ho should die first" But as to the more .old and hardy men& they got together in .odies& and fell a ro..ing others after various manners& and these parti$ularly plundered the pla$es that )ere a.out the $ity& and this .e$ause there )as no food left either for the horses or the men/ yet some of the )arli#e men& )ho )ere used to fight regularly& )ere appointed to defend the $ity during the siege& and these drove those that raised the .an#s a)ay from the )all/ and these )ere al)ays inventing some engine or another to .e a hinderan$e to the engines of the enemy/ nor had they so mu$h su$$ess any )ay as in the mines under ground" A" 1o) as for the ro..eries )hi$h )ere $ommitted& the #ing $ontrived that am.ushes should .e so laid& that they might restrain their e $ursions/ and as for the )ant of provisions& he provided that they should .e .rought to them from great distan$es" He )as also too hard for the Je)s& .y the 0omans2 s#ill in the art of )ar/ although they )ere .old to the utmost degree& no) they durst not $ome to a plain .attle )ith the 0omans& )hi$h )as $ertain death/ .ut through their mines under ground they )ould appear in the midst of them on the sudden& and .efore they $ould .atter do)n one )all& they .uilt them another in its stead/ and to sum up all at on$e& they did not sho) any )ant either of painsta#ing or of $ontrivan$es& as having resolved to hold out to the very last" Indeed& though they had so great an army lying round a.out them& they .ore a siege of five months& till some of Herod2s $hosen men ventured to get upon the )all& and fell into the $ity& as did Sosius2s $enturions after them/ and no) they first of all sei?ed upon )hat )as a.out the temple/ and upon the pouring in of the army& there )as slaughter of vast multitudes every )here& .y reason of the rage the 0omans )ere in at the length of this siege& and .y reason that the Je)s )ho )ere a.out Herod earnestly endeavored that none of their adversaries might remain/ so they )ere $ut to pie$es .y great multitudes& as they )ere $ro)ded together in narro) streets& and in houses& or )ere running a)ay to the temple/ nor )as there any mer$y sho)ed either to infants& or to the aged& or to the )ea#er se / insomu$h that although the #ing sent a.out and desired them to spare the people& no.ody $ould .e persuaded to )ithhold their right hand from slaughter& .ut they sle) people of all ages& li#e madmen" Then it )as that Antigonus& )ithout any regard to his former or to his present fortune& $ame do)n from the $itadel& and fell at Sosius2s feet& )ho )ithout pitying him at all& upon the $hange of his $ondition& laughed at him .eyond measure& and $alled him Antigona" ;AD> !et did he not treat him li#e a )oman& or let him go free& .ut put him into .onds& and #ept him in $ustody" B" But Herod2s $on$ern at present& no) he had gotten his enemies under his po)er& )as to restrain the ?eal of his foreign au iliaries/ for the multitude of the strange people )ere very eager to see the temple& and )hat )as sa$red in the holy house itself/ .ut the #ing endeavored to restrain them& partly .y his e hortations& partly .y his threatenings& nay& partly .y for$e& as thin#ing the vi$tory )orse than a defeat to him& if any thing that ought not to .e seen )ere seen .y them" He also for.ade& at the same time& the spoiling of the $ity& as#ing Sosius in the most earnest manner& )hether the 0omans& .y thus emptying the $ity of money and men& had a mind to leave him #ing of a desert& - and told him that he 7udged the dominion of the ha.ita.le earth too small a $ompensation for the slaughter of so many $iti?ens" And )hen Sosius said that it )as .ut 7ust to allo) the soldiers this plunder as a re)ard for )hat they suffered during the siege& Herod made ans)er& that he )ould give every one of the soldiers a re)ard out of his o)n money" So he pur$hased the deliveran$e of his $ountry& and performed his promises to them& and made presents after a magnifi$ent manner to ea$h soldier& and proportiona.ly

to their $ommanders& and )ith a most royal .ounty to Sosius himself& )here.y no.ody )ent a)ay .ut in a )ealthy $ondition" Hereupon Sosius dedi$ated a $ro)n of gold to (od& and then )ent a)ay from Jerusalem& leading Antigonus a)ay in .onds to Antony/ then did the a e .ring him to his end& ;AH> )ho still had a fond desire of life& and some frigid hopes of it to the last& .ut .y his $o)ardly .ehavior )ell deserved to die .y it" <" Hereupon #ing Herod distinguished the multitude that )as in the $ity/ and for those that )ere of his side& he made them still more his friends .y the honors he $onferred on them/ .ut for those of Antigonus2s party& he sle) them/ and as his money ran lo)& he turned all the ornaments he had into money& and sent it to Antony& and to those a.out him" !et $ould he not here.y pur$hase an e emption from all sufferings/ for Antony )as no) .e)it$hed .y his love to Cleopatra& and )as entirely $on6uered .y her $harms" 1o) Cleopatra had put to death all her #indred& till no one near her in .lood remained alive& and after that she fell a slaying those no )ay related to her" So she $alumniated the prin$ipal men among the Syrians to Antony& and persuaded him to have them slain& that so she might easily gain to .e mistress of )hat they had/ nay& she e tended her avari$ious humor to the Je)s and Ara.ians& and se$retly la.ored to have Herod and -ali$hus& the #ings of .oth those nations& slain .y his order" C" 1o) is to these her in7un$tions to Antony& he $omplied in part/ for though he esteemed it too a.omina.le a thing to #ill su$h good and great #ings& yet )as he there.y alienated from the friendship he had for them" He also too# a)ay a great deal of their $ountry/ nay& even the plantation of palm trees at Jeri$ho& )here also gro)s the .alsam tree& and .esto)ed them upon her/ as also all the $ities on this side the river %leutherus& Tyre and Sidon ;AG> e $epted" And )hen she )as .e$ome mistress of these& and had $ondu$ted Antony in his e pedition against the *arthians as far as %uphrates& she $ame .y Apamia and 'amas$us into Judea and there did Herod pa$ify her indignation at him .y large presents" He also hired of her those pla$es that had .een torn a)ay from his #ingdom& at the yearly rent of t)o hundred talents" He $ondu$ted her also as far as *elusium& and paid her all the respe$ts possi.le" 1o) it )as not long after this that Antony )as $ome .a$# from *arthia& and led )ith him Arta.a?es& Tigranes2s son& $aptive& as a present for Cleopatra/ for this *arthian )as presently given her& )ith his money& and all the prey that )as ta#en )ith him" +'D'OT+1 ;AD> That is& a )oman& not& a man" ;AH> This death of Antigonus is $onfirmed .y *lutar$h and" Straho/ the latter of )hom is $ited for it .y Josephus himself& Anti6" B" F8" $h" @" se$t" A& as 'ean Aldri$h here o.serves" ;AG> This an$ient li.erty of Tyre and Sidon under the 0omans& ta#en noti$e of .y Josephus& .oth here and Anti6" B" F8" $h" <" se$t" @& is $onfirmed .y the testimony of Sira.e& B" F8I" p" HCH& as 'ean Aldri$h remar#s/ although& as he 7ustly adds& this li.erty lasted .ut a little )hile longer& )hen Augtus too# it a)ay from them"

CH(PT+, 1%
HOW ('TO'3 (T TH+ P+,10(1)O' O/ C.+OP(T,( 1+'T H+,OD TO /)*HT (*()'1T TH+ (,(B)('1; ('D 'OW (/T+, 1+-+,(. B(TT.+18 H+ (T .+'*TH *OT TH+ -)CTO,35 (1 (.1O CO'C+,')'* ( *,+(T +(,TH=0(7+5
@" 1OW )hen the )ar a.out A$tium )as .egun& Herod prepared to $ome to the assistan$e of Antony& as .eing already freed from his trou.les in Judea& and having gained Hyr$ania& )hi$h )as a pla$e that )as held .y Antigonus2s sister" Ho)ever& he )as $unningly hindered from parta#ing of the ha?ards

that Antony )ent through .y Cleopatra/ for sin$e& as )e have already noted& she had laid a plot against the #ings +of Judea and Ara.ia,& she prevailed )ith Antony to $ommit the )ar against the Ara.ians to Herod/ that so& if he got the .etter& she might .e$ome mistress of Ara.ia& or& if he )ere )orsted& of Judea/ and that she might destroy one of those #ings .y the other" A" Ho)ever& this $ontrivan$e tended to the advantage of Herod/ for at the very first he too# hostages from the enemy& and got together a great .ody of horse& and ordered them to mar$h against them a.out 'iespous/ and he $on6uered that army& although it fought resolutely against him" After )hi$h defeat& the Ara.ians )ere in great motion& and assem.led themselves together at 3anatha& a $ity of Celesyria& in vast multitudes& and )aited for the Je)s" And )hen Herod )as $ome thither& he tried to manage this )ar )ith parti$ular pruden$e& and gave orders that they should .uild a )all a.out their $amp/ yet did not the multitude $omply )ith those orders& .ut )ere so em.oldened .y their foregoing vi$tory& that they presently atta$#ed the Ara.ians& and .eat them at the first onset& and then pursued them/ yet )ere there snares laid for Herod in that pursuit/ )hile Athenio& )ho )as one of Cleopatra2s generals& and al)ays an antagonist to Herod& sent out of 3anatha the men of that $ountry against him/ for& upon this fresh onset& the Ara.ians too# $ourage& and returned .a$#& and .oth 7oined their numerous for$es a.out stony pla$es& that )ere hard to .e gone over& and there put Herod2s men to the rout& and made a great slaughter of them/ .ut those that es$aped out of the .attle fled to Ormi?a& )here the Ara.ians surrounded their $amp& and too# it& )ith all the men in it" B" In a little time after this $alamity& Herod $ame to .ring them su$$ors/ .ut he $ame too late" 1o) the o$$asion of that .lo) )as this& that the offi$ers )ould not o.ey orders/ for had not the fight .egun so suddenly& Athenio had not found a proper season for the snares he laid for HerodE ho)ever& he )as even )ith the Ara.ians after)ard& and overran their $ountry& and did them more harm than their single vi$tory $ould $ompensate" But as he )as avenging himself on his enemies& there fell upon him another providential $alamity/ for in the seventh ;AM> year of his reign& )hen the )ar a.out A$tium )as at the height& at the .eginning of the spring& the earth )as sha#en& and destroyed an immense num.er of $attle& )ith thirty thousand men/ .ut the army re$eived no harm& .e$ause it lay in the open air" In the mean time& the fame of this earth6ua#e elevated the Ara.ians to greater $ourage& and this .y augmenting it to a fa.ulous height& as is $onstantly the $ase in melan$holy a$$idents& and pretending that all Judea )as overthro)n" 5pon this supposal& therefore& that they should easily get a land that )as destitute of inha.itants into their po)er& they first sa$rifi$ed those am.assadors )ho )ere $ome to them from the Je)s& and then mar$hed into Judea immediately" 1o) the Je)ish nation )ere affrighted at this invasion& and 6uite dispirited at the greatness of their $alamities one after another/ )hom yet Herod got together& and endeavored to en$ourage to defend themselves .y the follo)ing spee$h )hi$h he made to themE <" IThe present dread you are under seems to me to have sei?ed upon you very unreasona.ly" It is true& you might 7ustly .e dismayed at that providential $hastisement )hi$h hath .efallen you/ .ut to suffer yourselves to .e e6ually terrified at the invasion of men is unmanly" As for myself& I am so far from .eing aftrighted at our enemies after this earth6ua#e& that I imagine that (od hath there.y laid a .ait for the Ara.ians& that )e may .e avenged on them/ for their present invasion pro$eeds more from our a$$idental misfortunes& than that they have any great dependen$e on their )eapons& or their o)n fitness for a$tion" 1o) that hope )hi$h depends not on men2s o)n po)er& .ut on others2 ill su$$ess& is a very ti$#lish thing/ for there is no $ertainty among men& either in their .ad or good fortunes/ .ut )e may easily o.serve that fortune is muta.le& and goes from one side to another/ and this you may readily learn from e amples among yourselves/ for )hen you )ere on$e vi$tors in the former fight& your enemies over$ame you at last/ and very li#ely it )ill no) happen so& that these )ho thin# themselves sure of .eating you )ill themselves .e .eaten" For )hen men are very $onfident& they are not upon their guard& )hile fear tea$hes men to a$t )ith $aution/ insomu$h that I venture to prove from your very timorousness that you ought to ta#e $ourage/ for )hen you )ere more .old than you ought to have .een& and than I )ould have had you& and mar$hed on& Athenio2s trea$hery too# pla$e/ .ut your present slo)ness and seeming de7e$tion of mind is to me a pledge and assuran$e of vi$tory" And indeed it is proper .eforehand to .e thus provident/ .ut )hen )e $ome to a$tion& )e ought to

ere$t our minds& and to ma#e our enemies& .e they ever so )i$#ed& .elieve that neither any human& no& nor any providential misfortune& $an ever depress the $ourage of Je)s )hile they are alive/ nor )ill any of them ever overloo# an Ara.ian& or suffer su$h a one to .e$ome lord of his good things& )hom he has in a manner ta#en $aptive& and that many times also" And do not you distur. yourselves at the 6ua#ing of inanimate $reatures& nor do you imagine that this earth6ua#e is a sign of another $alamity/ for su$h affe$tions of the elements are a$$ording to the $ourse of nature& nor does it import any thing further to men& than )hat mis$hief it does immediately of itself" *erhaps there may $ome some short sign .eforehand in the $ase of pestilen$es& and famines& and earth6ua#es/ .ut these $alamities themselves have their for$e limited .y themselves +)ithout fore.oding any other $alamity," And indeed )hat greater mis$hief $an the )ar& though it should .e a violent one& do to us than the earth6ua#e hath doneK 1ay& there is a signal of our enemies2 destru$tion visi.le& and that a very great one also/ and this is not a natural one& nor derived from the hand of foreigners neither& .ut it is this& that they have .ar.arously murdered our am.assadors& $ontrary to the $ommon la) of man#ind/ and they have destroyed so many& as if they esteemed them sa$rifi$es for (od& in relation to this )ar" But they )ill not avoid his great eye& nor his invin$i.le right hand/ and )e shall .e revenged of them presently& in $ase )e still retain any of the $ourage of our forefathers& and rise up .oldly to punish these $ovenant.rea#ers" 4et every one therefore go on and fight& not so mu$h for his )ife or his $hildren& or for the danger his $ountry is in& as for these am.assadors of ours/ those dead am.assadors )ill $ondu$t this )ar of ours .etter than )e ourselves )ho are alive" And if you )ill .e ruled .y me& I )ill myself go .efore you into danger/ for you #no) this )ell enough& that your $ourage is irresisti.le& unless you hurt yourselves .y a$ting rashly" ;B=> C" When Herod had en$ouraged them .y this spee$h& and he sa) )ith )hat ala$rity they )ent& he offered sa$rifi$e to (od/ and after that sa$rifi$e& he passed over the river Jordan )ith his army& and pit$hed his $amp a.out *hiladelphia& near the enemy& and a.out a fortifi$ation that lay .et)een them" He then shot at them at a distan$e& and )as desirous to $ome to an engagement presently/ for some of them had .een sent .eforehand to sei?e upon that fortifi$ationE .ut the #ing sent some )ho immediately .eat them out of the fortifi$ation& )hile he himself )ent in the forefront of the army& )hi$h he put in .attle-array every day& and invited the Ara.ians to fight" But as none of them $ame out of their $amp& for they )ere in a terri.le fright& and their general& %lthemus& )as not a.le to say a )ord for fear& - so Herod $ame upon them& and pulled their fortifi$ation to pie$es& .y )hi$h means they )ere $ompelled to $ome out to fight& )hi$h they did in disorder& and so that the horsemen and foot-men )ere mi ed together" They )ere indeed superior to the Je)s in num.er& .ut inferior in their ala$rity& although they )ere o.liged to e pose themselves to danger .y their very despair of vi$tory" D" 1o) )hile they made opposition& they had not a great num.er slain/ .ut as soon as they turned their .a$#s& a great many )ere trodden to pie$es .y the Je)s& and a great many .y themselves& and so perished& till five thousand )ere fallen do)n dead in their flight& )hile the rest of the multitude prevented their immediate death& .y $ro)ding into the fortifi$ation" Herod en$ompassed these around& and .esieged them/ and )hile they )ere ready to .e ta#en .y their enemies in arms& they had another additional distress upon them& )hi$h )as thirst and )ant of )ater/ for the #ing )as a.ove hear#ening to their am.assadors/ and )hen they offered five hundred talents& as the pri$e of their redemption& he pressed still harder upon them" And as they )ere .urnt up .y their thirst& they $ame out and voluntarily delivered themselves up .y multitudes to the Je)s& till in five days2 time four thousand of them )ere put into .onds/ and on the si th day the multitude that )ere left despaired of saving themselves& and $ame out to fightE )ith these Herod fought& and sle) again a.out seven thousand& insomu$h that he punished Ara.ia so severely& and so far e tinguished the spirits of the men& that he )as $hosen .y the nation for their ruler" +'D'OT+1 ;AM> This seventh year of the reign of Herod +from the $on6uest or death of Antigonus,& )ith the great earth6ua#e in the .eginning of the same spring& )hi$h are here fully implied to .e not mu$h .efore the fight at A$tium& .et)een O$tavius and Antony& and )hi$h is #no)n from the 0oman historians to have

.een in the .eginning of Septem.er& in the thirty-first year .efore the Christian era& determines the $hronology of Josephus as to the reign of Herod& vi?" that he .egan in the year BH& .eyond rational $ontradi$tion" 1or is it 6uite un)orthy of our noti$e& that this seventh year of the reign of Herod& or the thirty-first .efore the Christian era& $ontained the latter part of a Sa..ati$ year& on )hi$h Sa..ati$ year& therefore& it is plain this great earth6ua#e happened in Judea" ;B=> This spee$h of Herod is set do)n t)i$e .y Josephus& here and Anti6" B" F8" $h" C" se$t" B& to the very same purpose& .ut .y no means in the same )ords/ )hen$e it appears that the sense )as Herod2s& .ut the $omposition Josephus2s"

CH(PT+, 2&
H+,OD )1 CO'/),6+D )' H)1 7)'*DO6 B3 C(+1(,8 ('D C0.T)-(T+1 ( /,)+'D1H)P W)TH TH+ +6P+,O, B3 6(*')/)C+'T P,+1+'T1; WH).+ C(+1(, ,+T0,'1 H)1 7)'D'+11 B3 B+1TOW)'* O' H)6 TH(T P(,T O/ H)1 7)'*DO6 WH)CH H(D B++' T(7+' (W(3 /,O6 )T B3 C.+OP(T,( W)TH TH+ (DD)T)O' O/ >+'ODO,011 CO0'T,3 (.1O5
@" B5T no) Herod )as under immediate $on$ern a.out a most important affair& on a$$ount of his friendship )ith Antony& )ho )as already over$ome at A$tium .y Caesar/ yet he )as more afraid than hurt/ for Caesar did not thin# he had 6uite undone Antony& )hile Herod $ontinued his assistan$e to him" Ho)ever& the #ing resolved to e pose himself to dangersE a$$ordingly he sailed to 0hodes& )here Caesar then a.ode& and $ame to him )ithout his diadem& and in the ha.it and appearan$e of a private person& .ut in his .ehavior as a #ing" So he $on$ealed nothing of the truth& .ut spi#e thus .efore his fa$eE IO Caesar& as I )as made #ing of the Je)s .y Antony& so do I profess that I have used my royal authority in the .est manner& and entirely for his advantage/ nor )ill I $on$eal this further& that thou hadst $ertainly found me in arms& and an insepara.le $ompanion of his& had not the Ara.ians hindered me" Ho)ever& I sent him as many au iliaries as I )as a.le& and many ten thousand +$ori, of $orn" 1ay& indeed& I did not desert my .enefa$tor after the .o) that )as given him at A$tium/ .ut I gave him the .est advi$e I )as a.le& )hen I )as no longer a.le to assist him in the )ar/ and I told him that there )as .ut one )ay of re$overing his affairs& and that )as to #ill Cleopatra/ and I promised him that& if she )ere on$e dead& I )ould afford him money and )alls for his se$urity& )ith an army and myself to assist him in his )ar against theeE .ut his affe$tions for Cleopatra stopped his ears& as did (od himself also )ho hath .esto)ed the government on thee" I o)n myself also to .e over$ome together )ith him/ and )ith his last fortune I have laid aside my diadem& and am $ome hither to thee& having my hopes of safety in thy virtue/ and I desire that thou )ilt first $onsider ho) faithful a friend& and not )hose friend& I have .een"I A" Caesar replied to him thusE I1ay& thou shalt not only .e in safety& .ut thou shalt .e a #ing/ and that more firmly than thou )ast .efore/ for thou art )orthy to reign over a great many su.7e$ts& .y reason of the fastness of thy friendship/ and do thou endeavor to .e e6ually $onstant in thy friendship to me& upon my good su$$ess& )hi$h is )hat I depend upon from the generosity of thy disposition" Ho)ever& Antony hath done )ell in preferring Cleopatra to thee/ for .y this means )e have gained thee .y her madness& and thus thou hast .egun to .e my friend .efore I .egan to .e thine/ on )hi$h a$$ount :uintus 'idius hath )ritten to me that thou sentest him assistan$e against the gladiators" I do therefore assure thee that I )ill $onfirm the #ingdom to thee .y de$reeE I shall also endeavor to do thee some further #indness hereafter& that thou mayst find no loss in the )ant of Antony"I B" When Caesar had spo#en su$h o.liging things to the #ing& and had put the diadem again a.out his head& he pro$laimed )hat he had .esto)ed on him .y a de$ree& in )hi$h he enlarged in the $ommendation of the man after a magnifi$ent manner" Whereupon Herod o.liged him to .e #ind to

him .y the presents he gave him& and he desired him to forgive Ale ander& one of Antony2s friends& )ho )as .e$ome a suppli$ant to him" But Caesar2s anger against him prevailed& and he $omplained of the many and very great offenses the man )hom he petitioned for had .een guilty of/ and .y that means he re7e$ted his petition" After this Caesar )ent for %gypt through Syria& )hen Herod re$eived him )ith royal and ri$h entertainments/ and then did he first of all ride along )ith Caesar& as he )as revie)ing his army a.out *tolemais& and feasted him )ith all his friends& and then distri.uted among the rest of the army )hat )as ne$essary to feast them )ithal" He also made a plentiful provision of )ater for them& )hen they )ere to mar$h as far as *elusium& through a dry $ountry& )hi$h he did also in li#e manner at their return then$e/ nor )ere there any ne$essaries )anting to that army" It )as therefore the opinion& .oth of Caesar and of his soldiers& that Herod2s #ingdom )as too small for those generous presents he made them/ for )hi$h reason& )hen Caesar )as $ome into %gypt& and Cleopatra and Antony )ere dead& he did not only .esto) other mar#s of honor upon him& .ut made an addition to his #ingdom& .y giving him not only the $ountry )hi$h had .een ta#en from him .y Cleopatra& .ut .esides that& (adara& and Hippos& and Samaria/ and moreover& of the maritime $ities& (a?a ;B@> and Anthedon& and Joppa& and Strato2s To)er" He also made him a present of four hundred (alls +(alatians, as a guard for his .ody& )hi$h they had .een to Cleopatra .efore" 1or did any thing so strongly indu$e Caesar to ma#e these presents as the generosity of him that re$eived them" <" -oreover& after the first games at A$tium& he added to his #ingdom .oth the region $alled Tra$honitis& and )hat lay in its neigh.orhood& Batanea& and the $ountry of Auranitis/ and that on the follo)ing o$$asionE 9enodorus& )ho had hired the house of 4ysanias& had all along sent ro..ers out of Tra$honitis among the 'amas$enes/ )ho thereupon had re$ourse to 8arro& the president of Syria& and desired of him that he )ould represent the $alamity they )ere in to Caesar" When Caesar )as a$6uainted )ith it& he sent .a$# orders that this nest of ro..ers should .e destroyed" 8arro therefore made an e pedition against them& and $leared the land of those men& and too# it a)ay from 9enodorus" Caesar did also after)ard .esto) it on Herod& that it might not again .e$ome a re$epta$le for those ro..ers that had $ome against 'amas$us" He also made him a pro$urator of all Syria& and this on the tenth year after)ard& )hen he $ame again into that provin$e/ and this )as so esta.lished& that the other pro$urators $ould not do any thing in the administration )ithout his advi$eE .ut )hen 9enodorus )as dead& Caesar .esto)ed on him all that land )hi$h lay .et)een Tra$honitis and (alilee" !et& )hat )as still of more $onse6uen$e to Herod& he )as .eloved .y Caesar ne t after Agrippa& and .y Agrippa ne t after Caesar/ )hen$e he arrived at a very great degree of feli$ity" !et did the greatness of his soul e $eed it& and the main part of his magnanimity )as e tended to the promotion of piety" +'D'OT+1 ;B@> Sin$e Josephus& .oth here and in his Anti6" B" F8" $h" H" se$t" B& re$#ons (a?a& )hi$h had .een a free $ity& among the $ities given Herod .y Augustus& and yet implies that Herod had made Costo.arus a governor of it .efore& Anti6" B" F8" $h" H" se$t" M& Hardain has some pretense for saying that Josephus here $ontradi$ted himself" But perhaps Herod thought he had suffi$ient authority to put a governor into (a?a& after he )as made tetrar$h or #ing& in times of )ar& .efore the $ity )as entirely delivered into his hands .y Augustus"

CH(PT+, 21
O/ TH+ 9T+6P.+ ('D: C)T)+1 TH(T W+,+ B0).T B3 H+,OD ('D +,+CT+D /,O6 TH+ -+,3 /O0'D(T)O'1; (1 (.1O O/ THO1+ OTH+, +D)/)C+1 TH(T W+,+ +,+CT+D B3 H)6; ('D WH(T 6(*')/)C+'C+ H+ 1HOW+D TO /O,+)*'+,1; ('D HOW /O,T0'+ W(1 )' (.. TH)'*1 /(-O,(B.+ TO H)65

@" ACCO0'I1(4!& in the fifteenth year of his reign& Herod re.uilt the temple& and en$ompassed a pie$e of land a.out it )ith a )all& )hi$h land )as t)i$e as large as that .efore en$losed" The e penses he laid out upon it )ere vastly large also& and the ri$hes a.out it )ere unspea#a.le" A sign of )hi$h you have in the great $loisters that )ere ere$ted a.out the temple& and the $itadel )hi$h )as on its north side" The $loisters he .uilt from the foundation& .ut the $itadel ;BA> he repaired at a vast e pense/ nor )as it other than a royal pala$e& )hi$h he $alled Antonia& in honor of Antony" He also .uilt himself a pala$e in the 5pper $ity& $ontaining t)o very large and most .eautiful apartments/ to )hi$h the holy house itself $ould not .e $ompared +in largeness," The one apartment he named Caesareum& and the other Agrippium& from his +t)o great, friends" A" !et did he not preserve their memory .y parti$ular .uildings only& )ith their names given them& .ut his generosity )ent as far as entire $ities/ for )hen he had .uilt a most .eautiful )all round a $ountry in Samaria& t)enty furlongs long& and had .rought si thousand inha.itants into it& and had allotted to it a most fruitful pie$e of land& and in the midst of this $ity& thus .uilt& had ere$ted a very large temple to Caesar& and had laid round a.out it a portion of sa$red land of three furlongs and a half& he $alled the $ity Se.aste& from Se.astus& or Augustus& and settled the affairs of the $ity after a most regular manner" B" And )hen Caesar had further .esto)ed upon him another additional $ountry& he .uilt there also a temple of )hite mar.le& hard .y the fountains of JordanE the pla$e is $alled *anium& )here is a top of a mountain that is raised to an immense height& and at its side& .eneath& or at its .ottom& a dar# $ave opens itself/ )ithin )hi$h there is a horri.le pre$ipi$e& that des$ends a.ruptly to a vast depth/ it $ontains a mighty 6uantity of )ater& )hi$h is immova.le/ and )hen any .ody lets do)n any thing to measure the depth of the earth .eneath the )ater& no length of $ord is suffi$ient to rea$h it" 1o) the fountains of Jordan rise at the roots of this $avity out)ardly/ and& as some thin#& this is the utmost origin of JordanE .ut )e shall spea# of that matter more a$$urately in our follo)ing history" <" But the #ing ere$ted other pla$es at Jeri$ho also& .et)een the $itadel Cypros and the former pala$e& su$h as )ere .etter and more useful than the former for travelers& and named them from the same friends of his" To say all at on$e& there )as not any pla$e of his #ingdom fit for the purpose that )as permitted to .e )ithout some)hat that )as for Caesar2s honor/ and )hen he had filled his o)n $ountry )ith temples& he poured out the li#e plentiful mar#s of his esteem into his provin$e& and .uilt many $ities )hi$h he $alled Cesareas" C" And )hen he o.served that there )as a $ity .y the sea-side that )as mu$h de$ayed& ;its name )as Strato2s To)er&> .ut that the pla$e& .y the happiness of its situation& )as $apa.le of great improvements from his li.erality& he re.uilt it all )ith )hite stone& and adorned it )ith several most splendid pala$es& )herein he espe$ially demonstrated his magnanimity/ for the $ase )as this& that all the sea-shore .et)een 'ora and Joppa& in the middle& .et)een )hi$h this $ity is situated& had no good haven& insomu$h that every one that sailed from *hoeni$ia for %gypt )as o.liged to lie in the stormy sea& .y reason of the south )inds that threatened them/ )hi$h )ind& if it .le) .ut a little fresh& su$h vast )aves are raised& and dash upon the ro$#s& that upon their retreat the sea is in a great ferment for a long )ay" But the #ing& .y the e penses he )as at& and the li.eral disposal of them& over$ame nature& and .uilt a haven larger than )as the *yre$um ;BB> +at Athens,/ and in the inner retirements of the )ater he .uilt other deep stations +for the ships also," D" 1o) although the pla$e )here he .uilt )as greatly opposite to his purposes& yet did he so fully struggle )ith that diffi$ulty& that the firmness of his .uilding $ould not easily .e $on6uered .y the sea/ and the .eauty and ornament of the )or#s )ere su$h& as though he had not had any diffi$ulty in the operation/ for )hen he had measured out as large a spa$e as )e have .efore mentioned& he let do)n stones into t)enty fathom )ater& the greatest part of )hi$h )ere fifty feet in length& and nine in depth& and ten in .readth& and some still larger" But )hen the haven )as filled up to that depth& he enlarged that )all )hi$h )as thus already e tant a.ove the sea& till it )as t)o hundred feet )ide/ one hundred of )hi$h had .uildings .efore it& in order to .rea# the for$e of the )aves& )hen$e it )as $alled

*ro$umatia& or the first .rea#er of the )aves/ .ut the rest of the spa$e )as under a stone )all that ran round it" On this )all )ere very large to)ers& the prin$ipal and most .eautiful of )hi$h )as $alled 'rusium& from 'rusus& )ho )as son-in-la) to Caesar" H" There )ere also a great num.er of ar$hes& )here the mariners d)elt/ and all the pla$es .efore them round a.out )as a large valley& or )al#& for a 6uay +or landing-pla$e, to those that $ame on shore/ .ut the entran$e )as on the north& .e$ause the north )ind )as there the most gentle of all the )inds" At the mouth of the haven )ere on ea$h side three great Colossi& supported .y pillars& )here those Colossi that are on your left hand as you sail into the port are supported .y a solid to)er/ .ut those on the right hand are supported .y t)o upright stones 7oined together& )hi$h stones )ere larger than that to)er )hi$h )as on the other side of the entran$e" 1o) there )ere $ontinual edifi$es 7oined to the haven& )hi$h )ere also themselves of )hite stone/ and to this haven did the narro) streets of the $ity lead& and )ere .uilt at e6ual distan$es one from another" And over against the mouth of the haven& upon an elevation& there )as a temple for Caesar& )hi$h )as e $ellent .oth in .eauty and largeness/ and therein )as a Colossus of Caesar& not less than that of Jupiter Olympius& )hi$h it )as made to resem.le" The other Colossus of 0ome )as e6ual to that of Juno at Argos" So he dedi$ated the $ity to the provin$e& and the haven to the sailors there/ .ut the honor of the .uilding he as$ri.ed to Caesar& ;B<> and named it Cesarea a$$ordingly" G" He also .uilt the other edifi$es& the amphitheater& and theater& and mar#et-pla$e& in a manner agreea.le to that denomination/ and appointed games every fifth year& and $alled them& in li#e manner& Caesar2s (ames/ and he first himself proposed the largest pri?es upon the hundred ninetyse$ond olympiad/ in )hi$h not only the vi$tors themselves& .ut those that $ame ne t to them& and even those that $ame in the third pla$e& )ere parta#ers of his royal .ounty" He also re.uilt Anthedon& a $ity that lay on the $oast& and had .een demolished in the )ars& and named it Agrippeum" -oreover& he had so very great a #indness for his friend Agrippa& that he had his name engraved upon that gate )hi$h he had himself ere$ted in the temple" M" Herod )as also a lover of his father& if any other person ever )as so/ for he made a monument for his father& even that $ity )hi$h he .uilt in the finest plain that )as in his #ingdom& and )hi$h had rivers and trees in a.undan$e& and named it Antipatris" He also .uilt a )all a.out a $itadel that lay a.ove Jeri$ho& and )as a very strong and very fine .uilding& and dedi$ated it to his mother& and $alled it Cypros" -oreover& he dedi$ated a to)er that )as at Jerusalem& and $alled it .y the name of his .rother *hasaelus& )hose stru$ture& largeness& and magnifi$en$e )e shall des$ri.e hereafter" He also .uilt another $ity in the valley that leads north)ard from Jeri$ho& and named it *hasaelis" @=" And as he transmitted to eternity his family and friends& so did he not negle$t a memorial for himself& .ut .uilt a fortress upon a mountain to)ards Ara.ia& and named it from himself& Herodium ;BC> and he $alled that hill that )as of the shape of a )oman2s .reast& and )as si ty furlongs distant from Jerusalem& .y the same name" He also .esto)ed mu$h $urious art upon it& )ith great am.ition& and .uilt round to)ers all a.out the top of it& and filled up the remaining spa$e )ith the most $ostly pala$es round a.out& insomu$h that not only the sight of the inner apartments )as splendid& .ut great )ealth )as laid out on the out)ard )alls& and partitions& and roofs also" Besides this& he .rought a mighty 6uantity of )ater from a great distan$e& and at vast $harges& and raised an as$ent to it of t)o hundred steps of the )hitest mar.le& for the hill )as itself moderately high& and entirely fa$titious" He also .uilt other pala$es a.out the roots of the hill& suffi$ient to re$eive the furniture that )as put into them& )ith his friends also& insomu$h that& on a$$ount of its $ontaining all ne$essaries& the fortress might seem to .e a $ity& .ut& .y the .ounds it had& a pala$e only" @@" And )hen he had .uilt so mu$h& he sho)ed the greatness of his soul to no small num.er of foreign $ities" He .uilt pala$es for e er$ise at Tripoli& and 'amas$us& and *tolemais/ he .uilt a )all a.out By.lus& as also large rooms& and $loisters& and temples& and mar#et-pla$es at Berytus and Tyre& )ith theatres at Sidon and 'amas$us" He also .uilt a6uedu$ts for those 4aodi$eans )ho lived .y the seaside/ and for those of As$alon he .uilt .aths and $ostly fountains& as also $loisters round a $ourt& that

)ere admira.le .oth for their )or#manship and largeness" -oreover& he dedi$ated groves and meado)s to some people/ nay& not a fe) $ities there )ere )ho had lands of his donation& as if they )ere parts of his o)n #ingdom" He also .esto)ed annual revenues& and those for ever also& on the settlements for e er$ises& and appointed for them& as )ell as for the people of Cos& that su$h re)ards should never .e )anting" He also gave $orn to all su$h as )anted it& and $onferred upon 0hodes large sums of money for .uilding ships/ and this he did in many pla$es& and fre6uently also" And )hen Apollo2s temple had .een .urnt do)n& he re.uilt it at his o)n $harges& after a .etter manner than it )as .efore" What need I spea# of the presents he made to the 4y$ians and SamniansK or of his great li.erality through all IoniaK and that a$$ording to every .ody2s )ants of them" And are not the Athenians& and 4a$edemonians& and 1i$opolitans& and that *ergamus )hi$h is in -ysia& full of donations that Herod presented them )ithalK And as for that large open pla$e .elonging to Antio$h in Syria& did not he pave it )ith polished mar.le& though it )ere t)enty furlongs longK and this )hen it )as shunned .y all men .efore& .e$ause it )as full of dirt and filthiness& )hen he .esides adorned the same pla$e )ith a $loister of the same length" @A" It is true& a man may say& these )ere favors pe$uliar to those parti$ular pla$es on )hi$h he .esto)ed his .enefits/ .ut then )hat favors he .esto)ed on the %leans )as a donation not only in $ommon to all (ree$e& .ut to all the ha.ita.le earth& as far as the glory of the Olympi$ games rea$hed" For )hen he per$eived that they )ere $ome to nothing& for )ant of money& and that the only remains of an$ient (ree$e )ere in a manner gone& he not only .e$ame one of the $om.atants in that return of the fifth-year games& )hi$h in his sailing to 0ome he happened to .e present at& .ut he settled upon them revenues of money for perpetuity& insomu$h that his memorial as a $om.atant there $an never fail" It )ould .e an infinite tas# if I should go over his payments of people2s de.ts& or tri.utes& for them& as he eased the people of *hasaelis& of Batanea& and of the small $ities a.out Cili$ia& of those annual pensions they .efore paid" Ho)ever& the fear he )as in mu$h distur.ed the greatness of his soul& lest he should .e e posed to envy& or seem to hunt after greater filings than he ought& )hile he .esto)ed more li.eral gifts upon these $ities than did their o)ners themselves" @B" 1o) Herod had a .ody suited to his soul& and )as ever a most e $ellent hunter& )here he generally had good su$$ess& .y the means of his great s#ill in riding horses/ for in one day he $aught forty )ild .eastsE ;BD> that $ountry .reeds also .ears& and the greatest part of it is replenished )ith stags and )ild asses" He )as also su$h a )arrior as $ould not .e )ithstoodE many men& therefore& there are )ho have stood ama?ed at his readiness in his e er$ises& )hen they sa) him thro) the 7avelin dire$tly for)ard& and shoot the arro) upon the mar#" And then& .esides these performan$es of his depending on his o)n strength of mind and .ody& fortune )as also very favora.le to him/ for he seldom failed of su$$ess in his )ars/ and )hen he failed& he )as not himself the o$$asion of su$h failings& .ut he either vas .etrayed .y some& or the rashness of his o)n soldiers pro$ured his defeat" +'D'OT+1 ;BA> This fort )as first .uilt& as it is supposed& .y John Hyr$anus/ see *rid" at the year @=H/ and $alled IBaris&I the To)er or Citadel" It )as after)ards re.uilt& )ith great improvements& .y Herod& under the government of Antonius& and )as named from him Ithe To)er of Antoni/I and a.out the time )hen Herod re.uilt the temple& he seems to have put his last hand to it" See Anti6" B" F8III" $h" C" se$t" </ Of the War& B" I" $h" B" se$t" B/ $h" C" se$t" <" It lay on the north)est side of the temple& and )as a 6uarter as large" ;BB> That Josephus spea#s truth& )hen he assures us that the haven of this Cesarea )as made .y Herod not less& nay rather larger& than that famous haven at Athens& $alled the *yre$um& )ill appear& says 'ean Aldri$h& to him )ho $ompares the des$riptions of that at Athens in Thu$ydides and *ausanias& )ith this of Cesarea in Josephus here& and in the Anti6" B" F8" $h" M" se$t" D& and B" F8II" $h" M" se$t" @" ;B<> These .uildings of $ities .y the name of Caesar& and institution of solemn games in honor of

Augustus Caesar& as here& and in the Anti6uities& related of Herod .y Josephus& the 0oman historians attest to& as things then fre6uent in the provin$es of that empire& as 'ean Aldri$h o.serves on this $hapter" ;BC> There )ere t)o $ities& or $itadels& $alled Herodium& in Judea& and .oth mentioned .y Josephus& not only here& .ut Anti6" B" FI8" $h" @B" se$t" M/ B" F8" $h" M" se$t" D/ Of the War& B" I" $h" @B" se$t" G/ B" III" $h" B" se$t" C" One of them )as t)o hundred& and the other si ty furlongs distant from Jerusalem" One of them is mentioned .y *liny& Hist" 1at" B" 8" $h" @<"& as 'ean Aldri$h o.serves here" ;BD> Here seems to .e a small defe$t in the $opies& )hi$h des$ri.e the )ild .easts )hi$h )ere hunted in a $ertain $ountry .y Herod& )ithout naming any su$h $ountry at all"

CH(PT+, 22
TH+ 60,D+, O/ (,)1TOB0.01 ('D H3,C('018 TH+ H)*H P,)+1T18 (1 (.1O O/ 6(,)(6'+ TH+ =0++'5
@" HOW%8%0& fortune )as avenged on Herod in his e ternal great su$$esses& .y raising him up domesti$al trou.les/ and he .egan to have )ild disorders in his family& on a$$ount of his )ife& of )hom he )as so very fond" For )hen he $ame to the government& he sent a)ay her )hom he had .efore married )hen he )as a private person& and )ho )as .orn at Jerusalem& )hose name )as 'oris& and married -ariamne& the daughter of Ale ander& the son of Aristo.ulus/ on )hose a$$ount distur.an$es arose in his family& and that in part very soon& .ut $hiefly after his return from 0ome" For& first of all& he e pelled Antipater the son of 'oris& for the sa#e of his sons .y -ariamne& out of the $ity& and permitted him to $ome thither at no other times than at the festivals" After this he sle) his )ife2s grandfather& Hyr$anus& )hen he )as returned out of *arthin to him& under this pretense& that he suspe$ted him of plotting against him" 1o) this Hyr$anus had .een $arried $aptive to Bar?apharnes& )hen he overran Syria/ .ut those of his o)n $ountry .eyond %uphrates )ere desirous he )ould stay )ith them& and this out of the $ommiseration they had for his $ondition/ and had he $omplied )ith their desires& )hen they e horted him not to go over the river to lierod& he had not perishedE .ut the marriage of his granddaughter +to Herod, )as his temptation/ for as he relied upon him& and )as overfond of his o)n $ountry& he $ame .a$# to it" Herod2s provo$ation )as this& - not that Hyr$anus made any attempt to gain the #ingdom& .ut that it )as fitter for him to .e their #ing than for Herod" A" 1o) of the five $hildren )hi$h Herod had .y -ariamne& t)o of them )ere daughters& and three )ere sons/ and the youngest of these sons )as edu$ated at 0ome& and there died/ .ut the t)o eldest he treated as those of royal .lood& on a$$ount of the no.ility of their mother& and .e$ause they )ere not .orn till he )as #ing" But then )hat )as stronger than all this )as the love that he .are to -ariamne& and )hi$h inflamed him every day to a great degree& and so far $onspired )ith the other motives& that he felt no other trou.les& on a$$ount of her he loved so entirely" But -ariamne2s hatred to him )as not inferior to his love to her" She had indeed .ut too 7ust a $ause of indignation from )hat he had done& )hile her .oldness pro$eeded from his affe$tion to her/ so she openly reproa$hed him )ith )hat he had done to her grandfather Hyr$anus& and to her .rother Aristo.ulus/ for he had not spared this Aristo.ulus& though he )ere .ut a $hild/ for )hen he had given him the high priesthood at the age of seventeen& he sle) him 6ui$#ly after he had $onferred that dignity upon him/ .ut )hen Aristo.ulus had put on the holy vestments& and had approa$hed to the altar at a festival& the multitude& in great $ro)ds& fell into tears/ )hereupon the $hild )as sent .y night to Jeri$ho& and )as there dipped .y the (alls& at Herod2s $ommand& in a pool till he )as dro)ned" B" For these reasons -ariamne reproa$hed Herod& and his sister and mother& after a most $ontumelious manner& )hile he )as dum. on a$$ount of his affe$tion for her/ yet had the )omen great indignation at her& and raised a $alumny against her& that she )as false to his .ed/ )hi$h thing they

thought most li#ely to move Herod to anger" They also $ontrived to have many other $ir$umstan$es .elieved& in order to ma#e the thing more $redi.le& and a$$used her of having sent her pi$ture into %gypt to Antony& and that her lust )as so e travagant& as to have thus sho)ed herself& though she )as a.sent& to a man that ran mad after )omen& and to a man that had it in his po)er to use violen$e to her" This $harge fell li#e a thunder.olt upon Herod& and put him into disorder/ and that espe$ially& .e$ause his love to her o$$asioned him to .e 7ealous& and .e$ause he $onsidered )ith himself that Cleopatra )as a shre)d )oman& and that on her a$$ount 4ysanias the #ing )as ta#en off& as )ell as -ali$hus the Ara.ian/ for his fear did not only e tend to the dissolving of his marriage& .ut to the danger of his life" <" When therefore he )as a.out to ta#e a 7ourney a.road& he $ommitted his )ife to Joseph& his sister Salome2s hus.and& as to one )ho )ould .e faithful to him& and .are him good-)ill on a$$ount of their #indred/ he also gave him a se$ret in7un$tion& that if Antony sle) him& he should slay her" But Joseph& )ithout any ill design& and only in order to demonstrate the #ing2s love to his )ife& ho) he $ould not .ear to thin# of .eing separated from her& even .y death itself& dis$overed this grand se$ret to her/ upon )hi$h& )hen Herod )as $ome .a$#& and as they tal#ed together& and he $onfirmed his love to her .y many oaths& and assured her that he had never su$h an affe$tion for any other )oman as he had for her& - I !es&I says she& Ithou didst& to .e sure& demonstrate thy love to me .y the in7un$tions thou gavest Joseph& )hen thou $ommandedst him to #ill me"I ;BH> C" When he heard that this grand se$ret )as dis$overed& he )as li#e a distra$ted man& and said that Joseph )ould never have dis$losed that in7un$tion of his& unless he had de.au$hed her" His passion also made him star# mad& and leaping out of his .ed& he ran a.out the pala$e after a )ild manner/ at )hi$h time his sister Salome too# the opportunity also to .last her reputation& and $onfirmed his suspi$ion a.out Joseph/ )hereupon& out of his ungoverna.le 7ealousy and rage& he $ommanded .oth of them to .e slain immediately/ .ut as soon as ever his passion )as over& he repented of )hat he had done& and as soon as his anger )as )orn off& his affe$tions )ere #indled again" And indeed the flame of his desires for her )as so ardent& that he $ould not thin# she )as dead& .ut )ould appear& under his disorders& to spea# to her as if she )ere still alive& till he )ere .etter instru$ted .y time& )hen his grief and trou.le& no) she )as dead& appeared as great as his affe$tion had .een for her )hile she )as living" +'D'OT+1 ;BH> Here is either a defe$t or a great mista#e in Josephus2s present $opies or memory/ for -ariamne did not no) reproa$h Herod )ith this his first in7un$tion to Joseph to #ill her& if he himself )ere slain .y Antony& .ut that he had given the li#e $ommand a se$ond time to Soemus also& )hen he )as afraid of .eing slain .y Augustus" Anti6" B" F8" $h" B" se$t" C& et$"

CH(PT+, 23
C(.06')+1 (*()'1T TH+ 1O'1 O/ 6(,)(6'+5 ('T)P(T+,)1 P,+/+,,+D B+/O,+ TH+65 TH+3 (,+ (CC01+D B+/O,+ C(+1(,8 ('D H+,OD )1 ,+CO'C).+D TO TH+65
@" 1OW -ariamne2s sons )ere heirs to that hatred )hi$h had .een .orne their mother/ and )hen they $onsidered the greatness of Herod2s $rime to)ards her& they )ere suspi$ious of him as of an enemy of theirs/ and this first )hile they )ere edu$ated at 0ome& .ut still more )hen they )ere returned to Judea" This temper of theirs in$reased upon them as they gre) up to .e men/ and )hen they )ere Come to an age fit for marriage& the one of them married their aunt Salome2s daughter& )hi$h Salome had .een the a$$user of their mother/ the other married the daughter of Ar$h$laus& #ing of Cappado$ia" And no) they used .oldness in spea#ing& as )ell as .ore hatred in their minds" 1o) those that

$alumniated them too# a handle from su$h their .oldness& and $ertain of them spa#e no) more plainly to the #ing that there )ere trea$herous designs laid against him .y .oth his sons/ and he that )as sonin-la) to Ar$helaus& relying upon his father-in-la)& )as preparing to fly a)ay& in order to a$$use Herod .efore Caesar/ and )hen Herod2s head had .een long enough filled )ith these $alumnies& he .rought Antipater& )hom he had .y 'oris& into favor again& as a defense to him against his other sons& and .egan all the )ays he possi.ly $ould to prefer him .efore them" A" But these sons )ere not a.le to .ear this $hange in their affairs/ .ut )hen they sa) him that )as .orn of a mother of no family& the no.ility of their .irth made them una.le to $ontain their indignation/ .ut )hensoever they )ere uneasy& they sho)ed the anger they had at it" And as these sons did day after day improve in that their anger& Antipater already e er$ised all his o)n a.ilities& )hi$h )ere very great& in flattering his father& and in $ontriving many sorts of $alumnies against his .rethren& )hile he told some stories of them himself& and put it upon other proper persons to raise other stories against them& till at length he entirely $ut his .rethren off from all hopes of su$$eeding to the #ingdom/ for he )as already pu.li$ly put into his father2s )ill as his su$$essor" A$$ordingly& he )as sent )ith royal ornaments& and other mar#s of royalty& to Caesar& e $epting the diadem" He )as also a.le in time to introdu$e his mother again into -ariamne2s .ed" The t)o sorts of )eapons he made use of against his .rethren )ere flattery and $alumny& )here.y he .rought matters privately to su$h a pass& that the #ing had thoughts of putting his sons to death" B" So the father dre) Ale ander as far as 0ome& and" $harged him )ith an attempt of poisoning him .efore Caesar" Ale ander $ould hardly spea# for lamentation/ .ut having a 7udge that )as more s#illful than Antipater& and more )ise than Herod& he modestly avoided laying any imputation upon his father& .ut )ith great strength of reason $onfuted the $alumnies laid against him/ and )hen he had demonstrated the inno$en$y of his .rother& )ho )as in the li#e danger )ith himself& he at last .e)ailed the $raftiness of Antipater& and the disgra$e they )ere under" He )as ena.led also to 7ustify himself& not only .y a $lear $ons$ien$e& )hi$h he $arried )ithin him& .ut .y his elo6uen$e/ for he )as a shre)d man in ma#ing spee$hes" And upon his saying at last& that if his father o.7e$ted this $rime to them& it )as in his po)er to put them to death& he made all the audien$e )eep/ and he .rought Caesar to that pass& as to re7e$t the a$$usations& and to re$on$ile their father to them immediately" But the $onditions of this re$on$iliation )ere these& that they should in all things .e o.edient to their father& and that he should have po)er to leave the #ingdom to )hi$h of them he pleased" <" After this the #ing $ame .a$# from 0ome& and seemed to have forgiven his sons upon these a$$usations/ .ut still so that he )as not )ithout his suspi$ions of them" They )ere follo)ed .y Antipater& )ho )as the fountain-head of those a$$usations/ yet did not he openly dis$over his hatred to them& as revering him that had re$on$iled them" But as Herod sailed .y Cili$ia& he tou$hed at %leusa& ;BG> )here Ar$h$laus treated them in the most o.liging manner& and gave him than#s for the deliveran$e of his son-in-la)& and )as mu$h pleased at their re$on$iliation/ and this the more& .e$ause he had formerly )ritten to his friends at 0ome that they should .e assisting to Ale ander at his trial" So he $ondu$ted Herod as far as 9ephyrium& and made him presents to the value of thirty talents" C" 1o) )hen Herod )as $ome to Jerusalem& he gathered the people together& and presented to them his three sons& and gave them an apologeti$ a$$ount of his a.sen$e& and than#ed (od greatly& and than#ed Caesar greatly also& for settling his house )hen it )as under distur.an$es& and had pro$ured $on$ord among his sons& )hi$h )as of greater $onse6uen$e than the #ingdom itself& -I and )hi$h I )ill render still more firm/ for Caesar hath put into my po)er to dispose of the government& and to appoint my su$$essor" A$$ordingly& in )ay of re6uital for his #indness& and in order to provide for mine o)n advantage& I do de$lare that these three sons of mine shall .e #ings" And& in the first pla$e& I pray for the appro.ation of (od to )hat I am a.out/ and& in the ne t pla$e& I desire your appro.ation also" The age of one of them& and the no.ility of the other t)o& shall pro$ure them the su$$ession" 1ay& indeed& my #ingdom is so large that it may .e suffi$ient for more #ings" 1o) do you #eep those in their pla$es )hom Caesar hath 7oined& and their father hath appointed/ and do not you pay undue or une6ual respe$ts to them& .ut to every one a$$ording to the prerogative of their .irths/ for he that pays su$h

respe$ts unduly& )ill there.y not ma#e him that is honored .eyond )hat his age re6uires so 7oyful& as he )ill ma#e him that is dishonored sorro)ful" As for the #indred and friends that are to $onverse )ith them& I )ill appoint them to ea$h of them& and )ill so $onstitute them& that they may .e se$urities for their $on$ord/ as )ell #no)ing that the ill tempers of those )ith )hom they $onverse )ill produ$e 6uarrels and $ontentions among them/ .ut that if these )ith )hom they $onverse .e of good tempers& they )ill preserve their natural affe$tions for one another" But still I desire that not these only& .ut all the $aptains of my army& have for the present their hopes pla$ed on me alone/ for I do not give a)ay my #ingdom to these my sons& .ut give them royal honors only/ )here.y it )ill $ome to pass that they )ill en7oy the s)eet parts of government as rulers themselves& .ut that the .urden of administration )ill rest upon myself )hether I )ill or not" And let every one $onsider )hat age I am of& ho) I have $ondu$ted my life& and )hat piety I have e er$ised/ for my age is not so great that men may soon e pe$t the end of my life/ nor have I indulged su$h a lu urious )ay of living as $uts men off )hen they are young/ and )e have .een so religious to)ards (od& that )e +have reason to hope )e, may arrive at a very great age" But for su$h as $ultivate a friendship )ith my sons& so as to aim at my destru$tion& they shall .e punished .y me on their a$$ount" I am not one )ho envy my o)n $hildren& and therefore for.id men to pay them great respe$t/ .ut I #no) that su$h +e travagant, respe$ts are the )ay to ma#e them insolent" And if every one that $omes near them does .ut revolve this in his mind& that if he prove a good man& he shall re$eive a re)ard from me& .ut that if he prove seditious& his ill-intended $omplaisan$e shall get him nothing from him to )hom it is sho)n& I suppose they )ill all .e of my side& that is& of my sons2 side/ for it )ill .e for their advantage that I reign& and that I .e at $on$ord )ith them" But do you& O my good $hildren& refle$t upon the holiness of nature itself& .y )hose means natural affe$tion is preserved& even among )ild .easts/ in the ne t pla$e& refle$t upon Caesar& )ho hath made this re$on$iliation among us/ and in the third pla$e& refle$t upon me& )ho entreat you to do )hat I have po)er to $ommand you& - $ontinue .rethren" I give you royal garments& and royal honors/ and I pray to (od to preserve )hat I have determined& in $ase you .e at $on$ord one )ith another"I When the #ing had thus spo#en& and had saluted every one of his sons after an o.liging manner& he dismissed the multitude/ some of )hi$h gave their assent to )hat he had said& and )ished it might ta#e effe$t a$$ordingly/ .ut for those )ho )ished for a $hange of affairs& they pretended they did not so mu$h as hear )hat he said" +'D'OT+1 ;BG> That this island %leusa& after)ard $alled Se.aste& near Cili$ia& had in it the royal pala$e of this Ar$h$laus& #ing of Cappado$ia& Stra.o testifies& B" F8" p" DH@" Stephanus of By?antiam also $alls it Ian island of Cili$ia& )hi$h is no) Se.aste/I .oth )hose testimonies are pertinently $ited here .y 'r" Hudson" See the same history& Anti6" B" F8I" $h" @=" se$t" H"

CH(PT+, 2
TH+ 6(.)C+ O/ ('T)P(T+, ('D DO,)15 (.+2('D+, )1 -+,3 0'+(13 O' *.(PH3,(1 (CCO0'T5 H+,OD P(,DO'1 PH+,O,(18 WHO6 H+ 101P+CT+D8 ('D 1(.O6+ WHO6 H+ 7'+W TO 6(7+ 6)1CH)+/ (6O'* TH+65 H+,OD<1 +0'0CH1 (,+ TO,T0,+D ('D (.+2('D+, )1 BO0'D5
@" B5T no) the 6uarrel that )as .et)een them still a$$ompanied these .rethren )hen they parted& and the suspi$ions they had one of the other gre) )orse" Ale ander and Aristo.ulus )ere mu$h grieved that the privilege of the first-.orn )as $onfirmed to Antipater/ as )as Antipater very angry at his .rethren that they )ere to su$$eed him" But then this last .eing of a disposition that )as muta.le and politi$& he #ne) ho) to hold his tongue& and used a great deal of $unning& and there.y $on$ealed the hatred he .ore to them/ )hile the former& depending on the no.ility of their .irths& had every thing upon their tongues )hi$h )as in their minds" -any also there )ere )ho provo#ed them further& and

many of their +seeming, friends insinuated themselves into their a$6uaintan$e& to spy out )hat they did" 1o) every thing that )as said .y Ale ander )as presently .rought to Antipater& and from Antipater it )as .rought to Herod )ith additions" 1or $ould the young man say any thing in the simpli$ity of his heart& )ithout giving offense& .ut )hat he said )as still turned to $alumny against him" And if he had .een at any time a little free in his $onversation& great imputations )ere forged from the smallest o$$asions" Antipater also )as perpetually setting some to provo#e him to spea#& that the lies he raised of him might seem to have some foundation of truth/ and if& among the many stories that )ere given out& .ut one of them $ould .e proved true& that )as supposed to imply the rest to .e true also" And as to Antipater2s friends& they )ere all either naturally so $autious in spea#ing& or had .een so far .ri.ed to $on$eal their thoughts& that nothing of these grand se$rets got a.road .y their means" 1or should one .e mista#en if he $alled the life of Antipater a mystery of )i$#edness/ for he either $orrupted Ale ander2s a$6uaintan$e )ith money& or got into their favor .y flatteries/ .y )hi$h t)o means he gained all his designs& and .rought them to .etray their master& and to steal a)ay& and reveal )hat he either did or said" Thus did he a$t a part very $unningly in all points& and )rought himself a passage .y his $alumnies )ith the greatest shre)dness/ )hile he put on a fa$e as if he )ere a #ind .rother to Ale ander and Aristo.ulus& .ut su.orned other men to inform of )hat they did to Herod" And )hen any thing )as told against Ale ander& he )ould $ome in& and pretend +to .e of his side,& and )ould .egin to $ontradi$t )hat )as said/ .ut )ould after)ard $ontrive matters so privately& that the #ing should have an indignation at him" His general aim )as this& - to lay a plot& and to ma#e it .elieved that Ale ander lay in )ait to #ill his father/ for nothing afforded so great a $onfirmation to these $alumnies as did Antipater2s apologies for him" A" By these methods Herod )as inflamed& and as mu$h as his natural affe$tion to the young men did every day diminish& so mu$h did it in$rease to)ards Antipater" The $ourtiers also in$lined to the same $ondu$t& some of their o)n a$$ord& and others .y the #ing2s in7un$tion& as parti$ularly did *tolemy& the #ing2s dearest friend& as also the #ing2s .rethren& and all his $hildren/ for Antipater )as all in all/ and )hat )as the .itterest part of all to Ale ander& Antipater2s mother )as also all in all/ she )as one that gave $ounsel against them& and )as more harsh than a step-mother& and one that hated the 6ueen2s sons more than is usual to hate sons-in-la)" All men did therefore already pay their respe$ts to Antipater& in hopes of advantage/ and it )as the #ing2s $ommand )hi$h alienated every .ody +from the .rethren,& he having given this $harge to his most intimate friends& that they should not $ome near& nor pay any regard& to Ale ander& or to his friends" Herod )as also .e$ome terri.le& not only to his domesti$s a.out the $ourt& .ut to his friends a.road/ for Caesar had given su$h a privilege to no other #ing as he had given to him& )hi$h )as this& - that he might fet$h .a$# any one that fled from him& even out of a $ity that )as not under his o)n 7urisdi$tion" 1o) the young men )ere not a$6uainted )ith the $alumnies raised against them/ for )hi$h reason they $ould not guard themselves against them& .ut fell under them/ for their father did not ma#e any pu.li$ $omplaints against either of them/ though in a little time they per$eived ho) things )ere .y his $oldness to them& and .y the great uneasiness he sho)ed upon any thing that trou.led him" Antipater had also made their un$le *heroras to .e their enemy& as )ell as their aunt Salome& )hile he )as al)ays tal#ing )ith her& as )ith a )ife& and irritating her against them" -oreover& Ale ander2s )ife& (laphyra& augmented this hatred against them& .y deriving her no.ility and genealogy +from great persons,& and pretending that she )as a lady superior to all others in that #ingdom& as .eing derived .y her father2s side from Temenus& and .y her mother2s side from 'arius& the son of Hystaspes" She also fre6uently reproa$hed Herod2s sister and )ives )ith the igno.ility of their des$ent/ and that they )ere every one $hosen .y him for their .eauty& .ut not for their family" 1o) those )ives of his )ere not a fe)/ it .eing of old permitted to the Je)s to marry many )ives& ;BM> and this #ing delighting in many/ all )hi$h hated Ale ander& on a$$ount of (laphyra2s .oasting and reproa$hes" B" 1ay& Aristo.ulus had raised a 6uarrel .et)een himself and Salome& )ho )as his mother-in-la)& .esides the anger he had $on$eived at (laphyra2s reproa$hes/ for he perpetually up.raided his )ife )ith the meanness of her family& and $omplained& that as he had married a )oman of a lo) family& so had his .rother Ale ander married one of royal .lood" At this Salome2s daughter )ept& and told it her )ith this addition& that Ale ander threatened the mothers of his other .rethren& that )hen he should

$ome to the $ro)n& he )ould ma#e them )eave )ith their maidens& and )ould ma#e those .rothers of his $ountry s$hoolmasters/ and .ra#e this 7est upon them& that they had .een very $arefully instru$ted& to fit them for su$h an employment" Hereupon Salome $ould not $ontain her anger& .ut told all to Herod/ nor $ould her testimony .e suspe$ted& sin$e it )as against her o)n son-in-la) There )as also another $alumny that ran a.road and inflamed the #ing2s mind/ for he heard that these sons of his )ere perpetually spea#ing of their mother& and& among their lamentations for her& did not a.stain from $ursing him/ and that )hen he made presents of any of -ariamne2s garments to his later )ives& these threatened that in a little time& instead of royal garments& they )ould $lothe theft in no .etter than hair-$loth" <" 1o) upon these a$$ounts& though Herod )as some)hat afraid of the young men2s high spirit& yet did he not despair of redu$ing them to a .etter mind/ .ut .efore he )ent to 0ome& )hither he )as no) going .y sea& he $alled them to him& and partly threatened them a little& as a #ing/ .ut for the main& he admonished them as a father& and e horted them to love their .rethren& and told them that he )ould pardon their former offenses& if they )ould amend for the time to $ome" But they refuted the $alumnies that had .een raised of them& and said they )ere false& and alleged that their a$tions )ere suffi$ient for their vindi$ation/ and said )ithal& that he himself ought to shut his ears against su$h tales& and not .e too easy in .elieving them& for that there )ould never .e )anting those that )ould tell lies to their disadvantage& as long as any )ould give ear to them" C" When they had thus soon pa$ified him& as .eing their father& they got $lear of the present fear they )ere in" !et did they see o$$asion for sorro) in some time after)ard/ for they #ne) that Salome& as )ell as their un$le *heroras& )ere their enemies/ )ho )ere .oth of them heavy and severe persons& and espe$ially *heroras& )ho )as a partner )ith Herod in all the affairs of the #ingdom& e $epting his diadem" He had also a hundred talents of his o)n revenue& and en7oyed the advantage of all the land .eyond Jordan& )hi$h he had re$eived as a gift from his .rother& )ho had as#ed of Caesar to ma#e him a tetrar$h& as he )as made a$$ordingly" Herod had also given him a )ife out of the royal family& )ho )as no other than his o)n )ife2s sister& and after her death had solemnly espoused to him his o)n eldest daughter& )ith a do)ry of three hundred talents/ .ut *heroras refused to $onsummate this royal marriage& out of his affe$tion to a maidservant of his" 5pon )hi$h a$$ount Herod )as very angry& and gave that daughter in marriage to a .rother2s son of his& +Joseph&, )ho )as slain after)ard .y the *arthians/ .ut in some time he laid aside his anger against *heroras& and pardoned him& as one not a.le to over$ome his foolish passion for the maid-servant" D" 1ay& *heroras had .een a$$used long .efore& )hile the 6ueen +-ariamne, )as alive& as if he )ere in a plot to poison Herod/ and there $ame then so great a num.er of informers& that Herod himself& though he )as an e $eeding lover of his .rethren& )as .rought to .elieve )hat )as said& and to .e afraid of it also" And )hen he had .rought many of those that )ere under suspi$ion to the torture& he $ame at last to *heroras2s o)n friends/ none of )hi$h did openly $onfess the $rime& .ut they o)ned that he had made preparation to ta#e her )hom he loved& and run a)ay to the *arthians" Costo.arus also& the hus.and of Salome& to )hom the #ing had given her in marriage& after her former hus.and had .een put to death for adultery& )as instrumental in .ringing a.out this $ontrivan$e and flight of his" 1or did Salome es$ape all $alumny upon herself/ for her .rother *heroras a$$used her that she had made an agreement to marry Silleus& the pro$urator of O.odas& #ing of Ara.ia& )ho )as at .itter enmity )ith Herod/ .ut )hen she )as $onvi$ted of this& and of all that *heroras had a$$used her of& she o.tained her pardon" The #ing also pardoned *heroras himself the $rimes he had .een a$$used of" H" But the storm of the )hole family )as removed to Ale ander& and all of it rested upon his head" There )ere three eunu$hs )ho )ere in the highest esteem )ith the #ing& as )as plain .y the offi$es they )ere in a.out him/ for one of them )as appointed to .e his .utler& another of them got his supper ready for him& and the third put him into .ed& and lay do)n .y him" 1o) Ale ander had prevailed )ith these men& .y large gifts& to let him use them after an o.s$ene manner/ )hi$h& )hen it )as told to the #ing& they )ere tortured& and found guilty& and presently $onfessed the $riminal $onversation he had )ith them" They also dis$overed the promises .y )hi$h they )ere indu$ed so to do& and ho) they )ere

deluded .y Ale ander& )ho had told them that they ought not to fi their hopes upon Herod& an old man& and one so shameless as to $olor his hair& unless they thought that )ould ma#e him young again/ .ut that they ought to fi their attention to him )ho )as to .e his su$$essor in the #ingdom& )hether he )ould or not/ and )ho in no long time )ould avenge himself on his enemies& and ma#e his friends happy and .lessed& and themselves in the first pla$e/ that the men of po)er did already pay respe$ts to Ale ander privately& and that the $aptains of the soldiery& and the offi$ers& did se$retly $ome to him" G" These $onfessions did so terrify Herod& that he durst not immediately pu.lish them/ .ut he sent spies a.road privately& .y night and .y day& )ho should ma#e a $lose in6uiry after all that )as done and said/ and )hen any )ere .ut suspe$ted +of treason,& he put them to death& insomu$h that the pala$e )as full of horri.ly un7ust pro$eedings/ for every .ody forged $alumnies& as they )ere themselves in a state of enmity or hatred against others/ and many there )ere )ho a.used the #ing2s .loody passion to the disadvantage of those )ith )hom they had 6uarrels& and lies )ere easily .elieved& and punishments )ere infli$ted sooner than the $alumnies )ere forged" He )ho had 7ust then .een a$$using another )as a$$used himself& and )as led a)ay to e e$ution together )ith him )hom he had $onvi$ted/ for the danger the #ing )as in of his life made e aminations .e very short" He also pro$eeded to su$h a degree of .itterness& that he $ould not loo# on any of those that )ere not a$$used )ith a pleasant $ountenan$e& .ut )as in the most .ar.arous disposition to)ards his o)n friends" A$$ordingly& he for.ade a great many of them to $ome to $ourt& and to those )hom he had not po)er to punish a$tually he spa#e harshly" But for Antipater& he insulted Ale ander& no) he )as under his misfortunes& and got a stout $ompany of his #indred together& and raised all sorts of $alumny against him/ and for the #ing& he )as .rought to su$h a degree of terror .y those prodigious slanders and $ontrivan$es& that he fan$ied he sa) Ale ander $oming to him )ith a dra)n s)ord in his hand" So he $aused him to .e sei?ed upon immediately& and .ound& and fell to e amining his friends .y torture& many of )hom died +under the torture,& .ut )ould dis$over nothing& nor say any thing against their $ons$ien$es/ .ut some of them& .eing for$ed to spea# falsely .y the pains they endured& said that Ale ander& and his .rother Aristo.ulus& plotted against him& and )aited for an opportunity to #ill him as he )as hunting& and then fly a)ay to 0ome" These a$$usations though they )ere of an in$redi.le nature& and only framed upon the great distress they )ere in& )ere readily .elieved .y the #ing& )ho thought it some $omfort to him& after he had .ound his son& that it might appear he had not done it un7ustly" +'D'OT+1 ;BM> That it )as an immemorial $ustom among the Je)s& and their forefathers& the patriar$hs& to have sometimes more )ives or )ives and $on$u.ines& than one at the same the and that this polygamy )as not dire$tly for.idden in the la) of -oses is evident/ .ut that polygamy )as ever properly and distin$tly permitted in that la) of -oses& in the pla$es here $ited .y 'ean Aldri$h& 'euL@HE@D-@H& or 'euLA@E@C& or indeed any )here else& does not appear to me" And )hat our Savior says a.out the $ommon Je)ish divor$es& )hi$h may lay mu$h greater $laim to su$h a permission than polygamy& seems to me true in this $ase also/ that -oses& Ifor the hardness of their hearts&I suffered them to have several )ives at the same time& .ut that Ifrom the .eginning it )as not so&I -atL@MEG/ -arL@=EC"

CH(PT+, 2!
(,CH+.(01 P,OC0,+1 ( ,+CO'C).)(T)O' B+TW++' (.+2('D+, PH+,O,(18 ('D H+,OD5
@" 1OW as to Ale ander& sin$e he per$eived it impossi.le to persuade his father +that he )as inno$ent,& he resolved to meet his $alamities& ho) severe soever they )ere/ so he $omposed four .oo#s against his enemies& and $onfessed that he had .een in a plot/ .ut de$lared )ithal that the greatest part +of the $ourtiers, )ere in a plot )ith him& and $hiefly *heroras and Salome/ nay& that Salome on$e $ame and

for$ed him to lie )ith her in the night time& )hether he )ould or no" These .oo#s )ere put into Herod2s hands& and made a great $lamor against the men in po)er" And no) it )as that Ar$helaus $ame hastily into Judea& as .eing affrighted for his son-in-la) and his daughter/ and he $ame as a proper assistant& and in a very prudent manner& and .y a stratagem he o.liged the #ing not to e e$ute )hat he had threatened/ for )hen he )as $ome to him& he $ried out& IWhere in the )orld is this )ret$hed son-in-la) of mineK Where shall I see the head of him )hi$h $ontrived to murder his father& )hi$h I )ill tear to pie$es )ith my o)n handsK I )ill do the same also to my daughter& )ho hath su$h a fine hus.and/ for although she .e not a partner in the plot& yet& .y .eing the )ife of su$h a $reature& she is polluted" And I $annot .ut admire at thy patien$e& against )hom this plot is laid& if Ale ander .e still alive/ for as I $ame )ith )hat haste I $ould from Cappado$ia& I e pe$ted to find him put to death for his $rimes long ago/ .ut still& in order to ma#e an e amination )ith thee a.out my daughter& )hom& out of regard to thee and .y dignity& I had espoused to him in marriage/ .ut no) )e must ta#e $ounsel a.out them .oth/ and if thy paternal affe$tion .e so great& that thou $anst not punish thy son& )ho hath plotted against thee& let us $hange our right hands& and let us su$$eed one to the other in e pressing our rage upon this o$$asion"I A" When he had made this pompous de$laration& he got Herod to remit of his anger& though he )ere in disorder& )ho thereupon gave him the .oo#s )hi$h Ale ander had $omposed to .e read .y him/ and as he $ame to every head& he $onsidered of it& together )ith Herod" So Ar$h$laus too# hen$e the o$$asion for that stratagem )hi$h he made use of& and .y degrees he laid the .lame on those men )hose names )ere in these .oo#s& and espe$ially upon *heroras/ and )hen he sa) that the #ing .elieved him +to he in earnest,& he said& IWe must $onsider )hether the young man .e not himself plotted against .y su$h a num.er of )i$#ed )ret$hes& and not thou plotted against .y the young man/ for I $annot see any o$$asion for his falling into so horrid a $rime& sin$e he en7oys the advantages of royalty already& and has the e pe$tation of .eing one of thy su$$essors/ I mean this& unless there )ere some persons that persuade him to it& and su$h persons as ma#e an ill use of the fa$ility they #no) there is to persuade young men/ for .y su$h persons& not only young men are sometimes imposed upon& .ut old men also& and .y them sometimes are the most illustrious families and #ingdoms overturned"I B" Herod assented to )hat he had said& and& .y degrees& a.ated of his anger against Ale ander& .ut )as more angry at *heroras/ for the prin$ipal su.7e$t of the four .oo#s )as *heroras/ )ho per$eiving that the #ing2s in$linations $hanged on a sudden& and that Ar$helaus2s friendship $ould do every thing )ith him& and that he had no honora.le method of preserving himself& he pro$ured his safety .y his impuden$e" So he left Ale ander& and had re$ourse to Ar$helaus& )ho told him that he did not see ho) he $ould get him e $used& no) he )as dire$tly $aught in so many $rimes& )here.y it )as evidently demonstrated that he had plotted against the #ing& and had .een the $ause of those misfortunes )hi$h the young man )as no) under& unless he )ould moreover leave off his $unning #navery& and his denials of )hat he )as $harged )ithal& and $onfess the $harge& and implore pardon of his .rother& )ho still had a #indness for him/ .ut that if he )ould do so& he )ould afford him all the assistan$e he )as a.le" <" With this advi$e *heroras $omplied& and putting himself into su$h a ha.it as might most move $ompassion& he $ame )ith .la$# $loth upon his .ody& and tears in his eyes& and thre) himself do)n at Herod2s feet& and .egged his pardon for )hat he had done& and $onfessed that he had a$ted very )i$#edly& and )as guilty of every thing that he had .een a$$used of& and lamented that disorder of his mind& and distra$tion )hi$h his love to a )oman& he said& had .rought him to" So )hen Ar$helaus had .rought *heroras to a$$use and .ear )itness against himself& he then made an e $use for him& and mitigated Herod2s anger to)ards him& and this .y using $ertain domesti$al e amples/ for that )hen he had suffered mu$h greater mis$hiefs from a .rother of his o)n& he prefered the o.ligations of nature .efore the passion of revenge/ .e$ause it is in #ingdoms as it is in gross .odies& )here some mem.er or other is ever s)elled .y the .ody2s )eight& in )hi$h $ase it is not proper to $ut off su$h mem.er& .ut to heal it .y a gentle method of $ure" C" 5pon Arehelaus2s saying this& and mu$h more to the same purpose& Herod2s displeasure against

*heroras )as mollified/ yet did he persevere in his o)n indignation against Ale ander& and said he )ould have his daughter divor$ed& and ta#en a)ay from him& and this till he had .rought Herod to that pass& that& $ontrary to his former .ehavior to him& he petitioned Ar$helaus for the young man& and that he )ould let his daughter $ontinue espoused to himE .ut Ar$helaus made him strongly .elieve that he )ould permit her to .e married to any one else& .ut not to Ale ander& .e$ause he loo#ed upon it as a very valua.le advantage& that the relation they had $ontra$ted .y that affinity& and the privileges that )ent along )ith it& might .e preserved" And )hen the #ing said that his son )ould ta#e it for a great favor to him& if he )ould not dissolve that marriage& espe$ially sin$e they had already $hildren .et)een the young man and her& and sin$e that )ife of his )as so )ell .eloved .y him& and that as )hile she remains his )ife she )ould .e a great preservative to him& and #eep him from offending& as he had formerly done/ so if she should .e on$e torn a)ay from him& she )ould .e the $ause of his falling into despair& .e$ause su$h young men2s attempts are .est mollified )hen they are diverted from them .y settling their affe$tions at home" So Arehelaus $omplied )ith )hat Herod desired& .ut not )ithout diffi$ulty& and )as .oth himself re$on$iled to the young man& and re$on$iled his father to him also" Ho)ever& he said he must& .y all means& .e sent to 0ome to dis$ourse )ith Caesar& .e$ause he had already )ritten a full a$$ount to him of this )hole matter" D" Thus a period )as put to Ar$helaus2s stratagem& )here.y he delivered his son-in-la) out of the dangers he )as in/ .ut )hen these re$on$iliations )ere over& they spent their time in feastings and agreea.le entertainments" And )hen Ar$helaus )as going a)ay& Herod made him a present of seventy talents& )ith a golden throne set )ith pre$ious stones& and some eunu$hs& and a $on$u.ine )ho )as $alled *anny$his" He also paid due honors to every one of his friends a$$ording to their dignity" In li#e manner did all the #ing2s #indred& .y his $ommand& ma#e glorious presents to Ar$helaus/ and so he )as $ondu$ted on his )ay .y Herod and his no.ility as far as Antio$h"

CH(PT+, 2"
HOW +0,3C.+1 ? &@ C(.06')(T+D TH+ 1O'1 O/ 6(,)(6'+; ('D HOW +0(,(T01 O/ CO1T1 (PO.O*3 /O, TH+6 H(D 'O +//+CT5
@" 1OW a little after)ard there $ame into Judea a man that )as mu$h superior to Arehelaus2s stratagems& )ho did not only overturn that re$on$iliation that had .een so )isely made )ith Ale ander& .ut proved the o$$asion of his ruin" He )as a 4a$edemonian& and his name )as %ury$les" He )as so $orrupt a man& that out of the desire of getting money& he $hose to live under a #ing& for (ree$e $ould not suffi$e his lu ury" He presented Herod )ith splendid gifts& as a .ait )hi$h he laid in order to $ompass his ends& and 6ui$#ly re$eived them .a$# again manifold/ yet did he esteem .are gifts as nothing& unless he im.rued the #ingdom in .lood .y his pur$hases" A$$ordingly& he imposed upon the #ing .y flattering him& and .y tal#ing su.tlely to him& as also .y the lying en$omiums )hi$h he made upon him/ for as he soon per$eived Herod2s .lind side& so he said and did every thing that might please him& and there.y .e$ame one of his most intimate friends/ for .oth the #ing and all that )ere a.out him had a great regard for this Spartan& on a$$ount of his $ountry" ;<@> A" 1o) as soon as this fello) per$eived the rotten parts of the family& and )hat 6uarrels the .rothers had one )ith another& and in )hat disposition the father )as to)ards ea$h of them& he $hose to ta#e his lodging at the first in the house of Antipater& .ut deluded Ale ander )ith a pretense of friendship to him& and falsely $laimed to .e an old a$6uaintan$e of Ar$helaus/ for )hi$h reason he )as presently admitted into Ale ander2s familiarity as a faithful friend" He also soon re$ommended himself to his .rother Aristo.ulus" And )hen he had thus made trial of these several persons& he imposed upon one of them .y one method& and upon another .y another" But he )as prin$ipally hired .y Antipater& and so .etrayed Ale ander& and this .y reproa$hing Antipater& .e$ause& )hile he )as the eldest son he overloo#ed the intrigues of those )ho stood in the )ay of his e pe$tations/ and .y reproa$hing Ale ander& .e$ause he )ho )as .orn of a 6ueen& and )as married to a #ing2s daughter& permitted one

that )as .orn of a mean )oman to lay $laim to the su$$ession& and this )hen he had Ar$helaus to support him in the most $omplete manner" 1or )as his advi$e thought to .e other than faithful .y the young man& .e$ause of his pretended friendship )ith Ar$helaus/ on )hi$h a$$ount it )as that Ale ander lamented to him Antipater2s .ehavior )ith regard to himself& and this )ithout $on$ealing any thing from him/ and ho) it )as no )onder if Herod& after he had #illed their mother& should deprive them of her #ingdom" 5pon this %ury$les pretended to $ommiserate his $ondition& and to grieve )ith him" He also& .y a .ait that he laid for him& pro$ured Aristo.ulus to say the same things" Thus did he inveigle .oth the .rothers to ma#e $omplaints of their father& and then )ent to Antipater& and $arried these grand se$rets to him" He also added a fi$tion of his o)n& as if his .rothers had laid a plot against him& and )ere almost ready to $ome upon him )ith their dra)n s)ords" For this intelligen$e he re$eived a great sum of money& and on that a$$ount he $ommended Antipater .efore his father& and at length undertoo# the )or# of .ringing Ale ander and Aristo.ulus to their graves& and a$$used them .efore their father" So he $ame to Herod& and told him that he )ould save his life& as a re6uital for the favors he had re$eived from him& and )ould preserve his light +of life, .y )ay of retri.ution for his #ind entertainment/ for that a s)ord had .een long )hetted& and Ale ander2s right hand had .een long stret$hed out against him/ .ut that he had laid impediments in his )ay& prevented his speed& and that .y pretending to assist him in his designE ho) Ale ander said that Herod )as not $ontented to reign in a #ingdom that .elonged to others& and to ma#e dilapidations in their mother2s government after he had #illed her/ .ut .esides all this& that he introdu$ed a spurious su$$essor& and proposed to give the #ingdom of their an$estors to that pestilent fello) AntipaterE - that he )ould no) appease the ghosts of Hyr$anus and -ariamne& .y ta#ing vengean$e on him/ for that it )as not fit for him to ta#e the su$$ession to the government from su$h a father )ithout .loodshedE that many things happen every day to provo#e him so to do& insomu$h that he $an say nothing at all& .ut it affords o$$asion for $alumny against him/ for that if any mention .e made of no.ility of .irth& even in other $ases& he is a.used un7ustly& )hile his father )ould say that no.ody& to .e sure& is of no.le .irth .ut Ale ander& and that his father )as inglorious for )ant of su$h no.ility" If they .e at any time hunting& and he says nothing& he gives offense/ and if he $ommends any .ody& they ta#e it in )ay of 7est" That they al)ays find their father unmer$ifully severe& and have no natural affe$tion for any of them .ut for Antipater/ on )hi$h a$$ounts& if this plot does not ta#e& he is very )illing to die/ .ut that in $ase he #ill his father& he hath suffi$ient opportunities for saving himself" In the first pla$e& he hath Ar$helaus his father-in-la) to )hom he $an easily fly/ and in the ne t pla$e& he hath Caesar& )ho had never #no)n Herod2s $hara$ter to this day/ for that he shall not appear then .efore him )ith that dread he used to do )hen his father )as there to terrify him/ and that he )ill not then produ$e the a$$usations that $on$erned himself alone& .ut )ould& in the first pla$e& openly insist on the $alamities of their nation& and ho) they are ta ed to death& and in )hat )ays of lu ury and )i$#ed pra$ti$es that )ealth is spent )hi$h )as gotten .y .loodshed/ )hat sort of persons they are that get our ri$hes& and to )hom those $ities .elong upon )hom he .esto)s his favors/ that he )ould have in6uiry made )hat .e$ame of his grandfather +Hyr$anus,& and his mother +-ariamne,& and )ould openly pro$laim the gross )i$#edness that )as in the #ingdom/ on )hi$h a$$ounts he should not .e deemed a parri$ide" B" When %ury$les had made this portentous spee$h& he greatly $ommended Antipater& as the only $hild that had an affe$tion for his father& and on that a$$ount )as an impediment to the other2s plot against him" Hereupon the #ing& )ho had hardly repressed his anger upon the former a$$usations& )as e asperated to an in$ura.le degree" At )hi$h time Antipater too# another o$$asion to send in other persons to his father to a$$use his .rethren& and to tell him that they had privately dis$oursed )ith Ju$undus and Tyrannus& )ho had on$e .een masters of the horse to the #ing& .ut for some offenses had .een put out of that honora.le employment" Herod )as in a very great rage at these informations& and presently ordered those men to .e tortured/ yet did not they $onfess any thing of )hat the #ing had .een informed/ .ut a $ertain letter )as produ$ed& as )ritten .y Ale ander to the governor of a $astle& to desire him to re$eive him and Aristo.ulus into the $astle )hen he had #illed his father& and to give them )eapons& and )hat other assistan$e he $ould& upon that o$$asion" Ale ander said that this letter )as a forgery of 'iophantus" This 'iophantus )as the #ing2s se$retary& a .old man& and $unning in $ounterfeiting any one2s hand/ and after he had $ounterfeited a great num.er& he )as at last put to death for it" Herod did also order the governor of the $astle to .e tortured& .ut got nothing out of him

of )hat the a$$usations suggested" <" Ho)ever& although Herod found the proofs too )ea#& he gave order to have his sons #ept in $ustody/ for till no) they had .een at li.erty" He also $alled that pest of his family& and forger of all this vile a$$usation& %ury$les& his savior and .enefa$tor& and gave him a re)ard of fifty talents" 5pon )hi$h he prevented any a$$urate a$$ounts that $ould $ome of )hat he had done& .y going immediately into Cappado$ia& and there he got money of Ar$helaus& having the impuden$e to pretend that he had re$on$iled Herod to Ale ander" He then$e passed over into (ree$e& and used )hat he had thus )i$#edly gotten to the li#e )i$#ed purposes" A$$ordingly& he )as t)i$e a$$used .efore Caesar& that he had filled A$haia )ith sedition& and had plundered its $ities/ and so he )as sent into .anishment" And thus )as he punished for )hat )i$#ed a$tions he had .een guilty of a.out Aristo.ulus and Ale ander" C" But it )ill no) .e )orth )hile to put %uaratus of Cos in opposition to this Spartan/ for as he )as one of Ale ander2s most intimate friends& and $ame to him in his travels at the same time that %ury$les $ame/ so the #ing put the 6uestion to him& )hether those things of )hi$h Ale ander )as a$$used )ere trueK He assured him upon oath that he had never heard any su$h things from the young men/ yet did this testimony avail nothing for the $learing those misera.le $reatures/ for Herod )as only disposed and most ready to hear#en to )hat made against them& and every one )as most agreea.le to him that )ould .elieve they )ere guilty& and sho)ed their indignation at them" +'D'OT+1 ;<=> This vile fello)& %ury$les the 4a$edemonian& seems to have .een the same )ho is mentioned .y *lutar$h& as ;t)enty- live years .efore> a $ompanion to -ar# Antony& and as living )ith Herod/ )hen$e he might easily insinuate himself into the a$6uaintan$e of Herod2s sons& Antipater and Ale ander& as 5sher& Hudson& and Spanheim 7ustly suppose" The reason )hy his .eing a Spartan rendered him a$$epta.le to the Je)s as )e here see he )as& is visi.le from the pu.li$ re$ords of the Je)s and Spartans& o)ning those Spartans to .e of #in to the Je)s& and derived from their $ommon an$estor A.raham& the first patriar$h of the Je)ish nation& Anti6" B" FII" $h" <" se$t" @=/ B" FIII" $h" C" se$t" G/ and @ -a$$" @AEH" ;<@> See the pre$eding note"

CH(PT+, 2#
H+,OD B3 C(+1(,1 D),+CT)O' (CC01+1 H)1 1O'1 (T +0,3T015 TH+3 (,+ 'OT P,OD0C+D B+/O,+ TH+ CO0,T1 B0T 3+T (,+ CO'D+6'+D; ('D )' ( .)TT.+ T)6+ TH+3 (,+ 1+'T TO 1+B(1T+8 ('D 1T,('*.+D TH+,+5
@" -O0%O8%0& Salome e asperated Herod2s $ruelty against his sons/ for Aristo.ulus )as desirous to .ring her& )ho )as his mother-in-la) and his aunt& into the li#e dangers )ith themselves/ so he sent to her to ta#e $are of her o)n safety& and told her that the #ing )as preparing to put her to death& on a$$ount of the a$$usation that )as laid against her& as if )hen she formerly endeavored to marry herself to Sylleus the Ara.ian& she had dis$overed the #ing2s grand se$rets to him& )ho )as the #ing2s enemy/ and this it )as that $ame as the last storm& and entirely sun# the young men )hen they )ere in great danger .efore" For Salome $ame running to the #ing& and informed him of )hat admonition had .een given her/ )hereupon he $ould .ear no longer& .ut $ommanded .oth the young men to .e .ound& and #ept the one asunder from the other" He also sent 8olumnius& the general of his army& to Caesar immediately& as also his friend Olympus )ith him& )ho $arried the informations in )riting along )ith them" 1o) as soon as they had sailed to 0ome& and delivered the #ing2s letters to Caesar& Caesar )as mightily trou.led at the $ase of the young men/ yet did not he thin# he ought to ta#e the po)er from

the father of $ondemning his sons/ so he )rote .a$# to him& and appointed him to have the po)er over his sons/ .ut said )ithal& that he )ould do )ell to ma#e an e amination into this matter of the plot against him in a pu.li$ $ourt& and to ta#e for his assessors his o)n #indred& and the governors of the provin$e" And if those sons .e found guilty& to put them to death/ .ut if they appear to have thought of no more than flying a)ay from him& that he should moderate their punishment" A" With these dire$tions Herod $omplied& and $ame to Berytus& )here Caesar had ordered the $ourt to .e assem.led& and got the 7udi$ature together" The presidents sat first& as Caesar2s letters had appointed& )ho )ere Saturninus and *edanius& and their lieutenants that )ere )ith them& )ith )hom )as the pro$urator 8olumnius also/ ne t to them sat the #ing2s #insmen and friends& )ith Salome also& and *heroras/ after )hom sat the prin$ipal men of all Syria& e $epting Ar$helaus/ for Herod had a suspi$ion of him& .e$ause he )as Ale ander2s father-in-la)" !et did not he produ$e his sons in open $ourt/ and this )as done very $unningly& for he #ne) )ell enough that had they .ut appeared only& they )ould $ertainly have .een pitied/ and if )ithal they had .een suffered to spea#& Ale ander )ould easily have ans)ered )hat they )ere a$$used of/ .ut they )ere in $ustody at *latane& a village of the Sidontans" B" So the #ing got up& and inveighed against his sons& as if they )ere present/ and as for that part of the a$$usation that they had plotted against him& he urged it .ut faintly& .e$ause he )as destitute of proofs/ .ut he insisted .efore the assessors on the reproa$hes& and 7ests& and in7urious $arriage& and ten thousand the li#e offenses against him& )hi$h )ere heavier than death itself/ and )hen no.ody $ontradi$ted him& he moved them to pity his $ase& as though he had .een $ondemned himself& no) he had gained a .itter vi$tory against his sons" So he as#ed every one2s senten$e& )hi$h senten$e )as first of all given .y Saturninus& and )as thisE That he $ondemned the young men& .ut not to death/ for that it )as not fit for him& )ho had three sons of his o)n no) present& to give his vote for the destru$tion of the sons of another" The t)o lieutenants also gave the li#e vote/ some others there )ere also )ho follo)ed their e ample/ .ut 8olumnius .egan to vote on the more melan$holy side& and all those that $ame after him $ondemned the young men to die& some out of flattery& and some out of hatred to Herod/ .ut none out of indignation at their $rimes" And no) all Syria and Judea )as in great e pe$tation& and )aited for the last a$t of this tragedy/ yet did no.ody& suppose that Herod )ould .e so .ar.arous as to murder his $hildrenE ho)ever& he $arried them a)ay to Tyre& and then$e sailed to Cesarea& and deli.erated )ith himself )hat sort of death the young men should suffer" <" 1o) there )as a $ertain old soldier of the #ing2s& )hose name )as Tero& )ho had a son that )as very familiar )ith and a friend to Ale ander& and )ho himself parti$ularly loved the young men" This soldier )as in a manner distra$ted& out of the e $ess of the indignation he had at )hat )as doing/ and at first he $ried out aloud& as he )ent a.out& that 7usti$e )as trampled under foot/ that truth )as perished& and nature $onfounded/ and that the life of man )as full of ini6uity& and every thing else that passion $ould suggest to a man )ho spared not his o)n life/ and at last he ventured to go to the #ing& and said& ITruly I thin# thou art a most misera.le man& )hen thou hear#enest to most )i$#ed )ret$hes& against those that ought to .e dearest to thee/ sin$e thou hast fre6uently resolved that *heroras and Salome should .e put to death& and yet .elievest them against thy sons/ )hile these& .y $utting off the su$$ession of thine o)n sons& leave all )holly to Antipater& and there.y $hoose to have thee su$h a #ing as may .e thoroughly in their o)n po)er" Ho)ever& $onsider )hether this death of Antipater2s .rethren )ill not ma#e him hated .y the soldiers/ for there is no.ody .ut $ommiserates the young men/ and of the $aptains& a great many sho) their indignation at it openly"I 5pon his saying this& he named those that had su$h indignation/ .ut the #ing ordered those men& )ith Tero himself and his son& to .e sei?ed upon immediately" C" At )hi$h time there )as a $ertain .ar.er& )hose name )as Trypho" This man leaped out from among the people in a #ind of madness& and a$$used himself& and said& IThis Tero endeavored to persuade me also to $ut thy throat )ith my ra?or& )hen I trimmed thee& and promised that Ale ander should give me large presents for so doing"I When Herod heard this& he e amined Tero& )ith his son and the .ar.er& .y the torture/ .ut as the others denied the a$$usation& and he said nothing further&

Herod gave order that Tero should .e ra$#ed more severely/ .ut his son& out of pity to his father& promised to dis$over the )hole to the #ing& if he )ould grant +that his father should .e no longer tortured," When he had agreed to this& he said that his father& at the persuasion of Ale ander& had an intention to #ill him" 1o) some said this )as forged& in order to free his father from his torments/ and some said it )as true" D" And no) Herod a$$used the $aptains and Tero in an assem.ly of the people& and .rought the people together in a .ody against them/ and a$$ordingly there )ere they put to death& together )ith +Trypho, the .ar.er/ they )ere #illed .y the pie$es of )ood and the stones that )ere thro)n at them" He also sent his sons to Se.aste& a $ity not far from Cesarea& and ordered them to .e there strangled/ and as )hat he had ordered )as e e$uted immediately& so he $ommanded that their dead .odies should .e .rought to the fortress Ale andrium& to .e .uried )ith Ale ander& their grandfather .y the mother2s side" And this )as the end of Ale ander and Aristo.ulus"

CH(PT+, 2$ HOW ('T)P(T+, )1 H(T+D O/ (.. 6+'; ('D HOW TH+ 7)'* +1PO01+1 TH+ 1O'1 O/ THO1+ TH(T H(D B++' 1.()' TO H)1 7)'D,+D;B0T TH(T ('T)P(T+, 6(D+ H)6 CH('*+ TH+6 /O, OTH+, WO6+'5 O/ H+,OD<1 6(,,)(*+18 ('D CH).D,+'5
@" B5T an intolera.le hatred fell upon Antipater from the nation& though he had no) an indisputa.le title to the su$$ession& .e$ause they all #ne) that he )as the person )ho $ontrived all the $alumnies against his .rethren" Ho)ever& he .egan to .e in a terri.le fear& as he sa) the posterity of those that had .een slain gro)ing up/ for Ale ander had t)o sons .y (laphyra& Tigranes and Ale ander/ and Aristo.ulus had Herod& and Agrippa& and Aristo.ulus& his sons& )ith Herodias and -ariamne& his daughters& and all .y Berni$e& Salome2s daughter" As for (laphyra& Herod& as soon as he had #illed Ale ander& sent her .a$#& together )ith her portion& to Cappado$ia" He married Berni$e& Aristo.ulus2s daughter& to Antipater2s un$le .y his mother& and it )as Antipater )ho& in order to re$on$ile her to him& )hen she had .een at varian$e )ith him& $ontrived this mat$h/ he also got into *heroras2s favor& and into the favor of Caesar2s friends& .y presents& and other )ays of o.se6uiousness& and sent no small sums of money to 0ome/ Saturninus also& and his friends in Syria& )ere all )ell replenished )ith the presents he made them/ yet the more he gave& the more he )as hated& as not ma#ing these presents out of generosity& .ut spending his money out of fear" A$$ordingly& it so fell out that the re$eivers .ore him no more good-)ill than .efore& .ut that those to )hom he gave nothing )ere his more .itter enemies" Ho)ever& he .esto)ed his money every day more and more profusely& on o.serving that& $ontrary to his e pe$tations& the #ing )as ta#ing $are a.out the orphans& and dis$overing at the same time his repentan$e for #illing their fathers& .y his $ommiseration of those that sprang from them" A" A$$ordingly& Herod got together his #indred and friends& and set .efore them the $hildren& and& )ith his eyes full of tears& said thus to themE IIt )as an unlu$#y fate that too# a)ay from me these $hildren2s fathers& )hi$h $hildren are re$ommended to me .y that natural $ommiseration )hi$h their orphan $ondition re6uires/ ho)ever& I )ill endeavor& though I have .een a most unfortunate father& to appear a .etter grandfather& and to leave these $hildren su$h $urators after myself as are dearest to me" I therefore .etroth thy daughter& *heroras& to the elder of these .rethren& the $hildren of Ale ander& that thou mayst .e o.liged to ta#e $are of them" I also .etroth to thy son& Antipater& the daughter of Aristo.ulus/ .e thou therefore a father to that orphan/ and my son Herod +*hilip, shall have her sister& )hose grandfather& .y the mother2s side& )as high priest" And let every one that loves me .e of my sentiments in these dispositions& )hi$h none that hath an affe$tion for me )ill a.rogate" And I pray (od that he )ill 7oin these $hildren together in marriage& to the advantage of my #ingdom& and of my posterity/ and may he loo# do)n )ith eyes more serene upon them than he loo#ed upon their fathers"I

B" While he spa#e these )ords he )ept& and 7oined the $hildren2s fight hands together/ after )hi$h he em.ra$ed them every one after an affe$tionate manner& and dismissed the assem.ly" 5pon this& Antipater )as in great disorder immediately& and lamented pu.li$ly at )hat )as done/ for he supposed that this dignity )hi$h )as $onferred on these orphans )as for his o)n destru$tion& even in his father2s lifetime& and that he should run another ris# of losing the government& if Ale ander2s sons should have .oth Ar$helaus +a #ing,& and *heroras a tetrar$h& to support them" He also $onsidered ho) he )as himself hated .y the nation& and ho) they pitied these orphans/ ho) great affe$tion the Je)s .are to those .rethren of his )hen they )ere alive& and ho) gladly they remem.ered them no) they had perished .y his means" So he resolved .y all the )ays possi.le to get these espousals dissolved" <" 1o) he )as afraid of going su.tlely a.out this matter )ith his father& )ho )as hard to .e pleased& and )as presently moved upon the least suspi$ionE so he ventured to go to him dire$tly& and to .eg of him .efore his fa$e not to deprive him of that dignity )hi$h he had .een pleased to .esto) upon him/ and that he might not have the .are name of a #ing& )hile the po)er )as in other persons/ for that he should never .e a.le to #eep the government& if Ale ander2s son )as to have .oth his grandfather Ar$helaus and *heroras for his $urators/ and he .esought him earnestly& sin$e there )ere so many of the royal family alive& that he )ould $hange those +intended, marriages" 1o) the #ing had nine )ives& ;<A> and $hildren .y seven of them/ Antipater )as himself .orn of 'oris& and Herod *hilip of -ariamne& the high priest2s daughter/ Antipas also and Ar$helaus )ere .y -altha$e& the Samaritan& as )as his daughter Olympias& )hi$h his .rother Joseph2s ;<B> son had married" By Cleopatra of Jerusalem he had Herod and *hilip/ and .y *allas& *hasaelus/ he had also t)o daughters& 0o ana and Salome& the one .y *hedra& and the other .y %lpis/ he had also t)o )ives that had no $hildren& the one his first $ousin& and the other his nie$e/ and .esides these he had t)o daughters& the sisters of Ale ander and Aristo.ulus& .y -ariamne" Sin$e& therefore& the royal family )as so numerous& Antipater prayed him to $hange these intended marriages" C" When the #ing per$eived )hat disposition he )as in to)ards these orphans& he )as angry at it& and a suspi$ion $ame into his mind as to those sons )hom he had put to death& )hether that had not .een .rought a.out .y the false tales of Antipater/ so that at that time he made Antipater a long and a peevish ans)er& and .id him .egone" !et )as he after)ards prevailed upon $unningly .y his flatteries& and $hanged the marriages/ he married Aristo.ulus2s daughter to him& and his son to *heroras2s daughter" D" 1o) one may learn& in this instan$e& ho) very mu$h this flattering Antipater $ould do& - even )hat Salome in the li#e $ir$umstan$es $ould not do/ for )hen she& )ho )as his sister& and )ho& .y the means of Julia& Caesar2s )ife& earnestly desired leave to .e married to Sylleus the Ara.ian& Herod s)ore he )ould esteem her his .itter enemy& unless she )ould leave off that pro7e$tE he also $aused her& against her o)n $onsent& to .e married to Ale as& a friend of his& and that one of her daughters should .e married to Ale as2s son& and the other to Antipater2s un$le .y the mother2s side" And for the daughters the #ing had .y -ariamne& the one )as married to Antipater& his sister2s son& and the other to his .rother2s son& *hasaelus" +'D'OT+1 ;<A> 'ean Aldri$h ta#es noti$e here& that these nine )ives of Herod )ere alive at the same time/ and that if the $ele.rated -ariamne& )ho )as no) dead& .e re$#oned& those )ives )ere in all ten" !et it is remar#a.le that he had no more than fifteen $hildren .y them all" ;<B> To prevent $onfusion& it may not .e amiss& )ith 'ean Aldri$h& to distinguish .et)een four Josephs in the history of Herod" @" Joseph& Herod2s un$le& and the +se$ond, hus.and of his sister Salome& slain .y Herod& on a$$ount of -ariamne" A" Joseph& Herod2s 6uaestor& or treasurer& slain on the same a$$ount" B" Joseph& Herod2s .rother& slain in .attle against Antigonus" <" Joseph& Herod2s nephe)& the hus.and of Olympias& mentioned in this pla$e"

CH(PT+, 2%
('T)P(T+, B+CO6+1 )'TO.+,(B.+5 H+ )1 1+'T TO ,O6+8 ('D C(,,)+1 H+,OD<1 T+1T(6+'T W)TH H)6; PH+,O,(1 .+(-+1 H)1 B,OTH+,8 TH(T H+ 6(3 7++P H)1 W)/+5 H+ D)+1 (T HO6+5
@" 1OW )hen Antipater had $ut off the hopes of the orphans& and had $ontra$ted su$h affinities as )ould .e most for his o)n advantage& he pro$eeded .ris#ly& as having a $ertain e pe$tation of the #ingdom/ and as he had no) assuran$e added to his )i$#edness& he .e$ame intolera.le/ for not .eing a.le to avoid the hatred of all people& he .uilt his se$urity upon the terror he stru$# into them" *heroras also assisted him in his designs& loo#ing upon him as already fi ed in the #ingdom" There )as also a $ompany of )omen in the $ourt& )hi$h e $ited ne) distur.an$es/ for *heroras2s )ife& together )ith her mother and sister& as also Antipater2s mother& gre) very impudent in the pala$e" She also )as so insolent as to affront the #ing2s t)o daughters& ;<<> on )hi$h a$$ount the #ing hated her to a great degree/ yet although these )omen )ere hated .y him& they domineered over othersE there )as only Salome )ho opposed their good agreement& and informed the #ing of their meetings& as not .eing for the advantage of his affairs" And )hen those )omen #ne) )hat $alumnies she had raised against them& and ho) mu$h Herod )as displeased& they left off their pu.li$ meetings& and friendly entertainments of one another/ nay& on the $ontrary& they pretended to 6uarrel one )ith another )hen the #ing )as )ithin hearing" The li#e dissimulation did Antipater ma#e use of/ and )hen matters )ere pu.li$& he opposed *heroras/ .ut still they had private $a.als and merry meetings in the night time/ nor did the o.servation of others do any more than $onfirm their mutual agreement" Ho)ever& Salome #ne) every thing they did& and told every thing to Herod" A" But he )as inflamed )ith anger at them& and $hiefly at *heroras2s )ife/ for Salome had prin$ipally a$$used her" So he got an assem.ly of his friends and #indred together& and there a$$used this )oman of many things& and parti$ularly of the affronts she had offered his daughters/ and that she had supplied the *harisees )ith money& .y )ay of re)ards for )hat they had done against him& and had pro$ured his .rother to .e$ome his enemy& .y giving him love potions" At length he turned his spee$h to *heroras& and told him that he )ould give him his $hoi$e of these t)o thingsE Whether he )ould #eep in )ith his .rother& or )ith his )ifeK And )hen *heroras said that he )ould die rather than forsa#e his )ifeK Herod& not #no)ing )hat to do further in that matter& turned his spee$h to Antipater& and $harged him to have no inter$ourse either )ith *heroras2s )ife& or )ith *heroras himself& or )ith any one .elonging to her" 1o) though Antipater did not transgress that his in7un$tion pu.li$ly& yet did he in se$ret $ome to their night meetings/ and .e$ause he )as afraid that Salome o.served )hat he did& he pro$ured& .y the means of his Italian friends& that he might go and live at 0ome/ for )hen they )rote that it )as proper for Antipater to .e sent to Caesar for some time& Herod made no delay& .ut sent him& and that )ith a splendid attendan$e& and a great deal of money& and gave him his testament to $arry )ith him& - )herein Antipater had the #ingdom .e6ueathed to him& and )herein Herod )as named for Antipater2s su$$essor/ that Herod& I mean& )ho )as the son of -ariarmne& the high priest2s daughter" B" Sylleus also& the Ara.ian& sailed to 0ome& )ithout any regard to Caesar2s in7un$tions& and this in order to oppose Antipater )ith all his might& as to that la)-suit )hi$h 1i$olaus had )ith him .efore" This Sylleus had also a great $ontest )ith Aretas his o)n #ing/ for he had slain many others of Aretas2s friends& and parti$ularly Sohemus& the most potent man in the $ity *etra" -oreover& he had prevailed )ith *ha.atus& )ho )as Herod2s ste)ard& .y giving him a great sum of money& to assist him against Herod/ .ut )hen Herod gave him more& he indu$ed him to leave Syll$us& and .y this means he demanded of him all that Caesar had re6uired of him to pay" But )hen Sylleus paid nothing of )hat he )as to pay& and did also a$$use *ha.atus to Caesar& and said that he )as not a ste)ard for Caesar2s advantage& .ut for Herod2s& *ha.atus )as angry at him on that a$$ount& .ut )as still in very great

esteem )ith Herod& and dis$overed Sylleus2s grand se$rets& and told the #ing that Sylleus had $orrupted Corinthus& one of the guards of his .ody& .y .ri.ing him& and of )hom he must therefore have a $are" A$$ordingly& the #ing $omplied/ for this Corinthus& though he )as .rought up in Herod2s #ingdom& yet )as he .y .irth an Ara.ian/ so the #ing ordered him to .e ta#en up immediately& and not only him& .ut t)o other Ara.ians& )ho )ere $aught )ith him/ the one of them )as Sylleus2s friend& the other the head of a tri.e" These last& .eing put to the torture& $onfessed that they had prevailed )ith Corinthus& for a large sum of money& to #ill Herod/ and )hen they had .een further e amined .efore Saturninus& the president of Syria& they )ere sent to 0ome" <" Ho)ever& Herod did not leave off importuning *heroras& .ut pro$eeded to for$e him to put a)ay his )ife/ ;<C> yet $ould he not devise any )ay .y )hi$h he $ould .ring the )oman herself to punishment& although he had many $auses of hatred to her/ till at length he )as in su$h great uneasiness at her& that he $ast .oth her and his .rother out of his #ingdom" *heroras too# this in7ury very patiently& and )ent a)ay into his o)n tetrar$hy& +*erea .eyond Jordan&, and s)are that there should .e .ut one end put to his flight& and that should .e Herod2s death/ and that he )ould never return )hile he )as alive" 1or indeed )ould he return )hen his .rother )as si$#& although he earnestly sent for him to $ome to him& .e$ause he had a mind to leave some in7un$tions )ith him .efore he died/ .ut Herod une pe$tedly re$overed" A little after)ard *heroras himself fell si$#& )hen Herod sho)ed great moderation/ for he $ame to him& and pitied his $ase& and too# $are of him/ .ut his affe$tion for him did him no good& for *heroras died a little after)ard" 1o) though Herod had so great an affe$tion for him to the last day of his life& yet )as a report spread a.road that he had #illed him .y poison" Ho)ever& he too# $are to have his dead .ody $arried to Jerusalem& and appointed a very great mourning to the )hole nation for him& and .esto)ed a most pompous funeral upon him" And this )as the end that one of Ale ander2s and Aristo.ulus2s murderers $ame to" +'D'OT+1 ;<<> These daughters of Herod& )hom *heroras2s )ife affronted& )ere Salome and 0o ana& t)o virgins& )ho )ere .orn to him of his t)o )ives& %lpide and *hedra" See Herod2s genealogy& Anti6" B" F8II" $h" @" se$t" B" ;<C> This strange o.stina$y of *heroras in retaining his )ife& )ho )as one of a lo) family& and refusing to marry one nearly related to Herod& though he so earnestly desired it& as also that )ife2s admission to the $ounsels of the other great $ourt ladies& together )ith HerodNs o)n importunity as to *heroras2s divor$e and other marriage& all so remar#a.le here& or in the Anti6uities F8II" $h" A" se$t" </ and $h" B" .e )ell a$$ounted for& .ut on the supposal that *heroras .elieved& and Herod suspe$ted& that the *harisees2 predi$tion& as if the $ro)n of Judea should .e translated from Herod to *heroras2s posterity and that most pro.a.ly to *heroras2s posterity .y this his )ife& also )ould prove true" See Anti6" B" F8II" $h" A" se$t" </ and $h" B" se$t" @"

CH(PT+, 3&
WH+' H+,OD 6(D+ )'=0),3 (BO0T PH+,O,(1<1 D+(TH ( D)1CO-+,3 W(1 6(D+ TH(T ('T)P(T+, H(D P,+P(,+D ( PO)1O'O01 D,(0*HT /O, H)65 H+,OD C(1T1 DO,)1 ('D H+, (CCO6P.)C+18 (1 (.1O 6(,)(6'+8 O0T O/ TH+ P(.(C+ ('D B.OT1 H+, 1O' H+,OD O0T O/ H)1 T+1T(6+'T5
@" B5T no) the punishment )as transferred unto the original author& Antipater& and too# its rise from the death of *heroras/ for $ertain of his freed-men $ame )ith a sad $ountenan$e to the #ing& and told him that his .rother had .een destroyed .y poison& and that his )ife had .rought him some)hat that )as prepared after an unusual manner& and that& upon his eating it& he presently fell into his

distemper/ that Antipater2s mother and sister& t)o days .efore& .rought a )oman out of Ara.ia that )as s#illful in mi ing su$h drugs& that she might prepare a love potion for *heroras/ and that instead of a love potion& she had given him deadly poison/ and that this )as done .y the management of Sylleus& )ho )as a$6uainted )ith that )oman" A" The #ing )as deeply affe$ted )ith so many suspi$ions& and had the maid-servants and some of the free )omen also tortured/ one of )hi$h $ried out in her agonies& I-ay that (od that governs the earth and the heaven punish this author of all these our miseries& Antipater2s motherJI The #ing too# a handle from this $onfession& and pro$eeded to in6uire further into the truth of the matter" So this )oman dis$overed the friendship of Antipater2s mother to *heroras& and Antipater2s )omen& as also their se$ret meetings& and that *heroras and Antipater had drun# )ith them for a )hole night together as they returned from the #ing& and )ould not suffer any .ody& either man-servant or maidservant& to .e there/ )hile one of the free )omen dis$overed the matter" B" 5pon this Herod tortured the maid-servants every on .y themselves separately& )ho all unanimously agreed in the foregoing dis$overies& and that a$$ordingly .y agreement they )ent a)ay& Antipater to 0ome& and *heroras to *erea/ for that they oftentimes tal#ed to one another thusE That after Herod had slain Ale ander and Aristo.ulus& he )ould fall upon them& and upon their )ives& .e$ause& after he -ariamne and her $hildren he )ould spare no.ody/ and that for this reason it )as .est to get as far off the )ild .east as they )ere a.leE - and that Antipater oftentimes lamented his o)n $ase .efore his mother& and said to her& that he had already gray hairs upon his head& and that his father gre) younger again every day& and that perhaps death )ould overta#e him .efore he should .egin to .e a #ing in earnest/ and that in $ase Herod should die& )hi$h yet no.ody #ne) )hen it )ould .e& the en7oyment of the su$$ession $ould $ertainly .e .ut for a little time/ for that these heads of Hydra& the sons of Ale ander and Aristo.ulus& )ere gro)ing upE that he )as deprived .y his father of the hopes of .eing su$$eeded .y his $hildren& for that his su$$essor after his death )as not to .e any one of his o)n sons& .ut Herod the son of -ariamneE that in this point Herod )as plainly distra$ted& to thin# that his testament should therein ta#e pla$e/ for he )ould ta#e $are that not one of his posterity should remain& .e$ause he )as of all fathers the greatest hater of his $hildren" !et does he hate his .rother still )orse/ )hen$e it )as that he a )hile ago gave himself a hundred talents& that he should not have any inter$ourse )ith *heroras" And )hen *heroras said& Wherein have )e done him any harmK Antipater replied& II )ish he )ould .ut deprive us of all )e have& and leave us na#ed and alive only/ .ut it is indeed impossi.le to es$ape this )ild .east& )ho is thus given to murder& )ho )ill not permit us to love any person openly& although )e .e together privately/ yet may )e .e so openly too& if )e have .ut the $ourage and the hands of men"I <" These things )ere said .y the )omen upon the torture/ as also that *heroras resolved to fly )ith them to *erea" 1o) Herod gave $redit to all they said& on a$$ount of the affair of the hundred talents/ for he had no dis$ourse )ith any .ody a.out them& .ut only )ith Antipater" So he vented his anger first of all against Antipater2s mother& and too# a)ay from her all the ornaments )hi$h he had given her& )hi$h $ost a great many talents& and $ast her out of the pala$e a se$ond time" He also too# $are of *heroras2s )omen after their tortures& as .eing no) re$on$iled to them/ .ut he )as in great $onsternation himself& and inflamed upon every suspi$ion& and had many inno$ent persons led to the torture& out of his fear lest he should leave any guilty person untortured" C" And no) it )as that he .etoo# himself to e amine Antipater of Samaria& )ho )as the ste)ard of +his son, Antipater/ and upon torturing him& he learned that Antipater had sent for a potion of deadly poison for him out of %gypt& .y Antiphilus& a $ompanion of his/ that Theudio& the un$le of Antipater& had it from him& and delivered it to *heroras/ for that Antipater had $harged him to ta#e his father off )hile he )as at 0ome& and so free him from the suspi$ion of doing it himselfE that *heroras also $ommitted this potion to his )ife" Then did the #ing send for her& and .id her .ring to him )hat she had re$eived immediately" So she $ame out of her house as if she )ould .ring it )ith her& .ut thre) herself do)n from the top of the house& in order to prevent any e amination and torture from the #ing" Ho)ever& it $ame to pass& as it seems .y the providen$e of (od& )hen he intended to .ring Antipater to

punishment& that she fell not upon her head& .ut upon other parts of her .ody& and es$aped" The #ing& )hen she )as .rought to him& too# $are of her& ;for she )as at first 6uite senseless upon her fall&> and as#ed her )hy she had thro)n herself do)n/ and gave her his oath& that if she )ould spea# the real truth& he )ould e $use her from punishment/ .ut that if she $on$ealed any thing& he )ould have her .ody torn to pie$es .y torments& and leave no part" of it to .e .uried" D" 5pon this the )oman paused a little& and then said& IWhy do I spare to spea# of these grand se$rets& no) *heroras is deadK that )ould only tend to save Antipater& )ho is all our destru$tion" Hear then& O #ing& and .e thou& and (od himself& )ho $annot .e de$eived& )itnesses to the truth of )hat I am going to say" When thou didst sit )eeping .y *heroras as he )as dying& then it )as that he $alled me to him& and said& -y dear )ife& I have .een greatly mista#en as to the disposition of my .rother to)ards me& and have hated him that is so affe$tionate to me& and have $ontrived to #ill him )ho is in su$h disorder for me .efore I am dead" As for myself& I re$eive the re$ompen$e of my impiety/ .ut do thou .ring )hat poison )as left )ith us .y Antipater& and )hi$h thou #eepest in order to destroy him& and $onsume it immediately in the fire in my sight& that I may not .e lia.le to the avenger in the invisi.le )orld"I This I .rought as he .id me& and emptied the greatest part of it into the fire& .ut reserved a little of it for my o)n use against un$ertain futurity& and out of my fear of thee"I H" When she had said this& she .rought the .o & )hi$h had a small 6uantity of this potion in itE .ut the #ing let her alone& and transferred the tortures to Antiphilus2s mother and .rother/ )ho .oth $onfessed that Antiphilus .rought the .o out of %gypt& and that they had re$eived the potion from a .rother of his& )ho )as a physi$ian at Ale andria" Then did the ghosts of Ale ander and Aristo.ulus go round all the pala$e& and .e$ame the in6uisitors and dis$overers of )hat $ould not other)ise have .een found out and .rought su$h as )ere the freest from suspi$ion to .e e amined/ )here.y it )as dis$overed that -ariamne& the high priest2s daughter& )as $ons$ious of this plot/ and her very .rothers& )hen they )ere tortured& de$lared it so to .e" Whereupon the #ing avenged this insolent attempt of the mother upon her son& and .lotted Herod& )hom he had .y her& out of his treament& )ho had .een .efore named therein as su$$essor to Antipater"

CH(PT+, 31
('T)P(T+, )1 CO'-)CT+D B3 B(TH3..01 ; B0T H+ 1T).. ,+T0,'1 /,O6 ,O6+ W)THO0T 7'OW)'* )T5 H+,OD B,)'*1 H)6 TO H)1 T,)(.5
@" AFT%0 these things )ere over& Bathyllus $ame under e amination& in order to $onvi$t Antipater& )ho proved the $on$luding attestation to Antipater2s designs/ for indeed he )as no other than his freed-man" This man $ame& and .rought another deadly potion& the poison of asps& and the 7ui$es of other serpents& that if the first potion did not do the .usiness& *heroras and his )ife might .e armed )ith this also to destroy the #ing" He .rought also an addition to Antipater2s insolent attempt against his father& )hi$h )as the letters )hi$h he )rote against his .rethren& Ar$helaus and *hilip& )hi$h )ere the #ing2s sons& and edu$ated at 0ome& .eing yet youths& .ut of generous dispositions" Antipater set himself to get rid of these as soon as he $ould& that they might not .e pre7udi$ial to his hopes/ and to that end he forged letters against them in the name of his friends at 0ome" Some of these he $orrupted .y .ri.es to )rite ho) they grossly reproa$hed their father& and did openly .e)ail Ale ander and Aristo.ulus& and )ere uneasy at their .eing re$alled/ for their father had already sent for them& )hi$h )as the very thing that trou.led Antipater" A" 1ay& indeed& )hile Antipater )as in Judea& and .efore he )as upon his 7ourney to 0ome& he gave money to have the li#e letters against them sent from 0ome& and then $ame to his father& )ho as yet had no suspi$ion of him& and apologi?ed for his .rethren& and alleged on their .ehalf that some of the things $ontained in those letters )ere false& and others of them )ere only youthful errors" !et at the same time that he e pended a great deal of his money& .y ma#ing presents to su$h as )rote against his

.rethren& did he aim to .ring his a$$ounts into $onfusion& .y .uying $ostly garments& and $arpets of various $onte tures& )ith silver and gold $ups& and a great many more $urious things& that so& among the vie) great e penses laid out upon su$h furniture& he might $on$eal the money he had used in hiring men +to )rite the letters,/ for he .rought in an a$$ount of his e penses& amounting to t)o hundred talents& his main pretense for )hi$h )as file la)-suit he had .een in )ith Sylleus" So )hile all his rogueries& even those of a lesser sort also& )ere $overed .y his greater villainy& )hile all the e aminations .y torture pro$laimed his attempt to murder his father& and the letters pro$laimed his se$ond attempt to murder his .rethren/ yet did no one of those that $ame to 0ome inform him of his misfortunes in Judea& although seven months had intervened .et)een his $onvi$tion and his return& so great )as the hatred )hi$h they all .ore to him" And perhaps they )ere the ghosts of those .rethren of his that had .een murdered that stopped the mouths of those that intended to have told him" He then )rote from 0ome& and informed his +friends, that he )ould soon $ome to them& and ho) he )as dismissed )ith honor .y Caesar" B" 1o) the #ing& .eing desirous to get this plotter against him into his hands& and .eing also afraid lest he should some )ay $ome to the #no)ledge ho) his affairs stood& and .e upon his guard& he dissem.led his anger in his epistle to him& as in other points he )rote #indly to him& and desired him to ma#e haste& .e$ause if he $ame 6ui$#ly& he )ould then lay aside the $omplaints he had against his mother/ for Antipater )as not ignorant that his mother had .een e pelled out of the pala$e" Ho)ever& he had .efore re$eived a letter& )hi$h $ontained an a$$ount of the death of *heroras& at Tarentum& ;<D> and made great lamentations at it/ for )hi$h some $ommended him& as .eing for his o)n un$le/ though pro.a.ly this $onfusion arose on a$$ount of his having there.y failed in his plot +on his father2s life,/ and his tears )ere more for the loss of him that )as to have .een su.servient therein& than for +an un$le, *herorasE moreover& a sort of fear $ame upon him as to his designs& lest the poison should have .een dis$overed" Ho)ever& )hen he )as in Cili$ia& he re$eived the forementioned epistle from his father& and made great haste a$$ordingly" But )hen he had sailed to Celenderis& a suspi$ion $ame into his mind relating to his mother2s misfortunes/ as if his soul fore.oded some mis$hief to itself" Those therefore of his friends )hi$h )ere the most $onsiderate advised him not rashly to go to his father& till he had learned )hat )ere the o$$asions )hy his mother had .een e7e$ted& .e$ause they )ere afraid that he might .e involved in the $alumnies that had .een $ast upon his motherE .ut those that )ere less $onsiderate& and had more regard to their o)n desires of seeing their native $ountry& than to Antipater2s safety& persuaded him to ma#e haste home& and not& .y delaying his 7ourney& afford his father ground for an ill suspi$ion& and give a handle to those that raised stories against him/ for that in $ase any thing had .een moved to his disadvantage& it )as o)ing to his a.sen$e& )hi$h durst not have .een done had he .een present" And they said it )as a.surd to deprive himself of $ertain happiness& for the sa#e of an un$ertain suspi$ion& and not rather to return to his father& and ta#e the royal authority upon him& )hi$h )as in a state of flu$tuation on his a$$ount only" Antipater $omplied )ith this last advi$e& for *roviden$e hurried him on +to his destru$tion," So he passed over the sea& and landed at Se.astus& the haven of Cesarea" <" And here he found a perfe$t and une pe$ted solitude& )hile ever .ody avoided him& and no.ody durst $ome at him/ for he )as e6ually hated .y all men/ and no) that hatred had li.erty to sho) itself& and the dread men )ere in at the #ing2s anger made men #eep from him/ for the )hole $ity +of Jerusalem, )as filled )ith the rumors a.out Antipater& and Antipater himself )as the only person )ho )as ignorant of them/ for as no man )as dismissed more magnifi$ently )hen he .egan his voyage to 0ome so )as no man no) re$eived .a$# )ith greater ignominy" And indeed he .egan already to suspe$t )hat misfortunes there )ere in Herod2s family/ yet did he $unningly $on$eal his suspi$ion/ and )hile he )as in)ardly ready to die for fear& he put on a for$ed .oldness of $ountenan$e" 1or $ould he no) fly any )hither& nor had he any )ay of emerging out of the diffi$ulties )hi$h en$ompassed him/ nor indeed had he even there any $ertain intelligen$e of the affairs of the royal family& .y reason of the threats the #ing had given outE yet had he some small hopes of .etter tidings/ for perhaps nothing had .een dis$overed/ or if any dis$overy had .een made& perhaps he should .e a.le to $lear himself .y impuden$e and artful tri$#s& )hi$h )ere the only things he relied upon for his deliveran$e"

C" And )ith these hopes did he s$reen himself& till he $ame to the pala$e& )ithout any friends )ith him/ for these )ere affronted& and shut out at the first gate" 1o) 8arus& the president of Syria& happened to .e in the pala$e +at this 7un$ture,/ so Antipater )ent in to his father& and& putting on a .old fa$e& he $ame near to salute him" But Herod Stret$hed out his hands& and turned his head a)ay from him& and $ried out& I%ven this is an indi$ation of a parri$ide& to .e desirous to get me into his arms& )hen he is under su$h heinous a$$usations" (od $onfound thee& thou vile )ret$h/ do not thou tou$h me& till thou hast $leared thyself of these $rimes that are $harged upon thee" I appoint thee a $ourt )here thou art to .e 7udged& and this 8arus& )ho is very seasona.ly here& to .e thy 7udge/ and get thou thy defense ready against tomorro)& for I give thee so mu$h time to prepare suita.le e $uses for thyself"I And as Antipater )as so $onfounded& that he )as a.le to ma#e no ans)er to this $harge& he )ent a)ay/ .ut his mother and )ife $ame to him& and told him of all the eviden$e they had gotten against him" Hereupon he re$olle$ted himself& and $onsidered )hat defense he should ma#e against the a$$usations" +'D'OT+1 ;<D> This Tarentum has $oins still e tant& as 0eland informs us here in his note"

CH(PT+, 32
('T)P(T+, )1 (CC01+D B+/O,+ -(,018 ('D )1 CO'-)CT+D O/ .(3)'* ( P.OT 9(*()'1T H)1 /(TH+,: B3 TH+ 1T,O'*+1T +-)D+'C+5 H+,OD P0T1 O// H)1 P0')1H6+'T T).. H+ 1HO0.D B+ ,+CO-+,+D8 ('D )' TH+ 6+(' T)6+ (.T+,1 H)1 T+1T(6+'T5
@" 1OW the day follo)ing the #ing assem.led a $ourt of his #insmen and friends& and $alled in Antipater2s friends also" Herod himself& )ith 8arus& )ere the presidents/ and Herod $alled for all the )itnesses& and ordered them to .e .rought in/ among )hom some of the domesti$ servants of Antipater2s mother )ere .rought in also& )ho had .ut a little )hile .efore .een $aught& as they )ere $arrying the follo)ing letter from her to her sonE ISin$e all those things have .een already dis$overed to thy father& do not thou $ome to him& unless thou $anst pro$ure some assistan$e from Caesar"I When this and the other )itnesses )ere introdu$ed& Antipater $ame in& and falling on his fa$e .efore his father2s feet& he said& IFather& I .esee$h thee& do not $ondemn me .eforehand& .ut let thy ears .e un.iassed& and attend to my defense/ for if thou )ilt give me leave& I )ill demonstrate that I am inno$ent"I A" Hereupon Herod $ried out to him to hold his pea$e& and spa#e thus to 8arusE II $annot .ut thin# that thou& 8arus& and every other upright 7udge& )ill determine that Antipater is a vile )ret$h" I am also afraid that thou )ilt a.hor my ill fortune& and 7udge me also myself )orthy of all sorts of $alamity for .egetting su$h $hildren/ )hile yet I ought rather to .e pitied& )ho have .een so affe$tionate a father to su$h )ret$hed sons/ for )hen I had settled the #ingdom on my former sons& even )hen they )ere young& and )hen& .esides the $harges of their edu$ation at 0ome& I had made them the friends of Caesar& and made them envied .y other #ings& I found them plotting against me" These have .een put to death& and that& in great measure& for the sa#e of Antipater/ for as he )as then young& and appointed to .e my su$$essor& I too# $are $hiefly to se$ure him from dangerE .ut this profligate )ild .east& )hen he had .een over and a.ove satiated )ith that patien$e )hi$h I sho)ed him& he made use of that a.undan$e I had given him against myself/ for I seemed to him to live too long& and he )as very uneasy at the old age I )as arrived at/ nor $ould he stay any longer& .ut )ould .e a #ing .y parri$ide" And 7ustly I am served .y him for .ringing him .a$# out of the $ountry to $ourt& )hen he )as of no esteem .efore& and for thrusting out those sons of mine that )ere .orn of the 6ueen& and for ma#ing him a su$$essor to my dominions" I $onfess to thee& O 8arus& the great folly I )as guilty for I provo#ed those sons of mine to a$t against me& and $ut off their 7ust e pe$tations for the sa#e of Antipater/ and indeed

)hat #indness did I do them/ that $ould e6ual )hat I have done to AntipaterK to I have& in a manner& yielded up my royal )hile I am alive& and )hom I have openly named for the su$$essor to my dominions in my testament& and given him a yearly revenue of his o)n of fifty talents& and supplied him )ith money to an e travagant degree out of my o)n revenue/ and2 )hen he )as a.out to sail to 0ome& I gave him three talents& and re$ommended him& and him alone of all my $hildren& to Caesar& as his father2s deliverer" 1o) )hat $rimes )ere those other sons of mine guilty of li#e these of AntipaterK and )hat eviden$e )as there .rought against them so strong as there is to demonstrate this son to have plotted against meK !et does this parri$ide presume to spea# for himself& and hopes to o.s$ure the truth .y his $unning tri$#s" Thou& O 8arus& must guard thyself against him/ for I #no) the )ild .east& and I foresee ho) plausi.ly he )ill tal#& and his $ounterfeit lamentation" This )as he )ho e horted me to have a $are of Ale ander )hen he )as alive& and not to intrust my .ody )ith all menJ This )as he )ho $ame to my very .ed& and loo#ed a.out lest any one should lay snares for meJ This )as he )ho too# $are of my sleep& and se$ured me from fear of danger& )ho $omforted me under the trou.le I )as in upon the slaughter of my sons& and loo#ed to see )hat affe$tion my surviving .rethren .ore meJ This )as my prote$tor& and the guardian of my .odyJ And )hen I $all to mind& O 8arus& his $raftiness upon every o$$asion& and his art of dissem.ling& I $an hardly .elieve that I am still alive& and I )onder ho) I have es$aped su$h a deep plotter of mis$hief" Ho)ever& sin$e some fate or other ma#es my house desolate& and perpetually raises up those that are dearest to me against me& I )ill& )ith tears& lament my hard fortune& and privately groan under my lonesome $ondition/ yet am I resolved that no one )ho thirsts after my .lood shall es$ape punishment& although the eviden$e should e tend itself to all my sons"I B" 5pon Herod2s saying this& he )as interrupted .y the $onfusion he )as in/ .ut ordered 1i$olaus& one of his friends& to produ$e the eviden$e against Antipater" But in the mean time Antipater lifted up his head& ;for he lay on the ground .efore his father2s feet&> and $ried out aloud& IThou& O father& hast made my apology for me/ for ho) $an I .e a parri$ide& )hom thou thyself $onfessest to have al)ays had for thy guardianK Thou $allest my filial affe$tion prodigious lies and hypo$risyJ ho) then $ould it .e that I& )ho )as so su.tle in other matters& should here .e so mad as not to understand that it )as not easy that he )ho $ommitted so horrid a $rime should .e $on$ealed from men& .ut impossi.le that he should .e $on$ealed from the Judge of heaven& )ho sees all things& and is present every )hereK or did not I #no) )hat end my .rethren $ame to& on )hom (od infli$ted so great a punishment for their evil designs against theeK And indeed )hat )as there that $ould possi.ly provo#e me against theeK Could the hope of .eing #ing do itK I )as a #ing already" Could I suspe$t hatred from theeK 1o" Was not I .eloved .y theeK And )hat other fear $ould I haveK 1ay& .y preserving thee safe& I )as a terror to others" 'id I )ant moneyK 1o/ for )ho )as a.le to e pend so mu$h as myselfK Indeed& father& had I .een the most e e$ra.le of all man#ind& and had I had the soul of the most $ruel )ild .east& must I not have .een over$ome )ith the .enefits thou hadst .esto)ed upon meK )hom& as thou thyself sayest& thou .roughtest +into the pala$e,/ )hom thou didst prefer .efore so many of thy sons/ )hom thou madest a #ing in thine o)n lifetime& and& .y the vast magnitude of the other advantages thou .esto)edst on me& thou madest me an o.7e$t of envy" O misera.le manJ that thou shouldst undergo this .itter a.sen$e& and there.y afford a great opportunity for envy to arise against thee& and a long spa$e for su$h as )ere laying designs against theeJ !et )as I a.sent& father& on thy affairs& that Sylleus might not treat thee )ith $ontempt in thine old age" 0ome is a )itness to my filial affe$tion& and so is Caesar& the ruler of the ha.ita.le earth& )ho oftentimes $alled me *hilopater" ;<H> Ta#e here the letters he hath sent thee& they are more to .e .elieved than the $alumnies raised here/ these letters are my only apology/ these I use as the demonstration of that natural affe$tion I have to thee" 0emem.er that it )as against my o)n $hoi$e that I sailed +to 0ome,& as #no)ing the latent hatred that )as in the #ingdom against me" It )as thou& O father& ho)ever un)illingly& )ho hast .een my ruin& .y for$ing me to allo) time for $alumnies against me& and envy at me" Ho)ever& I am $ome hither& and am ready to hear the eviden$e there is against me" If I .e a parri$ide& I have passed .y land and .y sea& )ithout suffering any misfortune on either of themE .ut this method of trial is no advantage to me/ for it seems& O father& that I am already $ondemned& .oth .efore (od and .efore thee/ and as I am already $ondemned& I .eg that thou )ilt not .elieve the others that have .een tortured& .ut let fire .e .rought to torment me/ let the ra$#s mar$h through my .o)els/ have no regard to any lamentations that this

polluted .ody $an ma#e/ for if I .e a parri$ide& I ought not to die )ithout torture"I Thus did Antipater $ry out )ith lamentation and )eeping& and moved all the rest& and 8arus in parti$ular& to $ommiserate his $ase" Herod )as the only person )hose passion )as too strong to permit him to )eep& as #no)ing that the testimonies against him )ere true" <" And no) it )as that& at the #ing2s $ommand& 1i$olaus& )hen he had premised a great deal a.out the $raftiness of Antipater& and had prevented the effe$ts of their $ommiseration to him& after)ards .rought in a .itter and large a$$usation against him& as$ri.ing all the )i$#edness that had .een in the #ingdom to him& and espe$ially the murder of his .rethren/ and demonstrated that they had perished .y the $alumnies he had raised against them" He also said that he had laid designs against them that )ere still alive& as if they )ere laying plots for the su$$ession/ and ;said he> ho) $an it .e supposed that he )ho prepared poison for his father should a.stain from mis$hief as to his .rethrenK He then pro$eeded to $onvi$t him of the attempt to poison Herod& and gave an a$$ount in order of the several dis$overies that had .een made/ and had great indignation as to the affair of *heroras& .e$ause Antipater had .een for ma#ing him murder his .rother& and had $orrupted those that )ere dearest to the #ing& and filled the )hole pala$e )ith )i$#edness/ and )hen he had insisted on many other a$$usations& and the proofs for them& he left off" C" Then 8arus .id Antipater ma#e his defense/ .ut he lay along in silen$e& and said no more .ut this& I(od is my )itness that I am entirely inno$ent"I So 8arus as#ed for the potion& and gave it to .e drun# .y a $ondemned malefa$tor& )ho )as then in prison& )ho died upon the spot" So 8arus& )hen he had had a very private dis$ourse )ith Herod& and had )ritten an a$$ount of this assem.ly to Caesar& )ent a)ay& after a day2s stay" The #ing also .ound Antipater& and sent a)ay to inform Caesar of his misfortunes" D" 1o) after this it )as dis$overed that Antipater had laid a plot against Salome also/ for one of Antiphilus2s domesti$ servants $ame& and .rought letters from 0ome& from a maid-servant of Julia& +Caesar2s )ife&, )hose name )as A$me" By her a message )as sent to the #ing& that she had found a letter )ritten .y Salome& among Julia2s papers& and had sent it to him privately& out of her good-)ill to him" This letter of Salome $ontained the most .itter reproa$hes of the #ing& and the highest a$$usations against him" Antipater had forged this letter& and had $orrupted A$me& and persuaded her to send it to Herod" This )as proved .y her letter to Antipater& for thus did this )oman )rite to himE IAs thou desirest& I have )ritten a letter to thy father& and have sent that letter& and am persuaded that the #ing )ill not spare his sister )hen he reads it" Thou )ilt do )ell to remem.er )hat thou hast promised )hen all is a$$omplished"I H" When this epistle )as dis$overed& and )hat the epistle forged against Salome $ontained& a suspi$ion $ame into the #ing2s mind& that perhaps the letters against Ale ander )ere also forgedE he )as moreover greatly distur.ed& and in a passion& .e$ause he had almost slain his sister on Antipater2s a$$ount" He did no longer delay therefore to .ring him to punishment for all his $rimes/ yet )hen he )as eagerly pursuing Antipater& he )as restrained .y a severe distemper he fell into" Ho)ever& he sent all a$$ount to Caesar a.out A$me& and the $ontrivan$es against Salome/ he sent also for his testament& and altered it& and therein made Antipas #ing& as ta#ing no $are of Ar$h$laus and *hilip& .e$ause Antipater had .lasted their reputations )ith him/ .ut he .e6ueathed to Caesar& .esides other presents that he gave him& a thousand talents/ as also to his )ife& and $hildren& and friends& and freed-men a.out five hundredE he also .e6ueathed to all others a great 6uantity of land& and of money& and sho)ed his respe$ts to Salome his sister& .y giving her most splendid gifts" And this )as )hat )as $ontained in his testament& as it )as no) altered" +'D'OT+1 ;<H> A lover of his father"

CH(PT+, 33
TH+ *O.D+' +(*.+ )1 C0T TO P)+C+15 H+,OD<1 B(,B(,)T3 WH+' H+ W(1 ,+(D3 TO D)+5 H+ (TT+6PT1 TO 7).. H)61+./5 H+ CO66('D1 ('T)P(T+, TO B+ 1.()'5 H+ 10,-)-+1 H)6 /)-+ D(31 ('D TH+' D)+15
@" 1OW Herod2s distemper .e$ame more and more severe to him& and this .e$ause these his disorders fell upon him in his old age& and )hen he )as in a melan$holy $ondition/ for he )as already seventy years of age& and had .een .rought .y the $alamities that happened to him a.out his $hildren& )here.y he had no pleasure in life& even )hen he )as in health/ the grief also that Antipater )as still alive aggravated his disease& )hom he resolved to put to death no) not at random& .ut as soon as he should .e )ell again& and resolved to have him slain +in a pu.li$ manner," A" There also no) happened to him& among his other $alamities& a $ertain popular sedition" There )ere t)o men of learning in the $ity +Jerusalem&, )ho )ere thought the most s#illful in the la)s of their $ountry& and )ere on that a$$ount had in very great esteem all over the nation/ they )ere& the one Judas& the son of Sepphoris& and the other -att.ias& the son of -argalus" There )as a great $on$ourse of the young men to these men )hen they e pounded the la)s& and there got together every day a #ind of an army of su$h as )ere gro)ing up to .e men" 1o) )hen these men )ere informed that the #ing )as )earing a)ay )ith melan$holy& and )ith a distemper& they dropped )ords to their a$6uaintan$e& ho) it )as no) a very proper time to defend the $ause of (od& and to pull do)n )hat had .een ere$ted $ontrary to the la)s of their $ountry/ for it )as unla)ful there should .e any su$h thing in the temple as images& or fa$es& or the li#e representation of any animal )hatsoever" 1o) the #ing had put up a golden eagle over the great gate of the temple& )hi$h these learned men e horted them to $ut do)n/ and told them& that if there should any danger arise& it )as a glorious thing to die for the la)s of their $ountry/ .e$ause that the soul )as immortal& and that an eternal en7oyment of happiness did a)ait su$h as died on that a$$ount/ )hile the mean-spirited& and those that )ere not )ise enough to sho) a right love of their souls& preferred a death .y a disease& .efore that )hi$h is the result of a virtuous .ehavior" B" At the same time that these men made this spee$h to their dis$iples& a rumor )as spread a.road that the #ing )as dying& )hi$h made the young men set a.out the )or# )ith greater .oldness/ they therefore let themselves do)n from the top of the temple )ith thi$# $ords& and this at midday& and )hile a great num.er of people )ere in the temple& and $ut do)n that golden eagle )ith a es" This )as presently told to the #ing2s $aptain of the temple& )ho $ame running )ith a great .ody of soldiers& and $aught a.out forty of the young men& and .rought them to the #ing" And )hen he as#ed them& first of all& )hether they had .een so hardy as to $ut do)n the golden eagle& they $onfessed they had done so/ and )hen he as#ed them .y )hose $ommand they had done it& they replied& at the $ommand of the la) of their $ountry/ and )hen he further as#ed them ho) they $ould .e so 7oyful )hen they )ere to .e put to death& they replied& .e$ause they should en7oy greater happiness after they )ere dead" ;<G> <" At this the #ing )as in su$h an e travagant passion& that he over$ame his disease +for the time&, and )ent out& and spa#e to the people/ )herein he made a terri.le a$$usation against those men& as .eing guilty of sa$rilege& and as ma#ing greater attempts under pretense of their la)& and he thought they deserved to .e punished as impious persons" Whereupon the people )ere afraid lest a great num.er should .e found guilty and desired that )hen he had first punished those that put them upon this )or#& and then those that )ere $aught in it& he )ould leave off his anger as to the rest" With this the #ing $omplied& though not )ithout diffi$ulty& and ordered those that had let themselves do)n& together )ith their 0a..ins& to .e .urnt alive& .ut delivered the rest that )ere $aught to the proper offi$ers& to .e put to death .y them" C" After this& the distemper sei?ed upon his )hole .ody& and greatly disordered all its parts )ith various symptoms/ for there )as a gentle fever upon him& and an intolera.le it$hing over all the

surfa$e of his .ody& and $ontinual pains in his $olon& and dropsi$al turnouts a.out his feet& and an inflammation of the a.domen& and a putrefa$tion of his privy mem.er& that produ$ed )orms" Besides )hi$h he had a diffi$ulty of .reathing upon him& and $ould not .reathe .ut )hen he sat upright& and had a $onvulsion of all his mem.ers& insomu$h that the diviners said those diseases )ere a punishment upon him for )hat he had done to the 0a..ins" !et did he struggle )ith his numerous disorders& and still had a desire to live& and hoped for re$overy& and $onsidered of several methods of $ure" A$$ordingly& he )ent over Jordan& and made use of those hot .aths at Callirrhoe& )hi$h ran into the la#e Asphaltitis& .ut are themselves s)eet enough to .e drun#" And here the physi$ians thought proper to .athe his )hole .ody in )arm oil& .y letting it do)n into a large vessel full of oil/ )hereupon his eyes failed him& and he $ame and )ent as if he )as dying/ and as a tumult )as then made .y his servants& at their voi$e he revived again" !et did he after this despair of re$overy& and gave orders that ea$h soldier should have fifty dra$hmae a-pie$e& and that his $ommanders and friends should have great sums of money given them" D" He then returned .a$# and $ame to Jeri$ho& in su$h a melan$holy state of .ody as almost threatened him )ith present death& )hen he pro$eeded to attempt a horrid )i$#edness/ for he got together the most illustrious men of the )hole Je)ish nation& out of every village& into a pla$e $alled the Hippodrome& and there shut them in" He then $alled for his sister Salome& and her hus.and Ale as& and made this spee$h to themE II #no) )ell enough that the Je)s )ill #eep a festival upon my death ho)ever& it is in my po)er to .e mourned for on other a$$ounts& and to have a splendid funeral& if you )ill .ut .e su.servient to my $ommands" 'o you .ut ta#e $are to send soldiers to en$ompass these men that are no) in $ustody& and slay them immediately upon my death& and then all Judea& and every family of them& )ill )eep at it& )hether they )ill or no"I H" These )ere the $ommands he gave them/ )hen there $ame letters from his am.assadors at 0ome& )here.y information )as given that A$me )as put to death at Caesar2s $ommand& and that Antipater )as $ondemned to die/ ho)ever& they )rote )ithal& that if Herod had a mind rather to .anish him& Caesar permitted him so to do" So he for a little )hile revived& and had a desire to live/ .ut presently after he )as over.orne .y his pains& and )as disordered .y )ant of food& and .y a $onvulsive $ough& and endeavored to prevent a natural& death/ so he too# an apple& and as#ed for a #nife for he used to pare apples and eat them/ he then loo#ed round a.out to see that there )as no.ody to hinder him& and lift up his right hand as if he )ould sta. himself/ .ut A$hia.us& his first $ousin& $ame running to him& and held his hand& and hindered him from so doing/ on )hi$h o$$asion a very great lamentation )as made in the pala$e& as if the #ing )ere e piring" As soon as ever Antipater heard that& he too# $ourage& and )ith 7oy in his loo#s& .esought his #eepers& for a sum of money& to loose him and let him go/ .ut the prin$ipal #eeper of the prison did not only o.stru$t him in that his intention& .ut ran and told the #ing )hat his design )as/ hereupon the #ing $ried out louder than his distemper )ould )ell .ear& and immediately sent some of his guards and sle) Antipater/ he also gave order to have him .uried at Hyr$anium& and altered his testament again& and therein made Ar$h$laus& his eldest son& and the .rother of Antipas& his su$$essor& and made Antipas tetrar$h" G" So Herod& having survived the slaughter of his son five days& died& having reigned thirty-four years sin$e he had $aused Antigonus to .e slain& and o.tained his #ingdom/ .ut thirty-seven years sin$e he had .een made #ing .y the 0omans" 1o) as for his fortune& it )as prosperous in all other respe$ts& if ever any other man $ould .e so& sin$e& from a private man& he o.tained the #ingdom& and #ept it so long& and left it to his o)n sons/ .ut still in his domesti$ affairs he )as a most unfortunate man" 1o)& .efore the soldiers #ne) of his death& Salome and her hus.and $ame out and dismissed those that )ere in .onds& )hom the #ing had $ommanded to .e slain& and told them that he had altered his mind& and )ould have every one of them sent to their o)n homes" When these men )ere gone& Salome& told the soldiers +the #ing )as dead,& and got them and the rest of the multitude together to an assem.ly& in the amphitheater at Jeri$ho& )here *tolemy& )ho )as intrusted .y the #ing )ith his signet ring& $ame .efore them& and spa#e of the happiness the #ing had attained& and $omforted the multitude& and read the epistle )hi$h had .een left for the soldiers& )herein he earnestly e horted them to .ear good-)ill to his su$$essor/ and after he had read the epistle& he opened and read his testament& )herein *hilip

)as to inherit Tra$honitis& and the neigh.oring $ountries& and Antipas )as to .e tetrar$h& as )e said .efore& and Ar$helaus )as made #ing" He had also .een $ommanded to $arry Herod2s ring to Caesar& and the settlements he had made& sealed up& .e$ause Caesar )as to .e lord of all the settlements he had made& and )as to $onfirm his testament/ and he ordered that the dispositions he had made )ere to .e #ept as they )ere in his former testament" M" So there )as an a$$lamation made to Ar$helaus& to $ongratulate him upon his advan$ement/ and the soldiers& )ith the multitude& )ent round a.out in troops& and promised him their good-)ill& and .esides& prayed (od to .less his government" After this& they .etoo# themselves to prepare for the #ing2s funeral/ and Ar$helaus omitted nothing of magnifi$en$e therein& .ut .rought out all the royal ornaments to augment the pomp of the de$eased" There )as a .ier all of gold& em.roidered )ith pre$ious stones& and a purple .ed of various $onte ture& )ith the dead .ody upon it& $overed )ith purple/ and a diadem )as put upon his head& and a $ro)n of gold a.ove it& and a se$ptre in his right hand/ and near to the .ier )ere Herod2s sons& and a multitude of his #indred/ ne t to )hi$h $ame his guards& and the regiment of Thra$ians& the (ermans" also and (auls& all a$$ounted as if they )ere going to )ar/ .ut the rest of the army )ent foremost& armed& and follo)ing their $aptains and offi$ers in a regular manner/ after )hom five hundred of his domesti$ servants and freed-men follo)ed& )ith s)eet spi$es in their handsE and the .ody )as $arried t)o hundred furlongs& to Herodium& )here he had given order to .e .uried" And this shall suffi$e for the $on$lusion of the life of Herod" +'D'OT+1 ;<G> Sin$e in these t)o se$tions )e have an evident a$$ount of the Je)ish opinions in the days of Josephus& a.out a future happy state& and the resurre$tion of the dead& as in the 1e) Testament& JohL@@EA<& I shall here refer to the other pla$es in Josephus& .efore he .e$ame a $atholi$ Christian& )hi$h $on$ern the same matters" Of the War& B" II" $h" G" se$t" @=& @@/ B" III" $h" G" se$t" </ B" 8II" $h" D" se$t" H/ Contr" Apion& B" II" se$t" B=/ )here )e may o.serve& that none of these passages are in his Boo#s of Anti6uities& )ritten pe$uliarly for the use of the (entiles& to )hom he thought it not proper to insist on topi$s so mu$h out of their )ay as these )ere" 1or is this o.servation to .e omitted here& espe$ially on a$$ount of the sensi.le differen$e )e have no) .efore us in Josephus2s reason of the used .y the 0a..ins to persuade their s$holars to ha?ard their lives for the vindi$ation of (od2s la) against images& .y -oses& as )ell as of the ans)ers those s$holars made to Herod& )hen they )ere $aught& and ready to die for the same/ I mean as $ompared )ith the parallel arguments and ans)ers represented in the Anti6uities& B" F8II" $h" D" se$t& A& B" A li#e differen$e .et)een Je)ish and (entile notions the reader )ill find in my notes on Anti6uities& B" III" $h" H" se$t" H/ B" F8" $h" M" se$t" @" See the li#e also in the $ase of the three Je)ish se$ts in the Anti6uities& B" FIII" $h" C" se$t" M& and $h" @=" se$t" <& C/ B" F8III" $h" @" se$t" C/ and $ompared )ith this in his Wars of the Je)s& B" II" $h" G" se$t" A-@<" 1or does St" *aul himself reason to (entiles at Athens& A$tL@HE@D-B<& as he does to Je)s in his %pistles"

The Wars Of The Jews Or The History Of The Destruction Of Jerusalem Book 2
CO'T()')'* TH+ )'T+,-(. O/ 1)2T34')'+ 3+(,15 /,O6 TH+ D+(TH O/ H+,OD T).. -+1P(1)(' W(1 1+'T TO 10BD0+ TH+ J+W1 B3 '+,O5

CH(PT+, 1
(,CH+.(01 6(7+1 ( /0'+,(. /+(1T /O, TH+ P+OP.+8 O' TH+ (CCO0'T O/ H+,OD5 (/T+, WH)CH ( *,+(T T060.T )1 ,()1+D B3 TH+ 60.T)T0D+ ('D H+ 1+'D1 TH+ 1O.D)+,1 O0T 0PO' TH+68 WHO D+1T,O3 (BO0T TH,++ THO01('D O/ TH+65
@" 1OW the ne$essity )hi$h Ar$helaus )as under of ta#ing a 7ourney to 0ome )as the o$$asion of ne) distur.an$es/ for )hen he had mourned for his father seven days& ;@> and had given a very e pensive funeral feast to the multitude& ;)hi$h $ustom is the o$$asion of poverty to many of the Je)s& .e$ause they are for$ed to feast the multitude/ for if any one omits it& he is not esteemed a holy person&> he put on a )hite garment& and )ent up to the temple& )here the people a$$osted him )ith various a$$lamations" He also spa#e #indly to the multitude from an elevated seat and a throne of gold& and returned them than#s for the ?eal they had sho)n a.out his father2s funeral& and the su.mission they had made to him& as if he )ere already settled in the #ingdom/ .ut he told them )ithal& that he )ould not at present ta#e upon him either the authority of a #ing& or the names thereto .elonging& until Caesar& )ho is made lord of this )hole affair .y the testament& $onfirm the su$$ession/ for that )hen the soldiers )ould have set the diadem on his head at Jeri$ho& he )ould not a$$ept of it/ .ut that he )ould ma#e a.undant re6uitals& not to the soldiers only& .ut to the people& for their ala$rity and good)ill to him& )hen the superior lords +the 0omans, should have given him a $omplete title to the #ingdom/ for that it should .e his study to appear in all things .etter than his father" A" 5pon this the multitude )ere pleased& and presently made a trial of )hat he intended& .y as#ing great things of him/ for some made a $lamor that he )ould ease them in their ta es/ others& that he )ould ta#e off the duties upon $ommodities/ and some& that he )ould loose those that )ere in prison/ in all )hi$h $ases he ans)ered readily to their satisfa$tion& in order to get the good-)ill of the multitude/ after )hi$h he offered +the proper, sa$rifi$es& and feasted )ith his friends" And here it )as that a great many of those that desired innovations $ame in $ro)ds to)ards the evening& and .egan then to mourn on their o)n a$$ount& )hen the pu.li$ mourning for the #ing )as over" These lamented those that )ere put to death .y Herod& .e$ause they had $ut do)n the golden eagle that had .een over the gate of the temple" 1or )as this mourning of a private nature& .ut the lamentations )ere very great& the mourning solemn& and the )eeping su$h as )as loudly heard all over the $ity& as .eing for those men )ho had perished for the la)s of their $ountry& and for the temple" They $ried out that a punishment ought to .e infli$ted for these men upon those that )ere honored .y Herod/ and that& in the first pla$e& the man )hom he had made high priest should .e deprived/ and that it )as fit to $hoose a person of greater piety and purity than he )as" B" At these $lamors Ar$helaus )as provo#ed& .ut restrained himself from ta#ing vengean$e on the

authors& on a$$ount of the haste he )as in of going to 0ome& as fearing lest& upon his ma#ing )ar on the multitude& su$h an a$tion might detain him at home" A$$ordingly& he made trial to 6uiet the innovators .y persuasion& rather than .y for$e& and sent his general in a private )ay to them& and .y him e horted them to .e 6uiet" But the seditious thre) stones at him& and drove him a)ay& as he $ame into the temple& and .efore he $ould say any thing to them" The li#e treatment they sho)ed to others& )ho $ame to them after him& many of )hi$h )ere sent .y Ar$helaus& in order to redu$e them to so.riety& and these ans)ered still on all o$$asions after a passionate manner/ and it openly appeared that they )ould not .e 6uiet& if their num.ers )ere .ut $onsidera.le" And indeed& at the feast of unleavened .read& )hi$h )as no) at hand& and is .y the Je)s $alled the *assover& and used to he $ele.rated )ith a great num.er of sa$rifi$es& an innumera.le multitude of the people $ame out of the $ountry to )orship/ some of these stood in the temple .e)ailing the 0a..ins +that had .een put to death,& and pro$ured their sustenan$e .y .egging& in order to support their sedition" At this Ar$h$laus )as aftrighted& and privately sent a tri.une& )ith his $ohort of soldiers& upon them& .efore the disease should spread over the )hole multitude& and gave orders that they should $onstrain those that .egan the tumult& .y for$e& to .e 6uiet" At these the )hole multitude )ere irritated& and thre) stones at many of the soldiers& and #illed them/ .ut the tri.une fled a)ay )ounded& and had mu$h ado to es$ape so" After )hi$h they .etoo# themselves to their sa$rifi$es& as if they had done no mis$hief/ nor did it appear to Ar$helaus that the multitude $ould .e restrained )ithout .loodshed/ so he sent his )hole army upon them& the footmen in great multitudes& .y the )ay of the $ity& and the horsemen .y the )ay of the plain& )ho& falling upon them on the sudden& as they )ere offering their sa$rifi$es& destroyed a.out three thousand of them/ .ut the rest of the multitude )ere dispersed upon the ad7oining mountainsE these )ere follo)ed .y Ar$helaus2s heralds& )ho $ommanded every one to retire to their o)n homes& )hither they all )ent& and left the festival" +'D'OT+1 ;@> Hear 'ean Aldri$h2s note on this pla$eE IThe la) or Custom of the Je)s ;says he> re6uires seven days2 mourning for the dead& Anti6" B" F8II" $h" G" se$t" </ )hen$e the author of the Boo# of %$$lesiasti$us& $h" AAE@A& assigns seven days as the proper time of mourning for the dead& and& $h" BGE@H& en7oins men to mourn for the dead& that they may not .e evil spo#en of/ for& as Josephus says presently& if any one omits this mourning +funeral feast,& he is not esteemed a holy person" Ho) it is $ertain that su$h a seven days2 mourning has .een $ustomary from times of the greatest anti6uity& (enL@E@=" Funeral feasts are also mentioned as of $onsidera.le anti6uity& %?eLA<E@H/ JerL@DEH/ *rey" B@ED/ 'euLADE@</ Josephus& Of the War B" III" $h" M" se$t" C"

CH(PT+, 2
(,CH+.(01 *O+1 TO ,O6+ W)TH ( *,+(T '06B+, O/ H)1 7)'D,+D5 H+ )1 TH+,+ (CC01+D B+/O,+ C(+1(, B3 ('T)P(T+,; B0T )1 10P+,)O, TO H)1 (CC01+,1 )' J0D*6+'T B3 TH+ 6+('1 O/ TH(T D+/+'1+ WH)CH ')CO.(01 6(D+ /O, H)65
@" A0CH%4A5S )ent do)n no) to the sea-side& )ith his mother and his friends& *oplas& and *tolemy& and 1i$olaus& and left .ehind him *hilip& to .e his ste)ard in the pala$e& and to ta#e $are of his domesti$ affairs" Salome )ent also along )ith him )ith her sons& as did also the #ing2s .rethren and sons-in-la)" These& in appearan$e& )ent to give him all the assistan$e they )ere a.le& in order to se$ure his su$$ession& .ut in reality to a$$use him for his .rea$h of the la)s .y )hat he had done at the temple" A" But as they )ere $ome to Cesarea& Sa.inus& the pro$urator of Syria& met them/ he )as going up to Judea& to se$ure Herod2s effe$ts/ .ut 8arus& +president of Syria&, )ho )as $ome thither& restrained him

from going any farther" This 8arus Ar$helaus had sent for& .y the earnest entreaty of *tolemy" At this time& indeed& Sa.inus& to gratify 8arus& neither )ent to the $itadels& nor did he shut up the treasuries )here his father2s money )as laid up& .ut promised that he )ould lie still& until Caesar should have ta#en $ogni?an$e of the affair" So he a.ode at Cesarea/ .ut as soon as those that )ere his hinderan$e )ere gone& )hen 8arus )as gone to Antio$h& and Ar$h$laus )as sailed to 0ome& he immediately )ent on to Jerusalem& and sei?ed upon the pala$e" And )hen he had $alled for the governors of the $itadels& and the ste)ards +of the #ing2s private affairs,& he tried to sift out the a$$ounts of the money& and to ta#e possession of the $itadels" But the governors of those $itadels )ere not unmindful of the $ommands laid upon them .y Ar$helaus& and $ontinued to guard them& and said the $ustody of them rather .elonged to Caesar than to Ar$helaus" B" In the mean time& Antipas )ent also to 0ome& to strive for the #ingdom& and to insist that the former testament& )herein he )as named to .e #ing& )as valid .efore the latter testament" Salome had also promised to assist him& as had many of Ar$helaus2s #indred& )ho sailed along )ith Ar$helaus himself also" He also $arried along )ith him his mother& and *tolemy& the .rother of 1i$olaus& )ho seemed one of great )eight& on a$$ount of the great trust Herod put in him& he having .een one of his most honored friends" Ho)ever& Antipas depended $hiefly upon Ireneus& the orator/ upon )hose authority he had re7e$ted su$h as advised him to yield to Ar$helaus& .e$ause he )as his elder .rother& and .e$ause the se$ond testament gave the #ingdom to him" The in$linations also of all Ar$helaus2s #indred& )ho hated him& )ere removed to Antipas& )hen they $ame to 0ome/ although in the first pla$e every one rather desired to live under their o)n la)s +)ithout a #ing,& and to .e under a 0oman governor/ .ut if they should fail in that point& these desired that Antipas might .e their #ing" <" Sa.inus did also afford these his assistan$e to the same purpose .y letters he sent& )herein he a$$used Ar$helaus .efore Caesar& and highly $ommended Antipas" Salome also& and those )ith her& put the $rimes )hi$h they a$$used Ar$helaus of in order& and put them into Caesar2s hands/ and after they had done that& Ar$helaus )rote do)n the reasons of his $laim& and& .y *tolemy& sent in his father2s ring& and his father2s a$$ounts" And )hen Caesar had maturely )eighed .y himself )hat .oth had to allege for themselves& as also had $onsidered of the great .urden of the #ingdom& and largeness of the revenues& and )ithal the num.er of the $hildren Herod had left .ehind him& and had moreover read the letters he had re$eived from 8arus and Sa.inus on this o$$asion& he assem.led the prin$ipal persons among the 0omans together& ;in )hi$h assem.ly Caius& the son of Agrippa& and his daughter Julias& .ut .y himself adopted for his o)n son& sat in the first seat&> and gave the pleaders leave to spea#" C" Then stood up Salome2s son& Antipater& ;)ho of all Ar$helaus2s antagonists )as the shre)dest pleader&> and a$$used him in the follo)ing spee$hE That Ar$helaus did in )ords $ontend for the #ingdom& .ut that in deeds he had long e er$ised royal authority& and so did .ut insult Caesar in desiring to .e no) heard on that a$$ount& sin$e he had not staid for his determination a.out the su$$ession& and sin$e he had su.orned $ertain persons& after Herod2s death& to move for putting the diadem upon his head/ sin$e he had set himself do)n in the throne& and given ans)ers as a #ing& and altered the disposition of the army& and granted to some higher dignities/ that he had also $omplied in all things )ith the people in the re6uests they had made to him as to their #ing& and had also dismissed those that had .een put into .onds .y his father for most important reasons" 1o)& after all this& he desires the shado) of that royal authority& )hose su.stan$e he had already sei?ed to himself& and so hath made Caesar lord& not of things& .ut of )ords" He also reproa$hed him further& that his mourning for his father )as only pretended& )hile he put on a sad $ountenan$e in the day time& .ut dran# to great e $ess in the night/ from )hi$h .ehavior& he said& the late distur.an$e among the multitude $ame& )hile they had an indignation thereat" And indeed the purport of his )hole dis$ourse )as to aggravate Ar$helaus2s $rime in slaying su$h a multitude a.out the temple& )hi$h multitude $ame to the festival& .ut )ere .ar.arously slain in the midst of their o)n sa$rifi$es/ and he said there )as su$h a vast num.er of dead .odies heaped together in the temple& as even a foreign )ar& that should $ome upon them +suddenly,& .efore it )as denoun$ed& $ould not have heaped together" And he added& that it )as the foresight his father had of that his .ar.arity )hi$h made him never give him any hopes of the

#ingdom& .ut )hen his mind )as more infirm than his .ody& and he )as not a.le to reason soundly& and did not )ell #no) )hat )as the $hara$ter of that son& )hom in his se$ond testament he made his su$$essor/ and this )as done .y him at a time )hen he had no $omplaints to ma#e of him )hom he had named .efore& )hen he )as sound in .ody& and )hen his mind )as free from all passion" That& ho)ever& if any one should suppose Herod2s 7udgment& )hen he )as si$#& )as superior to that at another time& yet had Ar$helaus forfeited his #ingdom .y his o)n .ehavior& and those his a$tions& )hi$h )ere $ontrary to the la)& and to its disadvantage" Or )hat sort of a #ing )ill this man .e& )hen he hath o.tained the government from Caesar& )ho hath slain so many .efore he hath o.tained itJ D" When Antipater had spo#en largely to this purpose& and had produ$ed a great num.er of Ar$helaus2s #indred as )itnesses& to prove every part of the a$$usation& he ended his dis$ourse" Then stood up 1i$olaus to plead for Ar$helaus" He alleged that the slaughter in the temple $ould not .e avoided/ that those that )ere slain )ere .e$ome enemies not to Ar$helaus2s #ingdom& only& .ut to Caesar& )ho )as to determine a.out him" He also demonstrated that Ar$helaus2s a$$users had advised him to perpetrate other things of )hi$h he might have .een a$$used" But he insisted that the latter testament should& for this reason& a.ove all others& .e esteemed valid& .e$ause Herod had therein appointed Caesar to .e the person )ho should $onfirm the su$$ession/ for he )ho sho)ed su$h pruden$e as to re$ede from his o)n po)er& and yield it up to the lord of the )orld& $annot .e supposed mista#en in his 7udgment a.out him that )as to .e his heir/ and he that so )ell #ne) )hom to $hoose for ar.itrator of the su$$ession $ould not .e una$6uainted )ith him )hom he $hose for his su$$essor" H" When 1i$olaus had gone through all he had to say& Ar$helaus $ame& and fell do)n .efore Caesar2s #nees& )ithout any noise/ - upon )hi$h he raised him up& after a very o.liging manner& and de$lared that truly he )as )orthy to su$$eed his father" Ho)ever& he still made no firm determination in his $ase/ .ut )hen he had dismissed those assessors that had .een )ith him that day& he deli.erated .y himself a.out the allegations )hi$h he had heard& )hether it )ere fit to $onstitute any of those named in the testaments for Herod2s su$$essor& or )hether the government should .e parted among all his posterity& and this .e$ause of the num.er of those that seemed to stand in need of support therefrom"

CH(PT+, 3
TH+ J+W1 /)*HT ( *,+(T B(TT.+ W)TH 1(B)'01<1 1O.D)+,18 ('D ( *,+(T D+1T,0CT)O' )1 6(D+ (T J+,01(.+65
@" 1OW .efore Caesar had determined any thing a.out these affairs& -altha$e& Arehelaus2s mother& fell si$# and died" 4etters also )ere .rought out of Syria from 8arus& a.out a revolt of the Je)s" This )as foreseen .y 8arus& )ho a$$ordingly& after Ar$helaus )as sailed& )ent up to Jerusalem to restrain the promoters of the sedition& sin$e it )as manifest that the nation )ould not he at rest/ so he left one of those legions )hi$h he .rought )ith him out of Syria in the $ity& and )ent himself to Antio$h" But Sa.inus $ame& after he )as gone& and gave them an o$$asion of ma#ing innovations/ for he $ompelled the #eepers of the $itadels to deliver them up to him& and made a .itter sear$h after the #ing2s money& as depending not only on the soldiers )hi$h )ere left .y 8arus& .ut on the multitude of his o)n servants& all )hi$h he armed and used as the instruments of his $ovetousness" 1o) )hen that feast& )hi$h )as o.served after seven )ee#s& and )hi$h the Je)s $alled *ente$ost& ;i" e" the C=th day&> )as at hand& its name .eing ta#en from the num.er of the days +after the passover,& the people got together& .ut not on a$$ount of the a$$ustomed 'ivine )orship& .ut of the indignation they had +2at the present state of affairs2," Wherefore an immense multitude ran together& out of (alilee& and Idumea& and Jeri$ho& and *erea& that )as .eyond Jordan/ .ut the people that naturally .elonged to Judea itself )ere a.ove the rest& .oth in num.er& and in the ala$rity of the men" So they distri.uted themselves into three parts& and pit$hed their $amps in three pla$es/ one at the north side of the temple& another at the south side& .y the Hippodrome& and the third part )ere at the pala$e on the )est" So they lay round a.out the 0omans on every side& and .esieged them"

A" 1o) Sa.inus )as aftrighted& .oth at their multitude& and at their $ourage& and sent messengers to 8arus $ontinually& and .esought him to $ome to his su$$or 6ui$#ly/ for that if he delayed& his legion )ould .e $ut to pie$es" As for Sa.inus himself& he got up to the highest to)er of the fortress& )hi$h )as $alled *hasaelus/ it is of the same name )ith Herod2s .rother& )ho )as destroyed .y the *arthians/ and then he made signs to the soldiers of that legion to atta$# the enemy/ for his astonishment )as so great& that he durst not go do)n to his o)n men" Hereupon the soldiers )ere prevailed upon& and leaped out into the temple& and fought a terri.le .attle )ith the Je)s/ in )hi$h& )hile there )ere none over their heads to distress them& they )ere too hard for them& .y their s#ill& and the others2 )ant of s#ill& in )ar/ .ut )hen on$e many of the Je)s had gotten up to the top of the $loisters& and thre) their darts do)n)ards& upon the heads of the 0omans& there )ere a great many of them destroyed" 1or )as it easy to avenge themselves upon those that thre) their )eapons from on high& nor )as it more easy for them to sustain those )ho $ame to fight them hand to hand" B" Sin$e therefore the 0omans )ere sorely affli$ted .y .oth these $ir$umstan$es& they set fire to the $loisters& )hi$h )ere )or#s to .e admired& .oth on a$$ount of their magnitude and $ostliness" Whereupon those that )ere a.ove them )ere presently en$ompassed )ith the flame& and many of them perished therein/ as many of them also )ere destroyed .y the enemy& )ho $ame suddenly upon them/ some of them also thre) themselves do)n from the )alls .a$#)ard& and some there )ere )ho& from the desperate $ondition they )ere in& prevented the fire& .y #illing themselves )ith their o)n s)ords/ .ut so many of them as $rept out from the )alls& and $ame upon the 0omans& )ere easily mastere .y them& .y reason of the astonishment they )ere under/ until at last some of the Je)s .eing destroyed& and others dispersed .y the terror they )ere in& the soldiers fell upon the treasure of (od& )hi$h ) no) deserted& and plundered a.out four hundred talents& Of )hi$h sum Sa.inus got together all that )as not $arried a)ay .y the soldiers" <" Ho)ever& this destru$tion of the )or#s +a.out the temple,& and of the men& o$$asioned a mu$h greater num.er& and those of a more )arli#e sort& to get together& to oppose the 0omans" These en$ompassed the pala$e round& and threatened to deploy all that )ere in it& unless they )ent their )ays 6ui$#ly/ for they promised that Sa.inus should $ome to no harm& if he )ould go out )ith his legion" There )ere also a great many of the #ing2s party )ho deserted the 0omans& and assisted the Je)s/ yet did the most )arli#e .ody of them all& )ho )ere three thousand of the men of Se.aste& go over to the 0omans" 0ufus also& and (ratus& their $aptains& did the same& ;(ratus having the foot of the #ing2s party under him& and 0ufus the horse&> ea$h of )hom& even )ithout the for$es under them& )ere of great )eight& on a$$ount of their strength and )isdom& )hi$h turn the s$ales in )ar" 1o) the Je)s in the siege& and tried to .rea# do)n )alls of the fortress& and $ried out to Sa.inus and his party& that they should go their )ays& and not prove a hinderan$e to them& no) they hoped& after a long time& to re$over that an$ient li.erty )hi$h their forefathers had en7oyed" Sa.inus indeed )as )ell $ontented to get out of the danger he )as in& .ut he distrusted the assuran$es the Je)s gave him& and suspe$ted su$h gentle treatment )as .ut a .ait laid as a snare for themE this $onsideration& together )ith the hopes he had of su$$or from 8arus& made him .ear the siege still longer"

CH(PT+,
H+,OD<1 -+T+,(' 1O.D)+,1 B+CO6+ T060.T0O015 TH+ ,OBB+,)+1 O/ J0D(15 1)6O' ('D (TH,O'O+01 T(7+ TH+ '(6+ O/ 7)'* 0PO' TH+65
@" AT this time there )ere great distur.an$es in the $ountry& and that in many pla$es/ and the opportunity that no) offered itself indu$ed a great many to set up for #ings" And indeed in Idumea t)o thousand of Herod2s veteran soldiers got together& and armed and fought against those of the #ing2s party/ against )hom A$hia.us& the #ing2s first $ousin& fought& and that out of some of the pla$es that )ere the most strongly fortified/ .ut so as to avoid a dire$t $onfli$t )ith them in the plains" In Sepphoris also& a $ity of (alilee& there )as one Judas ;the son of that ar$h-ro..er He?e#ias& )ho

formerly overran the $ountry& and had .een su.dued .y #ing Herod>/ this man got no small multitude together& and .ra#e open the pla$e )here the royal armor )as laid up& and armed those a.out him& and atta$#ed those that )ere so earnest to gain the dominion" A" In *erea also& Simon& one of the servants to the #ing& relying upon the handsome appearan$e and tallness of his .ody& put a diadem upon his o)n head also/ he also )ent a.out )ith a $ompany of ro..ers that he had gotten together& and .urnt do)n the royal pala$e that )as at Jeri$ho& and many other $ostly edifi$es .esides& and pro$ured himself very easily spoils .y rapine& as snat$hing them out of the fire" And he had soon .urnt do)n all the fine edifi$es& if (ratus& the $aptain of the foot of the #ing2s party& had not ta#en the Tra$honite ar$hers& and the most )arli#e of Se.aste& and met the man" His footmen )ere slain in the .attle in a.undan$e/ (ratus also $ut to pie$es Simon himself& as he )as flying along a strait valley& )hen he gave him an o.li6ue stro#e upon his ne$#& as he ran a)ay& and .ra#e it" The royal pala$es that )ere near Jordan at Betharamptha )ere also .urnt do)n .y some other of the seditious that $ame out of *erea" B" At this time it )as that a $ertain shepherd ventured to set himself up for a #ing/ he )as $alled Athrongeus" It )as his strength of .ody that made him e pe$t su$h a dignity& as )ell as his soul& )hi$h despised death/ and .esides these 6ualifi$ations& he had four .rethren li#e himself" He put a troop of armed men under ea$h of these his .rethren& and made use of them as his generals and $ommanders& )hen he made his in$ursions& )hile he did himself a$t li#e a #ing& and meddled only )ith the more important affairs/ and at this time he put a diadem a.out his head& and $ontinued after that to overrun the $ountry for no little time )ith his .rethren& and .e$ame their leader in #illing .oth the 0omans and those of the #ing2s party/ nor did any Je) es$ape him& if any gain $ould a$$rue to him there.y" He on$e ventured to en$ompass a )hole troop of 0omans at %mmaus& )ho )ere $arrying $orn and )eapons to their legion/ his men therefore shot their arro)s and darts& and there.y sle) their $enturion Arius& and forty of the stoutest of his men& )hile the rest of them& )ho )ere in danger of the same fate& upon the $oming of (ratus& )ith those of Se.aste& to their assistan$e& es$aped" And )hen these men had thus served .oth their o)n $ountrymen and foreigners& and that through this )hole )ar& three of them )ere& after some time& su.dued/ the eldest .y Ar$helaus& the t)o ne t .y falling into the hands of (ratus and *tolemeus/ .ut the fourth delivered himself up to Ar$helaus& upon his giving him his right hand for his se$urity" Ho)ever& this their end )as not till after)ard& )hile at present they filled all Judea )ith a pirati$ )ar"

CH(PT+, !
-(,01 CO6PO1+1 TH+ T060.T1 )' J0D+( ('D C,0C)/)+1 (BO0T TWO THO01('D O/ TH+ 1+D)T)O015
@" 5*O1 8arus2s re$eption of the letters that )ere )ritten .y Sa.inus and the $aptains& he $ould not avoid .eing afraid for the )hole legion +he had left there," So he made haste to their relief& and too# )ith him the other t)o legions& )ith the four troops of horsemen to them .elonging& and mar$hed to *tolenlais/ having given orders for the au iliaries that )ere sent .y the #ings and governors of $ities to meet him there" -oreover& he re$eived from the people of Berytus& as he passed through their $ity& fifteen hundred armed men" 1o) as soon as the other .ody of au iliaries )ere $ome to *tolemais& as )ell as Aretas the Ara.ian& ;)ho& out of the hatred he .ore to Herod& .rought a great army of horse and foot&> 8arus sent a part of his army presently to (alilee& )hi$h lay near to *tolemais& and Caius& one of his friends& for their $aptain" This Caius put those that met him to flight& and too# the $ity Sepphoris& and .urnt it& and made slaves of its inha.itants/ .ut as for 8arus himself& he mar$hed to Samaria )ith his )hole army& )here he did not meddle )ith the $ity itself& .e$ause he found that it had made no $ommotion during these trou.les& .ut pit$hed his $amp a.out a $ertain village )hi$h )as $alled Aras" It .elonged to *tolemy& and on that a$$ount )as plundered .y the Ara.ians& )ho )ere very angry even at Herod2s friends also" He then$e mar$hed on to the village Sampho& another fortified pla$e& )hi$h

they plundered& as they had done the other" As they $arried off all the money they lighted upon .elonging to the pu.li$ revenues& all )as no) full of fire and .lood-shed& and nothing $ould resist the plunders of the Ara.ians" %mnaus )as also .urnt& upon the flight of its inha.itants& and this at the $ommand of 8arus& out of his rage at the slaughter of those that )ere a.out Arias" A" Then$e he mar$hed on to Jerusalem& and as soon as he )as .ut seen .y the Je)s& he made their $amps disperse themselves/ they also )ent a)ay& and fled up and do)n the $ountry" But the $iti?ens re$eived him& and $leared themselves of having any hand in this revolt& and said that they had raised no $ommotions& .ut had only .een for$ed to admit the multitude& .e$ause of the festival& and that they )ere rather .esieged together )ith the 0omans& than assisted those that had revolted" There had .efore this met him Joseph& the first $ousin of Ar$helaus& and (ratus& together )ith 0ufus& )ho led those of Se.aste& as )ell as the #ing2s armyE there also met him those of the 0oman legion& armed after their a$$ustomed manner/ for as to Sa.inus& he durst not $ome into 8arus2s sight& .ut )as gone out of the $ity .efore this& to the sea-side" But 8arus sent a part of his army into the $ountry& against those that had .een the authors of this $ommotion& and as they $aught great num.ers of them& those that appeared to have .een the least $on$erned in these tumults he put into $ustody& .ut su$h as )ere the most guilty he $ru$ified/ these )ere in num.er a.out t)o thousand" B" He )as also informed that there $ontinued in Idumea ten thousand men still in arms/ .ut )hen he found that the Ara.ians did not a$t li#e au iliaries& .ut managed the )ar a$$ording to their o)n passions& and did mis$hief to the $ountry other)ise than he intended& and this out of their hatred to Herod& he sent them a)ay& .ut made haste& )ith his o)n legions& to mar$h against those that had revolted/ .ut these& .y the advi$e of A$hia.us& delivered themselves up to him .efore it $ame to a .attle" Then did 8arus forgive the multitude their offenses& .ut sent their $aptains to Caesar to .e e amined .y him" 1o) Caesar forgave the rest& .ut gave orders that $ertain of the #ing2s relations ;for some of those that )ere among them )ere Herod2s #insmen> should .e put to death& .e$ause they had engaged in a )ar against a #ing of their o)n family" When therefore 8arus had settled matters at Jerusalem after this manner& and had left the former legion there as a garrison& he returned to Antio$h"

CH(PT+, "
TH+ J+W1 *,+(T.3 CO6P.()' O/ (,CH+.(01 ('D D+1),+ TH(T TH+3 6(3 B+ 6(D+ 10BJ+CT TO ,O6(' *O-+,'O,15 B0T WH+' C(+1(, H(D H+(,D WH(T TH+3 H(D TO 1(38 H+ D)1T,)B0T+D H+,OD<1 DO6)')O'1 (6O'* H)1 1O'1 (CCO,D)'* TO H)1 OW' P.+(10,+5
@" B5T no) $ame another a$$usation from the Je)s against Ar$helaus at 0ome& )hi$h he )as to ans)er to" It )as made .y those am.assadors )ho& .efore the revolt& had $ome& .y 8arus2s permission& to plead for the li.erty of their $ountry/ those that $ame )ere fifty in num.er& .ut there )ere more than eight thousand of the Je)s at 0ome )ho supported them" And )hen Caesar had assem.led a $oun$il of the prin$ipal 0omans in Apollo2s ;A> temple& that )as in the pala$e& ;this )as )hat he had himself .uilt and adorned& at a vast e pense&> the multitude of the Je)s stood )ith the am.assadors& and on the other side stood Ar$helaus& )ith his friends/ .ut as for the #indred of Ar$helaus& they stood on neither side/ for to stand on Ar$helaus2s side& their hatred to him& and envy at him& )ould not give them leave& )hile yet they )ere afraid to .e seen .y Caesar )ith his a$$users" Besides these& there )ere present Ar$helaus2s .rother *hilip& .eing sent thither .eforehand& out of #indness .y 8arus& for t)o reasonsE the one )as this& that he might .e assisting to Ar$helaus/ and the other )as this& that in $ase Caesar should ma#e a distri.ution of )hat Herod possessed among his posterity& he might o.tain some share of it" A" And no)& upon the permission that )as given the a$$users to spea#& they& in the first pla$e& )ent

over Herod2s .rea$hes of their la)& and said that .e )as not a #ing& .ut the most .ar.arous of all tyrants& and that they had found him to .e su$h .y the sufferings they under)ent from him/ that )hen a very great num.er had .een slain .y him& those that )ere left had endured su$h miseries& that they $alled those that )ere dead happy men/ that he had not only tortured the .odies of his su.7e$ts& .ut entire $ities& and had done mu$h harm to the $ities of his o)n $ountry& )hile he adorned those that .elonged to foreigners/ and he shed the .lood of Je)s& in order to do #indnesses to those people that )ere out of their .ounds/ that he had filled the nation full of poverty& and of the greatest ini6uity& instead of that happiness and those la)s )hi$h they had an$iently en7oyed/ that& in short& the Je)s had .orne more $alamities from Herod& in a fe) years& than had their forefathers during all that interval of time that had passed sin$e they had $ome out of Ba.ylon& and returned home& in the reign of Fer es ;B> that& ho)ever& the nation )as $ome to so lo) a $ondition& .y .eing inured to hardships& that they su.mitted to his su$$essor of their o)n a$$ord& though he .rought them into .itter slavery/ that a$$ordingly they readily $alled Ar$helaus& though he )as the son of so great a tyrant& #ing& after the de$ease of his father& and 7oined )ith him in mourning for the death of Herod& and in )ishing him good su$$ess in that his su$$ession/ )hile yet this Ar$helaus& lest he should .e in danger of not .eing thought the genuine son of Herod& .egan his reign )ith the murder of three thousand $iti?ens/ as if he had a mind to offer so many .loody sa$rifi$es to (od for his government& and to fill the temple )ith the li#e num.er of dead .odies at that festivalE that& ho)ever& those that )ere left after so many miseries& had 7ust reason to $onsider no) at last the $alamities they had undergone& and to oppose themselves& li#e soldiers in )ar& to re$eive those stripes upon their fa$es +.ut not upon their .a$#s& as hitherto," Whereupon they prayed that the 0omans )ould have $ompassion upon the +poor, remains of Judea& and not e pose )hat )as left of them to su$h as .ar.arously tore them to pie$es& and that they )ould 7oin their $ountry to Syria& and administer the government .y their o)n $ommanders& )here.y it )ould +soon, .e demonstrated that those )ho are no) under the $alumny of seditious persons& and lovers of )ar& #no) ho) to .ear governors that are set over them& if they .e .ut tolera.le ones" So the Je)s $on$luded their a$$usation )ith this re6uest" Then rose up 1i$olaus& and $onfuted the a$$usations )hi$h )ere .rought against the #ings& and himself a$$used the Je)ish nation& as hard to .e ruled& and as naturally diso.edient to #ings" He also reproa$hed all those #insmen of Ar$helaus )ho had left him& and )ere gone over to his a$$users" B" So Caesar& after he had heard .oth sides& dissolved the assem.ly for that time/ .ut a fe) days after)ard& he gave the one half of Herod2s #ingdom to Ar$helaus& .y the name of %thnar$h& and promised to ma#e him #ing also after)ard& if he rendered himself )orthy of that dignity" But as to the other half& he divided it into t)o tetrar$hies& and gave them to t)o other sons of Herod& the one of them to *hilip& and the other to that Antipas )ho $ontested the #ingdom )ith Ar$helaus" 5nder this last )as *erea and (alilee& )ith a revenue of t)o hundred talents/ .ut Batanea& and Tra$honitis& and Auranitis& and $ertain parts of 9eno2s house a.out Jamnia& )ith a revenue of a hundred talents& )ere made su.7e$t to *hilip/ )hile Idumea& and all Judea& and Samaria )ere parts of the ethnar$hy of Ar$helaus& although Samaria )as eased of one 6uarter of its ta es& out of regard to their not having revolted )ith the rest of the nation" He also made su.7e$t to him the follo)ing $ities& vi?" Strato2s To)er& and Se.aste& and Joppa& and Jerusalem/ .ut as to the (re$ian $ities& (a?a& and (adara& and Hippos& he $ut them off from the #ingdom& and added them to Syria" 1o) the revenue of the $ountry that )as given to Ar$helaus )as four hundred talents" Salome also& .esides )hat the #ing had left her in his testaments& )as no) made mistress of Jamnia& and Ashdod& and *hasaelis" Caesar did moreover .esto) upon her the royal pala$e of As$alon/ .y all )hi$h she got together a revenue of si ty talents/ .ut he put her house under the ethnar$hy of Ar$helaus" And for the rest of Herod2s offspring& they re$eived )hat )as .e6ueathed to them in his testaments/ .ut& .esides that& Caesar granted to Herod2s t)o virgin daughters five hundred thousand +dra$hmae, of silver& and gave them in marriage to the sons of *herorasE .ut after this family distri.ution& he gave .et)een them )hat had .een .e6ueathed to him .y Herod& )hi$h )as a thousand talents& reserving to himself only some in$onsidera.le presents& in honor of the de$eased" +'D'OT+1

;A> This holding a $oun$il in the temple of Apollo& in the emperor2s pala$e at 0ome& .y Augustus& and even the .uilding of this temple magnifi$ently .y himself in that pala$e& are e a$tly agreea.le to Augustus& in his elder years& as Aldri$h and from Suttonius and *ropertius" ;B> Here )e have a strong $onfirmation that it )as Fer es& and not Arta er es& under )hom the main part of the Je)s returned out of the Ba.ylonian $aptivity& i"e" in the days of %?ra and 1ehemiah" The same thing is in the Anti6uities& B" FI" $h"D

CH(PT+, #
TH+ H)1TO,3 O/ TH+ 1P0,)O01 (.+2('D+,5 (,CH+.(01 )1 B(')1H+D ('D *.(PH3,( D)+18 (/T+, WH(T W(1 TO H(PP+' TO BOTH O/ TH+6 H(D B++' 1HOW+D TH+6 )' D,+(615
@" In the meantime& there )as a man& )ho )as .y .irth a Je)& .ut .rought up at Sidon )ith one of the 0oman freed-men& )ho falsely pretended& on a$$ount of the resem.lan$e of their $ountenan$es& that he )as that Ale ander )ho )as slain .y Herod" This man $ame to 0ome& in hopes of not .eing dete$ted" He had one )ho )as his assistant& of his o)n nation& and )ho #ne) all the affairs of the #ingdom& and instru$ted him to say ho) those that )ere sent to #ill him and Aristo.ulus had pity upon them& and stole them a)ay& .y putting .odies that )ere li#e theirs in their pla$es" This man de$eived the Je)s that )ere at Crete& and got a great deal of money of them for traveling in splendor/ and then$e sailed to -elos& )here he )as thought so $ertainly genuine& that he got a great deal more money& and prevailed )ith those that had treated him to sail along )ith him to 0ome" So he landed at 'i$ear$hia& +*uteoli&, and got very large presents from the Je)s )ho d)elt there& and )as $ondu$ted .y his father2s friends as if he )ere a #ing/ nay& the resem.lan$e in his $ountenan$e pro$ured him so mu$h $redit& that those )ho had seen Ale ander& and had #no)n him very )ell& )ould ta#e their oaths that he )as the very same person" A$$ordingly& the )hole .ody of the Je)s that )ere at 0ome ran out in $ro)ds to see him& and an innumera.le multitude there )as )hi$h stood in the narro) pla$es through )hi$h he )as $arried/ for those of -elos )ere so far distra$ted& that they $arried him in a sedan& and maintained a royal attendan$e for him at their o)n proper $harges" A" But Caesar& )ho #ne) perfe$tly )ell the lineaments of Ale ander2s fa$e& .e$ause he had .een a$$used .y Herod .efore him& dis$erned the falla$y in his $ountenan$e& even .efore he sa) the man" Ho)ever& he suffered the agreea.le fame that )ent of him to have some )eight )ith him& and sent Celadus& one )ho )ell #ne) Ale ander& and ordered him to .ring the young man to him" But )hen Caesar sa) him& he immediately dis$erned a differen$e in his $ountenan$e/ and )hen he had dis$overed that his )hole .ody )as of a more ro.ust te ture& and li#e that of a slave& he understood the )hole )as a $ontrivan$e" But the impuden$e of )hat he said greatly provo#ed him to .e angry at him/ for )hen he )as as#ed a.out Aristo.ulus& he said that he )as also preserved alive& and )as left on purpose in Cyprus& for fear of trea$hery& .e$ause it )ould .e harder for plotters to get them .oth into their po)er )hile they )ere separate" Then did Caesar ta#e him .y himself privately& and said to him& II )ill give thee thy life& if thou )ilt dis$over )ho it )as that persuaded thee to forge su$h stories"I So he said that he )ould dis$over him& and follo)ed Caesar& and pointed to that Je) )ho a.used the resem.lan$e of his fa$e to get money/ for that he had re$eived more presents in every $ity than ever Ale ander did )hen he )as alive" Caesar laughed at the $ontrivan$e& and put this spurious Ale ander among his ro)ers& on a$$ount of the strength of his .ody& .ut ordered him that persuaded him to .e put to death" But for the people of -elos& they had .een suffi$iently punished for their folly& .y the e penses they had .een at on his a$$ount" B" And no) Ar$helaus too# possession of his ethnar$hy& and used not the Je)s only& .ut the Samaritans also& .ar.arously/ and this out of his resentment of their old 6uarrels )ith him" Whereupon they .oth of them sent am.assadors against him to Caesar/ and in the ninth year of his

government he )as .anished to 8ienna& a $ity of (aul& and his effe$ts )ere put into Caesar2s treasury" But the report goes& that .efore he )as sent for .y Caesar& he seemed to see nine ears of $orn& full and large& .ut devoured .y o en" When& therefore& he had sent for the diviners& and some of the Chaldeans& and in6uired of them )hat they thought it portended/ and )hen one of them had one interpretation& and another had another& Simon& one of the se$t of %ssens& said that he thought the ears of $orn denoted years& and the o en denoted a mutation of things& .e$ause .y their ploughing they made an alteration of the $ountry" That therefore he should reign as many years as there )ere ears of $orn/ and after he had passed through various alterations of fortune& should die" 1o) five days after Ar$helaus had heard this interpretation he )as $alled to his trial" <" I $annot also .ut thin# it )orthy to .e re$orded )hat dream (laphyra& the daughter of Ar$helaus& #ing of Cappado$ia& had& )ho had at first .een )ife to Ale ander& )ho )as the .rother of Ar$helaus& $on$erning )hom )e have .een dis$oursing" This Ale ander )as the son of Herod the #ing& .y )hom he )as put to death& as )e have already related" This (laphyra )as married& after his death& to Ju.a& #ing of 4i.ya/ and& after his death& )as returned home& and lived a )ido) )ith her father" Then it )as that Ar$helaus& the ethnar$h& sa) her& and fell so deeply in love )ith her& that he divor$ed -ariamne& )ho )as then his )ife& &and married her" When& therefore& she )as $ome into Judea& and had .een there for a little )hile& she thought she sa) Ale ander stand .y her& and that he said to her/ IThy marriage )ith the #ing of 4i.ya might have .een suffi$ient for thee/ .ut thou )ast not $ontented )ith him& .ut art returned again to my family& to a third hus.and/ and him& thou impudent )oman& hast thou $hosen for thine hus.and& )ho is my .rother" Ho)ever& I shall not overloo# the in7ury thou hast offered me/ I shall +soon, have thee again& )hether thou )ilt or no"I 1o) (laphyra hardly survived the narration of this dream of hers t)o days"

CH(PT+, $
(,CH+.(01<1 +TH'(,CH3 )1 ,+D0C+D )'TO ( 9,O6(': P,O-)'C+5 TH+ 1+D)T)O' O/ J0D(1 O/ *(.).++5 TH+ TH,++ 1+CT15
@" A1' no) Ar$helaus2s part of Judea )as redu$ed into a provin$e& and Coponius& one of the e6uestrian order among the 0omans& )as sent as a pro$urator& having the po)er of +life and, death put into his hands .y Caesar" 5nder his administration it )as that a $ertain (alilean& )hose name )as Judas& prevailed )ith his $ountrymen to revolt& and said they )ere $o)ards if they )ould endure to pay a ta to the 0omans and )ould after (od su.mit to mortal men as their lords" This man )as a tea$her of a pe$uliar se$t of his o)n& and )as not at all li#e the rest of those their leaders" A" For there are three philosophi$al se$ts among the Je)s" The follo)ers of the first of )hi$h are the *harisees/ of the se$ond& the Saddu$ees/ and the third se$t& )hi$h pretends to a severer dis$ipline& are $alled %ssens" These last are Je)s .y .irth& and seem to have a greater affe$tion for one another than the other se$ts have" These %ssens re7e$t pleasures as an evil& .ut esteem $ontinen$e& and the $on6uest over our passions& to .e virtue" They negle$t )edlo$#& .ut $hoose out other persons $hildren& )hile they are plia.le& and fit for learning& and esteem them to .e of their #indred& and form them a$$ording to their o)n manners" They do not a.solutely deny the fitness of marriage& and the su$$ession of man#ind there.y $ontinued/ .ut they guard against the las$ivious .ehavior of )omen& and are persuaded that none of them preserve their fidelity to one man" B" These men are despisers of ri$hes& and so very $ommuni$ative as raises our admiration" 1or is there any one to .e found among them )ho hath more than another/ for it is a la) among them& that those )ho $ome to them must let )hat they have .e $ommon to the )hole order& - insomu$h that among them all there is no appearan$e of poverty& or e $ess of ri$hes& .ut every one2s possessions are intermingled )ith every other2s possessions/ and so there is& as it )ere& one patrimony among all the .rethren" They thin# that oil is a defilement/ and if any one of them .e anointed )ithout his o)n

appro.ation& it is )iped off his .ody/ for they thin# to .e s)eaty is a good thing& as they do also to .e $lothed in )hite garments" They also have ste)ards appointed to ta#e $are of their $ommon affairs& )ho every one of them have no separate .usiness for any& .ut )hat is for the uses of them all" <" They have no one $ertain $ity& .ut many of them d)ell in every $ity/ and if any of their se$t $ome from other pla$es& )hat they have lies open for them& 7ust as if it )ere their o)n/ and they go in to su$h as they never #ne) .efore& as if they had .een ever so long a$6uainted )ith them" For )hi$h reason they $arry nothing at all )ith them )hen they travel into remote parts& though still they ta#e their )eapons )ith them& for fear of thieves" A$$ordingly& there is& in every $ity )here they live& one appointed parti$ularly to ta#e $are of strangers& and to provide garments and other ne$essaries for them" But the ha.it and management of their .odies is su$h as $hildren use )ho are in fear of their masters" 1or do they allo) of the $hange of or of shoes till .e first torn to pie$es& or )orn out .y time" 1or do they either .uy or sell any thing to one another/ .ut every one of them gives )hat he hath to him that )anteth it& and re$eives from him again in lieu of it )hat may .e $onvenient for himself/ and although there .e no re6uital made& they are fully allo)ed to ta#e )hat they )ant of )homsoever they please" C" And as for their piety to)ards (od& it is very e traordinary/ for .efore sun-rising they spea# not a )ord a.out profane matters& .ut put up $ertain prayers )hi$h they have re$eived from their forefathers& as if they made a suppli$ation for its rising" After this every one of them are sent a)ay .y their $urators& to e er$ise some of those arts )herein they are s#illed& in )hi$h they la.or )ith great diligen$e till the fifth hour" After )hi$h they assem.le themselves together again into one pla$e/ and )hen they have $lothed themselves in )hite veils& they then .athe their .odies in $old )ater" And after this purifi$ation is over& they every one meet together in an apartment of their o)n& into )hi$h it is not permitted to any of another se$t to enter/ )hile they go& after a pure manner& into the dining-room& as into a $ertain holy temple& and 6uietly set themselves do)n/ upon )hi$h the .a#er lays them loaves in order/ the $oo# also .rings a single plate of one sort of food& and sets it .efore every one of them/ .ut a priest says gra$e .efore meat/ and it is unla)ful for any one to taste of the food .efore gra$e .e said" The same priest& )hen he hath dined& says gra$e again after meat/ and )hen they .egin& and )hen they end& they praise (od& as he that .esto)s their food upon them/ after )hi$h they lay aside their +)hite, garments& and .eta#e themselves to their la.ors again till the evening/ then they return home to supper& after the same manner/ and if there .e any strangers there& they sit do)n )ith them" 1or is there ever any $lamor or distur.an$e to pollute their house& .ut they give every one leave to spea# in their turn/ )hi$h silen$e thus #ept in their house appears to foreigners li#e some tremendous mystery/ the $ause of )hi$h is that perpetual so.riety they e er$ise& and the same settled measure of meat and drin# that is allotted them& and that su$h as is a.undantly suffi$ient for them" D" And truly& as for other things& they do nothing .ut a$$ording to the in7un$tions of their $urators/ only these t)o things are done among them at everyone2s o)n free-)ill& )hi$h are to assist those that )ant it& and to sho) mer$y/ for they are permitted of their o)n a$$ord to afford su$$or to su$h as deserve it& )hen they stand in need of it& and to .esto) food on those that are in distress/ .ut they $annot give any thing to their #indred )ithout the $urators" They dispense their anger after a 7ust manner& and restrain their passion" They are eminent for fidelity& and are the ministers of pea$e/ )hatsoever they say also is firmer than an oath/ .ut s)earing is avoided .y them& and they esteem it )orse than per7ury ;<> for they say that he )ho $annot .e .elieved )ithout +s)earing .y, (od is already $ondemned" They also ta#e great pains in studying the )ritings of the an$ients& and $hoose out of them )hat is most for the advantage of their soul and .ody/ and they in6uire after su$h roots and medi$inal stones as may $ure their distempers" H" But no) if any one hath a mind to $ome over to their se$t& he is not immediately admitted& .ut he is pres$ri.ed the same method of living )hi$h they use for a year& )hile he $ontinues e $luded2/ and they give him also a small hat$het& and the fore-mentioned girdle& and the )hite garment" And )hen he hath given eviden$e& during that time& that he $an o.serve their $ontinen$e& he approa$hes nearer to their )ay of living& and is made a parta#er of the )aters of purifi$ation/ yet is he not even no)

admitted to live )ith them/ for after this demonstration of his fortitude& his temper is tried t)o more years/ and if he appear to .e )orthy& they then admit him into their so$iety" And .efore he is allo)ed to tou$h their $ommon food& he is o.liged to ta#e tremendous oaths& that& in the first pla$e& he )ill e er$ise piety to)ards (od& and then that he )ill o.serve 7usti$e to)ards men& and that he )ill do no harm to any one& either of his o)n a$$ord& or .y the $ommand of others/ that he )ill al)ays hate the )i$#ed& and .e assistant to the righteous/ that he )ill ever sho) fidelity to all men& and espe$ially to those in authority& .e$ause no one o.tains the government )ithout (od2s assistan$e/ and that if he .e in authority& he )ill at no time )hatever a.use his authority& nor endeavor to outshine his su.7e$ts either in his garments& or any other finery/ that he )ill .e perpetually a lover of truth& and propose to himself to reprove those that tell lies/ that he )ill #eep his hands $lear from theft& and his soul from unla)ful gains/ and that he )ill neither $on$eal any thing from those of his o)n se$t& nor dis$over any of their do$trines to others& no& not though anyone should $ompel him so to do at the ha?ard of his life" -oreover& he s)ears to $ommuni$ate their do$trines to no one any other)ise than as he re$eived them himself/ that he )ill a.stain from ro..ery& and )ill e6ually preserve the .oo#s .elonging to their se$t& and the names of the angels ;C> +or messengers," These are the oaths .y )hi$h they se$ure their proselytes to themselves" G" But for those that are $aught in any heinous sins& they $ast them out of their so$iety/ and he )ho is thus separated from them does often die after a misera.le manner/ for as he is .ound .y the oath he hath ta#en& and .y the $ustoms he hath .een engaged in& he is not at li.erty to parta#e of that food that he meets )ith else)here& .ut is for$ed to eat grass& and to famish his .ody )ith hunger& till he perish/ for )hi$h reason they re$eive many of them again )hen they are at their last gasp& out of $ompassion to them& as thin#ing the miseries they have endured till they $ame to the very .rin# of death to .e a suffi$ient punishment for the sins they had .een guilty of" M" But in the 7udgments they e er$ise they are most a$$urate and 7ust& nor do they pass senten$e .y the votes of a $ourt that is fe)er than a hundred" And as to )hat is on$e determined .y that num.er& it is unaltera.le" What they most of all honor& after (od himself& is the name of their legislator +-oses,& )hom if any one .laspheme he is punished $apitally" They also thin# it a good thing to o.ey their elders& and the ma7or part" A$$ordingly& if ten of them .e sitting together& no one of them )ill spea# )hile the other nine are against it" They also avoid spitting in the midst of them& or on the right side" -oreover& they are stri$ter than any other of the Je)s in resting from their la.ors on the seventh day/ for they not only get their food ready the day .efore& that they may not .e o.liged to #indle a fire on that day& .ut they )ill not remove any vessel out of its pla$e& nor go to stool thereon" 1ay& on other days they dig a small pit& a foot deep& )ith a paddle ;)hi$h #ind of hat$het is given them )hen they are first admitted among them>/ and $overing themselves round )ith their garment& that they may not affront the 'ivine rays of light& they ease themselves into that pit& after )hi$h they put the earth that )as dug out again into the pit/ and even this they do only in the more lonely pla$es& )hi$h they $hoose out for this purpose/ and although this easement of the .ody .e natural& yet it is a rule )ith them to )ash themselves after it& as if it )ere a defilement to them" @=" 1o) after the time of their preparatory trial is over& they are parted into four $lasses/ and so far are the 7uniors inferior to the seniors& that if the seniors should .e tou$hed .y the 7uniors& they must )ash themselves& as if they had intermi ed themselves )ith the $ompany of a foreigner" They are long-lived also& insomu$h that many of them live a.ove a hundred years& .y means of the simpli$ity of their diet/ nay& as I thin#& .y means of the regular $ourse of life they o.serve also" They $ontemn the miseries of life& and are a.ove pain& .y the generosity of their mind" And as for death& if it )ill .e for their glory& they esteem it .etter than living al)ays/ and indeed our )ar )ith the 0omans gave a.undant eviden$e )hat great souls they had in their trials& )herein& although they )ere tortured and distorted& .urnt and torn to pie$es& and )ent through all #inds of instruments of torment& that they might .e for$ed either to .laspheme their legislator& or to eat )hat )as for.idden them& yet $ould they not .e made to do either of them& no& nor on$e to flatter their tormentors& or to shed a tear/ .ut they smiled in their very pains& and laughed those to s$orn )ho infli$ted the torments upon them& and resigned up their souls )ith great ala$rity& as e pe$ting to re$eive them again"

@@" For their do$trine is thisE That .odies are $orrupti.le& and that the matter they are made of is not permanent/ .ut that the souls are immortal& and $ontinue for ever/ and that they $ome out of the most su.tile air& and are united to their .odies as to prisons& into )hi$h they are dra)n .y a $ertain natural enti$ement/ .ut that )hen they are set free from the .onds of the flesh& they then& as released from a long .ondage& re7oi$e and mount up)ard" And this is li#e the opinions of the (ree#s& that good souls have their ha.itations .eyond the o$ean& in a region that is neither oppressed )ith storms of rain or sno)& or )ith intense heat& .ut that this pla$e is su$h as is refreshed .y the gentle .reathing of a )est )ind& that is perpetually .lo)ing from the o$ean/ )hile they allot to .ad souls a dar# and tempestuous den& full of never-$easing punishments" And indeed the (ree#s seem to me to have follo)ed the same notion& )hen they allot the islands of the .lessed to their .rave men& )hom they $all heroes and demigods/ and to the souls of the )i$#ed& the region of the ungodly& in Hades& )here their fa.les relate that $ertain persons& su$h as Sisyphus& and Tantalus& and I ion& and Tityus& are punished/ )hi$h is .uilt on this first supposition& that souls are immortal/ and then$e are those e hortations to virtue and dehortations from )i$#edness $olle$ted/ )here.y good men are .ettered in the $ondu$t of their life .y the hope they have of re)ard after their death/ and )here.y the vehement in$linations of .ad men to vi$e are restrained& .y the fear and e pe$tation they are in& that although they should lie $on$ealed in this life& they should suffer immortal punishment after their death" These are the 'ivine do$trines of the %ssens ;D> a.out the soul& )hi$h lay an unavoida.le .ait for su$h as have on$e had a taste of their philosophy" @A" There are also those among them )ho underta#e to foretell things to $ome& ;H> .y reading the holy .oo#s& and using several sorts of purifi$ations& and .eing perpetually $onversant in the dis$ourses of the prophets/ and it is .ut seldom that they miss in their predi$tions" @B" -oreover& there is another order of %ssens& ;G> )ho agree )ith the rest as to their )ay of living& and $ustoms& and la)s& .ut differ from them in the point of marriage& as thin#ing that .y not marrying they $ut off the prin$ipal part of human life& )hi$h is the prospe$t of su$$ession/ nay& rather& that if all men should .e of the same opinion& the )hole ra$e of man#ind )ould fail" Ho)ever& they try their spouses for three years/ and if they find that they have their natural purgations thri$e& as trials that they are li#ely to .e fruitful& they then a$tually marry them" But they do not use to a$$ompany )ith their )ives )hen they are )ith $hild& as a demonstration that they do not many out of regard to pleasure& .ut for the sa#e of posterity" 1o) the )omen go into the .aths )ith some of their garments on& as the men do )ith some)hat girded a.out them" And these are the $ustoms of this order of %ssens" @<" But then as to the t)o other orders at first mentioned& the *harisees are those )ho are esteemed most s#illful in the e a$t e pli$ation of their la)s& and introdu$e the first se$t" These as$ri.e all to fate +or providen$e,& and to (od& and yet allo)& that to a$t )hat is right& or the $ontrary& is prin$ipally in the po)er of men& although fate does $o-operate in every a$tion" They say that all souls are in$orrupti.le& .ut that the souls of good men only are removed into other .odies& - .ut that the souls of .ad men are su.7e$t to eternal punishment" But the Saddu$ees are those that $ompose the se$ond order& and ta#e a)ay fate entirely& and suppose that (od is not $on$erned in our doing or not doing )hat is evil/ and they say& that to a$t )hat is good& or )hat is evil& is at men2s o)n $hoi$e& and that the one or the other .elongs so to every one& that they may a$t as they please" They also ta#e a)ay the .elief of the immortal duration of the soul& and the punishments and re)ards in Hades" -oreover& the *harisees are friendly to one another& and are for the e er$ise of $on$ord& and regard for the pu.li$/ .ut the .ehavior of the Saddu$ees one to)ards another is in some degree )ild& and their $onversation )ith those that are of their o)n party is as .ar.arous as if they )ere strangers to them" And this is )hat I had to say $on$erning the philosophi$ se$ts among the Je)s" +'D'OT+1 ;<> This pra$ti$e of the %ssens& in refusing to s)ear& and esteeming s)earing in ordinary o$$asions )orse than per7ury& is delivered here in general )ords& as are the parallel in7un$tions of our Savior& -atLDEB</ -atLABE@D/ and of JamLCE@A/ .ut all admit of parti$ular e $eptions for solemn $auses& and

on great and ne$essary o$$asions" Thus these very %ssens& )ho here do so ?ealously avoid s)earing& are related& in the very ne t se$tion& to admit none till they ta#e tremendous oaths to perform their several duties to (od& and to their neigh.or& )ithout supposing they there.y .rea# this rule& 1ot to s)ear at all" The $ase is the same in Christianity& as )e learn from the Apostoli$al Constitutions& )hi$h although they agree )ith Christ and St" James& in for.idding to s)ear in general& $h" CE@A/ DEA& B/ yet do they e plain it else)here& .y avoiding to s)ear falsely& and to s)ear often and in vain& $h" AEBD/ and again& .y Inot s)earing at all&I .ut )ithal adding& that Iif that $annot .e avoided& to s)ear truly&I $h" HEB/ )hi$h a.undantly e plain to us the nature of the measures of this general in7un$tion" ;C> This mention of the Inames of angels&I so parti$ularly preserved .y the %ssens& ;if it means more than those ImessengersI )hi$h )ere employed to .ring& them the pe$uliar .oo#s of their Se$t&> loo#s li#e a prelude to that I)orshipping of angels&I .lamed .y St" *aul& as superstitious and unla)ful& in some su$h sort of people as these %ssens )ere& ColLAEG/ as is the prayer to or to)ards the sun for his rising every morning& mentioned .efore& se$t" C& very li#e those not mu$h later o.servan$es made mention of in the prea$hing of *eter& Authent" 0e$" *art II" p" DDM& and regarding a #ind of )orship of angels& of the month& and of the moon& and not $ele.rating the ne) moons& or other festivals& unless the moon appeared" Whi$h& indeed& seems to me the earliest mention of any regard to the phases in fi ing the Je)ish $alendar& of )hi$h the Talmud and later 0a..ins tal# so mu$h& and upon so very little an$ient foundation" ;D> Of these Je)ish or %ssene ;and indeed Christian> do$trines $on$erning souls& .oth good and .ad& in Hades& see that e $ellent dis$ourse& or homily& of our Josephus $on$erning Hades& at the end of the volume" ;H> 'ean Aldri$h re$#ons up three e amples of this gift of prophe$y in several of these %ssens out of Josephus himself& vi?" in the History of the War& B" I" $h" B" se$t" C& Judas foretold the death of Antigonus at Strato2s To)er/ B" II" $h" H" se$t" B& Simon foretold that Ar$helaus should reign .ut nine or ten years/ and Anti6" B" F8" $h" @=" se$t" <& C& -enuhem foretold that Herod should .e #ing& and should reign tyranni$ally& and that for more than t)enty or even thirty years" All )hi$h $ame to pass a$$ordingly" ;G> There is so mu$h more here a.out the %ssens than is $ited from Josephus in *orphyry and %use.ius& and yet so mu$h less a.out the *harisees and Saddu$ees& the t)o other Je)ish se$ts& than )ould naturally .e e pe$ted in proportion to the %ssens or third se$t& nay& than seems to .e referred to .y himself else)here& that one is tempted to suppose Josephus had at first )ritten less of the one& and more of the t)o others& than his present $opies afford us/ as also& that& .y some un#no)n a$$ident& our present $opies are here made up of the larger edition in the first $ase& and of the smaller in the se$ond" See the note in Haver$amp2s edition" Ho)ever& )hat Josephus says in the name of the *harisees& that only the souls of good men go out of one .ody into another& although all souls .e immortal& and still the souls of the .ad are lia.le to eternal punishment/ as also )hat he says after)ards& Anti6" B" F8III" $h" @" se$t" B& that the soul2s vigor is immortal& and that under the earth they re$eive re)ards or punishments a$$ording as their lives have .een virtuous or vi$ious in the present )orld/ that to the .ad is allotted an eternal prison& .ut that the good are permitted to live again in this )orld/ are nearly agreea.le to the do$trines of Christianity" Only Josephus2s re7e$tion of the return of the )i$#ed into other .odies& or into this )orld& )hi$h he grants to the good& loo#s some)hat li#e a $ontradi$tion to St" *aul2s a$$ount of the do$trine of the Je)s& that they Ithemselves allo)ed that there should .e a resurre$tion of the dead& .oth of the 7ust and un7ust&I A$ts A<E@C" !et .e$ause Josephus2s a$$ount is that of the *harisees& and St" *atti2s that of the Je)s in general& and of himself the $ontradi$tion is not very $ertain"

CH(PT+, %

TH+ D+(TH O/ 1(.O6+5 TH+ C)T)+1 WH)CH H+,OD ('D PH).)P B0).T5 P).(T+ OCC(1)O'1 D)1T0,B('C+15 T)B+,)01 P0T1 (*,)PP( )'TO BO'D1 B0T C()01 /,++1 H)6 /,O6 TH+68 ('D 6(7+1 H)6 7)'*5 H+,OD ('T)P(1 )1 B(')1H+D5
@" A1' no) as the ethnar$hy of Ar$helaus )as fallen into a 0oman provin$e& the other sons of Herod& *hilip& and that Herod )ho )as $alled Antipas& ea$h of them too# upon them the administration of their o)n tetrar$hies/ for )hen Salome died& she .e6ueathed to Julia& the )ife of Augustus& .oth her topar$hy& and Jamriga& as also her plantation of palm trees that )ere in *hasaelis" But )hen the 0oman empire )as translated to Ti.erius& the son of Julia& upon the death of Augustus& )ho had reigned fifty-seven years& si months& and t)o days& .oth Herod and *hilip $ontinued in their tetrar$hies/ and the latter of them .uilt the $ity Cesarea& at the fountains of Jordan& and in the region of *aneas/ as also the $ity Julias& in the lo)er (aulonitis" Herod also .uilt the $ity Ti.erius in (alilee& and in *erea +.eyond Jordan, another that )as also $alled Julias" A" 1o) *ilate& )ho )as sent as pro$urator into Judea .y Ti.erius& sent .y night those images of Caesar that are $alled ensigns into Jerusalem" This e $ited a very among great tumult among the Je)s )hen it )as day/ for those that )ere near them )ere astonished at the sight of them& as indi$ations that their la)s )ere trodden under foot/ for those la)s do not permit any sort of image to .e .rought into the $ity" 1ay& .esides the indignation )hi$h the $iti?ens had themselves at this pro$edure& a vast num.er of people $ame running out of the $ountry" These $ame ?ealously to *ilate to Cesarea& and .esought him to $arry those ensigns out of Jerusalem& and to preserve them their an$ient la)s inviola.le/ .ut upon *ilate2s denial of their re6uest& they fell ;M> do)n prostrate upon the ground& and $ontinued immova.le in that posture for five days and as many nights" B" On the ne t day *ilate sat upon his tri.unal& in the open mar#et-pla$e& and $alled to him the multitude& as desirous to give them an ans)er/ and then gave a signal to the soldiers& that they should all .y agreement at on$e en$ompass the Je)s )ith their )eapons/ so the .and of soldiers stood round a.out the Je)s in three ran#s" The Je)s )ere under the utmost $onsternation at that une pe$ted sight" *ilate also said to them that they should .e $ut in pie$es& unless they )ould admit of Caesar2s images& and gave intimation to the soldiers to dra) their na#ed s)ords" Hereupon the Je)s& as it )ere at one signal& fell do)n in vast num.ers together& and e posed their ne$#s .are& and $ried out that they )ere sooner ready to .e slain& than that their la) should .e transgressed" Hereupon *ilate )as greatly surprised at their prodigious superstition& and gave order that the ensigns should .e presently $arried out of Jerusalem" <" After this he raised another distur.an$e& .y e pending that sa$red treasure )hi$h is $alled Cor.an ;@=> upon a6uedu$ts& )here.y he .rought )ater from the distan$e of four hundred furlongs" At this the multitude had indignation/ and )hen *ilate )as $ome to Jerusalem& they $ame a.out his tri.unal& and made a $lamor at it" 1o) )hen he )as appri?ed aforehand of this distur.an$e& he mi ed his o)n soldiers in their armor )ith the multitude& and ordered them to $on$eal themselves under the ha.its of private men& and not indeed to use their s)ords& .ut )ith their staves to .eat those that made the $lamor" He then gave the signal from his tri.unal +to do as he had .idden them," 1o) the Je)s )ere so sadly .eaten& that many of them perished .y the stripes they re$eived& and many of them perished as trodden to death .y themselves/ .y )hi$h means the multitude )as astonished at the $alamity of those that )ere slain& and held their pea$e" C" In the mean time Agrippa& the son of that Aristo.ulus )ho had .een slain .y his father Herod& $ame to Ti.erius& to a$$use Herod the tetrar$h/ )ho not admitting of his a$$usation& he staid at 0ome& and $ultivated a friendship )ith others of the men of note& .ut prin$ipally )ith Caius the son of (ermani$us& )ho )as then .ut a private person" 1o) this Agrippa& at a $ertain time& feasted Caius/ and as he )as very $omplaisant to him on several other a$$ounts& he at length stret$hed out his hands& and openly )ished that Ti.erius might die& and that he might 6ui$#ly see him emperor of the )orld" This )as told to Ti.erius .y one of Agrippa2s domesti$s& )ho thereupon )as very angry& and ordered

Agrippa to .e .ound& and had him very ill-treated in the prison for si months& until Ti.erius died& after he had reigned t)enty-t)o years& si months& and three days" D" But )hen Caius )as made Caesar& he released Agrippa from his .onds& and made him #ing of *hilip2s tetrar$hy& )ho )as no) dead/ .ut )hen Agrippa had arrived at that degree of dignity& he inflamed the am.itious desires of Herod the tetrar$h& )ho )as $hiefly indu$ed to hope for the royal authority .y his )ife Herodias& )ho reproa$hed him for his sloth& and told him that it )as only .e$ause he )ould not sail to Caesar that he )as destitute of that great dignity/ for sin$e Caesar had made Agrippa a #ing& from a private person& mu$h mole )ould he advan$e him from a tetrar$h to that dignity" These arguments prevailed )ith Herod& so that he $ame to Caius& .y )hom he )as punished for his am.ition& .y .eing .anished into Spain/ for Agrippa follo)ed him& in order to a$$use him/ to )hom also Caius gave his tetrar$hy& .y )ay of addition" So Herod died in Spain& )hither his )ife had follo)ed him" +'D'OT+1 ;M> We have here& in that (ree# -S" )hi$h )as on$e Ale ander *etavius2s& .ut is no) in the li.rary at 4eyden& t)o most remar#a.le additions to the $ommon $opies& though de$lared )orth little remar# .y the editor/ )hi$h& upon the mention of Ti.erius2s $oming to the empire& inserts first the famous testimony of Josephus $on$erning Jesus Christ& as it stands ver.atim in the Anti6uities& B" F8III" $h" B" se$t" B& )ith some parts of that e $ellent dis$ourse or homily of Josephus $on$erning Hades& anne ed to the )or#" But )hat is here prin$ipally to .e noted is this& that in this homily& Josephus having 7ust mentioned Christ& as I(od the Word& and the Judge of the )orld& appointed .y the Father&I et$"& adds& that Ihe had himself else)here spo#en a.out him more ni$ely or parti$ularly"I ;@=> This use of $or.an& or o.lation& as here applied to the sa$red money dedi$ated to (od in the treasury of the temple& illustrates our Savior2s )ords& -arLHE@@-@A"

CH(PT+, 1&
C()01 CO66('D1 TH(T H)1 1T(T0+ 1HO0.D B+ 1+T 0P )' TH+ T+6P.+ )T1+./; ('D WH(T P+T,O')01 D)D TH+,+0PO'5
@" 1OW Caius Caesar did so grossly a.use the fortune he had arrived at& as to ta#e himself to .e a god& and to desire to .e so $alled also& and to $ut off those of the greatest no.ility out of his $ountry" He also e tended his impiety as far as the Je)s" A$$ordingly& he sent *etronius )ith an army to Jerusalem& to pla$e his statues in the temple& ;@@> and $ommanded him that& in $ase the Je)s )ould not admit of them& he should slay those that opposed it& and $arry all the rest of the nation into $aptivityE .ut (od $on$erned himself )ith these his $ommands" Ho)ever& *etronius mar$hed out of Antio$h into Judea& )ith three legions& and many Syrian au iliaries" 1o) as to the Je)s& some of them $ould not .elieve the stories that spa#e of a )ar/ .ut those that did .elieve them )ere in the utmost distress ho) to defend themselves& and the terror diffused itself presently through them all/ for the army )as already $ome to *tolemais" A" This *tolemais is a maritime $ity of (alilee& .uilt in the great plain" It is en$ompassed )ith mountainsE that on the east side& si ty furlongs off& .elongs to (alilee/ .ut that on the south .elongs to Carmel& )hi$h is distant from it a hundred and t)enty furlongs/ and that on the north is the highest of them all& and is $alled .y the people of the $ountry& The 4adder of the Tyrians& )hi$h is at the distan$e of a hundred furlongs" The very small river Belus ;@A> runs .y it& at the distan$e of t)o furlongs/ near )hi$h there is -enmon2s monument& ;@B> and hath near it a pla$e no larger than a hundred $u.its& )hi$h deserves admiration/ for the pla$e is round and hollo)& and affords su$h sand as glass is made of/ )hi$h pla$e& )hen it hath .een emptied .y the many ships there loaded& it is filled again .y the

)inds& )hi$h .ring into it& as it )ere on purpose& that sand )hi$h lay remote& and )as no more than .are $ommon sand& )hile this mine presently turns it into glassy sand" And )hat is to me still more )onderful& that glassy sand )hi$h is superfluous& and is on$e removed out of the pla$e& .e$omes .are $ommon sand again" And this is the nature of the pla$e )e are spea#ing of" B" But no) the Je)s got together in great num.ers )ith their )ives and $hildren into that plain that )as .y *tolemais& and made suppli$ation to *etronius& first for their la)s& and& in the ne t pla$e& for themselves" So he )as prevailed upon .y the multitude of the suppli$ants& and .y their suppli$ations& and left his army and the statues at *tolemais& and then )ent for)ard into (alilee& and $alled together the multitude and all the men of note to Ti.erias& and sho)ed them the po)er of the 0omans& and the threatenings of Caesar/ and& .esides this& proved that their petition )as unreasona.le& .e$ause )hile all the nations in su.7e$tion to them had pla$ed the images of Caesar in their several $ities& among the rest of their gods& for them alone to oppose it& )as almost li#e the .ehavior of revolters& and )as in7urious to Caesar" <" And )hen they insisted on their la)& and the $ustom of their $ountry& and ho) it )as not only not permitted them to ma#e either an image of (od& or indeed of a man& and to put it in any despi$a.le part of their $ountry& mu$h less in the temple itself& *etronius replied& IAnd am not I also&I said he& I.ound to #eep the la) of my o)n lordK For if I transgress it& and spare you& it is .ut 7ust that I perish/ )hile he that sent me& and not I& )ill $ommen$e a )ar against you/ for I am under $ommand as )ell as you"I Hereupon the )hole multitude $ried out that they )ere ready to suffer for their la)" *etronius then 6uieted them& and said to them& IWill you then ma#e )ar against CaesarKI The Je)s said& IWe offer sa$rifi$es t)i$e every day for Caesar& and for the 0oman people/I .ut that if he )ould pla$e the images among them& he must first sa$rifi$e the )hole Je)ish nation/ and that they )ere ready to e pose themselves& together )ith their $hildren and )ives& to .e slain" At this *etronius )as astonished& and pitied them& on a$$ount of the ine pressi.le sense of religion the men )ere under& and that $ourage of theirs )hi$h made them ready to die for it/ so they )ere dismissed )ithout su$$ess" C" But on the follo)ing days he got together the men of po)er privately& and the multitude pu.li$ly& and sometimes he used persuasions to them& and sometimes he gave them his advi$e/ .ut he $hiefly made use of threatenings to them& and insisted upon the po)er of the 0omans& and the anger of Caius/ and .esides& upon the ne$essity he )as himself under +to do as he )as en7oined," But as they $ould .e no )ay prevailed upon& and he sa) that the $ountry )as in danger of lying )ithout tillage/ ;for it )as a.out seed time that the multitude $ontinued for fifty days together idle/> so he at last got them together& and told them that it )as .est for him to run some ha?ard himself/ Ifor either& .y the 'ivine assistan$e& I shall prevail )ith Caesar& and shall myself es$ape the danger as )ell as you& )hi$h )ill he matter of 7oy to us .oth/ or& in $ase Caesar $ontinue in his rage& I )ill .e ready to e pose my o)n life for su$h a great num.er as you are"I Whereupon he dismissed the multitude& )ho prayed greatly for his prosperity/ and he too# the army out of *tolemais& and returned to Antio$h/ from )hen$e he presently sent an epistle to Caesar& and informed him of the irruption he had made into Judea& and of the suppli$ations of the nation/ and that unless he had a mind to lose .oth the $ountry and the men in it& he must permit them to #eep their la)& and must $ountermand his former in7un$tion" Caius ans)ered that epistle in a violent-)ay& and threatened to have *etronius put to death for his .eing so tardy in the e e$ution of )hat he had $ommanded" But it happened that those )ho .rought Caius2s epistle )ere tossed .y a storm& and )ere detained on the sea for three months& )hile others that .rought the ne)s of Caius2s death had a good voyage" A$$ordingly& *etronins re$eived the epistle $on$erning Caius seven and t)enty days .efore he re$eived that )hi$h )as against himself" +'D'OT+1 ;@@> Ta$itus o)ns that Caius $ommanded the Je)s to pla$e his effigies in their temple& though he .e mista#en )hen he adds that the Je)s thereupon too# arms" ;@A> This a$$ount of a pla$e near the mouth of the river Belus in *hoeni$ia& )hen$e $ame that sand out

of )hi$h the an$ients made their glass& is a #no)n thing in history& parti$ularly in Ta$itus and Stra.o& and more largely in *liny" ;@B> This -emnon had several monuments& and one of them appears& .oth .y Stra.o and 'iodorus& to have .een in Syria& and not impro.a.ly in this very pla$e"

CH(PT+, 11
CO'C+,')'* TH+ *O-+,'6+'T O/ C.(0D)018 ('D TH+ ,+)*' O/ (*,)PP(5 CO'C+,')'* TH+ D+(TH1 O/ (*,)PP( ('D O/ H+,OD ('D WH(T CH).D,+' TH+3 BOTH .+/T B+H)'D TH+65
@" 1OW )hen Caius had reigned three year2s and eight months& and had .een slain .y trea$hery& Claudius )as hurried a)ay .y the armies that )ere at 0ome to ta#e the government upon him/ .ut the senate& upon the referen$e of the $onsuls& Sentis Saturninns& and *omponins Se$undus& gave orders to the three regiments of soldiers that staid )ith them to #eep the $ity 6uiet& and )ent up into the $apitol in great num.ers& and resolved to oppose Claudius .y for$e& on a$$ount of the .ar.arous treatment they had met )ith from Caius/ and they determined either to settle the nation under an aristo$ra$y& as they had of old .een governed& or at least to $hoose .y vote su$h a one for emperor as might .e )orthy of it" A" 1o) it happened that at this time Agrippa so7ourned at 0ome& and that .oth the senate $alled him to $onsult )ith them& and at the same time Claudius sent for him out of the $amp& that he might .e servi$ea.le to him& as he should have o$$asion for his servi$e" So he& per$eiving that Claudius )as in effe$t made Caesar already& )ent to him& )ho sent him as an am.assador to the senate& to let them #no) )hat his intentions )ereE that& in the first pla$e& it )as )ithout his see#ing that he )as hurried a)ay .y the soldiers/ moreover& that he thought it )as not 7ust to desert those soldiers in su$h their ?eal for him& and that if he should do so& his o)n fortune )ould .e in un$ertainty/ for that it )as a dangerous $ase to have .een on$e $alled to the empire" He added further& that he )ould administer the government as a good prin$e& and not li#e a tyrant/ for that he )ould .e satisfied )ith the honor of .eing $alled emperor& .ut )ould& in every one of his a$tions& permit them all to give him their advi$e/ for that although he had not .een .y nature for moderation& yet )ould the death of Caius afford him a suffi$ient demonstration ho) so.erly he ought to a$t in that station" B" This message )as delivered .y Agrippa/ to )hi$h the senate replied& that sin$e they had an army& and the )isest $ounsels on their side& they )ould not endure a voluntary slavery" And )hen Claudius heard )hat ans)er the senate had made& he sent Agrippa to them again& )ith the follo)ing messageE That he $ould not .ear the thoughts of .etraying them that had given their oaths to .e true to him/ and that he sa) he must fight& though un)illingly& against su$h as he had no mind to fight/ that& ho)ever& +if it must $ome to that&, it )as proper to $hoose a pla$e )ithout the $ity for the )ar& .e$ause it )as not agreea.le to piety to pollute the temples of their o)n $ity )ith the .lood of their o)n $ountrymen& and this only on o$$asion of their imprudent $ondu$t" And )hen Agrippa had heard this message& he delivered it to the senators" <" In the mean time& one of the soldiers .elonging to the senate dre) his s)ord& and $ried out& IO my fello) soldiers& )hat is the meaning of this $hoi$e of ours& to #ill our .rethren& and to use violen$e to our #indred that are )ith ClaudiusK )hile )e may have him for our emperor )hom no one $an .lame& and )ho hath so many 7ust reasons +to lay $laim to the government,/ and this )ith regard to those against )hom )e are going to fight"I When he had said this& he mar$hed through the )hole senate& and $arried all the soldiers along )ith him" 5pon )hi$h all the patri$ians )ere immediately in a great fright at their .eing thus deserted" But still& .e$ause there appeared no other )ay )hither they $ould turn themselves for deliveran$e& they made haste the same )ay )ith the soldiers& and )ent to Claudius" But

those that had the greatest lu$# in flattering the good fortune of Claudius .etimes met them .efore the )alls )ith their na#ed s)ords& and there )as reason to fear that those that $ame first might have .een in danger& .efore Claudius $ould #no) )hat violen$e the soldiers )ere going to offer them& had not Agrippa ran .efore& and told him )hat a dangerous thing they )ere going a.out& and that unless he restrained the violen$e of these men& )ho )ere in a fit of madness against the patri$ians& he )ould lose those on )hose a$$ount it )as most desira.le to rule& and )ould .e emperor over a desert" C" When Claudius heard this& he restrained the violen$e of the soldiery& and re$eived the senate into the $amp& and treated them after an o.liging manner& and )ent out )ith them presently to offer their than#-offerings to (od& )hi$h )ere proper upon& his first $oming to the empire" -oreover& he .esto)ed on Agrippa his )hole paternal #ingdom immediately& and added to it& .esides those $ountries that had .een given .y Augustus to Herod& Tra$honitis and Auranitis& and still .esides these& that #ingdom )hi$h )as $alled the #ingdom of 4ysanius" This gift he de$lared to the people .y a de$ree& .ut ordered the magistrates to have the donation engraved on ta.les of .rass& and to .e set up in the $apitol" He .esto)ed on his .rother Herod& )ho )as also his son-in-la)& .y marrying +his daughter, Berni$e& the #ingdom of Chal$is" D" So no) ri$hes flo)ed in to Agrippa .y his en7oyment of so large a dominion/ nor did he a.use the money he had on small matters& .ut he .egan to en$ompass Jerusalem )ith su$h a )all& )hi$h& had it .een .rought to perfe$tion& had made it impra$ti$a.le for the 0omans to ta#e it .y siege/ .ut his death& )hi$h happened at Cesarea& .efore he had raised the )alls to their due height& prevented him" He had then reigned three years& as he had governed his tetrar$hies three other years" He left .ehind him three daughters& .orn to him .y Cypros& Berni$e& -ariamne& and 'rusilla& and a son .orn of the same mother& )hose name )as AgrippaE he )as left a very young $hild& so that Claudius made the $ountry a 0oman provin$e& and sent Cuspius Fadus to .e its pro$urator& and after him Ti.erius Ale ander& )ho& ma#ing no alterations of the an$ient la)s& #ept the nation in tran6uillity" 1o) after this& Herod the #ing of Chal$is died& and left .ehind him t)o sons& .orn to him of his .rother2s daughter Berni$e/ their names )ere Bernie Janus and Hyr$anus" +He also left .ehind him, Aristo.ulus& )hom he had .y his former )ife -ariamne" There )as .esides another .rother of his that died a private person& his name )as also Aristo.ulus& )ho left .ehind him a daughter& )hose name )as JotapeE and these& as I have formerly said& )ere the $hildren of Aristo.ulus the son of Herod& )hi$h Aristo.ulus and Ale ander )ere .orn to Herod .y -ariamne& and )ere slain .y him" But as for Ale ander2s posterity& they reigned in Armenia"

CH(PT+, 12
6('3 T060.T1 0'D+, C06('018 WH)CH W+,+ CO6PO1+D B3 =0(D,(T015 /+.)2 )1 P,OC0,(TO, O/ J0D+(5 (*,)PP( )1 (D-('C+D /,O6 CH(.C)1 TO ( *,+(T+, 7)'*DO65
@ 1OW after the death of Herod& #ing of Chal$is& Claudius set Agrippa& the son of Agrippa& over his un$le2s #ingdom& )hile Cumanus too# upon him the offi$e of pro$urator of the rest& )hi$h )as a 0oman provin$e& and therein he su$$eeded Ale ander/ under )hi$h Cureanus .egan the trou.les& and the Je)s2 ruin $ame on/ for )hen the multitude )ere $ome together to Jerusalem& to the feast of unleavened .read& and a 0oman $ohort stood over the $loisters of the temple& ;for they al)ays )ere armed& and #ept guard at the festivals& to prevent any innovation )hi$h the multitude thus gathered together might ma#e&> one of the soldiers pulled .a$# his garment& and $o)ering do)n after an inde$ent manner& turned his .ree$h to the Je)s& and spa#e su$h )ords as you might e pe$t upon su$h a posture" At this the )hole multitude had indignation& and made a $lamor to Cumanus& that he )ould punish the soldier/ )hile the rasher part of the youth& and su$h as )ere naturally the most tumultuous& fell to fighting& and $aught up stones& and thre) them at the soldiers" 5pon )hi$h Cumanus )as afraid

lest all the people should ma#e an assault upon him& and sent to $all for more armed men& )ho& )hen they $ame in great num.ers into the $loisters& the Je)s )ere in a very great $onsternation/ and .eing .eaten out of the temple& they ran into the $ity/ and the violen$e )ith )hi$h they $ro)ded to get out )as so great& that they trod upon ea$h other& and s6uee?ed one another& till ten thousand of them )ere #illed& insomu$h that this feast .e$ame the $ause of mourning to the )hole nation& and every family lamented their o)n relations" A" 1o) there follo)ed after this another $alamity& )hi$h arose from a tumult made .y ro..ers/ for at the pu.li$ road at Beth-.oron& one Stephen& a servant of Caesar& $arried some furniture& )hi$h the ro..ers fell upon and sei?ed" 5pon this Cureanus sent men to go round a.out to the neigh.oring villages& and to .ring their inha.itants to him .ound& as laying it to their $harge that they had not pursued after the thieves& and $aught them" 1o) here it )as that a $ertain soldier& finding the sa$red .oo# of the la)& tore it to pie$es& and thre) it into the fire" ;@<> Hereupon the Je)s )ere in great disorder& as if their )hole $ountry )ere in a flame& and assem.led themselves so many of them .y their ?eal for their religion& as .y an engine& and ran together )ith united $lamor to Cesarea& to Cumanus& and made suppli$ation to him that he )ould not overloo# this man& )ho had offered su$h an affront to (od& and to his la)/ .ut punish him for )hat he had done" A$$ordingly& he& per$eiving that the multitude )ould not .e 6uiet unless they had a $omforta.le ans)er from him& gave order that the soldier should .e .rought& and dra)n through those that re6uired to have him punished& to e e$ution& )hi$h .eing done& the Je)s )ent their )ays" B" After this there happened a fight .et)een the (alileans and the Samaritans/ it happened at a village $alled (eman& )hi$h is situate in the great plain of Samaria/ )here& as a great num.er of Je)s )ere going up to Jerusalem to the feast +of ta.erna$les&, a $ertain (alilean )as slain/ and .esides& a vast num.er of people ran together out of (alilee& in order to fight )ith the Samaritans" But the prin$ipal men among them $ame to Cumanus& and .esought him that& .efore the evil .e$ame in$ura.le& he )ould $ome into (alilee& and .ring the authors of this murder to punishment/ for that there )as no other )ay to ma#e the multitude separate )ithout $oming to .lo)s" Ho)ever& Cumanus postponed their suppli$ations to the other affairs he )as then a.out& and sent the petitioners a)ay )ithout su$$ess" <" But )hen the affair of this murder $ame to .e told at Jerusalem& it put the multitude into disorder& and they left the feast/ and )ithout any generals to $ondu$t them& they mar$hed )ith great violen$e to Samaria/ nor )ould they .e ruled .y any of the magistrates that )ere set over them& .ut they )ere managed .y one %lea?ar& the son of 'ineus& and .y Ale ander& in these their thievish and seditious attempts" These men fell upon those that )ere ill the neigh.orhood of the A$ra.atene topar$hy& and sle) them& )ithout sparing any age& and set the villages on fire" C" But Cumanus too# one troop of horsemen& $alled the troop of Se.aste& out of Cesarea& and $ame to the assistan$e of those that )ere spoiled/ he also sei?ed upon a great num.er of those that follo)ed %lea?ar& and sle) more of them" And as for the rest of the multitude of those that )ent so ?ealously to fight )ith the Samaritans& the rulers of Jerusalem ran out $lothed )ith sa$#$loth& and having ashes on their head& and .egged of them to go their )ays& lest .y their attempt to revenge themselves upon the Samaritans they should provo#e the 0omans to $ome against Jerusalem/ to have $ompassion upon their $ountry and temple& their $hildren and their )ives& and not .ring the utmost dangers of destru$tion upon them& in order to avenge themselves upon one (alilean only" The Je)s $omplied )ith these persuasions of theirs& and dispersed themselves/ .ut still there )ere a great num.er )ho .etoo# themselves to ro..ing& in hopes of impunity/ and rapines and insurre$tions of the .older sort happened over the )hole $ountry" And the men of po)er among the Samaritans $ame to Tyre& to 5mmidius :uadratus& ;@C> the president of Syria& and desired that they that had laid )aste the $ountry might .e punishedE the great men also of the Je)s& and Jonathan the son of Ananus the high priest& $ame thither& and said that the Samaritans )ere the .eginners of the distur.an$e& on a$$ount of that murder they had $ommitted/ and that Cumanus had given o$$asion to )hat had happened& .y his un)illingness to punish the original authors of that murder"

D" But :uadratus put .oth parties off for that time& and told them& that )hen he should $ome to those pla$es& he )ould ma#e a diligent in6uiry after every $ir$umstan$e" After )hi$h he )ent to Cesarea& and $ru$ified all those )hom Cumanus had ta#en alive/ and )hen from then$e he )as $ome to the $ity 4ydda& he heard the affair of the Samaritans& and sent for eighteen of the Je)s& )hom he had learned to have .een $on$erned in that fight& and .eheaded them/ .ut he sent t)o others of those that )ere of the greatest po)er among them& and .oth Jonathan and Ananias& the high priests& as also Artanus the son of this Ananias& and $ertain others that )ere eminent among the Je)s& to Caesar/ as he did in li#e manner .y the most illustrious of the Samaritans" He also ordered that Cureanus +the pro$urator, and Celer the tri.une should sail to 0ome& in order to give an a$$ount of )hat had .een done to Caesar" When he had finished these matters& he )ent up from 4ydda to Jerusalem& and finding the multitude $ele.rating their feast of unleavened .read )ithout any tumult& he returned to Antio$h" H" 1o) )hen Caesar at 0ome had heard )hat Cumanus and the Samaritans had to say& ;)here it )as done in the hearing of Agrippa& )ho ?ealously espoused the $ause of the Je)s& as in li#e manner many of the great men stood .y Cumanus&> he $ondemned the Samaritans& and $ommanded that three of the most po)erful men among them should .e put to death/ he .anished Cumanus& and sent Color .ound to Jerusalem& to .e delivered over to the Je)s to .e tormented/ that he should .e dra)n round the $ity& and then .eheaded" G" After this Caesar sent Feli & ;@D> the .rother of *allas& to .e pro$urator of (alilee& and Samaria& and *erea& and removed Agrippa from Chal$is unto a greater #ingdom/ for he gave him the tetrar$hy )hi$h had .elonged to *hilip& )hi$h $ontained Batanae& Tra$honitis& and (aulonitisE he added to it the #ingdom of 4ysanias& and that provin$e +A.ilene, )hi$h 8arus had governed" But Claudius himself& )hen he had administered the government thirteen years& eight months& and t)enty days& died& and left 1ero to .e his su$$essor in the empire& )hom he had adopted .y his Wife Agrippina2s delusions& in order to .e his su$$essor& although he had a son of his o)n& )hose name )as Britanni$us& .y -essalina his former )ife& and a daughter )hose name )as O$tavia& )hom he had married to 1ero/ he had also another daughter .y *etina& )hose name )as Antonia" +'D'OT+1 ;@<> 0eland notes here& that the Talmud in re$ounting ten sad a$$idents for )hi$h the Je)s ought to rend their garments& re$#ons this for one& IWhen they hear that the la) of (od is .urnt"I ;@C> This 5mmidius& or 1umidius& or& as Ta$itus $alls him& 8inidius :uadratus& is mentioned in an an$ient ins$ription& still preserved& as Spanhelm here informs us& )hi$h $alls him 5rnmidius :uadratus" ;@D> Ta#e the $hara$ter of this Feli ;)ho is )ell #no)n from the A$ts of the Apostles& parti$ularly from his trem.ling )hen St" *aul dis$oursed of Irighteousness& $hastity& and 7udgment to $ome&I A$tLA<EC/ and no )onder& )hen )e have else)here seen that he lived in adultery )ith 'rusilla& another man2s )ife& ;Anti6" B" FF" $h" H" se$t" @> in the )ords of Ta$itus& produ$ed here .y 'ean Aldri$hE IFeli e er$ised&I says Ta$itas& Ithe authority of a #ing& )ith the disposition of a slave& and relying upon the great po)er of his .rother *allas at $ourt& thought he might safely .e guilty of all #inds of )i$#ed pra$ti$es"I O.serve also the time )hen he )as made pro$urator& A"'" CA/ that )hen St" *aul pleaded his $ause .efore him& A"'" CG& he might have .een Imany years a 7udge unto that nation&I as St" *aul says he had then .een& A$tLA<E@=" But as to )hat Ta$itus here says& that .efore the death of Cumanus& Feli )as pro$urator over Samaria only& does not )ell agree )ith St" *aul2s )ords& )ho )ould hardly have $alled Samaria a Je)ish nation" In short& sin$e )hat Ta$itus here says is a.out $ountries very remote from 0ome& )here he lived/ sin$e )hat he says of t)o 0oman pro$urators& the one over (alilee& the other over Samaria at the same time& is )ithout e ample else)here/ and sin$e Josephus& )ho lived at that very time in Judea& appears to have #no)n nothing of this pro$uratorship of Feli & .efore the death of Cureanus/ I mu$h suspe$t the story itself as nothing .etter than a mista#e of Ta$itus& espe$ially )hen it seems not only omitted& .ut $ontradi$ted .y Josephus/ as any one may find that

$ompares their histories together" *ossi.ly Feli might have .een a su.ordinate 7udge among the Je)s some time .efore under Cureanus& .ut that he )as in earnest a pro$urator of Samaria .efore I do not .elieve" Bishop *earson& as )ell as Bishop 4loyd& 6uote this a$$ount& .ut )ith a dou.tful $lauseE $onfides Ta$ito& IIf )e may .elieve Ta$itus"I *ears" Anhal" *aulin" p" G/ -arshall2s Ta.les& at A"'" <M"

CH(PT+, 13
'+,O (DD1 /O0, C)T)+1 TO (*,)PP(1 7)'*DO6; B0T TH+ OTH+, P(,T1 O/ J0D+( W+,+ 0'D+, /+.)25 TH+ D)1T0,B('C+1 WH)CH W+,+ ,()1+D B3 TH+ 1)C(,)) TH+ 6(*)C)('1 ('D (' +*3PT)(' /(.1+ P,OPH+T5 TH+ J+W1 ('D 13,)('1 H(-+ ( CO'T+1T (T C+1(,+(5
@" 1OW as to the many things in )hi$h 1ero a$ted li#e a madman& out of the e travagant degree of the feli$ity and ri$hes )hi$h he en7oyed& and .y that means used his good fortune to the in7ury of others/ and after )hat manner he sle) his .rother& and )ife& and mother& from )hom his .ar.arity spread itself to others that )ere most nearly related to him/ and ho)& at last& he )as so distra$ted that he .e$ame an a$tor in the s$enes& and upon the theater& - I omit to say any more a.out them& .e$ause there are )riters enough upon those su.7e$ts every )here/ .ut I shall turn myself to those a$tions of his time in )hi$h the Je)s )ere $on$erned" A" 1ero therefore .esto)ed the #ingdom of the 4esser Armenia upon Aristo.ulus& Herod2s son& ;@H> and he added to Agrippa2s #ingdom four $ities& )ith the topar$hies to them .elonging/ I mean A.ila& and that Julias )hi$h is in *erea& Tari$hea also& and Ti.erias of (alilee/ .ut over the rest of Judea he made Feli pro$urator" This Feli too# %lea?ar the ar$h-ro..er& and many that )ere )ith him& alive& )hen they had ravaged the $ountry for t)enty years together& and sent them to 0ome/ .ut as to the num.er of the ro..ers )hom he $aused to .e $ru$ified& and of those )ho )ere $aught among them& and )hom he .rought to punishment& they )ere a multitude not to .e enumerated" B" When the $ountry )as purged of these& there sprang up another sort of ro..ers in Jerusalem& )hi$h )ere $alled Si$arii& )ho sle) men in the day time& and in the midst of the $ity/ this they did $hiefly at the festivals& )hen they mingled themselves among the multitude& and $on$ealed daggers under their garments& )ith )hi$h they sta..ed those that )ere their enemies/ and )hen any fell do)n dead& the murderers .e$ame a part of those that had indignation against them/ .y )hi$h means they appeared persons of su$h reputation& that they $ould .y no means .e dis$overed" The first man )ho )as slain .y them )as Jonathan the high priest& after )hose death many )ere slain every day& )hile the fear men )ere in of .eing so served )as more affli$ting than the $alamity itself/ and )hile every .ody e pe$ted death every hour& as men do in )ar& so men )ere o.liged to loo# .efore them& and to ta#e noti$e of their enemies at a great distan$e/ nor& if their friends )ere $oming to them& durst they trust them any longer/ .ut& in the midst of their suspi$ions and guarding of themselves& they )ere slain" Su$h )as the $elerity of the plotters against them& and so $unning )as their $ontrivan$e" <" There )as also another .ody of )i$#ed men gotten together& not so impure in their a$tions& .ut more )i$#ed in their intentions& )hi$h laid )aste the happy state of the $ity no less than did these murderers" These )ere su$h men as de$eived and deluded the people under pretense of 'ivine inspiration& .ut )ere for pro$uring innovations and $hanges of the government/ and these prevailed )ith the multitude to a$t li#e madmen& and )ent .efore them into the )ilderness& as pretending that (od )ould there sho) them the signals of li.erty" But Feli thought this pro$edure )as to .e the .eginning of a revolt/ so he sent some horsemen and footmen .oth armed& )ho destroyed a great num.er of them" C" But there )as an %gyptian false prophet that did the Je)s more mis$hief than the former/ for he )as

a $heat& and pretended to .e a prophet also& and got together thirty thousand men that )ere deluded .y him/ these he led round a.out from the )ilderness to the mount )hi$h )as $alled the -ount of Olives& and )as ready to .rea# into Jerusalem .y for$e from that pla$e/ and if he $ould .ut on$e $on6uer the 0oman garrison and the people& he intended to domineer over them .y the assistan$e of those guards of his that )ere to .rea# into the $ity )ith him" But Feli prevented his attempt& and met him )ith his 0oman soldiers& )hile all the people assisted him in his atta$# upon them& insomu$h that )hen it $ame to a .attle& the %gyptian ran a)ay& )ith a fe) others& )hile the greatest part of those that )ere )ith him )ere either destroyed or ta#en alive/ .ut the rest of the multitude )ere dispersed every one to their o)n homes& and there $on$ealed themselves" D" 1o) )hen these )ere 6uieted& it happened& as it does in a diseased .ody& that another part )as su.7e$t to an inflammation/ for a $ompany of de$eivers and ro..ers got together& and persuaded the Je)s to revolt& and e horted them to assert their li.erty& infli$ting death on those that $ontinued in o.edien$e to the 0oman government& and saying& that su$h as )illingly $hose slavery ought to .e for$ed from su$h their desired in$linations/ for they parted themselves into different .odies& and lay in )ait up and do)n the $ountry& and plundered the houses of the great men& and sle) the men themselves& and set the villages on fire/ and this till all Judea )as filled )ith the effe$ts of their madness" And thus the flame )as every day more and more .lo)n up& till it $ame to a dire$t )ar" H" There )as also another distur.an$e at Cesarea& - those Je)s )ho )ere mi ed )ith the Syrians that lived there rising a tumult against them" The Je)s pretended that the $ity )as theirs& and said that he )ho .uilt it )as a Je)& meaning #ing Herod" The Syrians $onfessed also that its .uilder )as a Je)/ .ut they still said& ho)ever& that the $ity )as a (re$ian $ity/ for that he )ho set up statues and temples in it $ould not design it for Je)s" On )hi$h a$$ount .oth parties had a $ontest )ith one another/ and this $ontest in$reased so mu$h& that it $ame at last to arms& and the .older sort of them mar$hed out to fight/ for the elders of the Je)s )ere not a.le to put a stop to their o)n people that )ere disposed to .e tumultuous& and the (ree#s thought it a shame for them to .e over$ome .y the Je)s" 1o) these Je)s e $eeded the others in ri$hes and strength of .ody/ .ut the (re$ian part had the advantage of assistan$e from the soldiery/ for the greatest part of the 0oman garrison )as raised out of Syria/ and .eing thus related to the Syrian part& they )ere ready to assist it" Ho)ever& the governors of the $ity )ere $on$erned to #eep all 6uiet& and )henever they $aught those that )ere most for fighting on either side& they punished them )ith stripes and .ands" !et did not the sufferings of those that )ere $aught affright the remainder& or ma#e them desist/ .ut they )ere still more and more e asperated& and deeper engaged in the sedition" And as Feli $ame on$e into the mar#et-pla$e& and $ommanded the Je)s& )hen they had .eaten the Syrians& to go their )ays& and threatened them if they )ould not& and they )ould not o.ey him& he sent his soldiers out upon them& and sle) a great many of them& upon )hi$h it fell out that )hat they had )as plundered" And as the sedition still $ontinued& he $hose out the most eminent men on .oth sides as am.assadors to 1ero& to argue a.out their several privileges" +'D'OT+1 ;@H> i"e" Herod #ing of Chal$is"

CH(PT+, 1
/+1T01 10CC++D1 /+.)2 WHO )1 10CC++D+D B3 (.B)'01 (1 H+ )1 B3 /.O,01; WHO B3 TH+ B(,B(,)T3 O/ H)1 *O-+,'6+'T /O,C+1 TH+ J+W1 )'TO TH+ W(,5
@" 1OW it )as that Festus su$$eeded Feli as pro$urator& and made it his .usiness to $orre$t those that made distur.an$es in the $ountry" So he $aught the greatest part of the ro..ers& and destroyed a great many of them" But then Al.inus& )ho su$$eeded Festus& did not e e$ute his offi$e as the other had

done/ nor )as there any sort of )i$#edness that $ould .e named .ut he had a hand in it" A$$ordingly& he did not only& in his politi$al $apa$ity& steal and plunder every one2s su.stan$e& nor did he only .urden the )hole nation )ith ta es& .ut he permitted the relations of su$h as )ere in prison for ro..ery& and had .een laid there& either .y the senate of every $ity& or .y the former pro$urators& to redeem them for money/ and no .ody remained in the prisons as a malefa$tor .ut he )ho gave him nothing" At this time it )as that the enterprises of the seditious at Jerusalem )ere very formida.le/ the prin$ipal men among them pur$hasing leave of Al.inus to go on )ith their seditious pra$ti$es/ )hile that part of the people )ho delighted in distur.an$es 7oined themselves to su$h as had fello)ship )ith Al.inus/ and every one of these )i$#ed )ret$hes )ere en$ompassed )ith his o)n .and of ro..ers& )hile he himself& li#e an ar$h-ro..er& or a tyrant& made a figure among his $ompany& and a.used his authority over those a.out him& in order to plunder those that lived 6uietly" The effe$t of )hi$h )as this& that those )ho lost their goods )ere for$ed to hold their pea$e& )hen they had reason to sho) great indignation at )hat they had suffered/ .ut those )ho had es$aped )ere for$ed to flatter him that deserved to .e punished& out of the fear they )ere in of suffering e6ually )ith the others" 5pon the Whole& no.ody durst spea# their minds& .ut tyranny )as generally tolerated/ and at this time )ere those seeds so)n )hi$h .rought the $ity to destru$tion" A" And although su$h )as the $hara$ter of Al.inus& yet did (essius Florus ;@G> )ho su$$eeded him& demonstrate him to have .een a most e $ellent person& upon the $omparison/ for the former did the greatest part of his rogueries in private& and )ith a sort of dissimulation/ .ut (essius did his un7ust a$tions to the harm of the nation after a pompons manner/ and as though he had .een sent as an e e$utioner to punish $ondemned malefa$tors& he omitted no sort of rapine& or of ve ation/ )here the $ase )as really pitia.le& he )as most .ar.arous& and in things of the greatest turpitude he )as most impudent" 1or $ould any one outdo him in disguising the truth/ nor $ould any one $ontrive more su.tle )ays of de$eit than he did" He indeed thought it .ut a petty offense to get money out of single persons/ so he spoiled )hole $ities& and ruined entire .odies of men at on$e& and did almost pu.li$ly pro$laim it all the $ountry over& that they had li.erty given them to turn ro..ers& upon this $ondition& that he might go shares )ith them in the spoils they got" A$$ordingly& this his greediness of gain )as the o$$asion that entire topar$hies )ere .rought to desolation& and a great many of the people left their o)n $ountry& and fled into foreign provin$es" B" And truly& )hile Cestius (allus )as president of the provin$e of Syria& no.ody durst do so mu$h as send an em.assage to him against Florus/ .ut )hen he )as $ome to Jerusalem& upon the approa$h of the feast of unleavened .read& the people $ame a.out him not fe)er in num.er than three millions ;@M> these .esought him to $ommiserate the $alamities of their nation& and $ried out upon Florus as the .ane of their $ountry" But as he )as present& and stood .y Cestius& he laughed at their )ords" Ho)ever& Cestius& )hen he had 6uieted the multitude& and had assured them that he )ould ta#e $are that Florus should hereafter treat them in a more gentle manner& returned to Antio$h" Florus also $ondu$ted him as far as Cesarea& and deluded him& though he had at that very time the purpose of sho)ing his anger at the nation& and pro$uring a )ar upon them& .y )hi$h means alone it )as that he supposed he might $on$eal his enormities/ for he e pe$ted that if the pea$e $ontinued& he should have the Je)s for his a$$users .efore Caesar/ .ut that if he $ould pro$ure them to ma#e a revolt& he should divert their laying lesser $rimes to his $harge& .y a misery that )as so mu$h greater/ he therefore did every day augment their $alamities& in order to indu$e them to a re.ellion" <" 1o) at this time it happened that the (re$ians at Cesarea had .een too hard for the Je)s& and had o.tained of 1ero the government of the $ity& and had .rought the 7udi$ial determinationE at the same time .egan the )ar& in the t)elfth year of the reign of 1ero& and the seventeenth of the reign of Agrippa& in the month of Artemisins +Jyar", 1o) the o$$asion of this )ar )as .y no means proportiona.le to those heavy $alamities )hi$h it .rought upon us" For the Je)s that d)elt at Cesarea had a synagogue near the pla$e& )hose o)ner )as a $ertain Cesarean (ree#E the Je)s had endeavored fre6uently to have pur$hased the possession of the pla$e& and had offered many times its value for its pri$e/ .ut as the o)ner overloo#ed their offers& so did he raise other .uildings upon the pla$e& in )ay of affront to them& and made )or#ing-shops of them& and left them .ut a narro) passage& and su$h as

)as very trou.lesome for them to go along to their synagogue" Whereupon the )armer part of the Je)ish youth )ent hastily to the )or#men& and for.ade them to .uild there/ .ut as Florus )ould not permit them to use for$e& the great men of the Je)s& )ith John the pu.li$an& .eing in the utmost distress )hat to do& persuaded Florus& )ith the offer of eight talents& to hinder the )or#" He then& .eing intent upon nothing .ut getting money& promised he )ould do for them all they desired of him& and then )ent a)ay from Cesarea to Se.aste& and left the sedition to ta#e its full $ourse& as if he had sold a li$ense to the Je)s to fight it out" C" 1o) on the ne t day& )hi$h )as the seventh day of the )ee#& )hen the Je)s )ere $ro)ding apa$e to their synagogue& a $ertain man of Cesarea& of a seditious temper& got an earthen vessel& and set it )ith the .ottom up)ard& at the entran$e of that synagogue& and sa$rifi$ed .irds" This thing provo#ed the Je)s to an in$ura.le degree& .e$ause their la)s )ere affronted& and the pla$e )as polluted" Whereupon the so.er and moderate part of the Je)s thought it proper to have re$ourse to their governors again& )hile the seditious part& and su$h as )ere in the fervor of their youth& )ere vehemently inflamed to fight" The seditions also among the (entiles of Cesarea stood ready for the same purpose/ for they had& .y agreement& sent the man to sa$rifi$e .eforehand +as ready to support him/, so that it soon $ame to .lo)s" Hereupon Ju$undus& the master of the horse& )ho )as ordered to prevent the fight& $ame thither& and too# a)ay the earthen vessel& and endeavored to put a stop to the sedition/ .ut )hen ;A=> he )as over$ome .y the violen$e of the people of Cesarea& the Je)s $aught up their .oo#s of the la)& and retired to 1ar.ata& )hi$h )as a pla$e to them .elonging& distant from Cesarea si ty furlongs" But John& and t)elve of the prin$ipal men )ith him& )ent to Florus& to Se.aste& and made a lamenta.le $omplaint of their $ase& and .esought him to help them/ and )ith all possi.le de$en$y& put him in mind of the eight talents they had given him/ .ut he had the men sei?ed upon& and put in prison& and a$$used them for $arrying the .oo#s of the la) out of Cesarea" D" -oreover& as to the $iti?ens of Jerusalem& although they too# this matter very ill& yet did they restrain their passion/ .ut Florus a$ted herein as if he had .een hired& and .le) up the )ar into a flame& and sent some to ta#e seventeen talents out of the sa$red treasure& and pretended that Caesar )anted them" At this the people )ere in $onfusion immediately& and ran together to the temple& )ith prodigious $lamors& and $alled upon Caesar .y name& and .esought him to free them from the tyranny of Florus" Some also of the seditious $ried out upon Florus& and $ast the greatest reproa$hes upon him& and $arried a .as#et a.out& and .egged some spills of money for him& as for one that )as destitute of possessions& and in a misera.le $ondition" !et )as not he made ashamed here.y of his love of money& .ut )as more enraged& and provo#ed to get still more/ and instead of $oming to Cesarea& as he ought to have done& and 6uen$hing the flame of )ar& )hi$h )as .eginning then$e& and so ta#ing a)ay the o$$asion of any distur.an$es& on )hi$h a$$ount it )as that he had re$eived a re)ard +of eight talents,& he mar$hed hastily )ith an army of horsemen and footmen against Jerusalem& that he might gain his )ill .y the arms of the 0omans& and might& .y his terror& and .y his threatenings& .ring the $ity into su.7e$tion" H" But the people )ere desirous of ma#ing Florus ashamed of his attempt& and met his soldiers )ith a$$lamations& and put themselves in order to re$eive him very su.missively" But he sent Capito& a $enturion& .eforehand& )ith fifty soldiers& to .id them go .a$#& and not no) ma#e a sho) of re$eiving him in an o.liging manner& )hom they had so foully reproa$hed .efore/ and said that it )as in$um.ent on them& in $ase they had generous souls& and )ere free spea#ers& to 7est upon him to his fa$e& and appear to .e lovers of li.erty& not only in )ords& .ut )ith their )eapons also" With this message )as the multitude ama?ed/ and upon the $oming of Capito2s horsemen into the midst of them& they )ere dispersed .efore they $ould salute Florus& or manifest their su.missive .ehavior to him" A$$ordingly& they retired to their o)n houses& and spent that night in fear and $onfusion of fa$e" G" 1o) at this time Florus too# up his 6uarters at the pala$e/ and on the ne t day he had his tri.unal set .efore it& and sat upon it& )hen the high priests& and the men of po)er& and those of the greatest eminen$e in the $ity& $ame all .efore that tri.unal/ upon )hi$h Florus $ommanded them to deliver up to him those that had reproa$hed him& and told them that they should themselves parta#e of the

vengean$e to them .elonging& if they did not produ$e the $riminals/ .ut these demonstrated that the people )ere pea$ea.ly disposed& and they .egged forgiveness for those that had spo#en amiss/ for that it )as no )onder at all that in so great a multitude there should .e some more daring than they ought to .e& and& .y reason of their younger age& foolish also/ and that it )as impossi.le to distinguish those that offended from the rest& )hile every one )as sorry for )hat he had done& and denied it out of fear of )hat )ould follo)E that he ought& ho)ever& to provide for the pea$e of the nation& and to ta#e su$h $ounsels as might preserve the $ity for the 0omans& and rather for the sa#e of a great num.er of inno$ent people to forgive a fe) that )ere guilty& than for the sa#e of a fe) of the )i$#ed to put so large and good a .ody of men into disorder" M" Florus )as more provo#ed at this& and $alled out aloud to the soldiers to plunder that )hi$h )as $alled the 5pper -ar#et-pla$e& and to slay su$h as they met )ith" So the soldiers& ta#ing this e hortation of their $ommander in a sense agreea.le to their desire of gain& did not only plunder the pla$e they )ere sent to& .ut for$ing themselves into every house& they sle) its inha.itants/ so the $iti?ens fled along the narro) lanes& and the soldiers sle) those that they $aught& and no method of plunder )as omitted/ they also $aught many of the 6uiet people& and .rought them .efore Florus& )hom he first $hastised )ith stripes& and then $ru$ified" A$$ordingly& the )hole num.er of those that )ere destroyed that day& )ith their )ives and $hildren& ;for they did not spare even the infants themselves&> )as a.out three thousand and si hundred" And )hat made this $alamity the heavier )as this ne) method of 0oman .ar.arity/ for Florus ventured then to do )hat no one had done .efore& that is& to have men of the e6uestrian order )hipped ;A@> and nailed to the $ross .efore his tri.unal/ )ho& although they )ere .y .irth Je)s& yet )ere they of 0oman dignity not)ithstanding" +'D'OT+1 ;@G> 1ot long after this .eginning of Florus& the )i$#edest of all the 0oman pro$urators of Judea& and the immediate o$$asion of the Je)ish )ar& at the t)elfth year of 1ero& and the seventeenth of Agrippa& or A"'" DD& the history in the t)enty .oo#s of Josephus2s Anti6uities ends& although Josephus did not finish these .oo#s till the thirteenth of 'omitian& or A"'" MB& t)enty- seven years after)ard/ as he did not finish their Appendi & $ontaining an a$$ount of his o)n life& till Agrippa )as dead& )hi$h happened in the third year of Tra7an& or A" '" @==& as I have several times o.served .efore" ;@M> Here )e may note& that three millions of the Je)s )ere present at the passover& A"'" DC/ )hi$h $onfirms )hat Josephus else)here informs us of& that at a passover a little later they $ounted t)o hundred and fifty-si thousand five hundred pas$hal lam.s& )hi$h& at t)elve to ea$h lam.& )hi$h is no immoderate $al$ulation& $ome to three millions and seventy-eight thousand" See B" 8I" $h" M" se$t" B" ;A=> Ta#e here 'r" Hudson2s very pertinent note" IBy this a$tion&I says he& Ithe #illing of a .ird over an earthen vessel& the Je)s )ere e posed as a leprous people/ for that )as to .e done .y the la) in the $leansing of a leper& 4eviti$us @<" It is also #no)n that the (entiles reproa$hed the Je)s as su.7e$t to the leprosy& and .elieved that they )ere driven out of %gypt on that a$$ount" This that eminent person -r" 0eland suggested to me"I ;A@> Here )e have e amples of native Je)s )ho )ere of the e6uestrian order among the 0omans& and so ought never to have .een )hipped or $ru$ified& a$$ording to the 0oman la)s" See almost the li#e $ase in St" *aul himself& A$tLAAEAC-AM"

CH(PT+, 1! CO'C+,')'* B+,')C+<1 P+T)T)O' TO /.O,018 TO 1P(,+ TH+ J+W18 B0T )' -()'; (1 (.1O HOW8 (/T+, TH+ 1+D)T)O01 /.(6+ W(1 =0+'CH+D8 )T W(1 7)'D.+D (*()' B3 /.O,015

@" ABO5T this very time #ing Agrippa )as going to Ale andria& to $ongratulate Ale ander upon his having o.tained the government of %gypt from 1ero/ .ut as his sister Berni$e )as $ome to Jerusalem& and sa) the )i$#ed pra$ti$es of the soldiers& she )as sorely affe$ted at it& and fre6uently sent the masters of her horse and her guards to Florus& and .egged of him to leave off these slaughters/ .ut he )ould not $omply )ith her re6uest& nor have any regard either to the multitude of those already slain& or to the no.ility of her that inter$eded& .ut only to the advantage he should ma#e .y this plundering/ nay& this violen$e of the soldiers .ra#e out to su$h a degree of madness& that it spent itself on the 6ueen herself/ for they did not only torment and destroy those )hom they had $aught under her very eyes& .ut indeed had #illed herself also& unless she had prevented them .y flying to the pala$e& and had staid there all night )ith her guards& )hi$h she had a.out her for fear of an insult from the soldiers" 1o) she d)elt then at Jerusalem& in order to perform a vo) ;AA> )hi$h she had made to (od/ for it is usual )ith those that had .een either affli$ted )ith a distemper& or )ith any other distresses& to ma#e vo)s/ and for thirty days .efore they are to offer their sa$rifi$es& to a.stain from )ine& and to shave the hair of their head" Whi$h things Berni$e )as no) performing& and stood .arefoot .efore Florus2s tri.unal& and .esought him +to spare the Je)s," !et $ould she neither have any reveren$e paid to her& nor $ould she es$ape )ithout some danger of .eing slain herself" A" This happened upon the si teenth day of the month Artemisius +Jyar," 1o)& on the ne t day& the multitude& )ho )ere in a great agony& ran together to the 5pper -ar#et-pla$e& and made the loudest lamentations for those that had perished/ and the greatest part of the $ries )ere su$h as refle$ted on Florus/ at )hi$h the men of po)er )ere aftrighted& together )ith the high priests& and rent their garments& and fell do)n .efore ea$h of them& and .esought them to leave off& and not to provo#e Florus to some in$ura.le pro$edure& .esides )hat they had already suffered" A$$ordingly& the multitude $omplied immediately& out of reveren$e to those that had desired it of them& and out of the hope they had that Florus )ould do them no more in7uries" B" So Florus )as trou.led that the distur.an$es )ere over& and endeavored to #indle that flame again& and sent for the high priests& )ith the other eminent persons& and said the only demonstration that the people )ould not ma#e any other innovations should .e this& that they must go out and meet the soldiers that )ere as$ending from Cesarea& )hen$e t)o $ohorts )ere $oming/ and )hile these men )ere e horting the multitude so to do& he sent .eforehand& and gave dire$tions to the $enturions of the $ohorts& that they should give noti$e to those that )ere under them not to return the Je)s2 salutations/ and that if they made any reply to his disadvantage& they should ma#e use of their )eapons" 1o) the high priests assem.led the multitude in the temple& and desired them to go and meet the 0omans& and to salute the $ohorts very $ivilly& .efore their misera.le $ase should .e$ome in$ura.le" 1o) the seditious part )ould not $omply )ith these persuasions/ .ut the $onsideration of those that had .een destroyed made them in$line to those that )ere the .oldest for a$tion" <" At this time it )as that every priest& and every servant of (od& .rought out the holy vessels& and the ornamental garments )herein they used to minister in sa$red things" The harpers also& and the singers of hymns& $ame out )ith their instruments of musi$& and fell do)n .efore the multitude& and .egged of them that they )ould preserve those holy ornaments to them& and not provo#e the 0omans to $arry off those sa$red treasures" !ou might also see then the high priests themselves& )ith dust sprin#led in great plenty upon their heads& )ith .osoms deprived of any $overing .ut )hat )as rent/ these .esought every one of the eminent men .y name& and the multitude in $ommon& that they )ould not for a small offense .etray their $ountry to those that )ere desirous to have it laid )aste/ saying& IWhat .enefit )ill it .ring to the soldiers to have a salutation from the Je)sK or )hat amendment of your affairs )ill it .ring you& if you do not no) go out to meet themK and that if they saluted them $ivilly& all handle )ould .e $ut off from Florus to .egin a )ar/ that they should there.y gain their $ountry& and freedom from all further sufferings/ and that& .esides& it )ould .e a sign of great )ant of $ommand of themselves& if they should yield to a fe) seditious persons& )hile it )as fitter for them )ho )ere so great a people to for$e the others to a$t so.erly"I C" By these persuasions& )hi$h they used to the multitude and to the seditious& they restrained some .y

threatenings& and others .y the reveren$e that )as paid them" After this they led them out& and they met the soldiers 6uietly& and after a $omposed manner& and )hen they )ere $ome up )ith them& they saluted them/ .ut )hen they made no ans)er& the seditious e $laimed against Florus& )hi$h )as the signal given for falling upon them" The soldiers therefore en$ompassed them presently& and stru$# them )ith their $lu.s/ and as they fled a)ay& the horsemen trampled them do)n& so that a great many fell do)n dead .y the stro#es of the 0omans& and more .y their o)n violen$e in $rushing one another" 1o) there )as a terri.le $ro)ding a.out the gates& and )hile every .ody )as ma#ing haste to get .efore another& the flight of them all )as retarded& and a terri.le destru$tion there )as among those that fell do)n& for they )ere suffo$ated& an .ro#en to pie$es .y the multitude of those that )ere uppermost/ nor $ould any of them .e distinguished .y his relations in order to the $are of his funeral/ the soldiers also )ho .eat them& fell upon those )hom they overtoo#& )ithout sho)ing them any mer$y& and thrust the multitude through the pla$e $alled Be?etha& ;AB> as they for$ed their )ay& in order to get in and sei?e upon the temple& and the to)er Antonia" Florus also .eing desirous to get those pla$es into his possession& .rought su$h as )ere )ith him out of the #ing2s pala$e& and )ould have $ompelled them to get as far as the $itadel +Antonia/, .ut his attempt failed& for the people immediately turned .a$# upon him& and stopped the violen$e of his attempt/ and as they stood upon the tops of their houses& they thre) their darts at the 0omans& )ho& as they )ere sorely galled there.y& .e$ause those )eapons $ame from a.ove& and they )ere not a.le to ma#e a passage through the multitude& )hi$h stopped up the narro) passages& they retired to the $amp )hi$h )as at the pala$e" D" But for the seditious& they )ere afraid lest Florus should $ome again& and get possession of the temple& through Antonia/ so they got immediately upon those $loisters of the temple that 7oined to Antonia& and $ut them do)n" This $ooled the avari$e of Florus/ for )hereas he )as eager to o.tain the treasures of (od +in the temple,& and on that a$$ount )as desirous of getting into Antonia& as soon as the $loisters )ere .ro#en do)n& he left off his attempt/ he then sent for the high priests and the sanhedrim& and told them that he )as indeed himself going out of the $ity& .ut that he )ould leave them as large a garrison as they should desire" Hereupon they promised that they )ould ma#e no innovations& in $ase he )ould leave them one .and/ .ut not that )hi$h had fought )ith the Je)s& .e$ause the multitude .ore ill-)ill against that .and on a$$ount of )hat they had suffered from it/ so he $hanged the .and as they desired& and& )ith the rest of his for$es& returned to Cesarea" +'D'OT+1 ;AA> This vo) )hi$h Berni$e ;here and else)here $alled 6ueen& not only as daughter and sister to t)o #ings& Agrippa the (reat& and Agrippa 7unior& .ut the )ido) of Herod #ing of Chal$is> $ame no) to a$$omplish at Jerusalem )as not that of a 1a?arite& .ut su$h a one as religious Je)s used to ma#e& in hopes of any deliveran$e from a disease& or other danger& as Josephus here intimates" Ho)ever& these thirty days2 a.ode at Jerusalem& for fasting and preparation against the o.lation of a proper sa$rifi$e& seems to .e too long& unless it )ere )holly voluntary in this great lady" It is not re6uired in the la) of -oses relating to 1a?arites& 1um.ers D"& and is very different from St" *aul2s time for su$h preparation& )hi$h )as .ut one day& A$tLA@EAD" So )e )ant already the $ontinuation of the Anti6uities to afford us light here& as they have hitherto done on so many o$$asions else)here" *erhaps in this age the traditions of the *harisees had o.liged the Je)s to this degree of rigor& not only as to these thirty days2 preparation& .ut as to the going .arefoot all that time& )hi$h here Berni$e su.mitted to also" For )e #no) that as (od2s and our Savior2s yo#e is usually easy& and his .urden $omparatively light& in su$h positive in7un$tions& -atL@@EB=& so did the s$ri.es and *harisees sometimes I.ind upon men heavy .urdens& and grievous to .e .orne&I even )hen they themselves I)ould not tou$h them )ith one of their fingers&I -atLABE</ 4u#L@@E<D" Ho)ever& 1oldius )ell o.serves& 'e Herod" 1o" <=<& <@<& that Juvenal& in his si th satire& alludes to this remar#a.le penan$e or su.mission of this Berni$e to Je)ish dis$ipline& and 7ests upon her for it/ as do Ta$itus& 'io& Suetonius& and Se tus Aurelius mention her as one )ell #no)n at 0ome"--I.id" ;AB> I ta#e this Be?etha to .e that small hill ad7oining to the north side of the temple& )hereon )as the hospital )ith five porti$oes or $loisters& and .eneath )hi$h )as the sheep pool of Bethesda/ into )hi$h

an angel or messenger& at a $ertain season& des$ended& and )here he or they )ho )ere the Ifirst put into the poolI )ere $ured& JohLCE@ et$" This situation of Be?etha& in Josephus& on the north side of the temple& and not far off the to)er Antonia& e a$tly agrees to the pla$e of the same pool at this day/ only the remaining $loisters are .ut three" See -aundrel& p" @=D" The entire .uildings seem to have .een $alled the 1e) City& and this part& )here )as the hospital& pe$uliarly Be?etha or Bethesda" See $h" @M" se$t" <"

CH(PT+, 1"
C+1T)01 1+'D1 '+OPO.)T('01 TH+ T,)B0'+ TO 1++ )' WH(T CO'D)T)O' TH+ (//(),1 O/ TH+ J+W1 W+,+5 (*,)PP( 6(7+1 ( 1P++CH TO TH+ P+OP.+ O/ TH+ J+W1 TH(T H+ 6(3 D)-+,T TH+6 /,O6 TH+), )'T+'T)O'1 O/ 6(7)'* W(, W)TH TH+ ,O6('15
@" HOW%8%0& Florus $ontrived another )ay to o.lige the Je)s to .egin the )ar& and sent to Cestius& and a$$used the Je)s falsely of revolting +from the 0oman government,& and imputed the .eginning of the former fight to them& and pretended they had .een the authors of that distur.an$e& )herein they )ere only the sufferers" !et )ere not the governors of Jerusalem silent upon this o$$asion& .ut did themselves )rite to Cestius& as did Berni$e also& a.out the illegal pra$ti$es of )hi$h Florus had .een guilty against the $ity/ )ho& upon reading .oth a$$ounts& $onsulted )ith his $aptains +)hat he should do," 1o) some of them thought it .est for Cestius to go up )ith his army& either to punish the revolt& if it )as real& or to settle the 0oman affairs on a surer foundation& if the Je)s $ontinued 6uiet under them/ .ut he thought it .est himself to send one of his intimate friends .eforehand& to see the state of affairs& and to give him a faithful a$$ount of the intentions of the Je)s" A$$ordingly& he sent one of his tri.unes& )hose name )as 1eopolitanus& )ho met )ith #ing Agrippa as he )as returning from Ale andria& at Jamnia& and told him )ho it )as that sent him& and on )hat errands he )as sent" A" And here it )as that the high priests& and men of po)er among the Je)s& as )ell as the sanhedrim& $ame to $ongratulate the #ing +upon his safe return,/ and after they had paid him their respe$ts& they lamented their o)n $alamities& and related to him )hat .ar.arous treatment they had met )ith from Florus" At )hi$h .ar.arity Agrippa had great indignation& .ut transferred& after a su.tle manner& his anger to)ards those Je)s )hom he really pitied& that he might .eat do)n their high thoughts of themselves& and )ould have them .elieve that they had not .een so un7ustly treated& in order to dissuade them from avenging themselves" So these great men& as of .etter understanding than the rest& and desirous of pea$e& .e$ause of the possessions they had& understood that this re.u#e )hi$h the #ing gave them )as intended for their good/ .ut as to the people& they $ame si ty furlongs out of Jerusalem& and $ongratulated .oth Agrippa and 1eopolitanus/ .ut the )ives of those that had .een slain $ame running first of all and lamenting" The people also& )hen they heard their mourning& fell into lamentations also& and .esought Agrippa to assist themE they also $ried out to 1eopolitanus& and $omplained of the many miseries they had endured under Florus/ and they sho)ed them& )hen they )ere $ome into the $ity& ho) the mar#et-pla$e )as made desolate& and the houses plundered" They then persuaded 1eopolitanus& .y the means of Agrippa& that he )ould )al# round the $ity& )ith one only servant& as far as Siloam& that he might inform himself that the Je)s su.mitted to all the rest of the 0omans& and )ere only displeased at Florus& .y reason of his e $eeding .ar.arity to them" So he )al#ed round& and had suffi$ient e perien$e of the good temper the people )ere in& and then )ent up to the temple& )here he $alled the multitude together& and highly $ommended them for their fidelity to the 0omans& and earnestly e horted them to #eep the pea$e/ and having performed su$h parts of 'ivine )orship at the temple as he )as allo)ed to do& he returned to Cestius" B" But as for the multitude of the Je)s& they addressed themselves to the #ing& and to the high priests& and desired they might have leave to send am.assadors to 1ero against Florus& and not .y their silen$e

afford a suspi$ion that they had .een the o$$asions of su$h great slaughters as had .een made& and )ere disposed to revolt& alleging that they should seem to have .een the first .eginners of the )ar& if they did not prevent the report .y sho)ing )ho it )as that .egan it/ and it appeared openly that they )ould not .e 6uiet& if any .ody should hinder them from sending su$h an em.assage" But Agrippa& although he thought it too dangerous a thing for them to appoint men to go as the a$$users of Florus& yet did he not thin# it fit for him to overloo# them& as they )ere in a disposition for )ar" He therefore $alled the multitude together into a large gallery& and pla$ed his sister Berni$e in the house of the Asamoneans& that she might .e seen .y them& ;)hi$h house )as over the gallery& at the passage to the upper $ity& )here the .ridge 7oined the temple to the gallery&> and spa#e to them as follo)sE <";A<> I Had I per$eived that you )ere all ?ealously disposed to go to )ar )ith the 0omans& and that the purer and more sin$ere part of the people did not propose to live in pea$e& I had not $ome out to you& nor .een so .old as to give you $ounsel/ for all dis$ourses that tend to persuade men to do )hat they ought to do are superfluous& )hen the hearers are agreed to do the $ontrary" But .e$ause some are earnest to go to )ar .e$ause they are young& and )ithout e perien$e of the miseries it .rings& and .e$ause some are for it out of an unreasona.le e pe$tation of regaining their li.erty& and .e$ause others hope to get .y it& and are therefore earnestly .ent upon it& that in the $onfusion of your affairs they may gain )hat .elongs to those that are too )ea# to resist them& I have thought proper to get you all together& and to say to you )hat I thin# to .e for your advantage/ that so the former may gro) )iser& and $hange their minds& and that the .est men may $ome to no harm .y the ill $ondu$t of some others" And let not any one .e tumultuous against me& in $ase )hat they hear me say do not please them/ for as to those that admit of no $ure& .ut are resolved upon a revolt& it )ill still .e in their po)er to retain the same sentiments after my e hortation is over/ .ut still my dis$ourse )ill fall to the ground& even )ith a relation to those that have a mind to hear me& unless you )ill all #eep silen$e" I am )ell a)are that many ma#e a tragi$al e $lamation $on$erning the in7uries that have .een offered you .y your pro$urators& and $on$erning the glorious advantages of li.erty/ .ut .efore I .egin the in6uiry& )ho you are that must go to )ar& and )ho they are against )hom you must fight& I shall first separate those pretenses that are .y some $onne$ted together/ for if you aim at avenging yourselves on those that have done you in7ury& )hy do you pretend this to .e a )ar for re$overing your li.ertyK .ut if you thin# all servitude intolera.le& to )hat purpose serve your $omplaint against your parti$ular governorsK for if they treated you )ith moderation& it )ould still .e e6ually an un)orthy thing to .e in servitude" Consider no) the several $ases that may .e supposed& ho) little o$$asion there is for your going to )ar" !our first o$$asion is the a$$usations you have to ma#e against your pro$urators/ no) here you ought to .e su.missive to those in authority& and not give them any provo$ation/ .ut )hen you reproa$h men greatly for small offenses& you e $ite those )hom you reproa$h to .e your adversaries/ for this )ill only ma#e them leave off hurting you privately& and )ith some degree of modesty& and to lay )hat you have )aste openly" 1o) nothing so mu$h damps the for$e of stro#es as .earing them )ith patien$e/ and the 6uietness of those )ho are in7ured diverts the in7urious persons from affli$ting" But let us ta#e it for granted that the 0oman ministers are in7urious to you& and are in$ura.ly severe/ yet are they not all the 0omans )ho thus in7ure you/ nor hath Caesar& against )hom you are going to ma#e )ar& in7ured youE it is not .y their $ommand that any )i$#ed governor is sent to you/ for they )ho are in the )est $annot see those that are in the east/ nor indeed is it easy for them there even to hear )hat is done in these parts" 1o) it is a.surd to ma#e )ar )ith a great many for the sa#e of one& to do so )ith su$h mighty people for a small $ause/ and this )hen these people are not a.le to #no) of )hat you $omplainE nay& su$h $rimes as )e $omplain of may soon .e $orre$ted& for the same pro$urator )ill not $ontinue for ever/ and pro.a.le it is that the su$$essors )ill $ome )ith more moderate in$linations" But as for )ar& if it .e on$e .egun& it is not easily laid do)n again& nor .orne )ithout $alamities $oming there)ith" Ho)ever& as to the desire of re$overing your li.erty& it is unseasona.le to indulge it so late/ )hereas you ought to have la.ored earnestly in old time that you might never have lost it/ for the first e perien$e of slavery )as hard to .e endured& and the struggle that you might never have .een su.7e$t to it )ould have .een 7ust/ .ut that slave )ho hath .een on$e .rought into su.7e$tion& and then runs a)ay& is rather a refra$tory slave than a lover of li.erty/ for it )as then the proper time for doing all that )as possi.le& that you might never have admitted the 0omans +into your $ity,& )hen *ompey $ame first into the $ountry" But so it )as& that our an$estors

and their #ings& )ho )ere in mu$h .etter $ir$umstan$es than )e are& .oth as to money& and strong .odies& and +valiant, souls& did not .ear the onset of a small .ody of the 0oman army" And yet you& )ho have no) a$$ustomed yourselves to o.edien$e from one generation to another& and )ho are so mu$h inferior to those )ho first su.mitted& in your $ir$umstan$es )ill venture to oppose the entire empire of the 0omans" While those Athenians& )ho& in order to preserve the li.erty of (ree$e& did on$e set fire to their o)n $ity/ )ho pursued Fer es& that proud prin$e& )hen he sailed upon the land& and )al#ed upon the sea& and $ould not .e $ontained .y the seas& .ut $ondu$ted su$h an army as )as too .road for %urope/ and made him run a)ay li#e a fugitive in a single ship& and .ra#e so great a part of Asia at the 4esser Salamis/ are yet at this time servants to the 0omans/ and those in7un$tions )hi$h are sent from Italy .e$ome la)s to the prin$ipal governing $ity of (ree$e" Those 4a$edemonians also )ho got the great vi$tories at Thermopylae" and *latea& and had Agesilaus +for their #ing,& and sear$hed every $orner of Asia& are $ontented to admit the same lords" Those -a$edonians also& )ho still fan$y )hat great men their *hilip and Ale ander )ere& and see that the latter had promised them the empire over the )orld& these .ear so great a $hange& and pay their o.edien$e to those )hom fortune hath advan$ed in their stead" -oreover& ten thousand ether nations there are )ho had greater reason than )e to $laim their entire li.erty& and yet do su.mit" !ou are the only people )ho thin# it a disgra$e to .e servants to those to )hom all the )orld hath su.mitted" What sort of an army do you rely onK What are the arms you depend onK Where is your fleet& that may sei?e upon the 0oman seasK and )here are those treasures )hi$h may .e suffi$ient for your underta#ingsK 'o you suppose& I pray you& that you are to ma#e )ar )ith the %gyptians& and )ith the Ara.iansK Will you not $arefully refle$t upon the 0oman empireK Will you not estimate your o)n )ea#nessK Hath not your army .een often .eaten even .y your neigh.oring nations& )hile the po)er of the 0omans is invin$i.le in all parts of the ha.ita.le earthK nay& rather they see# for some)hat still .eyond that/ for all %uphrates is not a suffi$ient .oundary for them on the east side& nor the 'anu.e on the north/ and for their southern limit& 4i.ya hath .een sear$hed over .y them& as far as $ountries uninha.ited& as is Cadi? their limit on the )est/ nay& indeed& they have sought for another ha.ita.le earth .eyond the o$ean& and have $arried their arms as far as su$h British islands as )ere never #no)n .efore" What therefore do you pretend toK Are you ri$her than the (auls& stronger than the (ermans& )iser than the (ree#s& more numerous than all men upon the ha.ita.le earthK What $onfiden$e is it that elevates you to oppose the 0omansK *erhaps it )ill .e said& It is hard to endure slavery" !es/ .ut ho) mu$h harder is this to the (ree#s& )ho )ere esteemed the no.lest of all people under the sunJ These& though they inha.it in a large $ountry& are in su.7e$tion to si .undles of 0oman rods" It is the same $ase )ith the -a$edonians& )ho have 7uster reason to $laim their li.erty than you have" What is the $ase of five hundred $ities of AsiaK 'o they not su.mit to a single governor& and to the $onsular .undle of rodsK What need I spea# of the Henlo$hi& and Col$hi and the nation of Tauri& those that inha.it the Bosphorus& and the nations a.out *ontus& and -eotis& )ho formerly #ne) not so mu$h as a lord of their o)n& .ut ar$ no) su.7e$t to three thousand armed men& and )here forty long ships #eep the sea in pea$e& )hi$h .efore )as not naviga.le& and very tempestuousK Ho) strong a plea may Bithynia& and Cappado$ia& and the people of *amphylia& the 4y$ians& and Cili$ians& put in for li.ertyJ But they are made tri.utary )ithout an army" What are the $ir$umstan$es of the Thra$ians& )hose $ountry e tends in .readth five days2 7ourney& and in length seven& and is of a mu$h more harsh $onstitution& and mu$h more defensi.le& than yours& and .y the rigor of its $old suffi$ient to #eep off armies from atta$#ing themK do not they su.mit to t)o thousand men of the 0oman garrisonsK Are not the Illyrlans& )ho inha.it the $ountry ad7oining& as far as 'almatia and the 'anu.e& governed .y .arely t)o legionsK .y )hi$h also they put a stop to the in$ursions of the 'aeians" And for the 'almatians& )ho have made su$h fre6uent insurre$tions in order to regain their li.erty& and )ho $ould never .efore .e so thoroughly su.dued& .ut that they al)ays gathered their for$es together again& revolted& yet are they no) very 6uiet under one 0oman legion" -oreover& if eat advantages might provo#e any people to revolt& the (auls might do it .est of all& as .eing so thoroughly )alled round .y nature/ on the east side .y the Alps& on the north .y the river 0hine& on the south .y the *yrenean mountains& and on the )est .y the o$ean" 1o) although these (auls have su$h o.sta$les .efore them to prevent any atta$# upon them& and have no fe)er than three hundred and five nations among them& nay have& as one may say& the fountains of domesti$ happiness )ithin themselves& and send out plentiful streams of happiness over almost the )hole )orld& these .ear to .e tri.utary to the 0omans& and derive their prosperous $ondition from them/ and

they undergo this& not .e$ause they are of effeminate minds& or .e$ause they are of an igno.le sto$#& as having .orne a )ar of eighty years in order to preserve their li.erty/ .ut .y reason of the great regard they have to the po)er of the 0omans& and their good fortune& )hi$h is of greater effi$a$y than their arms" These (auls& therefore& are #ept in servitude .y t)elve hundred soldiers& )hi$h are hardly so many as are their $ities/ nor hath the gold dug out of the mines of Spain .een suffi$ient for the support of a )ar to preserve their li.erty& nor $ould their vast distan$e from the 0omans .y land and .y sea do it/ nor $ould the martial tri.es of the 4usitanians and Spaniards es$ape/ no more $ould the o$ean& )ith its tide& )hi$h yet )as terri.le to the an$ient inha.itants" 1ay& the 0omans have e tended their arms .eyond the pillars of Her$ules& and have )al#ed among the $louds& upon the *yrenean mountains& and have su.dued these nations" And one legion is a suffi$ient guard for these people& although they )ere so hard to .e $on6uered& and at a distan$e so remote from 0ome" Who is there among you that hath not heard of the great num.er of the (ermansK !ou have& to .e sure& yourselves seen them to .e strong and tall& and that fre6uently& sin$e the 0omans have them among their $aptives every )here/ yet these (ermans& )ho d)ell in an immense $ountry& )ho have minds greater than their .odies& and a soul that despises death& and )ho are in rage more fier$e than )ild .easts& have the 0hine for the .oundary of their enterprises& and are tamed .y eight 0oman legions" Su$h of them as )ere ta#en $aptive .e$ame their servants/ and the rest of the entire nation )ere o.liged to save themselves .y flight" 'o you also& )ho depend on the )alls of Jerusalem& $onsider )hat a )all the Britons had/ for the 0omans sailed a)ay to them& an su.dued them )hile they )ere en$ompassed .y the o$ean& and inha.ited an island that is not less than the +$ontinent of this, ha.ita.le earth/ and four legions are a suffi$ient guard to so large all island And )hy should I spea# mu$h more a.out this matter& )hile the *arthians& that most )arli#e .ody of men& and lords of so many nations& and en$ompassed )ith su$h mighty for$es& send hostages to the 0omansK )here.y you may see& if you please& even in Italy& the no.lest nation of the %ast& under the notion of pea$e& su.mitting to serve them" 1o) )hen almost all people under the sun su.mit to the 0oman arms& )ill you .e the only people that ma#e )ar against themK and this )ithout regarding the fate of the Carthaginians& )ho& in the midst of their .rags of the great Hanni.al& and the no.ility of their *hoeni$ian original& fell .y the hand of S$ipio" 1or indeed have the Cyrenians& derived from the 4a$edemonians& nor the -armaridite& a nation e tended as far as the regions uninha.ita.le for )ant of )ater& nor have the Syrtes& a pla$e terri.le to su$h as .arely hear it des$ri.ed& the 1asamons and -oors& and the immense multitude of the 1umidians& .een a.le to put a stop to the 0oman valor" And as for the third part of the ha.ita.le earth& +A#i$a&, )hose nations are so many that it is not easy to num.er them& and )hi$h is .ounded .y the Atlanti$ Sea and the pillars of Her$ules& and feeds an innumera.le multitude of %thiopians& as far as the 0ed Sea& these have the 0omans su.dued entirely" And .esides the annual fruits of the earth& )hi$h maintain the multitude of the 0omans for eight months in the year& this& over and a.ove& pays all sorts of tri.ute& and affords revenues suita.le to the ne$essities of the government" 1or do they& li#e you& esteem su$h in7un$tions a disgra$e to them& although they have .ut one 0oman legion that a.ides among them" And indeed )hat o$$asion is there for sho)ing you the po)er of the 0omans over remote $ountries& )hen it is so easy to learn it from %gypt& in your neigh.orhoodK This $ountry is e tended as far as the %thiopians& and Ara.ia the Happy& and .orders upon India/ it hath seven millions five hundred thousand men& .esides the inha.itants of Ale andria& as may .e learned from the revenue of the poll ta / yet it is not ashamed to su.mit to the 0oman government& although it hath Ale andria as a grand temptation to a revolt& .y reason it is so full of people and of ri$hes& and is .esides e $eeding large& its length .eing thirty furlongs& and its .readth no less than ten/ and it pays more tri.ute to the 0omans in one month than you do in a year/ nay& .esides )hat it pays in money& it sends $orn to 0ome that supports it for four months +in the year,E it is also )alled round on all sides& either .y almost impassa.le deserts& or seas that have no havens& or .y rivers& or .y la#es/ yet have none of these things .een found too strong for the 0oman good fortune/ ho)ever& t)o legions that lie in that $ity are a .ridle .oth for the remoter parts of %gypt& and for the parts inha.ited .y the more no.le -a$edonians" Where then are those people )hom you are to have for your au iliariesK -ust they $ome from the parts of the )orld that are uninha.itedK for all that are in the ha.ita.le earth are +under the, 0omans" 5nless any of you e tend his hopes as far as .eyond the %uphrates& and suppose that those of your o)n nation that d)ell in Adia.ene )ill $ome to your assistan$e/ .ut $ertainly these )ill not em.arrass themselves )ith an un7ustifia.le )ar& nor& if they should follo) su$h ill advi$e& )ill the *arthians permit them so to do/ for

it is their $on$ern to maintain the tru$e that is .et)een them and the 0omans& and they )ill .e supposed to .rea# the $ovenants .et)een them& if any under their government mar$h against the 0omans" What remains& therefore& is this& that you have re$ourse to 'ivine assistan$e/ .ut this is already on the side of the 0omans/ for it is impossi.le that so vast an empire should .e settled )ithout (od2s providen$e" 0efle$t upon it& ho) impossi.le it is for your ?ealous o.servations of your religious $ustoms to .e here preserved& )hi$h are hard to .e o.served even )hen you fight )ith those )hom you are a.le to $on6uer/ and ho) $an you then most of all hope for (od2s assistan$e& )hen& .y .eing for$ed to transgress his la)& you )ill ma#e him turn his fa$e from youK and if you do o.serve the $ustom of the sa..ath days& and )ill not .e revealed on to do any thing thereon& you )ill easily .e ta#en& as )ere your forefathers .y *ompey& )ho )as the .usiest in his siege on those days on )hi$h the .esieged rested" But if in time of )ar you transgress the la) of your $ountry& I $annot tell on )hose a$$ount you )ill after)ard go to )ar/ for your $on$ern is .ut one& that you do nothing against any of your forefathers/ and ho) )ill you $all upon (od to assist you& )hen you are voluntarily transgressing against his religionK 1o) all men that go to )ar do it either as depending on 'ivine or on human assistan$e/ .ut sin$e your going to )ar )ill $ut off .oth those assistan$es& those that are for going to )ar $hoose evident destru$tion" What hinders you from slaying your $hildren and )ives )ith your o)n hands& and .urning this most e $ellent native $ity of yoursK for .y this mad pran# you )ill& ho)ever& es$ape the reproa$h of .eing .eaten" But it )ere .est& O my friends& it )ere .est& )hile the vessel is still in the haven& to foresee the impending storm& and not to set sail out of the port into the middle of the hurri$anes/ for )e 7ustly pity those )ho fall into great misfortunes )ithout fore-seeing them/ .ut for him )ho rushes into manifest ruin& he gains reproa$hes +instead of $ommiseration," But $ertainly no one $an imagine that you $an enter into a )ar as .y agreement& or that )hen the 0omans have got you under their po)er& they )ill use you )ith moderation& or )ill not rather& for an e ample to other nations& .urn your holy $ity& and utterly destroy your )hole nation/ for those of you )ho shall survive the )ar )ill not .e a.le to find a pla$e )hither to flee& sin$e all men have the 0omans for their lords already& or are afraid they shall have hereafter" 1ay& indeed& the danger $on$erns not those Je)s that d)ell here only& .ut those of them )hi$h d)ell in other $ities also/ for there is no people upon the ha.ita.le earth )hi$h have not some portion of you among them& )hom your enemies )ill slay& in $ase you go to )ar& and on that a$$ount also/ and so every $ity )hi$h hath Je)s in it )ill .e filled )ith slaughter for the sa#e of a fe) men& and they )ho slay them )ill .e pardoned/ .ut if that slaughter .e not made .y them& $onsider ho) )i$#ed a thing it is to ta#e arms against those that are so #ind to you" Have pity& therefore& if not on your $hildren and )ives& yet upon this your metropolis& and its sa$red )alls/ spare the temple& and preserve the holy house& )ith its holy furniture& for yourselves/ for if the 0omans get you under their po)er& they )ill no longer a.stain from them& )hen their former a.stinen$e shall have .een so ungratefully re6uited" I $all to )itness your san$tuary& and the holy angels of (od& and this $ountry $ommon to us all& that I have not #ept .a$# any thing that is for your preservation/ and if you )ill follo) that advi$e )hi$h you ought to do& you )ill have that pea$e )hi$h )ill .e $ommon to you and to me/ .ut if you indulge four passions& you )ill run those ha?ards )hi$h I shall .e free from"I C" When Agrippa had spo#en thus& .oth he and his sister )ept& and .y their tears repressed a great deal of the violen$e of the people/ .ut still they $ried out& that they )ould not fight against the 0omans& .ut against Florus& on a$$ount of )hat they had suffered .y his means" To )hi$h Agrippa replied& that )hat they had already done )as li#e su$h as ma#e )ar against the 0omans/ Ifor you have not paid the tri.ute )hi$h is due to Caesar ;AC> and you have $ut off the $loisters +of the temple, from 7oining to the to)er Antonia" !ou )ill therefore prevent any o$$asion of revolt if you )ill .ut 7oin these together again& and if you )ill .ut pay your tri.ute/ for the $itadel does not no) .elong to Florus& nor are you to pay the tri.ute money to Florus"I +'D'OT+1 ;A<> In this spee$h of #ing Agrippa )e have an authenti$ a$$ount of the e tent and strength of the 0oman empire )hen the Je)ish )ar .egan" And this spee$h )ith other $ir$umstan$es in Josephus& demonstrate ho) )ise and ho) great a person Agrippa )as& and )hy Josephus else)here $alls him a

most )onderful or admira.le man& Contr" Ap" I" M" He is the same Agrippa )ho said to *aul&I Almost thou persuadest me to .e a Christian&I A$tLADEAG/ and of )hom St" *aul said& IHe )as e pert in all the $ustoms and 6uestions of the Je)s&I yet" B" See another intimation of the limits of the same 0oman empire& Of the War& B" III" $h" C" se$t" H" But )hat seems to me very remar#a.le here is this& that )hen Josephus& in imitation of the (ree#s and 0omans& for )hose use he )rote his Anti6uities& did himself fre6uently he into their they appear& .y the politeness of their $omposition& and their flights of oratory& to .e not the real spee$hes of the persons $on$erned& )ho usually )ere no orators& .ut of his o)n elegant $omposure& the spee$h .efore us is of another nature& full of undenia.le fa$ts& and $omposed in a plain and unartful& .ut moving )ay/ so it appears to .e #ing Agrippa2s o)n spee$h& and to have .een given Josephus .y Agrippa himself& )ith )hom Josephus had the greatest friendship" 1or may )e omit Agrippa2s $onstant do$trine here& that this vast 0oman empire )as raised and supported .y 'ivine *roviden$e& and that therefore it )as in vain for the Je)s& or any others& to thin# of destroying it" 1or may )e negle$t to ta#e noti$e of Agrippa2s solemn appeal to the angels here used/ the li#e appeals to )hi$h )e have in St" *aul& @TiLCEAA& and .y the apostles in general& in the form of the ordination of .ishops& Constitut" Apost" 8III" <" ;AC> Julius Caesar had de$reed that the Je)s of Jerusalem should pay an annual tri.ute to the 0omans& e $epting the $ity Joppa& and for the sa..ati$al year/ as Spanheim o.serves from the Anti6" B" FI8" $h" @=" se$t" D"

CH(PT+, 1#
HOW TH+ W(, O/ TH+ J+W1 W)TH TH+ ,O6('1 B+*('8 ('D CO'C+,')'* 6('(H+65
@" THIS advi$e the people hear#ened to& and )ent up into the temple )ith the #ing and Berni$e& and .egan to re.uild the $loisters/ the rulers also and senators divided themselves into the villages& and $olle$ted the tri.utes& and soon got together forty talents& )hi$h )as the sum that )as defi$ient" And thus did Agrippa then put a stop to that )ar )hi$h )as threatened" -oreover& he attempted to persuade the multitude to o.ey Florus& until Caesar should send one to su$$eed him/ .ut they )ere here.y more provo#ed& and $ast reproa$hes upon the #ing& and got him e $luded out of the $ity/ nay& some of the seditious had the impuden$e to thro) stones at him" So )hen the #ing sa) that the violen$e of those that )ere for innovations )as not to .e restrained& and .eing very angry at the $ontumelies he had re$eived& he sent their rulers& together )ith their men of po)er& to Florus& to Cesarea& that he might appoint )hom he thought fit to $olle$t the tri.ute in the $ountry& )hile he retired into his o)n #ingdom" A" And at this time it )as that some of those that prin$ipally e $ited the people to go to )ar made an assault upon a $ertain fortress $alled -asada" They too# it .y trea$hery& and sle) the 0omans that )ere there& and put others of their o)n party to #eep it" At the same time %lea?ar& the son of Ananias the high priest& a very .old youth& )ho )as at that time governor of the temple& persuaded those that offi$iated in the 'ivine servi$e to re$eive no gift or sa$rifi$e for any foreigner" And this )as the true .eginning of our )ar )ith the 0omans/ for they re7e$ted the sa$rifi$e of Caesar on this a$$ount/ and )hen many of the high priests and prin$ipal men .esought them not to omit the sa$rifi$e& )hi$h it )as $ustomary for them to offer for their prin$es& they )ould not .e prevailed upon" These relied mu$h upon their multitude& for the most flourishing part of the innovators assisted them/ .ut they had the $hief regard to %lea?ar& the governor of the temple" B" Hereupon the men of po)er got together& and $onferred )ith the high priests& as did also the prin$ipal of the *harisees/ and thin#ing all )as at sta#e& and that their $alamities )ere .e$oming in$ura.le& too# $ounsel )hat )as to .e done" A$$ordingly& they determined to try )hat they $ould do )ith the seditious .y )ords& and assem.led the people .efore the .ra?en gate& )hi$h )as that gate of

the inner temple +$ourt of the priests, )hi$h loo#ed to)ard the sun-rising" And& in the first pla$e& they sho)ed the great indignation they had at this attempt for a revolt& and for their .ringing so great a )ar upon their $ountry/ after )hi$h they $onfuted their pretense as un7ustifia.le& and told them that their forefathers had adorned their temple in great part )ith donations .esto)ed on them .y foreigners& and had al)ays re$eived )hat had .een presented to them from foreign nations/ and that they had .een so far from re7e$ting any person2s sa$rifi$e ;)hi$h )ould .e the highest instan$e of impiety&> that they had themselves pla$ed those donation a.out the temple )hi$h )ere still visi.le& and had remained there so long a time/ that they did no) irritate the 0omans to ta#e arms against them& and invited them to ma#e )ar upon them& and .rought up novel rules of a strange 'ivine )orship& and determined to run the ha?ard of having their $ity $ondemned for impiety& )hile they )ould not allo) any foreigner& .ut Je)s only& either to sa$rifi$e or to )orship therein" And if su$h a la) should .e introdu$ed in the $ase of a single private person only& he )ould have indignation at it& as an instan$e of inhumanity determined against him/ )hile they have no regard to the 0omans or to Caesar& and for.id even their o.lations to .e re$eived also/ that ho)ever they $annot .ut fear& lest& .y thus re7e$ting their sa$rifi$es& they shall not .e allo)ed to offer their o)n/ and that this $ity )ill lose its prin$ipality& unless they gro) )iser 6ui$#ly& and restore the sa$rifi$es as formerly& and indeed amend the in7ury +they have offered foreigners, .efore the report of it $omes to the ears of those that have .een in7ured" <" And as they said these things& they produ$ed those priests that )ere s#illful in the $ustoms of their $ountry& )ho made the report that all their forefathers had re$eived the sa$rifi$es from foreign nations" But still not one of the innovators )ould hear#en to )hat )as said/ nay& those that ministered a.out the temple )ould not attend their 'ivine servi$e& .ut )ere preparing matters for .eginning the )ar" So the men of po)er per$eiving that the sedition )as too hard for them to su.due& and that the danger )hi$h )ould arise from the 0omans )ould $ome upon them first of all& endeavored to save themselves& and sent am.assadors& some to Florus& the $hief of )hi$h )as Simon the son of Ananias/ and others to Agrippa& among )hom the most eminent )ere Saul& and Antipas& and Costo.arus& )ho )ere of the #ing2s #indred/ and they desired of them .oth that they )ould $ome )ith an army to the $ity& and $ut off the seditious .efore it should .e too hard to .e su.dued" 1o) this terri.le message )as good ne)s to Florus/ and .e$ause his design )as to have a )ar #indled& he gave the am.assadors no ans)er at all" But Agrippa )as e6ually soli$itous for those that )ere revolting& and for those against )hom the )ar )as to .e made& and )as desirous to preserve the Je)s for the 0omans& and the temple and metropolis for the Je)s/ he )as also sensi.le that it )as not for his o)n advantage that the distur.an$es should pro$eed/ so he sent three thousand horsemen to the assistan$e of the people out of Auranitis& and Batanea& and Tra$honitis& and these under 'arius& the master of his horse& and *hilip the son of Ja$imus& the general of his army" C" 5pon this the men of po)er& )ith the high priests& as also all the part of the multitude that )ere desirous of pea$e& too# $ourage& and sei?ed upon the upper $ity +-ount Sion/, for the seditious part had the lo)er $ity and the temple in their po)er/ so they made use of stones and slings perpetually against one another& and thre) darts $ontinually on .oth sides/ and sometimes it happened that they made in$ursions .y troops& and fought it out hand to hand& )hile the seditious )ere superior in .oldness& .ut the #ing2s soldiers in s#ill" These last strove $hiefly to gain the temple& and to drive those out of it )ho profaned it/ as did the seditious& )ith %lea?ar& .esides )hat they had already& la.or to gain the upper $ity" Thus )ere there perpetual slaughters on .oth sides for seven days2 time/ .ut neither side )ould yield up the parts they had sei?ed on" D" 1o) the ne t day )as the festival of Fylophory/ upon )hi$h the $ustom )as for every one to .ring )ood for the altar ;that there might never .e a )ant of fuel for that fire )hi$h )as un6uen$ha.le and al)ays .urning>" 5pon that day they e $luded the opposite party from the o.servation of this part of religion" And )hen they had 7oined to themselves many of the Si$arii& )ho $ro)ded in among the )ea#er people& ;that )as the name for su$h ro..ers as had under their .osoms s)ords $alled Si$ae&> they gre) .older& and $arried their underta#ing further/ insomu$h that the #ing2s soldiers )ere overpo)ered .y their multitude and .oldness/ and so they gave )ay& and )ere driven out of the upper $ity .y for$e" The others then set fire to the house of Ananias the high priest& and to the pala$es of

Agrippa and Berni$e/ after )hi$h they $arried the fire to the pla$e )here the ar$hives )ere reposited& and made haste to .urn the $ontra$ts .elonging to their $reditors& and there.y to dissolve their o.ligations for paying their de.ts/ and this )as done in order to gain the multitude of those )ho had .een de.tors& and that they might persuade the poorer sort to 7oin in their insurre$tion )ith safety against the more )ealthy/ so the #eepers of the re$ords fled a)ay& and the rest set fire to them" And )hen they had thus .urnt do)n the nerves of the $ity& they fell upon their enemies/ at )hi$h time some of the men of po)er& and of the high priests& )ent into the vaults under ground& and $on$ealed themselves& )hile others fled )ith the #ing2s soldiers to the upper pala$e& and shut the gates immediately/ among )hom )ere Ananias the high priest& and the am.assadors that had .een sent to Agrippa" And no) the seditious )ere $ontented )ith the vi$tory they had gotten& and the .uildings they had .urnt do)n& and pro$eeded no further" H" But on the ne t day& )hi$h )as the fifteenth of the month 4ous& +A.&, they made an assault upon Antonia& and .esieged the garrison )hi$h )as in it t)o days& and then too# the garrison& and sle) them& and set the $itadel on fire/ after )hi$h they mar$hed to the pala$e& )hither the #ing2s soldiers )ere fled& and parted themselves into four .odies& and made an atta$# upon the )alls" As for those that )ere )ithin it& no one had the $ourage to sally out& .e$ause those that assaulted them )ere so numerous/ .ut they distri.uted themselves into the .reast-)or#s and turrets& and shot at the .esiegers& )here.y many of the ro..ers fell under the )alls/ nor did they $ease to fight one )ith another either .y night or .y day& )hile the seditious supposed that those )ithin )ould gro) )eary for )ant of food& and those )ithout supposed the others )ould do the li#e .y the tediousness of the siege" G" In the mean time& one -anahem& the son of Judas& that )as $alled the (alilean& ;)ho )as a very $unning sophister& and had formerly reproa$hed the Je)s under Cyrenius& that after (od they )ere su.7e$t to the 0omans&> too# some of the men of note )ith him& and retired to -asada& )here he .ro#e open #ing Herod2s armory& and gave arms not only to his o)n people& .ut to other ro..ers also" These he made use of for a guard& and returned in the state of a #ing to Jerusalem/ he .e$ame the leader of the sedition& and gave orders for $ontinuing the siege/ .ut they )anted proper instruments& and it )as not pra$ti$a.le to undermine the )all& .e$ause the darts $ame do)n upon them from a.ove" But still they dug a mine from a great distan$e under one of the to)ers& and made it totter/ and having done that& they set on fire )hat )as $om.usti.le& and left it/ and )hen the foundations )ere .urnt .elo)& the to)er fell do)n suddenly" !et did they then meet )ith another )all that had .een .uilt )ithin& for the .esieged )ere sensi.le .eforehand of )hat they )ere doing& and pro.a.ly the to)er shoo# as it )as undermining/ so they provided themselves of another fortifi$ation/ )hi$h )hen the .esiegers une pe$tedly sa)& )hile they thought they had already gained the pla$e& they )ere under some $onsternation" Ho)ever& those that )ere )ithin sent to -anahem& and to the other leaders of the sedition& and desired they might go out upon a $apitulationE this )as granted to the #ing2s soldiers and their o)n $ountrymen only& )ho )ent out a$$ordingly/ .ut the 0omans that )ere left alone )ere greatly de7e$ted& for they )ere not a.le to for$e their )ay through su$h a multitude/ and to desire them to give them their right hand for their se$urity& they thought it )ould .e a reproa$h to them/ and .esides& if they should give it them& they durst not depend upon it/ so they deserted their $amp& as easily ta#en& and ran a)ay to the royal to)ers& - that $alled Hippi$us& that $alled *hasaelus& and that $alled -ariamne" But -anahem and his party fell upon the pla$e )hen$e the soldiers )ere fled& and sle) as many of them as they $ould $at$h& .efore they got up to the to)ers& and plundered )hat they left .ehind them& and set fire to their $amp" This )as e e$uted on the si th day of the month (orpieus +%lul," M" But on the ne t day the high priest )as $aught )here he had $on$ealed himself in an a6uedu$t/ he )as slain& together )ith He?e#iah his .rother& .y the ro..ersE hereupon the seditious .esieged the to)ers& and #ept them guarded& lest any one of the soldiers should es$ape" 1o) the overthro) of the pla$es of strength& and the death of the high priest Ananias& so puffed up -anahem& that he .e$ame .ar.arously $ruel/ and as he thought he had no antagonist to dispute the management of affairs )ith him& he )as no .etter than an insupporta.le tyrant/ .ut %lea?ar and his party& )hen )ords had passed .et)een them& ho) it )as not proper )hen they revolted from the 0omans& out of the desire of li.erty&

to .etray that li.erty to any of their o)n people& and to .ear a lord& )ho& though he should .e guilty of no violen$e& )as yet meaner than themselves/ as also& that in $ase they )ere o.liged to set some one over their pu.li$ affairs& it )as fitter they should give that privilege to any one rather than to him/ they made an assault upon him in the temple/ for he )ent up thither to )orship in a pompous manner& and adorned )ith royal garments& and had his follo)ers )ith him in their armor" But %lea?ar and his party fell violently upon him& as did also the rest of the people/ and ta#ing up stones to atta$# him )ithal& they thre) them at the sophister& and thought& that if he )ere on$e ruined& the entire sedition )ould fall to the ground" 1o) -anahem and his party made resistan$e for a )hile/ .ut )hen they per$eived that the )hole multitude )ere falling upon them& they fled )hi$h )ay every one )as a.le/ those that )ere $aught )ere slain& and those that hid themselves )ere sear$hed for" A fe) there )ere of them )ho privately es$aped to -asada& among )hom )as %lea?ar& the son of Jairus& )ho )as of #in to -anahem& and a$ted the part of a tyrant at -asada after)ard" As for -anahem himself& he ran a)ay to the pla$e $alled Ophla& and there lay s#ul#ing in private/ .ut they too# him alive& and dre) him out .efore them all/ they then tortured him )ith many sorts of torments& and after all sle) him& as they did .y those that )ere $aptains under him also& and parti$ularly .y the prin$ipal instrument of his tyranny& )hose name )as Apsalom" @=" And& as I said& so far truly the people assisted them& )hile they hoped this might afford some amendment to the seditious pra$ti$es/ .ut the others )ere not in haste to put an end to the )ar& .ut hoped to prose$ute it )ith less danger& no) they had slain -anahem" It is true& that )hen the people earnestly desired that they )ould leave off .esieging the soldiers& they )ere the more earnest in pressing it for)ard& and this till -etilius& )ho )as the 0oman general& sent to %lea?ar& and desired that they )ould" give them se$urity to spare their lives only/ .ut agreed to deliver up their arms& and )hat else they had )ith them" The others readily $omplied )ith their petition& sent to them (orion& the son of 1i$odemus& and Ananias& the son of Saddu#& and Judas& the son of Jonathan& that they might give them the se$urity Of their right hands& and of their oaths/ after )hi$h -etilius .rought do)n his soldiers/ )hi$h soldiers& )hile they )ere in arms& )ere not meddled )ith .y any of the seditious& nor )as there any appearan$e of trea$hery/ .ut as soon as& a$$ording to the arti$les of $apitulation& they had all laid do)n their shields and their s)ords& and )ere under no further suspi$ion of any harm& .ut )ere going a)ay& %lea?ar2s men atta$#ed them after a violent manner& and en$ompassed them round& and sle) them& )hile they neither defended themselves& nor entreated for mer$y& .ut only $ried out upon the .rea$h of their arti$les of $apitulation and their oaths" And thus )ere all these men .ar.arously murdered& e $epting -etilius/ for )hen he entreated for mer$y& and promised that he )ould turn Je)& and .e $ir$um$ised& they saved him alive& .ut none else" This loss to the 0omans )as .ut light& there .eing no more than a fe) slain out of an immense army/ .ut still it appeared to .e a prelude to the Je)s2 o)n destru$tion& )hile men made pu.li$ lamentation )hen they sa) that su$h o$$asions )ere afforded for a )ar as )ere in$ura.le/ that the $ity )as all over polluted )ith su$h a.ominations& from )hi$h it )as .ut reasona.le to e pe$t some vengean$e& even though they should es$ape revenge from the 0omans/ so that the $ity )as filled )ith sadness& and every one of the moderate men in it )ere under great distur.an$e& as li#ely themselves to undergo punishment for the )i$#edness of the seditious/ for indeed it so happened that this murder )as perpetrated on the sa..ath day& on )hi$h day the Je)s have a respite from their )or#s on a$$ount of 'ivine )orship"

CH(PT+, 1$
TH+ C(.(6)T)+1 ('D 1.(0*HT+,1 TH(T C(6+ 0PO' TH+ J+W15
@" 1OW the people of Cesarea had slain the Je)s that )ere among them on the very same day and hour +)hen the soldiers )ere slain,& )hi$h one )ould thin# must have $ome to pass .y the dire$tion of *roviden$e/ insomu$h that in one hour2s time a.ove t)enty thousand Je)s )ere #illed& and all Cesarea )as emptied of its Je)ish inha.itants/ for Florus $aught su$h as ran a)ay& and sent them in .onds to the galleys" 5pon )hi$h stro#e that the Je)s re$eived at Cesarea& the )hole nation )as greatly

enraged/ so they divided themselves into several parties& and laid )aste the villages of the Syrians& and their neigh.oring $ities& *hiladelphia& and Se.onitis& and (erasa& and *ella& and S$ythopolis& and after them (adara& and Hippos/ and falling upon (aulonitis& some $ities they destroyed there& and some they set on fire& and then )ent to 3edasa& .elonging to the Tyrians& and to *tolemais& and to (a.a& and to Cesarea/ nor )as either Se.aste +Samaria, or As#elon a.le to oppose the violen$e )ith )hi$h they )ere atta$#ed/ and )hen they had .urnt these to the ground/ they entirely demolished Anthedon and (a?a/ many also of the villages that )ere a.out every one of those $ities )ere plundered& and an immense slaughter )as made of the men )ho )ere $aught in them" A" Ho)ever& the Syrians )ere even )ith the Je)s in the multitude of the men )hom they sle)/ for they #illed those )hom they $aught in their $ities& and that not only out of the hatred they .are them& as formerly& .ut to prevent the danger under )hi$h they )ere from them/ so that the disorders in all Syria )ere terri.le& and every $ity )as divided into t)o armies& en$amped one against another& and the preservation of the one party )as in the destru$tion of the other/ so the day time )as spent in shedding of .lood& and the night in fear& )hi$h )as of the t)o the more terri.le/ for )hen the Syrians thought they had ruined the Je)s& they had the Judai?ers in suspi$ion also/ and as ea$h side did not $are to slay those )hom they only suspe$ted on the other& so did they greatly fear them )hen they )ere mingled )ith the other& as if they )ere $ertainly foreigners" -oreover& greediness of gain )as a provo$ation to #ill the opposite party& even to su$h as had of old appeared very mild and gentle to)ards them/ for they )ithout fear plundered the effe$ts of the slain& and $arried off the spoils of those )hom they sle) to their o)n houses& as if they had .een gained in a set .attle/ and he )as esteemed a man of honor )ho got the greatest share& as having prevailed over the greatest num.er of his enemies" It )as then $ommon to see $ities filled )ith dead .odies& still lying un.uried& and those of old men& mi ed )ith infants& all dead& and s$attered a.out together/ )omen also lay amongst them& )ithout any $overing for their na#ednessE you might then see the )hole provin$e full of ine pressi.le $alamities& )hile the dread of still more .ar.arous pra$ti$es )hi$h )ere threatened )as every )here greater than )hat had .een already perpetrated" B" And thus far the $onfli$t had .een .et)een Je)s and foreigners/ .ut )hen they made e $ursions to S$ythopolis& they found Je) that a$ted as enemies/ for as they stood in .attle-array )ith those of S$ythopolis& and preferred their o)n safety .efore their relation to us& they fought against their o)n $ountrymen/ nay& their ala$rity )as so very great& that those of S$ythopolis suspe$ted them" These )ere afraid& therefore& lest they should ma#e an assault upon the $ity in the night time& and& to their great misfortune& should there.y ma#e an apology for themselves to their o)n people for their revolt from them" So they $ommanded them& that in $ase they )ould $onfirm their agreement and demonstrate their fidelity to them& )ho )ere of a different nation& they should go out of the $ity& )ith their families to a neigh.oring grove/ and )hen they had done as they )ere $ommanded& )ithout suspe$ting any thing& the people of S$ythopolis lay still for the interval of t)o days& to tempt them to .e se$ure/ .ut on the third night they )at$hed their opportunity& and $ut all their throats& some as they lay unguarded& and some as they lay asleep" The num.er that )as slain )as a.ove thirteen thousand& and then they plundered them of all that they had" <" It )ill deserve our relation )hat .efell Simon/ he )as the son of one Saul& a man of reputation among the Je)s" This man )as distinguished from the rest .y the strength of his .ody& and the .oldness of his $ondu$t& although he a.used them .oth to the mis$hieving of his $ountrymen/ for he $ame every day and sle) a great many of the Je)s of S$ythopolis& and he fre6uently put them to flight& and .e$ame himself alone the $ause of his army2s $on6uering" But a 7ust punishment overtoo# him for the murders he had $ommitted upon those of the same nation )ith him/ for )hen the people of S$ythopolis thre) their darts at them in the grove& he dre) his s)ord& .ut did not atta$# any of the enemy/ for he sa) that he $ould do nothing against su$h a multitude/ .ut he $ried out after a very moving manner& and said& IO you people of S$ythopolis& I deservedly suffer for )hat I have done )ith relation to you& )hen I gave you su$h se$urity of my fidelity to you& .y slaying so many of those that )ere related to me" Wherefore )e very 7ustly e perien$e the perfidiousness of foreigners& )hile )e a$ted after a most )i$#ed manner against our o)n nation" I )ill therefore die& polluted )ret$h as I am&

.y nine o)n hands/ for it is not fit I should die .y the hand of our enemies/ and let the same a$tion .e to me .oth a punishment for my great $rimes& and a testimony of my $ourage to my $ommendation& that so no one of our enemies may have it to .rag of& that he it )as that sle) me& and no one may insult upon me as I fall"I 1o) )hen he had said this& he loo#ed round a.out him upon his family )ith eyes of $ommiseration and of rage ;that family $onsisted of a )ife and $hildren& and his aged parents>/ so& in the first pla$e& he $aught his father .y his grey hairs& and ran his s)ord through him& and after him he did the same to his mother& )ho )illingly re$eived it/ and after them he did the li#e to his )ife and $hildren& every one almost offering themselves to his s)ord& as desirous to prevent .eing slain .y their enemies/ so )hen he had gone over all his family& he stood upon their .odies to .e seen .y all& and stret$hing out his right hand& that his a$tion might .e o.served .y all& he sheathed his entire s)ord into his o)n .o)els" This young man )as to .e pitied& on a$$ount of the strength of his .ody and the $ourage of his soul/ .ut sin$e he had assured foreigners of his fidelity +against his o)n $ountrymen,& he suffered deservedly" C" Besides this murder at S$ythopolis& the other $ities rose up against the Je)s that )ere among them/ those of As#elon sle) t)o thousand five hundred& and those of *tolemais t)o thousand& and put not a fe) into .onds/ those of Tyre also put a great num.er to death& .ut #ept a greater num.er in prison/ moreover& those of Hippos& and those of (adara& did the li#e )hile they put to death the .oldest of the Je)s& .ut #ept those of )hom they )ere afraid in $ustody/ as did the rest of the $ities of Syria& a$$ording as they every one either hated them or )ere afraid of them/ only the Antio$htans the Sidontans& and Apamians spared those that d)elt )ith them& and )ould not endure either to #ill any of the Je)s& or to put them in .onds" And perhaps they spared them& .e$ause their o)n num.er )as so great that they despised their attempts" But I thin# the greatest part of this favor )as o)ing to their $ommiseration of those )hom they sa) to ma#e no innovations" As for the (erasans& they did no harm to those that a.ode )ith them/ and for those )ho had a mind to go a)ay& they $ondu$ted them as far as their .orders rea$hed" D" There )as also a plot laid against the Je)s in Agrippa2s #ingdom/ for he )as himself gone to Cestius (allus& to Antio$h& .ut had left one of his $ompanions& )hose name )as 1oarus& to ta#e $are of the pu.li$ affairs/ )hi$h 1oarus )as of #in to #ing Sohemus" ;AD> 1o) there $ame $ertain men seventy in num.er& out of Batanea& )ho )ere the most $onsidera.le for their families and pruden$e of the rest of the people/ these desired to have an army put into their hands& that if any tumult should happen& they might have a.out them a guard suffi$ient to restrain su$h as might rise up against them" This 1oarus sent out some of the #ing2s armed men .y night& and sle) all those +seventy, men/ )hi$h .old a$tion he ventured upon )ithout the $onsent of Agrippa& and )as su$h a lover of money& that he $hose to .e so )i$#ed to his o)n $ountrymen& though he .rought ruin on the #ingdom there.y/ and thus $ruelly did he treat that nation& and this $ontrary to the la)s also& until Agrippa )as informed of it& )ho did not indeed dare to put him to death& out of regard to Sohemus/ .ut still he put an end to his pro$uratorship immediately" But as to the seditious& they too# the $itadel )hi$h )as $alled Cypros& and )as a.ove Jeri$ho& and $ut the throats of the garrison& and utterly demolished the fortifi$ations" This )as a.out the same time that the multitude of the Je)s that )ere at -a$horus persuaded the 0omans )ho )ere in garrison to leave the pla$e& and deliver it up to them" These 0omans .eing in great fear& lest the pla$e should .e ta#en .y for$e& made an agreement )ith them to depart upon $ertain $onditions/ and )hen they had o.tained the se$urity they desired& they delivered up the $itadel& into )hi$h the people of -a$herus put a garrison for their o)n se$urity& and held it in their o)n po)er" H" But for Ale andria& the sedition of the people of the pla$e against the Je)s )as perpetual& and this from that very time )hen Ale ander +the (reat,& upon finding the readiness of the Je)s in assisting him against the %gyptians& and as a re)ard for su$h their assistan$e& gave them e6ual privileges in this $ity )ith the (re$ians themselves/ )hi$h honorary re)ard Continued among them under his su$$essors& )ho also set apart for them a parti$ular pla$e& that they might live )ithout .eing polluted +.y the (entiles,& and )ere there.y not so mu$h intermi ed )ith foreigners as .efore/ they also gave them this further privilege& that they should .e $alled -a$edonians" 1ay& )hen the 0omans got possession of %gypt& neither the first Caesar& nor any one that $ame after him& thought of diminishing

the honors )hi$h Ale ander had .esto)ed on the Je)s" But still $onfli$ts perpetually arose )ith the (re$ians/ and although the governors did every day punish many of them& yet did the sedition gro) )orse/ .ut at this time espe$ially& )hen there )ere tumults in other pla$es also& the disorders among them )ere put into a greater flame/ for )hen the Ale andrians had on$e a pu.li$ assem.ly& to deli.erate a.out an em.assage they )ere sending to 1ero& a great num.er of Je)s $ame flo$#ing to the theater/ .ut )hen their adversaries sa) them& they immediately $ried out& and $alled them their enemies& and said they $ame as spies upon them/ upon )hi$h they rushed out& and laid violent hands upon them/ and as for the rest& they )ere slain as they ran a)ay/ .ut there )ere three men )hom they $aught& and hauled them along& in order to have them .urnt alive/ .ut all the Je)s $ame in a .ody to defend them& )ho at first thre) stones at the (re$ians& .ut after that they too# lamps& and rushed )ith violen$e into the theater& and threatened that they )ould .urn the people to a man/ and this they had soon done& unless Ti.erius Ale ander& the governor of the $ity& had restrained their passions" Ho)ever& this man did not .egin to tea$h them )isdom .y arms& .ut sent among them privately some of the prin$ipal men& and there.y entreated them to .e 6uiet& and not provo#e the 0oman army against them/ .ut the seditious made a 7est of the entreaties of Ti.erius& and reproa$hed him for so doing" G" 1o) )hen he per$eived that those )ho )ere for innovations )ould not .e pa$ified till some great $alamity should overta#e them& he sent out upon them those t)o 0oman legions that )ere in the $ity& and together )ith them five thousand other soldiers& )ho& .y $han$e& )ere $ome together out of 4i.ya& to the ruin of the Je)s" They )ere also permitted not only to #ill them& .ut to plunder them of )hat they had& and to set fire to their houses" These soldiers rushed violently into that part of the $ity that )as $alled 'elta& )here the Je)ish people lived together& and did as they )ere .idden& though not )ithout .loodshed on their o)n side also/ for the Je)s got together& and set those that )ere the .est armed among them in the forefront& and made a resistan$e for a great )hile/ .ut )hen on$e they gave .a$#& they )ere destroyed unmer$ifully/ and this their destru$tion )as $omplete& some .eing $aught in the open field& and others for$ed into their houses& )hi$h houses )ere first plundered of )hat )as in them& and then set on fire .y the 0omans/ )herein no mer$y )as sho)n to the infants& and no regard had to the aged/ .ut they )ent on in the slaughter of persons of every age& till all the pla$e )as overflo)ed )ith .lood& and fifty thousand of them lay dead upon heaps/ nor had the remainder .een preserved& had they not .e-ta#en themselves to suppli$ation" So Ale ander $ommiserated their $ondition& and gave orders to the 0omans to retire/ a$$ordingly& these .eing a$$ustomed to o.ey orders& left off #illing at the first intimation/ .ut the popula$e of Ale andria .are so very great hatred to the Je)s& that it )as diffi$ult to re$all them& and it )as a hard thing to ma#e them leave their dead .odies" M" And this )as the misera.le $alamity )hi$h at this time .efell the Je)s at Ale andria" Hereupon Cestius thought fit no longer to lie still& )hile the Je)s )ere every)here up in arms/ so he too# out of Antio$h the t)elfth legion entire& and out of ea$h of the rest he sele$ted t)o thousand& )ith si $ohorts of footmen& and four troops of horsemen& .esides those au iliaries )hi$h )ere sent .y the #ings/ of )hi$h Antio$hus sent t)o thousand horsemen& and three thousand footmen& )ith as many ar$hers/ and Agrippa sent the same num.er of footmen& and one thousand horsemen/ Sohemus also follo)ed )ith four thousand& a third part )hereof )ere horsemen& .ut most part )ere ar$hers& and thus did he mar$h to *tolemais" There )ere also great num.ers of au iliaries gathered together from the +free, $ities& )ho indeed had not the same s#ill in martial affairs& .ut made up in their ala$rity and in their hatred to the Je)s )hat they )anted in s#ill" There $ame also along )ith Cestius Agrippa himself& .oth as a guide in his mar$h over the $ountry& and a dire$tor )hat )as fit to .e done/ so Cestius too# part of his for$es& and mar$hed hastily to 9a.ulon& a strong $ity of (alilee& )hi$h )as $alled the City of -en& and divides the $ountry of *tolemais from our nation/ this he found deserted .y its men& the multitude having fled to the mountains& .ut full of all sorts of good things/ those he gave leave to the soldiers to plunder& and set fire to the $ity& although it )as of admira.le .eauty& and had its houses .uilt li#e those in Tyre& and Sidon& and Berytus" After this he overran all the $ountry& and sei?ed upon )hatsoever $ame in his )ay& and set fire to the villages that )ere round a.out them& and then returned to *tolemais" But )hen the Syrians& and espe$ially those of Berytus& )ere .usy in plundering& the Je)s pulled up their $ourage again& for they #ne) that Cestius )as retired& and fell upon those that )ere left

.ehind une pe$tedly& and destroyed a.out t)o thousand of them" ;AH> @=" And no) Cestius himself mar$hed from *tolemais& and $ame to Cesarea/ .ut he sent part of his army .efore him to Joppa& and gave order& that if they $ould ta#e that $ity +.y surprise, they should #eep it/ .ut that in $ase the $iti?ens should per$eive they )ere $oming to atta$# them& that they then should stay for him& and for the rest of the army" So some of them made a .ris# mar$h .y the sea-side& and some .y land& and so $oming upon them on .oth sides& they too# the $ity )ith ease/ and as the inha.itants had made no provision .eforehand for a flight& nor had gotten any thing ready for fighting& the soldiers fell upon them& and sle) them all& )ith their families& and then plundered and .urnt the $ity" The num.er of the slain )as eight thousand four hundred" In li#e manner& Cestius sent also a $onsidera.le .ody of horsemen to the topar$hy of 1ar.atene& that ad7oined to Cesarea& )ho destroyed the $ountry& and sle) a great multitude of its people/ they also plundered )hat they had& and .urnt their villages" @@" But Cestius sent (allus& the $ommander of the t)elfth legion& into (alilee& and delivered to him as many of his for$es as he supposed suffi$ient to su.due that nation" He )as re$eived .y the strongest $ity of (alilee& )hi$h )as Sepphoris& )ith a$$lamations of 7oy/ )hi$h )ise $ondu$t of that $ity o$$asioned the rest of the $ities to .e in 6uiet/ )hile the seditious part and the ro..ers ran a)ay to that mountain )hi$h lies in the very middle of (alilee& and is situated over against Sepphoris/ it is $alled Asamon" So (allus .rought his for$es against them/ .ut )hile those men )ere in the superior parts a.ove the 0omans& they easily thre) their darts upon the 0omans& as they made their approa$hes& and sle) a.out t)o hundred of them" But )hen the 0omans had gone round the mountains& and )ere gotten into the parts a.ove their enemies& the others )ere soon .eaten/ nor $ould they )ho had only light armor on sustain the for$e of them that fought them armed all over/ nor )hen they )ere .eaten $ould they es$ape the enemies2 horsemen/ insomu$h that only some fe) $on$ealed themselves in $ertain pla$es hard to .e $ome at& among the mountains& )hile the rest& a.ove t)o thousand in num.er& )ere slain" +'D'OT+1 ;AD> Of this Sohemus )e have mention made .y Ta$itus" We also learn from 'io that his father )as #ing of the Ara.ians of Iturea& +)hi$h Iturea is mentioned .y St" 4u#e& 4u#LBE@", .oth )hose testimonies are 6uoted here .y 'r" Hudson" See 1oldius& 1o" BH@" ;AH> Spanheim notes on the pla$e& that this later Antio$hus& )ho )as $alled %piphaues& is mentioned .y 'io& 4IF" p" D<C& and that he is mentioned .y Josephus else)here t)i$e also& B"8" $h" @@" se$t" B/ and Anti6" B" FIF" $h" G" se$t" I"

CH(PT+, 1%
WH(T C+1T)01 D)D (*()'1T TH+ J+W1; ('D HOW8 0PO' H)1 B+1)+*)'* J+,01(.+68 H+ ,+T,+(T+D /,O6 TH+ C)T3 W)THO0T ('3 J01T OCC(1)O' )' TH+ WO,.D5 (1 (.1O WH(T 1+-+,+ C(.(6)T)+1 H+ 0'D+, W+'T /,O6 TH+ J+W1 )' H)1 ,+T,+(T5
@" A1' no) (allus& seeing nothing more that loo#ed to)ards an innovation in (alilee& returned )ith his army to CesareaE .ut Cestius removed )ith his )hole army& and mar$hed to Antipatris/ and )hen he )as informed that there )as a great .ody of Je)ish for$es gotten together in a $ertain to)er $alled Aphe#& he sent a party .efore to fight them/ .ut this party dispersed the Je)s .y affrighting them .efore it $ame to a .attleE so they $ame& and finding their $amp deserted& they .urnt it& as )ell as the villages that lay a.out it" But )hen Cestius had mar$hed from Antipatris to 4ydda& he found the $ity empty of its men& for the )hole multitude ;AG> )ere gone up to Jerusalem to the feast of ta.erna$les/

yet did he destroy fifty of those that sho)ed themselves& and .urnt the $ity& and so mar$hed for)ards/ and as$ending .y Bet.oron& he pit$hed his $amp at a $ertain pla$e $alled (a.ao& fifty furlongs distant from Jerusalem" A" But as for the Je)s& )hen they sa) the )ar approa$hing to their metropolis& they left the feast& and .etoo# themselves to their arms/ and ta#ing $ourage greatly from their multitude& )ent in a sudden and disorderly manner to the fight& )ith a great noise& and )ithout any $onsideration had of the rest of the seventh day& although the Sa..ath ;AM> )as the day to )hi$h they had the greatest regard/ .ut that rage )hi$h made them forget the religious o.servation +of the sa..ath, made them too hard for their enemies in the fightE )ith su$h violen$e therefore did they fall upon the 0omans& as to .rea# into their ran#s& and to mar$h through the midst of them& ma#ing a great slaughter as they )ent& insomu$h that unless the horsemen& and su$h part of the footmen as )ere not yet tired in the a$tion& had )heeled round& and su$$ored that part of the army )hi$h )as not yet .ro#en& Cestius& )ith his )hole army& had .een in dangerE ho)ever& five hundred and fifteen of the 0omans )ere slain& of )hi$h num.er four hundred )ere footmen& and the rest horsemen& )hile the Je)s lost only t)enty-t)o& of )hom the most valiant )ere the #insmen of -ono.a?us& #ing of Adia.ene& and their names )ere -ono.a?us and 3enedeus/ and ne t to them )ere 1iger of *erea& and Silas of Ba.ylon& )ho had deserted from #ing Agrippa to the Je)s/ for he had formerly served in his army" When the front of the Je)ish army had .een $ut off& the Je)s retired into the $ity/ .ut still Simon& the son of (iora& fell upon the .a$#s of the 0omans& as they )ere as$ending up Bethoron& and put the hindmost of the army into disorder& and $arried off many of the .easts that $arded the )eapons of )ar& and led Shem into the $ity" But as Cestius tarried there three days& the Je)s sei?ed upon the elevated parts of the $ity& and set )at$hes at the entran$es into the $ity& and appeared openly resolved not to rest )hen on$e the 0omans should .egin to mar$h" B" And no) )hen Agrippa o.served that even the affairs of the 0omans )ere li#ely to .e in danger& )hile su$h an immense multitude of their enemies had sei?ed upon the mountains round a.out& he determined to try )hat the Je)s )ould agree to .y )ords& as thin#ing that he should either persuade them all to desist from fighting& or& ho)ever& that he should $ause the so.er part of them to separate themselves from the opposite party" So he sent Bor$eus and *he.us& the persons of his party that )ere the .est #no)n to them& and promised them that Cestius should give them his right hand& to se$ure them of the 0omans2 entire forgiveness of )hat they had done amiss& if they )ould thro) a)ay their arms& and $ome over to them/ .ut the seditious& fearing lest the )hole multitude& in hopes of se$urity to themselves& should go over to Agrippa& resolved immediately to fall upon and #ill the am.assadors/ a$$ordingly they sle) *he.us .efore he said a )ord& .ut Bor$eus )as only )ounded& and so prevented his fate .y flying a)ay" And )hen the people )ere very angry at this& they had the seditious .eaten )ith stones and $lu.s& and drove them .efore them into the $ity" <" But no) Cestius& o.serving that the distur.an$es that )ere .egun among the Je)s afforded him a proper opportunity to atta$# them& too# his )hole army along )ith him& and put the Je)s to flight& and pursued them to Jerusalem" He then pit$hed his $amp upon the elevation $alled S$opus& +or )at$hto)er&, )hi$h )as distant seven furlongs from the $ity/ yet did not he assault them in three days2 time& out of e pe$tation that those )ithin might perhaps yield a little/ and in the mean time he sent out a great many of his soldiers into neigh.oring villages& to sei?e upon their $orn" And on the fourth day& )hi$h )as the thirtieth of the month Hyper.ereteus& +Tisri&, )hen he had put his army in array& he .rought it into the $ity" 1o) for the people& they )ere #ept under .y the seditious/ .ut the seditious themselves )ere greatly affrighted at the good order of the 0omans& and retired from the su.ur.s& and retreated into the inner part of the $ity& and into the temple" But )hen Cestius )as $ome into the $ity& he set the part $alled Be?etha& )hi$h is $alled Cenopolis& +or the ne) $ity&, on fire/ as he did also to the tim.er mar#et/ after )hi$h he $ame into the upper $ity& and pit$hed his $amp over against the royal pala$e/ and had he .ut at this very time attempted to get )ithin the )alls .y for$e& he had )on the $ity presently& and the )ar had .een put an end to at on$e/ .ut Tyrannius *riseus& the muster-master of the army& and a great num.er of the offi$ers of the horse& had .een $orrupted .y Florus& and diverted him from that his attempt/ and that )as the o$$asion that this )ar lasted so very long& and there.y the Je)s

)ere involved in su$h in$ura.le $alamities" C" In the mean time& many of the prin$ipal men of the $ity )ere persuaded .y Ananus& the son of Jonathan& and invited Cestius into the $ity& and )ere a.out to open the gates for him/ .ut he overloo#ed this offer& partly out of his anger at the Je)s& and partly .e$ause he did not thoroughly .elieve they )ere in earnest/ )hen$e it )as that he delayed the matter so long& that the seditious per$eived the trea$hery& and thre) Ananus and those of his party do)n from the )all& and& pelting them )ith stones& drove them into their houses/ .ut they stood themselves at proper distan$es in the to)ers& and thre) their darts at those that )ere getting over the )all" Thus did the 0omans ma#e their atta$# against the )all for five days& .ut to no purpose" But on the ne t day Cestius too# a great many of his $hoi$est men& and )ith them the ar$hers& and attempted to .rea# into the temple at the northern 6uarter of it/ .ut the Je)s .eat them off from the $loisters& and repulsed them several times )hen they )ere gotten near to the )all& till at length the multitude of the darts $ut them off& and made them retire/ .ut the first ran# of the 0omans rested their shields upon the )all& and so did those that )ere .ehind them& and the li#e did those that )ere still more .a$#)ard& and guarded themselves )ith )hat they $all Testudo& +the .a$# of, a tortoise& upon )hi$h the darts that )ere thro)n fell& and slided off )ithout doing them any harm/ so the soldiers undermined the )all& )ithout .eing themselves hurt& and got all things ready for setting fire to the gate of the temple" D" And no) it )as that a horri.le fear sei?ed upon the seditious& insomu$h that many of them ran out of the $ity& as though it )ere to .e ta#en immediately/ .ut the people upon this too# $ourage& and )here the )i$#ed part of the $ity gave ground& thither did they $ome& in order to set open the gates& and to admit Cestius ;B=> as their .enefa$tor& )ho& had he .ut $ontinued the siege a little longer& had $ertainly ta#en the $ity/ .ut it )as& I suppose& o)ing to the aversion (od had already at the $ity and the san$tuary& that he )as hindered from putting an end to the )ar that very day" H" It then happened that Cestius )as not $ons$ious either ho) the .esieged despaired of su$$ess& nor ho) $ourageous the people )ere for him/ and so he re$alled his soldiers from the pla$e& and .y despairing of any e pe$tation of ta#ing it& )ithout having re$eived any disgra$e& he retired from the $ity& )ithout any reason in the )orld" But )hen the ro..ers per$eived this une pe$ted retreat of his& they resumed their $ourage& and ran after the hinder parts of his army& and destroyed a $onsidera.le num.er of .oth their horsemen and footmen/ and no) Cestius lay all night at the $amp )hi$h )as at S$opus/ and as he )ent off farther ne t day& he there.y invited the enemy to follo) him& )ho still fell upon the hindmost& and destroyed them/ they also fell upon the flan# on ea$h side of the army& and thre) darts upon them o.li6uely& nor durst those that )ere hindmost turn .a$# upon those )ho )ounded them .ehind& as imagining that the multitude of those that pursued them )as immense/ nor did they venture to drive a)ay those that pressed upon them on ea$h side& .e$ause they )ere heavy )ith their arms& and )ere afraid of .rea#ing their ran#s to pie$es& and .e$ause they sa) the Je)s )ere light& and ready for ma#ing in$ursions upon them" And this )as the reason )hy the 0omans suffered greatly& )ithout .eing a.le to revenge themselves upon their enemies/ so they )ere galled all the )ay& and their ran#s )ere put into disorder& and those that )ere thus put out of their ran#s )ere slain/ among )hom )ere *ris$us& the $ommander of the si th legion& and 4onginus& the tri.une& and %milius Se$undus& the $ommander of a troop of horsemen" So it )as not )ithout diffi$ulty that they got to (a.ao& their former $amp& and that not )ithout the loss of a great part of their .aggage" There it )as that Cestius staid t)o days& and )as in great distress to #no) )hat he should do in these $ir$umstan$es/ .ut )hen on the third day he sa) a still mu$h greater num.er of enemies& and all the parts round a.out him full of Je)s& he understood that his delay )as to his o)n detriment& and that if he staid any longer there& he should have still more enemies upon him" G" That therefore he might fly the faster& he gave orders to $ast a)ay )hat might hinder his army2s mar$h/ so they #illed the mules and other $reatures& e $epting those that $arried their darts and ma$hines& )hi$h they retained for their o)n use& and this prin$ipally .e$ause they )ere afraid lest the Je)s should sei?e upon them" He then made his army mar$h on as far as Bethoron" 1o) the Je)s did not so mu$h press upon them )hen they )ere in large open pla$es/ .ut )hen they )ere penned up in

their des$ent through narro) passages& then did some of them get .efore& and hindered them from getting out of them/ and others of them thrust the hinder-most do)n into the lo)er pla$es/ and the )hole multitude e tended themselves over against the ne$# of the passage& and $overed the 0oman army )ith their darts" In )hi$h $ir$umstan$es& as the footmen #ne) not ho) to defend themselves& so the danger pressed the horsemen still more& for they )ere so pelted& that they $ould not mar$h along the road in their ran#s& and the as$ents )ere so high& that the $avalry )ere not a.le to mar$h against the enemy/ the pre$ipi$es also and valleys into )hi$h they fre6uently fell& and tum.led do)n& )ere su$h on ea$h side of them& that there )as neither pla$e for their flight& nor any $ontrivan$e $ould .e thought of for their defense/ till the distress they )ere at last in )as so great& that they .etoo# themselves to lamentations& and to su$h mournful $ries as men use in the utmost despairE the 7oyful a$$lamations of the Je)s also& as they en$ouraged one another& e$hoed the sounds .a$# again& these last $omposing a noise of those that at on$e re7oi$ed and )ere in a rage" Indeed& things )ere $ome to su$h a pass& that the Je)s had almost ta#en Cestius2s entire army prisoners& had not the night $ome on& )hen the 0omans fled to Bethoron& and the Je)s sei?ed upon all the pla$es round a.out them& and )at$hed for their $oming out +in the morning," M" And then it )as that Cestius& despairing of o.taining room for a pu.li$ mar$h& $ontrived ho) he might .est run a)ay/ and )hen he had sele$ted four hundred of the most $ourageous of his soldiers& he pla$ed them at the strongest of their fortifi$ations& and gave order& that )hen they )ent up to the morning guard& they should ere$t their ensigns& that the Je)s might .e made to .elieve that the entire army )as there still& )hile he himself too# the rest of his for$es )ith him& and mar$hed& )ithout any noise& thirty furlongs" But )hen the Je)s per$eived& in the morning& that the $amp )as empty& they ran upon those four hundred )ho had deluded them& and immediately thre) their darts at them& and sle) them/ and then pursued after Cestius" But he had already made use of a great part of the night in his flight& and still mar$hed 6ui$#er )hen it )as day/ insomu$h that the soldiers& through the astonishment and fear they )ere in& left .ehind them their engines for sieges& and for thro)ing of stones& and a great part of the instruments of )ar" So the Je)s )ent on pursuing the 0omans as far as Antipatris/ after )hi$h& seeing they $ould not overta#e them& they $ame .a$#& and too# the engines& and spoiled the dead .odies& and gathered the prey together )hi$h the 0omans had left .ehind them& and $ame .a$# running and singing to their metropolis/ )hile they had themselves lost a fe) only& .ut had slain of the 0omans five thousand and three hundred footmen& and three hundred and eighty horsemen" This defeat happened on the eighth day of the month 'ius& +-ar$hesvan&, in the t)elfth year of the reign of 1ero" +'D'OT+1 ;AG> Here )e have an eminent e ample of that Je)ish language& )hi$h 'r" Wail truly o.serves& )e several times find used in the sa$red )ritings/ I mean& )here the )ords IallI orI )hole multitude&Iet$" are used for mu$h the greatest part only/ .ut not so as to in$lude every person& )ithout e $eption/ for )hen Josephus had said that Ithe )hole multitudeI +all the males, of 4ydda )ere gone to the feast of ta.erna$les& he immediately adds& that& ho)ever& no fe)er than fifty of them appeared& and )ere slain .y the 0omans" Other e amples some)hat li#e this I have o.served else)here in Josephus& .ut& as I thin#& none so remar#a.le as this" See Wall2s Criti$al O.servations on the Old Testament& p" <M& C=" ;AM> We have also& in this and the ne t se$tion& t)o eminent fa$ts to .e o.served& vi?" the first e ample& that I remem.er& in Josephus& of the onset of the Je)s2 enemies upon their $ountry )hen their males )ere gone up to Jerusalem to one of their three sa$red festivals/ )hi$h& during the theo$ra$y& (od had promised to preserve them from& % oLB<EA<" The se$ond fa$t is this& the .rea$h of the sa..ath .y the seditions Je)s in an offensive fight& $ontrary to the universal do$trine and pra$ti$e of their nation in these ages& and even $ontrary to )hat they themselves after)ard pra$ti$ed in the rest of this )ar" See the note on Anti6" B" F8I" $h" A" se$t" <" ;B=> There may another very important& and very providential& reason .e here assigned for this strange and foolish retreat of Cestius/ )hi$h& if Josephus had .een no) a Christian& he might pro.a.ly have

ta#en noti$e of also/ and that is& the affording the Je)ish Christians in the $ity an opportunity of $alling to mind the predi$tion and $aution given them .y Christ a.out thirty-three years and a half .efore& that I)hen they should see the a.omination of desolationI +the idolatrous 0oman armies& )ith the images of their idols in their ensigns& ready to lay Jerusalem desolate, Istand )here it ought not/I or& Iin the holy pla$e/I or& I)hen they should see Jerusalem any one instan$e of a more unpoliti$& .ut more providential& $ompassed )ith armies/I they should then Iflee to the mound $ondu$t than this retreat of Cestius visi.le during this )hole rains"I By $omplying )ith )hi$h those Je)ish Christians fled I siege of Jerusalem/ )hi$h yet )as providentially su$h a Igreat to the mountains of *erea& and es$aped this destru$tion" See tri.ulation& as had not .een from the .eginning of the )orld to that time/ no& 4it" A$$ompl" of *roph" p" DM& H=" 1or )as there& perhaps& nor ever should .e"I--I.id" p" H=& H@"

CH(PT+, 2&
C+1T)01 1+'D1 (6B(11(DO,1 TO '+,O5 TH+ P+OP.+ O/ D(6(1C01 1.(3 THO1+ J+W1 TH(T .)-+D W)TH TH+65 TH+ P+OP.+ O/ J+,01(.+6 (/T+, TH+3 H(D 9.+/T O//: P0,10)'* C+1T)018 ,+T0,' TO TH+ C)T3 ('D *+T TH)'*1 ,+(D3 /O, )T1 D+/+'1+ ('D 6(7+ ( *,+(T 6('3 *+'+,(.1 /O,8 TH+), (,6)+1 ('D P(,T)C0.(,.3 JO1+PH01 TH+ W,)T+, O/ TH+1+ BOO715 1O6+ (CCO0'T O/ H)1 (D6)')1T,(T)O'5
@" AFT%0 this $alamity had .efallen Cestius& many of the most eminent of the Je)s s)am a)ay from the $ity& as from a ship )hen it )as going to sin#/ Costo.arus& therefore& and Saul& )ho )ere .rethren& together )ith *hilip& the son of Ja$imus& )ho )as the $ommander of #ing Agrippa2s for$es& ran a)ay from the $ity& and )ent to Cestius" But then ho) Antipas& )ho had .een .esieged )ith them in the #ing2s pala$e& .ut )ould not fly a)ay )ith them& )as after)ard slain .y the seditious& )e shall relate hereafter" Ho)ever& Cestius sent Saul and his friends& at their o)n desire& to A$haia& to 1ero& to inform him of the great distress they )ere in& and to lay the .lame of their #indling the )ar upon Florus& as hoping to alleviate his o)n danger& .y provo#ing his indignation against Florus" A" In the mean time& the people of 'amas$us& )hen they )ere informed of the destru$tion of the 0omans& set a.out the slaughter of those Je)s that )ere among them/ and as they had them already $ooped up together in the pla$e of pu.li$ e er$ises& )hi$h they had done out of the suspi$ion they had of them& they thought they should meet )ith no diffi$ulty in the attempt/ yet did they distrust their o)n )ives& )hi$h )ere almost all of them addi$ted to the Je)ish religion/ on )hi$h a$$ount it )as that their greatest $on$ern )as& ho) they might $on$eal these things from them/ so they $ame upon the Je)s& and $ut their throats& as .eing in a narro) pla$e& in num.er ten thousand& and all of them unarmed& and this in one hour2s time& )ithout any .ody to distur. them" B" But as to those )ho had pursued after Cestius& )hen they )ere returned .a$# to Jerusalem& they over.ore some of those that favored the 0omans .y violen$e& and some them persuaded +.y entreaties, to 7oin )ith them& and got together in great num.ers in the temple& and appointed a great many generals for the )ar" Joseph also& the son of (orion& ;B@> and Ananus the high priest& )ere $hosen as governors of all affairs )ithin the $ity& and )ith a parti$ular $harge to repair the )alls of the $ity/ for they did not ordain %lea?ar the son of Simon to that offi$e& although he had gotten into his possession the prey they had ta#en from the 0omans& and the money they had ta#en from Cestius& together )ith a great part of the pu.li$ treasures& .e$ause they sa) he )as of a tyranni$al temper& and that his follo)ers )ere& in their .ehavior& li#e guards a.out him" Ho)ever& the )ant they )ere in of %lea?ar2s money& and the su.tle tri$#s used .y him& .rought all so a.out& that the people )ere $ir$umvented& and su.mitted themselves to his authority in all pu.li$ affairs" <" They also $hose other generals for Idumea/ Jesus& the son of Sapphias& one of the high priests/ and

%lea?ar& the son of Ananias& the high priest/ they also en7oined 1iger& the then governor of Idumea& ;BA> )ho )as of a family that .elonged to *erea& .eyond Jordan& and )as then$e $alled the *eraite& that he should .e o.edient to those fore-named $ommanders" 1or did they negle$t the $are of other parts of the $ountry/ .ut Joseph the son of Simon )as sent as general to Jeri$ho& as )as -anasseh to *erea& and John& the %ss$ue& to the topar$hy of Thamna/ 4ydda )as also added to his portion& and Joppa& and %mmaus" But John& the son of -atthias& )as made governor of the topar$hies of (ophniti$a and A$ra.attene/ as )as Josephus& the son of -atthias& of .oth the (alilees" (amala also& )hi$h )as the strongest $ity in those parts& )as put under his $ommand" C" So every one of the other $ommanders administered the affairs of his portion )ith that ala$rity and pruden$e they )ere masters of/ .ut as to Josephus& )hen he $ame into (alilee& his first $are )as to gain the good-)ill of the people of that $ountry& as sensi.le that he should there.y have in general good su$$ess& although he should fail in other points" And .eing $ons$ious to himself that if he $ommuni$ated part of his po)er to the great men& he should ma#e them his fast friends/ and that he should gain the same favor from the multitude& if he e e$uted his $ommands .y persons of their o)n $ountry& and )ith )hom they )ere )ell a$6uainted/ he $hose out seventy of the most prudent men& and those elders in age& and appointed them to .e rulers of all (alilee& as he $hose seven 7udges in every $ity to hear the lesser 6uarrels/ for as to the greater $auses& and those )herein life and death )ere $on$erned& he en7oined they should .e .rought to him and the seventy ;BB> elders" D" Josephus also& )hen he had settled these rules for determining $auses .y the la)& )ith regard to the people2s dealings one )ith another& .etoo# himself to ma#e provisions for their safety against e ternal violen$e/ and as he #ne) the 0omans )ould fall upon (alilee& he .uilt )alls in proper pla$es a.out Jotapata& and Bersa.ee& and Selamis/ and .esides these& a.out Caphare$$ho& and Japha& and Sigo& and )hat they $all -ount Ta.or& and Tari$hee& and Ti.erias" -oreover& he .uilt )alls a.out the $aves near the la#e of (ennesar& )hi$h pla$es lay in the 4o)er (alilee/ the same he did to the pla$es of 5pper (alilee& as )ell as to the ro$# $alled the 0o$# of the A$ha.ari& and to Seph& and Jamnith& and -eroth/ and in (aulonitis he fortified Seleu$ia& and Sogane& and (amala/ .ut as to those of Sepphoris& they )ere the only people to )hom he gave leave to .uild their o)n )alls& and this .e$ause he per$eived they )ere ri$h and )ealthy& and ready to go to )ar& )ithout standing in need of any in7un$tions for that purpose" The $ase )as the same )ith (is$hala& )hi$h had a )all .uilt a.out it .y John the son of 4evi himself& .ut )ith the $onsent of Josephus/ .ut for the .uilding of the rest of the fortresses& he la.ored together )ith all the other .uilders& and )as present to give all the ne$essary orders for that purpose" He also got together an army out of (alilee& of more than a hundred thousand young men& all of )hi$h he armed )ith the old )eapons )hi$h he had $olle$ted together and prepared for them" H" And )hen he had $onsidered that the 0oman po)er .e$ame invin$i.le& $hiefly .y their readiness in o.eying orders& and the $onstant e er$ise of their arms& he despaired of tea$hing these his men the use of their arms& )hi$h )as to .e o.tained .y e perien$e/ .ut o.serving that their readiness in o.eying orders )as o)ing to the multitude of their offi$ers& he made his partitions in his army more after the 0oman manner& and appointed a great many su.alterns" He also distri.uted the soldiers into various $lasses& )hom he put under $aptains of tens& and $aptains of hundreds& and then under $aptains of thousands/ and .esides these& he had $ommanders of larger .odies of men" He also taught them to give the signals one to another& and to $all and re$all the soldiers .y the trumpets& ho) to e pand the )ings of an army& and ma#e them )heel a.out/ and )hen one )ing hath had su$$ess& to turn again and assist those that )ere hard set& and to 7oin in the defense of )hat had most suffered" He also $ontinually instru$ted them ill )hat $on$erned the $ourage of the soul& and the hardiness of the .ody/ and& a.ove all& he e er$ised them for )ar& .y de$laring to them distin$tly the good order of the 0omans& and that they )ere to fight )ith men )ho& .oth .y the strength of their .odies and $ourage of their souls& had $on6uered in a manner the )hole ha.ita.le earth" He told them that he should ma#e trial of the good order they )ould o.serve in )ar& even .efore it $ame to any .attle& in $ase they )ould a.stain from the $rimes they used to indulge themselves in& su$h as theft& and ro..ery& and rapine& and from defrauding their o)n $ountrymen& and never to esteem the harm done to those that )ere so near of #in to them to .e any advantage to themselves/ for that )ars are then managed the .est )hen the )arriors preserve a

good $ons$ien$e/ .ut that su$h as are ill men in private life )ill not only have those for enemies )hi$h atta$# them& .ut (od himself also for their antagonist" G" And thus did he $ontinue to admonish them" 1o) he $hose for the )ar su$h an army as )as suffi$ient& i"e" si ty thousand footmen& and t)o hundred and fifty horsemen/ ;B<> and .esides these& on )hi$h he put the greatest trust& there )ere a.out four thousand five hundred mer$enaries/ he had also si hundred men as guards of his .ody" 1o) the $ities easily maintained the rest of his army& e $epting the mer$enaries& for every one of the $ities enumerated a.ove sent out half their men to the army& and retained the other half at home& in order to get provisions for them/ insomu$h that the one part )ent to the )ar& and the other part to their )or#& and so those that sent out their $orn )ere paid for it .y those that )ere in arms& .y that se$urity )hi$h they en7oyed from them" +'D'OT+1 ;B@> From this name of Joseph the son of (orion& or (orion the son of Joseph& as B" I8" $h" B" se$t" M& one of the governors of Jerusalem& )ho )as slain at the .eginning of the tumults .y the ?ealots& B" I8" $h" D" se$t" @& the mu$h later Je)ish author of a history of that nation ta#es his title& and yet personates our true Josephus& the son of -atthias/ .ut the $heat is too gross to .e put upon the learned )orld" ;BA> We may o.serve here& that the Idumeans& as having .een proselytes of 7usti$e sin$e the days of John Hyr$anus& during a.out one hundred and ninety-five years& )ere no) esteemed as part of the Je)ish nation& and these provided of a Je)ish $ommander a$$ordingly" See the note upon Anti6" B" FIII"" $h" M" se$t" @" ;BB> We see here& and in Josephus2s a$$ount of his o)n life& se$t" @<& ho) e a$tly he imitated his legislator -oses& or perhaps only o.eyed )hat he too# to .e his perpetual la)& in appointing seven lesser 7udges& for smaller $auses& in parti$ular $ities& and perhaps for the first hearing of greater $auses& )ith the li.erty of an appeal to seventy-one supreme 7udges& espe$ially in those $auses )here life and death )ere $on$erned/ as Anti6" B" I8" $h" G" se$t" @</ and of his 4ife& se$t" @<" See also Of the War& B" I8" $h" C" se$t" <" -oreover& )e find& se$t" H& that he imitated -oses& as )ell as the 0omans& in the num.er and distri.ution of the su.altern offi$ers of his army& as % oL@GEAC/ 'euL@E@C/ and in his $harge against the offenses $ommon among soldiers& as 'euL@BEM/ in all )hi$h he sho)ed his great )isdom and piety& and s#illful $ondu$t in martial affairs" !et may )e dis$ern in his very high $hara$ter of Artanus the high priest& B" I8" $h" C" se$t" A& )ho seems to have .een the same )ho $ondemned St" James& .ishop of Jerusalem& to .e stoned& under Al.inus the pro$urator& that )hen he )rote these .oo#s of the War& he )as not so mu$h as an %.ionite Christian/ other)ise he )ould not have failed& a$$ording to his usual $ustom& to have re$#oned this his .ar.arous murder as a 7ust punishment upon him for that his $ruelty to the $hief& or rather only Christian .ishop of the $ir$um$ision" 1or& had he .een then a Christian& $ould he immediately have spo#en so movingly of the $auses of the destru$tion of Jerusalem& )ithout one )ord of either the $ondemnation of James& or $ru$ifi ion of Christ& as he did )hen he )as .e$ome a Christian after)ard" ;B<> I should thin# that an army of si ty thousand footmen should re6uire many more than t)o hundred and fifty horsemen/ and )e find Josephus had more horsemen under his $ommand than t)o hundred and fifty in his future history" I suppose the num.er of the thousands is dropped in our present $opies"

CH(PT+, 21
CO'C+,')'* JOH' O/ *)CH(.(5 JO1+PH01 01+1 1T,(T(*+61 (*()'1T TH+ P.OT1 JOH' .()D (*()'1T H)6 ('D ,+CO-+,1 C+,T()' C)T)+1 WH)CH H(D ,+-O.T+D /,O6 H)65

@" 1OW as Josephus )as thus engaged in the administration of the affairs of (alilee& there arose a trea$herous person& a man of (is$hala& the son of 4evi& I)hose name )as John" His $hara$ter )as that of a very $unning and very #navish person& .eyond the ordinary rate of the other men of eminen$e there& and for )i$#ed pra$ti$es he had not his fello) any )here" *oor he )as at first& and for a long time his )ants )ere a hinderan$e to him in his )i$#ed designs" He )as a ready liar& and yet very sharp in gaining $redit to his fi$tionsE he thought it a point of virtue to delude people& and )ould delude even su$h as )ere the dearest to him" He )as a hypo$riti$al pretender to humanity& .ut )here he had hopes of gain& he spared not the shedding of .loodE his desires )ere ever $arried to great things& and he en$ouraged his hopes from those mean )i$#ed tri$#s )hi$h he )as the author of" He had a pe$uliar #na$# at thieving/ .ut in some time he got $ertain $ompanions in his impudent pra$ti$es/ at first they )ere .ut fe)& .ut as he pro$eeded on in his evil $ourse& they .e$ame still more and more numerous" He too# $are that none of his partners should .e easily $aught in their rogueries& .ut $hose su$h out of the rest as had the strongest $onstitutions of .ody& and the greatest $ourage of soul& together )ith great s#ill in martial affairs/ as he got together a .and of four hundred men& )ho $ame prin$ipally out of the $ountry of Tyre& and )ere vaga.onds that had run a)ay from its villages/ and .y the means of these he laid )aste all (alilee& and irritated a $onsidera.le num.er& )ho )ere in great e pe$tation of a )ar then suddenly to arise among them" A" Ho)ever& John2s )ant of money had hitherto restrained him in his am.ition after $ommand& and in his attempts to advan$e himself" But )hen he sa) that Josephus )as highly pleased )ith the a$tivity of his temper& he persuaded him& in the first pla$e& to intrust him )ith the repairing of the )alls of his native $ity& +(is$hala&, in )hi$h )or# he got a great deal of money from the ri$h $iti?ens" He after that $ontrived a very shre)d tri$#& and pretending that the Je)s )ho d)elt in Syria )ere o.liged to ma#e use of oil that )as made .y others than those of their o)n nation& he desired leave of Josephus to send oil to their .orders/ so he .ought four amphorae )ith su$h Tyrian money as )as of the value of four Atti$ dra$hmae& and sold every half-amphora at the same pri$e" And as (alilee )as very fruitful in oil& and )as pe$uliarly so at that time& .y sending a)ay great 6uantities& and having the sole privilege so to do& he gathered an immense sum of money together& )hi$h money he immediately used to the disadvantage of him )ho gave him that privilege/ and& as he supposed& that if he $ould on$e overthro) Josephus& he should himself o.tain the government of (alilee/ so he gave orders to the ro..ers that )ere under his $ommand to .e more ?ealous in their thievish e peditions& that .y the rise of many that desired innovations in the $ountry& he might either $at$h their general in his snares& as he $ame to the $ountry2s assistan$e& and then #ill him/ or if he should overloo# the ro..ers& he might a$$use him for his negligen$e to the people of the $ountry" He also spread a.road a report far and near that Josephus )as delivering up the administration of affairs to the 0omans/ and many su$h plots did he lay& in order to ruin him" B" 1o) at the same time that $ertain young men of the village 'a.aritta& )ho #ept guard in the (reat *lain laid snares for *tolemy& )ho )as Agrippa2s and Berni$e2s ste)ard& and too# from him all that he had )ith him/ among )hi$h things there )ere a great many $ostly garments& and no small num.er of silver $ups& and si hundred pie$es of gold/ yet )ere they not a.le to $on$eal )hat they had stolen& .ut .rought it all to Josephus& to Tari$hee" Hereupon he .lamed them for the violen$e they had offered to the #ing and 6ueen& and deposited )hat they .rought to him )ith %neas& the most potent man of Tari$heae& )ith an intention of sending the things .a$# to the o)ners at a proper time/ )hi$h a$t of Josephus .rought him into the greatest danger/ for those that had stolen the things had an indignation at him& .oth .e$ause they gained no share of it for themselves& and .e$ause they per$eived .eforehand )hat )as Josephus2s intention& and that he )ould freely deliver up )hat had $ost them so mu$h pains to the #ing and 6ueen" These ran a)ay .y night to their several villages& and de$lared to all men that Josephus )as going to .etray themE they also raised great disorders in all the neigh.oring $ities& insomu$h that in the morning a hundred thousand armed men $ame running together/ )hi$h multitude )as $ro)ded together in the hippodrome at Tari$heae& and made a very peevish $lamor against him/ )hile some $ried out& that they should depose the traitor/ and others& that they should .urn him" 1o) John irritated a great many& as did also one Jesus& the son of Sapphias& )ho )as then governor of Ti.erias" Then it )as that Josephus2s friends& and the guards of his .ody& )ere so

affrighted at this violent assault of the multitude& that they all fled a)ay .ut four/ and as he )as asleep& they a)a#ed him& as the people )ere going to set fire to the house" And although those four that remained )ith him persuaded him to run a)ay& he )as neither surprised at his .eing himself deserted& nor at the great multitude that $ame against him& .ut leaped out to them )ith his $lothes rent& and ashes sprin#led on his head& )ith his hands .ehind him& and his s)ord hanging at his ne$#" At this sight his friends& espe$ially those of Tari$hae& $ommiserated his $ondition/ .ut those that $ame out of the $ountry& and those in their neigh.orhood& to )hom his government seemed .urdensome& reproa$hed him& and .id him produ$e the money )hi$h .elonged to them all immediately& and to $onfess the agreement he had made to .etray them/ for they imagined& from the ha.it in )hi$h he appeared& that he )ould deny nothing of )hat they suspe$ted $on$erning him& and that it )as in order to o.tain pardon that he had put himself entirely into so pitia.le a posture" But this hum.le appearan$e )as only designed as preparatory to a stratagem of his& )ho there.y $ontrived to set those that )ere so angry at him at varian$e one )ith another a.out the things they )ere angry at" Ho)ever& he promised he )ould $onfess allE hereupon he )as permitted to spea#& )hen he said&I I did neither intend to send this money .a$# to Agrippa& nor to gain it myself/ for I did never esteem one that )as your enemy to .e my friend& nor did I loo# upon )hat )ould tend to your disadvantage to .e my advantage" But& O you people of Tariehete& I sa) that your $ity stood in more need than others of fortifi$ations for your se$urity& and that it )anted money in order for the .uilding it a )all" I )as also afraid lest the people of Ti.erias and other $ities should lay a plot to sei?e upon these spoils& and therefore it )as that I intended to retain this money privately& that I might en$ompass you )ith a )all" But if this does not please you& I )ill produ$e )hat )as .rought me& and leave it to you to plunder it/ .ut if I have $ondu$ted myself so )ell as to please you& you may if you please punish your .enefa$tor"I <" Hereupon the people of Tari$heae loudly $ommended him/ .ut those of Ti.erias& )ith the rest of the $ompany& gave him hard names& and threatened )hat they )ould do to him/ so .oth sides left off 6uarrelling )ith Josephus& and fell on 6uarrelling )ith one another" So he gre) .old upon the dependen$e he had on his friends& )hi$h )ere the people of Tari$heae& and a.out forty thousand in num.er& and spa#e more freely to the )hole multitude& and reproa$hed them greatly for their rashness/ and told them& that )ith this money he )ould .uild )alls a.out Tari$heae& and )ould put the other $ities in a state of se$urity also/ for that they should not )ant money& if they )ould .ut agree for )hose .enefit it )as to .e pro$ured& and )ould not suffer themselves to .e irritated against him )ho pro$ured it for them" C" Hereupon the rest of the multitude that had .een deluded retired/ .ut yet so that they )ent a)ay angry& and t)o thousand of them made an assault upon him in their armor/ and as he )as already gone to his o)n house& they stood )ithout and threatened him" On )hi$h o$$asion Josephus again used a se$ond stratagem to es$ape them/ for he got upon the top of his house& and )ith his right hand desired them to .e silent& and said to them& II $annot tell )hat you )ould have& nor $an hear )hat you say& for the $onfused noise you ma#e/I .ut he said that he )ould $omply )ith all their demands& in $ase they )ould .ut send some of their num.er in to him that might tal# )ith him a.out it" And )hen the prin$ipal of them& )ith their leaders& heard this& they $ame into the house" He then dre) them to the most retired part of the house& and shut the door of that hall )here he put them& and then had them )hipped till every one of their in)ard parts appeared na#ed" In the mean time the multitude stood round the house& and supposed that he had a long dis$ourse )ith those that )ere gone in a.out )hat they $laimed of him" He had then the doors set open immediately& and sent the men out all .loody& )hi$h so terri.ly aftrighted those that had .efore threatened him& that they thre) a)ay their arms and ran a)ay" D" But as for John& his envy gre) greater +upon this es$ape of Josephus,& and he framed a ne) plot against him/ he pretended to .e si$#& and .y a letter desired that Josephus )ould give him leave to use the hot .aths that )ere at Ti.erias& for the re$overy of his health" Hereupon Josephus& )ho hitherto suspe$ted nothing of John2s plots against him& )rote to the governors of the $ity& that they )ould provide a lodging and ne$essaries for John/ )hi$h favors& )hen he had made use of& in t)o days2 time he did )hat he $ame a.out/ some he $orrupted )ith delusive frauds& and others )ith money& and so

persuaded them to revolt from Josephus" This Silas& )ho )as appointed guardian of the $ity .y Josephus& )rote to him immediately& and informed him of the plot against him/ )hi$h epistle )hen Josephus had re$eived& he mar$hed )ith great diligen$e all night& and $ame early in the morning to Ti.erias/ at )hi$h time the rest of the multitude met him" But John& )ho suspe$ted that his $oming )as not for his advantage& sent ho)ever one of his friends& and pretended that he )as si$#& and that .eing $onfined to his .ed& he $ould not $ome to pay him his respe$ts" But as soon as Josephus had got the people of Ti.erias together in the stadium& and tried to dis$ourse )ith them a.out the letters that he had re$eived& John privately sent some armed men& and gave them orders to slay him" But )hen the people sa) that the armed men )ere a.out to dra) their s)ords& they $ried out/ at )hi$h $ry Josephus turned himself a.out& and )hen he sa) that the s)ords )ere 7ust at his throat& he mar$hed a)ay in great haste to the sea-shore& and left off that spee$h )hi$h he )as going to ma#e to the people& upon an elevation of si $u.its high" He then sei?ed on a ship )hi$h lay in the haven& and leaped into it& )ith t)o of his guards& and fled a)ay into the midst of the la#e" H" But no) the soldiers he had )ith him too# up their arms immediately& and mar$hed against the plotters/ .ut Josephus )as afraid lest a $ivil )ar should .e raised .y the envy of a fe) men& and .ring the $ity to ruin/ so he sent some of his party to tell them& that they should do no more than provide for their o)n safety/ that they should not #ill any .ody& nor a$$use any for the o$$asion they had afforded +of disorder," A$$ordingly& these men o.eyed his orders& and )ere 6uiet/ .ut the people of the neigh.oring $ountry& )hen they )ere informed of this plot& and of the plotter& they got together in great multitudes to oppose John" But he prevented their attempt& and fled a)ay to (is$hala& his native $ity& )hile the (alileans $ame running out of their several $ities to Josephus/ and as they )ere no) .e$ome many ten thousands of armed men& they $ried out& that they )ere $ome against John the $ommon plotter against their interest& and )ould at the same time .urn him& and that $ity )hi$h had re$eived him" Hereupon Josephus told them that he too# their good-)ill to him #indly& .ut still he restrained their fury& and intended to su.due his enemies .y prudent $ondu$t& rather than .y slaying them/ so he e $epted those of every $ity )hi$h had 7oined in this revolt )ith John& .y name& )ho had readily .een sho)n him .y these that $ame from every $ity& and $aused pu.li$ pro$lamation to .e made& that he )ould sei?e upon the effe$ts of those that did not forsa#e John )ithin five days2 time& and )ould .urn .oth their houses and their families )ith fire" Whereupon three thousand of John2s party left him immediately& )ho $ame to Josephus& and thre) their arms do)n at his feet" John then .etoo# himself& together )ith his t)o thousand Syrian runagates& from open attempts& to more se$ret )ays of trea$hery" A$$ordingly& he privately sent messengers to Jerusalem& to a$$use Josephus& as having to great po)er& and to let them #no) that he )ould soon $ome as a tyrant to their metropolis& unless they prevented him" This a$$usation the people )ere a)are of .eforehand& .ut had no regard to it" Ho)ever& some of the grandees& out of envy& and some of the rulers also& sent money to John privately& that he might .e a.le to get together mer$enary soldiers& in order to fight Josephus/ they also made a de$ree of themselves& and this for re$alling him from his government& yet did they not thin# that de$ree suffi$ient/ so they sent )ithal t)o thousand five hundred armed men& and four persons of the highest ran# amongst them/ Joa?ar the son of 1omi$us& and Ananias the son of Saddu#& as also Simon and Judas the sons of Jonathan& all very a.le men in spea#ing& that these persons might )ithdra) the good-)ill of the people from Josephus" These had it in $harge& that if he )ould voluntarily $ome a)ay& they should permit him to +$ome and, give an a$$ount of his $ondu$t/ .ut if he o.stinately insisted upon $ontinuing in his government& they should treat him as an enemy" 1o) Josephus2s friends had sent him )ord that an army )as $oming against him& .ut they gave him no noti$e .eforehand )hat the reason of their $oming )as& that .eing only #no)n among some se$ret $oun$ils of his enemies/ and .y this means it )as that four $ities revolted from him immediately& Sepphoris& and (amala& and (is$hala& and Ti.erias" !et did he re$over these $ities )ithout )ar/ and )hen he had routed those four $ommanders .y stratagems& and had ta#en the most potent of their )arriors& he sent them to Jerusalem/ and the people +of (alilee, had great indignation at them& and )ere in a ?ealous disposition to slay& not only these for$es& .ut those that sent them also& had not these for$es prevented it .y running a)ay" G" 1o) John )as detained after)ard )ithin the )alls of (is$hala& .y the fear he )as in of Josephus/

.ut )ithin a fe) days Ti.erias revolted again& the people )ithin it inviting #ing Agrippa +to return to the e er$ise of his authority there," And )hen he did not $ome at the time appointed& and )hen a fe) 0oman horsemen appeared that day& they e pelled Josephus out of the $ity" 1o) this revolt of theirs )as presently #no)n at Tari$heae/ and as Josephus had sent out all the soldiers that )ere )ith him to gather $orn& he #ne) not ho) either to mar$h out alone against the revolters& or to stay )here he )as& .e$ause he )as afraid the #ing2s soldiers might prevent him if he tarried& and might get into the $ity/ for he did not intend to do any thing on the ne t day& .e$ause it )as the sa..ath day& and )ould hinder his pro$eeding" So he $ontrived to $ir$umvent the revolters .y a stratagem/ and in the first pla$e he ordered the gates of Tari$heae to .e shut& that no.ody might go out and inform +those of Ti.erias,& for )hom it )as intended& )hat stratagem he )as a.out/ he then got together all the ships that )ere upon the la#e& )hi$h )ere found to .e t)o hundred and thirty& and in ea$h of them he put no more than four mariners" So he sailed to Ti.erias )ith haste& and #ept at su$h a distan$e from the $ity& that it )as not easy for the people to see the vessels& and ordered that the empty vessels should float up and do)n there& )hile himself& )ho had .ut seven of his guards )ith him& and those unarmed also& )ent so near as to .e seen/ .ut )hen his adversaries& )ho )ere still reproa$hing him& sa) him from the )alls& they )ere so astonished that they supposed all the ships )ere full of armed men& and thre) do)n their arms& and .y signals of inter$ession they .esought him to spare the $ity" M" 5pon this Josephus threatened them terri.ly& and reproa$hed them& that )hen they )ere the first that too# up arms against the 0omans& they should spend their for$e .eforehand in $ivil dissensions& and do )hat their enemies desired a.ove all things/ and that .esides they should endeavor so hastily to sei?e upon him& )ho too# $are of their safety& and had not .een ashamed to shut the gates of their $ity against him that .uilt their )alls/ that& ho)ever& he )ould admit of any inter$essors from them that might ma#e some e $use for them& and )ith )hom he )ould ma#e su$h agreements as might .e for the $ity2s se$urity" Hereupon ten of the most potent men of Ti.erias $ame do)n to him presently/ and )hen he had ta#en them into one of his vessels& he ordered them to .e $arried a great )ay off from the $ity" He then $ommanded that fifty others of their senate& su$h as )ere men of the greatest eminen$e& should $ome to him& that they also might give him some se$urity on their .ehalf" After )hi$h& under one ne) pretense or another& he $alled forth others& one after another& to ma#e the leagues .et)een them" He then gave order to the masters of those vessels )hi$h he had thus filled to sail a)ay immediately for Tari$heae& and to $onfine those men in the prison there/ till at length he too# all their senate& $onsisting of si hundred persons& and a.out t)o thousand of the popula$e& and $arried them a)ay to Tari$heae" ;BC> @=" And )hen the rest of the people $ried out& that it )as one Clitus that )as the $hief author of this revolt& they desired him to spend his anger upon him +only,/ .ut Josephus& )hose intention it )as to slay no.ody& $ommanded one 4evius& .elonging to his guards& to go out of the vessel& in order to $ut off .oth Clitus2s hands/ yet )as 4evius afraid to go out .y himself alone to su$h a large .ody of enemies& and refused to go" 1o) Clitus sa) that Josephus )as in a great passion in the ship& and ready to leap out of it& in order to e e$ute the punishment himself/ he .egged therefore from the shore& that he )ould leave him one of his hands/ )hi$h Josephus agreed to& upon $ondition that he )ould himself $utoff the other hand/ a$$ordingly he dre) his s)ord& and )ith his right hand $ut off his left& so great )as the fear he )as in of Josephus himself" And thus he too# the people of Ti.erias prisoners& and re$overed the $ity again )ith empty ships and seven of his guard" -oreover& a fe) days after)ard he retoo# (is$hala& )hi$h had revolted )ith the people of Sepphoris& and gave his soldiers leave to plunder it/ yet did he get all the plunder together& and restored it to the inha.itants/ and the li#e he did to the inha.itants of Sepphoris and Ti.erias" For )hen he had su.dued those $ities& he had a mind& .y letting them .e plundered& to give them some good instru$tion& )hile at the same time he regained their good-)ill .y restoring them their money again" +'D'OT+1 ;BC> I $annot .ut thin# this stratagem of Josephus& )hi$h is related .oth here and in his 4ife& se$t" BA& BB& to .e one of the finest that ever )as invented and e e$uted .y any )arrior )hatsoever"

CH(PT+, 22
TH+ J+W1 6(7+ (.. ,+(D3 /O, TH+ W(,; ('D 1)6O'8 TH+ 1O' O/ *)O,(18 /(..1 TO P.0'D+,)'*5
@" A1' thus )ere the distur.an$es of (alilee 6uieted& )hen& upon their $easing to prose$ute their $ivil dissensions& they .etoo# themselves to ma#e preparations for the )ar )ith the 0omans" 1o) in Jerusalem the high priest Artanus& and do as many of the men of po)er as )ere not in the interest of the 0omans& .oth repaired the )alls& and made a great many )arli#e instruments& insomu$h that in all parts of the $ity darts and all sorts of armor )ere upon the anvil" Although the multitude of the young men )ere engaged in e er$ises& )ithout any regularity& and all pla$es )ere full of tumultuous doings/ yet the moderate sort )ere e $eedingly sad/ and a great many there )ere )ho& out of the prospe$t they had of the $alamities that )ere $oming upon them& made great lamentations" There )ere also su$h omens o.served as )ere understood to .e forerunners of evils .y su$h as loved pea$e& .ut )ere .y those that #indled the )ar interpreted so as to suit their o)n in$linations/ and the very state of the $ity& even .efore the 0omans $ame against it& )as that of a pla$e doomed to destru$tion" Ho)ever& Ananus2s $on$ern )as this& to lay aside& for a )hile& the preparations for the )ar& and to persuade the seditious to $onsult their o)n interest& and to restrain the madness of those that had the name of ?ealots/ .ut their violen$e )as too hard for him/ and )hat end he $ame to )e shall relate hereafter" A" But as for the A$ra..ene topar$hy& Simon& the son of (ioras& got a great num.er of those that )ere fond of innovations together& and .etoo# himself to ravage the $ountry/ nor did he only harass the ri$h men2s houses& .ut tormented their .odies& and appeared openly and .eforehand to affe$t tyranny in his government" And )hen an army )as sent against him .y Artanus& and the other rulers& he and his .and retired to the ro..ers that )ere at -asada& and staid there& and plundered the $ountry of Idumea )ith them& till .oth Ananus and his other adversaries )ere slain/ and until the rulers of that $ountry )ere so affli$ted )ith the multitude of those that )ere slain& and )ith the $ontinual ravage of )hat they had& that they raised an army& and put garrisons into the villages& to se$ure them from those insults" And in this state )ere the affairs of Judea at that time"

The Wars Of The Jews Or The History Of The Destruction Of Jerusalem Book 3
CO'T()')'* TH+ )'T+,-(. O/ (BO0T O'+ 3+(,5 /,O6 -+1P(1)('<1 CO6)'* TO 10BD0+ TH+ J+W1 TO TH+ T(7)'* O/ *(6(.(5

CH(PT+, 1
-+1P(1)(' )1 1+'T )'TO 13,)( B3 '+,O )' O,D+, TO 6(7+ W(, W)TH TH+ J+W15
@" WH%1 1ero )as informed of the 0omans2 ill su$$ess in Judea& a $on$ealed $onsternation and terror& as is usual in su$h $ases& fell upon him/ although he openly loo#ed very .ig& and )as very angry& and said that )hat had happened )as rather o)ing to the negligen$e of the $ommander& than to any valor of the enemyE and as he thought it fit for him& )ho .are the .urden of the )hole empire& to despise su$h misfortunes& he no) pretended so to do& and to have a soul superior to all su$h sad a$$idents )hatsoever" !et did the distur.an$e that )as in his soul plainly appear .y the soli$itude he )as in +ho) to re$over his affairs again," A" And as he )as deli.erating to )hom he should $ommit the $are of the %ast& no) it )as in so great a $ommotion& and )ho might .e .est a.le to punish the Je)s for their re.ellion& and might prevent the same distemper from sei?ing upon the neigh.oring nations also& - he found no one .ut 8espasian e6ual to the tas#& and a.le to undergo the great .urden of so mighty a )ar& seeing he )as gro)ing an old man already in the $amp& and from his youth had .een e er$ised in )arli#e e ploitsE he )as also a man that had long ago pa$ified the )est& and made it su.7e$t to the 0omans& )hen it had .een put into disorder .y the (ermans/ he had also re$overed to them Britain .y his arms& )hi$h had .een little #no)n .efore ;@> )here.y he pro$ured to his father Claudius to have a triumph .esto)ed on him )ithout any s)eat or la.or of his o)n" B" So 1ero esteemed these $ir$umstan$es as favora.le omens& and sa) that 8espasian2s age gave him sure e perien$e& and great s#ill& and that he had his sons as hostages for his fidelity to himself& and that the flourishing age they )ere in )ould ma#e them fit instruments under their father2s pruden$e" *erhaps also there )as some interposition of *roviden$e& )hi$h )as paving the )ay for 8espasian2s .eing himself emperor after)ards" 5pon the )hole& he sent this man to ta#e upon him the $ommand of the armies that )ere in Syria/ .ut this not )ithout great en$omiums and flattering $ompellations& su$h as ne$essity re6uired& and su$h as might mollify him into $omplaisan$e" So 8espasian sent his son Titus from A$haia& )here he had .een )ith 1ero& to Ale andria& to .ring .a$# )ith him from then$e the fifth and" the tenth legions& )hile he himself& )hen he had passed over the Hellespont& $ame .y land into Syria& )here he gathered together the 0oman for$es& )ith a $onsidera.le num.er of au iliaries from the #ings in that neigh.orhood" +'D'OT+1 ;@> Ta#e the $onfirmation of this in the )ords of Suetonius& here produ$ed .y 'r" HudsonE IIn the

reign of Claudius&I says he& I8espasian& for the sa#e of 1ar$issus& )as sent as a lieutenant of a legion into (ermany" Then$e he removed into Britain I .attles )ith the enemy"I In 8esp" se$t" <" We may also here note from Josephus& that Claudius the emperor& )ho triumphed for the $on6uest of Britain& )as ena.led so to do .y 8espasian2s $ondu$t and .ravery& and that he is here styled Ithe father of 8espasian"I

CH(PT+, 2
( *,+(T 1.(0*HT+, (BO0T (1C(.O'5 -+1P(1)(' CO6+1 TO PTO.+6()15
@" 1o) the Je)s& after they had .eaten Cestius& )ere so mu$h elevated )ith their une pe$ted su$$ess& that they $ould not govern their ?eal& .ut& li#e people .lo)n up into a flame .y their good fortune& $arried the )ar to remoter pla$es" A$$ordingly& they presently got together a great multitude of all their most hardy soldiers& and mar$hed a)ay for As$alon" This is an an$ient $ity that is distant from Jerusalem five hundred and t)enty furlongs& and )as al)ays an enemy to the Je)s/ on )hi$h a$$ount they determined to ma#e their first effort against it& and to ma#e their approa$hes to it as near as possi.le" This e $ursion )as led on .y three men& )ho )ere the $hief of them all& .oth for strength and saga$ity/ 1iger& $alled the *ersite& Silas of Ba.ylon& and .esides them John the %ssene" 1o) As$alon )as strongly )alled a.out& .ut had almost no assistan$e to .e relied on +near them,& for the garrison $onsisted of one $ohort of footmen& and one troop of horsemen& )hose $aptain )as Antonius" A" These Je)s& therefore& out of their anger& mar$hed faster than ordinary& and& as if they had $ome .ut a little )ay& approa$hed very near the $ity& and )ere $ome even to it/ .ut Antonius& )ho )as not unappri?ed of the atta$# they )ere going to ma#e upon the $ity& dre) out his horsemen .eforehand& and .eing neither daunted at the multitude& nor at the $ourage of the enemy& re$eived their first atta$#s )ith great .ravery/ and )hen they $ro)ded to the very )alls& he .eat them off" 1o) the Je)s )ere uns#illful in )ar& .ut )ere to fight )ith those )ho )ere s#illful therein/ they )ere footmen to fight )ith horsemen/ they )ere in disorder& to fight those that )ere united together/ they )ere poorly armed& to fight those that )ere $ompletely so/ they )ere to fight more .y their rage than .y so.er $ounsel& and )ere e posed to soldiers that )ere e a$tly o.edient/ and did every thing they )ere .idden upon the least intimation" So they )ere easily .eaten/ for as soon as ever their first ran#s )ere on$e in disorder& they )ere put to flight .y the enemy2s $avalry& and those of them that $ame .ehind su$h as $ro)ded to the )all fell upon their o)n party2s )eapons& and .e$ame one another2s enemies/ and this so long till they )ere all for$ed to give )ay to the atta$#s of the horsemen& and )ere dispersed all the plain over& )hi$h plain )as )ide& and all fit for the horsemen/ )hi$h $ir$umstan$e )as very $ommodious for the 0omans& and o$$asioned the slaughter of the greatest num.er of the Je)s/ for su$h as ran a)ay& they $ould overrun them& and ma#e them turn .a$#/ and )hen they had .rought them .a$# after their flight& and driven them together& they ran them through& and sle) a vast num.er of them& insomu$h that others en$ompassed others of them& and drove them .efore them )hithersoever they turned themselves& and sle) them easily )ith their arro)s/ and the great num.er there )ere of the Je)s seemed a solitude to themselves& .y reason of the distress they )ere in& )hile the 0omans had su$h good su$$ess )ith their small num.er& that they seemed to themselves to .e the greater multitude" And as the former strove ?ealously under their misfortunes& out of the shame of a sudden flight& and hopes of the $hange in their su$$ess& so did the latter feel no )eariness .y reason of their good fortune/ insomu$h that the fight lasted till the evening& till ten thousand men of the Je)s2 side lay dead& )ith t)o of their generals& John and Silas& and the greater part of the remainder )ere )ounded& )ith 1iger& their remaining general& )ho fled a)ay together to a small $ity of Idumea& $alled Sallis" Some fe) also of the 0omans )ere )ounded in this .attle" B" !et )ere not the spirits of the Je)s .ro#en .y so great a $alamity& .ut the losses they had sustained

rather 6ui$#ened their resolution for other attempts/ for& overloo#ing the dead .odies )hi$h lay under their feet& they )ere enti$ed .y their former glorious a$tions to venture on a se$ond destru$tion/ so )hen they had lain still so little a )hile that their )ounds )ere not yet thoroughly $ured& they got together all their for$es& and $ame )ith greater fury& and in mu$h greater num.ers& to As$alon" But their former ill fortune follo)ed them& as the $onse6uen$e of their uns#ilfulness& and other defi$ien$ies in )ar/ for Antonius laid am.ushes for them in the passages they )ere to go through& )here they fell into snares une pe$tedly& and )here they )ere en$ompassed a.out )ith horsemen& .efore they $ould form themselves into a regular .ody for fighting& and )ere a.ove eight thousand of them slain/ so all the rest of them ran a)ay& and )ith them 1iger& )ho still did a great many .old e ploits in his flight" Ho)ever& they )ere driven along together .y the enemy& )ho pressed hard upon them& into a $ertain strong to)er .elonging to a village $alled Be?edeh Ho)ever& Antonius and his party& that they might neither spend any $onsidera.le time a.out this to)er& )hi$h )as hard to .e ta#en& nor suffer their $ommander& and the most $ourageous man of them all& to es$ape from them& they set the )all on fire/ and as the to)er )as .urning& the 0omans )ent a)ay re7oi$ing& as ta#ing it for granted that 1iger )as destroyed/ .ut he leaped out of the to)er into a su.terraneous $ave& in the innermost part of it& and )as preserved/ and on the third day after)ard he spa#e out of the ground to those that )ith great lamentation )ere sear$hing for him& in order to give him a de$ent funeral/ and )hen he )as $ome out& he filled all the Je)s )ith an une pe$ted 7oy& as though he )ere preserved .y (od2s providen$e to .e their $ommander for the time to $ome" <" And no) 8espasian too# along )ith him his army from Antio$h& ;)hi$h is the metropolis of Syria& and )ithout dispute deserves the pla$e of the third $ity in the ha.ita.le earth that )as under the 0oman empire& ;A> .oth in magnitude& and other mar#s of prosperity&> )here he found #ing Agrippa& )ith all his for$es& )aiting for his $oming& and mar$hed to *tolemais" At this $ity also the inha.itants of Sepphoris of (alilee met him& )ho )ere for pea$e )ith the 0omans" These $iti?ens had .eforehand ta#en $are of their o)n safety& and .eing sensi.le of the po)er of the 0omans& they had .een )ith Cestius (allus .efore 8espasian $ame& and had given their faith to him& and re$eived the se$urity of his right hand& and had re$eived a 0oman garrison/ and at this time )ithal they re$eived 8espasian& the 0oman general& very #indly& and readily promised that they )ould assist him against their o)n $ountrymen" 1o) the general delivered them& at their desire& as many horsemen and footmen as he thought suffi$ient to oppose the in$ursions of the Je)s& if they should $ome against them" And indeed the danger of losing Sepphoris )ould .e no small one& in this )ar that )as no) .eginning& seeing it )as the largest $ity of (alilee& and .uilt in a pla$e .y nature very strong& and might .e a se$urity of the )hole nation2s +fidelity to the 0omans," +'D'OT+1 ;A> Spanheim and 0eland .oth agree& that the t)o $ities here esteemed greater than Antio$h& the metropolis of Syria& )ere 0ome and Ale andria/ nor is there any o$$asion for dou.t in so plain a $ase"

CH(PT+, 3
( D+1C,)PT)O' OP *(.).++8 1(6(,)(8 ('D J0D+(5
@" 1OW *hoeni$ia and Syria en$ompass a.out the (alilees& )hi$h are t)o& and $alled the 5pper (alilee and the 4o)er" They are .ounded to)ard the sun-setting& )ith the .orders of the territory .elonging to *tolemais& and .y Carmel/ )hi$h mountain had formerly .elonged to the (alileans& .ut no) .elonged to the Tyrians/ to )hi$h mountain ad7oins (a.a& )hi$h is $alled the City of Horsemen& .e$ause those horsemen that )ere dismissed .y Herod the #ing d)elt therein/ they are .ounded on the south )ith Samaria and S$ythopolis& as far as the river Jordan/ on the east )ith Hippeae and (adaris& and also )ith (anlonitis& and the .orders of the #ingdom of Agrippa/ its northern parts are hounded .y Tyre& and the $ountry of the Tyrians" As for that (alilee )hi$h is $alled the 4o)er& it& e tends in

length from Ti.erias to 9a.ulon& and of the maritime pla$es *tolemais is its neigh.or/ its .readth is from the village $alled Faloth& )hi$h lies in the great plain& as far as Bersa.e& from )hi$h .eginning also is ta#en the .readth of the 5pper (alilee& as far as the village Ba$a& )hi$h divides the land of the Tyrians from it/ its length is also from -eloth to Thella& a village near to Jordan" A" These t)o (alilees& of so great largeness& and en$ompassed )ith so many nations of foreigners& have .een al)ays a.le to ma#e a strong resistan$e on all o$$asions of )ar/ for the (alileans are inured to )ar from their infan$y& and have .een al)ays very numerous/ nor hath the $ountry .een ever destitute of men of $ourage& or )anted a numerous set of them/ for their soil is universally ri$h and fruitful& and full of the plantations of trees of all sorts& insomu$h that it invites the most slothful to ta#e pains in its $ultivation& .y its fruitfulness/ a$$ordingly& it is all $ultivated .y its inha.itants& and no part of it lies idle" -oreover& the $ities lie here very thi$#& and the very many villages there are here are every )here so full of people& .y the ri$hness of their soil& that the very least of them $ontain a.ove fifteen thousand inha.itants" B" In short& if any one )ill suppose that (alilee is inferior to *erea in magnitude& he )ill .e o.liged to prefer it .efore it in its strength/ for this is all $apa.le of $ultivation& and is every )here fruitful/ .ut for *erea& )hi$h is indeed mu$h larger in e tent& the greater part of it is desert and rough& and mu$h less disposed for the produ$tion of the milder #inds of fruits/ yet hath it a moist soil +in other parts,& and produ$es all #inds of fruits& and its plains are planted )ith trees of all sorts& )hile yet the olive tree& the vine& and the palm tree are $hiefly $ultivated there" It is also suffi$iently )atered )ith torrents& )hi$h issue out of the mountains& and )ith springs that never fail to run& even )hen the torrents fail them& as they do in the dog-days" 1o) the length of *erea is from -a$herus to *ella& and its .readth from *hiladelphia to Jordan/ its northern parts are .ounded .y *ella& as )e have already said& as )ell as its Western )ith Jordan/ the land of -oa. is its southern .order& and its eastern limits rea$h to Ara.ia& and Sil.onitis& and .esides to *hiladelphene and (erasa" <" 1o) as to the $ountry of Samaria& it lies .et)een Judea and (alilee/ it .egins at a village that is in the great plain $alled (inea& and ends at the A$ra..ene topar$hy& and is entirely of the same nature )ith Judea/ for .oth $ountries are made up of hills and valleys& and are moist enough for agri$ulture& and are very fruitful" They have a.undan$e of trees& and are full of autumnal fruit& .oth that )hi$h gro)s )ild& and that )hi$h is the effe$t of $ultivation" They are not naturally )atered .y many rivers& .ut derive their $hief moisture from rain-)ater& of )hi$h they have no )ant/ and for those rivers )hi$h they have& all their )aters are e $eeding s)eetE .y reason also of the e $ellent grass they have& their $attle yield more mil# than do those in other pla$es/ and& )hat is the greatest sign of e $ellen$y and of a.undan$e& they ea$h of them are very full of people" C" In the limits of Samaria and Judea lies the village Anuath& )hi$h is also named Bor$eos" This is the northern .oundary of Judea" The southern parts of Judea& if they .e measured length)ays& are .ounded .y a 8illage ad7oining to the $onfines of Ara.ia/ the Je)s that d)ell there $all it Jordan" Ho)ever& its .readth is e tended from the river Jordan to Joppa" The $ity Jerusalem is situated in the very middle/ on )hi$h a$$ount some have& )ith saga$ity enough& $alled that $ity the 1avel of the $ountry" 1or indeed is Judea destitute of su$h delights as $ome from the sea& sin$e its maritime pla$es e tend as far as *tolemaisE it )as parted into eleven portions& of )hi$h the royal $ity Jerusalem )as the supreme& and presided over all the neigh.oring $ountry& as the head does over the .ody" As to the other $ities that )ere inferior to it& they presided over their several topar$hies/ (ophna )as the se$ond of those $ities& and ne t to that A$ra.atta& after them Thamna& and 4ydda& and %mmaus& and *ella& and Idumea& and %ngaddi& and Herodium& and Jeri$ho/ and after them $ame Jamnia and Joppa& as presiding over the neigh.oring people/ and .esides these there )as the region of (amala& and (aulonitis& and Batanea& and Tra$honitis& )hi$h are also parts of the #ingdom of Agrippa" This +last, $ountry .egins at -ount 4i.anus& and the fountains of Jordan& and rea$hes .readth)ays to the la#e of Ti.erias/ and in length is e tended from a village $alled Arpha& as far as Julias" Its inha.itants are a mi ture of Je)s and Syrians" And thus have I& )ith all possi.le .revity& des$ri.ed the $ountry of Judea& and those that lie round a.out it"

CH(PT+,
JO1+PH01 6(7+1 (' (TT+6PT 0PO' 1+PPHO,)1 B0T )1 ,+P+..+D5 T)T01 CO6+1 W)TH ( *,+(T (,63 TO PTO.+6()15
@" 1OW the au iliaries )hi$h )ere sent to assist the people of Sepphoris& .eing a thousand horsemen& and si thousand footmen& under *la$idus the tri.une& pit$hed their $amp in t)o .odies in the great plain" The foot )ere put into the $ity to .e a guard to it& .ut the horse lodged a.road in the $amp" These last& .y mar$hing $ontinually one )ay or other& and overrunning the parts of the ad7oining $ountry& )ere very trou.lesome to Josephus and his men/ they also plundered all the pla$es that )ere out of the $ity2s li.erty& and inter$epted su$h as durst go a.road" On this a$$ount it )as that Josephus mar$hed against the $ity& as hoping to ta#e )hat he had lately en$ompassed )ith so strong a )all& .efore they revolted from the rest of the (alileans& that the 0omans )ould have mu$h ado to ta#e it/ .y )hi$h means he proved too )ea#& and failed of his hopes& .oth as to the for$ing the pla$e& and as to his prevailing )ith the people of Sepphoris to deliver it up to him" By this means he provo#ed the 0omans to treat the $ountry a$$ording to the la) of )ar/ nor did the 0omans& out of the anger they .ore at this attempt& leave off& either .y night or .y day& .urning the pla$es in the plain& and stealing a)ay the $attle that )ere in the $ountry& and #illing )hatsoever appeared $apa.le of fighting perpetually& and leading the )ea#er people as slaves into $aptivity/ so that (alilee )as all over filled )ith fire and .lood/ nor )as it e empted from any #ind of misery or $alamity& for the only refuge they had )as this& that )hen they )ere pursued& they $ould retire to the $ities )hi$h had )alls .uilt them .y Josephus" A" But as to Titus& he sailed over from A$haia to Ale andria& and that sooner than the )inter season did usually permit/ so he too# )ith him those for$es he )as sent for& and mar$hing )ith great e pedition& he $ame suddenly to *tolemais& and there finding his father& together )ith the t)o legions& the fifth and the tenth& )hi$h )ere the most eminent legions of all& he 7oined them to that fifteenth legion )hi$h )as )ith his father/ eighteen $ohorts follo)ed these legions/ there $ame also five $ohorts from Cesarea& )ith one troop of horsemen& and five other troops of horsemen from Syria" 1o) these ten $ohorts had severally a thousand footmen& .ut the other thirteen $ohorts had no more than si hundred footmen apie$e& )ith a hundred and t)enty horsemen" There )ere also a $onsidera.le num.er of au iliaries got together& that $ame from the #ings Antio$hus& and Agrippa& and Sohemus& ea$h of them $ontri.uting one thousand footmen that )ere ar$hers& and a thousand horsemen" -al$hus also& the #ing of Ara.ia& sent a thousand horsemen& .esides five thousand footmen& the greatest part of )hi$h )ere ar$hers/ so that the )hole army& in$luding the au iliaries sent .y the #ings& as )ell horsemen as footmen& )hen all )ere united together& amounted to si ty thousand& .esides the servants& )ho& as they follo)ed in vast num.ers& so .e$ause they had .een trained up in )ar )ith the rest& ought not to .e distinguished from the fighting men/ for as they )ere in their masters2 servi$e in times of pea$e& so did they undergo the li#e dangers )ith them in times of )ar& insomu$h that they )ere inferior to none& either in s#ill or in strength& only they )ere su.7e$t to their masters"

CH(PT+, !
( D+1C,)PT)O' O/ TH+ ,O6(' (,6)+1 ('D ,O6(' C(6P1 ('D O/ OTH+, P(,T)C0.(,1 /O, WH)CH TH+ ,O6('1 (,+ CO66+'D+D5
@" 1OW here one $annot .ut admire at the pre$aution of the 0omans& in providing themselves of su$h household servants& as might not only serve at other times for the $ommon offi$es of life& .ut might also .e of advantage to them in their )ars" And& indeed& if any one does .ut attend to the other parts of their military dis$ipline& he )ill .e for$ed to $onfess that their o.taining so large a dominion hath .een

the a$6uisition of their valor& and not the .are gift of fortune/ for they do not .egin to use their )eapons first in time of )ar& nor do they then put their hands first into motion& )hile they avoided so to do in times of pea$e/ .ut& as if their )eapons did al)ays $ling to them& they have never any tru$e from )arli#e e er$ises/ nor do they stay till times of )ar admonish them to use them/ for their military e er$ises differ not at all from the real use of their arms& .ut every soldier is every day e er$ised& and that )ith great diligen$e& as if it )ere in time of )ar& )hi$h is the reason )hy they .ear the fatigue of .attles so easily/ for neither $an any disorder remove them from their usual regularity& nor $an fear affright them out of it& nor $an la.or tire them/ )hi$h firmness of $ondu$t ma#es them al)ays to over$ome those that have not the same firmness/ nor )ould he .e mista#en that should $all those their e er$ises un.loody .attles& and their .attles .loody e er$ises" 1or $an their enemies easily surprise them )ith the suddenness of their in$ursions/ for as soon as they have mar$hed into an enemy2s land& they do not .egin to fight till they have )alled their $amp a.out/ nor is the fen$e they raise rashly made& or uneven/ nor do they all a.ide ill it& nor do those that are in it ta#e their pla$es at random/ .ut if it happens that the ground is uneven& it is first leveledE their $amp is also four-s6uare .y measure& and $arpenters are ready& in great num.ers& )ith their tools& to ere$t their .uildings for them" ;B> A" As for )hat is )ithin the $amp& it is set apart for tents& .ut the out)ard $ir$umferen$e hath the resem.lan$e to a )all& and is adorned )ith to)ers at e6ual distan$es& )here .et)een the to)ers stand the engines for thro)ing arro)s and darts& and for slinging stones& and )here they lay all other engines that $an annoy the enemy& all ready for their several operations" They also ere$t four gates& one at every side of the $ir$umferen$e& and those large enough for the entran$e of the .easts& and )ide enough for ma#ing e $ursions& if o$$asion should re6uire" They divide the $amp )ithin into streets& very $onveniently& and pla$e the tents of the $ommanders in the middle/ .ut in the very midst of all is the general2s o)n tent& in the nature of a temple& insomu$h& that it appears to .e a $ity .uilt on the sudden& )ith its mar#et-pla$e& and pla$e for handi$raft trades& and )ith seats for the offi$ers superior and inferior& )here& if any differen$es arise& their $auses are heard and determined" The $amp& and all that is in it& is en$ompassed )ith a )all round a.out& and that sooner than one )ould imagine& and this .y the multitude and the s#ill of the la.orers/ and& if o$$asion re6uire& a tren$h is dra)n round the )hole& )hose depth is four $u.its& and its .readth e6ual" B" When they have thus se$ured themselves& they live together .y $ompanies& )ith 6uietness and de$en$y& as are all their other affairs managed )ith good order and se$urity" %a$h $ompany hath also their )ood& and their $orn& and their )ater .rought them& )hen they stand in need of them/ for they neither sup nor dine as they please themselves singly& .ut all together" Their times also for sleeping& and )at$hing& and rising are notified .eforehand .y the sound of trumpets& nor is any thing done )ithout su$h a signal/ and in the morning the soldiery go every one to their $enturions& and these $enturions to their tri.unes& to salute them/ )ith )hom all the superior offi$ers go to the general of the )hole army& )ho then gives them of $ourse the )at$h)ord and other orders& to .e .y them $ared to all that are under their $ommand/ )hi$h is also o.served )hen they go to fight& and there.y they turn themselves a.out on the sudden& )hen there is o$$asion for ma#ing sallies& as they $ome .a$# )hen they are re$alled in $ro)ds also" <" 1o) )hen they are to go out of their $amp& the trumpet gives a sound& at )hi$h time no.ody lies still& .ut at the first intimation they ta#e do)n their tents& and all is made ready for their going out/ then do the trumpets sound again& to order them to get ready for the mar$h/ then do they lay their .aggage suddenly upon their mules& and other .easts of .urden& and stand& as at the pla$e of starting& ready to mar$h/ )hen also they set fire to their $amp& and this they do .e$ause it )ill .e easy for them to ere$t another $amp& and that it may not ever .e of use to their enemies" Then do the trumpets give a sound the third time& that they are to go out& in order to e $ite those that on any a$$ount are a little tardy& that so no one may .e out of his ran# )hen the army mar$hes" Then does the $rier stand at the general2s right hand& and as#s them thri$e& in their o)n tongue& )hether they .e no) ready to go out to )ar or notK To )hi$h they reply as often& )ith a loud and $heerful voi$e& saying& IWe are ready"I And this they do almost .efore the 6uestion is as#ed themE they do this as filled )ith a #ind of martial fury& and at the same time that they so $ry out& they lift up their right hands also"

C" When& after this& they are gone out of their $amp& they all mar$h )ithout noise& and in a de$ent manner& and every one #eeps his o)n ran#& as if they )ere going to )ar" The footmen are armed )ith .reastplates and head-pie$es& and have s)ords on ea$h side/ .ut the s)ord )hi$h is upon their left side is mu$h longer than the other& for that on the right side is not longer than a span" Those foot-men also that are $hosen out from the rest to .e a.out the general himself have a lan$e and a .u$#ler& .ut the rest of the foot soldiers have a spear and a long .u$#ler& .esides a sa) and a .as#et& a pi$#-a e and an a e& a thong of leather and a hoo#& )ith provisions for three days& so that a footman hath no great need of a mule to $arry his .urdens" The horsemen have a long s)ord on their right sides& a ed a long pole in their hand/ a shield also lies .y them o.li6uely on one side of their horses& )ith three or more darts that are .orne in their 6uiver& having .road points& and not smaller than spears" They have also headpie$es and .reastplates& in li#e manner as have all the footmen" And for those that are $hosen to .e a.out the general& their armor no )ay differs from that of the horsemen .elonging to other troops/ and he al)ays leads the legions forth to )hom the lot assigns that employment" D" This is the manner of the mar$hing and resting of the 0omans& as also these are the several sorts of )eapons they use" But )hen they are to fight& they leave nothing )ithout fore$ast& nor to .e done offhand& .ut $ounsel is ever first ta#en .efore any )or# is .egun& and )hat hath .een there resolved upon is put in e e$ution presently/ for )hi$h reason they seldom $ommit any errors/ and if they have .een mista#en at any time& they easily $orre$t those mista#es" They also esteem any errors they $ommit upon ta#ing $ounsel .eforehand to .e .etter than su$h rash su$$ess as is o)ing to fortune only/ .e$ause su$h a fortuitous advantage tempts them to .e in$onsiderate& )hile $onsultation& though it may sometimes fail of su$$ess& hath this good in it& that it ma#es men more $areful hereafter/ .ut for the advantages that arise from $han$e& they are not o)ing to him that gains them/ and as to )hat melan$holy a$$idents happen une pe$tedly& there is this $omfort in them& that they had ho)ever ta#en the .est $onsultations they $ould to prevent them" H" 1o) they so manage their preparatory e er$ises of their )eapons& that not the .odies of the soldiers only& .ut their souls may also .e$ome strongerE they are moreover hardened for )ar .y fear/ for their la)s infli$t $apital punishments& not only for soldiers running a)ay from the ran#s& .ut for slothfulness and ina$tivity& though it .e .ut in a lesser degree/ as are their generals more severe than their la)s& for they prevent any imputation of $ruelty to)ard those under $ondemnation& .y the great re)ards they .esto) on the valiant soldiers/ and the readiness of o.eying their $ommanders is so great& that it is very ornamental in pea$e/ .ut )hen they $ome to a .attle& the )hole army is .ut one .ody& so )ell $oupled together are their ran#s& so sudden are their turnings a.out& so sharp their hearing as to )hat orders are given them& so 6ui$# their sight of the ensigns& and so nim.le are their hands )hen they set to )or#/ )here.y it $omes to pass that )hat they do is done 6ui$#ly& and )hat they suffer they .ear )ith the greatest patien$e" 1or $an )e find any e amples )here they have .een $on6uered in .attle& )hen they $ame to a $lose fight& either .y the multitude of the enemies& or .y their stratagems& or .y the diffi$ulties in the pla$es they )ere in/ no& nor .y fortune neither& for their vi$tories have .een surer to them than fortune $ould have granted them" In a $ase& therefore& )here $ounsel still goes .efore a$tion& and )here& after ta#ing the .est advi$e& that advi$e is follo)ed .y so a$tive an army& )hat )onder is it that %uphrates on the east& the o$ean on the )est& the most fertile regions of 4i.ya on the south& and the 'anu.e and the 0hine on the north& are the limits of this empireK One might )ell say that the 0oman possessions are not inferior to the 0omans themselves" G" This a$$ount I have given the reader& not so mu$h )ith the intention of $ommending the 0omans& as of $omforting those that have .een $on6uered .y them& and for the deterring others from attempting innovations under their government" This dis$ourse of the 0oman military $ondu$t may also perhaps .e of use to su$h of the $urious as are ignorant of it& and yet have a mind to #no) it" I return no) from this digression" +'D'OT+1 ;B> This des$ription of the e a$t symmetry and regularity of the 0oman army& and of the 0oman

en$ampments& )ith the sounding their trumpets& et$" and order of )ar& des$ri.ed in this and the ne t $hapter& is so very li#e to the symmetry and regularity of the people of Israel in the )ilderness& ;see 'es$ription of the Temples& $h" M"&> that one $annot )ell avoid the supposal& that the one )as the ultimate pattern of the other& and that the ta$ti$s of the an$ients )ere ta#en from the rules given .y (od to -oses" And it is thought .y some s#illful in these matters& that these a$$ounts of Josephus& as to the 0oman $amp and armor& and $ondu$t in )ar& are prefera.le to those in the 0oman authors themselves"

CH(PT+, !
( D+1C,)PT)O' O/ TH+ ,O6(' (,6)+1 ('D ,O6(' C(6P1 ('D O/ OTH+, P(,T)C0.(,1 /O, WH)CH TH+ ,O6('1 (,+ CO66+'D+D5
@" 1OW here one $annot .ut admire at the pre$aution of the 0omans& in providing themselves of su$h household servants& as might not only serve at other times for the $ommon offi$es of life& .ut might also .e of advantage to them in their )ars" And& indeed& if any one does .ut attend to the other parts of their military dis$ipline& he )ill .e for$ed to $onfess that their o.taining so large a dominion hath .een the a$6uisition of their valor& and not the .are gift of fortune/ for they do not .egin to use their )eapons first in time of )ar& nor do they then put their hands first into motion& )hile they avoided so to do in times of pea$e/ .ut& as if their )eapons did al)ays $ling to them& they have never any tru$e from )arli#e e er$ises/ nor do they stay till times of )ar admonish them to use them/ for their military e er$ises differ not at all from the real use of their arms& .ut every soldier is every day e er$ised& and that )ith great diligen$e& as if it )ere in time of )ar& )hi$h is the reason )hy they .ear the fatigue of .attles so easily/ for neither $an any disorder remove them from their usual regularity& nor $an fear affright them out of it& nor $an la.or tire them/ )hi$h firmness of $ondu$t ma#es them al)ays to over$ome those that have not the same firmness/ nor )ould he .e mista#en that should $all those their e er$ises un.loody .attles& and their .attles .loody e er$ises" 1or $an their enemies easily surprise them )ith the suddenness of their in$ursions/ for as soon as they have mar$hed into an enemy2s land& they do not .egin to fight till they have )alled their $amp a.out/ nor is the fen$e they raise rashly made& or uneven/ nor do they all a.ide ill it& nor do those that are in it ta#e their pla$es at random/ .ut if it happens that the ground is uneven& it is first leveledE their $amp is also four-s6uare .y measure& and $arpenters are ready& in great num.ers& )ith their tools& to ere$t their .uildings for them" ;B> A" As for )hat is )ithin the $amp& it is set apart for tents& .ut the out)ard $ir$umferen$e hath the resem.lan$e to a )all& and is adorned )ith to)ers at e6ual distan$es& )here .et)een the to)ers stand the engines for thro)ing arro)s and darts& and for slinging stones& and )here they lay all other engines that $an annoy the enemy& all ready for their several operations" They also ere$t four gates& one at every side of the $ir$umferen$e& and those large enough for the entran$e of the .easts& and )ide enough for ma#ing e $ursions& if o$$asion should re6uire" They divide the $amp )ithin into streets& very $onveniently& and pla$e the tents of the $ommanders in the middle/ .ut in the very midst of all is the general2s o)n tent& in the nature of a temple& insomu$h& that it appears to .e a $ity .uilt on the sudden& )ith its mar#et-pla$e& and pla$e for handi$raft trades& and )ith seats for the offi$ers superior and inferior& )here& if any differen$es arise& their $auses are heard and determined" The $amp& and all that is in it& is en$ompassed )ith a )all round a.out& and that sooner than one )ould imagine& and this .y the multitude and the s#ill of the la.orers/ and& if o$$asion re6uire& a tren$h is dra)n round the )hole& )hose depth is four $u.its& and its .readth e6ual" B" When they have thus se$ured themselves& they live together .y $ompanies& )ith 6uietness and de$en$y& as are all their other affairs managed )ith good order and se$urity" %a$h $ompany hath also their )ood& and their $orn& and their )ater .rought them& )hen they stand in need of them/ for they neither sup nor dine as they please themselves singly& .ut all together" Their times also for sleeping& and )at$hing& and rising are notified .eforehand .y the sound of trumpets& nor is any thing done

)ithout su$h a signal/ and in the morning the soldiery go every one to their $enturions& and these $enturions to their tri.unes& to salute them/ )ith )hom all the superior offi$ers go to the general of the )hole army& )ho then gives them of $ourse the )at$h)ord and other orders& to .e .y them $ared to all that are under their $ommand/ )hi$h is also o.served )hen they go to fight& and there.y they turn themselves a.out on the sudden& )hen there is o$$asion for ma#ing sallies& as they $ome .a$# )hen they are re$alled in $ro)ds also" <" 1o) )hen they are to go out of their $amp& the trumpet gives a sound& at )hi$h time no.ody lies still& .ut at the first intimation they ta#e do)n their tents& and all is made ready for their going out/ then do the trumpets sound again& to order them to get ready for the mar$h/ then do they lay their .aggage suddenly upon their mules& and other .easts of .urden& and stand& as at the pla$e of starting& ready to mar$h/ )hen also they set fire to their $amp& and this they do .e$ause it )ill .e easy for them to ere$t another $amp& and that it may not ever .e of use to their enemies" Then do the trumpets give a sound the third time& that they are to go out& in order to e $ite those that on any a$$ount are a little tardy& that so no one may .e out of his ran# )hen the army mar$hes" Then does the $rier stand at the general2s right hand& and as#s them thri$e& in their o)n tongue& )hether they .e no) ready to go out to )ar or notK To )hi$h they reply as often& )ith a loud and $heerful voi$e& saying& IWe are ready"I And this they do almost .efore the 6uestion is as#ed themE they do this as filled )ith a #ind of martial fury& and at the same time that they so $ry out& they lift up their right hands also" C" When& after this& they are gone out of their $amp& they all mar$h )ithout noise& and in a de$ent manner& and every one #eeps his o)n ran#& as if they )ere going to )ar" The footmen are armed )ith .reastplates and head-pie$es& and have s)ords on ea$h side/ .ut the s)ord )hi$h is upon their left side is mu$h longer than the other& for that on the right side is not longer than a span" Those foot-men also that are $hosen out from the rest to .e a.out the general himself have a lan$e and a .u$#ler& .ut the rest of the foot soldiers have a spear and a long .u$#ler& .esides a sa) and a .as#et& a pi$#-a e and an a e& a thong of leather and a hoo#& )ith provisions for three days& so that a footman hath no great need of a mule to $arry his .urdens" The horsemen have a long s)ord on their right sides& a ed a long pole in their hand/ a shield also lies .y them o.li6uely on one side of their horses& )ith three or more darts that are .orne in their 6uiver& having .road points& and not smaller than spears" They have also headpie$es and .reastplates& in li#e manner as have all the footmen" And for those that are $hosen to .e a.out the general& their armor no )ay differs from that of the horsemen .elonging to other troops/ and he al)ays leads the legions forth to )hom the lot assigns that employment" D" This is the manner of the mar$hing and resting of the 0omans& as also these are the several sorts of )eapons they use" But )hen they are to fight& they leave nothing )ithout fore$ast& nor to .e done offhand& .ut $ounsel is ever first ta#en .efore any )or# is .egun& and )hat hath .een there resolved upon is put in e e$ution presently/ for )hi$h reason they seldom $ommit any errors/ and if they have .een mista#en at any time& they easily $orre$t those mista#es" They also esteem any errors they $ommit upon ta#ing $ounsel .eforehand to .e .etter than su$h rash su$$ess as is o)ing to fortune only/ .e$ause su$h a fortuitous advantage tempts them to .e in$onsiderate& )hile $onsultation& though it may sometimes fail of su$$ess& hath this good in it& that it ma#es men more $areful hereafter/ .ut for the advantages that arise from $han$e& they are not o)ing to him that gains them/ and as to )hat melan$holy a$$idents happen une pe$tedly& there is this $omfort in them& that they had ho)ever ta#en the .est $onsultations they $ould to prevent them" H" 1o) they so manage their preparatory e er$ises of their )eapons& that not the .odies of the soldiers only& .ut their souls may also .e$ome strongerE they are moreover hardened for )ar .y fear/ for their la)s infli$t $apital punishments& not only for soldiers running a)ay from the ran#s& .ut for slothfulness and ina$tivity& though it .e .ut in a lesser degree/ as are their generals more severe than their la)s& for they prevent any imputation of $ruelty to)ard those under $ondemnation& .y the great re)ards they .esto) on the valiant soldiers/ and the readiness of o.eying their $ommanders is so great& that it is very ornamental in pea$e/ .ut )hen they $ome to a .attle& the )hole army is .ut one .ody& so )ell $oupled together are their ran#s& so sudden are their turnings a.out& so sharp their

hearing as to )hat orders are given them& so 6ui$# their sight of the ensigns& and so nim.le are their hands )hen they set to )or#/ )here.y it $omes to pass that )hat they do is done 6ui$#ly& and )hat they suffer they .ear )ith the greatest patien$e" 1or $an )e find any e amples )here they have .een $on6uered in .attle& )hen they $ame to a $lose fight& either .y the multitude of the enemies& or .y their stratagems& or .y the diffi$ulties in the pla$es they )ere in/ no& nor .y fortune neither& for their vi$tories have .een surer to them than fortune $ould have granted them" In a $ase& therefore& )here $ounsel still goes .efore a$tion& and )here& after ta#ing the .est advi$e& that advi$e is follo)ed .y so a$tive an army& )hat )onder is it that %uphrates on the east& the o$ean on the )est& the most fertile regions of 4i.ya on the south& and the 'anu.e and the 0hine on the north& are the limits of this empireK One might )ell say that the 0oman possessions are not inferior to the 0omans themselves" G" This a$$ount I have given the reader& not so mu$h )ith the intention of $ommending the 0omans& as of $omforting those that have .een $on6uered .y them& and for the deterring others from attempting innovations under their government" This dis$ourse of the 0oman military $ondu$t may also perhaps .e of use to su$h of the $urious as are ignorant of it& and yet have a mind to #no) it" I return no) from this digression" +'D'OT+1 ;B> This des$ription of the e a$t symmetry and regularity of the 0oman army& and of the 0oman en$ampments& )ith the sounding their trumpets& et$" and order of )ar& des$ri.ed in this and the ne t $hapter& is so very li#e to the symmetry and regularity of the people of Israel in the )ilderness& ;see 'es$ription of the Temples& $h" M"&> that one $annot )ell avoid the supposal& that the one )as the ultimate pattern of the other& and that the ta$ti$s of the an$ients )ere ta#en from the rules given .y (od to -oses" And it is thought .y some s#illful in these matters& that these a$$ounts of Josephus& as to the 0oman $amp and armor& and $ondu$t in )ar& are prefera.le to those in the 0oman authors themselves"

CH(PT+, #
-+1P(1)('8 WH+' H+ H(D T(7+' TH+ C)T3 *(D(+( 6(,CH+1 TO JOT(P(T(5 (/T+, ( .O'* 1)+*+ TH+ C)T3 )1 B+T,(3+D B3 ( D+1+,T+,8 ('D T(7+' B3 -+1P(1)('5
@" SO 8espasian mar$hed to the $ity (adara& and too# it upon the first onset& .e$ause he found it destitute of any $onsidera.le num.er of men gro)n up and fit for )ar" He $ame then into it& and sle) all the youth& the 0omans having no mer$y on any age )hatsoever/ and this )as done out of the hatred they .ore the nation& and .e$ause of the ini6uity they had .een guilty of in the affair of Cestius" He also set fire not only to the $ity itself& .ut to all the villas and small $ities that )ere round a.out it/ some of them )ere 6uite destitute of inha.itants& and out of some of them he $arried the inha.itants as slaves into $aptivity" A" As to Josephus& his retiring to that $ity )hi$h he $hose as the most fit for his se$urity& put it into great fear/ for the people of Ti.erias did not imagine that he )ould have run a)ay& unless he had entirely despaired of the su$$ess of the )ar" And indeed& as to that point& they )ere not mista#en a.out his opinion/ for he sa) )hither the affairs of the Je)s )ould tend at last& and )as sensi.le that they had .ut one )ay of es$aping& and that )as .y repentan$e" Ho)ever& although he e pe$ted that the 0omans )ould forgive him& yet did he $hose to die many times over& rather than to .etray his $ountry& and to dishonor that supreme $ommand of the army )hi$h had .een intrusted )ith him& or to live happily under those against )hom he )as sent to fight" He determined& therefore& to give an e a$t a$$ount of affairs to the prin$ipal men at Jerusalem .y a letter& that he might not& .y too mu$h aggrandi?ing the po)er of the enemy& ma#e them too timorous/ nor& .y relating that their po)er

.eneath the truth& might en$ourage them to stand out )hen they )ere perhaps disposed to repentan$e" He also sent them )ord& that if they thought of $oming to terms& they must suddenly )rite him an ans)er/ or if they resolved upon )ar& they must send him an army suffi$ient to fight the 0omans" A$$ordingly& he )rote these things& and sent messengers immediately to $arry his letter to Jerusalem" B" 1o) 8espasian )as very desirous of demolishing Jotapata& for he had gotten intelligen$e that the greatest part of the enemy had retired thither& and that it )as& on other a$$ounts& a pla$e of great se$urity to them" A$$ordingly& he sent .oth foot-men and horsemen to level the road& )hi$h )as mountainous and ro$#y& not )ithout diffi$ulty to .e traveled over .y footmen& .ut a.solutely impra$ti$a.le for horsemen" 1o) these )or#men a$$omplished )hat they )ere a.out in four days2 time& and opened a .road )ay for the army" On the fifth day& )hi$h )as the t)enty-first of the month Artemisius& ;Jyar&> Josephus prevented him& and $ame from Ti.erias& and )ent into Jotapata& and raised the drooping spirits of the Je)s" And a $ertain deserter told this good ne)s to 8espasian& that Josephus had removed himself thither& )hi$h made him ma#e haste to the $ity& as supposing that )ith ta#ing that he should ta#e all Judea& in $ase he $ould .ut )ithal get Josephus under his po)er" So he too# this ne)s to .e of the vastest advantage to him& and .elieved it to .e .rought a.out .y the providen$e of (od& that he )ho appeared to .e the most prudent man of all their enemies& had& of his o)n a$$ord& shut himself up in a pla$e of sure $ustody" A$$ordingly& he sent *la$idus )ith a thousand horsemen& and %.utius a de$urion& a person that )as of eminen$y .oth in $oun$il and in a$tion& to en$ompass the $ity round& that Josephus might not es$ape a)ay privately" <" 8espasian also& the very ne t day& too# his )hole army and follo)ed them& and .y mar$hing till late in the evening& arrived then at Jotapata/ and .ringing his army to the northern side of the $ity& he pit$hed his $amp on a $ertain small hill )hi$h )as seven furlongs from the $ity& and still greatly endeavored to .e )ell seen .y the enemy& to put them into a $onsternation/ )hi$h )as indeed so terri.le to the Je)s immediately& that no one of them durst go out .eyond the )all" !et did the 0omans put off the atta$# at that time& .e$ause they had mar$hed all the day& although they pla$ed a dou.le ro) of .attalions round the $ity& )ith a third ro) .eyond them round the )hole& )hi$h $onsisted of $avalry& in order to stop up every )ay for an e it/ )hi$h thing ma#ing the Je)s despair of es$aping& e $ited them to a$t more .oldly/ for nothing ma#es men fight so desperately in )ar as ne$essity" C" 1o) )hen the ne t day an assault )as made .y the 0omans& the Je)s at first staid out of the )alls and opposed them& and met them& as having formed themselves a $amp .efore the $ity )alls" But )hen 8espasian had set against them the ar$hers and slingers& and the )hole multitude that $ould thro) to a great distan$e& he permitted them to go to )or#& )hile he himself& )ith the footmen& got upon an a$$livity& )hen$e the $ity might easily .e ta#en" Josephus )as then in fear for the $ity& and leaped out& and all the Je)ish multitude )ith him/ these fell together upon the 0omans in great num.ers& and drove them a)ay from the )all& and performed a great many glorious and .old a$tions" !et did they suffer as mu$h as they made the enemy suffer/ for as despair of deliveran$e en$ouraged the Je)s& so did a sense of shame e6ually en$ourage the 0omans" These last had s#ill as )ell as strength/ the other had only $ourage& )hi$h armed them& and made them fight furiously" And )hen the fight had lasted all day& it )as put an end to .y the $oming on of the night" They had )ounded a great many of the 0omans& and #illed of them thirteen men/ of the Je)s2 side seventeen )ere slain& and si hundred )ounded" D" On the ne t day the Je)s made another atta$# upon the 0omans& and )ent out of the )alls and fought a mu$h more desperate .attle )ith them titan .efore" For they )ere no) .e$ome more $ourageous than formerly& and that on a$$ount of the une pe$ted good opposition they had made the day .efore& as they found the 0omans also to fight more desperately/ for a sense of shame inflamed these into a passion& as esteeming their failure of a sudden vi$tory to .e a #ind of defeat" Thus did the 0omans try to ma#e an impression upon the Je)s till the fifth day $ontinually& )hile the people of Jotapata made sallies out& and fought at the )alls most desperately/ nor )ere the Je)s affrighted at the strength of the enemy& nor )ere the 0omans dis$ouraged at the diffi$ulties they met )ith in ta#ing the $ity"

H" 1o) Jotapata is almost all of it .uilt on a pre$ipi$e& having on all the other sides of it every )ay valleys immensely deep and steep& insomu$h that those )ho )ould loo# do)n )ould have their sight fail them .efore it rea$hes to the .ottom" It is only to .e $ome at on the north side& )here the utmost part of the $ity is .uilt on the mountain& as it ends o.li6uely at a plain" This mountain Josephus had en$ompassed )ith a )all )hen he fortified the $ity& that its top might not .e $apa.le of .eing sei?ed upon .y the enemies" The $ity is $overed all round )ith other mountains& and $an no )ay .e seen till a man $omes 7ust upon it" And this )as the strong situation of Jotapata" G" 8espasian& therefore& in order to try ho) he might over$ome the natural strength of the pla$e& as )ell as the .old defense of the Je)s& made a resolution to prose$ute the siege )ith vigor" To that end he $alled the $ommanders that )ere under him to a $oun$il of )ar& and $onsulted )ith them )hi$h )ay the assault might .e managed to the .est advantage" And )hen the resolution )as there ta#en to raise a .an# against that part of the )all )hi$h )as pra$ti$a.le& he sent his )hole army a.road to get the materials together" So )hen they had $ut do)n all the trees on the mountains that ad7oined to the $ity& and had gotten together a vast heap of stones& .esides the )ood they had $ut do)n& some of them .rought hurdles& in order to avoid the effe$ts of the darts that )ere shot from a.ove them" These hurdles they spread over their .an#s& under $over )hereof they formed their .an#& and so )ere little or nothing hurt .y the darts that )ere thro)n upon them from the )all& )hile others pulled the neigh.oring hillo$#s to pie$es& and perpetually .rought earth to them/ so that )hile they )ere .usy three sorts of )ays& no.ody )as idle" Ho)ever& the Je)s $ast great stones from the )alls upon the hurdles )hi$h prote$ted the men& )ith all sorts of darts also/ and the noise of )hat $ould not rea$h them )as yet so terri.le& that it )as some impediment to the )or#men" M" 8espasian then set the engines for thro)ing stones and darts round a.out the $ity" The num.er of the engines )as in all a hundred and si ty& and .id them fall to )or#& and dislodge those that )ere upon the )all" At the same time su$h engines as )ere intended for that purpose thre) at on$e lan$es upon them )ith a great noise& and stones of the )eight of a talent )ere thro)n .y the engines that )ere prepared for that purpose& together )ith fire& and a vast multitude of arro)s& )hi$h made the )all so dangerous& that the Je)s durst not only not $ome upon it& .ut durst not $ome to those parts )ithin the )alls )hi$h )ere rea$hed .y the engines/ for the multitude of the Ara.ian ar$hers& as )ell also as all those that thre) darts and slung stones& fell to )or# at the same time )ith the engines" !et did not the otters lie still& )hen they $ould not thro) at the 0omans from a higher pla$e/ for they then made sallies out of the $ity& li#e private ro..ers& .y parties& and pulled a)ay the hurdles that $overed the )or#men& and #illed them )hen they )ere thus na#ed/ and )hen those )or#men gave )ay& these $ast a)ay the earth that $omposed the .an#& and .urnt the )ooden parts of it& together )ith the hurdles& till at length 8espasian per$eived that the intervals there )ere .et)een the )or#s )ere of disadvantage to him/ for those spa$es of ground afforded the Je)s a pla$e for assaulting the 0omans" So he united the hurdles& and at the same time 7oined one part of the army to the other& )hi$h prevented the private e $ursions of the Je)s" @=" And )hen the .an# )as no) raised& and .rought nearer than ever to the .attlements that .elonged to the )alls& Josephus thought it )ould .e entirely )rong in him if he $ould ma#e no $ontrivan$es in opposition to theirs& and that might .e for the $ity2s preservation/ so he got together his )or#men& and ordered them to .uild the )all higher/ and )hile they said that this )as impossi.le to .e done )hile so many darts )ere thro)n at them& he invented this sort of $over for themE He .id them fi piles& and e pand .efore them the ra) hides of o en ne)ly #illed& that these hides .y yielding and hollo)ing themselves )hen the stones )ere thro)n at them might re$eive them& for that the other darts )ould slide off them& and the fire that )as thro)n )ould .e 6uen$hed .y the moisture that )as in them" And these he set .efore the )or#men& and under them these )or#men )ent on )ith their )or#s in safety& and raised the )all higher& and that .oth .y day and .y night& fill it )as t)enty $u.its high" He also .uilt a good num.er of to)ers upon the )all& and fitted it to strong .attlements" This greatly dis$ouraged the 0omans& )ho in their o)n opinions )ere already gotten )ithin the )alls& )hile they )ere no) at on$e astonished at Josephus2s $ontrivan$e& and at the fortitude of the $iti?ens that )ere in the $ity"

@@" And no) 8espasian )as plainly irritated at the great su.tlety of this stratagem& and at the .oldness of the $iti?ens of Jotapata/ for ta#ing heart again upon the .uilding of this )all& they made fresh sallies upon the 0omans& and had every day $onfli$ts )ith them .y parties& together )ith all su$h $ontrivan$es& as ro..ers ma#e use of& and )ith the plundering of all that $ame to hand& as also )ith the setting fire to all the other )or#s/ and this till 8espasian made his army leave off fighting them& and resolved to lie round the $ity& and to starve them into a surrender& as supposing that either they )ould .e for$ed to petition him for mer$y .y )ant of provisions& or if they should have the $ourage to hold out till the last& they should perish .y famineE and he $on$luded he should $on6uer them the more easily in fighting& if he gave them an interval& and then fell upon them )hen they )ere )ea#ened .y famine/ .ut still he gave orders that they should guard against their $oming out of the $ity" @A" 1o) the .esieged had plenty of $orn )ithin the $ity& and indeed of all ne$essaries& .ut they )anted )ater& .e$ause there )as no fountain in the $ity& the people .eing there usually satisfied )ith rain )ater/ yet is it a rare thing in that $ountry to have rain in summer& and at this season& during the siege& they )ere in great distress for some $ontrivan$e to satisfy their thirst/ and they )ere very sad at this time parti$ularly& as if they )ere already in )ant of )ater entirely& for Josephus seeing that the $ity a.ounded )ith other ne$essaries& and that the men )ere of good $ourage& and .eing desirous to protra$t the siege to the 0omans longer than they e pe$ted& ordered their drin# to .e given them .y measure/ .ut this s$anty distri.ution of )ater .y measure )as deemed .y them as a thing more hard upon them than the )ant of it/ and their not .eing a.le to drin# as mu$h as they )ould made them more desirous of drin#ing than they other)ise had .een/ nay& they )ere as mu$h disheartened here.y as if they )ere $ome to the last degree of thirst" 1or )ere the 0omans una$6uainted )ith the state they )ere in& for )hen they stood over against them& .eyond the )all& they $ould see them running together& and ta#ing their )ater .y measure& )hi$h made them thro) their 7avelins thither the pla$e .eing )ithin their rea$h& and #ill a great many of them" @B" Hereupon 8espasian hoped that their re$epta$les of )ater )ould in no long time .e emptied& and that they )ould .e for$ed to deliver up the $ity to him/ .ut Josephus .eing minded to .rea# su$h his hope& gave $ommand that they should )et a great many of their $lothes& and hang them out a.out the .attlements& till the entire )all )as of a sudden all )et )ith the running do)n of the )ater" At this sight the 0omans )ere dis$ouraged& and under $onsternation& )hen they sa) them a.le to thro) a)ay in sport so mu$h )ater& )hen they supposed them not to have enough to drin# themselves" This made the 0oman general despair of ta#ing the $ity .y their )ant of ne$essaries& and to .eta#e himself again to arms& and to try to for$e them to surrender& )hi$h )as )hat the Je)s greatly desired/ for as they despaired of either themselves or their $ity .eing a.le to es$ape& they preferred a death in .attle .efore one .y hunger and thirst" @<" Ho)ever& Josephus $ontrived another stratagem .esides the foregoing& to get plenty of )hat they )anted" There )as a $ertain rough and uneven pla$e that $ould hardly .e as$ended& and on that a$$ount )as not guarded .y the soldiers/ so Josephus sent out $ertain persons along the )estern parts of the valley& and .y them sent letters to )hom he pleased of the Je)s that )ere out of the $ity& and pro$ured from them )hat ne$essaries soever they )anted in the $ity in a.undan$e/ he en7oined them also to $reep generally along .y the )at$h as they $ame into the $ity& and to $over their .a$#s )ith su$h sheep-s#ins as had their )ool upon them& that if any one should spy them out in the night time& they might .e .elieved to .e dogs" This )as done till the )at$h per$eived their $ontrivan$e& and en$ompassed that rough pla$e a.out themselves" @C" And no) it )as that Josephus per$eived that the $ity $ould not hold out long& and that his o)n life )ould .e in dou.t if he $ontinued in it/ so he $onsulted ho) he and the most potent men of the $ity might fly out of it" When the multitude understood this& they $ame all round a.out him& and .egged of him not to overloo# them )hile they entirely depended on him& and him alone/ for that there )as still hope of the $ity2s deliveran$e& if he )ould stay )ith them& .e$ause every .ody )ould underta#e any pains )ith great $heerfulness on his a$$ount& and in that $ase there )ould .e some $omfort for them also& though they should .e ta#enE that it .e$ame him neither to fly from his enemies& nor to desert his

friends& nor to leap out of that $ity& as out of a ship that )as sin#ing in a storm& into )hi$h he $ame )hen it )as 6uiet and in a $alm/ for that .y going a)ay he )ould .e the $ause of dro)ning the $ity& .e$ause no.ody )ould then venture to oppose the enemy )hen he )as on$e gone& upon )hom they )holly $onfided" @D" Hereupon Josephus avoided letting them #no) that he )as to go a)ay to provide for his o)n safety& .ut told them that he )ould go out of the $ity for their sa#es/ for that if he staid )ith them& he should .e a.le to do them little good )hile they )ere in a safe $ondition/ and that if they )ere on$e ta#en& he should only perish )ith them to no purpose/ .ut that if he )ere on$e gotten free from this siege& he should .e a.le to .ring them very great relief/ for that he )ould then immediately get the (alileans together& out of the $ountry& in great multitudes& and dra) the 0omans off their $ity .y another )ar" That he did not see )hat advantge he $ould .ring to them no)& .y staying among them& .ut only provo#e the 0omans to .esiege them more $losely& as esteeming it a most valua.le thing to ta#e him/ .ut that if they )ere on$e informed that he )as fled out of the $ity& they )ould greatly remit of their eagerness against it" !et did not this plea move the people& .ut inflamed them the more to hang a.out him" A$$ordingly& .oth the $hildren and the old men& and the )omen )ith their infants& $ame mourning to him& and fell do)n .efore him& and all of them $aught hold of his feet& and held him fast& and .esought him& )ith great lamentations& that he )ould ta#e his share )ith them in their fortune/ and I thin# they did this& not that they envied his deliveran$e& .ut that they hoped for their o)n/ for they $ould not thin# they should suffer any great misfortune& provided Josephus )ould .ut stay )ith them" @H" 1o) Josephus thought& that if he resolved to stay& it )ould .e as$ri.ed to their entreaties/ and if he resolved to go a)ay .y for$e& he should .e put into $ustody" His $ommiseration also of the people under their lamentations had mu$h .ro#en that his eagerness to leave them/ so he resolved to stay& and arming himself )ith the $ommon despair of the $iti?ens& he said to them& I1o) is the time to .egin to fight in earnest& )hen there is no hope of deliveran$e left" It is a .rave thing to prefer glory .efore life& and to set a.out some su$h no.le underta#ing as may .e remem.ered .y late posterity"I Having said this& he fell to )or# immediately& and made a sally& and dispersed the enemies2 out-guards& and ran as far as the 0oman $amp itself& and pulled the $overings of their tents to pie$es& that )ere upon their .an#s& and set fire to their )or#s" And this )as the manner in )hi$h he never left off fighting& neither the ne t day& nor the day after it& .ut )ent on )ith it for a $onsidera.le num.er of .oth days and nights" @G" 5pon this& 8espasian& )hen he sa) the 0omans distressed .y these sallies& ;though they )ere ashamed to .e made to run a)ay .y the Je)s/ and )hen at any time they made the Je)s run a)ay& their heavy armor )ould not let them pursue them far/ )hile the Je)s& )hen they had performed any a$tion& and .efore they $ould .e hurt themselves& still retired into the $ity&> ordered his armed men to avoid their onset& and not fight it out )ith men under desperation& )hile nothing is more $ourageous than despair/ .ut that their violen$e )ould .e 6uen$hed )hen they sa) they failed of their purposes& as fire is 6uen$hed )hen it )ants fuel/ and that it )as proper for the 0omans to gain their vi$tories as $heap as they $ould& sin$e they are not for$ed to fight& .ut only to enlarge their o)n dominions" So he repelled the Je)s in great measure .y the Ara.ian ar$hers& and the Syrian slingers& and .y those that thre) stones at them& nor )as there any intermission of the great num.er of their offensive engines" 1o) the Je)s suffered greatly .y these engines& )ithout .eing a.le to es$ape from them/ and )hen these engines thre) their stones or 7avelins a great )ay& and the Je)s )ere )ithin their rea$h& they pressed hard upon the 0omans& and fought desperately& )ithout sparing either soul or .ody& one part su$$oring another .y turns& )hen it )as tired do)n" @M" When& therefore& 8espasian loo#ed upon himself as in a manner .esieged .y these sallies of the Je)s& and )hen his .an#s )ere no) not far from the )alls& he determined to ma#e use of his .attering ram" This .attering ram is a vast .eam of )ood li#e the mast of a ship& its forepart is armed )ith a thi$# pie$e of iron at the head of it& )hi$h is so $arved as to .e li#e the head of a ram& )hen$e its name is ta#en" This ram is slung in the air .y ropes passing over its middle& and is hung li#e the .alan$e in a

pair of s$ales from another .eam& and .ra$ed .y strong .eams that pass on .oth sides of it& in the nature of a $ross" When this ram is pulled .a$#)ard .y a great num.er of men )ith united for$e& and then thrust for)ard .y the same men& )ith a mighty noise& it .atters the )alls )ith that iron part )hi$h is prominent" 1or is there any to)er so strong& or )alls so .road& that $an resist any more than its first .atteries& .ut all are for$ed to yield to it at last" This )as the e periment )hi$h the 0oman general .etoo# himself to& )hen he )as eagerly .ent upon ta#ing the $ity/ .ut found lying in the field so long to .e to his disadvantage& .e$ause the Je)s )ould never let him .e 6uiet" So these 0omans .rought the several engines for galling an enemy nearer to the )alls& that they might rea$h su$h as )ere upon the )all& and endeavored to frustrate their attempts/ these thre) stones and 7avelins at them/ in the li#e manner did the ar$hers and slingers $ome .oth together $loser to the )all" This .rought matters to su$h a pass that none of the Je)s durst mount the )alls& and then it )as that the other 0omans .rought the .attering ram that )as $ased )ith hurdles all over& and in the tipper part )as se$ured .y s#ins that $overed it& and this .oth for the se$urity of themselves and of the engine" 1o)& at the very first stro#e of this engine& the )all )as sha#en& and a terri.le $lamor )as raised .y the people )ithin the $ity& as if they )ere already ta#en" A=" And no)& )hen Josephus sa) this ram still .attering the same pla$e& and that the )all )ould 6ui$#ly .e thro)n do)n .y it& he resolved to elude for a )hile the for$e of the engine" With this design he gave orders to fill sa$#s )ith $haff& and to hang them do)n .efore that pla$e )here they sa) the ram al)ays .attering& that the stro#e might .e turned aside& or that the pla$e might feel less of the stro#es .y the yielding nature of the $haff" This $ontrivan$e very mu$h delayed the attempts of the 0omans& .e$ause& let them remove their engine to )hat part they pleased& those that )ere a.ove it removed their sa$#s& and pla$ed them over against the stro#es it made& insomu$h that the )all )as no )ay hurt& and this .y diversion of the stro#es& till the 0omans made an opposite $ontrivan$e of long poles& and .y tying hoo#s at their ends& $ut off the sa$#s" 1o) )hen the .attering ram thus re$overed its for$e& and the )all having .een .ut ne)ly .uilt& )as giving )ay& Josephus and those a.out him had after)ard immediate re$ourse to fire& to defend themselves )ithal/ )hereupon they too# )hat materials soever they had that )ere .ut dry& and made a sally three )ays& and set fire to the ma$hines& and the hurdles& and the .an#s of the 0omans themselves/ nor did the 0omans )ell #no) ho) to $ome to their assistan$e& .eing at on$e under a $onsternation at the Je)s2 .oldness& and .eing prevented .y the flames from $oming to their assistan$e/ for the materials .eing dry )ith the .itumen and pit$h that )ere among them& as )as .rimstone also& the fire $aught hold of every thing immediately& and )hat $ost the 0omans a great deal of pains )as in one hour $onsumed" A@" And here a $ertain Je) appeared )orthy of our relation and $ommendation/ he )as the son of Sameas& and )as $alled %lea?ar& and )as .orn at Saa.& in (alilee" This man too# up a stone of a vast .igness& and thre) it do)n from the )all upon the ram& and this )ith so great a for$e& that it .ro#e off the head of the engine" He also leaped do)n& and too# up the head of the ram from the midst of them& and )ithout any $on$ern $arried it to the top of the )all& and this )hile he stood as a fit mar# to he pelted .y all his enemies" A$$ordingly& he re$eived the stro#es upon his na#ed .ody& and )as )ounded )ith five darts/ nor did he mind any of them )hile he )ent up to the top of the )all& )here he stood in the sight of them all& as an instan$e of the greatest .oldness/ after )hi$h he dre) himself on a heap )ith his )ounds upon him& and fell do)n together )ith the head of the ram" 1e t to him& t)o .rothers sho)ed their $ourage/ their names )ere 1etir and *hilip& .oth of them of the village 0uma& and .oth of them (alileans also/ these men leaped upon the soldiers of the tenth legion& and fell upon the 0omans )ith su$h a noise and for$e as to disorder their ran#s& and to put to flight all upon )homsoever they made their assaults" AA" After these men2s performan$es& Josephus& and the rest of the multitude )ith him& too# a great deal of fire& and .urnt .oth the ma$hines and their $overings& )ith the )or#s .elonging to the fifth and to the tenth legion& )hi$h they put to flight/ )hen others follo)ed them immediately& and .uried those instruments and all their materials under ground" Ho)ever& a.out the evening& the 0omans ere$ted the .attering ram again& against that part of the )all )hi$h had suffered .efore/ )here a $ertain Je) that defended the $ity from the 0omans hit 8espasian )ith a dart in his foot& and )ounded him a little&

the distan$e .eing so great& that no mighty impression $ould .e made .y the dart thro)n so far off" Ho)ever& this $aused the greatest disorder among the 0omans/ for )hen those )ho stood near him sa) his .lood& they )ere distur.ed at it& and a report )ent a.road& through the )hole army& that the general )as )ounded& )hile the greatest part left the siege& and $ame running together )ith surprise and fear to the general/ and .efore them all $ame Titus& out of the $on$ern he had for his father& insomu$h that the multitude )ere in great $onfusion& and this out of the regard they had for their general& and .y reason of the agony that the son )as in" !et did the father soon put an end to the son2s fear& and to the disorder the army )as under& for .eing superior to his pains& and endeavoring soon to .e seen .y all that had .een in a fright a.out him& he e $ited them to fight the Je)s more .ris#ly/ for no) every .ody )as )illing to e pose himself to danger immediately& in order to avenge their general/ and then they en$ouraged one another )ith loud voi$es& and ran hastily to the )alls" AB" But still Josephus and those )ith him& although they fell do)n dead one upon another .y the darts and stones )hi$h the engines thre) upon them& yet did not they desert the )all& .ut fell upon those )ho managed the ram& under the prote$tion of the hurdles& )ith fire& and iron )eapons& and stones/ and these $ould do little or nothing& .ut fell themselves perpetually& )hile they )ere seen .y those )hom they $ould not see& for the light of their o)n flame shone a.out them& and made them a most visi.le mar# to the enemy& as they )ere in the day time& )hile the engines $ould not .e seen at a great distan$e& and so )hat )as thro)n at them )as hard to .e avoided/ for the for$e )ith )hi$h these engines thre) stones and darts made them hurt several at a time& and the violent noise of the stones that )ere $ast .y the engines )as so great& that they $arried a)ay the pinna$les of the )all& and .ro#e off the $orners of the to)ers/ for no .ody of men $ould .e so strong as not to .e overthro)n to the last ran# .y the largeness of the stones" And any one may learn the for$e of the engines .y )hat happened this very night/ for as one of those that stood round a.out Josephus )as near the )all& his head )as $arried a)ay .y su$h a stone& and his s#ull )as flung as far as three furlongs" In the day time also& a )oman )ith $hild had her .elly so violently stru$#& as she )as 7ust $ome out of her house& that the infant )as $arried to the distan$e of half a furlong& so great )as the for$e of that engine" The noise of the instruments themselves )as very terri.le& the sound of the darts and stones that )ere thro)n .y them )as so also/ of the same sort )as that noise the dead .odies made& )hen they )ere dashed against the )all/ and indeed dreadful )as the $lamor )hi$h these things raised in the )omen )ithin the $ity& )hi$h )as e$hoed .a$# at the same time .y the $ries of su$h as )ere slain/ )hile the )hole spa$e of ground )hereon they fought ran )ith .lood& and the )all might have .een as$ended over .y the .odies of the dead $ar$asses/ the mountains also $ontri.uted to in$rease the noise .y their e$hoes/ nor )as there on that night any thing of terror )anting that $ould either affe$t the hearing or the sightE yet did a great part of those that fought so hard for Jotapata fall manfully& as )ere a great part of them )ounded" Ho)ever& the morning )at$h )as $ome ere the )all yielded to the ma$hines employed against it& though it had .een .attered )ithout intermission" Ho)ever& those )ithin $overed their .odies )ith their armor& and raised )or#s over against that part )hi$h )as thro)n do)n& .efore those ma$hines )ere laid .y )hi$h the 0omans )ere to as$end into the $ity" A<" In the morning 8espasian got his army together& in order to ta#e the $ity +.y storm,& after a little re$reation upon the hard pains they had .een at the night .efore/ and as he )as desirous to dra) off those that opposed him from the pla$es )here the )all had .een thro)n do)n& he made the most $ourageous of the horsemen get off their horses& and pla$ed them in three ran#s over against those ruins of the )all& .ut $overed )ith their armor on every side& and )ith poles in their hands& that so these might .egin their as$ent as soon as the instruments for su$h as$ent )ere laid/ .ehind them he pla$ed the flo)er of the footmen/ .ut for the rest of the horse& he ordered them to e tend themselves over against the )all& upon the )hole hilly $ountry& in order to prevent any from es$aping out of the $ity )hen it should .e ta#en/ and .ehind these he pla$ed the ar$hers round a.out& and $ommanded them to have their darts ready to shoot" The same $ommand he gave to the slingers& and to those that managed the engines& and .id them to ta#e up other ladders& and have them ready to lay upon those parts of the )all )hi$h )ere yet untou$hed& that the .esieged might .e engaged in trying to hinder their as$ent .y them& and leave the guard of the parts that )ere thro)n do)n& )hile the rest of them should .e over.orne .y the darts $ast at them& and might afford his men an entran$e into the $ity"

AC" But Josephus& understanding the meaning of 8espasian2s $ontrivan$e& set the old men& together )ith those that )ere tired out& at the sound parts of the )all& as e pe$ting no harm from those 6uarters& .ut set the strongest of his men at the pla$e )here the )all )as .ro#en do)n& and .efore them all si men .y themselves& among )hom he too# his share of the first and greatest danger" He also gave orders& that )hen the legions made a shout& they should stop their ears& that they might not .e affrighted at it& and that& to avoid the multitude of the enemy2s darts& they should .end do)n on their #nees& and $over themselves )ith their shields& and that they should retreat a little .a$#)ard for a )hile& till the ar$hers should have emptied their 6uivers/ .ut that When the 0omans should lay their instruments for as$ending the )alls& they should leap out on the sudden& and )ith their o)n instruments should meet the enemy& and that every one should strive to do his .est& in order not to defend his o)n $ity& as if it )ere possi.le to .e preserved& .ut in order to revenge it& )hen it )as already destroyed/ and that they should set .efore their eyes ho) their old men )ere to .e slain& and their $hildren and )ives )ere to .e #illed immediately .y the enemy/ and that they )ould .eforehand spend all their fury& on a$$ount of the $alamities 7ust $oming upon them& and pour it out on the a$tors" AD" And thus did Josephus dispose of .oth his .odies of men/ .ut then for the useless part of the $iti?ens& the )omen and $hildren& )hen they sa) their $ity en$ompassed .y a threefold army& ;for none of the usual guards that had .een fighting .efore )ere removed&> )hen they also sa)& not only the )alls thro)n do)n& .ut their enemies )ith s)ords in their hands& as also the hilly $ountry a.ove them shining )ith their )eapons& d the darts in the hands of the Ara.ian ar$hers& they made a final and lamenta.le out$ry of the destru$tion& as if the misery )ere not only threatened& .ut a$tually $ome upon them already" But Josephus ordered the )omen to .e shut up in their houses& lest they should render the )arli#e a$tions of the men too effeminate& .y ma#ing them $ommiserate their $ondition& and $ommanded them to hold their pea$e& and threatened them if they did not& )hile he $ame himself .efore the .rea$h& )here his allotment )as/ for all those )ho .rought ladders to the other pla$es& he too# no noti$e of them& .ut earnestly )aited for the sho)er of arro)s that )as $oming" AH" And no) the trumpeters of the several 0oman legions sounded together& and the army made a terri.le shout/ and the darts& as .y order& fle) so last& that they inter$epted the light" Ho)ever& Josephus2s men remem.ered the $harges he had given them& they stopped their ears at the sounds& and $overed their .odies against the darts/ and as to the engines that )ere set ready to go to )or#& the Je)s ran out upon them& .efore those that should have used them )ere gotten upon them" And no)& on the as$ending of the soldiers& there )as a great $onfli$t& and many a$tions of the hands and of the soul )ere e hi.ited/ )hile the Je)s did earnestly endeavor& in the e treme danger they )ere in& not to sho) less $ourage than those )ho& )ithout .eing in danger& fought so stoutly against them/ nor did they leave struggling )ith the 0omans till they either fell do)n dead themselves& or #illed their antagonists" But the Je)s gre) )eary )ith defending themselves $ontinually& and had not enough to $ome in their pla$es& and su$$or them/ )hile& on the side of the 0omans& fresh men still su$$eeded those that )ere tired/ and still ne) men soon got upon the ma$hines for as$ent& in the room of those that )ere thrust do)n/ those en$ouraging one another& and 7oining side to side )ith their shields& )hi$h )ere a prote$tion to them& they .e$ame a .ody of men not to .e .ro#en/ and as this .and thrust a)ay the Je)s& as though they )ere themselves .ut one .ody& they .egan already to get upon the )all" AG" Then did Josephus ta#e ne$essity for his $ounselor in this utmost distress& ;)hi$h ne$essity is very saga$ious in invention )hen it is irritated .y despair&> and gave orders to pour s$alding oil upon those )hose shields prote$ted them" Whereupon they soon got it ready& .eing many that .rought it& and )hat they .rought .eing a great 6uantity also& and poured it on all sides upon the 0omans& and thre) do)n upon them their vessels as they )ere still hissing from the heat of the fireE this so .urnt the 0omans& that it dispersed that united .and& )ho no) tum.led $lo)n from the )all )ith horrid pains& for the oil did easily run do)n the )hole .ody from head to foot& under their entire armor& and fed upon their flesh li#e flame itself& its fat and un$tuous nature rendering it soon heated and slo)ly $ooled/ and as the men )ere $ooped up in their head-pie$es and .reastplates& they $ould no )ay get free from this .urning oil/ they $ould only leap and roll a.out in their pains& as they fell do)n from the .ridges they had laid" And as they thus )ere .eaten .a$#& and retired to their o)n party& )ho still

pressed them for)ard& they )ere easily )ounded .y those that )ere .ehind them" AM" Ho)ever& in this ill su$$ess of the 0omans& their $ourage did not fail them& nor did the Je)s )ant pruden$e to oppose them/ for the 0omans& although they sa) their o)n men thro)n do)n& and in a misera.le $ondition& yet )ere they vehemently .ent against those that poured the oil upon them/ )hile every one reproa$hed the man .efore him as a $o)ard& and one that hindered him from e erting himself/ and )hile the Je)s made use of another stratagem to prevent their as$ent& and poured .oiling fenugree# upon the .oards& in order to ma#e them slip and fall do)n/ .y )hi$h means neither $ould those that )ere $oming up& nor those that )ere going do)n& stand on their feet/ .ut some of them fell .a$#)ard upon the ma$hines on )hi$h they as$ended& and )ere trodden upon/ many of them fell do)n upon the .an# they had raised& and )hen they )ere fallen upon it )ere slain .y the Je)s/ for )hen the 0omans $ould not #eep their feet& the Je)s .eing freed from fighting hand to hand& had leisure to thro) their darts at them" So the general $alled off those soldiers in the evening that had suffered so sorely& of )hom the num.er of the slain )as not a fe)& )hile that of the )ounded )as still greater/ .ut of the people of Jotapata no more than si men )ere #illed& although more than three hundred )ere $arried off )ounded" This fight happened on the t)entieth day of the month 'esius +Sivan," B=" Hereupon 8espasian $omforted his army on o$$asion of )hat happened& and as he found them angry indeed& .ut rather )anting some)hat to do than any further e hortations& he gave orders to raise the .an#s still higher& and to ere$t three to)ers& ea$h fifty feet high& and that they should $over them )ith plates of iron on every side& that they might .e .oth firm .y their )eight& and not easily lia.le to .e set on fire" These to)ers he set upon the .an#s& and pla$ed upon them su$h as $ould shoot darts and arro)s& )ith the lighter engines for thro)ing stones and darts also/ and .esides these& he set upon them the stoutest men among the slingers& )ho not .eing to .e seen .y reason of the height they stood upon& and the .attlements that prote$ted them& might thro) their )eapons at those that )ere upon the )all& and )ere easily seen .y them" Hereupon the Je)s& not .eing easily a.le to es$ape those darts that )ere thro)n do)n upon their heads& nor to avenge themselves on those )hom they $ould not see& and per$eiving that the height of the to)ers )as so great& that a dart )hi$h they thre) )ith their hand $ould hardly rea$h it& and that the iron plates a.out them made it very hard to $ome at them .y fire& they ran a)ay from the )alls& and fled hastily out of the $ity& and fell upon those that shot at them" And thus did the people of Jotapata resist the 0omans& )hile a great num.er of them )ere every day #illed& )ithout their .eing a.le to retort the evil upon their enemies/ nor $ould they #eep them out of the $ity )ithout danger to themselves" B@" A.out this time it )as that 8espasian sent out Tra7an against a $ity $alled Japha& that lay near to Jotapata& and that desired innovations& and )as puffed up )ith the une pe$ted length of the opposition of Jotapata" This Tra7an )as the $ommander of the tenth legion& and to him 8espasian $ommitted one thousand horsemen& and t)o thousand footmen" When Tra7an $ame to the $ity& he found it hard to .e ta#en& for .esides the natural strength of its situation& it )as also se$ured .y a dou.le )all/ .ut )hen he sa) the people of this $ity $oming out of it& and ready to fight him& he 7oined .attle )ith them& and after a short resistan$e )hi$h they made& he pursued after them/ and as they fled to their first )all& the 0omans follo)ed them so $losely& that they fell in together )ith themE .ut )hen the Je)s )ere endeavoring to get again )ithin their se$ond )all& their fello) $iti?ens shut them out& as .eing afraid that the 0omans )ould for$e themselves in )ith them" It )as $ertainly (od therefore )ho .rought the 0omans to punish the (alileans& and did then e pose the people of the $ity every one of them manifestly to .e destroyed .y their .loody enemies/ for they fell upon the gates in great $ro)ds& and earnestly $alling to those that #ept them& and that .y their names also& yet had they their throats $ut in the very midst of their suppli$ations/ for the enemy shut the gates of the first )all& and their o)n $iti?ens shut the gates of the se$ond& so they )ere en$losed .et)een t)o )alls& and )ere slain in great num.ers together/ many of them )ere run through .y s)ords of their o)n men& and many .y their o)n s)ords& .esides an immense num.er that )ere slain .y the 0omans" 1or had they any $ourage to revenge themselves/ for there )as added to the $onsternation they )ere in from the enemy& their .eing .etrayed .y their o)n friends& )hi$h 6uite .ro#e their spirits/ and at last they died& $ursing not the

0omans& .ut their o)n $iti?ens& till they )ere all destroyed& .eing in num.er t)elve thousand" So Tra7an gathered that the $ity )as empty of people that $ould fight& and although there should a fe) of them .e therein& he supposed that they )ould .e too timorous to venture upon any opposition/ so he reserved the ta#ing of the $ity to the general" A$$ordingly& he sent messengers to 8espasian& and desired him to send his son Titus to finish the vi$tory he had gained" 8espasian hereupon imagining there might .e some pains still ne$essary& sent his son )ith an army of five hundred horsemen& and one thousand footmen" So he $ame 6ui$#ly to the $ity& and put his army in order& and set Tra7an over the left )ing& )hile he had the right himself& and led them to the siegeE and )hen the soldiers .rought ladders to .e laid against the )all on every side& the (alileans opposed them from a.ove for a )hile/ .ut soon after)ard they left the )alls" Then did Titus2s men leap into the $ity& and sei?ed upon it presently/ .ut )hen those that )ere in it )ere gotten together& there )as a fier$e .attle .et)een them/ for the men of po)er fell upon the 0omans in the narro) streets& and the )omen thre) )hatsoever $ame ne t to hand at them& and sustained a fight )ith them for si hours2 time/ .ut )hen the fighting men )ere spent& the rest of the multitude had their throats $ut& partly in the open air& and partly in their o)n houses& .oth young and old together" So there )ere no males no) remaining& .esides infants& )hi$h& )ith the )omen& )ere $arried as slaves into $aptivity/ so that the num.er of the slain& .oth no) in the $ity and at the former fight& )as fifteen thousand& and the $aptives )ere t)o thousand one hundred and thirty" This $alamity .efell the (alileans on the t)enty-fifth day of the month 'esius +Sivan", BA" 1or did the Samaritans es$ape their share of misfortunes at this time/ for they assem.led themselves together upon file mountain $alled (eri??im& )hi$h is )ith them a holy mountain& and there they remained/ )hi$h $olle$tion of theirs& as )ell as the $ourageous minds they sho)ed& $ould not .ut threaten some)hat of )ar/ nor )ere they rendered )iser .y the miseries that had $ome upon their neigh.oring $ities" They also& not)ithstanding the great su$$ess the 0omans had& mar$hed on in an unreasona.le manner& depending on their o)n )ea#ness& and )ere disposed for any tumult upon its first appearan$e" 8espasian therefore thought it .est to prevent their motions& and to $ut off the foundation of their attempts" For although all Samaria had ever garrisons settled among them& yet did the num.er of those that )ere $ome to -ount (eri??im& and their $onspira$y together& give ground for fear )hat they )ould .e at/ he therefore sent I thither Cerealis& the $ommander of the fifth legion& )ith si hundred horsemen& and three thousand footmen& )ho did not thin# it safe to go up to the mountain& and give them .attle& .e$ause many of the enemy )ere on the higher part of the ground/ so he en$ompassed all the lo)er part of the mountain )ith his army& and )at$hed them all that day" 1o) it happened that the Samaritans& )ho )ere no) destitute of )ater& )ere inflamed )ith a violent heat& ;for it )as summer time& and the multitude had not provided themselves )ith ne$essaries&> insomu$h that some of them died that very day )ith heat& )hile others of them preferred slavery .efore su$h a death as that )as& and fled to the 0omans/ .y )hom Cerealis understood that those )hi$h still staid there )ere very mu$h .ro#en .y their misfortunes" So he )ent up to the mountain& and having pla$ed his for$es round a.out the enemy& he& in the first pla$e& e horted them to ta#e the se$urity of his right hand& and $ome to terms )ith him& and there.y save themselves/ and assured them& that if they )ould lay do)n their arms& he )ould se$ure them from any harm/ .ut )hen he $ould not prevail )ith them& he fell upon them and sle) them all& .eing in num.er eleven thousand and si hundred" This )as done on the t)enty-seventh day of the month 'esius +Sivan," And these )ere the $alamities that .efell the Samaritans at this time" BB" But as the people of Jotapata still held out manfully& and .ore up tinder their miseries .eyond all that $ould .e hoped for& on the forty-seventh day +of the siege, the .an#s $ast up .y the 0omans )ere .e$ome higher than the )all/ on )hi$h day a $ertain deserter )ent to 8espasian& and told him ho) fe) )ere left in the $ity& and ho) )ea# they )ere& and that they had .een so )orn out )ith perpetual )at$hing& and as perpetual fighting& that they $ould not no) oppose any for$e that $ame against them& and that they might he ta#en .y stratagem& if any one )ould atta$# them/ for that a.out the last )at$h of the night& )hen they thought they might have some rest from the hardships they )ere under& and )hen a morning sleep used to $ome upon them& as they )ere thoroughly )eary& he said the )at$h used to fall asleep/ a$$ordingly his advi$e )as& that they should ma#e their atta$# at that hour" But

8espasian had a suspi$ion a.out this deserter& as #no)ing ho) faithful the Je)s )ere to one another& and ho) mu$h they despised any punishments that $ould .e infli$ted on them/ this last .e$ause one of the people of Jotapata had undergone all sorts of torments& and though they made him pass through a fiery trial of his enemies in his e amination& yet )ould he inform them nothing of the affairs )ithin the $ity& and as he )as $ru$ified& smiled at them" Ho)ever& the pro.a.ility there )as in the relation itself did partly $onfirm the truth of )hat the deserter told them& and they thought he might pro.a.ly spea# truth" Ho)ever& 8espasian thought they should .e no great sufferers if the report )as a sham/ so he $ommanded them to #eep the man in $ustody& and prepared the army for ta#ing the $ity" B<" A$$ording to )hi$h resolution they mar$hed )ithout noise& at the hour that had .een told them& to the )all/ and it )as Titus himself that first got upon it& )ith one of his tri.unes& 'omitius Sa.inus& and had a fe) of the fifteenth legion along )ith him" So they $ut the throats of the )at$h& and entered the $ity very 6uietly" After these $ame Cerealis the tri.une& and *la$idus& and led on those that )ere tinder them" 1o) )hen the $itadel )as ta#en& and the enemy )ere in the very midst of the $ity& and )hen it )as already day& yet )as not the ta#ing of the $ity #no)n .y those that held it/ for a great many of them )ere fast asleep& and a great mist& )hi$h then .y $han$e fell upon the $ity& hindered those that got up from distin$tly seeing the $ase they )ere in& till the )hole 0oman army )as gotten in& and they )ere raised up only to find the miseries they )ere under/ and as they )ere slaying& they per$eived the $ity )as ta#en" And for the 0omans& they so )ell remem.ered )hat they had suffered during the siege& that they spared none& nor pitied any& .ut drove the people do)n the pre$ipi$e from the $itadel& and sle) them as they drove them do)n/ at )hi$h time the diffi$ulties of the pla$e hindered those that )ere still a.le to fight from defending themselves/ for as they )ere distressed in the narro) streets& and $ould not #eep their feet sure along the pre$ipi$e& they )ere overpo)ered )ith the $ro)d of those that $ame fighting them do)n from the $itadel" This provo#ed a great many& even of those $hosen men that )ere a.out Josephus& to #ill themselves )ith their o)n hands/ for )hen they sa) that they $ould #ill none of the 0omans& they resolved to prevent .eing #illed .y the 0omans& and got together in great num.ers in the utmost parts of the $ity& and #illed themselves" BC" Ho)ever& su$h of the )at$h as at the first per$eived they )ere ta#en& and ran a)ay as fast as they $ould& )ent up into one of the to)ers on the north side of the $ity& and for a )hile defended themselves there/ .ut as they )ere en$ompassed )ith a multitude of enemies& they tried to use their right hands )hen it )as too late& and at length they $heerfully offered their ne$#s to .e $ut off .y those that stood over them" And the 0omans might have .oasted that the $on$lusion of that siege )as )ithout .lood +on their side, if there had not .een a $enturion& Antonius& )ho )as slain at the ta#ing of the $ity" His death )as o$$asioned .y the follo)ing trea$hery/ for there )as one of those that )ere fled into the $averns& )hi$h )ere a great num.er& )ho desired that this Antonius )ould rea$h him his right hand for his se$urity& and )ould assure him that he )ould preserve him& and give him his assistan$e in getting up out of the $avern/ a$$ordingly& he in$autiously rea$hed him his right hand& )hen the other man prevented him& and sta..ed him under his loins )ith a spear& and #illed him immediately" BD" And on this day it )as that the 0omans sle) all the multitude that appeared openly/ .ut on the follo)ing days they sear$hed the hiding-pla$es& and fell upon those that )ere under ground& and in the $averns& and )ent thus through every age& e $epting the infants and the )omen& and of these there )ere gathered together as $aptives t)elve hundred/ and as for those that )ere slain at the ta#ing of the $ity& and in the former fights& they )ere num.ered to .e forty thousand" So 8espasian gave order that the $ity should .e entirely demolished& and all the fortifi$ations .urnt do)n" And thus )as Jotapata ta#en& in the thirteenth year of the reign of 1ero& on the first day of the month *anemus +Tamu?,"

CH(PT+, $
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W)TH H)1 OW' 6+'8 WH+' TH+3 +'D+(-O,+D TO H)'D+, H)6; ('D WH(T H+ 1()D TO -+1P(1)('8 WH+' H+ W(1 B,O0*HT TO H)6; ('D (/T+, WH(T 6(''+, -+1P(1)(' 01+D H)6 (/T+,W(,D5
@" A1' no) the 0omans sear$hed for Josephus& .oth out of the hatred they .ore him& and .e$ause their general )as very desirous to have him ta#en/ for he re$#oned that if he )ere on$e ta#en& the greatest part of the )ar )ould .e over" They then sear$hed among the dead& and loo#ed into the most $on$ealed re$esses of the $ity/ .ut as the $ity )as first ta#en& he )as assisted .y a $ertain supernatural providen$e/ for he )ithdre) himself from the enemy )hen he )as in the midst of them& and leaped into a $ertain deep pit& )hereto there ad7oined a large den at one side of it& )hi$h den $ould not .e seen .y those that )ere a.ove ground/ and there he met )ith forty persons of eminen$y that had $on$ealed themselves& and )ith provisions enough to satisfy them for not a fe) days" So in the day time he hid himself from the enemy& )ho had sei?ed upon all pla$es& and in the night time he got up out of the den and loo#ed a.out for some )ay of es$aping& and too# e a$t noti$e of the )at$h/ .ut as all pla$es )ere guarded every )here on his a$$ount& that there )as no )ay of getting off unseen& he )ent do)n again into the den" Thus he $on$ealed himself t)o days/ .ut on the third day& )hen they had ta#en a )oman )ho had .een )ith them& he )as dis$overed" Whereupon 8espasian sent immediately and ?ealously t)o tri.unes& *aulinus and (alli$anus& and ordered them to give Josephus their right hands as a se$urity for his life& and to e hort him to $ome up" A" So they $ame and invited the man to $ome up& and gave him assuran$es that his life should .e preservedE .ut they did not prevail )ith him/ for he gathered suspi$ions from the pro.a.ility there )as that one )ho had done so many things against the 0omans must suffer for it& though not from the mild temper of those that invited him" Ho)ever& he )as afraid that he )as invited to $ome up in order to .e punished& until 8espasian sent .esides these a third tri.une& 1i$anor& to him/ he )as one that )as )ell #no)n to Josephus& and had .een his familiar a$6uaintan$e in old time" When he )as $ome& he enlarged upon the natural mildness of the 0omans to)ards those they have on$e $on6uered/ and told him that he had .ehaved himself so valiantly& that the $ommanders rather admired than hated him/ that the general )as very desirous to have him .rought to him& not in order to punish him& for that he $ould do though he should not $ome voluntarily& .ut that he )as determined to preserve a man of his $ourage" He moreover added this& that 8espasian& had he .een resolved to impose upon him& )ould not have sent to him a friend of his o)n& nor put the fairest $olor upon the vilest a$tion& .y pretending friendship and meaning perfidiousness/ nor )ould he have himself a$6uies$ed& or $ome to him& had it .een to de$eive him" B" 1o) as Josephus .egan to hesitate )ith himself a.out 1i$anor2s proposal& the soldiery )ere so angry& that they ran hastily to set fire to the den/ .ut the tri.une )ould not permit them so to do& as .eing very desirous to ta#e the man alive" And no)& as 1i$anor lay hard at Josephus to $omply& and he understood ho) the multitude of the enemies threatened him& he $alled to mind the dreams )hi$h he had dreamed in the night time& )here.y (od had signified to him .eforehand .oth the future $alamities of the Je)s& and the events that $on$erned the 0oman emperors" 1o) Josephus )as a.le to give shre)d $on7e$tures a.out the interpretation of su$h dreams as have .een am.iguously delivered .y (od" -oreover& he )as not una$6uainted )ith the prophe$ies $ontained in the sa$red .oo#s& as .eing a priest himself& and of the posterity of priestsE and 7ust then )as he in an e$stasy/ and setting .efore him the tremendous images of the dreams he had lately had& he put up a se$ret prayer to (od& and said& ISin$e it pleaseth thee& )ho hast $reated the Je)ish nation& to depress the same& and sin$e all their good fortune is gone over to the 0omans& and sin$e thou hast made $hoi$e of this soul of mine to foretell )hat is to $ome to pass hereafter& I )illingly give them my hands& and am $ontent to live" And I protest openly that I do not go over to the 0omans as a deserter of the Je)s& .ut as a minister from thee"I <" When he had said this& he $omplied )ith 1i$anor2s invitation" But )hen those Je)s )ho had fled )ith him understood that he yielded to those that invited him to $ome up& they $ame a.out him in a .ody& and $ried out& I1ay& indeed& no) may the la)s of our forefathers& )hi$h (od ordained himself&

)ell groan to purpose/ that (od )e mean )ho hath $reated the souls of the Je)s of su$h a temper& that they despise death" O JosephusJ art thou still fond of lifeK and $anst thou .ear to see the light in a state of slaveryK Ho) soon hast thou forgotten thyselfJ Ho) many hast thou persuaded to lose their lives for li.ertyJ Thou hast therefore had a false reputation for manhood& and a li#e false reputation for )isdom& if thou $anst hope for preservation from those against )hom thou hast fought so ?ealously& and art ho)ever )illing to .e preserved .y them& if they .e in earnest" But although the good fortune of the 0omans hath made thee forget thyself& )e ought to ta#e $are that the glory of our forefathers may not .e tarnished" We )ill lend thee our right hand and a s)ord/ and if thou )ilt die )illingly& thou )ilt die as general of the Je)s/ .ut if un)illingly& thou )ilt die as a traitor to them"I As soon as they said this& they .egan to thrust their s)ords at him& and threatened they )ould #ill him& if he thought of yielding himself to the 0omans" C" 5pon this Josephus )as afraid of their atta$#ing him& and yet thought he should .e a .etrayer of the $ommands of (od& if he died .efore they )ere delivered" So he .egan to tal# li#e a philosopher to them in the distress he )as then in& )hen he said thus to themE IO my friends& )hy are )e so earnest to #ill ourselvesK and )hy do )e set our soul and .ody& )hi$h are su$h dear $ompanions& at su$h varian$eK Can any one pretend that I am not the man I )as formerlyK 1ay& the 0omans are sensi.le ho) that matter stands )ell enough" It is a .rave thin to die in )ar/ .ut so that it .e a$$ording to the la) of )ar& .y the hand of $on6uerors" If& therefore& I avoid death from the s)ord of the 0omans& I am truly )orthy to .e #illed .y my o)n s)ord& and my o)n hand/ .ut if they admit of mer$y& and )ould spare their enemy& ho) mu$h more ought )e to have mer$y upon ourselves& and to spare ourselvesK For it is $ertainly a foolish thing to do that to ourselves )hi$h )e 6uarrel )ith them for doing to us" I $onfess freely that it is a .rave thing to die for li.erty/ .ut still so that it .e in )ar& and done .y those )ho ta#e that li.erty from us/ .ut in the present $ase our enemies do neither meet us in .attle& nor do they #ill us" 1o) he is e6ually a $o)ard )ho )ill not die )hen he is o.liged to die& and he )ho )ill die )hen he is not o.liged so to do" What are )e afraid of& )hen )e )ill not go up to the 0omansK Is it deathK If so& )hat )e are afraid of& )hen )e .ut suspe$t our enemies )ill infli$t it on us& shall )e infli$t it on ourselves for $ertainK But it may .e said )e must .e slaves" And are )e then in a $lear state of li.erty at presentK It may also .e said that it is a manly a$t for one to #ill himself" 1o& $ertainly& .ut a most unmanly one/ as I should esteem that pilot to .e an arrant $o)ard& )ho& out of fear of a storm& should sin# his ship of his o)n a$$ord" 1o) self-murder is a $rime most remote from the $ommon nature of all animals& and an instan$e of impiety against (od our Creator/ nor indeed is there any animal that dies .y its o)n $ontrivan$e& or .y its o)n means& for the desire of life is a la) engraven in them all/ on )hi$h a$$ount )e deem those that openly ta#e it a)ay from us to .e our enemies& and those that do it .y trea$hery are punished for so doing" And do not you thin# that (od is very angry )hen a man does in7ury to )hat he hath .esto)ed on himK For from him it is that )e have re$eived our .eing& and )e ought to leave it to his disposal to ta#e that .eing a)ay from us" The .odies of all men are indeed mortal& and are $reated out of $orrupti.le matter/ .ut the soul is ever immortal& and is a portion of the divinity that inha.its our .odies" Besides& if any one destroys or a.uses a depositum he hath re$eived from a mere man& he is esteemed a )i$#ed and perfidious person/ .ut then if any one $ast out of his .ody this 'ivine depositum& $an )e imagine that he )ho is there.y affronted does not #no) of itK -oreover& our la) 7ustly ordains that slaves )hi$h run a)ay from their master shall .e punished& though the masters they run a)ay from may have .een )i$#ed masters to them" And shall )e endeavor to run a)ay from (od& )ho is the .est of all masters& and not guilty of impeityK 'o not you #no) that those )ho depart out of this life a$$ording to the la) of nature& and pay that de.t )hi$h )as re$eived from (od& )hen he that lent it us is pleased to re6uire it .a$# again& en7oy eternal fame/ that their houses and their posterity are sure& that their souls are pure and o.edient& and o.tain a most holy pla$e in heaven& from )hen$e& in the revolutions of ages& they are again sent into pure .odies/ )hile the souls of those )hose hands have a$ted madly against themselves are re$eived .y the dar#est pla$e in Hades& and )hile (od& )ho is their Father& punishes those that offend against either of them in their posterityK for )hi$h reason (od hates su$h doings& and the $rime is punished .y our most )ise legislator" A$$ordingly& our la)s determine that the .odies of su$h as #ill themselves should .e e posed till the sun .e set& )ithout .urial& although at the same time it .e allo)ed .y them to .e la)ful to .ury our enemies +sooner," The la)s of other nations also en7oin su$h men2s hands to .e $ut off

)hen they are dead& )hi$h had .een made use of in destroying themselves )hen alive& )hile they re$#oned that as the .ody is alien from the soul& so is the hand alien from the .ody" It is therefore& my friends& a right thing to reason 7ustly& and not add to the $alamities )hi$h men .ring upon us impiety to)ards our Creator" If )e have a mind to preserve ourselves& let us do it/ for to .e preserved .y those our enemies& to )hom )e have given so many demonstrations of our $ourage& is no )ay inglorious/ .ut if )e have a mind to die& it is good to die .y the hand of those that have $on6uered us" For nay part& I )ill not run over to our enemies2 6uarters& in order to .e a traitor to myself/ for $ertainly I should then .e mu$h more foolish than those that deserted to the enemy& sin$e they did it in order to save themselves& and I should do it for destru$tion& for my o)n destru$tion" Ho)ever& I heartily )ish the 0omans may prove trea$herous in this matter/ for if& after their offer of their right hand for se$urity& I .e slain .y them& I shall die $heerfully& and $arry a)ay )ith me the sense of their perfidiousness& as a $onsolation greater than vi$tory itself"I D" 1o) these and many the li#e motives did Josephus use to these men to prevent their murdering themselves/ .ut desperation had shut their ears& as having long ago devoted themselves to die& and they )ere irritated at Josephus" They then ran upon him )ith their s)ords in their hands& one from one 6uarter& and another from another& and $alled him a $o)ard& and everyone of them appeared openly as if he )ere ready to smite him/ .ut he $alling to one of them .y name& and loo#ing li#e a general to another& and ta#ing a third .y the hand& and ma#ing a fourth ashamed of himself& .y praying him to for.ear& and .eing in this $ondition distra$ted )ith various passions& ;as he )ell might in the great distress he )as then in&> he #ept off every one of their s)ords from #illing him& and )as for$ed to do li#e su$h )ild .easts as are en$ompassed a.out on every side& )ho al)ays turn themselves against those that last tou$hed them" 1ay& some of their right hands )ere de.ilitated .y the reveren$e they .are to their general in these his fatal $alamities& and their s)ords dropped out of their hands/ and not a fe) of them there )ere& )ho& )hen they aimed to smite him )ith their s)ords& they )ere not thoroughly either )illing or a.le to do it" H" Ho)ever& in this e treme distress& he )as not destitute of his usual saga$ity/ .ut trusting himself to the providen$e of (od& he put his life into ha?ard +in the manner follo)ing,E IAnd no)&I said he& Isin$e it is resolved among you that you )ill die& $ome on& let us $ommit our mutual deaths to determination .y lot" He )hom the lot falls to first& let him .e #illed .y him that hath the se$ond lot& and thus fortune shall ma#e its progress through us all/ nor shall any of us perish .y his o)n right hand& for it )ould .e unfair if& )hen the rest are gone& some.ody should repent and save himself"I This proposal appeared to them to .e very 7ust/ and )hen he had prevailed )ith them to determine this matter .y lots& he dre) one of the lots for himself also" He )ho had the first lot laid his ne$# .are to him that had the ne t& as supposing that the general )ould die among them immediately/ for they thought death& if Josephus might .ut die )ith them& )as s)eeter than life/ yet )as he )ith another left to the last& )hether )e must say it happened so .y $han$e& or )hether .y the providen$e of (od" And as he )as very desirous neither to .e $ondemned .y the lot& nor& if he had .een left to the last& to im.rue his right hand in the .lood of his $ountrymen& he persuaded him to trust his fidelity to him& and to live as )ell as himself" G" Thus Josephus es$aped in the )ar )ith the 0omans& and in this his o)n )ar )ith his friends& and )as led .y 1i$anor to 8espasian" But no) all the 0omans ran together to see him/ and as the multitude pressed one upon another a.out their general& there )as a tumult of a various #ind/ )hile some re7oi$ed that Josephus )as ta#en& and some threatened him& and some $ro)ded to see him very near/ .ut those that )ere more remote $ried out to have this their enemy put to death& )hile those that )ere near $alled to mind the a$tions he had done& and a deep $on$ern appeared at the $hange of his fortune" 1or )ere there any of the 0oman $ommanders& ho) mu$h soever they had .een enraged at him .efore& .ut relented )hen they $ame to the sight of him" A.ove all the rest& Titus2s o)n valor& and Josephus2s o)n patien$e under his affli$tions& made him pity him& as did also the $ommiseration of his age& )hen he re$alled to mind that .ut a little )hile ago he )as fighting& .ut lay no) in the hands of his enemies& )hi$h made him $onsider the po)er of fortune& and ho) 6ui$# is the turn of affairs in )ar& and ho) no state of men is sure/ for )hi$h reason he then made a great many more to .e of the same pitiful temper )ith himself& and indu$ed them to $ommiserate Josephus" He )as also of great )eight

in persuading his father to preserve him" Ho)ever& 8espasian gave stri$t orders that he should .e #ept )ith great $aution& as though he )ould in a very little time send him to 1ero" M" When Josephus heard him give those orders& he said that he had some)hat in his mind that he )ould )illingly say to himself alone" When therefore they )ere all ordered to )ithdra)& e $epting Titus and t)o of their friends& he said& IThou& O 8espasian& thin#est no more than that thou hast ta#en Josephus himself $aptive/ .ut I $ome to thee as a messenger of greater tidings/ for had not I .een sent .y (od to thee& I #ne) )hat )as the la) of the Je)s in this $aseK ;C> and ho) it .e$omes generals to die" 'ost thou send me to 1eroK For )hyK Are 1ero2s su$$essors till they $ome to thee still aliveK Thou& O 8espasian& art Caesar and emperor& thou& and this thy son" Bind me no) still faster& and #eep me for thyself& for thou& O Caesar& are not only lord over me& .ut over the land and the sea& and all man#ind/ and $ertainly I deserve to .e #ept in $loser $ustody than I no) am in& in order to .e punished& if I rashly affirm any thing of (od"I When he had said this& 8espasian at present did not .elieve him& .ut supposed that Josephus said this as a $unning tri$#& in order to his o)n preservation/ .ut in a little time he )as $onvin$ed& and .elieved )hat he said to .e true& (od himself ere$ting his e pe$tations& so as to thin# of o.taining the empire& and .y other signs fore-sho)ing his advan$ement" He also found Josephus to have spo#en truth on other o$$asions/ for one of those friends that )ere present at that se$ret $onferen$e said to Josephus& II $annot .ut )onder ho) thou $ouldst not foretell to the people of Jotapata that they should .e ta#en& nor $ouldst foretell this $aptivity )hi$h hath happened to thyself& unless )hat thou no) sayest .e a vain thing& in order to avoid the rage that is risen against thyself"I To )hi$h Josephus replied& II did foretell to the people of Jotapata that they )ould .e ta#en on the fortyseventh day& and that I should .e $aught alive .y the 0omans"I 1o) )hen 8espasian had in6uired of the $aptives privately a.out these predi$tions& he found them to .e true& and then he .egan to .elieve those that $on$erned himself" !et did he not set Josephus at li.erty from his hands& .ut .esto)ed on him suits of $lothes& and other pre$ious gifts/ he treated him also in a very o.liging manner& and $ontinued so to do& Titus still 7oining his interest ill the honors that )ere done him" +'D'OT+1 ;C> I do not #no) )here to find the la) of -oses here mentioned .y Josephus& and after)ards .y %lea?ar& @B" 8II" $h" G" se$t" H& and almost implied in B" I" $h" @B" se$t" @=& .y Josephus2s $ommendation of *hasaelus for doing so/ I mean& )here.y Je)ish generals and people )ere o.liged to #ill themselves& rather than go into slavery under heathens" I dou.t this )ould have .een no .etter than Iself-murder/I and I .elieve it )as rather some vain do$trine& or interpretation& of the rigid *harisees& or %ssens& or Herodiaus& than a 7ust $onse6uen$e from any la) of (od delivered .y -oses"

CH(PT+, %
HOW JOPP( W(1 T(7+'8 ('D T)B+,)(1 D+.)-+,+D 0P5
@" 1OW 8espasian returned to *tolemais on the fourth day of the month *anemus& +Tamus, and from then$e he $ame to Cesarea& )hi$h lay .y the sea-side" This )as a very great $ity of Judea& and for the greatest part inha.ited .y (ree#sE the $iti?ens here re$eived .oth the 0oman army and its general& )ith all sorts of a$$lamations and re7oi$ings& and this partly out of the good-)ill they .ore to the 0omans& .ut prin$ipally out of the hatred they .ore to those that )ere $on6uered .y them/ on )hi$h a$$ount they $ame $lamoring against Josephus in $ro)ds& and desired he might .e put to death" But 8espasian passed over this petition $on$erning him& as offered .y the in7udi$ious multitude& )ith a .are silen$e" T)o of the legions also he pla$ed at Cesarea& that they might there ta#e their )inter6uarters& as per$eiving the $ity very fit for su$h a purpose/ .ut he pla$ed the tenth and the fifth at S$ythopolis& that he might not distress Cesarea )ith the entire army" This pla$e )as )arm even in )inter& as it )as suffo$ating hot in the summer time& .y reason of its situation in a plain& and near to the sea +of (alilee,"

A" In the mean time& there )ere gathered together as )ell su$h as had seditiously got out from among their enemies& as those that had es$aped out of the demolished $ities& )hi$h )ere in all a great num.er& and repaired Joppa& )hi$h had .een left desolate .y Cestius& that it might serve them for a pla$e of refuge/ and .e$ause the ad7oining region had .een laid )aste in the )ar& and )as not $apa.le of supporting them& they determined to go off to sea" They also .uilt themselves a great many pirati$al ships& and turned pirates upon the seas near to Syria& and *hoeni$ia& and %gypt& and made those seas unnaviga.le to all men" 1o) as soon as 8espasian #ne) of their $onspira$y& he sent .oth footmen and horsemen to Joppa& )hi$h )as unguarded in the night time/ ho)ever& those that )ere in it per$eived that they should .e atta$#ed& and )ere afraid of it/ yet did they not endeavor to #eep the 0omans out& .ut fled to their ships& and lay at sea all night& out of the rea$h of their darts" B" 1o) Joppa is not naturally a haven& for it ends in a rough shore& )here all the rest of it is straight& .ut the t)o ends .end to)ards ea$h other& )here there are deep pre$ipi$es& and great stones that 7ut out into the sea& and )here the $hains )here)ith Andromeda )as .ound have left their footsteps& )hi$h attest to the anti6uity of that fa.le" But the north )ind opposes and .eats upon the shore& and dashes mighty )aves against the ro$#s )hi$h re$eive them& and renders the haven more dangerous than the $ountry they had deserted" 1o) as those people of Joppa )ere floating a.out in this sea& in the morning there fell a violent )ind upon them/ it is $alled .y those that sail there Ithe .la$# north )ind&I and there dashed their ships one against another& and dashed some of them against the ro$#s& and $arried many of them .y for$e& )hile they strove against the opposite )aves& into the main sea/ for the shore )as so ro$#y& and had so many of the enemy upon it& that they )ere afraid to $ome to land/ nay& the )aves rose so very high& that they dro)ned them/ nor )as there any pla$e )hither they $ould fly& nor any )ay to save themselves/ )hile they )ere thrust out of the sea& .y the violen$e of the )ind& if they staid )here they )ere& and out of the $ity .y the violen$e of the 0omans" And mu$h lamentation there )as )hen the ships )ere dashed against one another& and a terri.le noise )hen they )ere .ro#en to pie$es/ and some of the multitude that )ere in them )ere $overed )ith )aves& and so perished& and a great many )ere em.arrassed )ith ship)re$#s" But some of them thought that to die .y their o)n s)ords )as lighter than .y the sea& and so they #illed themselves .efore they )ere dro)ned/ although the greatest part of them )ere $arried .y the )aves& and dashed to pie$es against the a.rupt parts of the ro$#s& insomu$h that the sea )as .loody a long )ay& and the maritime parts )ere full of dead .odies/ for the 0omans $ame upon those that )ere $arried to the shore& and destroyed them/ and the num.er of the .odies that )ere thus thro)n out of the sea )as four thousand and t)o hundred" The 0omans also too# the $ity )ithout opposition& and utterly demolished it" <" And thus )as Joppa ta#en t)i$e .y the 0omans in a little time/ .ut 8espasian& in order to prevent these pirates from $oming thither any more& ere$ted a $amp there& )here the $itadel of Joppa had .een& and left a .ody of horse in it& )ith a fe) footmen& that these last might stay there and guard the $amp& and the horsemen might spoil the $ountry that lay round it& and might destroy the neigh.oring villages and smaller $ities" So these troops overran the $ountry& as they )ere ordered to do& and every day $ut to pie$es and laid desolate the )hole region" C" But no)& )hen the fate of Jotapata )as related at Jerusalem& a great many at the first dis.elieved it& on a$$ount of the vastness of the $alamity& and .e$ause they had no eye-)itness to attest the truth of )hat )as related a.out it/ for not one person )as saved to .e a messenger of that ne)s& .ut a fame )as spread a.road at random that the $ity )as ta#en& as su$h fame usually spreads .ad ne)s a.out" Ho)ever& the truth )as #no)n .y degrees& from the pla$es near Jotapata& and appeared to all to .e too true" !et )ere there fi$titious stories added to )hat )as really done/ for it )as reported that Josephus )as slain at the ta#ing of the $ity& )hi$h pie$e of ne)s filled Jerusalem full of sorro)" In every house also& and among all to )hom any of the slain )ere allied& there )as a lamentation for them/ .ut the mourning for the $ommander )as a pu.li$ one/ and some mourned for those that had lived )ith them& others for their #indred& others for their friends& and others for their .rethren& .ut all mourned for Josephus/ insomu$h that the lamentation did not $ease in the $ity .efore the thirtieth day/ and a great many hired mourners& ;D> )ith their pipes& )ho should .egin the melan$holy ditties for them"

D" But as the truth $ame out in time& it appeared ho) the affairs of Jotapata really stood/ yet )as it found that the death of Josephus )as a fi$tion/ and )hen they understood that he )as alive& and )as among the 0omans& and that the $ommanders treated him at another rate than they treated $aptives& they )ere as vehemently angry at him no) as they had sho)ed their good-)ill .efore& )hen he appeared to have .een dead" He )as also a.used .y some as having .een a $o)ard& and .y others as a deserter/ and the $ity )as full of indignation at him& and of reproa$hes $ast upon him/ their rage )as also aggravated .y their affli$tions& and more inflamed .y their ill su$$ess/ and )hat usually .e$omes an o$$asion of $aution to )ise men& I mean affli$tion& .e$ame a spur to them to venture on further $alamities& and the end of one misery .e$ame still the .eginning of another/ they therefore resolved to fall on the 0omans the more vehemently& as resolving to .e revenged on him in revenging themselves on the 0omans" And this )as the state of Jerusalem as to the trou.les )hi$h no) $ame upon it" H" But 8espasian& in order to see the #ingdom of Agrippa& )hile the #ing persuaded himself so to do& ;partly in order to his treating the general and his army in the .est and most splendid manner his private affairs )ould ena.le him to do& and partly that he might& .y their means& $orre$t su$h things as )ere amiss in his government&> he removed from that Cesarea )hi$h )as .y the sea-side& and )ent to that )hi$h is $alled Cesarea *hilippi ;H> and there he refreshed his army for t)enty days& and )as himself feasted .y #ing Agrippa& )here he also returned pu.li$ than#s to (od for the good su$$ess he had had in his underta#ings" But as soon as he )as informed that Ti.erias )as fond of innovations& and that Tari$here had revolted& .oth )hi$h $ities )ere parts of the #ingdom of Agrippa& and )as satisfied )ithin himself that the Je)s )ere every )here perverted +from their o.edien$e to their governors,& he thought it seasona.le to ma#e an e pedition against these $ities& and that for the sa#e of Agrippa& and in order to .ring his $ities to reason" So he sent a)ay his son Titus to +the other, Cesarea& that he might .ring the army that lay there to Seythopous& )hi$h is the largest $ity of 'e$apolis& and in the neigh.orhood of Ti.erias& )hither he $ame& and )here he )aited for his son" He then $ame )ith three legions& and pit$hed his $amp thirty furlongs off Ti.erias& at a $ertain station easily seen .y the innovators/ it is named Senna.ris" He also sent 8alerian& a de$urion& )ith fifty horsemen& to spea# pea$ea.ly to those that )ere in the $ity& and to e hort them to give him assuran$es of their fidelity/ for he had heard that the people )ere desirous of pea$e& .ut )ere o.liged .y some of the seditious part to 7oin )ith them& and so )ere for$ed to fight for them" When 8alerian had mar$hed up to the pla$e& and )as near the )all& he alighted off his horse& and made those that )ere )ith him to do the same& that they might not .e thought to $ome to s#irmish )ith them/ .ut .efore they $ould $ome to a dis$ourse one )ith another& the most potent men among the seditious made a sally upon them armed/ their leader )as one )hose name )as Jesus& the son of Shaphat& the prin$ipal head of a .and of ro..ers" 1o) 8alerian& neither thin#ing it safe to fight $ontrary to the $ommands of the general& though he )ere se$ure of a vi$tory& and #no)ing that it )as a very ha?ardous underta#ing for a fe) to fight )ith many& for those that )ere unprovided to fight those that )ere ready& and .eing on other a$$ounts surprised at this une pe$ted onset of the Je)s& he ran a)ay on foot& as did five of the rest in li#e manner& and left their horses .ehind them/ )hi$h horses Jesus led a)ay into the $ity& and re7oi$ed as if they had ta#en them in .attle& and not .y trea$hery" G" 1o) the seniors of the people& and su$h as )ere of prin$ipal authority among them& fearing )hat )ould .e the issue of this matter& fled to the $amp of the 0omans/ they then too# their #ing along )ith them& and fell do)n .efore 8espasian& to suppli$ate his favor& and .esought him not to overloo# them& nor to impute the madness of a fe) to the )hole $ity& to spare a people that have .een ever $ivil and o.liging to the 0omans/ .ut to .ring the authors of this revolt to due punishment& )ho had hitherto so )at$hed them& that though they )ere ?ealous to give them the se$urity of their right hands of a long time& yet $ould they not a$$omplish the same" With these suppli$ations the general $omplied& although he )ere very angry at the )hole $ity a.out the $arrying off his horses& and this .e$ause he sa) that Agrippa )as under a great $on$ern for them" So )hen 8espasian and Agrippa had a$$epted of their right hands .y )ay of se$urity& Jesus and his party thought it not safe for them to $ontinue at Ti.erias& so they ran a)ay to Tari$hete" The ne t day 8espasian sent Tra7an .efore )ith some horsemen to the $itadel& to ma#e trial of the multitude& )hether they )ere all disposed for pea$e/ and as soon as he #ne) that the people )ere of the same mind )ith the petitioner& he too# his army& and )ent to the $ity/

upon )hi$h the $iti?ens opened to him their gates& and met him )ith a$$lamations of 7oy& and $alled him their savior and .enefa$tor" But as the army )as a great )hile in getting in at the gates& they )ere so narro)& 8espasian $ommanded the south )all to .e .ro#en do)n& and so made a .road passage for their entran$e" Ho)ever& he $harged them to a.stain from rapine and in7usti$e& in order to gratify the #ing/ and on his a$$ount spared the rest of the )all& )hile the #ing undertoo# for them that they should $ontinue +faithful to the 0omans, for the time to $ome" And thus did he restore this $ity to a 6uiet state& after it had .een grievously affli$ted .y the sedition" +'D'OT+1 ;D> These pu.li$ mourners& hired upon the supposed death of Josephus& and the real death of many more& illustrate some passages in the Bi.le& )hi$h suppose the same $ustom& as -atL@@E@H& )here the reader may $onsult the notes of (rotius" ;H> Of this Cesarea *hilippi ;t)i$e mentioned in our 1e) Testament& -atL@DE@B/ -arLGEAH> there are $oins still e tant& Spanheim here informs us"

CH(PT+, 1&
HOW T(,)CH+(+ W(1 T(7+'5 ( D+1C,)PT)O' O/ TH+ ,)-+, JO,D('8 ('D O/ TH+ CO0'T,3 O/ *+''+1(,+TH5
@" A1' no) 8espasian pit$hed his $amp .et)een this $ity and Tari$heae& .ut fortified his $amp more strongly& as suspe$ting that he should .e for$ed to stay there& and have a long )ar/ for all the innovators had gotten together at Tari$heae& as relying upon the strength of the $ity& and on the la#e that lay .y it" This la#e is $alled .y the people of the $ountry the 4a#e of (ennesareth" The $ity itself is situated li#e Ti.erias& at the .ottom of a mountain& and on those sides )hi$h are not )ashed .y the sea& had .een strongly fortified .y Josephus& though not so strongly as Ti.erias/ for the )all of Ti.erias had .een .uilt at the .eginning of the Je)s2 revolt& )hen he had great plenty of money& and great po)er& .ut Tari$hese partoo# only the remains of that li.erality& !et had they a great num.er of ships gotten ready upon the la#e& that& in $ase they )ere .eaten at land& they might retire to them/ and they )ere so fitted up& that they might underta#e a Sea-fight also" But as the 0omans )ere .uilding a )all a.out their $amp& Jesu and his party )ere neither affrighted at their num.er& nor at the good order they )ere in& .ut made a sally upon them/ and at the very first onset the .uilders of the )all )ere dispersed/ and these pulled )hat little they had .efore .uilt to pie$es/ .ut as soon as they sa) the armed men getting together& and .efore they had suffered any thing themselves& they retired to their o)n men" But then the 0omans pursued them& and drove them into their ships& )here they laun$hed out as far as might give them the opportunity of rea$hing the 0omans )ith )hat they thre) at them& and then $ast an$hor& and .rought their ships $lose& as in a line of .attle& and then$e fought the enemy from the sea& )ho )ere themselves at land" But 8espasian hearing that a great multitude of them )ere gotten together in the plain that )as .efore the $ity& he thereupon sent his son& )ith si hundred $hosen horsemen& to disperse them" A" But )hen Titus per$eived that the enemy )as very numerous& he sent to his father& and informed him that he should )ant more for$es" But as he sa) a great many of the horsemen eager to fight& and that .efore any su$$ors $ould $ome to them& and that yet some of them )ere privately under a sort of $onsternation at the multitude of the Je)s& he stood in a pla$e )hen$e he might .e heard& and said to them& I-y .rave 0omansJ for it is right for me to put you in mind of )hat nation you are& in the .eginning of my spee$h& that so you may not .e ignorant )ho you are& and )ho they are against )hom )e are going to fight" For as to us& 0omans& no part of the ha.ita.le earth hath .een a.le to es$ape our hands hitherto/ .ut as for the Je)s& that I may spea# of them too& though they have .een already .eaten& yet do they not give up the $ause/ and a sad thing it )ould .e for us to gro) )ealthy under

good su$$ess& )hen they .ear up under their misfortunes" As to the ala$rity )hi$h you sho) pu.li$ly& I see it& and re7oi$e at it/ yet am I afraid lest the multitude of the enemy should .ring a $on$ealed fright upon some of youE let su$h a one $onsider again& )ho )e are that are to fight& and )ho those are against )hom )e are to fight" 1o) these Je)s& though they .e very .old and great despisers of death& are .ut a disorderly .ody& and uns#illful in )ar& and may rather .e $alled a rout than an army/ )hile I need say nothing of our s#ill and our good order/ for this is the reason )hy )e 0omans alone are e er$ised for )ar in time of pea$e& that )e may not thin# of num.er for num.er )hen )e $ome to fight )ith our enemiesE for )hat advantage should )e reap .y our $ontinual sort of )arfare& if )e must still .e e6ual in num.er to su$h as have not .een used to )ar" Consider further& that you are to have a $onfli$t )ith men in effe$t unarmed& )hile you are )ell armed/ )ith footmen& )hile you are horsemen/ )ith those that have no good general& )hile you have one/ and as these advantages ma#e you in effe$t manifold more than you are& so do their disadvantages mightily diminish their num.er" 1o) it is not the multitude of men& though they .e soldiers& that manages )ars )ith su$$ess& .ut it is their .ravery that does it& though they .e .ut a fe)/ for a fe) are easily set in .attle-array& and $an easily assist one another& )hile over-numerous armies are more hurt .y themselves than .y their enemies" It is .oldness and rashness& the effe$ts of madness& that $ondu$t the Je)s" Those passions indeed ma#e a great figure )hen they su$$eed& .ut are 6uite e tinguished upon the least ill su$$ess/ .ut )e are led on .y $ourage& and o.edien$e& and fortitude& )hi$h sho)s itself indeed in our good fortune& .ut still does not for ever desert us in our ill fortune" 1ay& indeed& your fighting is to .e on greater motives than those of the Je)s/ for although they run the ha?ard of )ar for li.erty& and for their $ountry& yet )hat $an .e a greater motive to us than gloryK and that" it may never .e said& that after )e have got dominion of the ha.ita.le earth& the Je)s are a.le to $onfront us" We must also refle$t upon this& that there is no fear of our suffering any in$ura.le disaster in the present $ase/ for those that are ready to assist us are many& and at hand also/ yet it is in our po)er to sei?e upon this vi$tory ourselves/ and I thin# )e ought to prevent the $oming of those my father is sending to us for our assistan$e& that our su$$ess may .e pe$uliar to ourselves& and of greater reputation to us" And I $annot .ut thin# this an opportunity )herein my father& and I& and you shall .e all put to the trial& )hether he .e )orthy of his former glorious performan$es& )hether I .e his son in reality& and )hether you .e really my soldiers/ for it is usual for my father to $on6uer/ and for myself& I should not .ear the thoughts of returning to him if I )ere on$e ta#en .y the enemy" And ho) )ill you .e a.le to avoid .eing ashamed& if you do not sho) e6ual $ourage )ith your $ommander& )hen he goes .efore you into dangerK For you #no) very )ell that I shall go into the danger first& and ma#e the first atta$# upon the enemy" 'o not you therefore desert me& .ut persuade yourselves that (od )ill .e assisting to my onset" 3no) this also .efore )e .egin& that )e shall no) have .etter su$$ess than )e should have& if )e )ere to fight at a distan$e"I B" As Titus )as saying this& an e traordinary fury fell upon the men/ and as Tra7an )as already $ome .efore the fight .egan& )ith four hundred horsemen& they )ere uneasy at it& .e$ause the reputation of the vi$tory )ould .e diminished .y .eing $ommon to so many" 8espasian had also sent .oth Antonius and Silo& )ith t)o thousand ar$hers& and had given it them in $harge to sei?e upon the mountain that )as over against the $ity& and repel those that )ere upon the )all/ )hi$h ar$hers did as they )ere $ommanded& and prevented those that attempted to assist them that )ay/ And no) Titus made his o)n horse mar$h first against the enemy& as did the others )ith a great noise after him& and e tended themselves upon the plain as )ide as the enemy )hi$h $onfronted them/ .y )hi$h means they appeared mu$h more numerous than they really )ere" 1o) the Je)s& although they )ere surprised at their onset& and at their good order& made resistan$e against their atta$#s for a little )hile/ .ut )hen they )ere pri$#ed )ith their long poles& and over.orne .y the violent noise of the horsemen& they $ame to .e trampled under their feet/ many also of them )ere slain on every side& )hi$h made them disperse themselves& and run to the $ity& as fast as every one of them )ere a.le" So Titus pressed upon the hindmost& and sle) them/ and of the rest& some he fell upon as they stood on heaps& and some he prevented& and met them in the mouth& and run them through/ many also he leaped upon as they fell one upon another& and trod them do)n& and $ut off all the retreat they had to the )all& and turned them .a$# into the plain& till at last they for$ed a passage .y their multitude& and got a)ay& and ran into the $ity"

<" But no) there fell out a terri.le sedition among them )ithin the $ity/ for the inha.itants themselves& )ho had possessions there& and to )hom the $ity .elonged& )ere not disposed to fight from the very .eginning/ and no) the less so& .e$ause they had .een .eaten/ .ut the foreigners& )hi$h )ere very numerous& )ould for$e them to fight so mu$h the more& insomu$h that there )as a $lamor and a tumult among them& as all mutually angry one at another" And )hen Titus heard this tumult& for he )as not far from the )all& he $ried out&I Fello) soldiers& no) is the time/ and )hy do )e ma#e any delay& )hen (od is giving up the Je)s to usK Ta#e the vi$tory )hi$h is given youE do not you hear )hat a noise they ma#eK Those that have es$aped our hands are ill an uproar against one another" We have the $ity if )e ma#e haste/ .ut .esides haste& )e must undergo some la.or& and use some $ourage/ for no great thing uses to .e a$$omplished )ithout dangerE a$$ordingly& )e must not only prevent their uniting again& )hi$h ne$essity )ill soon $ompel them to do& .ut )e must also prevent the $oming of our o)n men to our assistan$e& that& as fe) as )e are& )e may $on6uer so great a multitude& and may ourselves alone ta#e the $ityEI C" As soon as ever Titus had said this& he leaped upon his horse& and rode apa$e do)n to the la#e/ .y )hi$h la#e he mar$hed& and entered into the $ity the first of them all& as did the others soon after him" Hereupon those that )ere upon the )alls )ere sei?ed )ith a terror at the .oldness of the attempt& nor durst any one venture to fight )ith him& or to hinder him/ so they left guarding the $ity& and some of those that )ere a.out Jesus fled over the $ountry& )hile others of them ran do)n to the la#e& and met the enemy in the teeth& and some )ere slain as they )ere getting up into the ships& .ut others of them as they attempted to overta#e those that )ere already gone a.oard" There )as also a great slaughter made in the $ity& )hile those foreigners that had not fled a)ay already made opposition/ .ut the natural inha.itants )ere #illed )ithout fightingE for in hopes of Titus2s giving them his right hand for their se$urity& and out of a $ons$iousness that they had not given any $onsent to the )ar& they avoided fighting& till Titus had slain the authors of this revolt& and then put a stop to any further slaughters& out of $ommiseration of these inha.itants of the pla$e" But for those that had fled to the la#e& upon seeing the $ity ta#en& they sailed as far as they possi.ly $ould from the enemy" D" Hereupon Titus sent one of his horsemen to his father& and let him #no) the good ne)s of )hat he had done/ at )hi$h& as )as natural& he )as very 7oyful& .oth on a$$ount of the $ourage and glorious a$tions of his son/ for he thought that no) the greatest part of the )ar )as over" He then $ame thither himself& and set men to guard the $ity& and gave them $ommand to ta#e $are that no.ody got privately out of it& .ut to #ill su$h as attempted so to do" And on the ne t day he )ent do)n to the la#e& and $ommanded that vessels should .e fitted up& in order to pursue those that had es$aped in the ships" These vessels )ere 6ui$#ly gotten ready a$$ordingly& .e$ause there )as great plenty of materials& and a great num.er of artifi$ers also" H" 1o) this la#e of (ennesareth is so $alled from the $ountry ad7oining to it" Its .readth is forty furlongs& and its length one hundred and forty/ its )aters are s)eet& and very agreea.le for drin#ing& for they are finer than the thi$# )aters of other fens/ the la#e is also pure& and on every side ends dire$tly at the shores& and at the sand/ it is also of a temperate nature )hen you dra) it up& and of a more gentle nature than river or fountain )ater& and yet al)ays $ooler than one $ould e pe$t in so diffuse a pla$e as this is" 1o) )hen this )ater is #ept in the open air& it is as $old as that sno) )hi$h the $ountry people are a$$ustomed to ma#e .y night in summer" There are several #inds of fish in it& different .oth to the taste and the sight from those else)here" It is divided into t)o parts .y the river Jordan" 1o) *anium is thought to .e the fountain of Jordan& .ut in reality it is $arried thither after an o$$ult manner from the pla$e $alled *hialaE this pla$e lies as you go up to Tra$honitis& and is a hundred and t)enty furlongs from Cesarea& and is not far out of the road on the right hand/ and indeed it hath its name of *hiala +vial or .o)l, very 7ustly& from the roundness of its $ir$umferen$e& as .eing round li#e a )heel/ its )ater $ontinues al)ays up to its edges& )ithout either sin#ing or running over" And as this origin of Jordan )as formerly not #no)n& it )as dis$overed so to .e )hen *hilip )as tetrar$h of Tra$honitis/ for he had $haff thro)n into *hiala& and it )as found at *aninto& )here the an$ients thought the fountain-head of the river )as& )hither it had .een therefore $arried +.y the )aters," As for *anium itself& its natural .eauty had .een improved .y the royal li.erality of Agrippa& and adorned

at his e penses" 1o) Jordan2s visi.le stream arises from this $avern& and divides the marshes and fens of the la#e Seme$honitis/ )hen it hath run another hundred and t)enty furlongs& it first passes .y the $ity Julias& and then passes through the middle of the la#e (ennesareth/ after )hi$h it runs a long )ay over a desert& and then ma#es its e it into the la#e Asphaltitis" G" The $ountry also that lies over against this la#e hath the same name of (ennesareth/ its nature is )onderful as )ell as its .eauty/ its soil is so fruitful that all sorts of trees $an gro) upon it& and the inha.itants a$$ordingly plant all sorts of trees there/ for the temper of the air is so )ell mi ed& that it agrees very )ell )ith those several sorts& parti$ularly )alnuts& )hi$h re6uire the $oldest air& flourish there in vast plenty/ there are palm trees also& )hi$h gro) .est in hot air/ fig trees also and olives gro) near them& )hi$h yet re6uire an air that is more temperate" One may $all this pla$e the am.ition of nature& )here it for$es those plants that are naturally enemies to one another to agree together/ it is a happy $ontention of the seasons& as if every one of them laid $laim to this $ountry/ for it not only nourishes different sorts of autumnal fruit .eyond men2s e pe$tation& .ut preserves them a great )hile/ it supplies men )ith the prin$ipal fruits& )ith grapes and figs $ontinually& during ten months of the year ;G> and the rest of the fruits as they .e$ome ripe together through the )hole year/ for .esides the good temperature of the air& it is also )atered from a most fertile fountain" The people of the $ountry $all it Capharnaum" Some have thought it to .e a vein of the 1ile& .e$ause it produ$es the Cora$in fish as )ell as that la#e does )hi$h is near to Ale andria" The length of this $ountry e tends itself along the .an#s of this la#e that .ears the same name for thirty furlongs& and is in .readth t)enty& And this is the nature of that pla$e" M" But no)& )hen the vessels )ere gotten ready& 8espasian put upon ship-.oard as many of his for$es as he thought suffi$ient to .e too hard for those that )ere upon the la#e& and set sail after them" 1o) these )hi$h )ere driven into the la#e $ould neither fly to the land& )here all )as in their enemies2 hand& and in )ar against them/ nor $ould they fight upon the level .y sea& for their ships )ere small and fitted only for pira$y/ they )ere too )ea# to fight )ith 8espasian2s vessels& and the mariners that )ere in them )ere so fe)& that they )ere afraid to $ome near the 0omans& )ho atta$#ed them in great num.ers" Ho)ever& as they sailed round a.out the vessels& and sometimes as they $ame near them& they thre) stones at the 0omans )hen they )ere a good )ay off& or $ame $loser and fought them/ yet did they re$eive the greatest harm themselves in .oth $ases" As for the stones they thre) at the 0omans& they only made a sound one after another& for they thre) them against su$h as )ere in their armor& )hile the 0oman darts $ould rea$h the Je)s themselves/ and )hen they ventured to $ome near the 0omans& they .e$ame sufferers themselves .efore they $ould do any harm to the ether& and )ere dro)ned& they and their ships together" As for those that endeavored to $ome to an a$tual fight& the 0omans ran many of them through )ith their long poles" Sometimes the 0omans leaped into their ships& )ith s)ords in their hands& and sle) them/ .ut )hen some of them met the vessels& the 0omans $aught them .y the middle& and destroyed at on$e their ships and themselves )ho )ere ta#en in them" And for su$h as )ere dro)ning in the sea& if they lifted their heads up a.ove the )ater& they )ere either #illed .y darts& or $aught .y the vessels/ .ut if& in the desperate $ase they )ere in& they attempted to s)im to their enemies& the 0omans $ut off either their heads or their hands/ and indeed they )ere destroyed after various manners every )here& till the rest .eing put to flight& )ere for$ed to get upon the land& )hile the vessels en$ompassed them a.out +on the sea,E .ut as many of these )ere repulsed )hen they )ere getting ashore& they )ere #illed .y the darts upon the la#e/ and the 0omans leaped out of their vessels& and destroyed a great many more upon the landE one might then see the la#e all .loody& and full of dead .odies& for not one of them es$aped" And a terri.le stin#& and a very sad sight there )as on the follo)ing days over that $ountry/ for as for the shores& they )ere full of ship)re$#s& and of dead .odies all s)elled/ and as the dead .odies )ere inflamed .y the sun& and putrefied& they $orrupted the air& insomu$h that the misery )as not only the o.7e$t of $ommiseration to the Je)s& .ut to those that hated them& and had .een the authors of that misery" This )as the upshot of the sea-fight" The num.er of the slain& in$luding those that )ere #illed in the $ity .efore& )as si thousand and five hundred" @=" After this fight )as over& 8espasian sat upon his tri.unal at Tari$heae& in order to distinguish the

foreigners from the old inha.itants/ for those foreigners appear to have .egun the )ar" So he deli.erated )ith the other $ommanders& )hether he ought to save those old inha.itants or not" And )hen those $ommanders alleged that the dismission of them )ould .e to his o)n disadvantage& .e$ause& )hen they )ere on$e set at li.erty& they )ould not .e at rest& sin$e they )ould .e people destitute of proper ha.itations& and )ould he a.le to $ompel su$h as they fled to fight against us& 8espasian a$#no)ledged that they did not deserve to .e saved& and that if they had leave given them to fly a)ay& they )ould ma#e use of it against those that gave them that leave" But still he $onsidered )ith himself after )hat manner they should .e slain ;M> for if he had them slain there& he suspe$ted the people of the $ountry )ould there.y .e$ome his enemies/ for that to .e sure they )ould never .ear it& that so many that had .een suppli$ants to him should .e #illed/ and to offer violen$e to them& after he had given them assuran$es of their lives& he $ould not himself .ear to do it" Ho)ever& his friends )ere too hard for him& and pretended that nothing against Je)s $ould .e any impiety& and that he ought to prefer )hat )as profita.le .efore )hat )as fit to .e done& )here .oth $ould not .e made $onsistent" So he gave them an am.iguous li.erty to do as they advised& and permitted the prisoners to go along no other road than that )hi$h led to Ti.erias only" So they readily .elieved )hat they desired to .e true& and )ent along se$urely& )ith their effe$ts& the )ay )hi$h )as allo)ed them& )hile the 0omans sei?ed upon all the road that led to Ti.erias& that none of them might go out of it& and shut them up in the $ity" Then $ame 8espasian& and ordered them all to stand in the stadium& and $ommanded them to #ill the old men& together )ith the others that )ere useless& )hi$h )ere in num.er a thousand and t)o hundred" Out of the young men he $hose si thousand of the strongest& and sent them to 1ero& to dig through the Isthmus& and sold the remainder for slaves& .eing thirty thousand and four hundred& .esides su$h as he made a present of to Agrippa/ for as to those that .elonged to his #ingdom& he gave him leave to do )hat he pleased )ith them/ ho)ever& the #ing sold these also for slaves/ .ut for the rest of the multitude& )ho )ere Tra$honites& and (aulanites& and of Hippos& and some of (adara& the greatest part of them )ere seditious persons and fugitives& )ho )ere of su$h shameful $hara$ters& that they preferred )ar .efore pea$e" These prisoners )ere ta#en on the eighth day of the month (orpiaeus +%lul," +'D'OT+1 ;G> It may .e )orth our )hile to o.serve here& that near this la#e of (ennesareth grapes and figs hang on the trees ten months of the year" We may o.serve also& that in Cyril of Jerusalem& Cateehes" @G" se$t" B& )hi$h )as delivered not long .efore %aster& there )ere no fresh leaves of fig trees& nor .un$hes of fresh grapes in Judea/ so that )hen St" -ar# says& -arL@@E@B& that our Savior& soon after the same time of the year& $ame and Ifound leavesI on a fig tree near Jerusalem& .ut Ino figs& .e$ause the time ofI ne) IfigsI ripening I)as not yet&I he says very true/ nor )ere they therefore other than old leaves )hi$h our Savior sa)& and old figs )hi$h he e pe$ted& and )hi$h even )ith us $ommonly hang on the trees all )inter long" ;M> This is the most $ruel and .ar.arous a$tion that 8espasian ever did in this )hole )ar& as he did it )ith great relu$tan$e also" It )as done .oth after pu.li$ assuran$e given of sparing the prisoners2 lives& and )hen all #ne) and $onfessed that these prisoners )ere no )ay guilty of any sedition against the 0omans" 1or indeed did Titus no) give his $onsent& so far as appears& nor ever a$t of himself so .ar.arously/ nay& soon after this& Titus gre) 6uite )eary of shedding .lood& and of punishing the inno$ent )ith the guilty& and gave the people of (is$hala leave to #eep the Je)ish sa..ath& B" I8" $h" A" se$t" B& C& in the midst of their siege" 1or )as 8espasian disposed to do )hat he did& till his offi$ers persuaded him& and that from t)o prin$ipal topi$s& vi?" that nothing $ould .e un7ust that )as done against Je)s/ and that )hen .oth $annot .e $onsistent& advantage must prevail over 7usti$e" Admira.le $ourt do$trines theseJ

The Wars Of The Jews Or The History Of The Destruction Of Jerusalem Book
CO'T()')'* TH+ )'T+,-(. O/ (BO0T O'+ 3+(,5 /,O6 TH+ 1)+*+ O/ *(6(.( TO TH+ CO6)'* O/ T)T01 TO B+1)+*+ J+,01(.+65

CH(PT+, 1
TH+ 1)+*+ ('D T(7)'* O/ *(6(.(5
@" 1OW all those (alileans )ho& after the ta#ing of Jotapata& had revolted from the 0omans& did& upon the $on6uest of Tari$heae& deliver themselves up to them again" And the 0omans re$eived all the fortresses and the $ities& e $epting (is$hala and those that had sei?ed upon -ount Ta.or/ (amala also& )hi$h is a $ity ever against Tari$hem& .ut on the other side of the la#e& $onspired )ith them" This $ity lay 5pon the .orders of Agrippa2s #ingdom& as also did Sogana and S$leu$ia" And these )ere .oth parts of (aulanitis/ for Sogana )as a part of that $alled the 5pper (aulanitis& as )as (amala of the 4o)er/ )hile Sel$u$ia )as situated at the la#e Seme$houitis& )hi$h la#e is thirty furlongs in .readth& and si ty in length/ its marshes rea$h as far as the pla$e 'aphne& )hi$h in other respe$ts is a deli$ious pla$e& and hath su$h fountains as supply )ater to )hat is $alled 4ittle Jordan& under the temple of the golden $alf& ;@> )here it is sent into (reat Jordan" 1o) Agrippa had united Sogana and Seleu$ia .y leagues to himself& at the very .eginning of the revolt from the 0omans/ yet did not (amala a$$ede to them& .ut relied upon the diffi$ulty of the pla$e& )hi$h )as greater than that of Jotapata& for it )as situated upon a rough ridge of a high mountain& )ith a #ind of ne$# in the middleE )here it .egins to as$end& it lengthens itself& and de$lines as mu$h do)n)ard .efore as .ehind& insomu$h that it is li#e a $amel in figure& from )hen$e it is so named& although the people of the $ountry do not pronoun$e it a$$urately" Both on the side and the fa$e there are a.rupt parts divided from the rest& and ending in vast deep valleys/ yet are the parts .ehind& )here they are 7oined to the mountain& some)hat easier of as$ent than the other/ .ut then the people .elonging to the pla$e have $ut an o.li6ue dit$h there& and made that hard to .e as$ended also" On its a$$livity& )hi$h is straight& houses are .uilt& and those very thi$# and $lose to one another" The $ity also hangs so strangely& that it loo#s as if it )ould fall do)n upon itself& so sharp is it at the top" It is e posed to the south& and its southern mount& )hi$h rea$hes to an immense height& )as in the nature of a $itadel to the $ity/ and a.ove that )as a pre$ipi$e& not )alled a.out& .ut e tending itself to an immense depth" There )as also a spring of )ater )ithin the )all& at the utmost limits of the $ity" A" As this $ity )as naturally hard to .e ta#en& so had Josephus& .y .uilding a )all a.out it& made it still stronger& as also .y dit$hes and mines under ground" The people that )ere in it )ere made more .old .y the nature of the pla$e than the people of Jotapata had .een& .ut it had mu$h fe)er fighting men in it/ and they had su$h a $onfiden$e in the situation of the pla$e& that they thought the enemy $ould not .e too many for them/ for the $ity had .een filled )ith those that had fled to it for safety& on a$$ount of its strength/ on )hi$h a$$ount they had .een a.le to resist those )hom Agrippa sent to .esiege it for seven months together" B" But 8espasian removed from %mmaus& )here he had last pit$hed his $amp .efore the $ity Ti.erias&

;no) %mmaus& if it .e interpreted& may .e rendered Ia )arm .ath&I for therein is a spring of )arm )ater& useful for healing&> and $ame to (amala/ yet )as its situation su$h that he )as not a.le to en$ompass it all round )ith soldiers to )at$h it/ .ut )here the pla$es )ere pra$ti$a.le& he set men to )at$h it& and sei?ed upon the mountain )hi$h )as over it" And as the legions& a$$ording to their usual $ustom& )ere fortifying their $amp upon that mountain& he .egan to $ast up .an#s at the .ottom& at the part to)ards the east& )here the highest to)er of the )hole $ity )as& and )here the fifteenth legion pit$hed their $amp/ )hile the fifth legion did duty over against the midst of the $ity& and )hilst the tenth legion filled up the dit$hes and the valleys" 1o) at this time it )as that as #ing Agrippa )as $ome nigh the )alls& and )as endeavoring to spea# to those that )ere on the )alls a.out a surrender& he )as hit )ith a stone on his right el.o) .y one of the slingers/ he )as then immediately surrounded )ith his o)n men" But the 0omans )ere e $ited to set a.out the siege& .y their indignation on the #ing2s a$$ount& and .y their fear on their o)n a$$ount& as $on$luding that those men )ould omit no #inds of .ar.arity against foreigners and enemies& )ho )here so enraged against one of their o)n nation& and one that advised them to nothing .ut )hat )as for their o)n advantage" <" 1o) )hen the .an#s )ere finished& )hi$h )as done on the sudden& .oth .y the multitude of hands& and .y their .eing a$$ustomed to su$h )or#& they .rought the ma$hines/ .ut Chares and Joseph& )ho )ere the most potent men in the $ity& set their armed men in order& though already in a fright& .e$ause they did not suppose that the $ity $ould hold out long& sin$e they had not a suffi$ient 6uantity either of )ater& or of other ne$essaries" Ho)ever& these their leaders en$ouraged them& and .rought them out upon the )all& and for a )hile indeed they drove a)ay those that )ere .ringing the ma$hines/ .ut )hen those ma$hines thre) darts and stones at them& they retired into the $ity/ then did the 0omans .ring .attering rams to three several pla$es& and made the )all sha#e +and fall," They then poured in over the parts of the )all that )ere thro)n do)n& )ith a mighty sound of trumpets and noise of armor& and )ith a shout of the soldiers& and .ra#e in .y for$e upon those that )ere in the $ity/ .ut these men fell upon the 0omans for some time& at their first entran$e& and prevented their going any further& and )ith great $ourage .eat them .a$#/ and the 0omans )ere so overpo)ered .y the greater multitude of the people& )ho .eat them on every side& that they )ere o.liged to run into the upper parts of the $ity" Whereupon the people turned a.out& and fell upon their enemies& )ho had atta$#ed them& and thrust them do)n to the lo)er parts& and as they )ere distressed .y the narro)ness and diffi$ulty of the pla$e& sle) them/ and as these 0omans $ould neither .eat those .a$# that )ere a.ove them& nor es$ape the for$e of their o)n men that )ere for$ing their )ay for)ard& they )ere $ompelled to fly into their enemies2 houses& )hi$h )ere lo)/ .ut these houses .eing thus full& of soldiers& )hose )eight they $ould not .ear& fell do)n suddenly/ and )hen one house fell& it shoo# do)n a great many of those that )ere under it& as did those do to su$h as )ere under them" By this means a vast num.er of the 0omans perished/ for they )ere so terri.ly distressed& that although they sa) the houses su.siding& they )ere $ompelled to leap upon the tops of them/ so that a great many )ere ground to po)der .y these ruins& and a great many of those that got from under them lost some of their lim.s& .ut still a greater num.er )ere suffo$ated .y the dust that arose from those ruins" The people of (amala supposed this to .e an assistan$e afforded them .y (od& and )ithout regarding )hat damage they suffered themselves& they pressed for)ard& and thrust the enemy upon the tops of their houses/ and )hen they stum.led in the sharp and narro) streets& and )ere perpetually falling do)n& they thre) their stones or darts at them& and sle) them" 1o) the very ruins afforded them stones eno)/ and for iron )eapons& the dead men of the enemies2 side afforded them )hat they )anted/ for dra)ing the s)ords of those that )ere dead& they made use of them to despat$h su$h as )ere only half dead/ nay& there )ere a great num.er )ho& upon their falling do)n from the tops of the houses& sta..ed themselves& and died after that manner/ nor indeed )as it easy for those that )ere .eaten .a$# to fly a)ay/ for they )ere so una$6uainted )ith the )ays& and the dust )as so thi$#& that they )andered a.out )ithout #no)ing one another& and fell do)n dead among the $ro)d" C" Those therefore that )ere a.le to find the )ays out of the $ity retired" But no) 8espasian al)ays staid among those that )ere hard set/ for he )as deeply affe$ted )ith seeing the ruins of the $ity falling upon his army& and forgot to ta#e $are of his o)n preservation" He )ent up gradually to)ards the highest parts of the $ity .efore he )as a)are& and )as left in the midst of dangers& having only a very

fe) )ith him/ for even his son Titus )as not )ith him at that time& having .een then sent into Syria to -u$ianus" Ho)ever& he thought it not safe to fly& nor did he esteem it a fit thing for him to do/ .ut $alling to mind the a$tions he had done from his youth& and re$olle$ting his $ourage& as if he had .een e $ited .y a divine fury& he $overed himself and those that )ere )ith him )ith their shields& and formed a testudo over .oth their .odies and their armor& and .ore up against the enemy2s atta$#s& )ho $ame running do)n from the top of the $ity/ and )ithout sho)ing any dread at the multitude of the men or of their darts& he endured all& until the enemy too# noti$e of that divine $ourage that )as )ithin him& and remitted of their atta$#s/ and )hen they pressed less ?ealously upon him& he retired& though )ithout sho)ing his .a$# to them till he )as gotten out of the )alls of the $ity" 1o) a great num.er of the 0omans fell in this .attle& among )hom )as %.utius& the de$urion& a man )ho appeared not only in this engagement& )herein he fell& .ut every )here& and in former engagements& to .e of the truest $ourage& and one that had done very great mis$hief to the Je)s" But there )as a $enturion )hose name )as (allus& )ho& during this disorder& .eing en$ompassed a.out& he and ten other soldiers privately $rept into the house of a $ertain person& )here he heard them tal#ing at supper& )hat the people intended to do against the 0omans& or a.out themselves ;for .oth the man himself and those )ith him )ere Syrians>" So he got up in the night time& and $ut all their throats& and es$aped& together )ith his soldiers& to the 0omans" D" And no) 8espasian $omforted his army& )hi$h )as mu$h de7e$ted .y refle$ting on their ill su$$ess& and .e$ause they had never .efore fallen into su$h a $alamity& and .esides this& .e$ause they )ere greatly ashamed that they had left their general alone in great dangers" As to )hat $on$erned himself& he avoided to say any thing& that he might .y no means seem to $omplain of it/ .ut he said that I)e ought to .ear manfully )hat usually falls out in )ar& and this& .y $onsidering )hat the nature of )ar is& and ho) it $an never .e that )e must $on6uer )ithout .loodshed on our o)n side/ for there stands a.out us that fortune )hi$h is of its o)n nature muta.le/ that )hile they had #illed so many ten thousands of the Je)s& they had no) paid their small share of the re$#oning to fate/ and as it is the part of )ea# people to .e too mu$h puffed up )ith good su$$ess& so is it the part of $o)ards to .e too mu$h aftrighted at that )hi$h is ill/ for the $hange from the one to the other is sudden on .oth sides/ and he is the .est )arrior )ho is of a so.er mind under misfortunes& that he may $ontinue in that temper& and $heerfully re$over )hat had .een lost formerly/ and as for )hat had no) happened& it )as neither o)ing to their o)n effemina$y& nor to the valor of the Je)s& .ut the diffi$ulty of the pla$e )as the o$$asion of their advantage& and of our disappointment" 5pon refle$ting on )hi$h matter one might .lame your ?eal as perfe$tly ungoverna.le/ for )hen the enemy had retired to their highest fastnesses& you ought to have restrained yourselves& and not& .y presenting yourselves at the top of the $ity& to .e e posed to dangers/ .ut upon your having o.tained the lo)er parts of the $ity& you ought to have provo#ed those that had retired thither to a safe and settled .attle/ )hereas& in rushing so hastily upon vi$tory& you too# no $are of your safety" But this in$autiousness in )ar& and this madness of ?eal& is not a 0oman ma im" While )e perform all that )e attempt .y s#ill and good order& that pro$edure is the part of .ar.arians& and is )hat the Je)s $hiefly support themselves .y" We ought therefore to return to our o)n virtue& and to .e rather angry than any longer de7e$ted at this unlu$#y misfortune& and let every one see# for his o)n $onsolation from his o)n hand/ for .y this means he )ill avenge those that have .een destroyed& and punish those that have #illed them" For myself& I )ill endeavor& as I have no) done& to go first .efore you against your enemies in every engagement& and to .e the last that retires from it"I H" So 8espasian en$ouraged his army .y this spee$h/ .ut for the people of (amala& it happened that they too# $ourage for a little )hile& upon su$h great and una$$ounta.le su$$ess as they had had" But )hen they $onsidered )ith themselves that they had no) no hopes of any terms of a$$ommodation& and refle$ting upon it that they $ould not get a)ay& and that their provisions .egan already to .e short& they )ere e $eedingly $ast do)n& and their $ourage failed them/ yet did they not negle$t )hat might .e for their preservation& so far as they )ere a.le& .ut the most $ourageous among them guarded those parts of the )all that )ere .eaten do)n& )hile the more infirm did the same to the rest of the )all that still remained round the $ity" And as the 0omans raised their .an#s& and attempted to get into the $ity a se$ond time& a great many of them fled out of the $ity through impra$ti$a.le valleys& )here no guards

)ere pla$ed& as also through su.terraneous $averns/ )hile those that )ere afraid of .eing $aught& and for that reason staid in the $ity& perished for )ant of food/ for )hat food they had )as .rought together from all 6uarters& and reserved for the fighting men" G" And these )ere the hard $ir$umstan$es that the people of (amala )ere in" But no) 8espasian )ent a.out other )or# .y the .y& during this siege& and that )as to su.due those that had sei?ed upon -ount Ta.or& a pla$e that lies in the middle .et)een the great plain and S$ythopolis& )hose top is elevated as high as thirty furlongs ;A> and is hardly to .e as$ended on its north side/ its top is a plain of t)enty-si furlongs& and all en$ompassed )ith a )all" 1o) Josephus ere$ted this so long a )all in forty days2 time& and furnished it )ith other materials& and )ith )ater from .elo)& for the inha.itants only made use of rain )ater" As therefore there )as a great multitude of people gotten together upon this mountain& 8espasian sent *la$idus )ith si hundred horsemen thither" 1o)& as it )as impossi.le for him to as$end the mountain& he invited many of them to pea$e& .y the offer of his right hand for their se$urity& and of his inter$ession for them" A$$ordingly they $ame do)n& .ut )ith a trea$herous design& as )ell as he had the li#e trea$herous design upon them on the other side/ for *la$idus spo#e mildly to them& as aiming to ta#e them& )hen he got them into the plain/ they also $ame do)n& as $omplying )ith his proposals& .ut it )as in order to fall upon him )hen he )as not a)are of itE ho)ever& *la$idus2s stratagem )as too hard for theirs/ for )hen the Je)s .egan to fight& he pretended to run a)ay& and )hen they )ere in pursuit of the 0omans& he enti$ed them a great )ay along the plain& and then made his horsemen turn .a$#/ )hereupon he .eat them& and sle) a great num.er of them& and $ut off the retreat of the rest of the multitude& and hindered their return" So they left Ta.or& and fled to Jerusalem& )hile the people of the $ountry $ame to terms )ith him& for their )ater failed them& and so they delivered up the mountain and themselves to *la$idus" M" But of the people of (amala& those that )ere of the .older sort fled a)ay and hid themselves& )hile the more infirm perished .y famine/ .ut the men of )ar sustained the siege till the t)o and t)entieth day of the month Hyper.eretmus& +Tisri&, )hen three soldiers of the fifteenth legion& a.out the morning )at$h& got under a high to)er that )as near them& and undermined it& )ithout ma#ing any noise/ nor )hen they either $ame to it& )hi$h )as in the night time& nor )hen they )ere under it& did those that guarded it per$eive them" These soldiers then upon their $oming avoided ma#ing a noise& and )hen they had rolled a)ay five of its strongest stones& they )ent a)ay hastily/ )hereupon the to)er fell do)n on a sudden& )ith a very great noise& and its guard fell headlong )ith it/ so that those that #ept guard at other pla$es )ere under su$h distur.an$e& that they ran a)ay/ the 0omans also sle) many of those that ventured to oppose them& among )hom )as Joseph& )ho )as slain .y a dart& as he )as running a)ay over that part of the )all that )as .ro#en do)nE .ut as those that )ere in the $ity )ere greatly aftrighted at the noise& they ran hither and thither& and a great $onsternation fell upon them& as though all the enemy had fallen in at on$e upon them" Then it )as that Chares& )ho )as ill& and under the physi$ian2s hands& gave up the ghost& the fear he )as in greatly $ontri.uting to ma#e his distemper fatal to him" But the 0omans so )ell remem.ered their former ill su$$ess& that they did not enter the $ity till the three and t)entieth day of the forementioned month" @=" At )hi$h time Titus& )ho )as no) returned& out of the indignation he had at the destru$tion the 0omans had undergone )hile he )as a.sent& too# t)o hundred $hosen horsemen and some footmen )ith him& and entered )ithout noise into the $ity" 1o) as the )at$h per$eived that he )as $oming& they made a noise& and .etoo# themselves to their arms/ and as that his entran$e )as presently #no)n to those that )ere in the $ity& some of them $aught hold of their $hildren and their )ives& and dre) them after them& and fled a)ay to the $itadel& )ith lamentations and $ries& )hile others of them )ent to meet Titus& and )ere #illed perpetually/ .ut so many of them as )ere hindered from running up to the $itadel& not #no)ing )hat in the )orld to do& fell among the 0oman guards& )hile the groans of those that )ere #illed )ere prodigiously great every )here& and .lood ran do)n over all the lo)er parts of the $ity& from the upper" But then 8espasian himself $ame to his assistan$e against those that had fled to the $itadel& and .rought his )hole army )ith him/ no) this upper part of the $ity )as every )ay ro$#y& and diffi$ult of as$ent& and elevated to a vast altitude& and very full of people on all sides& and en$ompassed )ith pre$ipi$es& )here.y the Je)s $ut off those that $ame up to them& and did mu$h

mis$hief to others .y their darts& and the large stones )hi$h they rolled do)n upon them& )hile they )ere themselves so high that the enemy2s darts $ould hardly rea$h them" Ho)ever& there arose su$h a 'ivine storm against them as )as instrumental to their destru$tion/ this $arried the 0oman darts upon them& and made those )hi$h they thre) return .a$#& and drove them o.li6uely a)ay from them/ nor $ould the Je)s indeed stand upon their pre$ipi$es& .y reason of the violen$e of the )ind& having nothing that )as sta.le to stand upon& nor $ould they see those that )ere as$ending up to them/ so the 0omans got up and surrounded them& and some they sle) .efore they $ould defend themselves& and others as they )ere delivering up themselves/ and the remem.ran$e of those that )ere slain at their former entran$e into the $ity in$reased their rage against them no)/ a great num.er also of those that )ere surrounded on every side& and despaired of es$aping& thre) their $hildren and their )ives& and themselves also& do)n the pre$ipi$es& into the valley .eneath& )hi$h& near the $itadel& had .een dug hollo) to a vast depth/ .ut so it happened& that the anger of the 0omans appeared not to .e so e travagant as )as the madness of those that )ere no) ta#en& )hile the 0omans sle) .ut four thousand& )hereas the num.er of those that had thro)n themselves do)n )as found to .e five thousandE nor did any one es$ape e $ept t)o )omen& )ho )ere the daughters of *hilip& and *hilip himself )as the son of a $ertain eminent man $alled Ja$imus& )ho had .een general of #ing Agrippa2s army/ and these did therefore es$ape& .e$ause they lay $on$ealed from the rage of the 0omans )hen the $ity )as ta#en/ for other)ise they spared not so mu$h as the infants& of )hi$h many )ere flung do)n .y them from the $itadel" And thus )as (amala ta#en on the three and t)entieth day of the month Hyper.eretens& +Tisri&, )hereas the $ity had first revolted on the four and t)entieth day of the month (orpieus +%lul," +'D'OT+1 ;@> Here )e have the e a$t situation of of Jero.oam2s Iat the e it of 4ittle Jordan into (reat Jordan& near the pla$e $alled 'aphne& .ut of old 'an" See the note in Anti6" B" 8III" $h" G" se$t" <" But 0eland suspe$ts flint here )e should read 'an instead of there .eing no )here else mention of a pla$e $alled 'aphne" ;A> These num.ers in Josephus of thirty furlongs2 as$ent to the top of -ount Ta.or& )hether )e estimate it .y )inding and gradual& or .y the perpendi$ular altitude& and of t)enty-si furlongs2 $ir$umferen$e upon the top& as also fifteen furlongs for this as$ent in *oly.ius& )ith (eminus2s perpendi$ular altitude of almost fourteen furlongs& here noted .y 'r" Hudson& do none of2 them agree )ith the authenti$ testimony of -r" -aundrell& an eye-)itness& p" @@A& )ho says he )as not an hour in getting up to the top of this -ount Ta.or& and that the area of the top is an oval of a.out t)o furlongs in length& and one in .readth" So I rather suppose Josephus )rote three furlongs for the as$ent or altitude& instead of thirty/ and si furlongs for the $ir$umferen$e at the top& instead of t)enty-si &-sin$e a mountain of only three furlongs perpendi$ular altitude may easily re6uire near an hour2s as$ent& and the $ir$umferen$e of an oval of the foregoing 6uantity is near si furlongs" 1or $ertainly $ould su$h a vast $ir$umferen$e as t)enty-si furlongs& or three miles and a 6uarter& at that height .e en$ompassed )ith a )all& in$luding a tren$h and other fortifi$ations& ;perhaps those still remaining& i.id"> in the small interval of forty days& as Josephus here says they )ere .y himself"

CH(PT+, 2
TH+ 10,,+'D+, O/ *)1CH(.(; WH).+ JOH' /.)+1 (W(3 /,O6 )T TO J+,01(.+65
@" 1OW no pla$e of (alilee remained to .e ta#en .ut the small $ity of (is$hala& )hose multitude yet )ere desirous of pea$e/ for they )ere generally hus.andmen& and al)ays applied themselves to $ultivate the fruits of the earth" Ho)ever& there )ere a great num.er that .elonged to a .and of ro..ers& that )ere already $orrupted& and had $rept in among them& and some of the governing part of

the $iti?ens )ere si$# of the same distemper" It )as John& the son of a $ertain man )hose name )as 4evi& that dre) them into this re.ellion& and en$ouraged them in it" He )as a $unning #nave& and of a temper that $ould put on various shapes/ very rash in e pe$ting great things& and very saga$ious in .ringing a.out )hat he hoped for" It )as #no)n to every .ody that he )as fond of )ar& in order to thrust himself into authority/ and the seditious part of the people of (is$hala )ere under his management& .y )hose means the popula$e& )ho seemed ready to send am.assadors in order to a surrender& )aited for the $oming of the 0omans in .attle-array" 8espasian sent against them Titus& )ith a thousand horsemen& .ut )ithdre) the tenth legion to S$ythopolis& )hile he returned to Cesarea )ith the t)o other legions& that he might allo) them to refresh themselves after their long and hard $ampaign& thin#ing )ithal that the plenty )hi$h )as in those $ities )ould improve their .odies and their spirits& against the diffi$ulties they )ere to go through after)ards/ for he sa) there )ould .e o$$asion for great pains a.out Jerusalem& )hi$h )as not yet ta#en& .e$ause it )as the royal $ity& and the prin$ipal $ity of the )hole nation& and .e$ause those that had run a)ay from the )ar in other pla$es got all together thither" It )as also naturally strong& and the )alls that )ere .uilt round it made him not a little $on$erned a.out it" -oreover& he esteemed the men that )ere in it to .e so $ourageous and .old& that even )ithout the $onsideration of the )alls& it )ould .e hard to su.due them/ for )hi$h reason he too# $are of and e er$ised his soldiers .eforehand for the )or#& as they do )restlers .efore they .egin their underta#ing" A" 1o) Titus& as he rode ut to (is$hala& found it )ould .e easy for him to ta#e the $ity upon the first onset/ .ut #ne) )ithal& that if he too# it .y for$e& the multitude )ould .e destroyed .y the soldiers )ithout mer$y" ;1o) he )as already satiated )ith the shedding of .lood& and pitied the ma7or part& )ho )ould then perish& )ithout distin$tion& together )ith the guilty"> So he )as rather desirous the $ity might .e surrendered up to him on terms" A$$ordingly& )hen he sa) the )all full of those men that )ere of the $orrupted party& he said to them& - That he $ould not .ut )onder )hat it )as they depended on& )hen they alone staid to fight the 0omans& after every other $ity )as ta#en .y them& espe$ially )hen they have seen $ities mu$h .etter fortified than theirs is overthro)n .y a single atta$# upon them/ )hile as many as have intrusted themselves to the se$urity of the 0omans2 right hands& )hi$h he no) offers to them& )ithout regarding their former insolen$e& do en7oy their o)n possessions in safety/ for that )hile they had hopes of re$overing their li.erty& they might .e pardoned/ .ut that their $ontinuan$e still in their opposition& )hen they sa) that to .e impossi.le& )as ine $usa.le/ for that if they )ill not $omply )ith su$h humane offers& and right hands for se$urity& they should have e perien$e of su$h a )ar as )ould spare no.ody& and should soon .e made sensi.le that their )all )ould .e .ut a trifle& )hen .attered .y the 0oman ma$hines/ in depending on )hi$h they demonstrate themselves to .e the only (alileans that )ere no .etter than arrogant slaves and $aptives" B" 1o) none of the popula$e durst not only ma#e a reply& .ut durst not so mu$h as get upon the )all& for it )as all ta#en up .y the ro..ers& )ho )ere also the guard at the gates& in order to prevent any of the rest from going out& in order to propose terms of su.mission& and from re$eiving any of the horsemen into the $ity" But John returned Titus this ans)erE That for himself he )as $ontent to hear#en to his proposals& and that he )ould either persuade or for$e those that refused them" !et he said that Titus ought to have su$h regard to the Je)ish la)& as to grant them leave to $ele.rate that day& )hi$h )as the seventh day of the )ee#& on )hi$h it )as unla)ful not only to remove their arms& .ut even to treat of pea$e also/ and that even the 0omans )ere not ignorant ho) the period of the seventh day )as among them a $essation from all la.ors/ and that he )ho should $ompel them to transgress the la) a.out that day )ould .e e6ually guilty )ith those that )ere $ompelled to transgress itE and that this delay $ould .e of no disadvantage to him/ for )hy should any .ody thin# of doing any thing in the night& unless it )as to fly a)ayK )hi$h he might prevent .y pla$ing his $amp round a.out them/ and that they should thin# it a great point gained& if they might not .e o.liged to transgress the la)s of their $ountry/ and that it )ould .e a right thing for him& )ho designed to grant them pea$e& )ithout their e pe$tation of su$h a favor& to preserve the la)s of those they saved inviola.le" Thus did this man put a tri$# upon Titus& not so mu$h out of regard to the seventh day as to his o)n preservation& for he )as afraid lest he should .e 6uite deserted if the $ity should .e ta#en& and had his hopes of life in that night& and in his flight therein" 1o) this )as the )or# of (od& )ho therefore

preserved this John& that he might .ring on the destru$tion of Jerusalem/ as also it )as his )or# that Titus )as prevailed )ith .y this pretense for a delay& and that he pit$hed his $amp further off the $ity at Cydessa" This Cydessa )as a strong -editerranean village of the Tyrians& )hi$h al)ays hated and made )ar against the Je)s/ it had also a great num.er of inha.itants& and )as )ell fortified& )hi$h made it a proper pla$e for su$h as )ere enemies to the Je)ish nation" <" 1o)& in the night time& )hen John sa) that there )as no 0oman guard a.out the $ity& he sei?ed the opportunity dire$tly& and& ta#ing )ith him not only the armed men that )here a.out him& .ut a $onsidera.le num.er of those that had little to do& together )ith their families& he fled to Jerusalem" And indeed& though the man )as ma#ing haste to get a)ay& and )as tormented )ith fears of .eing a $aptive& or of losing his life& yet did he prevail )ith himself to ta#e out of the $ity along )ith him a multitude of )omen and $hildren& as far as t)enty furlongs/ .ut there he left them as he pro$eeded further on his 7ourney& )here those that )ere left .ehind made sad lamentations/ for the farther every one of them )as $ome from his o)n people& the nearer they thought themselves to .e to their enemies" They also affrighted themselves )ith this thought& that those )ho )ould $arry them into $aptivity )ere 7ust at hand& and still turned themselves .a$# at the mere noise they made themselves in this their hasty flight& as if those from )hom they fled )ere 7ust upon them" -any also of them missed their )ays& and the earnestness of su$h as aimed to outgo the rest thre) do)n many of them" And indeed there )as a misera.le destru$tion made of the )omen and $hildren/ )hile some of them too# $ourage to $all their hus.ands and #insmen .a$#& and to .esee$h them& )ith the .itterest lamentations& to stay for them/ .ut John2s e hortation& )ho $ried out to them to save themselves& and fly a)ay& prevailed" He said also& that if the 0omans should sei?e upon those )hom they left .ehind& they )ould .e revenged on them for it" So this multitude that run thus a)ay )as dispersed a.road& a$$ording as ea$h of them )as a.le to run& one faster or slo)er than another" C" 1o) on the ne t day Titus $ame to the )all& to ma#e the agreement/ )hereupon the people opened their gates to him& and $ame out to him& )ith their $hildren and )ives& and made a$$lamations of 7oy to him& as to one that had .een their .enefa$tor& and had delivered the $ity out of $ustody/ they also informed him of John2s flight& and .esought him to spare them& and to $ome in& and .ring the rest of those that )ere for innovations to punishment" But Titus& not so mu$h regarding the suppli$ations of the people& sent part of his horsemen to pursue after John& .ut they $ould not overta#e him& for he )as gotten to Jerusalem .efore/ they also sle) si thousand of the )omen and $hildren )ho )ent out )ith him& .ut returned .a$#& and .rought )ith them almost three thousand" Ho)ever& Titus )as greatly displeased that he had not .een a.le to .ring this John& )ho had deluded him& to punishment/ yet he had $aptives enough& as )ell as the $orrupted part of the $ity& to satisfy his anger& )hen it missed of John" So he entered the $ity in the midst of a$$lamations of 7oy/ and )hen he had given orders to the soldiers to pull do)n a small part of the )all& as of a $ity ta#en in )ar& he repressed those that had distur.ed the $ity rather .y threatenings than .y e e$utions/ for he thought that many )ould a$$use inno$ent persons& out of their o)n private animosities and 6uarrels& if he should attempt to distinguish those that )ere )orthy of punishment from the rest/ and that it )as .etter to let a guilty person alone in his fears& that to destroy )ith him any one that did not deserve it/ for that pro.a.ly su$h a one might .e taught pruden$e& .y the fear of the punishment he had deserved& and have a shame upon him for his former offenses& )hen he had .een forgiven/ .ut that the punishment of su$h as have .een on$e put to death $ould never .e retrieved" Ho)ever& he pla$ed a garrison in the $ity for its se$urity& .y )hi$h means he should restrain those that )ere for innovations& and should leave those that )ere pea$ea.ly disposed in greater se$urity" And thus )as all (alilee ta#en& .ut this not till after it had $ost the 0omans mu$h pains .efore it $ould .e ta#en .y them"

CH(PT+, 3
CO'C+,')'* JOH' O/ *)1CH(.(5 CO'C+,')'* TH+ >+(.OT1 ('D TH+ H)*H P,)+1T ('('01; (1 (.1O HOW TH+ J+W1 ,()1+ 1+D)T)O'1 O'+

(*()'1T ('OTH+, 9)' J+,01(.+6:5

@" 1OW upon John2s entry into Jerusalem& the )hole .ody of the people )ere in an uproar& and ten thousand of them $ro)ded a.out every one of the fugitives that )ere $ome to them& and in6uired of them )hat miseries had happened a.road& )hen their .reath )as so short& and hot& and 6ui$#& that of itself it de$lared the great distress they )ere in/ yet did they tal# .ig under their misfortunes& and pretended to say that they had not fled a)ay from the 0omans& .ut $ame thither in order to fight them )ith less ha?ard/ for that it )ould .e an unreasona.le and a fruitless thing for them to e pose themselves to desperate ha?ards a.out (is$hala& and su$h )ea# $ities& )hereas they ought to lay up their )eapons and their ?eal& and reserve it for their metropolis" But )hen they related to them the ta#ing of (is$hala& and their de$ent departure& as they pretended& from that pla$e& many of the people understood it to .e no .etter than a flight/ and espe$ially )hen the people )ere told of those that )ere made $aptives& they )ere in great $onfusion& and guessed those things to .e plain indi$ations that they should .e ta#en also" But for John& he )as very little $on$erned for those )hom he had left .ehind him& .ut )ent a.out among all the people& and persuaded them to go to )ar& .y the hopes he gave them" He affirmed that the affairs of the 0omans )ere in a )ea# $ondition& and e tolled his o)n po)er" He also 7ested upon the ignoran$e of the uns#illful& as if those 0omans& although they should ta#e to themselves )ings& $ould never fly over the )all of Jerusalem& )ho found su$h great diffi$ulties in ta#ing the villages of (alilee& and had .ro#en their engines of )ar against their )alls" A" These harangues of John2s $orrupted a great part of the young men& and puffed them up for the )ar/ .ut as to the more prudent part& and those in years& there )as not a man of them .ut foresa) )hat )as $oming& and made lamentation on that a$$ount& as if the $ity )as already undone/ and in this $onfusion )ere the people" But then it must .e o.served& that the multitude that $ame out of the $ountry )ere at dis$ord .efore the Jerusalem sedition .egan/ for Titus )ent from (is$hala to Cesates& and 8espasian from Cesarea to Jamnia and A?otus& and too# them .oth/ and )hen he had put garrisons into them& he $ame .a$# )ith a great num.er of the people& )ho )ere $ome over to him& upon his giving them his right hand for their preservation" There )ere .esides disorders and $ivil )ars in every $ity/ and all those that )ere at 6uiet from the 0omans turned their hands one against another" There )as also a .itter $ontest .et)een those that )ere fond of )ar& and those that )ere desirous for pea$e" At the first this 6uarrelsome temper $aught hold of private families& )ho $ould not agree among themselves/ after )hi$h those people that )ere the dearest to one another .ra#e through all restraints )ith regard to ea$h other& and every one asso$iated )ith those of his o)n opinion& and .egan already to stand in opposition one to another/ so that seditions arose every )here& )hile those that )ere for innovations& and )ere desirous of )ar& .y their youth and .oldness& )ere too hard for the aged and prudent men" And& in the first pla$e& all the people of every pla$e .etoo# themselves to rapine/ after )hi$h they got together in .odies& in order to ro. the people of the $ountry& insomu$h that for .ar.arity and ini6uity those of the same nation did no )ay differ from the 0omans/ nay& it seemed to .e a mu$h lighter thing to .e ruined .y the 0omans than .y themselves" B" 1o) the 0oman garrisons& )hi$h guarded the $ities& partly out of their uneasiness to ta#e su$h trou.le upon them& and partly out of the hatred they .are to the Je)ish nation& did little or nothing to)ards relieving the misera.le& till the $aptains of these troops of ro..ers& .eing satiated )ith rapines in the $ountry& got all together from all parts& and .e$ame a .and of )i$#edness& and all together $rept into Jerusalem& )hi$h )as no) .e$ome a $ity )ithout a governor& and& as the an$ient $ustom )as& re$eived )ithout distin$tion all that .elonged to their nation/ and these they then re$eived& .e$ause all men supposed that those )ho $ame so fast into the $ity $ame out of #indness& and for their assistan$e& although these very men& .esides the seditions they raised& )ere other)ise the dire$t $ause of the $ity2s destru$tion also/ for as they )ere an unprofita.le and a useless multitude& they spent those provisions .eforehand )hi$h might other)ise have .een suffi$ient for the fighting men" -oreover& .esides the .ringing on of the )ar& they )ere the o$$asions of sedition and famine therein" <" There )ere .esides these other ro..ers that $ame out of the $ountry& and $ame into the $ity& and 7oining to them those that )ere )orse than themselves& omitted no #ind of .ar.arity/ for they did not

measure their $ourage .y their rapines and plunderings only& .ut pre$eded as far as murdering men/ and this not in the night time or privately& or )ith regard to ordinary men& .ut did it openly in the day time& and .egan )ith the most eminent persons in the $ity/ for the first man they meddled )ith )as Antipas& one of the royal lineage& and the most potent man in the )hole $ity& insomu$h that the pu.li$ treasures )ere $ommitted to his $are/ him they too# and $onfined/ as they did in the ne t pla$e to 4evias& a person of great note& )ith Sophas& the son of 0aguel& .oth )hi$h )ere of royal lineage also" And .esides these& they did the same to the prin$ipal men of the $ountry" This $aused a terri.le $onsternation among the people& and everyone $ontented himself )ith ta#ing $are of his o)n safety& as they )ould do if the $ity had .een ta#en in )ar" C" But these )ere not satisfied )ith the .onds into )hi$h they had put the men forementioned/ nor did they thin# it safe for them to #eep them thus in $ustody long& sin$e they )ere men very po)erful& and had numerous families of their o)n that )ere a.le to avenge them" 1ay& they thought the very people )ould perhaps .e so moved at these un7ust pro$eedings& as to rise in a .ody against them/ it )as therefore resolved to have them slain a$$ordingly& they sent one John& )ho )as the most .loodyminded of them all& to do that e e$utionE this man )as also $alled Ithe son of 'or$as&I ;B> in the language of our $ountry" Ten more men )ent along )ith him into the prison& )ith their s)ords dra)n& and so they $ut the throats of those that )ere in $ustody there" The grand lying preten$e these men made for so flagrant an enormity )as this& that these men had had $onferen$es )ith the 0omans for a surrender of Jerusalem to them/ and so they said they had slain only su$h as )ere traitors to their $ommon li.erty" 5pon the )hole& they gre) the more insolent upon this .old pran# of theirs& as though they had .een the .enefa$tors and saviors of the $ity" D" 1o) the people )ere $ome to that degree of meanness and fear& and these ro..ers to that degree of madness& that these last too# upon them to appoint high priests" ;<> So )hen they had disannulled the su$$ession& a$$ording to those families out of )hi$h the high priests used to .e made& they ordained $ertain un#no)n and igno.le persons for that offi$e& that they might have their assistan$e in their )i$#ed underta#ings/ for su$h as o.tained this highest of all honors& )ithout any desert& )ere for$ed to $omply )ith those that .esto)ed it on them" They also set the prin$ipal men at varian$e one )ith another& .y several sorts of $ontrivan$es and tri$#s& and gained the opportunity of doing )hat they pleased& .y the mutual 6uarrels of those )ho might have o.stru$ted their measures/ till at length& )hen they )ere satiated )ith the un7ust a$tions they had done to)ards men& they transferred their $ontumelious .ehavior to (od himself& and $ame into the san$tuary )ith polluted feet" H" And no) the multitude )ere going to rise against them already/ for Ananus& the an$ientest of the high priests& persuaded them to it" He )as a very prudent man& and had perhaps saved the $ity if he $ould .ut have es$aped the hands of those that plotted against him" These men made the temple of (od a strong hold for them& and a pla$e )hither they might resort& in order to avoid the trou.les they feared from the people/ the san$tuary )as no) .e$ome a refuge& and a shop of tyranny" They also mi ed 7esting among the miseries they introdu$ed& )hi$h )as more intolera.le than )hat they did/ for in order to try )hat surprise the people )ould .e under& and ho) far their o)n po)er e tended& they undertoo# to dispose of the high priesthood .y $asting lots for it& )hereas& as )e have said already& it )as to des$end .y su$$ession in a family" The pretense they made for this strange attempt )as an an$ient pra$ti$e& )hile they said that of old it )as determined .y lot/ .ut in truth& it )as no .etter than a dissolution of an undenia.le la)& and a $unning $ontrivan$e to sei?e upon the government& derived from those that presumed to appoint governors as they themselves pleased" G" Hereupon they sent for one of the pontifi$al tri.es& )hi$h is $alled %nia$him& ;C> and $ast lots )hi$h of it should .e the high priest" By fortune the lot so fell as to demonstrate their ini6uity after the plainest manner& for it fell upon one )hose name )as *hannias& the son of Samuel& of the village Aphtha" He )as a man not only un)orthy of the high priesthood& .ut that did not )ell #no) )hat the high priesthood )as& su$h a mere rusti$ )as he J yet did they hail this man& )ithout his o)n $onsent& out of the $ountry& as if they )ere a$ting a play upon the stage& and adorned him )ith a $ounterfeit thee/ they also put upon him the sa$red garments& and upon every o$$asion instru$ted him )hat he

)as to do" This horrid pie$e of )i$#edness )as sport and pastime )ith them& .ut o$$asioned the other priests& )ho at a distan$e sa) their la) made a 7est of& to shed tears& and sorely lament the dissolution of su$h a sa$red dignity" M" And no) the people $ould no longer .ear the insolen$e of this pro$edure& .ut did all together run ?ealously& in order to overthro) that tyranny/ and indeed they )ere (orion the son of Josephus& and Symeon the son of (amaliel& ;D> )ho en$ouraged them& .y going up and do)n )hen they )ere assem.led together in $ro)ds& and as they sa) them alone& to .ear no longer& .ut to infli$t punishment upon these pests and plagues of their freedom& and to purge the temple of these .loody polluters of it" The .est esteemed also of the high priests& Jesus the son of (amalas& and Ananus the son of Ananus )hen they )ere at their assem.lies& .itterly reproa$hed the people for their sloth& and e $ited them against the ?ealots/ for that )as the name they )ent .y& as if they )ere ?ealous in good underta#ings& and )ere not rather ?ealous in the )orst a$tions& and e travagant in them .eyond the e ample of others" @=" And no)& )hen the multitude )ere gotten together to an assem.ly& and every one )as in indignation at these men2s sei?ing upon the san$tuary& at their rapine and murders& .ut had not yet .egun their atta$#s upon them& ;the reason of )hi$h )as this& that they imagined it to .e a diffi$ult thing to suppress these ?ealots& as indeed the $ase )as&> Ananus stood in the midst of them& and $asting his eyes fre6uently at the temple& and having a flood of tears in his eyes& he said& ICertainly it had .een good for me to die .efore I had seen the house of (od full of so many a.ominations& or these sa$red pla$es& that ought not to .e trodden upon at random& filled )ith the feet of these .loodshedding villains/ yet do I& )ho am $lothed )ith the vestments of the high priesthood& and am $alled .y that most venera.le name +of high priest,& still live& and am .ut too fond of living& and $annot endure to undergo a death )hi$h )ould .e the glory of my old age/ and if I )ere the only person $on$erned& and as it )ere in a desert& I )ould give up my life& and that alone for (od2s sa#e/ for to )hat purpose is it to live among a people insensi.le of their $alamities& and )here there is no notion remaining of any remedy for the miseries that are upon themK for )hen you are sei?ed upon& you .ear itJ and )hen you are .eaten& you are silentJ and )hen the people are murdered& no.ody dare so mu$h as send out a groan openlyJ O .itter tyranny that )e are underJ But )hy do I $omplain of the tyrantsK Was it not you& and your sufferan$e of them& that have nourished themK Was it not you that overloo#ed those that first of all got together& for they )ere then .ut a fe)& and .y your silen$e made them gro) to .e many/ and .y $onniving at them )hen they too# arms& in effe$t armed them against yourselvesK !ou ought to have then prevented their first attempts& )hen they fell a reproa$hing your relations/ .ut .y negle$ting that $are in time& you have en$ouraged these )ret$hes to plunder men" When houses )ere pillaged& no.ody said a )ord& )hi$h )as the o$$asion )hy they $arried off the o)ners of those houses/ and )hen they )ere dra)n through the midst of the $ity& no.ody $ame to their assistan$e" They then pro$eeded to put those )hom you have .etrayed into their hands into .onds" I do not say ho) many and of )hat $hara$ters those men )ere )hom they thus served/ .ut $ertainly they )ere su$h as )ere a$$used .y none& and $ondemned .y none/ and sin$e no.ody su$$ored them )hen they )ere put into .onds& the $onse6uen$e )as& that you sa) the same persons slain" We have seen this also/ so that still the .est of the herd of .rute animals& as it )ere& have .een still led to .e sa$rifi$ed& )hen yet no.ody said one )ord& or moved his right hand for their preservation" Will you .ear& therefore& )ill you .ear to see your san$tuary trampled onK and )ill you lay steps for these profane )ret$hes& upon )hi$h they may mount to higher degrees of insolen$eK Will not you plu$# them do)n from their e altationK for even .y this time they had pro$eeded to higher enormities& if they had .een a.le to overthro) any thing greater than the san$tuary" They have sei?ed upon the strongest pla$e of the )hole $ity/ you may $all it the temple& if you please& though it .e li#e a $itadel or fortress" 1o)& )hile you have tyranny in so great a degree )alled in& and see your enemies over your heads& to )hat purpose is it to ta#e $ounselK and )hat have you to support your minds )ithalK *erhaps you )ait for the 0omans& that they may prote$t our holy pla$esE are our matters then .rought to that passK and are )e $ome to that degree of misery& that our enemies themselves are e pe$ted to pity usK O )ret$hed $reaturesJ )ill not you rise up and turn upon those that stri#e youK )hi$h you may o.serve in )ild .easts themselves& that they )ill avenge themselves on those that stri#e them" Will you not $all to mind& every one of you& the $alamities

you yourselves have sufferedK nor lay .efore your eyes )hat affli$tions you yourselves have undergoneK and )ill not su$h things sharpen your souls to revengeK Is therefore that most honora.le and most natural of our passions utterly lost& I mean the desire of li.ertyK Truly )e are in love )ith slavery& and in love )ith those that lord it over us& as if )e had re$eived that prin$iple of su.7e$tion from our an$estors/ yet did they undergo many and great )ars for the sa#e of li.erty& nor )ere they so far over$ome .y the po)er of the %gyptians& or the -edes& .ut that still they did )hat they thought fit& not)ithstanding their $ommands to the $ontrary" And )hat o$$asion is there no) for a )ar )ith the 0omansK ;I meddle not )ith determining )hether it .e an advantageous and profita.le )ar or not"> What pretense is there for itK Is it not that )e may en7oy our li.ertyK Besides& shall )e not .ear the lords of the ha.ita.le earth to .e lords over us& and yet .ear tyrants of our o)n $ountryK Although I must say that su.mission to foreigners may .e .orne& .e$ause fortune hath already doomed us to it& )hile su.mission to )i$#ed people of our o)n nation is too unmanly& and .rought upon us .y our o)n $onsent" Ho)ever& sin$e I have had o$$asion to mention the 0omans& I )ill not $on$eal a thing that& as I am spea#ing& $omes into my mind& and affe$ts me $onsidera.ly/ it is this& that though )e should .e ta#en .y them& ;(od for.id the event should .e soJ> yet $an )e undergo nothing that )ill .e harder to .e .orne than )hat these men have already .rought upon us" Ho) then $an )e avoid shedding of tears& )hen )e see the 0oman donations in our temple& )hile )e )ithal see those of our o)n nation ta#ing our spoils& and plundering our glorious metropolis& and slaughtering our men& from )hi$h enormities those 0omans themselves )ould have a.stainedK to see those 0omans never going .eyond the .ounds allotted to profane persons& nor venturing to .rea# in upon any of our sa$red $ustoms/ nay& having a horror on their minds )hen they vie) at a distan$e those sa$red )alls/ )hile some that have .een .orn in this very $ountry& and .rought up in our $ustoms& and $alled Je)s& do )al# a.out in the midst of the holy pla$es& at the very time )hen their hands are still )arm )ith the slaughter of their o)n $ountrymen" Besides& $an any one .e afraid of a )ar a.road& and that )ith su$h as )ill have $omparatively mu$h greater moderation than our o)n people haveK For truly& if )e may suit our )ords to the things they represent& it is pro.a.le one may hereafter find the 0omans to .e the supporters of our la)s& and those )ithin ourselves the su.verters of them" And no) I am persuaded that every one of you here $omes satisfied .efore I spea# that these overthro)ers of our li.erties deserve to .e destroyed& and that no.ody $an so mu$h as devise a punishment that they have not deserved .y )hat they have done& and that you are all provo#ed against them .y those their )i$#ed a$tions& )hen$e you have suffered so greatly" But perhaps many of you are aftrighted at the multitude of those ?ealots& and at their auda$iousness& as )ell as at the advantage they have over us in their .eing higher in pla$e than )e are/ for these $ir$umstan$es& as they have .een o$$asioned .y your negligen$e& so )ill they .e$ome still greater .y .eing still longer negle$ted/ for their multitude is every day augmented& .y every ill man2s running a)ay to those that are li#e to themselves& and their auda$iousness is therefore inflamed& .e$ause they meet )ith no o.stru$tion to their designs" And for their higher pla$e& they )ill ma#e use of it for engines also& if )e give them time to do so/ .ut .e assured of this& that if )e go up to fight them& they )ill .e made tamer .y their o)n $ons$ien$es& and )hat advantages they have in the height of their situation they )ill lose .y the opposition of their reason/ perhaps also (od himself& )ho hath .een affronted .y them& )ill ma#e )hat they thro) at us return against themselves& and these impious )ret$hes )ill .e #illed .y their o)n dartsE let us .ut ma#e our appearan$e .efore them& and they )ill $ome to nothing" Ho)ever& it is a right thing& if there should .e any danger in the attempt& to die .efore these holy gates& and to spend our very lives& if not for the sa#e of our $hildren and )ives& yet for (od2s sa#e& and for the sa#e of his san$tuary" I )ill assist you .oth )ith my $ounsel and )ith my hand/ nor shall any saga$ity of ours .e )anting for your support/ nor shall you see that I )ill .e sparing of my .ody neither"I @@" By these motives Ananus en$ouraged the multitude to go against the ?ealots& although he #ne) ho) diffi$ult it )ould .e to disperse them& .e$ause of their multitude& and their youth& and the $ourage of their souls/ .ut $hiefly .e$ause of their $ons$iousness of )hat they had done& sin$e they )ould not yield& as not so mu$h as hoping for pardon at the last for those their enormities" Ho)ever& Ananus resolved to undergo )hatever sufferings might $ome upon him& rather than overloo# things& no) they )ere in su$h great $onfusion" So the multitude $ried out to him& to lead them on against those )hom he had des$ri.ed in his e hortation to them& and every one of them )as most readily disposed to run

any ha?ard )hatsoever on that a$$ount" @A" 1o) )hile Ananus )as $hoosing out his men& and putting those that )ere proper for his purpose in array for fighting& the ?ealots got information of his underta#ing& ;for there )ere some )ho )ent to them& and told them all that the people )ere doing&> and )ere irritated at it& and leaping out of the temple in $ro)ds& and .y parties& spared none )hom they met )ith" 5pon this Ananus got the popula$e together on the sudden& )ho )ere more numerous indeed than the ?ealots& .ut inferior to them in arms& .e$ause they had not .een regularly put into array for fighting/ .ut the ala$rity that every .ody sho)ed supplied all their defe$ts on .oth sides& the $iti?ens ta#ing up so great a passion as )as stronger than arms& and deriving a degree of $ourage from the temple more for$i.le than any multitude )hatsoever/ and indeed these $iti?ens thought it )as not possi.le for them to d)ell in the $ity& unless they $ould $ut off the ro..ers that )ere in it" The ?ealots also thought that unless they prevailed& there )ould .e no punishment so .ad .ut it )ould .e infli$ted on them" So their $onfli$ts )ere $ondu$ted .y their passions/ and at the first they only $ast stones at ea$h other in the $ity& and .efore the temple& and thre) their 7avelins at a distan$e/ .ut )hen either of them )ere too hard for the other& they made use of their s)ords/ and great slaughter )as made on .oth sides& and a great num.er )ere )ounded" As for the dead .odies of the people& their relations $arried them out to their o)n houses/ .ut )hen any of the ?ealots )ere )ounded& he )ent up into the temple& and defiled that sa$red floor )ith his .lood& insomu$h that one may say it )as their .lood alone that polluted our san$tuary" 1o) in these $onfli$ts the ro..ers al)ays sallied out of the temple& and )ere too hard for their enemies/ .ut the popula$e gre) very angry& and .e$ame more and more numerous& and reproa$hed those that gave .a$#& and those .ehind )ould not afford room to those that )ere going off& .ut for$ed them on again& till at length they made their )hole .ody to turn against their adversaries& and the ro..ers $ould no longer oppose them& .ut )ere for$ed gradually to retire into the temple/ )hen Ananus and his party fell into it at the same time together )ith them" ;H> This horri.ly affrighted the ro..ers& .e$ause it deprived them of the first $ourt/ so they fled into the inner $ourt immediately& and shut the gates" 1o) Ananus did not thin# fit to ma#e any atta$# against the holy gates& although the other thre) their stones and darts at them from a.ove" He also deemed it unla)ful to introdu$e the multitude into that $ourt .efore they )ere purified/ he therefore $hose out of them all .y lot si thousand armed men& and pla$ed them as guards in the $loisters/ so there )as a su$$ession of su$h guards one after another& and every one )as for$ed to attend in his $ourse/ although many of the $hief of the $ity )ere dismissed .y those that then too# on them the government& upon their hiring some of the poorer sort& and sending them to #eep the guard in their stead" @B" 1o) it )as John )ho& as )e told you& ran a)ay from (is$hala& and )as the o$$asion of all these .eing destroyed" He )as a man of great $raft& and .ore a.out him in his soul a strong passion after tyranny& and at a distan$e )as the adviser in these a$tions/ and indeed at this time he pretended to .e of the people2s opinion& and )ent all a.out )ith Ananus )hen he $onsulted the great men every day& and in the night time also )hen he )ent round the )at$h/ .ut he divulged their se$rets to the ?ealots& and every thing that the people deli.erated a.out )as .y his means #no)n to their enemies& even .efore it had .een )ell agreed upon .y themselves" And .y )ay of $ontrivan$e ho) he might not .e .rought into suspi$ion& he $ultivated the greatest friendship possi.le )ith Ananus& and )ith the $hief of the people/ yet did this overdoing of his turn against him& for he flattered them so e travagantly& that he )as .ut the more suspe$ted/ and his $onstant attendan$e every )here& even )hen he )as not invited to .e present& made him strongly suspe$ted of .etraying their se$rets to the enemy/ for they plainly per$eived that they understood all the resolutions ta#en against them at their $onsultations" 1or )as there any one )hom they had so mu$h reason to suspe$t of that dis$overy as this John/ yet )as it not easy to get 6uit of him& so potent )as he gro)n .y his )i$#ed pra$ti$es" He )as also supported .y many of those eminent men& )ho )ere to .e $onsulted upon all $onsidera.le affairs/ it )as therefore thought reasona.le to o.lige him to give them assuran$e of his good-)ill upon oath/ a$$ordingly John too# su$h an oath readily& that he )ould .e on the people2s side& and )ould not .etray any of their $ounsels or pra$ti$es to their enemies& and )ould assist them in overthro)ing those that atta$#ed them& and that .oth .y his hand and his advi$e" So Ananus and his party .elieved his oath& and did no) re$eive him to their $onsultations )ithout further suspi$ion/ nay& so far did they

.elieve him& that they sent him as their am.assador into the temple to the ?ealots& )ith proposals of a$$ommodation/ for they )ere very desirous to avoid the pollution of the temple as mu$h as they possi.ly $ould& and that no one of their nation should .e slain therein" @<" But no) this John& as if his oath had .een made to the ?ealots& and for $onfirmation of his good)ill to them& and not against them& )ent into the temple& and stood in the midst of them& and spa#e as follo)sE That he had run many ha?ards o& their a$$ounts& and in order to let them #no) of every thing that )as se$retly $ontrived against them .y Ananus and his party/ .ut that .oth he and they should .e $ast into the most imminent danger& unless some providential assistan$e )ere afforded them/ for that Ananus made no longer delay& .ut had prevailed )ith the people to send am.assadors to 8espasian& to invite him to $ome presently and ta#e the $ity/ and that he had appointed a fast for the ne t day against them& that they might o.tain admission into the temple on a religious a$$ount& or gain it .y for$e& and fight )ith them there/ that he did not see ho) long they $ould either endure a siege& or ho) they $ould fight against so many enemies" He added further& that it )as .y the providen$e of (od he )as himself sent as an am.assador to them for an a$$ommodation/ for that Artanus did therefore offer them su$h proposals& that he might $ome upon them )hen they )ere unarmed/ that they ought to $hoose one of these t)o methods& either to inter$ede )ith those that guarded them& to save their lives& or to provide some foreign assistan$e for themselves/ that if they fostered themselves )ith the hopes of pardon& in $ase they )ere su.dued& they had forgotten )hat desperate things they had done& or $ould suppose& that as soon as the a$tors repented& those that had suffered .y them must .e presently re$on$iled to them/ )hile those that have done in7uries& though they pretend to repent of them& are fre6uently hated .y the others for that sort of repentan$e/ and that the sufferers& )hen they get the po)er into their hands& are usually still more severe upon the a$tors/ that the friends and #indred of those that had .een destroyed )ould al)ays .e laying plots against them/ and that a large .ody of people )ere very angry on a$$ount of their gross .rea$hes of their la)s& and +illegal, 7udi$atures& insomu$h that although some part might $ommiserate them& those )ould .e 6uite over.orne .y the ma7ority" +'D'OT+1 ;B> This name 'or$as in (ree#& )as Ta.itha in He.re) or Syria$& as A$tLMEBD" A$$ordingly& some of the manus$ripts set it do)n here Ta.etha or Ta.eta" 1or $an the $onte t in Josephus .e made out .y supposing the reading to have .een thisE IThe son of Ta.itha/ )hi$h& in the language of our $ountry& denotes 'or$asI +or a doe," ;<> Here )e may dis$over the utter disgra$e and ruin of the high priesthood among the Je)s& )hen undeserving& igno.le& and vile persons )ere advan$ed to that holy offi$e .y the seditious/ )hi$h sort of high priests& as Josephus )ell remar#s here& )ere thereupon o.liged to $omply )ith and assist those that advan$ed them in their impious pra$ti$es" The names of these high priests& or rather ridi$ulous and profane persons& )ere Jesus the son of 'amneus& Jesus the son of (amaliel& -atthias the son of Theophilus& and that prodigious ignoramus *hannias& the son of Samuel/ all )hom )e shall meet )ith in Josephus2s future history of this )ar/ nor do )e meet )ith any other so mu$h as pretended high priest after *hannias& till Jerusalem )as ta#en and destroyed" ;C> This tri.e or $ourse of the high priests& or priests& here $alled %nia$him& seems to the learned -r" 4o)th& one )ell versed in Josephus& to .e that @ChLA<E@A& Ithe $ourse of Ja#im&I )here some $opies haveI the $ourse of %lia#im/I and I thin# this to .e .y no means an impro.a.le $on7e$ture" ;D> This Symeon& the son of (amaliel& is mentioned as the president of the Je)ish sanhedrim& and one that perished in the destru$tion of Jerusalem& .y the Je)ish 0a..ins& as 0eland o.serves on this pla$e" He also tells us that those 0a..ins mention one Jesus the son of (amala& as on$e a high priest& .ut this long .efore the destru$tion of Jerusalem/ so that if he )ere the same person )ith this Jesus the son of (amala& Josephus& he must have lived to .e very old& or they have .een very .ad $hronologers"

;H> It is )orth noting here& that this Ananus& the .est of the Je)s at this time& and the high priest& )ho )as so very uneasy at the profanation of the Je)ish $ourts of the temple .y the ?ealots& did not ho)ever s$ruple the profanation of the I$ourt of the (entiles/I as in our Savior2s days it )as very mu$h profaned .y the Je)s/ and made a mar#et-pla$e& nay& a Iden of thieves&I )ithout s$ruple& -atLA@E@A@B/ -arL@@E@C-@H" A$$ordingly Josephus himself& )hen he spea#s of the t)o inner $ourts& $alls them .oth hagia or holy pla$es/ .ut& so far as I remem.er& never gives that $hara$ter of the $ourt of the (entiles" See B" 8" $h" M" se$t" A"

CH(PT+,
TH+ )D06+('1 B+)'* 1+'T /O, B3 TH+ >+(.OT18 C(6+ )66+D)(T+.3 TO J+,01(.+6; ('D WH+' TH+3 W+,+ +2C.0D+D O0T O/ TH+ C)T38 TH+3 .(3 (.. ')*HT TH+,+5 J+101 O'+ O/ TH+ H)*H P,)+1T1 6(7+1 ( 1P++CH TO TH+6; ('D 1)6O' TH+ )D06+(' 6(7+1 ( ,+P.3 TO )T5
@" 1OW& .y this $rafty spee$h& John made the ?ealots afraid/ yet durst he not dire$tly name )hat foreign assistan$e he meant& .ut in a $overt )ay only intimated at the Idumeans" But no)& that he might parti$ularly irritate the leaders of the ?ealots& he $alumniated Ananus& that he )as a.out a pie$e of .ar.arity& and did in a spe$ial manner threaten them" These leaders )ere %lea?ar& the son of Simon& )ho seemed the most plausi.le man of them all& .oth in $onsidering )hat )as fit to .e done& and in the e e$ution of )hat he had determined upon& and 9a$harias& the son of *hale#/ .oth of )hom derived their families from the priests" 1o) )hen these t)o men had heard& not only the $ommon threatenings )hi$h .elonged to them all& .ut those pe$uliarly leveled against themselves/ and .esides& ho) Artanus and his party& in order to se$ure their o)n dominion& had invited the 0omans to $ome to them& for that also )as part of John2s lie/ they hesitated a great )hile )hat they should do& $onsidering the shortness of the time .y )hi$h they )ere straitened/ .e$ause the people )ere prepared to atta$# them very soon& and .e$ause the suddenness of the plot laid against them had almost $ut off all their hopes of getting any foreign assistan$e/ for they might .e under the height of their affli$tions .efore any of their $onfederates $ould .e informed of it" Ho)ever& it )as resolved to $all in the Idumeans/ so they )rote a short letter to this effe$tE That Ananus had imposed on the people& and )as .etraying their metropolis to the 0omans/ that they themselves had revolted from the rest& and )ere in $ustody in the temple& on a$$ount of the preservation of their li.erty/ that there )as .ut a small time left )herein they might hope for their deliveran$e/ and that unless they )ould $ome immediately to their assistan$e& they should themselves .e soon in the po)er of Artanus& and the $ity )ould .e in the po)er of the 0omans" They also $harged the messengers to tell many more $ir$umstan$es to the rulers of the Idumeans" 1o) there )ere t)o a$tive men proposed for the $arrying this message& and su$h as )ere a.le to spea#& and to persuade them that things )ere in this posture& and& )hat )as a 6ualifi$ation still more ne$essary than the former& they )ere very s)ift of foot/ for they #ne) )ell enough that these )ould immediately $omply )ith their desires& as .eing ever a tumultuous and disorderly nation& al)ays on the )at$h upon every motion& delighting in mutations/ and upon your flattering them ever so little& and petitioning them& they soon ta#e their arms& and put themselves into motion& and ma#e haste to a .attle& as if it )ere to a feast" There )as indeed o$$asion for 6ui$# despat$h in the $arrying of this message& in )hi$h point the messengers )ere no )ay defe$tive" Both their names )ere Ananias/ and they soon $ame to the rulers of the Idumeans" A" 1o) these rulers )ere greatly surprised at the $ontents of the letter& and at )hat those that $ame )ith it further told them/ )hereupon they ran a.out the nation li#e madmen& and made pro$lamation that the people should $ome to )ar/ so a multitude )as suddenly got together& sooner indeed than the time appointed in the pro$lamation& and every .ody $aught up their arms& in order to maintain the li.erty of their metropolis/ and t)enty thousand of them )ere put into .attle-array& and $ame to Jerusalem& under four $ommanders& John& and Ja$o. the son of Sosas/ and .esides these )ere Simon&

the son of Cathlas& and *hineas& the son of Clusothus" B" 1o) this e it of the messengers )as not #no)n either to Ananus or to the guards& .ut the approa$h of the Idumeans )as #no)n to him/ for as he #ne) of it .efore they $ame& he ordered the gates to .e shut against them& and that the )alls should .e guarded" !et did not he .y any means thin# of fighting against them& .ut& .efore they $ame to .lo)s& to try )hat persuasions )ould do" A$$ordingly& Jesus& the eldest of the high priests ne t to Artanus& stood upon the to)er that )as over against them& and said thusE I-any trou.les indeed& and those of various #inds& have fallen upon this $ity& yet in none of them have I so mu$h )ondered at her fortune as no)& )hen you are $ome to assist )i$#ed men& and this after a manner very e traordinary/ for I see that you are $ome to support the vilest of men against us& and this )ith so great ala$rity& as you $ould hardly put on the li#e& in $ase our metropolis had $alled you to her assistan$e against .ar.arians" And if I had per$eived that your army )as $omposed of men li#e unto those )ho invited them& I had not deemed your attempt so a.surd/ for nothing does so mu$h $ement the minds of men together as the allian$e there is .et)een their manners" But no) for these men )ho have invited you& if you )ere to e amine them one .y one& every one of them )ould .e found to have deserved ten thousand deaths/ for the very ras$ality and offs$ouring of the )hole $ountry& )ho have spent in de.au$hery their o)n su.stan$e& and& .y )ay of trial .eforehand& have madly plundered the neigh.oring villages and $ities& in the upshot of all& have privately run together into this holy $ity" They are ro..ers& )ho .y their prodigious )i$#edness have profaned this most sa$red floor& and )ho are to .e no) seen drin#ing themselves drun# in the san$tuary& and e pending the spoils of those )hom they have slaughtered upon their unsatia.le .ellies" As for the multitude that is )ith you& one may see them so de$ently adorned in their armor& as it )ould .e$ome them to .e had their metropolis $alled them to her assistan$e against foreigners" What $an a man $all this pro$edure of yours .ut the sport of fortune& )hen he sees a )hole nation $oming to prote$t a sin# of )i$#ed )ret$hesK I have for a good )hile .een in dou.t )hat it $ould possi.ly .e that should move you to do this so suddenly/ .e$ause $ertainly you )ould not ta#e on your armor on the .ehalf of ro..ers& and against a people of #in to you& )ithout some very great $ause for your so doing" But )e have an item that the 0omans are pretended& and that )e are supposed to .e going to .etray this $ity to them/ for some of your men have lately made a $lamor a.out those matters& and have said they are $ome to set their metropolis free" 1o) )e $annot .ut admire at these )ret$hes in their devising su$h a lie as this against us/ for they #ne) there )as no other )ay to irritate against us men that )ere naturally desirous of li.erty& and on that a$$ount the .est disposed to fight against foreign enemies& .ut .y framing a tale as if )e )ere going to .etray that most desira.le thing& li.erty" But you ought to $onsider )hat sort of people they are that raise this $alumny& and against )hat sort of people that $alumny is raised& and to gather the truth of things& not .y fi$titious spee$hes& .ut out of the a$tions of .oth parties/ for )hat o$$asion is there for us to sell ourselves to the 0omans& )hile it )as in our po)er not to have revolted from them at the first& or )hen )e had on$e revolted& to have returned under their dominion again& and this )hile the neigh.oring $ountries )ere not yet laid )asteK )hereas it is not an easy thing to .e re$on$iled to the 0omans& if )e )ere desirous of it& no) they have su.dued (alilee& and are there.y .e$ome proud and insolent/ and to endeavor to please them at the time )hen they are so near us& )ould .ring su$h a reproa$h upon us as )ere )orse than death" As for myself& indeed& I should have preferred pea$e )ith them .efore death/ .ut no) )e have on$e made )ar upon them& and fought )ith them& I prefer death& )ith reputation& .efore living in $aptivity under them" But further& )hether do they pretend that )e& )ho are the rulers of the people& have sent thus privately to the 0omans& or hath it .een done .y the $ommon suffrages of the peopleK If it .e ourselves only that have done it& let them name those friends of ours that have .een sent& as our servants& to manage this trea$hery" Hath any one .een $aught as he )ent out on this errand& or sei?ed upon as he $ame .a$#K Are they in possession of our lettersK Ho) $ould )e .e $on$ealed from su$h a vast num.er of our fello) $iti?ens& among )hom )e are $onversant every hour& )hile )hat is done privately in the $ountry is& it seems& #no)n .y the ?ealots& )ho are .ut fe) in num.er& and under $onfinement also& and are not a.le to $ome out of the temple into the $ity" Is this the first time that they are .e$ome sensi.le ho) they ought to .e punished for their insolent a$tionsK For )hile these men )ere free from the fear they are no) under& there )as no suspi$ion raised that any of us )ere traitors" But if they lay this $harge against the people& this must have .een done at a pu.li$ $onsultation& and not one of the people must have dissented from the rest of the

assem.ly/ in )hi$h $ase the pu.li$ fame of this matter )ould have $ome to you sooner than any parti$ular indi$ation" But ho) $ould that .eK -ust there not then have .een am.assadors sent to $onfirm the agreementsK And let them tell us )ho this am.assador )as that )as ordained for that purpose" But this is no other than a pretense of su$h men as are loath to die& and are la.oring to es$ape those punishments that hang over them/ for if fate had determined that this $ity )as to .e .etrayed into its enemies2 hands& no other than these men that a$$use us falsely $ould have the impuden$e to do it& there .eing no )i$#edness )anting to $omplete their impudent pra$ti$es .ut this only& that they .e$ome traitors" And no) you Idumeans are $ome hither already )ith your arms& it is your duty& in the first pla$e& to .e assisting to your metropolis& and to 7oin )ith us in $utting off those tyrants that have infringed the rules of our regular tri.unals& that have trampled upon our la)s& and made their s)ords the ar.itrators of right and )rong/ for they have sei?ed upon men of great eminen$e& and under no a$$usation& as they stood in the midst of the mar#et-pla$e& and tortured them )ith putting them into .onds& and& )ithout .earing to hear )hat they had to say& or )hat suppli$ations they made& they destroyed them" !ou may& if you please& $ome into the $ity& though not in the )ay of )ar& and ta#e a vie) of the mar#s still remaining of )hat I no) say& and may see the houses that have .een depopulated .y their rapa$ious hands& )ith those )ives and families that are in .la$#& mourning for their slaughtered relations/ as also you may hear their groans and lamentations all the $ity over/ for there is no.ody .ut hath tasted of the in$ursions of these profane )ret$hes& )ho have pro$eeded to that degree of madness& as not only to have transferred their impudent ro..eries out of the $ountry& and the remote $ities& into this $ity& the very fa$e and head of the )hole nation& .ut out of the $ity into the temple also/ for that is no) made their re$epta$le and refuge& and the fountain-head )hen$e their preparations are made against us" And this pla$e& )hi$h is adored .y the ha.ita.le )orld& and honored .y su$h as only #no) it .y report& as far as the ends of the earth& is trampled upon .y these )ild .easts .orn among ourselves" They no) triumph in the desperate $ondition they are already in& )hen they hear that one people is going to fight against another people& and one $ity against another $ity& and that your nation hath gotten an army together against its o)n .o)els" Instead of )hi$h pro$edure& it )ere highly fit and reasona.le& as I said .efore& for you to 7oin )ith us in $utting off these )ret$hes& and in parti$ular to .e revenged on them for putting this very $heat upon you/ I mean& for having the impuden$e to invite you to assist them& of )hom they ought to have stood in fear& as ready to punish them" But if you have some regard to these men2s invitation of you& yet may you lay aside your arms& and $ome into the $ity under the notion of our #indred& and ta#e upon you a middle name .et)een that of au iliaries and of enemies& and so .e$ome 7udges in this $ase" Ho)ever& $onsider )hat these men )ill gain .y .eing $alled into 7udgment .efore you& for su$h undenia.le and su$h flagrant $rimes& )ho )ould not vou$hsafe to hear su$h as had no a$$usations laid against them to spea# a )ord for themselves" Ho)ever& let them gain this advantage .y your $oming" But still& if you )ill neither ta#e our part in that indignation )e have at these men& nor 7udge .et)een us& the third thing I have to propose is this& that you let us .oth alone& and neither insult upon our $alamities& nor a.ide )ith these plotters against their metropolis/ for though you should have ever so great a suspi$ion that some of us have dis$oursed )ith the 0omans& it is in your po)er to )at$h the passages into the $ity/ and in $ase any thing that )e have .een a$$used of is .rought to light& then to $ome and defend your metropolis& and to infli$t punishment on those that are found guilty/ for the enemy $annot prevent you )ho are so near to the $ity" But if& after all& none of these proposals seem a$$epta.le and moderate& do not you )onder that the gates are shut against you& )hile you .ear your arms a.out you"I <" Thus spa#e Jesus/ yet did not the multitude of the Idumeans give any attention to )hat he said& .ut )ere in a rage& .e$ause they did not meet )ith a ready entran$e into the $ity" The generals also had indignation at the offer of laying do)n their arms& and loo#ed upon it as e6ual to a $aptivity& to thro) them a)ay at any man2s in7un$tion )homsoever" But Simon& the son of Cathlas& one of their $ommanders& )ith mu$h ado 6uieted the tumult of his o)n men& and stood so that the high priests might hear him& and said as follo)sE II $an no longer )onder that the patrons of li.erty are under $ustody in the temple& sin$e there are those that shut the gates of our $ommon $ity ;G> to their o)n nation& and at the same time are prepared to admit the 0omans into it/ nay& perhaps are disposed to $ro)n the gates )ith garlands at their $oming& )hile they spea# to the Idumeans from their o)n to)ers& and en7oin them to thro) do)n their arms )hi$h they have ta#en up for the preservation of its

li.erty" And )hile they )ill not intrust the guard of our metropolis to their #indred& profess to ma#e them 7udges of the differen$es that are among them/ nay& )hile they a$$use some men of having slain others )ithout a legal trial& they do themselves $ondemn a )hole nation after an ignominious manner& and have no) )alled up that $ity from their o)n nation& )hi$h used to .e open to even all foreigners that $ame to )orship there" We have indeed $ome in great haste to you& and to a )ar against our o)n $ountrymen/ and the reason )hy )e have made su$h haste is this& that )e may preserve that freedom )hi$h you are so unhappy as to .etray" !ou have pro.a.ly .een guilty of the li#e $rimes against those )hom you #eep in $ustody& and have& I suppose& $olle$ted together the li#e plausi.le pretenses against them also that you ma#e use of against us/ after )hi$h you have gotten the mastery of those )ithin the temple& and #eep them in $ustody& )hile they are only ta#ing $are of the pu.li$ affairs" !ou have also shut the gates of the $ity in general against nations that are the most nearly related to you/ and )hile you give su$h in7urious $ommands to others& you $omplain that you have .een tyranni?ed over .y them& and fi the name of un7ust governors upon su$h as are tyranni?ed over .y yourselves" Who $an .ear this your a.use of )ords& )hile they have a regard to the $ontrariety of your a$tions& unless you mean this& that those Idumeans do no) e $lude you out of your metropolis& )hom you e $lude from the sa$red offi$es of your o)n $ountryK One may indeed 7ustly $omplain of those that are .esieged in the temple& that )hen they had $ourage enough to punish those tyrants )hom you $all eminent men& and free from any a$$usations& .e$ause of their .eing your $ompanions in )i$#edness& they did not .egin )ith you& and there.y $ut off .eforehand the most dangerous parts of this treason" But if these men have .een more mer$iful than the pu.li$ ne$essity re6uired& )e that are Idumeans )ill preserve this house of (od& and )ill fight for our $ommon $ountry& and )ill oppose .y )ar as )ell those that atta$# them from a.road& as those that .etray them from )ithin" Here )ill )e a.ide .efore the )alls in our armor& until either the 0omans gro) )eary in )aiting for you& or you .e$ome friends to li.erty& and repent of )hat you have done against it"I C" And no) did the Idumeans ma#e an a$$lamation to )hat Simon had said/ .ut Jesus )ent a)ay sorro)ful& as seeing that the Idumeans )ere against all moderate $ounsels& and that the $ity )as .esieged on .oth sides" 1or indeed )ere the minds of the Idumeans at rest/ for they )ere in a rage at the in7ury that had .een offered them .y their e $lusion out of the $ity/ and )hen they thought the ?ealots had .een strong& .ut sa) nothing of theirs to support them& they )ere in dou.t a.out the matter& and many of them repented that they had $ome thither" But the shame that )ould attend them in $ase they returned )ithout doing any thing at all& so far over$ame that their repentan$e& that they lay all night .efore the )all& though in a very .ad en$ampment/ for there .ro#e out a prodigious storm in the night& )ith the utmost violen$e& and very strong )inds& )ith the largest sho)ers of rain& )ith $ontinued lightnings& terri.le thunderings& and ama?ing $on$ussions and .ello)ings of the earth& that )as in an earth6ua#e" These things )ere a manifest indi$ation that some destru$tion )as $oming upon men& )hen the system of the )orld )as put into this disorder/ and any one )ould guess that these )onders foresho)ed some grand $alamities that )ere $oming" D" 1o) the opinion of the Idumeans and of the $iti?ens )as one and the same" The Idumeans thought that (od )as angry at their ta#ing arms& and that they )ould not es$ape punishment for their ma#ing )ar upon their metropolis" Ananus and his party thought that they had $on6uered )ithout fighting& and that (od a$ted as a general for them/ .ut truly they proved .oth ill $on7e$tures at )hat )as to $ome& and made those events to .e ominous to their enemies& )hile they )ere themselves to undergo the ill effe$ts of them/ for the Idumeans fen$ed one another .y uniting their .odies into one .and& and there.y #ept themselves )arm& and $onne$ting their shields over their heads& )ere not so mu$h hurt .y the rain" But the ?ealots )ere more deeply $on$erned for the danger these men )ere in than they )ere for themselves& and got together& and loo#ed a.out them to see )hether they $ould devise any means of assisting them" The hotter sort of them thought it .est to for$e their guards )ith their arms& and after that to fall into the midst of the $ity& and pu.li$ly open the gates to those that $ame to their assistan$e/ as supposing the guards )ould .e in disorder& and give )ay at su$h an une pe$ted attempt of theirs& espe$ially as the greater part of them )ere unarmed and uns#illed in the affairs of )ar/ and that .esides the multitude of the $iti?ens )ould not .e easily gathered together& .ut $onfined to their houses .y the stormE and that if there )ere any ha?ard in their underta#ing& it .e$ame them to suffer

any thing )hatsoever themselves& rather than to overloo# so great a multitude as )ere misera.ly perishing on their a$$ount" But the more prudent part of them disapproved of this for$i.le method& .e$ause they sa) not only the guards a.out them very numerous& .ut the )alls of the $ity itself $arefully )at$hed& .y reason of the Idumeans" They also supposed that Ananus )ould .e every )here& and visit the guards every hour/ )hi$h indeed )as done upon other nights& .ut )as omitted that night& not .y reason of any slothfulness of Ananus& .ut .y the over.earing appointment of fate& that so .oth he might himself perish& and the multitude of the guards might perish )ith him/ for truly& as the night )as far gone& and the storm very terri.le& Ananus gave the guards in the $loisters leave to go to sleep/ )hile it $ame into the heads of the ?ealots to ma#e use of the sa)s .elonging to the temple& and to $ut the .ars of the gates to pie$es" The noise of the )ind& and that not inferior sound of the thunder& did here also $onspire )ith their designs& that the noise of the sa)s )as not heard .y the others" H" So they se$retly )ent out of the temple to the )all of the $ity& and made use of their sa)s& and opened that gate )hi$h )as over against the Idumeans" 1o) at first there $ame a fear upon the Idumeans themselves& )hi$h distur.ed them& as imagining that Ananus and his party )ere $oming to atta$# them& so that every one of them had his right hand upon his s)ord& in order to defend himself/ .ut they soon $ame to #no) )ho they )ere that $ame to them& and )ere entered the $ity" And had the Idumeans then fallen upon the $ity& nothing $ould have hindered them from destroying the people every man of them& su$h )as the rage they )ere in at that time/ .ut as they first of all made haste to get the ?ealots out of $ustody& )hi$h those that .rought them in earnestly desired them to do& and not to overloo# those for )hose sa#es they )ere $ome& in the midst of their distresses& nor to .ring them into a still greater danger/ for that )hen they had on$e sei?ed upon the guards& it )ould .e easy for them to fall upon the $ity/ .ut that if the $ity )ere on$e alarmed& they )ould not then .e a.le to over$ome those guards& .e$ause as soon as they should per$eive they )ere there& they )ould put themselves in order to fight them& and )ould hinder their $oming into the temple" +'D'OT+1 ;G> This appellation of Jerusalem given it here .y Simon& the general of the Idumeans& Ithe $ommon $ityI of the Idumeans& )ho )ere proselytes of 7usti$e& as )ell as of the original native Je)s& greatly $onfirms that ma im of the 0a..ins& here set do)n .y 0eland& that IJerusalem )as not assigned& or appropriated& to the tri.e of Ben7amin or Judah& .ut every tri.e had e6ual right to it +at their $oming to )orship there at the several festivals,"I See a little .efore& $h" B" se$t" B& or I)orldly )orship&I as the author to the He.re)s $alls the san$tuary& Ia )orldly san$tuary"I

CH(PT+, !
TH+ C,0+.T3 O/ TH+ )D06+('1 WH+' TH+3 W+,+ *OTT+' )'TO TH+ T+6P.+ D0,)'* TH+ 1TO,6; ('D O/ TH+ >+(.OT15 CO'C+,')'* TH+ 1.(0*HT+, O/ ('('018 ('D J+1018 ('D >(CH(,)(1; ('D HOW TH+ )D06+('1 ,+T),+D HO6+5
@" THIS advi$e pleased the Idumeans& and they as$ended through the $ity to the temple" The ?ealots )ere also in great e pe$tation of their $oming& and earnestly )aited for them" When therefore these )ere entering& they also $ame .oldly out of the inner temple& and mi ing themselves among the Idumeans& they atta$#ed the guards/ and some of those that )ere upon the )at$h& .ut )ere fallen asleep& they #illed as they )ere asleep/ .ut as those that )ere no) a)a#ened made a $ry& the )hole multitude arose& and in the ama?ement they )ere in $aught hold of their arms immediately& and .etoo# themselves to their o)n defense/ and so long as they thought they )ere only the ?ealots )ho atta$#ed them& they )ent on .oldly& as hoping to overpo)er them .y their num.ers/ .ut )hen they sa) others pressing in upon them also& they per$eived the Idumeans )ere got in/ and the greatest part

of them laid aside their arms& together )ith their $ourage& and .etoo# themselves to lamentations" But some fe) of the younger sort $overed themselves )ith their armor& and valiantly re$eived the Idumeans& and for a )hile prote$ted the multitude of old men" Others& indeed& gave a signal to those that )ere in the $ity of the $alamities they )ere in/ .ut )hen these )ere also made sensi.le that the Idumeans )ere $ome in& none of them durst $ome to their assistan$e& only they returned the terri.le e$ho of )ailing& and lamented their misfortunes" A great ho)ling of the )omen )as e $ited also& and every one of the guards )ere in danger of .eing #illed" The ?ealots also 7oined in the shouts raised .y the Idumeans/ and the storm itself rendered the $ry more terri.le/ nor did the Idumeans spare any .ody/ for as they are naturally a most .ar.arous and .loody nation& and had .een distressed .y the tempest& they made use of their )eapons against those that had shut the gates against them& and a$ted in the same manner as to those that suppli$ated for their lives& and to those that fought them& insomu$h that they ran through those )ith their s)ords )ho desired them to remem.er the relation there )as .et)een them& and .egged of them to have regard to their $ommon temple" 1o) there )as at present neither any pla$e for flight& nor any hope of preservation/ .ut as they )ere driven one upon another in heaps& so )ere they slain" Thus the greater part )ere driven together .y for$e& as there )as no) no pla$e of retirement& and the murderers )ere upon them/ and& having no other )ay& thre) themselves do)n headlong into the $ity/ )here.y& in my opinion& they under)ent a more misera.le destru$tion than that )hi$h they avoided& .e$ause that )as a voluntary one" And no) the outer temple )as all of it overflo)ed )ith .lood/ and that day& as it $ame on& they sa) eight thousand five hundred dead .odies there" A" But the rage of the Idumeans )as not satiated .y these slaughters/ .ut they no) .etoo# themselves to the $ity& and plundered every house& and sle) every one they met/ and for the other multitude& they esteemed it needless to go on )ith #illing them& .ut they sought for the high priests& and the generality )ent )ith the greatest ?eal against them/ and as soon as they $aught them they sle) them& and then standing upon their dead .odies& in )ay of 7est& up.raided Ananus )ith his #indness to the people& and Jesus )ith his spee$h made to them from the )all" 1ay& they pro$eeded to that degree of impiety& as to $ast a)ay their dead .odies )ithout .urial& although the Je)s used to ta#e so mu$h $are of the .urial of men& that they too# do)n those that )ere $ondemned and $ru$ified& and .uried them .efore the going do)n of the sun" I should not mista#e if I said that the death of Ananus )as the .eginning of the destru$tion of the $ity& and that from this very day may .e dated the overthro) of her )all& and the ruin of her affairs& )hereon they sa) their high priest& and the pro$urer of their preservation& slain in the midst of their $ity" He )as on other a$$ounts also a venera.le& and a very 7ust man/ and .esides the grandeur of that no.ility& and dignity& and honor of )hi$h he )as possessed& he had .een a lover of a #ind of parity& even )ith regard to the meanest of the people/ he )as a prodigious lover of li.erty& and an admirer of a demo$ra$y in government/ and did ever prefer the pu.li$ )elfare .efore his o)n advantage& and preferred pea$e a.ove all things/ for he )as thoroughly sensi.le that the 0omans )ere not to .e $on6uered" He also foresa) that of ne$essity a )ar )ould follo)& and that unless the Je)s made up matters )ith them very de terously& they )ould .e destroyed/ to say all in a )ord& if Ananus had survived& they had $ertainly $ompounded matters/ for he )as a shre)d man in spea#ing and persuading the people& and had already gotten the mastery of those that opposed his designs& or )ere for the )ar" And the Je)s had then put a.undan$e of delays in the )ay of the 0omans& if they had had su$h a general as he )as" Jesus )as also 7oined )ith him/ and although he )as inferior to him upon the $omparison& he )as superior to the rest/ and I $annot .ut thin# that it )as .e$ause (od had doomed this $ity to destru$tion& as a polluted $ity& and )as resolved to purge his san$tuary .y fire& that he $ut off these their great defenders and )ell-)ishers& )hile those that a little .efore had )orn the sa$red garments& and had presided over the pu.li$ )orship/ and had .een esteemed venera.le .y those that d)elt on the )hole ha.ita.le earth )hen they $ame into our $ity& )ere $ast out na#ed& and seen to .e the food of dogs and )ild .easts" And I $annot .ut imagine that virtue itself groaned at these men2s $ase& and lamented that she )as here so terri.ly $on6uered .y )i$#edness" And this at last )as the end of Ananus and Jesus" B" 1o) after these )ere slain& the ?ealots and the multitude of the Idumeans fell upon the people as upon a flo$# of profane animals& and $ut their throats/ and for the ordinary sort& they )ere destroyed

in )hat pla$e soever they $aught them" But for the no.lemen and the youth& they first $aught them and .ound them& and shut them up in prison& and put off their slaughter& in hopes that some of them )ould turn over to their party/ .ut not one of them )ould $omply )ith their desires& .ut all of them preferred death .efore .eing enrolled among su$h )i$#ed )ret$hes as a$ted against their o)n $ountry" But this refusal of theirs .rought upon them terri.le torments/ for they )ere so s$ourged and tortured& that their .odies )ere not a.le to sustain their torments& till at length& and )ith diffi$ulty& they had the favor to .e slain" Those )hom they $aught in the day time )ere slain in the night& and then their .odies )ere $arried out and thro)n a)ay& that there might .e room for other prisoners/ and the terror that )as upon the people )as so great& that no one had $ourage enough either to )eep openly for the dead man that )as related to him& or to .ury him/ .ut those that )ere shut up in their o)n houses $ould only shed tears in se$ret& and durst not even groan )ithout great $aution& lest any of their enemies should hear them/ for if they did& those that mourned for others soon under)ent the same death )ith those )hom they mourned for" Only in the night time they )ould ta#e up a little dust& and thro) it upon their .odies/ and even some that )ere the most ready to e pose themselves to danger )ould do it in the day timeE and there )ere t)elve thousand of the .etter sort )ho perished in this manner" <" And no) these ?ealots and Idumeans )ere 6uite )eary of .arely #illing men& so they had the impuden$e of setting up fi$titious tri.unals and 7udi$atures for that purpose/ and as they intended to have 9a$harias ;M> the son of Baru$h& one of the most eminent of the $iti?ens& slain& - so )hat provo#ed them against him )as& that hatred of )i$#edness and love of li.erty )hi$h )ere so eminent in himE he )as also a ri$h man& so that .y ta#ing him off& they did not only hope to sei?e his effe$ts& .ut also to get rid of a mall that had great po)er to destroy them" So they $alled together& .y a pu.li$ pro$lamation& seventy of the prin$ipal men of the popula$e& for a sho)& as if they )ere real 7udges& )hile they had no proper authority" Before these )as 9a$harias a$$used of a design to .etray their polity to the 0omans& and having traitorously sent to 8espasian for that purpose" 1o) there appeared no proof or sign of )hat he )as a$$used/ .ut they affirmed themselves that they )ere )ell persuaded that so it )as& and desired that su$h their affirmation might he ta#en for suffi$ient eviden$e" 1o) )hen 9a$harias $learly sa) that there )as no )ay remaining for his es$ape from them& as having .een trea$herously $alled .efore them& and then put in prison& .ut not )ith any intention of a legal trial& he too# great li.erty of spee$h in that despair of his life he )as under" A$$ordingly he stood up& and laughed at their pretended a$$usation& and in a fe) )ords $onfuted the $rimes laid to his $harge/ after )hi$h he turned his spee$h to his a$$users& and )ent over distin$tly all their transgressions of the la)& and made heavy lamentation upon the $onfusion they had .rought pu.li$ affairs toE in the mean time& the ?ealots gre) tumultuous& and had mu$h ado to a.stain from dra)ing their s)ords& although they designed to preserve the appearan$e and sho) of 7udi$ature to the end" They )ere also desirous& on other a$$ounts& to try the 7udges& )hether they )ould .e mindful of )hat )as 7ust at their o)n peril" 1o) the seventy 7udges .rought in their verdi$t that the person a$$used )as not guilty& as $hoosing rather to die themselves )ith him& than to have his death laid at their doors/ hereupon there arose a great $lamor of the ?ealots upon his a$6uittal& and they all had indignation at the 7udges for not understanding that the authority that )as given them )as .ut in 7est" So t)o of the .oldest of them fell upon 9a$harias in the middle of the temple& and sle) him/ and as he fell do)n dead& they .antered him& and said& IThou hast also our verdi$t& and this )ill prove a more sure a$6uittal to thee than the other"I They also thre) him do)n from the temple immediately into the valley .eneath it" -oreover& they stru$# the 7udges )ith the .a$#s of their s)ords& .y )ay of a.use& and thrust them out of the $ourt of the temple& and spared their lives )ith no other design than that& )hen they )ere dispersed among the people in the $ity& they might .e$ome their messengers& to let them #no) they )ere no .etter than slaves" C" But .y this time the Idumeans repented of their $oming& and )ere displeased at )hat had .een done/ and )hen they )ere assem.led together .y one of the ?ealots& )ho had $ome privately to them& he de$lared to them )hat a num.er of )i$#ed pran#s they had themselves done in $on7un$tion )ith those that invited them& and gave a parti$ular a$$ount of )hat mis$hiefs had .een done against their metropolis" - He said that they had ta#en arms& as though the high priests )ere .etraying their metropolis to the 0omans& .ut had found no indi$ation of any su$h trea$hery/ .ut that they had su$$ored those that had pretended to .elieve su$h a thing& )hile they did themselves the )or#s of )ar

and tyranny& after an insolent manner" It had .een indeed their .usiness to have hindered them from su$h their pro$eedings at the first& .ut seeing they had on$e .een partners )ith them in shedding the .lood of their o)n $ountrymen& it )as high time to put a stop to su$h $rimes& and not $ontinue to afford any more assistan$e to su$h as are su.verting the la)s of their forefathers/ for that if any had ta#en it ill that the gates had .een shut against them& and they had not .een permitted to $ome into the $ity& yet that those )ho had e $luded them have .een punished& and Ananus is dead& and that almost all those people had .een destroyed in one night2s time" That one may per$eive many of themselves no) repenting for )hat they had done& and might see the horrid .ar.arity of those that had invited them& and that they had no regard to su$h as had saved them/ that they )ere so impudent as to perpetrate the vilest things& under the eyes of those that had supported them& and that their )i$#ed a$tions )ould .e laid to the $harge of the Idumeans& and )ould .e so laid to their $harge till some.ody o.stru$ts their pro$eedings& or separates himself from the same )i$#ed a$tion/ that they therefore ought to retire home& sin$e the imputation of treason appears to .e a Calumny& and that there )as no e pe$tation of the $oming of the 0omans at this time& and that the government of the $ity )as se$ured .y su$h )alls as $annot easily .e thro)n do)n/ and& .y avoiding any further fello)ship )ith these .ad men& to ma#e some e $use for themselves& as to )hat they had .een so far deluded& as to have .een partners )ith them hitherto" +'D'OT+1 ;M> Some $ommentators are ready to suppose that thisI 9a$harias& the son of Baru$h&I here most un7ustly slain .y the Je)s in the temple& )as the very same person )ith I9a$harias& the son of Bara$hias&I )hom our Savior says the Je)s Isle) .et)een the temple and the altar&I -atLABEBC" This is a some)hat strange e position/ sin$e 9e$hariah the prophet )as really Ithe son of Bara$hiah&I and Igrandson of Iddo& 9e$L@E@/ and ho) he died& )e have no other a$$ount than that .efore us in St" -atthe)E )hile this I9a$hariasI )as Ithe son of Baru$h"I Sin$e the slaughter )as past )hen our Savior spa#e these )ords& the Je)s had then already slain him/ )hereas this slaughter of I9a$harias& the son of Baru$h&I in Josephus& )as then a.out thirty- four years future" And sin$e the slaughter )as I.et)een the temple and the altar&I in the $ourt of the priests& one of the most sa$red and remote parts of the )hole temple/ )hile this )as& in Josephus2s o)n )ords& in the middle of the temple& and mu$h the most pro.a.ly in the $ourt of Israel only ;for )e have had no intimation that the ?ealots had at this time profaned the $ourt of the priests" See B" 8" $h" @" se$t" A>" 1or do I .elieve that our Josephus& )ho al)ays insists on the pe$uliar sa$redness of the inmost $ourt& and of the holy house that )as in it& )ould have omitted so material an aggravation of this .ar.arous murder& as perpetrated in" a pla$e so very holy& had that .een the true pla$e of it" See Anti6" B" FI" $h" H" se$t" @& and the note here on B" 8" $h" @" se$t" A"

CH(PT+, "
HOW TH+ >+(.OT1 WH+' TH+3 W+,+ /,++D /,O6 TH+ )D06+('18 1.+W ( *,+(T 6('3 6O,+ O/ TH+ C)T)>+'1; ('D HOW -+1P(1)(' D)110(D+D TH+ ,O6('1 WH+' TH+3 W+,+ -+,3 +(,'+1T TO 6(,CH (*()'1T TH+ J+W1 /,O6 P,OC++D)'* )' TH+ W(, (T TH(T T)6+5
@" TH% Idumeans $omplied )ith these persuasions/ and& in the first pla$e& they set those that )ere in the prisons at li.erty& .eing a.out t)o thousand of the popula$e& )ho thereupon fled a)ay immediately to Simon& one )hom )e shall spea# of presently" After )hi$h these Idumeans retired from Jerusalem& and )ent home/ )hi$h departure of theirs )as a great surprise to .oth parties/ for the people& not #no)ing of their repentan$e& pulled up their $ourage for a )hile& as eased of so many of their enemies& )hile the ?ealots gre) more insolent not as deserted .y their $onfederates& .ut as freed from su$h men as might hinder their designs& and plat some stop to their )i$#edness" A$$ordingly&

they made no longer any delay& nor too# any deli.eration in their enormous pra$ti$es& .ut made use of the shortest methods for all their e e$utions and )hat they had on$e resolved upon& they put in pra$ti$e sooner than any one $ould imagine" But their thirst )as $hiefly after the .lood of valiant men& and men of good families/ the one sort of )hi$h they destroyed out of envy& the other out of fear/ for they thought their )hole se$urity lay in leaving no potent men alive/ on )hi$h a$$ount they sle) (orion& a person eminent in dignity& and on a$$ount of his family also/ he )as also for demo$ra$y& and of as great .oldness and freedom of spirit as )ere any of the Je)s )hosoever/ the prin$ipal thing that ruined him& added to his other advantages& )as his free spea#ing" 1or did 1iger of *eres es$ape their hands/ he had .een a man of great valor in their )ar )ith the 0omans& .ut )as no) dra)n through the middle of the $ity& and& as he )ent& he fre6uently $ried out& and sho)ed the s$ars of his )ounds/ and )hen he )as dra)n out of the gates& and despaired of his preservation& he .esought them to grant him a .urial/ .ut as they had threatened him .eforehand not to grant him any spot of earth for a grave& )hi$h he $hiefly desired of them& so did they slay him +)ithout permitting him to .e .uried," 1o) )hen they )ere slaying him& he made this impre$ation upon them& that they might undergo .oth famine and pestilen$e in this )ar& and .esides all that& they might $ome to the mutual slaughter of one another/ all )hi$h impre$ations (od $onfirmed against these impious men& and )as )hat $ame most 7ustly upon them& )hen not long after)ard" they tasted of their o)n madness in their mutual seditions one against another" So )hen this 1iger )as #illed& their fears of .eing overturned )ere diminished/ and indeed there )as no part of the people .ut they found out some pretense to destroy them/ for some )ere therefore slain& .e$ause they had had differen$es )ith some of them/ and as to those that had not opposed them in times of pea$e& they )at$hed seasona.le opportunities to gain some a$$usation against them/ and if any one did not $ome near them at all& he )as under their suspi$ion as a proud man/ if any one $ame )ith .oldness& he )as esteemed a $ontemner of them/ and if any one $ame as aiming to o.lige them& he )as supposed to have some trea$herous plot against them/ )hile the only punishment of $rimes& )hether they )ere of the greatest or smallest sort& )as death" 1or $ould any one es$ape& unless he )ere very in$onsidera.le& either on a$$ount of the meanness of his .irth& or on a$$ount of his fortune" A" And no) all the rest of the $ommanders of the 0omans deemed this sedition among their enemies to .e of great advantage to them& and )ere very earnest to mar$h to the $ity& and they urged 8espasian& as their lord and general in all $ases& to ma#e haste& and said to him& that Ithe providen$e of (od is on our side& .y setting our enemies at varian$e against one another/ that still the $hange in su$h $ases may .e sudden& and the Je)s may 6ui$#ly .e at one again& either .e$ause they may .e tired out )ith their $ivil miseries& or repent them of su$h doings"I But 8espasian replied& that they )ere greatly mista#en in )hat they thought fit to .e done& as those that& upon the theater& love to ma#e a sho) of their hands& and of their )eapons& .ut do it at their o)n ha?ard& )ithout $onsidering& )hat )as for their advantage& and for their se$urity/ for that if they no) go and atta$# the $ity immediately& they shall .ut o$$asion their enemies to unite together& and shall $onvert their for$e& no) it is in its height& against themselves" But if they stay a )hile& they shall have fe)er enemies& .e$ause they )ill .e $onsumed in this seditionE that (od a$ts as a general of the 0omans .etter than he $an do& and is giving the Je)s up to them )ithout any pains of their o)n& and granting their army a vi$tory )ithout any danger/ that therefore it is their .est )ay& )hile their enemies are destroying ea$h other )ith their o)n hands& and falling into the greatest of misfortunes& )hi$h is that of sedition& to sit still as spe$tators of the dangers they run into& rather than to fight hand to hand )ith men that love murdering& and are mad one against another" But if any one imagines that the glory of vi$tory& )hen it is gotten )ithout fighting& )ill .e more insipid& let him #no) this mu$h& that a glorious su$$ess& 6uietly o.tained& is more profita.le than the dangers of a .attle/ for )e ought to esteem these that do )hat is agreea.le to temperan$e and pruden$e no less glorious than those that have gained great reputation .y their a$tions in )arE that he shall lead on his army )ith greater for$e )hen their enemies are diminished& and his o)n army refreshed after the $ontinual la.ors they had undergone" Ho)ever& that this is not a proper time to propose to ourselves the glory of vi$tory/ for that the Je)s are not no) employed in ma#ing of armor or .uilding of )alls& nor indeed in getting together au iliaries& )hile the advantage )ill .e on their side )ho give them su$h opportunity of delay/ .ut that the Je)s are ve ed to pie$es every day .y their $ivil )ars and dissensions& and are under greater miseries than& if they )ere on$e ta#en& $ould .e infli$ted

on them .y us" Whether therefore any one hath regard to )hat is for our safety& he ought to suffer these Je)s to destroy one another/ or )hether he hath regard to the greater glory of the a$tion& )e ought .y no means to meddle )ith those men& no) they are affli$ted )ith a distemper at home/ for should )e no) $on6uer them& it )ould .e said the $on6uest )as not o)ing to our .ravery& .ut to their sedition"I ;@=> B" And no) the $ommanders 7oined in their appro.ation of )hat 8espasian had said& and it )as soon dis$overed ho) )ise an opinion he had given" And indeed many there )ere of the Je)s that deserted every day& and fled a)ay from the ?ealots& although their flight )as very diffi$ult& sin$e they had guarded every passage out of the $ity& and sle) every one that )as $aught at them& as ta#ing it for granted they )ere going over to the 0omans/ yet did he )ho gave them money get $lear off& )hile he only that gave them none )as voted a traitor" So the upshot )as this& that the ri$h pur$hased their flight .y money& )hile none .ut the poor )ere slain" Along all the roads also vast num.ers of dead .odies lay in heaps& and even many of those that )ere so ?ealous in deserting at length $hose rather to perish )ithin the $ity/ for the hopes of .urial made death in their o)n $ity appear of the t)o less terri.le to them" But these ?ealots $ame at last to that degree of .ar.arity& as not to .esto) a .urial either on those slain in the $ity& or on those that lay along the roads/ .ut as if they had made an agreement to $an$el .oth the la)s of their $ountry and the la)s of nature& and& at the same time that they defiled men )ith their )i$#ed a$tions& they )ould pollute the 'ivinity itself also& they left the dead .odies to putrefy under the sun/ and the same punishment )as allotted to su$h as .uried any as to those that deserted& )hi$h )as no other than death/ )hile he that granted the favor of a grave to another )ould presently stand in need of a grave himself" To say all in a )ord& no other gentle passion )as so entirely lost among them as mer$y/ for )hat )ere the greatest o.7e$ts of pity did most of all irritate these )ret$hes& and they transferred their rage from the living to those that had .een slain& and from the dead to the living" 1ay& the terror )as so very great& that he )ho survived $alled them that )ere first dead happy& as .eing at rest already/ as did those that )ere under torture in the prisons& de$lare& that& upon this $omparison& those that lay un.uried )ere the happiest" These men& therefore& trampled upon all the la)s of men& and laughed at the la)s of (od/ and for the ora$les of the prophets& they ridi$uled them as the tri$#s of 7ugglers/ yet did these prophets foretell many things $on$erning +the re)ards of, virtue& and +punishments of, vi$e& )hi$h )hen these ?ealots violated& they o$$asioned the fulfilling of those very prophe$ies .elonging to their o)n $ountry/ for there )as a $ertain an$ient ora$le of those men& that the $ity should then .e ta#en and the san$tuary .urnt& .y right of )ar& )hen a sedition should invade the Je)s& and their o)n hand should pollute the temple of (od" 1o) )hile these ?ealots did not +6uite, dis.elieve these predi$tions& they made themselves the instruments of their a$$omplishment" +'D'OT+1 ;@=> This predi$tion& that the $ity ;Jerusalem> should then I.e ta#en& and the san$tuary .urnt& .y right of )ar& )hen a sedition should invade Je)s& and their o)n hands should pollute that temple/I or& as it is B" 8I" $h" A" se$t" @& I)hen any one should .egin to slay his $ountrymen in the $ity/I is )anting in our present $opies of the Old Testament" See %ssay on the Old Test" p" @=<--@@A" But this predi$tion& as Josephus )ell remar#s here& though& )ith the other predi$tions of the prophets& it )as no) laughed at .y the seditious& )as .y their very means soon e a$tly fulfilled" Ho)ever& I $annot .ut here ta#e noti$e of (rotius2s positive assertion upon -atthe) ADEM& here 6uoted .y 'r" Hudson& that Iit ought to .e ta#en for granted& as a $ertain truth& that many predi$tions of the Je)ish prophets )ere preserved& not in )riting& .ut .y memory"I Whereas& it seems to me so far from $ertain& that I thin# it has no eviden$e nor pro.a.ility at all"

CH(PT+, #
HOW JOH' T3,('')>+D O-+, TH+ ,+1T; ('D WH(T 6)1CH)+/1 TH+

>+(.OT1 D)D (T 6(1(D(5 HOW (.1O -+1P(1)(' TOO7 *(D(,(; ('D WH(T (CT)O'1 W+,+ P+,/O,6+D B3 P.(C)D015
@" B! this time John )as .eginning to tyranni?e& and thought it .eneath him to a$$ept of .arely the same honors that others had/ and 7oining to himself .y degrees a party of the )i$#edest of them all& he .ro#e off from the rest of the fa$tion" This )as .rought a.out .y his still disagreeing )ith the opinions of others& and giving out in7un$tions of his o)n& in a very imperious manner/ so that it )as evident he )as setting up a monar$hi$al po)er" 1o) some su.mitted to him out of their fear of him& and others out of their good-)ill to him/ for he )as a shre)d man to enti$e men to him& .oth .y deluding them and putting $heats upon them" 1ay& many there )ere that thought they should .e safer themselves& if the $auses of their past insolent a$tions should no) .e redu$ed to one head& and not to a great many" His a$tivity )as so great& and that .oth in a$tion and in $ounsel& that he had not a fe) guards a.out him/ yet )as there a great party of his antagonists that left him/ among )hom envy at him )eighed a great deal& )hile they thought it a very heavy thing to .e in su.7e$tion to one that )as formerly their e6ual" But the main reason that moved men against him )as the dread of monar$hy& for they $ould not hope easily to put an end to his po)er& if he had on$e o.tained it/ and yet they #ne) that he )ould have this pretense al)ays against them& that they had opposed him )hen he )as first advan$ed/ )hile every one $hose rather to suffer any thing )hatsoever in )ar& than that& )hen they had .een in a voluntary slavery for some time& they should after)ard perish" So the sedition )as divided into t)o parts& and John reigned in opposition to his adversaries over one of themE .ut for their leaders& they )at$hed one another& nor did they at all& or at least very little& meddle )ith arms in their 6uarrels/ .ut they fought earnestly against the people& and $ontended one )ith another )hi$h of them should .ring home the greatest prey" But .e$ause the $ity had to struggle )ith three of the greatest misfortunes& )ar& and tyranny& and sedition& it appeared& upon the $omparison& that the )ar )as the least trou.lesome to the popula$e of them all" A$$ordingly& they ran a)ay from their o)n houses to foreigners& and o.tained that preservation from the 0omans )hi$h they despaired to o.tain among their o)n people" A" And no) a fourth misfortune arose& in order to .ring our nation to destru$tion" There )as a fortress of very great strength not far from Jerusalem& )hi$h had .een .uilt .y our an$ient #ings& .oth as a repository for their effe$ts in the ha?ards of )ar& and for the preservation of their .odies at the same time" It )as $alled -asada" Those that )ere $alled Si$arii had ta#en possession of it formerly& .ut at this time they overran the neigh.oring $ountries& aiming only to pro$ure to themselves ne$essaries/ for the fear they )ere then in prevented their further ravages" But )hen on$e they )ere informed that the 0oman army lay still& and that the Je)s )ere divided .et)een sedition and tyranny& they .oldly undertoo# greater matters/ and at the feast of unleavened .read& )hi$h the Je)s $ele.rate in memory of their deliveran$e from the %gyptian .ondage& )hen they )ere sent .a$# into the $ountry of their forefathers& they $ame do)n .y night& )ithout .eing dis$overed .y those that $ould have prevented them& and overran a $ertain small $ity $alled %ngaddiE--in )hi$h e pedition they prevented those $iti?ens that $ould have stopped them& .efore they $ould arm themselves& and fight them" They also dispersed them& and $ast them out of the $ity" As for su$h as $ould not run a)ay& .eing )omen and $hildren& they sle) of them a.ove seven hundred" After)ard& )hen they had $arried every thing out of their houses& and had sei?ed upon all the fruits that )ere in a flourishing $ondition& they .rought them into -asada" And indeed these men laid all the villages that )ere a.out the fortress )aste& and made the )hole $ountry desolate/ )hile there $ame to them every day& from all parts& not a fe) men as $orrupt as themselves" At that time all the other regions of Judea that had hitherto .een at rest )ere in motion& .y means of the ro..ers" 1o) as it is in a human .ody& if the prin$ipal part .e inflamed& all the mem.ers are su.7e$t to the same distemper/ so& .y means of the sedition and disorder that )as in the metropolis&" had the )i$#ed men that )ere in the $ountry opportunity to ravage the same" A$$ordingly& )hen every one of them had plundered their o)n villages& they then retired into the desert/ yet )ere these men that no) got together& and 7oined in the $onspira$y .y parties& too small for an army& and too many for a gang of thievesE and thus did they fall upon the holy pla$es ;@@> and the $ities/ yet did it no) so happen that they )ere sometimes very ill treated .y those upon )hom they fell )ith su$h violen$e& and )ere ta#en .y them as men are ta#en in )arE .ut still they prevented any further

punishment as do ro..ers& )ho& as soon as their ravages +are dis$overed,& run their )ay" 1or )as there no) any part of Judea that )as not in a misera.le $ondition& as )ell as its most eminent $ity also" B" These things )ere told 8espasian .y deserters/ for although the seditious )at$hed all the passages out of the $ity& and destroyed all& )hosoever they )ere& that $ame thither& yet )ere there some that had $on$ealed themselves& and )hen they had fled to the 0omans& persuaded their general to $ome to their $ity2s assistan$e& and save the remainder of the people/ informing him )ithal& that it )as upon a$$ount of the people2s good-)ill to the 0omans that many of them )ere already slain& and the survivors in danger of the same treatment" 8espasian did indeed already pity the $alamities these men )ere in& and arose& in appearan$e& as though he )as going to .esiege Jerusalem& .ut in reality to deliver them from a +)orse, siege they )ere already under" Ho)ever& he )as o.liged first to overthro) )hat remained else)here& and to leave nothing out of Jerusalem .ehind him that might interrupt him in that siege" A$$ordingly& he mar$hed against (adara& the metropolis of *erea& )hi$h )as a pla$e of strength& and entered that $ity on the fourth day of the month 'ystrus +Adar,/ for the men of po)er had sent an em.assage to him& )ithout the #no)ledge of the seditious& to treat a.out a surrender/ )hi$h they did out of the desire they had of pea$e& and for saving their effe$ts& .e$ause many of the $iti?ens of (adara )ere ri$h men" This em.assy the opposite party #ne) nothing of& .ut dis$overed it as 8espasian )as approa$hing near the $ity" Ho)ever& they despaired of #eeping possession of the $ity& as .eing inferior in num.er to their enemies )ho )ere )ithin the $ity& and seeing the 0omans very near to the $ity/ so they resolved to fly& .ut thought it dishonora.le to do it )ithout shedding some .lood& and revenging themselves on the authors of this surrender/ so they sei?ed upon 'olesus& ;a person not only the first in ran# and family in that $ity& .ut one that seemed the o$$asion of sending su$h an em.assy&> and sle) him& and treated his dead .ody after a .ar.arous manner& so very violent )as their anger at him& and then ran out of the $ity" And as no) the 0oman army )as 7ust upon them& the people of (adara admitted 8espasian )ith 7oyful a$$lamations& and re$eived from him the se$urity of his right hand& as also a garrison of horsemen and footmen& to guard them against the e $ursions of the runagates/ for as to their )all& they had pulled it do)n .efore the 0omans desired them so to do& that they might there.y give them assuran$e that they )ere lovers of pea$e& and that& if they had a mind& they $ould not no) ma#e )ar against them" <" And no) 8espasian sent *la$idus against those that had fled from (adara& )ith five hundred horsemen& and three thousand footmen& )hile he returned himself to Cesarea& )ith the rest of the army" But as soon as these fugitives sa) the horsemen that pursued them 7ust upon their .a$#s& and .efore they $ame to a $lose fight& they ran together to a $ertain village& )hi$h )as $alled Bethenna.ris& )here finding a great multitude of young men& and arming them& partly .y their o)n $onsent& partly .y for$e& they rashly and suddenly assaulted *la$idus and the troops that )ere )ith him" These horsemen at the first onset gave )ay a little& as $ontriving to enti$e them further off the )all/ and )hen they had dra)n them into a pla$e fit for their purpose& they made their horse en$ompass them round& and thre) their darts at them" So the horsemen $ut off the flight of the fugitives& )hile the foot terri.ly destroyed those that fought against them/ for those Je)s did no more than sho) their $ourage& and then )ere destroyed/ for as they fell upon the 0omans )hen they )ere 7oined $lose together& and& as it )ere& )alled a.out )ith their entire armor& they )ere not a.le to find any pla$e )here the darts $ould enter& nor )ere they any )ay a.le to .rea# their ran#s& )hile they )ere themselves run through .y the 0oman darts& and& li#e the )ildest of )ild .easts& rushed upon the point of others2 s)ords/ so some of them )ere destroyed& as $ut )ith their enemies2 s)ords upon their fa$es& and others )ere dispersed .y the horsemen" C" 1o) *la$idus2s $on$ern )as to e $lude them in their flight from getting into the village/ and $ausing his horse to mar$h $ontinually on that side of them& he then turned short upon them& and at the same time his men made use of their darts& and easily too# their aim at those that )ere the nearest to them& as they made those that )ere further off turn .a$# .y the terror they )ere in& till at last the most $ourageous of them .ra#e through those horsemen and fled to the )all of the village" And no) those that guarded the )all )ere in great dou.t )hat to do/ for they $ould not .ear the thoughts of e $luding those that $ame from (adara& .e$ause of their o)n people that )ere among them/ and yet& if they

should admit them& they e pe$ted to perish )ith them& )hi$h $ame to pass a$$ordingly/ for as they )ere $ro)ding together at the )all& the 0oman horsemen )ere 7ust ready to fall in )ith them" Ho)ever& the guards prevented them& and shut the gates& )hen *la$idus made an assault upon them& and fighting $ourageously till it )as dar#& he got possession of the )all& and of the people that )ere in the $ity& )hen the useless multitude )ere destroyed/ .ut those that )ere more potent ran a)ay& and the soldiers plundered the houses& and set the village on fire" As for those that ran out of the village& they stirred up su$h as )ere in the $ountry& and e aggerating their o)n $alamities& and telling them that the )hole army of the 0omans )ere upon them& they put them into great fear on every side/ so they got in great num.ers together& and fled to Jeri$ho& for they #ne) no other pla$e that $ould afford them any hope of es$aping& it .eing a $ity that had a strong )all& and a great multitude of inha.itants" But *la$idus& relying mu$h upon his horsemen& and his former good su$$ess& follo)ed them& and sle) all that he overtoo#& as far as Jordan/ and )hen he had driven the )hole multitude to the river-side& )here they )ere stopped .y the $urrent& ;for it had .een augmented lately .y rains& and )as not forda.le&> he put his soldiers in array over against them/ so the ne$essity the others )ere in provo#ed them to ha?ard a .attle& .e$ause there )as no pla$e )hither they $ould flee" They then e tended themselves a very great )ay along the .an#s of the river& and sustained the darts that )ere thro)n at them& as )ell as the atta$#s of the horsemen& )ho .eat many of them& and pushed them into the $urrent" At )hi$h fight& hand to hand& fifteen thousand of them )ere slain& )hile the num.er of those that )ere un)illingly for$ed to leap into Jordan )as prodigious" There )ere .esides t)o thousand and t)o hundred ta#en prisoners" A mighty prey )as ta#en also& $onsisting of asses& and sheep& and $amels& and o en" D" 1o) this destru$tion that fell upon the Je)s& as it )as not inferior to any of the rest in itself& so did it still appear greater than it really )as/ and this& .e$ause not only the )hole $ountry through )hi$h they fled )as filled )ith slaughter& and Jordan $ould not .e passed over& .y reason of the dead .odies that )ere in it& .ut .e$ause the la#e Asphaltiris )as also full of dead .odies& that )ere $arried do)n into it .y the river" And no) *la$idus& after this good su$$ess that he had& fell violently upon the neigh.oring smaller $ities and villages/ )hen he too# A.ila& and Julias& and Be?emoth& and all those that lay as far as the la#e Asphaltitis& and put su$h of the deserters into ea$h of them as he thought proper" He then put his soldiers on .oard the ships& and sle) su$h as had fled to the la#e& insomu$h that all *erea had either surrendered themselves& or )ere ta#en .y the 0omans& as far as -a$herus" +'D'OT+1 ;@@> By these hiera& or Iholy pla$es&I as distin$t from $ities& must .e meant Iproseu$hae&I or Ihouses of prayer&I out of $ities/ of )hi$h )e find mention made in the 1e) Testament and other authors" See 4u#LDE@A/ A$tL@DE@B/ A$tL@DE@D/ Anti6" B" FI8" $h" @=" se$t" AB/ his 4ife& se$t" C@" IIn 6ua te 6uero proseu$haKI Juvenal Sat" III" yet" AMD" They )ere situated sometimes .y the sides of rivers& A$tL@DE@B& or .y the sea-side& Anti6" B" FI8" $h" @=" se$t" AB" So did the seventy-t)o interpreters go to pray every morning .y the sea-side .efore they )ent to their )or#& B" FII" $h" A" se$t" @A"

CH(PT+, $
HOW -+1P(1)(' 50PO' H+(,)'* O/ 1O6+ CO66OT)O'1 )' *(..8 ?12@ 6(D+ H(1T+ TO /)')1H TH+ J+W)1H W(,5 ( D+1C,)PT)O' O/5 J+,)CHO8 ('D O/ TH+ *,+(T P.()'; W)TH (' (CCO0'T B+1)D+1 O/ TH+ .(7+ (1PH(.T)T)15
@" I1 the mean time& an a$$ount $ame that there )ere $ommotions in (all& and that 8inde & together )ith the men of po)er in that $ountry& had revolted from 1ero/ )hi$h affair is more a$$urately des$ri.ed else)here" This report& thus related to 8espasian& e $ited him to go on .ris#ly )ith the )ar/

for he foresa) already the $ivil )ars )hi$h )ere $oming upon them& nay& that the very government )as in danger/ and he thought& if he $ould first redu$e the eastern parts of the empire to pea$e& he should ma#e the fears for Italy the lighter/ )hile therefore the )inter )as his hinderan$e +from going into the field,& he put garrisons into the villages and smaller $ities for their se$urity/ he put de$urions also into the villages& and $enturions into the $itiesE he .esides this re.uilt many of the $ities that had .een laid )aste/ .ut at the .eginning of the spring he too# the greatest part of his army& and led it from Cesarea to Antipatris& )here he spent t)o days in settling the affairs of that $ity& and then& on the third day& he mar$hed on& laying )aste and .urning all the neigh.oring villages" And )hen he had laid )aste all the pla$es a.out the topar$hy of Thamnas& he passed on to 4ydda and Jamnia/ and )hen .oth these $ities had $ome over to him& he pla$ed a great many of those that had $ome over to him +from other pla$es, as inha.itants therein& and then $ame to %mmaus& )here he sei?ed upon the passage )hi$h led then$e to their metropolis& and fortified his $amp& and leaving the fifth legion therein& he $ame to the topar$hy of Bethletephon" He then destroyed that pla$e& and the neigh.oring pla$es& .y fire& and fortified& at proper pla$es& the strong holds all a.out Idumea/ and )hen he had sei?ed upon t)o villages& )hi$h )ere in the very midst of Idumea& Betaris and Capharto.as& he sle) a.ove ten thousand of the people& and $arried into $aptivity a.ove a thousand& and drove a)ay the rest of the multitude& and pla$ed no small part of his o)n for$es in them& )ho overran and laid )aste the )hole mountainous $ountry/ )hile he& )ith the rest of his for$es& returned to %mmaus& )hen$e he $ame do)n through the $ountry of Samaria& and hard .y the $ity& .y others $alled 1eapoils& ;or Si$hem&> .ut .y the people of that $ountry -a.ortha& to Corea& )here he pit$hed his $amp& on the se$ond day of the month 'esius +Sivan,/ and on the day follo)ing he $ame to Jeri$ho/ on )hi$h day Tra7an& one of his $ommanders& 7oined him )ith the for$es he .rought out of *erea& all the pla$es .eyond Jordan .eing su.dued already" A" Hereupon a great multitude prevented their approa$h& and $ame out of Jeri$ho& and fled to those mountainous parts that lay over against Jerusalem& )hile that part )hi$h )as left .ehind )as in a great measure destroyed/ they also found the $ity desolate" It is situated in a plain/ .ut a na#ed and .arren mountain& of a very great length& hangs over it& )hi$h e tends itself to the land a.out S$ythopolis north)ard& .ut as far as the $ountry of Sodom& and the utmost limits of the la#e Asphaltiris& south)ard" This mountain is all of it very uneven and uninha.ited& .y reason of its .arrennessE there is an opposite mountain that is situated over against it& on the other side of Jordan/ this last .egins at Julias& and the northern 6uarters& and e tends itself south)ard as far as Somorrhon& ;@B> )hi$h is the .ounds of *etra& in Ara.ia" In this ridge of mountains there is one $alled the Iron -ountain& that runs in length as far as -oa." 1o) the region that lies in the middle .et)een these ridges of mountains is $alled the (reat *lain/ it rea$hes from the village (inna.ris& as far as the la#e Asphaltitis/ its length is t)o hundred and thirty furlongs& and its .readth a hundred and t)enty& and it is divided in the midst .y Jordan" It hath t)o la#es in it& that of Asphaltitis& and that of Ti.erias& )hose natures are opposite to ea$h other/ for the former is salt and unfruitful& .ut that of Ti.erias is s)eet and fruitful" This plain is mu$h .urnt up in summer time& and& .y reason of the e traordinary heat& $ontains a very un)holesome air/ it is all destitute of )ater e $epting the river Jordan& )hi$h )ater of Jordan is the o$$asion )hy those plantations of palm trees that are near its .an#s are more flourishing& and mu$h more fruitful& as are those that are remote from it not so flourishing& or fruitful" B" 1ot)ithstanding )hi$h& there is a fountain .y Jeri$ho& that runs plentifully& and is very fit for )atering the ground/ it arises near the old $ity& )hi$h Joshua& the son of 1aue& the general of the He.re)s& too# the first of all the $ities of the land of Canaan& .y right of )ar" The report is& that this fountain& at the .eginning& $aused not only the .lasting of the earth and the trees& .ut of the $hildren .orn of )omen& and that it )as entirely of a si$#ly and $orruptive nature to all things )hatsoever/ .ut that it )as made gentle& and very )holesome and fruitful& .y the prophet %lisha" This prophet )as familiar )ith %li7ah& and )as his su$$essor& )ho& )hen he on$e )as the guest of the people at Jeri$ho& and the men of the pla$e had treated him very #indly& he .oth made them amends as )ell as the $ountry& .y a lasting favor/ for he )ent out of the $ity to this fountain& and thre) into the $urrent an earthen vessel full of salt/ after )hi$h he stret$hed out his righteous hand unto heaven& and& pouring out a mild drin#-offering& he made this suppli$ation& - That the $urrent might .e mollified& and that

the veins of fresh )ater might .e opened/ that (od also )ould .ring into the pla$e a more temperate and fertile air for the $urrent& and )ould .esto) upon the people of that $ountry plenty of the fruits of the earth& and a su$$ession of $hildren/ and that this prolifi$ )ater might never fail them& )hile they $ontinued to he righteous" To these prayers %lisha ;@<> 7oined proper operations of his hands& after a s#illful manner& and $hanged the fountain/ and that )ater& )hi$h had .een the o$$asion of .arrenness and famine .efore& from that time did supply a numerous posterity& and afforded great a.undan$e to the $ountry" A$$ordingly& the po)er of it is so great in )atering the ground& that if it do .ut on$e tou$h a $ountry& it affords a s)eeter nourishment than other )aters do& )hen they lie so long upon them& till they are satiated )ith them" For )hi$h reason& the advantage gained from other )aters& )hen they flo) in great plenty& is .ut small& )hile that of this )ater is great )hen it flo)s even in little 6uantities" A$$ordingly& it )aters a larger spa$e of ground than any other )aters do& and passes along a plain of seventy furlongs long& and t)enty .road/ )herein it affords nourishment to those most e $ellent gardens that are thi$# set )ith trees" There are in it many sorts of palm trees that are )atered .y it& different from ea$h other in taste and name/ the .etter sort of them& )hen they are pressed& yield an e $ellent #ind of honey& not mu$h inferior in s)eetness to other honey" This $ountry )ithal produ$es honey from .ees/ it also .ears that .alsam )hi$h is the most pre$ious of all the fruits in that pla$e& $ypress trees also& and those that .ear myro.alanum/ so that he )ho should pronoun$e this pla$e to .e divine )ould not .e mista#en& )herein is su$h plenty of trees produ$ed as are very rare& and of the must e $ellent sort" And indeed& if )e spea# of those other fruits& it )ill not .e easy to light on any $limate in the ha.ita.le earth that $an )ell .e $ompared to it& - )hat is here so)n $omes up in su$h $lusters/ the $ause of )hi$h seems to me to .e the )armth of the air& and the fertility of the )aters/ the )armth $alling forth the sprouts& and ma#ing them spread& and the moisture ma#ing every one of them ta#e root firmly& and supplying that virtue )hi$h it stands in need of in summer time" 1o) this $ountry is then so sadly .urnt up& that no.ody $ares to $ome at it/ and if the )ater .e dra)n up .efore sun-rising& and after that e posed to the air& it .e$omes e $eeding $old& and .e$omes of a nature 6uite $ontrary to the am.ient air/ as in )inter again it .e$omes )arm/ and if you go into it& it appears very gentle" The am.ient air is here also of so good a temperature& that the people of the $ountry are $lothed in linen-only& even )hen sno) $overs the rest of Judea" This pla$e is one hundred and fifty furlongs from Jerusalem& and si ty from Jordan" The $ountry& as far as Jerusalem& is desert and stony/ .ut that as far as Jordan and the la#e Asphaltitis lies lo)er indeed& though it .e e6ually desert and .arren" But so mu$h shall suffi$e to have said a.out Jeri$ho& and of the great happiness of its situation" <" The nature of the la#e Asphaltitis is also )orth des$ri.ing" It is& as I have said already& .itter and unfruitful" It is so light +or thi$#, that it .ears up the heaviest things that are thro)n into it/ nor is it easy for any one to ma#e things sin# therein to the .ottom& if he had a mind so to do" A$$ordingly& )hen 8espasian )ent to see it& he $ommanded that some )ho $ould not s)im should have their hands tied .ehind them& and .e thro)n into the deep& )hen it so happened that they all s)am as if a )ind had for$ed them up)ards" -oreover& the $hange of the $olor of this la#e is )onderful& for it $hanges its appearan$e thri$e every day/ and as the rays of the sun fall differently upon it& the light is variously refle$ted" Ho)ever& it $asts up .la$# $lods of .itumen in many parts of it/ these s)im at the top of the )ater& and resem.le .oth in shape and .igness headless .ulls/ and )hen the la.orers that .elong to the la#e $ome to it& and $at$h hold of it as it hangs together& they dra) it into their ships/ .ut )hen the ship is full& it is not easy to $ut off the rest& for it is so tena$ious as to ma#e the ship hang upon its $lods till they set it loose )ith the menstrual .lood of )omen& and )ith urine& to )hi$h alone it yields" This .itumen is not only useful for the $aul#ing of ships& .ut for the $ure of men2s .odies/ a$$ordingly& it is mi ed in a great many medi$ines" The length of this la#e is five hundred and eighty furlongs& )here it is e tended as far as 9oar in Ara.ia/ and its .readth is a hundred and fifty" The $ountry of Sodom .orders upon it" It )as of old a most happy land& .oth for the fruits it .ore and the ri$hes of its $ities& although it .e no) all .urnt up" It is related ho)& for the impiety of its inha.itants& it )as .urnt .y lightning/ in $onse6uen$e of )hi$h there are still the remainders of that 'ivine fire& and the tra$es +or shado)s, of the five $ities are still to .e seen& as )ell as the ashes gro)ing in their fruits/ )hi$h fruits have a $olor as if they )ere fit to .e eaten& .ut if you plu$# them )ith your hands& they dissolve into smo#e and ashes" And thus )hat is related of this land of Sodom hath these mar#s of $redi.ility )hi$h our very sight affords us"

+'D'OT+1 ;@A> (r" (alatia& and so every)here" ;@B> Whether this Somorrhon& or Somorrha& ought not to .e here )ritten (omorrha& as some -SS" in a manner have it& ;for the pla$e meant .y Josephus seems to .e near Segor& or 9oar& at the very south of the 'ead Sea& hard .y )hi$h stood Sodom and (omorrha&> $annot no) .e $ertainly determined& .ut seems .y no means impro.a.le" ;@<> This e $ellent prayer of %lisha is )anting in our $opies& A3iLAEA@-AA& though it .e referred to also in the Apostoli$al Constitutions& B" 8II" $h" BH"& and the su$$ess of it is mentioned in them all" ;@C> See the note on B" 8" $h" @B" se$t" D"

CH(PT+, %
TH(T -+1P(1)('8 (/T+, H+ H(D T(7+' *(D(,( 6(D+ P,+P(,(T)O' /O, TH+ 1)+*+ O/ J+,01(.+6; B0T TH(T8 0PO' H)1 H+(,)'* O/ TH+ D+(TH O/ '+,O8 H+ CH('*+D H)1 )'T+'T)O'15 (1 (.1O CO'C+,')'* 1)6O' O/ *+,(15
@" A1' no) 8espasian had fortified all the pla$es round a.out Jerusalem& and ere$ted $itadels at Jeri$ho and Adida& and pla$ed garrisons in them .oth& partly out of his o)n 0omans& and partly out of the .ody of his au iliaries" He also sent 4u$ius Annius to (erasa& and delivered to him a .ody of horsemen& and a $onsidera.le num.er of footmen" So )hen he had ta#en the $ity& )hi$h he did at the first onset& he sle) a thousand of those young men )ho had not prevented him .y flying a)ay/ .ut he too# their families $aptive& and permitted his soldiers to plunder them of their effe$ts/ after )hi$h he set fire to their houses& and )ent a)ay to the ad7oining villages& )hile the men of po)er fled a)ay& and the )ea#er part )ere destroyed& and )hat )as remaining )as all .urnt do)n" And no) the )ar having gone through all the mountainous $ountry& and all the plain $ountry also& those that )ere at Jerusalem )ere deprived of the li.erty of going out of the $ity/ for as to su$h as had a mind to desert& they )ere )at$hed .y the ?ealots/ and as to su$h as )ere not yet on the side of the 0omans& their army #ept them in& .y en$ompassing the $ity round a.out on all sides" A" 1o) as 8espasian )as returned to Cesarea& and )as getting ready )ith all his army to mar$h dire$tly to Jerusalem& he )as informed that 1ero )as dead& after he had reigned thirteen years and eight days" Bnt as to any narration after )hat manner he a.used his po)er in the government& and $ommitted the management of affairs to those vile )ret$hes& 1ymphidius and Tigellinus& his un)orthy freed-men/ and ho) he had a plot laid against him .y them& and )as deserted .y all his guards& and ran a)ay )ith four of his most trusty freed-men& and sle) himself in the su.ur.s of 0ome/ and ho) those that o$$asioned his death )ere in no long time .rought themselves to punishment/ ho) also the )ar in (all ended/ and ho) (al.a )as made emperor ;@D> and returned out of Spain to 0ome/ and ho) he )as a$$used .y the soldiers as a pusillanimous person& and slain .y trea$hery in the middle of the mar#et-pla$e at 0ome& and Otho )as made emperor/ )ith his e pedition against the $ommanders of 8itellius& and his destru$tion thereupon/ and .esides )hat trou.les there )ere under 8itellius& and the fight that )as a.out the $apitol/ as also ho) Antonius *rimus and -u$ianus sle) 8itellius& and his (erman legions& and there.y put an end to that $ivil )ar/ - I have omitted to give an e a$t a$$ount of them& .e$ause they are )ell #no)n .y all& and they are des$ri.ed .y a great num.er of (ree# and 0oman authors/ yet for the sa#e of the $onne ion of matters& and that my history may not .e in$oherent& I have 7ust tou$hed upon every thing .riefly" Wherefore 8espasian put off at first his e pedition against Jerusalem& and stood )aiting )hither the empire )ould .e transferred after the death of 1ero" -oreover& )hen he heard that (al.a )as made emperor& he attempted nothing till he

also should send him some dire$tions a.out the )arE ho)ever& he sent his son Titus to him& to salute him& and to re$eive his $ommands a.out the Je)s" 5pon the very same errand did #ing Agrippa sail along )ith Titus to (al.a/ .ut as they )ere sailing in their long ships .y the $oasts of A$haia& for it )as )inter time& they heard that (al.a )as slain& .efore they $ould get to him& after he had reigned seven months and as many days" After )hom Otho too# the government& and undertoo# the management of pu.li$ affairs" So Agrippa resolved to go on to 0ome )ithout any terror/ on a$$ount of the $hange in the government/ .ut Titus& .y a 'ivine impulse& sailed .a$# from (ree$e to Syria& and $ame in great haste to Cesarea& to his father" And no) they )ere .oth in suspense a.out the pu.li$ affairs& the 0oman empire .eing then in a flu$tuating $ondition& and did not go on )ith their e pedition against the Je)s& .ut thought that to ma#e any atta$# upon foreigners )as no) unseasona.le& on a$$ount of the soli$itude they )ere in for their o)n $ountry" B" And no) there arose another )ar at Jerusalem" There )as a son of (iora& one Simon& .y .irth of (erasa& a young man& not so $unning indeed as John +of (isehala,& )ho had already sei?ed upon the $ity& .ut superior in strength of .ody and $ourage/ on )hi$h a$$ount& )hen he had .een driven a)ay from that A$ra.attene topar$hy& )hi$h he on$e had& .y Ananus the high priest& he $ame to those ro..ers )ho had sei?ed upon -asada" At the first they suspe$ted him& and only permitted him to $ome )ith the )omen he .rought )ith him into the lo)er part of the fortress& )hile they d)elt in the upper part of it themselves" Ho)ever& his manner so )ell agreed )ith theirs& and he seemed so trusty a man& that he )ent out )ith them& and ravaged and destroyed the $ountry )ith them a.out -asada/ yet )hen he persuaded them to underta#e greater things& he $ould not prevail )ith them so to do/ for as they )ere a$$ustomed to d)ell in that $itadel& they )ere afraid of going far from that )hi$h )as their hiding-pla$e/ .ut he affe$ting to tyranni?e& and .eing fond of greatness& )hen he had heard of the death of Ananus& he left them& and )ent into the mountainous part of the $ountry" So he pro$laimed li.erty to those in slavery& and a re)ard to those already free& and got together a set of )i$#ed men from all 6uarters" <" And as he had no) a strong .ody of men a.out him& he overran the villages that lay in the mountainous $ountry& and )hen there )ere still more and more that $ame to him& he ventured to go do)n into the lo)er parts of the $ountry& and sin$e he )as no) .e$ome formida.le to the $ities& many of the men of po)er )ere $orrupted .y him/ so that his army )as no longer $omposed of slaves and ro..ers& .ut a great many of the popula$e )ere o.edient to him as to their #ing" He then overran the A$ra.attene topar$hy& and the pla$es that rea$hed as far as the (reat Idumea/ for he .uilt a )all at a $ertain village $alled 1ain& and made use of that as a fortress for his o)n party2s se$urity/ and at the valley $alled *aran& he enlarged many of the $aves& and many others he found ready for his purpose/ these he made use of as repositories for his treasures& and re$epta$les for his prey& and therein he laid up the fruits that he had got .y rapine/ and many of his parti?ans had their d)elling in them/ and he made no se$ret of it that he )as e er$ising his men .eforehand& and ma#ing preparations for the assault of Jerusalem" C" Whereupon the ?ealots& out of the dread they )ere in of his atta$#ing them& and .eing )illing to prevent one that )as gro)ing up to oppose them& )ent out against him )ith their )eapons" Simon met them& and 7oining .attle )ith them& sle) a $onsidera.le num.er of them& and drove the rest .efore him into the $ity& .ut durst not trust so mu$h upon his for$es as to ma#e an assault upon the )alls/ .ut he resolved first to su.due Idumea& and as he had no) t)enty thousand armed men& he mar$hed to the .orders of their $ountry" Hereupon the rulers of the Idumeans got together on the sudden the most )arli#e part of their people& a.out t)enty-five thousand in num.er& and permitted the rest to .e a guard to their o)n $ountry& .y reason of the in$ursions that )ere made .y the Si$arii that )ere at -asada" Thus they re$eived Simon at their .orders& )here they fought him& and $ontinued the .attle all that day/ and the dispute lay )hether they had $on6uered him& or .een $on6uered .y him" So he )ent .a$# to 1ain& as did the Idumeans return home" 1or )as it long ere Simon $ame violently again upon their $ountry/ )hen he pit$hed his $amp at a $ertain village $alled The$oe& and sent %lea?ar& one of his $ompanions& to those that #ept garrison at Herodium& and in order to persuade them to surrender that fortress to him" The garrison re$eived this man readily& )hile they #ne) nothing of

)hat he $ame a.out/ .ut as soon as he tal#ed of the surrender of the pla$e& they fell upon him )ith their dra)n s)ords& till he found that he had no pla$e for flight& )hen he thre) himself do)n from the )all into the valley .eneath/ so he died immediatelyE .ut the Idumeans& )ho )ere already mu$h afraid of Simon2s po)er& thought fit to ta#e a vie) of the enemy2s army .efore they ha?arded a .attle )ith them" D" 1o) there )as one of their $ommanders named Ja$o.& )ho offered to serve them readily upon that o$$asion& .ut had it in his mind to .etray them" He )ent therefore from the village Alurus& )herein the army of the Idumeans )ere gotten together& and $ame to Simon& and at the very first he agreed to .etray his $ountry to him& and too# assuran$es upon oath from him that he should al)ays have him in esteem& and then promised him that he )ould assist him in su.duing all Idumea under him/ upon )hi$h a$$ount he )as feasted after an o.liging manner .y Simon& and elevated .y his mighty promises/ and )hen he )as returned to his o)n men& he at first .elied the army of Simon& and said it )as manifold more in num.er than )hat it )as/ after )hi$h& he de terously persuaded the $ommanders& and .y degrees the )hole multitude& to re$eive Simon& and to surrender the )hole government up to him )ithout fighting" And as he )as doing this& he invited Simon .y his messengers& and promised him to disperse the Idumeans& )hi$h he performed also/ for as soon as their army )as nigh them& he first of all got upon his horse& and fled& together )ith those )hom he had $orrupted/ hereupon a terror fell upon the )hole multitude/ and .efore it $ame to a $lose fight& they .ro#e their ran#s& and every one retired to his o)n home" H" Thus did Simon une pe$tedly mar$h into Idumea& )ithout .loodshed& and made a sudden atta$# upon the $ity He.ron& and too# it/ )herein he got possession of a great deal of prey& and plundered it of a vast 6uantity of fruit" 1o) the people of the $ountry say that it is an an$ienter $ity& not only than any in that $ountry& .ut than -emphis in %gypt& and a$$ordingly its age is re$#oned at t)o thousand and three hundred years" They also relate that it had .een the ha.itation of A.ram& the progenitor of the Je)s& after he had removed out of -esopotamia/ and they say that his posterity des$ended from then$e into %gypt& )hose monuments are to this very time sho)ed in that small $ity/ the fa.ri$ of )hi$h monuments are of the most e $ellent mar.le& and )rought after the most elegant manner" There is also there sho)ed& at the distan$e of si furlongs from the $ity& a very large turpentine tree ;@H> and the report goes& that this tree has $ontinued ever sin$e the $reation of the )orld" Then$e did Simon ma#e his progress over all Idumen& and did not only ravage the $ities and villages& .ut lay )aste the )hole $ountry/ for& .esides those that )ere $ompletely armed& he had forty thousand men that follo)ed him& insomu$h that he had not provisions enough to suffi$e su$h a multitude" 1o)& .esides this )ant of provisions that he )as in& he )as of a .ar.arous disposition& and .ore great anger at this nation& .y )hi$h means it $ame to pass that Idumea )as greatly depopulated/ and as one may see all the )oods .ehind despoiled of their leaves .y lo$usts& after they have .een there& so )as there nothing left .ehind Simon2s army .ut a desert" Some pla$es they .urnt do)n& some they utterly demolished& and )hatsoever gre) in the $ountry& they either trod it do)n or fed upon it& and .y their mar$hes they made the ground that )as $ultivated harder and more untra$ta.le than that )hi$h )as .arren" In short& there )as no sign remaining of those pla$es that had .een laid )aste& that ever they had had a .eing" G" This su$$ess of Simon e $ited the ?ealots afresh/ and though they )ere afraid to fight him openly in a fair .attle& yet did they lay am.ushes in the passes& and sei?ed upon his )ife& )ith a $onsidera.le num.er of her attendants/ )hereupon they $ame .a$# to the $ity re7oi$ing& as if they had ta#en Simon himself $aptive& and )ere in present e pe$tation that he )ould lay do)n his arms& and ma#e suppli$ation to them for his )ife/ .ut instead of indulging any mer$iful affe$tion& he gre) very angry at them for sei?ing his .eloved )ife/ so he $ame to the )all of Jerusalem& and& li#e )ild .easts )hen they are )ounded& and $annot overta#e those that )ounded them& he vented his spleen upon all persons that he met )ith" A$$ordingly& he $aught all those that )ere $ome out of the $ity gates& either to gather her.s or sti$#s& )ho )ere unarmed and in years/ he then tormented them and destroyed them& out of the immense rage he )as in& and )as almost ready to taste the very flesh of their dead .odies" He also $ut off the hands of a great many& and sent them into the $ity to astonish his enemies& and in order to

ma#e the people fall into a sedition& and desert those that had .een the authors of his )ife2s sei?ure" He also en7oined them to tell the people that Simon s)ore .y the (od of the universe& )ho sees all things& that unless they )ill restore him his )ife& he )ill .rea# do)n their )all& and infli$t the li#e punishment upon all the $iti?ens& )ithout sparing any age& and )ithout ma#ing any distin$tion .et)een the guilty and the inno$ent" These threatenings so greatly affrighted& not the people only& .ut the ?ealots themselves also& that they sent his )ife .a$# to him/ )hen he .e$ame a little milder& and left off his perpetual .lood-shedding" M" But no) sedition and $ivil )ar prevailed& not only over Judea& .ut in Italy also/ for no) (al.a )as slain in the midst of the 0oman mar#et-pla$e/ then )as Otho made emperor& and fought against 8itellius& )ho set up for emperor also/ for the legions in (ermany had $hosen him" But )hen he gave .attle to 8alens and Ce$inna& )ho )ere 8itellius2s generals& at Betria$um& in (aul& Otho gained the advantage on the first day& .ut on the se$ond day 8itellius2s soldiers had the vi$tory/ and after mu$h slaughter Otho sle) himself& )hen he had heard of this defeat at Bri ia& and after he had managed the pu.li$ affairs three months and t)o days" ;@G> Otho2s army also $ame over to 8itellius2s generals& and he $ame himself do)n to 0ome )ith his army" But in the mean time 8espasian removed from Cesarea& on the fifth day of the month 'easius& +Sivan&, and mar$hed against those pla$es of Judea )hi$h )ere not yet overthro)n" So he )ent up to the mountainous $ountry& and too# those t)o topar$hies that )ere $alled the (ophniti$# and A$ra.attene topar$hies" After )hi$h he too# Bethel and %phraim& t)o small $ities/ and )hen he had put garrisons into them& he rode as far as Jerusalem& in )hi$h mar$h he too# many prisoners& and many $aptives/ .ut Cerealis& one of his $ommanders& too# a .ody of horsemen and footmen& and laid )aste that part of Idumea )hi$h )as $alled the 5pper Idumea& and atta$#ed Caphethra& )hi$h pretended to .e a small $ity& and too# it at the first onset& and .urnt it do)n" He also atta$#ed Caphata.ira& and laid siege to it& for it had a very strong )all/ and )hen he e pe$ted to spend a long time in that siege& those that )ere )ithin opened their gates on the sudden& and $ame to .eg pardon& and surrendered themselves up to him" When Cerealis had $on6uered them& he )ent to He.ron& another very an$ient $ity" I have told you already that this $ity is situated in a mountainous $ountry not far off Jerusalem/ and )hen he had .ro#en into the $ity .y for$e& )hat multitude and young men )ere left therein he sle)& and .urnt do)n the $ity/ so that as no) all the pla$es )ere ta#en& e $epting Herodlum& and -asada& and -a$herus& )hi$h )ere in the possession of the ro..ers& so Jerusalem )as )hat the 0omans at present aimed at" @=" And no)& as soon as Simon had set his )ife free& and re$overed her from the ?ealots& he returned .a$# to the remainders of Idumea& and driving the nation all .efore him from all 6uarters& he $ompelled a great num.er of them to retire to Jerusalem/ he follo)ed them himself also to the $ity& and en$ompassed the )all all round again/ and )hen he lighted upon any la.orers that )ere $oming thither out of the $ountry& he sle) them" 1o) this Simon& )ho )as )ithout the )all& )as a greater terror to the people than the 0omans themselves& as )ere the ?ealots )ho )ere )ithin it more heavy upon them than .oth of the other/ and during this time did the mis$hievous $ontrivan$es and $ourage +of John, $orrupt the .ody of the (alileans/ for these (alileans had advan$ed this John& and made him very potent& )ho made them suita.le re6uital from the authority he had o.tained .y their means/ for he permitted them to do all things that any of them desired to do& )hile their in$lination to plunder )as insatia.le& as )as their ?eal in sear$hing the houses of the ri$h/ and for the murdering of the men& and a.using of the )omen& it )as sport to them" They also devoured )hat spoils they had ta#en& together )ith their .lood& and indulged themselves in feminine )antonness& )ithout any distur.an$e& till they )ere satiated there)ith/ )hile they de$#ed their hair& and put on )omen2s garments& and )ere .esmeared over )ith ointments/ and that they might appear very $omely& they had paints under their eyes& and imitated not only the ornaments& .ut also the lusts of )omen& and )ere guilty of su$h intolera.le un$leanness& that they invented unla)ful pleasures of that sort" And thus did they roll themselves up and do)n the $ity& as in a .rothel-house& and defiled it entirely )ith their impure a$tions/ nay& )hile their fa$es loo#ed li#e the fa$es of )omen& they #illed )ith their right hands/ and )hen their gait )as effeminate& they presently atta$#ed men& and .e$ame )arriors& and dre) their s)ords from under their finely dyed $loa#s& and ran every .ody through )hom they alighted upon" Ho)ever& Simon )aited for su$h as ran a)ay from John& and )as the more .loody of the t)o/ and he

)ho had es$aped the tyrant )ithin the )all )as destroyed .y the other that lay .efore the gates& so that all attempts of flying and deserting to the 0omans )ere $ut off& as to those that had a mind so to do" @@" !et did the army that )as under John raise a sedition against him& and all the Idumeans separated themselves from the tyrant& and attempted to destroy him& and this out of their envy at his po)er& and hatred of his $ruelty/ so they got together& and sle) many of the ?ealots& and drove the rest .efore them into that royal pala$e that )as .uilt .y (rapte& )ho )as a relation of I?ates& the #ing of Adia.ene/ the Idumeans fell in )ith them& and drove the ?ealots out then$e into the temple& and .etoo# themselves to plunder John2s effe$ts/ for .oth he himself )as in that pala$e& and therein had he laid up the spoils he had a$6uired .y his tyranny" In the mean time& the multitude of those ?ealots that )ere dispersed over the $ity ran together to the temple unto those that fled thither& and John prepared to .ring them do)n against the people and the Idumeans& )ho )ere not so mu$h afraid of .eing atta$#ed .y them ;.e$ause they )ere themselves .etter soldiers than they> as at their madness& lest they should privately sally out of the temple and get among them& and not only destroy them& .ut set the $ity on fire also" So they assem.led themselves together& and the high priests )ith them& and too# $ounsel after )hat manner they should avoid their assault" 1o) it )as (od )ho turned their opinions to the )orst advi$e& and then$e they devised su$h a remedy to get themselves free as )as )orse than the disease itself" A$$ordingly& in order to overthro) John& they determined to admit Simon& and earnestly to desire the introdu$tion of a se$ond tyrant into the $ity/ )hi$h resolution they .rought to perfe$tion& and sent -atthias& the high priest& to .esee$h this Simon to $ome ill to them& of )hom they had so often .een afraid" Those also that had fled from the ?ealots in Jerusalem 7oined in this re6uest to him& out of the desire they had of preserving their houses and their effe$ts" A$$ordingly he& in an arrogant manner& granted them his lordly prote$tion& and $ame into the $ity& in order to deliver it from the ?ealots" The people also made 7oyful a$$lamations to him& as their savior and their preserver/ .ut )hen he )as $ome in& )ith his army& he too# $are to se$ure his o)n authority& and loo#ed upon those that had invited him in to .e no less his enemies than those against )hom the invitation )as intended" @A" And thus did Simon get possession of Jerusalem& in the third year of the )ar& in the month Fanthi$us +1isan,/ )hereupon John& )ith his multitude of ?ealots& as .eing .oth prohi.ited from $oming out of the temple& and having lost their po)er in the $ity& ;for Simon and his party had plundered them of )hat they had&> )ere in despair of deliveran$e" Simon also made an assault upon the temple& )ith the assistan$e of the people& )hile the others stood upon the $loisters and the .attlements& and defended themselves from their assaults" Ho)ever& a $onsidera.le num.er of Simon2s party fell& and many )ere $arried off )ounded/ for the ?ealots thre) their darts easily from a superior pla$e& and seldom failed of hitting their enemies/ .ut having the advantage of situation& and having )ithal ere$ted four very large to)ers aforehand& that their darts might $ome from higher pla$es& one at the north-east $orner of the $ourt& one a.ove the Fystus& the third at another $orner over against the lo)er $ity& and the last )as ere$ted a.ove the top of the *astophoria& )here one of the priests stood of $ourse& and gave a signal .eforehand& )ith a trumpet ;@M> at the .eginning of every seventh day& in the evening t)ilight& as also at the evening )hen that day )as finished& as giving noti$e to the people )hen they )ere to leave off )or#& and )hen they )ere to go to )or# again" These men also set their engines to $ast darts and stones )ithal& upon those to)ers& )ith their ar$hers and slingers" And no) Simon made his assault upon the temple more faintly& .y reason that the greatest part of his men gre) )eary of that )or#/ yet did he not leave off his opposition& .e$ause his army )as superior to the others& although the darts )hi$h )ere thro)n .y the engines )ere $arried a great )ay& and sle) many of those that fought for him" +'D'OT+1 ;@D> Of these 0oman affairs and tumults under (al.a& Otho& and 8itellius& here only tou$hed upon .y Josephus& see Ta$itus& Suelonius& and 'io& more largely" Ho)ever& )e may o.serve )ith Ottius& that Josephus )rites the name of the se$ond of them not Otto& )ith many others& .ut Otho& )ith the $oins" See also the note on $h" @@" se$t" <"

;@H> Some of the an$ients $all this famous tree& or grove& an oa# others& a turpentine tree& or grove" It has .een very famous in all the past ages& and is so& I suppose& at this day/ and that parti$ularly for an eminent mart or meeting of mer$hants there every year& as the travelers inform us" ;@G> *uetonius differs hardly three days from Josephus& and says Otho perished on the ninety-fifth day of his reign" In Anthon" See the note on $h" @@" se$t" <" ;@M> This .eginning and ending the o.servation of the Je)ish seventh day& or sa..ath& )ith a priest2s .lo)ing of a trumpet& is remar#a.le& and no )here else mentioned& that I #no) of" 1or is 0eland2s $on7e$ture here impro.a.le& that this )as the very pla$e that has pu??led our $ommentators so long& $alled I-usa$h Sa..ati&I the ICovert of the Sa..ath&I if that .e the true reading& A3iL@DE@G& .e$ause here the proper priest stood dry& under a I$overing&I to pro$laim the .eginning and ending of every Je)ish sa..ath"

CH(PT+, 1&
HOW TH+ 1O.D)+,18 BOTH )' J0D+( ('D +*3PT8 P,OC.()6+D -+1P(1)(' +6P+,O,;('D HOW -+1P(1)(' ,+.+(1+D JO1+PH01 /,O6 H)1 BO'D15
@" 1OW a.out this very time it )as that heavy $alamities $ame a.out 0ome on all sides/ for 8itellius )as $ome from (ermany )ith his soldiery& and dre) along )ith him a great multitude of other men .esides" And )hen the spa$es allotted for soldiers $ould not $ontain them& he made all 0ome itself his $amp& and filled all the houses )ith his armed men/ )hi$h men& )hen they sa) the ri$hes of 0ome )ith those eyes )hi$h had never seen su$h ri$hes .efore& and found themselves shone round a.out on all sides )ith silver and gold& they had mu$h ado to $ontain their $ovetous desires& and )ere ready to .eta#e themselves to plunder& and to the slaughter of su$h as should stand in their )ay" And this )as the state of affairs in Italy at that time" A" But )hen 8espasian had overthro)n all the pla$es that )ere near to Jerusalem& he returned to Cesarea& and heard of the trou.les that )ere at 0ome& and that 8itellius )as emperor" This produ$ed indignation in him& although he )ell #ne) ho) to .e governed as )ell as to govern& and $ould not& )ith any satisfa$tion& o)n him for his lord )ho a$ted so madly& and sei?ed upon the government as if it )ere a.solutely destitute of a governor" And as this sorro) of his )as violent& he )as not a.le to support the torments he )as under& nor to apply himself further in other )ars& )hen his native $ountry )as laid )aste/ .ut then& as mu$h as his passion e $ited him to avenge his $ountry& so mu$h )as he restrained .y the $onsideration of his distan$e therefrom/ .e$ause fortune might prevent him& and do a )orld of mis$hief .efore he $ould himself sail over the sea to Italy& espe$ially as it )as still the )inter season/ so he restrained his anger& ho) vehement soever it )as at this time" B" But no) his $ommanders and soldiers met in several $ompanies& and $onsulted openly a.out $hanging the pu.li$ affairs/ - and& out of their indignation& $ried out& ho) Iat 0ome there are soldiers that live deli$ately& and )hen they have not ventured so mu$h as to hear the fame of )ar& they ordain )hom they please for our governors& and in hopes of gain ma#e them emperors/ )hile you& )ho have gone through so many la.ors& and are gro)n into years under your helmets& give leave to others to use su$h a po)er& )hen yet you have among yourselves one more )orthy to rule than any )hom they have set up" 1o) )hat 7uster opportunity shall they ever have of re6uiting their generals& if they do not ma#e use of this that is no) .efore themK )hile there is so mu$h 7uster reasons for 8espasian2s .eing emperor than for 8itellius/ as they are themselves more deserving than those that made the other emperors/ for that they have undergone as great )ars as have the troops that $ome from (ermany/ nor are they inferior in )ar to those that have .rought that tyrant to 0ome& nor have they undergone smaller la.ors than they/ for that neither )ill the 0oman senate& nor people& .ear su$h a las$ivious

emperor as 8itellius& if he .e $ompared )ith their $haste 8espasian/ nor )ill they endure a most .ar.arous tyrant& instead of a good governor& nor $hoose one that hath no $hild ;A=> to preside over them& instead of him that is a father/ .e$ause the advan$ement of men2s o)n $hildren to dignities is $ertainly the greatest se$urity #ings $an have for themselves" Whether& therefore& )e estimate the $apa$ity of governing from the s#ill of a person in years& )e ought to have 8espasian& - or )hether from the strength of a young man& )e ought to have Titus/ for .y this means )e shall have the advantage of .oth their ages& for that they )ill afford strength to those that shall .e made emperors& they having already three legions& .esides other au iliaries from the neigh.oring #ings& and )ill have further all the armies in the east to support them& as also those in %urope& so they as they are out of the distan$e and dread of 8itellius& .esides su$h au iliaries as they may have in Italy itself/ that is& 8espasian2s .rother& ;A@> and his other son +'omitian,/ the one of )hom )ill .ring in a great many of those young men that are of dignity& )hile the other is intrusted )ith the government of the $ity& )hi$h offi$e of his )ill .e no small means of 8espasian2s o.taining the government" 5pon the )hole& the $ase may .e su$h& that if )e ourselves ma#e further delays& the senate may $hoose an emperor& )hom the soldiers& )ho are the saviors of the empire& )ill have in $ontempt"I <" These )ere the dis$ourses the soldiers had in their several $ompanies/ after )hi$h they got together in a great .ody& and& en$ouraging one another& they de$lared 8espasian emperor& ;AA> and e horted him to save the government& )hi$h )as no) in danger" 1o) 8espasian2s $on$ern had .een for a $onsidera.le time a.out the pu.li$& yet did he not intend to set up for governor himself& though his a$tions sho)ed him to deserve it& )hile he preferred that safety )hi$h is in a private life .efore the dangers in a state of su$h dignity/ .ut )hen he refused the empire& the $ommanders insisted the more earnestly upon his a$$eptan$e/ and the soldiers $ame a.out him& )ith their dra)n s)ords in their hands& and threatened to #ill him& unless he )ould no) live a$$ording to his dignity" And )hen he had sho)n his relu$tan$e a great )hile& and had endeavored to thrust a)ay this dominion from him& he at length& .eing not a.le to persuade them& yielded to their soli$itations that )ould salute him emperor" C" So upon the e hortations of -u$ianus& and the other $ommanders& that he )ould a$$ept of the empire& and upon that of the rest of the army& )ho $ried out that they )ere )illing to .e led against all his opposers& he )as in the first pla$e intent upon gaining the dominion over Ale andria& as #no)ing that %gypt )as of the greatest $onse6uen$e& in order to o.tain the entire government& .e$ause of its supplying of $orn +to 0ome,/ )hi$h $orn& if he $ould .e master of& he hoped to dethrone 8itellius& supposing he should aim to #eep the empire .y for$e ;for he )ould not .e a.le to support himself& if the multitude at 0ome should on$e .e in )ant of food>/ and .e$ause he )as desirous to 7oin the t)o legions that )ere at Ale andria to the other legions that )ere )ith him" He also $onsidered )ith himself& that he should then have that $ountry for a defense to himself against the un$ertainty of fortune/ for %gypt ;AB> is hard to .e entered .y land& and hath no good havens .y sea" It hath on the )est the dry deserts of 4i.ya/ and on the south Siene& that divides it from %thiopia& as )ell as the $atara$ts of the 1ile& that $annot .e sailed over/ and on the east the 0ed Sea e tended as far as Coptus/ and it is fortified on the north .y the land that rea$hes to Syria& together )ith that $alled the %gyptian Sea& having no havens in it for ships" And thus is %gypt )alled a.out on every side" Its length .et)een *elusium and Siene is t)o thousand furlongs& and the passage .y sea from *linthine to *elusium is three thousand si hundred furlongs" Its river 1ile is naviga.le as far as the $ity $alled %lephantine& the forenamed $atara$ts hindering ships from going any farther& The haven also of Ale andria is not entered .y the mariners )ithout diffi$ulty& even in times of pea$e/ for the passage in)ard is narro)& and full of ro$#s that lie under the )ater& )hi$h o.lige the mariners to turn from a straight dire$tionE its left side is .lo$#ed up .y )or#s made .y men2s hands on .oth sides/ on its right side lies the island $alled *harus& )hi$h is situated 7ust .efore the entran$e& and supports a very great to)er& that affords the sight of a fire to su$h as sail )ithin three hundred furlongs of it& that ships may $ast an$hor a great )ay off in the night time& .y reason of the diffi$ulty of sailing nearer" A.out this island are .uilt very great piers& the handi)or# of men& against )hi$h& )hen the sea dashes itself& and its )aves are .ro#en against those .oundaries& the navigation .e$omes very trou.lesome& and the entran$e through so narro) a passage is rendered dangerous/ yet is the haven itself& )hen you are got into it& a very safe one& and of thirty furlongs in largeness/ into )hi$h is .rought )hat the $ountry )ants in order to its

happiness& as also )hat a.undan$e the $ountry affords more than it )ants itself is hen$e distri.uted into all the ha.ita.le earth" D" Justly& therefore& did 8espasian desire to o.tain that government& in order to $orro.orate his attempts upon the )hole empire/ so he immediately sent to Ti.erius Ale ander& )ho )as then governor of %gypt and of Ale andria& and informed him )hat the army had put upon him& and ho) he& .eing for$ed to a$$ept of the .urden of the government& )as desirous to have him for his $onfederate and supporter" 1o) as soon as ever Ale ander had read this letter& he readily o.liged the legions and the multitude to ta#e the oath of fidelity to 8espasian& .oth )hi$h )illingly $omplied )ith him& as already a$6uainted )ith the $ourage of the man& from that his $ondu$t in their neigh.orhood" A$$ordingly 8espasian& loo#ing upon himself as already intrusted )ith the government& got all things ready for his 7ourney +to 0ome," 1o) fame $arried this ne)s a.road more suddenly than one $ould have thought& that he )as emperor over the east& upon )hi$h every $ity #ept festivals& and $ele.rated sa$rifi$es and o.lations for su$h good ne)s/ the legions also that )ere in -ysia and *annonia& )ho had .een in $ommotion a little .efore& on a$$ount of this insolent attempt of 8itellius& )ere very glad to ta#e the oath of fidelity to 8espasian& upon his $oming to the empire" 8espasian then removed from Cesarea to Berytus& )here many em.assages $ame to him from Syria& and many from other provin$es& .ringing )ith them from every $ity $ro)ns& and the $ongratulations of the people" -u$ianus $ame also& )ho )as the president of the provin$e& and told him )ith )hat ala$rity the people +re$eived the ne)s of his advan$ement,& and ho) the people of every $ity had ta#en the oath of fidelity to him" H" So 8espasian2s good fortune su$$eeded to his )ishes every )here& and the pu.li$ affairs )ere& for the greatest part& already in his hands/ upon )hi$h he $onsidered that he had not arrived at the government )ithout 'ivine *roviden$e& .ut that a righteous #ind of fate had .rought the empire under his po)er/ for as he $alled to mind the other signals& )hi$h had .een a great many every )here& that foretold he should o.tain the government& so did he remem.er )hat Josephus had said to him )hen he ventured to foretell his $oming to the empire )hile 1ero )as alive/ so he )as mu$h $on$erned that this man )as still in .onds )ith him" He then $alled for -u$ianus& together )ith his other $ommanders and friends& and& in the first pla$e& he informed them )hat a valiant man Josephus had .een& and )hat great hardships he had made him undergo in the siege of Jotapata" After that he related those predi$tions of his ;A<> )hi$h he had then suspe$ted as fi$tions& suggested out of the fear he )as in& .ut )hi$h had .y time .een demonstrated to .e 'ivine" IIt is a shameful thing ;said he> that this man& )ho hath foretold my $oming to the empire .eforehand& and .een the minister of a 'ivine message to me& should still .e retained in the $ondition of a $aptive or prisoner"I So he $alled for Josephus& and $ommanded that he should .e set at li.erty/ )hereupon the $ommanders promised themselves glorious things& froth this re6uital 8espasian made to a stranger" Titus )as then present )ith his father& and said& IO father& it is .ut 7ust that the s$andal +of a prisoner, should .e ta#en off Josephus& together )ith his iron $hain" For if )e do not .arely loose his .onds& .ut $ut them to pie$es& he )ill .e li#e a man that had never .een .ound at all"I For that is the usual method as to su$h as have .een .ound )ithout a $ause" This advi$e )as agreed to .y 8espasian also/ so there $ame a man in& and $ut the $hain to pie$es/ )hile Josephus re$eived this testimony of his integrity for a re)ard& and )as moreover esteemed a person of $redit as to futurities also" +'D'OT+1 ;A=> The 0oman authors that no) remain say 8itellius had $hildren& )hereas Josephus introdu$es here the 0oman soldiers in Judea saying he had none" Whi$h of these assertions )as the truth I #no) not" Spanheim thin#s he hath given a pe$uliar reason for $alling 8itellius I$hildless&I though he really had $hildren& 'iss" de 1um" p" D<M& DC=/ to )hi$h it appears very diffi$ult to give our assent" ;A@> This .rother of 8espasian )as Flavius Sa.inus& as Suetonius informs us& in 8itell" se$t" @C& and in 8espas" se$t" A" He is also named .y Josephus presently $h" @@" se$t/ <" ;AA> It is plain .y the nature of the thing& as )ell as .y Josephus and %utropius& that 8espasian )as

first of all saluted emperor in Judea& and not till some time after)ard in %gypt" When$e Ta$itus2s and Suetonius2s present $opies must .e $orre$t te t& )hen they .oth say that he )as first pro$laimed in %gypt& and that on the $alends of July& )hile they still say it )as the fifth of the 1ones or Ides of the same July .efore he )as pro$laimed in Judea" I suppose the month they there intended )as June& and not July& as the $opies no) have it/ nor does Ta$itus2s $oheren$e imply less" See %ssay on the 0evelation& p" @BD" ;AB> Here )e have an authenti$ des$ription of the .ounds and $ir$umstan$es of %gypt& in the days of 8espasian and Titus" ;A<> As 'aniel )as preferred .y 'arius and Cyrus& on a$$ount of his having foretold the destru$tion of the Ba.ylonian monar$hy .y their means& and the $onse6uent e altation of the -edes and *ersians& 'anLCED or rather& as Jeremiah& )hen he )as a prisoner& )as set at li.erty& and honora.ly treated .y 1e.u?aradan& at the $ommand of 1e.u$hadne??ar& on a$$ount of his having foretold the destru$tion of Jerusalem .y the Ba.ylonians& JerL<=E@-H/ so )as our Josephus set at li.erty& and honora.ly treated& on a$$ount of his having foretold the advan$ement of 8espasian and Titus to the 0oman empire" All these are most eminent instan$es of the interposition of 'ivine *roviden$e" and of the $ertainty of 'ivine predi$tions in the great revolutions of the four monar$hies" Several su$h-li#e e amples there are& .oth in the sa$red and other histories& as in the $ase of Joseph in %gypt" and of Jaddua the high priest& in the days of Ale ander the (reat& et$"

CH(PT+, 11
TH(T 0PO' TH+ CO'=0+1T ('D 1.(0*HT+, O/ -)T+..)01 -+1P(1)(' H(1T+'+D H)1 JO0,'+3 TO ,O6+; B0T T)T01 H)1 1O' ,+T0,'+D TO J+,01(.+65
@" A1' no)& )hen 8espasian had given ans)ers to the em.assages& and had disposed of the pla$es of po)er 7ustly& ;AC> and a$$ording to every one2s deserts& he $ame to Antio$h& and $onsulting )hi$h )ay he had .est ta#e& he preferred to go for 0ome& rather than to mar$h to Ale andria& .e$ause he sa) that Ale andria )as sure to him already& .ut that the affairs at 0ome )ere put into disorder .y 8itellius/ so he sent -u$ianus to Italy& and $ommitted a $onsidera.le army .oth of horsemen and footmen to him/ yet )as -u$ianus afraid of going .y sea& .e$ause it )as the middle of )inter& and so he led his army on foot through Cappado$ia and *hrygia" A" In the mean time& Antonius *rimus too# the third of the legions that )ere in -ysia& for he )as president of that provin$e& and made haste& in order to fight 8itellius/ )hereupon 8itellius sent a)ay Ce$inna& )ith a great army& having a mighty $onfiden$e in him& .e$ause of his having .eaten Otho" This Ce$inna mar$hed out of 0ome in great haste& and found Antonius a.out Cremona in (all& )hi$h $ity is in the .orders of Italy/ .ut )hen he sa) there that the enemy )ere numerous and in good order& he durst not fight them/ and as he thought a retreat dangerous& so he .egan to thin# of .etraying his army to Antonius" A$$ordingly& he assem.led the $enturions and tri.unes that )ere under his $ommand& and persuaded them to go over to Antonius& and this .y diminishing the reputation of 8itellius& and .y e aggerating the po)er of 8espasian" He also told them that )ith the one there )as no more than the .are name of dominion& .ut )ith the other )as the po)er of it/ and that it )as .etter for them to prevent ne$essity& and gain favor& and& )hile they )ere li#ely to .e over$ome in .attle& to avoid the danger .eforehand& and go over to Antonius )illingly/ that 8espasian )as a.le of himself to su.due )hat had not yet su.mitted )ithout their assistan$e& )hile 8itellius $ould not preserve )hat he had already )ith it" B" Ce$inna said this& and mu$h more to the same purpose& and persuaded them to $omply )ith him/ and .oth he and his army deserted/ .ut still the very same night the soldiers repented of )hat they had

done& and a fear sei?ed on them& lest perhaps 8itellius )ho sent them should get the .etter/ and dra)ing their s)ords& they assaulted Ce$inna& in order to #ill him/ and the thing had .een done .y them& if the tri.unes had not fallen upon their #nees& and .esought them not to do it/ so the soldiers did not #ill him& .ut put him in .onds& as a traitor& and )ere a.out to send him to 8itellius" When +Antonius, *rimus heard of this& he raised up his men immediately& and made them put on their armor& and led them against those that had revolted/ hereupon they put themselves in order of .attle& and made a resistan$e for a )hile& .ut )ere soon .eaten& and fled to Cremona/ then did *rimus ta#e his horsemen& and $ut off their entran$e into the $ity& and en$ompassed and destroyed a great multitude of them .efore the $ity& and fell into the $ity together )ith the rest& and gave leave to his soldiers to plunder it" And here it )as that many strangers& )ho )ere mer$hants& as )ell as many of the people of that $ountry& perished& and among them 8itellius2s )hole army& .eing thirty thousand and t)o hundred& )hile Antonius lost no more of those that $ame )ith him from -ysia than four thousand and five hundredE he then loosed Ce$inna& and sent him to 8espasian to tell him the good ne)s" So he $ame& and )as re$eived .y him& and $overed the s$andal of his trea$hery .y the une pe$ted honors he re$eived from 8espasian" <" And no)& upon the ne)s that Antonius )as approa$hing& Sa.inus too# $ourage at 0ome& and assem.led those $ohorts of soldiers that #ept )at$h .y night& and in the night time sei?ed upon the $apitol/ and& as the day $ame on& many men of $hara$ter $ame over to him& )ith 'omitian& his .rother2s son& )hose en$ouragement )as of very great )eight for the $ompassing the government" 1o) 8itellius )as not mu$h $on$erned at this *rimus& .ut )as very angry )ith those that had revolted )ith Sa.inus/ and thirsting& out of his o)n natural .ar.arity& after no.le .lood& he sent out that part of the army )hi$h $ame along )ith him to fight against the $apitol/ and many .old a$tions )ere done on this side& and on the side of those that held the temple" But at last& the soldiers that $ame from (ermany& .eing too numerous for the others& got the hill into their possession& )here 'omitian& )ith many other of the prin$ipal 0omans& providentially es$aped& )hile the rest of the multitude )ere entirely $ut to pie$es& and Sa.inus himself )as .rought to 8itellius& and then slain/ the soldiers also plundered the temple of its ornaments& and set it on fire" But no) )ithin a day2s time $ame Antonius& )ith his army& and )ere met .y 8itellius and his army/ and having had a .attle in three several pla$es& the last )ere all destroyed" Then did 8itellius $ome out of the pala$e& in his $ups& and satiated )ith an e travagant and lu urious meal& as in the last e tremity& and .eing dra)n along through the multitude& and a.used )ith all sorts of torments& had his head $ut off in the midst of 0ome& having retained the government eight months and five days ;AD> and had he lived mu$h longer& I $annot .ut thin# the empire )ould not have .een suffi$ient for his lust" Of the others that )ere slain& )ere num.ered a.ove fifty thousand" This .attle )as fought on the third day of the month Apelleus +Casleu,/ on the ne t day -u$ianus $ame into the $ity )ith his army& and ordered Antonius and his men to leave off #illing/ for they )ere still sear$hing the houses& and #illed many of 8itellius2s soldiers& and many of the popula$e& as supposing them to .e of his party& preventing .y their rage any a$$urate distin$tion .et)een them and others" He then produ$ed 'omitian& and re$ommended him to the multitude& until his father should $ome himself/ so the people .eing no) freed from their fears& made a$$lamations of 7oy for 8espasian& as for their emperor& and #ept festival days for his $onfirmation& and for the destru$tion of 8itellius" C" And no)& as 8espasian )as $ome to Ale andria& this good ne)s $ame from 0ome& and at the same time $ame em.assies from all his o)n ha.ita.le earth& to $ongratulate him upon his advan$ement/ and though this Ale andria )as the greatest of all $ities ne t to 0ome& it proved too narro) to $ontain the multitude that then $ame to it" So upon this $onfirmation of 8espasian2s entire government& )hi$h )as no) settled& and upon the une pe$ted deliveran$e of the pu.li$ affairs of the 0omans from ruin& 8espasian turned his thoughts to )hat remained unsu.dued in Judea" Ho)ever& he himself made haste to go to 0ome& as the )inter )as no) almost over& and soon set the affairs of Ale andria in order& .ut sent his son Titus& )ith a sele$t part of his army& to destroy Jerusalem" So Titus mar$hed on foot as far as 1i$opolis& )hi$h is distant t)enty furlongs from Ale andria/ there he put his army on .oard some long ships& and sailed upon the river along the -endesian 1omus& as far as the $ity Tumuis/ there he got out of the ships& and )al#ed on foot& and lodged all night at a small $ity $alled Tanis" His

se$ond station )as Hera$leopolis& and his third *elusium/ he then refreshed his army at that pla$e for t)o days& and on the third passed over the mouths of the 1ile at *elusium/ he then pro$eeded one station over the desert& and pit$hed his $amp at the temple of the Casian Jupiter& ;AH> and on the ne t day at Ostra$ine" This station had no )ater& .ut the people of the $ountry ma#e use of )ater .rought from other pla$es" After this he rested at 0hino$olura& and from then$e he )ent to 0aphia& )hi$h )as his fourth station" This $ity is the .eginning of Syria" For his fifth station he pit$hed his $amp at (a?a/ after )hi$h he $ame to As$alon& and then$e to Jamnia& and after that to Joppa& and from Joppa to Cesarea& having ta#en a resolution to gather all his other for$es together at that pla$e" +'D'OT+1 ;AC> This is )ell o.served .y Josephus& that 8espasian& in order to se$ure his su$$ess& and esta.lish his government at first& distri.uted his offi$es and pla$es upon the foot of 7usti$e& and .esto)ed them on su$h as .est deserved them& and )ere .est fit for them" Whi$h )ise $ondu$t in a mere heathen ought to put those rulers and ministers of state to shame& )ho& professing Christianity& a$t other)ise& and there.y e pose themselves and their #ingdoms to vi$e and destru$tion" ;AD> The num.ers in Josephus& $h" M" se$t" A& M& for (al.a seven months seven days& for Otho three months t)o days& and here for 8itellius eight months five days& do not agree )ith any 0oman historians& )ho also disagree among themselves" And& indeed& Sealiger 7ustly $omplains& as 'r" Hudson o.serves on $h" M" se$t" A& that this period is very $onfused and un$ertain in the an$ient authors" They )ere pro.a.ly some of them $ontemporary together for some time/ one of the .est eviden$es )e have& I mean *tolemy2s Canon& omits them all& as if they did not all together reign one )hole year& nor had a single Thoth& or ne)-year2s day& ;)hi$h then fell upon August D&> in their entire reigns" 'io also& )ho says that 8itellius reigned a year )ithin ten days& does yet estimate all their reigns together at no more than one year& one month& and t)o days" ;AH> There are $oins of this Casian Jupiter still e tant"

The Wars Of The Jews Or The History Of The Destruction Of Jerusalem Book !
CO'T()')'* TH+ )'T+,-(. O/ '+(, 1)2 6O'TH15 /,O6 TH+ CO6)'* O/ T)T01 TO B+1)+*+ J+,01(.+68 TO TH+ *,+(T +2T,+6)T3 TO WH)CH TH+ J+W1 W+,+ ,+D0C+D5

CH(PT+, 1
CO'C+,')'* TH+ 1+D)T)O'1 (T J+,01(.+6 ('D WH(T T+,,)B.+ 6)1+,)+1 (//.)CT+D TH+ C)T3 B3 TH+), 6+('15
@" WH%1 therefore Titus had mar$hed over that desert )hi$h lies .et)een %gypt and Syria& in the manner forementioned& he $ame to Cesarea& having resolved to set his for$es in order at that pla$e&

.efore he .egan the )ar" 1ay& indeed& )hile he )as assisting his father at Ale andria& in settling that government )hi$h had .een ne)ly $onferred upon them .y (od& it so happened that the sedition at Jerusalem )as revived& and parted into three fa$tions& and that one fa$tion fought against the other/ )hi$h partition in su$h evil $ases may .e said to .e a good thing& and the effe$t of 'ivine 7usti$e" 1o) as to the atta$# the ?ealots made upon the people& and )hi$h I esteem the .eginning of the $ity2s destru$tion& it hath .een already e plained after an a$$urate manner/ as also )hen$e it arose& and to ho) great a mis$hief it )as in$reased" But for the present sedition& one should not mista#e if he $alled it a sedition .egotten .y another sedition& and to .e li#e a )ild .east gro)n mad& )hi$h& for )ant of food from a.road& fell no) upon eating its o)n flesh" A" For %lea?ar& the son of Simon& )ho made the first separation of the ?ealots from the people& and made them retire into the temple& appeared very angry at John2s insolent attempts& )hi$h he made everyday upon the people/ for this man never left off murdering/ .ut the truth )as& that he $ould not .ear to su.mit to a tyrant )ho set up after him" So he .eing desirous of gaining the entire po)er and dominion to himself& revolted from John& and too# to his assistan$e Judas the son of Chel$ias& and Simon the son of %?ron& )ho )ere among the men of greatest po)er" There )as also )ith him He?e#iah& the son of Cho.ar& a person of eminen$e" %a$h of these )ere follo)ed .y a great many of the ?ealots/ these sei?ed upon the inner $ourt of the temple ;@> and laid their arms upon the holy gates& and over the holy fronts of that $ourt" And .e$ause they had plenty of provisions& they )ere of good $ourage& for there )as a great a.undan$e of )hat )as $onse$rated to sa$red uses& and they s$rupled not the ma#ing use of them/ yet )ere they afraid& on a$$ount of their small num.er/ and )hen they had laid up their arms there& they did not stir from the pla$e they )ere in" 1o) as to John& )hat advantage he had a.ove %lea?ar in the multitude of his follo)ers& the li#e disadvantage he had in the situation he )as in& sin$e he had his enemies over his head/ and as he $ould not ma#e any assault upon them )ithout some terror& so )as his anger too great to let them .e at rest/ nay& although he suffered more mis$hief from %lea?ar and his party than he $ould infli$t upon them& yet )ould he not leave off assaulting them& insomu$h that there )ere $ontinual sallies made one against another& as )ell as darts thro)n at one another& and the temple )as defiled every )here )ith murders" B" But no) the tyrant Simon& the son of (ioras& )hom the people had invited in& out of the hopes they had of his assistan$e in the great distresses they )ere in& having in his po)er the upper $ity& and a great part of the lo)er& did no) ma#e more vehement assaults upon John and his party& .e$ause they )ere fought against from a.ove also/ yet )as he .eneath their situation )hen he atta$#ed them& as they )ere .eneath the atta$#s of the others a.ove them" Where.y it $ame to pass that John did .oth re$eive and infli$t great damage& and that easily& as he )as fought against on .oth sides/ and the same advantage that %lea?ar and his party had over him& sin$e he )as .eneath them& the same advantage had he& .y his higher situation& over Simon" On )hi$h a$$ount he easily repelled the atta$#s that )ere made from .eneath& .y the )eapons thro)n from their hands only/ .ut )as o.liged to repel those that thre) their darts from the temple a.ove him& .y his engines of )ar/ for he had su$h engines as thre) darts& and 7avelins& and stones& and that in no small num.er& .y )hi$h he did not only defend himself from su$h as fought against him& .ut sle) moreover many of the priests& as they )ere a.out their sa$red ministrations" For not)ithstanding these men )ere mad )ith all sorts of impiety& yet did they still admit those that desired to offer their sa$rifi$es& although they too# $are to sear$h the people of their o)n $ountry .eforehand& and .oth suspe$ted and )at$hed them/ )hile they )ere not so mu$h afraid of strangers& )ho& although they had gotten leave of them& ho) $ruel soever they )ere& to $ome into that $ourt& )ere yet often destroyed .y this sedition/ for those darts that )ere thro)n .y the engines $ame )ith that for$e& that they )ent over all the .uildings& and rea$hed as far as the altar& and the temple itself& and fell upon the priests& and those ;A> that )ere a.out the sa$red offi$es/ insomu$h that many persons )ho $ame thither )ith great ?eal from the ends of the earth& to offer sa$rifi$es at this $ele.rated pla$e& )hi$h )as esteemed holy .y all man#ind& fell do)n .efore their o)n sa$rifi$es themselves& and sprin#led that altar )hi$h )as venera.le among all men& .oth (ree#s and Bar.arians& )ith their o)n .lood/ till the dead .odies of strangers )ere mingled together )ith those of their o)n $ountry& and those of profane persons )ith those of the priests& and the .lood of all sorts of dead $ar$asses stood in la#es in the holy $ourts themselves" And no)& IO must )ret$hed $ity& )hat misery so

great as this didst thou suffer from the 0omans& )hen they $ame to purify thee from thy intestine hatredJ 2For thou $ouldst .e no longer a pla$e fit for (od& nor $ouldst thou long $ontinue in .eing& after thou hadst .een a sepul$her for the .odies of thy o)n people& and hadst made the holy house itself a .urying-pla$e in this $ivil )ar of thine" !et mayst thou again gro) .etter& if per$han$e thou )ilt hereafter appease the anger of that (od )ho is the author of thy destru$tion"I But I must restrain myself from these passions .y the rules of history& sin$e this is not a proper time for domesti$al lamentations& .ut for histori$al narrations/ I therefore return to the operations that follo) in this sedition" ;B> <" And no) there )ere three trea$herous fa$tions in the $ity& the one parted from the other" %lea?ar and his party& that #ept the sa$red first-fruits& $ame against John in their $ups" Those that )ere )ith John plundered the popula$e& and )ent out )ith ?eal against Simon" This Simon had his supply of provisions from the $ity& in opposition to the seditious" When& therefore& John )as assaulted on .oth sides& he made his men turn a.out& thro)ing his darts upon those $iti?ens that $ame up against him& from the $loisters he had in his possession& )hile he opposed those that atta$#ed him from the temple .y his engines of )ar" And if at any time he )as freed from those that )ere a.ove him& )hi$h happened fre6uently& from their .eing drun# and tired& he sallied out )ith a great num.er upon Simon and his party/ and this he did al)ays in su$h parts of the $ity as he $ould $ome at& till he set on fire those houses that )ere full of $orn& and of all other provisions" ;<> The same thing )as done .y Simon& )hen& upon the other2s retreat& he atta$#ed the $ity also/ as if they had& on purpose& done it to serve the 0omans& .y destroying )hat the $ity had laid up against the siege& and .y thus $utting off the nerves of their o)n po)er" A$$ordingly& it so $ame to pass& that all the pla$es that )ere a.out the temple )ere .urnt do)n& and )ere .e$ome an intermediate desert spa$e& ready for fighting on .oth sides of it/ and that almost all that $orn )as .urnt& )hi$h )ould have .een suffi$ient for a siege of many years" So they )ere ta#en .y the means of the famine& )hi$h it )as impossi.le they should have .een& unless they had thus prepared the )ay for it .y this pro$edure" C" And no)& as the $ity )as engaged in a )ar on all sides& from these trea$herous $ro)ds of )i$#ed men& the people of the $ity& .et)een them& )ere li#e a great .ody torn in pie$es" The aged men and the )omen )ere in su$h distress .y their internal $alamities& that they )ished for the 0omans& and earnestly hoped for an e ternal )ar& in order to their delivery from their domesti$al miseries" The $iti?ens themselves )ere under a terri.le $onsternation and fear/ nor had they any opportunity of ta#ing $ounsel& and of $hanging their $ondu$t/ nor )ere there any hopes of $oming to an agreement )ith their enemies/ nor $ould su$h as had a mind flee a)ay/ for guards )ere set at all pla$es& and the heads of the ro..ers& although they )ere seditious one against another in other respe$ts& yet did they agree in #illing those that )ere for pea$e )ith the 0omans& or )ere suspe$ted of an in$lination to desert them& as their $ommon enemies" They agreed in nothing .ut this& to #ill those that )ere inno$ent" The noise also of those that )ere fighting )as in$essant& .oth .y day and .y night/ .ut the lamentations of those that mourned e $eeded the other/ nor )as there ever any o$$asion for them to leave off their lamentations& .e$ause their $alamities $ame perpetually one upon another& although the deep $onsternation they )ere in prevented their out)ard )ailing/ .ut .eing $onstrained .y their fear to $on$eal their in)ard passions& they )ere in)ardly tormented& )ithout daring to open their lips in groans" E1or )as any regard paid to those that )ere still alive& .y their relations/ nor )as there any $are ta#en of .urial for those that )ere dead/ the o$$asion of .oth )hi$h )as this& that every one despaired of himself/ for those that )ere not among the seditious had no great desires of any thing& as e pe$ting for $ertain that they should very soon .e destroyed/ .ut for the seditious themselves& they fought against ea$h other& )hile they trod upon the dead .odies as they lay heaped one upon another& and ta#ing up a mad rage from those dead .odies that )ere under their feet& .e$ame the fier$er thereupon" They& moreover& )ere still inventing some)hat or other that )as perni$ious against themselves/ and )hen they had resolved upon any thing& they e e$uted it )ithout mer$y& and omitted no method of torment or of .ar.arity" 1ay& John a.used the sa$red materials& ;C> and employed them in the $onstru$tion of his engines of )ar/ for the people and the priests had formerly determined to support the temple& and raise the holy house t)enty $u.its higher/ for #ing Agrippa had at a very great e pense& and )ith very great pains& .rought thither su$h materials as )ere proper for that purpose&

.eing pie$es of tim.er very )ell )orth seeing& .oth for their straightness and their largeness/ .ut the )ar $oming on& and interrupting the )or#& John had them $ut& and prepared for the .uilding him to)ers& he finding them long enough to oppose from them those his adversaries that thought him from the temple that )as a.ove him" He also had them .rought and ere$ted .ehind the inner $ourt over against the )est end of the $loisters& )here alone he $ould ere$t them / )hereas the other sides of that $ourt had so many steps as )ould not let them $ome nigh enough the $loisters" D" Thus did John hope to .e too hard for his enemies .y these engines $onstru$ted .y his impiety/ .ut (od himself demonstrated that his pains )ould prove of no use to him& .y .ringing the 0omans upon him& .efore he had reared any of his to)ers/ for Titus& )hen he had gotten together part of his for$es a.out him& and had ordered the rest to meet him at Jerusalem& mar$hed out of Cesarea" He had )ith him those three legions that had a$$ompanied his father )hen he laid Judea )aste& together )ith that t)elfth legion )hi$h had .een formerly .eaten )ith Cestius/ )hi$h legion& as it )as other)ise remar#a.le for its valor& so did it mar$h on no) )ith greater ala$rity to avenge themselves on the Je)s& as remem.ering )hat they had formerly suffered from them" Of these legions he ordered the fifth to meet him& .y going through %mmaus& and the tenth to go up .y Jeri$ho/ he also moved himself& together )ith the rest/ .esides )hom& mar$hed those au iliaries that $ame from the #ings& .eing no) more in num.er than .efore& together )ith a $onsidera.le num.er that $ame to his assistan$e from Syria" Those also that had .een sele$ted out of these four legions& and sent )ith -u$ianus to Italy& had their pla$es filled up out of these soldiers that $ame out of %gypt )ith Titus/ )ho )ere t)o thousand men& $hosen out of the armies at Ale andria" There follo)ed him also three thousand dra)n from those that guarded the river %uphrates/ as also there $ame Ti.erius Ale ander& )ho )as a friend of his& most valua.le& .oth for his good-)ill to him& and for his pruden$e" He had formerly .een governor of Ale andria& .ut )as no) thought )orthy to .e general of the army +under Titus," The reason of this )as& that he had .een the first )ho en$ouraged 8espasian very lately to a$$ept this his ne) dominion& and 7oined himself to him )ith great fidelity& )hen things )ere un$ertain& and fortune had not yet de$lared for him" He also follo)ed Titus as a $ounselor& very useful to him in this )ar& .oth .y his age and s#ill in su$h affairs" +'D'OT+1 ;@> This appears to .e the first time that the ?ealots ventured to pollute this most sa$red $ourt of the temple& )hi$h )as the $ourt of the priests& )herein the temple itself and the altar stood" So that the $on7e$ture of those that )ould interpret that 9a$harias& )ho )as slain I.et)een the temple and the altarI several months .efore& B" I8" $h" C" se$t" <& as if he )ere slain there .y these ?ealots& is groundless& as I have noted on that pla$e already" ;A> The 4evites" ;B> This is an e $ellent refle$tion of Josephus& in$luding his hopes of the restoration of the Je)s upon their repentan$e& See Anti6" B" I8" $h" G" se$t" <D& )hi$h is the grand IHope of Israel&I as -anasseh.en-Israel& the famous Je)ish 0a..i& styles it& in his small .ut remar#a.le treatise on that su.7e$t& of )hi$h the Je)ish prophets are every )here full" See the prin$ipal of those prophe$ies $olle$ted together at the end of the %ssay on the 0evelation& p" GAA& et$" ;<> This destru$tion of su$h a vast 6uantity of $orn and other provisions& as )as suffi$ient for many years" )as the dire$t o$$asion of that terri.le famine& )hi$h $onsumed in$redi.le num.ers of Je)s in Jerusalem during its siege" 1or pro.a.ly $ould the 0omans have ta#en this $ity& after all& had not these seditious Je)s .een so infatuated as thus madly to destroy& )hat Josephus here 7ustly styles& IThe nerves of their po)er"I ;C> This tim.er& )e see& )as designed for the re.uilding those t)enty additional $u.its of the holy house a.ove the hundred& )hi$h had fallen do)n some years .efore" See the note on Anti6" B" F8" $h" @@" se$t" B"

CH(PT+, 2
HOW T)T01 6(,CH+D TO J+,01(.+68 ('D HOW H+ W(1 )' D('*+, (1 H+ W(1 T(7)'* ( -)+W O TH+ C)T3 O/ TH+ P.(C+ (.1O WH+,+ H+ P)TCH+D H)1 C(6P
@" 1OW& as Titus )as upon his mar$h into the enemy2s $ountry& the au iliaries that )ere sent .y the #ings mar$hed first& having all the other au iliaries )ith them/ after )hom follo)ed those that )ere to prepare the roads and measure out the $amp/ then $ame the $ommander2s .aggage& and after that the other soldiers& )ho )ere $ompletely armed to support them/ then $ame Titus himself& having )ith him another sele$t .ody/ and then $ame the pi#emen/ after )hom $ame the horse .elonging to that legion" All these $ame .efore the engines/ and after these engines $ame the tri.unes and the leaders of the $ohorts& )ith their sele$t .odies/ after these $ame the ensigns& )ith the eagle/ and .efore those ensigns $ame the trumpeters .elonging to them/ ne t these $ame the main .ody of the army in their ran#s& every ran# .eing si deep/ the servants .elonging to every legion $ame after these/ and .efore these last their .aggage/ the mer$enaries $ame last& and those that guarded them .rought up the rear" 1o) Titus& a$$ording to the 0oman usage& )ent in the front of the army after a de$ent manner& and mar$hed through Samaria to (ophna& a $ity that had .een formerly ta#en .y his father& and )as then garrisoned .y 0oman soldiers/ and )hen he had lodged there one night& he mar$hed on in the morning/ and )hen he had gone as far as a day2s mar$h& he pit$hed his $amp at that valley )hi$h the Je)s& in their o)n tongue& $all Ithe 8alley of Thorns&I near a $ertain village $alled (a.aothsath& )hi$h signifies Ithe Hill of Saul&I .eing distant from Jerusalem a.out thirty furlongs" ;D> There it )as that he $hose out si hundred sele$t horsemen& and )ent to ta#e a vie) of the $ity& to o.serve )hat strength it )as of& and ho) $ourageous the Je)s )ere/ )hether& )hen they sa) him& and .efore they $ame to a dire$t .attle& they )ould .e affrighted and su.mit/ for he had .een informed )hat )as really true& that the people )ho )ere fallen under the po)er of the seditious and the ro..ers )ere greatly desirous of pea$e/ .ut .eing too )ea# to rise up against the rest& they lay still" A" 1o)& so long as he rode along the straight road )hi$h led to the )all of the $ity& no.ody appeared out of the gates/ .ut )hen he )ent out of that road& and de$lined to)ards the to)er *sephinus& and led the .and of horsemen o.li6uely& an immense num.er of the Je)s leaped out suddenly at the to)ers $alled the IWomen2s To)ers&I through that gate )hi$h )as over against the monuments of 6ueen Helena& and inter$epted his horse/ and standing dire$tly opposite to those that still ran along the road& hindered them from 7oining those that had de$lined out of it" They inter$epted Titus also& )ith a fe) other" 1o) it )as here impossi.le for him to go for)ard& .e$ause all the pla$es had tren$hes dug in them from the )all& to preserve the gardens round a.out& and )ere full of gardens o.li6uely situated& and of many hedges/ and to return .a$# to his o)n men& he sa) it )as also impossi.le& .y reason of the multitude of the enemies that lay .et)een them/ many of )hom did not so mu$h as #no) that the #ing )as in any danger& .ut supposed him still among them" So he per$eived that his preservation must .e )holly o)ing to his o)n $ourage& and turned his horse a.out& and $ried out aloud to those that )ere a.out him to follo) him& and ran )ith violen$e into the midst of his enemies& in order to for$e his )ay through them to his o)n men" And hen$e )e may prin$ipally learn& that .oth the su$$ess of )ars& and the dangers that #ings ;H> are in& are under the providen$e of (od/ for )hile su$h a num.er of darts )ere thro)n at Titus& )hen he had neither his head-pie$e on& nor his .reastplate& ;for& as I told you& he )ent out not to fight& .ut to vie) the $ity&> none of them tou$hed his .ody& .ut )ent aside )ithout hurting him/ as if all of them missed him on purpose& and only made a noise as they passed .y him" So he diverted those perpetually )ith his s)ord that $ame on his side& and overturned many of those that dire$tly met him& and made his horse ride over those that )ere overthro)n" The enemy indeed made a shout at the .oldness of Caesar& and e horted one another to rush upon him" !et did these against )hom he mar$hed fly a)ay& and go off from him in great num.ers/ )hile those that )ere in the same danger )ith him #ept up $lose to him& though they )ere )ounded .oth on their .a$#s and on their

sides/ for they had ea$h of them .ut this one hope of es$aping& if they $ould assist Titus in opening himself a )ay& that he might not .e en$ompassed round .y his enemies .efore he got a)ay from them" 1o) there )ere t)o of those that )ere )ith him& .ut at some distan$e/ the one of )hi$h the enemy $ompassed round& and sle) him )ith their darts& and his horse also/ .ut the other they sle) as he leaped do)n from his horse& and $arried off his horse )ith them" But Titus es$aped )ith the rest& and $ame safe to the $amp" So this su$$ess of the Je)s2 first atta$# raised their minds& and gave them an illgrounded hope/ and this short in$lination of fortune& on their side& made them very $ourageous for the future" B" But no)& as soon as that legion that had .een at %mmaus )as 7oined to Caesar at night& he removed then$e& )hen it )as day& and $ame to a pla$e $alled Seopus/ from )hen$e the $ity .egan already to .e seen& and a plain vie) might .e ta#en of the great temple" A$$ordingly& this pla$e& on the north 6uarter of the $ity& and 7oining thereto& )as a plain& and very properly named S$opus& +the prospe$t&, and )as no more than seven furlongs distant from it" And here it )as that Titus ordered a $amp to .e fortified for t)o legions that )ere to .e together/ .ut ordered another $amp to .e fortified& at three furlongs farther distan$e .ehind them& for the fifth legion/ for he thought that& .y mar$hing in the night& they might .e tired& and might deserve to .e $overed from the enemy& and )ith less fear might fortify themselves/ and as these )ere no) .eginning to .uild& the tenth legion& )ho $ame through Jeri$ho& )as already $ome to the pla$e& )here a $ertain party of armed men had formerly lain& to guard that pass into the $ity& and had .een ta#en .efore .y 8espasian" These legions had orders to en$amp at the distan$e of si furlongs from Jerusalem& at the mount $alled the -ount of Olives ;G> )hi$h lies over against the $ity on the east side& and is parted from it .y a deep valley& interposed .et)een them& )hi$h is named Cedron" <" 1o) )hen hitherto the several parties in the $ity had .een dashing one against another perpetually& this foreign )ar& no) suddenly $ome upon them after a violent manner& put the first stop to their $ontentions one against another/ and as the seditious no) sa) )ith astonishment the 0omans pit$hing three several $amps& they .egan to thin# of an a)#)ard sort of $on$ord& and said one to another& IWhat do )e here& and )hat do )e mean& )hen )e suffer three fortified )alls to .e .uilt to $oop us in& that )e shall not .e a.le to .reathe freelyK )hile the enemy is se$urely .uilding a #ind of $ity in opposition to us& and )hile )e sit still )ithin our o)n )alls& and .e$ome spe$tators only of )hat they are doing& )ith our hands idle& and our armor laid .y& as if they )ere a.out some)hat that )as for our good and advantage" We are& it seems& ;so did they $ry out&> only $ourageous against ourselves& )hile the 0omans are li#ely to gain the $ity )ithout .loodshed .y our sedition"I Thus did they en$ourage one another )hen they )ere gotten together& and too# their armor immediately& and ran out upon the tenth legion& and fell upon the 0omans )ith great eagerness& and )ith a prodigious shout& as they )ere fortifying their $amp" These 0omans )ere $aught in different parties& and this in order to perform their several )or#s& and on that a$$ount had in great measure laid aside their arms/ for they thought the Je)s )ould not have ventured to ma#e a sally upon them/ and had they .een disposed so to do& they supposed their sedition )ould have distra$ted them" So they )ere put into disorder une pe$tedly/ )hen some of hem left their )or#s they )ere a.out& and immediately mar$hed off& )hile many ran to their arms& .ut )ere smitten and slain .efore they $ould turn .a$# upon the enemy" The Je)s .e$ame still more and more in num.er& as en$ouraged .y the good su$$ess of those that first made the atta$#/ and )hile they had su$h good fortune& they seemed .oth to themselves and to the enemy to .e many more than they really )ere" The disorderly )ay of their fighting at first put the 0omans also to a stand& )ho had .een $onstantly used to fight s#illfully in good order& and )ith #eeping their ran#s& and o.eying the orders that )ere given them/ for )hi$h reason the 0omans )ere $aught une pe$tedly& and )ere o.liged to give )ay to the assaults that )ere made upon them" 1o) )hen these 0omans )ere overta#en& and turned .a$# upon the Je)s& they put a stop to their $areer/ yet )hen they did not ta#e $are enough of themselves through the vehemen$y of their pursuit& they )ere )ounded .y them/ .ut as still more and more Je)s sallied out of the $ity& the 0omans )ere at length .rought into $onfusion& and put to fight& and ran a)ay from their $amp" 1ay& things loo#ed as though the entire legion )ould have .een in danger& unless Titus had .een informed of the $ase they )ere in& and had sent them su$$ors immediately" So he reproa$hed them for their $o)ardi$e& and

.rought those .a$# that )ere running a)ay& and fell himself upon the Je)s on their flan#& )ith those sele$t troops that )ere )ith him& and sle) a $onsidera.le num.er& and )ounded more of them& and put them all to flight& and made them run a)ay hastily do)n the valley" 1o) as these Je)s suffered greatly in the de$livity of the valley& so )hen they )ere gotten over it& they turned a.out& and stood over against the 0omans& having the valley .et)een them& and there fought )ith them" Thus did they $ontinue the fight till noon/ .ut )hen it )as already a little after noon& Titus set those that $ame to the assistan$e of the 0omans )ith him& and those that .elonged to the $ohorts& to prevent the Je)s from ma#ing any more sallies& and then sent the rest of the legion to the upper part of the mountain& to fortify their $amp" C" This mar$h of the 0omans seemed to the Je)s to .e a flight/ and as the )at$hman )ho )as pla$ed upon the )all gave a signal .y sha#ing his garment& there $ame out a fresh multitude of Je)s& and that )ith su$h mighty violen$e& that one might $ompare it to the running of the most terri.le )ild .easts" To say the truth& none of those that opposed them $ould sustain the fury )ith )hi$h they made their atta$#s/ .ut& as if they had .een $ast out of an engine& they .ra#e the enemies2 ran#s to pie$es& )ho )ere put to flight& and ran a)ay to the mountain/ none .ut Titus himself& and a fe) others )ith him& .eing left in the midst of the a$$livity" 1o) these others& )ho )ere his friends& despised the danger they )ere in& and )ere ashamed to leave their general& earnestly e horting him to give )ay to these Je)s that are fond of dying& and not to run into su$h dangers .efore those that ought to stay .efore him/ to $onsider )hat his fortune )as& and not& .y supplying the pla$e of a $ommon soldier& to venture to turn .a$# upon the enemy so suddenly/ and this .e$ause he )as general in the )ar& and lord of the ha.ita.le earth& on )hose preservation the pu.li$ affairs do all depend" These persuasions Titus seemed not so mu$h as to hear& .ut opposed those that ran upon him& and smote them on the fa$e/ and )hen he had for$ed them to go .a$#& he sle) themE he also fell upon great num.ers as they mar$hed do)n the hill& and thrust them for)ard/ )hile those men )ere so ama?ed at his $ourage and his strength& that they $ould not fly dire$tly to the $ity& .ut de$lined from him on .oth sides& and pressed after those that fled up the hill/ yet did he still fall upon their flan#& and put a stop to their fury" In the mean time& a disorder and a terror fell again upon those that )ere fortifying their $amp at the top of the hill& upon their seeing those .eneath them running a)ay/ insomu$h that the )hole legion )as dispersed& )hile they thought that the sallies of the Je)s upon them )ere plainly insupporta.le& and that Titus )as himself put to flight/ .e$ause they too# it for granted& that& if he had staid& the rest )ould never have fled for it" Thus )ere they en$ompassed on every side .y a #ind of pani$ fear& and some dispersed themselves one )ay& and some another& till $ertain of them sa) their general in the very midst of an a$tion& and .eing under great $on$ern for him& they loudly pro$laimed the danger he )as in to the entire legion/ and no) shame made them turn .a$#& and they reproa$hed one another that they did )orse than run a)ay& .y deserting Caesar" So they used their utmost for$e against the Je)s& and de$lining from the straight de$livity& they drove them on heaps into the .ottom of the valley" Then did the Je)s turn a.out and fight them/ .ut as they )ere themselves retiring& and no)& .e$ause the 0omans had the advantage of the ground& and )ere a.ove the Je)s& they drove them all into the valley" Titus also pressed upon those that )ere near him& and sent the legion again to fortify their $amp/ )hile he& and those that )ere )ith him .efore& opposed the enemy& and #ept them from doing further mis$hief/ insomu$h that& if I may .e allo)ed neither to add any thing out of flattery& nor to diminish any thing out of envy& .ut to spea# the plain truth& Caesar did t)i$e deliver that entire legion )hen it )as in 7eopardy& and gave them a 6uiet opportunity of fortifying their $amp" +'D'OT+1 ;D> There .eing no gate on the )est& and only on the )est& side of the $ourt of the priests& and so no steps there& this )as the only side that the seditious& under this John of (is$hala& $ould .ring their engines $lose to the $loisters of that $ourt end-)ays& though upon the floor of the $ourt of Israel" See the s$heme of that temple& in the des$ription of the temples hereto .elonging" ;H> We may here note& that Titus is here $alled Ia #ing&I and ICaesar&I .y Josephus& even )hile he )as no more than the emperor2s son& and general of the 0oman army& and his father 8espasian )as still

alive/ 7ust as the 1e) Testament says IAr$helaus reigned&I or I)as #ing&I -atLAEAA& though he )as properly no more than ethnar$h& as Josephus assures us& Anti6" B" F8II" $h" @@" se$t" </ Of the War& B" II" $h" D" se$t" B" Thus also the Je)s $alled the 0oman emperors I#ings&I though they never too# that title to themselvesEI We have no #ing .ut Caesar&I JohL@ME@C" ISu.mit to the #ing as supreme&I @*eLAE@B& @*eLAE@H/ )hi$h is also the language of the Apostoli$al Constitutions& II" II& B@/ I8" @B/ 8" @M/ 8I" A& AC/ 8II" @D/ 8III" A& @B/ and else)here in the 1e) Testament& -atL@=E@G/ -atL@HEAC/ @TiLAEA/ and in Josephus also/ though I suspe$t Josephus parti$ularly esteemed Titus as 7oint #ing )ith his father ever sin$e his divine dreams that de$lared them .oth su$h& B" III" $h" G" se$t" M" ;G> This situation of the -ount of Olives& on the east of Jerusalem& at a.out the distan$e of five or si furlongs& )ith the valley of Cedron interposed .et)een that mountain and the $ity& are things )ell #no)n .oth in the Old and 1e) Testament& in Josephus else)here& and in all the des$riptions of *alestine"

CH(PT+, 3
HOW TH+ 1+D)T)O' W(1 (*()' ,+-)-+D W)TH)' J+,01(.+6 ('D 3+T TH+ J+W1 CO'T,)-+D 1'(,+1 /O, TH+ ,O6('15 HOW T)T01 (.1O TH,+(T+'+D H)1 1O.D)+,1 /O, TH+), 0'*O-+,'(B.+ ,(1H'+115
@" AS no) the )ar a.road $eased for a )hile& the sedition )ithin )as revived/ and on the feast of unleavened .read& )hi$h )as no) $ome& it .eing the fourteenth day of the month Fanthi$us& +1isan&, )hen it is .elieved the Je)s )ere first freed from the %gyptians& %lea?ar and his party opened the gates of this +inmost $ourt of the, temple& and admitted su$h of the people as )ere desirous to )orship (od into it" ;M> But John made use of this festival as a $loa# for his trea$herous designs& and armed the most in$onsidera.le of his o)n party& the greater part of )hom )ere not purified& )ith )eapons $on$ealed under their garments& and sent them )ith great ?eal into the temple& in order to sei?e upon it/ )hi$h armed men& )hen they )ere gotten in& thre) their garments a)ay& and presently appeared in their armor" 5pon )hi$h there )as a very great disorder and distur.an$e a.out the holy house/ )hile the people& )ho had no $on$ern in the sedition& supposed that this assault )as made against all )ithout distin$tion& as the ?ealots thought it )as made against themselves only" So these left off guarding the gates any longer& and leaped do)n from their .attlements .efore they $ame to an engagement& and fled a)ay into the su.terranean $averns of the temple/ )hile the people that stood trem.ling at the altar& and a.out the holy house& )ere rolled on heaps together& and trampled upon& and )ere .eaten .oth )ith )ooden and )ith iron )eapons )ithout mer$y" Su$h also as had differen$es )ith others sle) many persons that )ere 6uiet& out of their o)n private enmity and hatred& as if they )ere opposite to the seditious/ and all those that had formerly offended any of these plotters )ere no) #no)n& and )ere no) led a)ay to the slaughter/ and )hen they had done a.undan$e of horrid mis$hief to the guiltless& they granted a tru$e to the guilty& and let those go off that $ame $ut of the $averns" These follo)ers of John also did no) sei?e upon this inner temple& and upon all the )arli#e engines therein& and then ventured to oppose Simon" And thus that sedition& )hi$h had .een divided into three fa$tions& )as no) redu$ed to t)o" A" But Titus& intending to pit$h his $amp nearer to the $ity than S$opus& pla$ed as many of his $hoi$e horsemen and footmen as he thought suffi$ient opposite to the Je)s& to prevent their sallying out upon them& )hile he gave orders for the )hole army to level the distan$e& as far as the )all of the $ity" So they thre) do)n all the hedges and )alls )hi$h the inha.itants had made a.out their gardens and groves of trees& and $ut do)n all the fruit trees that lay .et)een them and the )all of the $ity& and filled up all the hollo) pla$es and the $hasms& and demolished the ro$#y pre$ipi$es )ith iron instruments/ and there.y made all the pla$e level from S$opus to Herod2s monuments& )hi$h ad7oined to the pool $alled the Serpent2s *ool"

B" 1o) at this very time the Je)s $ontrived the follo)ing stratagem against the 0omans" The .older sort of the seditious )ent out at the to)ers& $alled the Women2s To)ers& as if they had .een e7e$ted out of the $ity .y those )ho )ere for pea$e& and ram.led a.out as if they )ere afraid of .eing assaulted .y the 0omans& and )ere in fear of one another/ )hile those that stood upon the )all& and seemed to .e of the people2s side& $ried out aloud for pea$e& and entreated they might have se$urity for their lives given them& and $alled for the 0omans& promising to open the gates to them/ and as they $ried out after that manner& they thre) stones at their o)n people& as though they )ould drive them a)ay from the gates" These also pretended that they )ere e $luded .y for$e& and that they petitioned those that )ere )ithin to let them in/ and rushing upon the 0omans perpetually& )ith violen$e& they then $ame .a$#& and seemed to .e in great disorder" 1o) the 0oman soldiers thought this $unning stratagem of theirs )as to .e .elieved real& and thin#ing they had the one party under their po)er& and $ould punish them as they pleased& and hoping that the other party )ould open their gates to them& set to the e e$ution of their designs a$$ordingly" But for Titus himself& he had this surprising $ondu$t of the Je)s in suspi$ion/ for )hereas he had invited them to $ome to terms of a$$ommodation& .y Josephus& .ut one day .efore& he $ould then re$eive no $ivil ans)er from them/ so he ordered the soldiers to stay )here they )ere" Ho)ever& some of them that )ere set in the front of the )or#s prevented him& and $at$hing up their arms ran to the gates/ )hereupon those that seemed to have .een e7e$ted at the first retired/ .ut as soon as the soldiers )ere gotten .et)een the to)ers on ea$h side of the gate& the Je)s ran out and en$ompassed them round& and fell upon them .ehind& )hile that multitude )hi$h stood upon the )all thre) a heap of stones and darts of all #inds at them& insomu$h that they sle) a $onsidera.le num.er& and )ounded many more/ for it )as not easy for the 0omans to es$ape& .y reason those .ehind them pressed them for)ard/ .esides )hi$h& the shame they )ere under for .eing mista#en& and the fear they )ere in of their $ommanders& engaged them to persevere in their mista#e/ )herefore they fought )ith their spears a great )hile& and re$eived many .lo)s from the Je)s& though indeed they gave them as many .lo)s again& and at last repelled those that had en$ompassed them a.out& )hile the Je)s pursued them as they retired& and follo)ed them& and thre) darts at them as far as the monuments of 6ueen Helena" <" After this these Je)s& )ithout #eeping any de$orum& gre) insolent upon their good fortune& and 7ested upon the 0omans for .eing deluded .y the tri$# they .ad put upon them& and ma#ing a noise )ith .eating their shields& leaped for gladness& and made 7oyful e $lamations/ )hile these soldiers )ere re$eived )ith threatenings .y their offi$ers& and )ith indignation .y Caesar himself& +)ho spa#e to them thus,E These Je)s& )ho are only $ondu$ted .y their madness& do every thing )ith $are and $ir$umspe$tion/ they $ontrive stratagems& and lay am.ushes& and fortune gives su$$ess to their stratagems& .e$ause they are o.edient& and preserve their good)ill and fidelity to one another/ )hile the 0omans& to )hom fortune uses to .e ever su.servient& .y reason of their good order& and ready su.mission to their $ommanders& have no) had ill su$$ess .y their $ontrary .ehavior& and .y not .eing a.le to restrain their hands from a$tion& they have .een $aught/ and that )hi$h is the most to their reproa$h& they have gone on )ithout their $ommanders& in the very presen$e of Caesar" ITruly&I says Titus& Ithe la)s of )ar $annot .ut groan heavily& as )ill my father also himself& )hen he shall .e informed of this )ound that hath .een given us& sin$e he )ho is gro)n old in )ars did never ma#e so great a mista#e" Our la)s of )ar do also ever infli$t $apital punishment on those that in the least .rea# into good order& )hile at this time they have seen an entire army run into disorder" Ho)ever& those that have .een so insolent shall .e made immediately sensi.le& that even they )ho $on6uer among the 0omans )ithout orders for fighting are to .e under disgra$e"I When Titus had enlarged upon this matter .efore the $ommanders& it appeared evident that he )ould e e$ute the la) against all those that )ere $on$erned/ so these soldiers2 minds sun# do)n in despair& as e pe$ting to .e put to death& and that 7ustly and 6ui$#ly" Ho)ever& the other legions $ame round a.out Titus& and entreated his favor to these their fello) soldiers& and made suppli$ation to him& that he )ould pardon the rashness of a fe)& on a$$ount of the .etter o.edien$e of all the rest/ and promised for them that they should ma#e amends for their present fault& .y their more virtuous .ehavior for the time to $ome" C" So Caesar $omplied )ith their desires& and )ith )hat pruden$e di$tated to him also/ for he esteemed it fit to punish single persons .y real e e$utions& .ut that the punishment of great multitudes should

pro$eed no further than reproofs/ so he )as re$on$iled to the soldiers& .ut gave them a spe$ial $harge to a$t more )isely for the future/ and he $onsidered )ith himself ho) he might .e even )ith the Je)s for their stratagem" And no) )hen the spa$e .et)een the 0omans and the )all had .een leveled& )hi$h )as done in four days& and as he )as desirous to .ring the .aggage of the army& )ith the rest of the multitude that follo)ed him& safely to the $amp& he set the strongest part of his army over against that )all )hi$h lay on the north 6uarter of the $ity& and over against the )estern part of it& and made his army seven deep& )ith the foot-men pla$ed .efore them& and the horsemen .ehind them& ea$h of the last in three ran#s& )hilst the ar$hers stood in the midst in seven ran#s" And no) as the Je)s )ere prohi.ited& .y so great a .ody of men& from ma#ing sallies upon the 0omans& .oth the .easts that .are the .urdens& and .elonged to the three legions& and the rest of the multitude& mar$hed on )ithout any fear" But as for Titus himself& he )as .ut a.out t)o furlongs distant from the )all& at that part of it )here )as the $orner ;@=> and over against that to)er )hi$h )as $alled *sephinus& at )hi$h to)er the $ompass of the )all .elonging to the north .ended& and e tended itself over against the )est/ .ut the other part of the army fortified itself at the to)er $alled Hippi$us& and )as distant& in li#e manner& .y t)o furlongs from the $ity" Ho)ever& the tenth legion $ontinued in its o)n pla$e& upon the -ount of Olives" +'D'OT+1 ;M> Here )e see the true o$$asion of those vast num.ers of Je)s that )ere in Jerusalem during this siege .y Titus& and perished therein/ that the siege .egan at the feast of the passover& )hen su$h prodigious multitudes of Je)s and proselytes of the gate )ere $ome from all parts of Judea& and from other $ountries& in order to $ele.rate that great festival" See the note B" 8I" $h" M" se$t" B" Ta$itus himself informs us& that the num.er of men& )omen& and $hildren in Jerusalem& )hen it )as .esieged .y the 0omans& as he had .een informed" This information must have .een ta#en from the 0omansE for Josephus never re$ounts the num.ers of those that )ere .esieged& only he lets us #no)& that of the vulgar& $arried dead out of the gates& and .uried at the pu.li$ $harges& )as the li#e num.er of D==&===& $h" viii" se$t" H" Ho)ever& )hen Cestius (allus $ame first to the siege& that sum in Ta$itus is no )ay disagreea.le to Josephus2s history& though they )ere .e$ome mu$h more numerous )hen Titus en$ompassed the $ity at the passover" As to the num.er that perished during this siege& Josephus assures us& as )e shall see hereafter& they )ere @&@==&===& .esides MH&=== $aptives" But Ta$itus2s history of the last part of this siege is not no) e tant/ so )e $annot $ompare his parallel num.ers )ith those of Josephus" ;@=> *erhaps& says 'r" Hudson& here )as that gate& $alled the I(ate of the Corner&I in AChLADEM" See $h" <" se$t" A

CH(PT+,
TH+ D+1C,)PT)O' O/ J+,01(.+65
@" TH% $ity of Jerusalem )as fortified )ith three )alls& on su$h parts as )ere not en$ompassed )ith unpassa.le valleys/ for in su$h pla$es it had .ut one )all" The $ity )as .uilt upon t)o hills& )hi$h are opposite to one another& and have a valley to divide them asunder/ at )hi$h valley the $orresponding ro)s of houses on .oth hills end" Of these hills& that )hi$h $ontains the upper $ity is mu$h higher& and in length more dire$t" A$$ordingly& it )as $alled the ICitadel&I .y #ing 'avid/ he )as the father of that Solomon )ho .uilt this temple at the first/ .ut it is .y us $alled the I5pper -ar#et-pla$e"I But the other hill& )hi$h )as $alled IA$ra&I and sustains the lo)er $ity& is of the shape of a moon )hen she is horned/ over against this there )as a third hill& .ut naturally lo)er than A$ra& and parted formerly from the other .y a .road valley" Ho)ever& in those times )hen the Asamoneans reigned& they filled up that valley )ith earth& and had a mind to 7oin the $ity to the temple" They then too# off part of the height of A$ra& and redu$ed it to .e of less elevation than it )as .efore& that the temple might .e

superior to it" 1o) the 8alley of the Cheesemongers& as it )as $alled& and )as that )hi$h )e told you .efore distinguished the hill of the upper $ity from that of the lo)er& e tended as far as Siloam/ for that is the name of a fountain )hi$h hath s)eet )ater in it& and this in great plenty also" But on the outsides& these hills are surrounded .y deep valleys& and .y reason of the pre$ipi$es to them .elonging on .oth sides they are every )here unpassa.le" A" 1o)& of these three )alls& the old one )as hard to .e ta#en& .oth .y reason of the valleys& and of that hill on )hi$h it )as .uilt& and )hi$h )as a.ove them" But .esides that great advantage& as to the pla$e )here they )ere situated& it )as also .uilt very strong/ .e$ause 'avid and Solomon& and the follo)ing #ings& )ere very ?ealous a.out this )or#" 1o) that )all .egan on the north& at the to)er $alled IHippi$us&I and e tended as far as the IFistus&I a pla$e so $alled& and then& 7oining to the $oun$ilhouse& ended at the )est $loister of the temple" But if )e go the other )ay )est)ard& it .egan at the same pla$e& and e tended through a pla$e $alled IBethso&I to the gate of the %ssens/ and after that it )ent south)ard& having its .ending a.ove the fountain Siloam& )here it also .ends again to)ards the east at Solomon2s pool& and rea$hes as far as a $ertain pla$e )hi$h they $alled IOphlas&I )here it )as 7oined to the eastern $loister of the temple" The se$ond )all too# its .eginning from that gate )hi$h they $alled I(ennath&I )hi$h .elonged to the first )all/ it only en$ompassed the northern 6uarter of the $ity& and rea$hed as far as the to)er Antonia" The .eginning of the third )all )as at the to)er Hippi$us& )hen$e it rea$hed as far as the north 6uarter of the $ity& and the to)er *sephinus& and then )as so far e tended till it $ame over against the monuments of Helena& )hi$h Helena )as 6ueen of Adia.ene& the daughter of I?ates/ it then e tended further to a great length& and passed .y the sepul$hral $averns of the #ings& and .ent again at the to)er of the $orner& at the monument )hi$h is $alled the I-onument of the Fuller&I and 7oined to the old )all at the valley $alled the I8alley of Cedron"I It )as Agrippa )ho en$ompassed the parts added to the old $ity )ith this )all& )hi$h had .een all na#ed .efore/ for as the $ity gre) more populous& it gradually $rept .eyond its old limits& and those parts of it that stood north)ard of the temple& and 7oined that hill to the $ity& made it $onsidera.ly larger& and o$$asioned that hill& )hi$h is in num.er the fourth& and is $alled IBe?etha&I to .e inha.ited also" It lies over against the to)er Antonia& .ut is divided from it .y a deep valley& )hi$h )as dug on purpose& and that in order to hinder the foundations of the to)er of Antonia from 7oining to this hill& and there.y affording an opportunity for getting to it )ith ease& and hindering the se$urity that arose from its superior elevation/ for )hi$h reason also that depth of the dit$h made the elevation of the to)ers more remar#a.le" This ne)-.uilt part of the $ity )as $alled IBe?etha&I in our language& )hi$h& if interpreted in the (re$ian language& may .e $alled Ithe 1e) City"I Sin$e& therefore& its inha.itants stood in need of a $overing& the father of the present #ing& and of the same name )ith him& Agrippa& .egan that )all )e spo#e of/ .ut he left off .uilding it )hen he had only laid the foundations& out of the fear he )as in of Claudius Caesar& lest he should suspe$t that so strong a )all )as .uilt in order to ma#e some innovation in pu.li$ affairs/ for the $ity $ould no )ay have .een ta#en if that )all had .een finished in the manner it )as .egun/ as its parts )ere $onne$ted together .y stones t)enty $u.its long& and ten $u.its .road& )hi$h $ould never have .een either easily undermined .y any iron tools& or sha#en .y any engines" The )all )as& ho)ever& ten $u.its )ide& and it )ould pro.a.ly have had a height greater than that& had not his ?eal )ho .egan it .een hindered from e erting itself" After this& it )as ere$ted )ith great diligen$e .y the Je)s& as high as t)enty $u.its& a.ove )hi$h it had .attlements of t)o $u.its& and turrets of three $u.its altitude& insomu$h that the entire altitude e tended as far as t)enty-five $u.its" B" 1o) the to)ers that )ere upon it )ere t)enty $u.its in .readth& and t)enty $u.its in height/ they )ere s6uare and solid& as )as the )all itself& )herein the ni$eness of the 7oints& and the .eauty of the stones& )ere no )ay inferior to those of the holy house itself" A.ove this solid altitude of the to)ers& )hi$h )as t)enty $u.its& there )ere rooms of great magnifi$en$e& and over them upper rooms& and $isterns to re$eive rain-)ater" They )ere many in num.er& and the steps .y )hi$h you as$ended up to them )ere every one .roadE of these to)ers then the third )all had ninety& and the spa$es .et)een them )ere ea$h t)o hundred $u.its/ .ut in the middle )all )ere forty to)ers& and the old )all )as parted into si ty& )hile the )hole $ompass of the $ity )as thirty-three furlongs" 1o) the third )all )as all of it )onderful/ yet )as the to)er *sephinus elevated a.ove it at the north-)est $orner& and there

Titus pit$hed his o)n tent/ for .eing seventy $u.its high it .oth afforded a prospe$t of Ara.ia at sunrising& as )ell as it did of the utmost limits of the He.re) possessions at the sea )est)ard" -oreover& it )as an o$tagon& and over against it )as the to)er Hippli$us& and hard .y t)o others )ere ere$ted .y #ing Herod& in the old )all" These )ere for largeness& .eauty& and strength .eyond all that )ere in the ha.ita.le earth/ for .esides the magnanimity of his nature& and his magnifi$en$e to)ards the $ity on other o$$asions& he .uilt these after su$h an e traordinary manner& to gratify his o)n private affe$tions& and dedi$ated these to)ers to the memory of those three persons )ho had .een the dearest to him& and from )hom he named them" They )ere his .rother& his friend& and his )ife" This )ife he had slain& out of his love +and 7ealousy,& as )e have already related/ the other t)o he lost in )ar& as they )ere $ourageously fighting" Hippi$us& so named from his friend& )as s6uare/ its length and .readth )ere ea$h t)enty-five $u.its& and its height thirty& and it had no va$uity in it" Over this solid .uilding& )hi$h )as $omposed of great stones united together& there )as a reservoir t)enty $u.its deep& over )hi$h there )as a house of t)o stories& )hose height )as t)enty-five $u.its& and divided into several parts/ over )hi$h )ere .attlements of t)o $u.its& and turrets all round of three $u.its high& insomu$h that the entire height added together amounted to fours$ore $u.its" The se$ond to)er& )hi$h he named from his .rother *hasaelus& had its .readth and its height e6ual& ea$h of them forty $u.its/ over )hi$h )as its solid height of forty $u.its/ over )hi$h a $loister )ent round a.out& )hose height )as ten $u.its& and it )as $overed from enemies .y .reast-)or#s and .ul)ar#s" There )as also .uilt over that $loister another to)er& parted into magnifi$ent rooms& and a pla$e for .athing/ so that this to)er )anted nothing that might ma#e it appear to .e a royal pala$e" It )as also adorned )ith .attlements and turrets& more than )as the foregoing& and the entire altitude )as a.out ninety $u.its/ the appearan$e of it resem.led the to)er of *harus& )hi$h e hi.ited a fire to su$h as sailed to Ale andria& .ut )as mu$h larger than it in $ompass" This )as no) $onverted to a house& )herein Simon e er$ised his tyranni$al authority" The third to)er )as -ariamne& for that )as his 6ueen2s name/ it )as solid as high as t)enty $u.its/ its .readth and its length )ere t)enty $u.its& and )ere e6ual to ea$h other/ its upper .uildings )ere more magnifi$ent& and had greater variety& than the other to)ers had/ for the #ing thought it most proper for him to adorn that )hi$h )as denominated from his )ife& .etter than those denominated from men& as those )ere .uilt stronger than this that .ore his )ife2s name" The entire height of this to)er )as fifty $u.its" <" 1o) as these to)ers )ere so very tall& they appeared mu$h taller .y the pla$e on )hi$h they stood/ for that very old )all )herein they )ere )as .uilt on a high hill& and )as itself a #ind of elevation that )as still thirty $u.its taller/ over )hi$h )ere the to)ers situated& and there.y )ere made mu$h higher to appearan$e" The largeness also of the stones )as )onderful/ for they )ere not made of $ommon small stones& nor of su$h large ones only as men $ould $arry& .ut they )ere of )hite mar.le& $ut out of the ro$#/ ea$h stone )as t)enty $u.its in length& and ten in .readth& and five in depth" They )ere so e a$tly united to one another& that ea$h to)er loo#ed li#e one entire ro$# of stone& so gro)ing naturally& and after)ard $ut .y the hand of the artifi$ers into their present shape and $orners/ so little& or not at all& did their 7oints or $onne ion appear" lo) as these to)ers )ere themselves on the north side of the )all& the #ing had a pala$e in)ardly thereto ad7oined& )hi$h e $eeds all my a.ility to des$ri.e it/ for it )as so very $urious as to )ant no $ost nor s#ill in its $onstru$tion& .ut )as entirely )alled a.out to the height of thirty $u.its& and )as adorned )ith to)ers at e6ual distan$es& and )ith large .ed-$ham.ers& that )ould $ontain .eds for a hundred guests a-pie$e& in )hi$h the variety of the stones is not to .e e pressed/ for a large 6uantity of those that )ere rare of that #ind )as $olle$ted together" Their roofs )ere also )onderful& .oth for the length of the .eams& and the splendor of their ornaments" The num.er of the rooms )as also very great& and the variety of the figures that )ere a.out them )as prodigious/ their furniture )as $omplete& and the greatest part of the vessels that )ere put in them )as of silver and gold" There )ere .esides many porti$oes& one .eyond another& round a.out& and in ea$h of those porti$oes $urious pillars/ yet )ere all the $ourts that )ere e posed to the air every )here green" There )ere& moreover& several groves of trees& and long )al#s through them& )ith deep $anals& and $isterns& that in several parts )ere filled )ith .ra?en statues& through )hi$h the )ater ran out" There )ere )ithal many dove-$ourts ;@@> of tame pigeons a.out the $anals" But indeed it is not possi.le to give a $omplete des$ription of these pala$es/ and the very remem.ran$e of them is a torment to one& as putting one in mind )hat vastly ri$h .uildings that fire )hi$h )as #indled .y the

ro..ers hath $onsumed/ for these )ere not .urnt .y the 0omans& .ut .y these internal plotters& as )e have already related& in the .eginning of their re.ellion" That fire .egan at the to)er of Antonia& and )ent on to the pala$es& and $onsumed the upper parts of the three to)ers themselves" +'D'OT+1 ;@@> These dove-$ourts in Josephus& .uilt .y Herod the (reat& are& in the opinion of 0eland& the very same that are mentioned .y the Talmudists& and named .y them IHerod2s dove $ourts"I 1or is there any reason to suppose other)ise& sin$e in .oth a$$ounts they )ere e pressly tame pigeons )hi$h )ere #ept in them"

CH(PT+, !
( D+1C,)PT)O' O/ TH+ T+6P.+5
@" 1OW this temple& as I have already said& )as .uilt upon a strong hill" At first the plain at the top )as hardly suffi$ient for the holy house and the altar& for the ground a.out it )as very uneven& and li#e a pre$ipi$e/ .ut )hen #ing Solomon& )ho )as the person that .uilt the temple& had .uilt a )all to it on its east side& there )as then added one $loister founded on a .an# $ast up for it& and on the other parts the holy house stood na#ed" But in future ages the people added ne) .an#s& ;@A> and the hill .e$ame a larger plain" They then .ro#e do)n the )all on the north side& and too# in as mu$h as suffi$ed after)ard for the $ompass of the entire temple" And )hen they had .uilt )alls on three sides of the temple round a.out& from the .ottom of the hill& and had performed a )or# that )as greater than $ould .e hoped for& ;in )hi$h )or# long ages )ere spent .y them& as )ell as all their sa$red treasures )ere e hausted& )hi$h )ere still replenished .y those tri.utes )hi$h )ere sent to (od from the )hole ha.ita.le earth&> they then en$ompassed their upper $ourts )ith $loisters& as )ell as they +after)ard, did the lo)est +$ourt of the, temple" The lo)est part of this )as ere$ted to the height of three hundred $u.its& and in some pla$es more/ yet did not the entire depth of the foundations appear& for they .rought earth& and filled up the valleys& as .eing desirous to ma#e them on a level )ith the narro) streets of the $ity/ )herein they made use of stones of forty $u.its in magnitude/ for the great plenty of money they then had& and the li.erality of the people& made this attempt of theirs to su$$eed to an in$redi.le degree/ and )hat $ould not .e so mu$h as hoped for as ever to .e a$$omplished& )as& .y perseveran$e and length of time& .rought to perfe$tion" A" 1o) for the )or#s that )ere a.ove these foundations& these )ere not un)orthy of su$h foundations/ for all the $loisters )ere dou.le& and the pillars to them .elonging )ere t)enty-five $u.its in height& and supported the $loisters" These pillars )ere of one entire stone ea$h of them& and that stone )as )hite mar.le/ and the roofs )ere adorned )ith $edar& $uriously graven" The natural magnifi$en$e& and e $ellent polish& and the harmony of the 7oints in these $loisters& afforded a prospe$t that )as very remar#a.le/ nor )as it on the outside adorned )ith any )or# of the painter or engraver" The $loisters +of the outmost $ourt, )ere in .readth thirty $u.its& )hile the entire $ompass of it )as .y measure si furlongs& in$luding the to)er of Antonia/ those entire $ourts that )ere e posed to the air )ere laid )ith stones of all sorts" When you go through these +first, $loisters& unto the se$ond +$ourt of the, temple& there )as a partition made of stone all round& )hose height )as three $u.itsE its $onstru$tion )as very elegant/ upon it stood pillars& at e6ual distan$es from one another& de$laring the la) of purity& some in (ree#& and some in 0oman letters& that Ino foreigner should go )ithin that san$tuaryI for that se$ond +$ourt of the, temple )as $alled Ithe San$tuary&I and )as as$ended to .y fourteen steps from the first $ourt" This $ourt )as four-s6uare& and had a )all a.out it pe$uliar to itself/ the height of its .uildings& although it )ere on the outside forty $u.its& ;@B> )as hidden .y the steps& and on the inside that height )as .ut t)enty-five $u.its/ for it .eing .uilt over against a higher part of the hill )ith steps& it )as no further to .e entirely dis$erned )ithin& .eing $overed .y the hill itself" Beyond these thirteen steps there )as the distan$e of ten $u.its/ this )as all plain/ )hen$e there )ere other steps& ea$h of five

$u.its a-pie$e& that led to the gates& )hi$h gates on the north and south sides )ere eight& on ea$h of those sides four& and of ne$essity t)o on the east" For sin$e there )as a partition .uilt for the )omen on that side& as the proper pla$e )herein they )ere to )orship& there )as a ne$essity for a se$ond gate for themE this gate )as $ut out of its )all& over against the first gate" There )as also on the other sides one southern and one northern gate& through )hi$h )as a passage into the $ourt of the )omen/ for as to the other gates& the )omen )ere not allo)ed to pass through them/ nor )hen they )ent through their o)n gate $ould they go .eyond their o)n )all" This pla$e )as allotted to the )omen of our o)n $ountry& and of other $ountries& provided they )ere of the same nation& and that e6ually" The )estern part of this $ourt had no gate at all& .ut the )all )as .uilt entire on that side" But then the $loisters )hi$h )ere .et)i t the gates e tended from the )all in)ard& .efore the $ham.ers/ for they )ere supported .y very fine and large pillars" These $loisters )ere single& and& e $epting their magnitude& )ere no )ay inferior to those of the lo)er $ourt" B" 1o) nine of these gates )ere on every side $overed over )ith gold and silver& as )ere the 7am.s of their doors and their lintels/ .ut there )as one gate that )as )ithout the +in)ard $ourt of the, holy house& )hi$h )as of Corinthian .rass& and greatly e $elled those that )ere only $overed over )ith silver and gold" %a$h gate had t)o doors& )hose height )as severally thirty $u.its& and their .readth fifteen" Ho)ever& they had large spa$es )ithin of thirty $u.its& and had on ea$h side rooms& and those& .oth in .readth and in length& .uilt li#e to)ers& and their height )as a.ove forty $u.its" T)o pillars did also support these rooms& and )ere in $ir$umferen$e t)elve $u.its" 1o) the magnitudes of the other gates )ere e6ual one to another/ .ut that over the Corinthian gate& )hi$h opened on the east over against the gate of the holy house itself& )as mu$h larger/ for its height )as fifty $u.its/ and its doors )ere forty $u.its/ and it )as adorned after a most $ostly manner& as having mu$h ri$her and thi$#er plates of silver and gold upon them than the other" These nine gates had that silver and gold poured upon them .y Ale ander& the father of Ti.erius" 1o) there )ere fifteen steps& )hi$h led a)ay from the )all of the $ourt of the )omen to this greater gate/ )hereas those that led thither from the other gates )ere five steps shorter" <" As to the holy house itself& )hi$h )as pla$ed in the midst +of the inmost $ourt,& that most sa$red part of the temple& it )as as$ended to .y t)elve steps/ and in front its height and its .readth )ere e6ual& and ea$h a hundred $u.its& though it )as .ehind forty $u.its narro)er/ for on its front it had )hat may .e styled shoulders on ea$h side& that passed t)enty $u.its further" Its first gate )as seventy $u.its high& and t)enty-five $u.its .road/ .ut this gate had no doors/ for it represented the universal visi.ility of heaven& and that it $annot .e e $luded from any pla$e" Its front )as $overed )ith gold all over& and through it the first part of the house& that )as more in)ard& did all of it appear/ )hi$h& as it )as very large& so did all the parts a.out the more in)ard gate appear to shine to those that sa) them/ .ut then& as the entire house )as divided into t)o parts )ithin& it )as only the first part of it that )as open to our vie)" Its height e tended all along to ninety $u.its in height& and its length )as fifty $u.its& and its .readth t)enty" But that gate )hi$h )as at this end of the first part of the house )as& as )e have already o.served& all over $overed )ith gold& as )as its )hole )all a.out it/ it had also golden vines a.ove it& from )hi$h $lusters of grapes hung as tall as a man2s height" But then this house& as it )as divided into t)o parts& the inner part )as lo)er than the appearan$e of the outer& and had golden doors of fifty-five $u.its altitude& and si teen in .readth/ .ut .efore these doors there )as a veil of e6ual largeness )ith the doors" It )as a Ba.ylonian $urtain& em.roidered )ith .lue& and fine linen& and s$arlet& and purple& and of a $onte ture that )as truly )onderful" 1or )as this mi ture of $olors )ithout its mysti$al interpretation& .ut )as a #ind of image of the universe/ for .y the s$arlet there seemed to .e enigmati$ally signified fire& .y the fine fla the earth& .y the .lue the air& and .y the purple the sea/ t)o of them having their $olors the foundation of this resem.lan$e/ .ut the fine fla and the purple have their o)n origin for that foundation& the earth produ$ing the one& and the sea the other" This $urtain had also em.roidered upon it all that )as mysti$al in the heavens& e $epting that of the +t)elve, signs& representing living $reatures" C" When any persons entered into the temple& its floor re$eived them" This part of the temple therefore )as in height si ty $u.its& and its length the same/ )hereas its .readth )as .ut t)enty $u.itsE .ut still

that si ty $u.its in length )as divided again& and the first part of it )as $ut off at forty $u.its& and had in it three things that )ere very )onderful and famous among all man#ind& the $andlesti$#& the ta.le +of she)-.read,& and the altar of in$ense" 1o) the seven lamps signified the seven planets/ for so many there )ere springing out of the $andlesti$#" 1o) the t)elve loaves that )ere upon the ta.le signified the $ir$le of the ?odia$ and the year/ .ut the altar of in$ense& .y its thirteen #inds of s)eet-smelling spi$es )ith )hi$h the sea replenished it& signified that (od is the possessor of all things that are .oth in the uninha.ita.le and ha.ita.le parts of the earth& and that they are all to .e dedi$ated to his use" But the inmost part of the temple of all )as of t)enty $u.its" This )as also separated from the outer part .y a veil" In this there )as nothing at all" It )as ina$$essi.le and inviola.le& and not to .e seen .y any/ and )as $alled the Holy of Holies" 1o)& a.out the sides of the lo)er part of the temple& there )ere little houses& )ith passages out of one into another/ there )ere a great many of them& and they )ere of three stories high/ there )ere also entran$es on ea$h side into them from the gate of the temple" But the superior part of the temple had no su$h little houses any further& .e$ause the temple )as there narro)er& and forty $u.its higher& and of a smaller .ody than the lo)er parts of it" Thus )e $olle$t that the )hole height& in$luding the si ty $u.its from the floor& amounted to a hundred $u.its" D" 1o) the out)ard fa$e of the temple in its front )anted nothing that )as li#ely to surprise either men2s minds or their eyes/ for it )as $overed all over )ith plates of gold of great )eight& and& at the first rising of the sun& refle$ted .a$# a very fiery splendor& and made those )ho for$ed themselves to loo# upon it to turn their eyes a)ay& 7ust as they )ould have done at the sun2s o)n rays" But this temple appeared to strangers& )hen they )ere $oming to it at a distan$e& li#e a mountain $overed )ith sno)/ for as to those parts of it that )ere not gilt& they )ere e $eeding )hite" On its top it had spi#es )ith sharp points& to prevent any pollution of it .y .irds sitting upon it" Of its stones& some of them )ere forty-five $u.its in length& five in height& and si in .readth" Before this temple stood the altar& fifteen $u.its high& and e6ual .oth in length and .readth/ ea$h of )hi$h dimensions )as fifty $u.its" The figure it )as .uilt in )as a s6uare& and it had $orners li#e horns/ and the passage up to it )as .y an insensi.le a$$livity" It )as formed )ithout any iron tool& nor did any su$h iron tool so mu$h as tou$h it at any time" There )as also a )all of partition& a.out a $u.it in height& made of fine stones& and so as to .e grateful to the sight/ this en$ompassed the holy house and the altar& and #ept the people that )ere on the outside off from the priests" -oreover& those that had the gonorrhea and the leprosy )ere e $luded out of the $ity entirely/ )omen also& )hen their $ourses )ere upon them& )ere shut out of the temple/ nor )hen they )ere free from that impurity& )ere they allo)ed to go .eyond the limit .eforementioned/ men also& that )ere not thoroughly pure& )ere prohi.ited to $ome into the inner +$ourt of the, temple/ nay& the priests themselves that )ere not pure )ere prohi.ited to $ome into it also" H" 1o) all those of the sto$# of the priests that $ould not minister .y reason of some defe$t in their .odies& $ame )ithin the partition& together )ith those that had no su$h imperfe$tion& and had their share )ith them .y reason of their sto$#& .ut still made use of none e $ept their o)n private garments/ for no.ody .ut he that offi$iated had on his sa$red garments/ .ut then those priests that )ere )ithout any .lemish upon them )ent up to the altar $lothed in fine linen" They a.stained $hiefly from )ine& out of this fear& lest other)ise they should transgress some rules of their ministration" The high priest did also go up )ith them/ not al)ays indeed& .ut on the seventh days and ne) moons& and if any festivals .elonging to our nation& )hi$h )e $ele.rate every year& happened" When he offi$iated& he had on a pair of .ree$hes that rea$hed .eneath his privy parts to his thighs& and had on an inner garment of linen& together )ith a .lue garment& round& )ithout seam& )ith fringe )or#& and rea$hing to the feet" There )ere also golden .ells that hung upon the fringes& and pomegranates intermi ed among them" The .ells signified thunder& and the pomegranates lightning" But that girdle that tied the garment to the .reast )as em.roidered )ith five ro)s of various $olors& of gold& and purple& and s$arlet& as also of fine linen and .lue& )ith )hi$h $olors )e told you .efore the veils of the temple )ere em.roidered also" The li#e em.roidery )as upon the ephod/ .ut the 6uantity of gold therein )as greater" Its figure )as that of a stoma$her for the .reast" There )ere upon it t)o golden .uttons li#e small shields& )hi$h .uttoned the ephod to the garment/ in these .uttons )ere en$losed t)o very large and very e $ellent sardony es& having the names of the tri.es of that nation engraved upon themE on the other part there hung t)elve stones& three in a ro) one )ay& and four in the other/ a sardius& a topa?& and an emerald/ a

$ar.un$le& a 7asper& and a sapphire/ an agate& an amethyst& and a ligure/ an ony & a .eryl& and a $hrysolite/ upon every one of )hi$h )as again engraved one of the forementioned names of the tri.es" A mitre also of fine linen en$ompassed his head& )hi$h )as tied .y a .lue ri..on& a.out )hi$h there )as another golden $ro)n& in )hi$h )as engraven the sa$red name +of (od,E it $onsists of four vo)els" Ho)ever& the high priest did not )ear these garments at other times& .ut a more plain ha.it/ he only did it )hen he )ent into the most sa$red part of the temple& )hi$h he did .ut on$e in a year& on that day )hen our $ustom is for all of us to #eep a fast to (od" And thus mu$h $on$erning the $ity and the temple/ .ut for the $ustoms and la)s hereto relating& )e shall spea# more a$$urately another time/ for there remain a great many things thereto relating )hi$h have not .een here tou$hed upon" G" 1o) as to the to)er of Antonia& it )as situated at the $orner of t)o $loisters of the $ourt of the temple/ of that on the )est& and that on the north/ it )as ere$ted upon a ro$# of fifty $u.its in height& and )as on a great pre$ipi$e/ it )as the )or# of #ing Herod& )herein he demonstrated his natural magnanimity" In the first pla$e& the ro$# itself )as $overed over )ith smooth pie$es of stone& from its foundation& .oth for ornament& and that any one )ho )ould either try to get up or to go do)n it might not .e a.le to hold his feet upon it" 1e t to this& and .efore you $ome to the edifi$e of the to)er itself& there )as a )all three $u.its high/ .ut )ithin that )all all the spa$e of the to)er of Antonia itself )as .uilt upon& to the height of forty $u.its" The in)ard parts had the largeness and form of a pala$e& it .eing parted into all #inds of rooms and other $onvenien$es& su$h as $ourts& and pla$es for .athing& and .road spa$es for $amps/ insomu$h that& .y having all $onvenien$es that $ities )anted& it might seem to .e $omposed of several $ities& .ut .y its magnifi$en$e it seemed a pala$e" And as the entire stru$ture resem.led that of a to)er& it $ontained also four other distin$t to)ers at its four $orners/ )hereof the others )ere .ut fifty $u.its high/ )hereas that )hi$h lay upon the southeast $orner )as seventy $u.its high& that from then$e the )hole temple might .e vie)ed/ .ut on the $orner )here it 7oined to the t)o $loisters of the temple& it had passages do)n to them .oth& through )hi$h the guard ;for there al)ays lay in this to)er a 0oman legion> )ent several )ays among the $loisters& )ith their arms& on the Je)ish festivals& in order to )at$h the people& that they might not there attempt to ma#e any innovations/ for the temple )as a fortress that guarded the $ity& as )as the to)er of Antonia a guard to the temple/ and in that to)er )ere the guards of those three ;@<>" There )as also a pe$uliar fortress .elonging to the upper $ity& )hi$h )as Herod2s pala$e/ .ut for the hill Be?etha& it )as divided from the to)er Antonia& as )e have already told you/ and as that hill on )hi$h the to)er of Antonia stood )as the highest of these three& so did it ad7oin to the ne) $ity& and )as the only pla$e that hindered the sight of the temple on the north" And this shall suffi$e at present to have spo#en a.out the $ity and the )alls a.out it& .e$ause I have proposed to myself to ma#e a more a$$urate des$ription of it else)here" +'D'OT+1 ;@A> See the des$ription of the temples hereto .elonging& $h" @C" But note& that )hat Josephus here says of the original s$antiness of this -ount -oriah& that it )as 6uite too little for the temple& and that at first it held only one $loister or $ourt of Solomon2s .uilding& and that the foundations )ere for$ed to .e added long after)ards .y degrees& to render it $apa.le of the $loisters for the other $ourts& et$"& is )ithout all foundation in the S$riptures& and not at all $onfirmed .y his e a$ter a$$ount in the Anti6uities" All that is or $an .e true here is this& that )hen the $ourt of the (entiles )as long after)ard to .e en$ompassed )ith $loisters& the southern foundation for these $loisters )as found not to .e large or firm enough& and )as raised& and that additional foundation supported .y great pillars and ar$hes under ground& )hi$h Josephus spea#s of else)here& Anti6" B" F8" $h" @@" se$t" B& and )hi$h -r" -aundrel sa)& and des$ri.es& p" @==& as e tant under ground at this day" ;@B> What Josephus seems here to mean is thisE that these pillars& supporting the $loisters in the se$ond $ourt& had their foundations or lo)est parts as deep as the floor of the first or lo)est $ourt/ .ut that so far of those lo)est parts as )ere e6ual to the elevation of the upper floor a.ove the lo)est )ere& and must .e& hidden on the inside .y the ground or ro$# itself& on )hi$h that upper $ourt )as .uilt/ so that forty $u.its visi.le .elo) )ere redu$ed to t)enty-five visi.le a.ove& and implies the differen$e of

their heights to .e fifteen $u.its" The main diffi$ulty lies here& ho) fourteen or fifteen steps should give an as$ent of fifteen $u.its& half a $u.it seeming suffi$ient for a single step" *ossi.ly there )ere fourteen or fifteen steps at the partition )all& and fourteen or fifteen more then$e into the $ourt itself& )hi$h )ould .ring the )hole near to the 7ust proportion" See se$t" B& infra" But I determine nothing" ;@<> These three guards that lay in the to)er of Antonia must .e those that guarded the $ity& the temple& and the to)er of Antonia"

CH(PT+, "
CO'C+,')'* TH+ T3,('T1 1)6O' ('D JOH'5 HOW (.1O (1 T)T01 W(1 *O)'* ,O0'D TH+ W(.. O/ TH)1 C)T3 ')C('O, W(1 WO0'D+D B3 ( D(,T; WH)CH (CC)D+'T P,O-O7+D T)T01 TO P,+11 O' TH+ 1)+*+5
@" 1OW the )arli#e men that )ere in the $ity& and the multitude of the seditious that )ere )ith Simon& )ere ten thousand& .esides the Idumeans" Those ten thousand had fifty $ommanders& over )hom this Simon )as supreme" The Idumeans that paid him homage )ere five thousand& and had eight $ommanders& among )hom those of greatest fame )ere Ja$o. the son of Sosas& and Simon the son of Cathlas" Jotre& )ho had sei?ed upon the temple& had si thousand armed men under t)enty $ommanders/ the ?ealots also that had $ome over to him& and left off their opposition& )ere t)o thousand four hundred& and had the same $ommander that they had formerly& %lea?ar& together )ith Simon the son of Arinus" 1o)& )hile these fa$tions fought one against another& the people )ere their prey on .oth sides& as )e have said already/ and that part of the people )ho )ould not 7oin )ith them in their )i$#ed pra$ti$es )ere plundered .y .oth fa$tions" Simon held the upper $ity& and the great )all as far as Cedron& and as mu$h of the old )all as .ent from Siloam to the east& and )hi$h )ent do)n to the pala$e of -ono.a?us& )ho )as #ing of the Adia.eni& .eyond %uphrates/ he also held that fountain& and the A$ra& )hi$h )as no other than the lo)er $ity/ he also held all that rea$hed to the pala$e of 6ueen Helena& the mother of -ono.a?us" But John held the temple& and the parts thereto ad7oining& for a great )ay& as also Ophla& and the valley $alled Ithe 8alley of Cedron/I and )hen the parts that )ere interposed .et)een their possessions )ere .urnt .y them& they left a spa$e )herein they might fight )ith ea$h other/ for this internal sedition did not $ease even )hen the 0omans )ere en$amped near their very )all" But although they had gro)n )iser at the first onset the 0omans made upon them& this lasted .ut a )hile/ for they returned to their former madness& and separated one from another& and fought it out& and did everything that the .esiegers $ould desire them to do/ for they never suffered any thing that )as )orse from the 0omans than they made ea$h other suffer/ nor )as there any misery endured .y the $ity after these men2s a$tions that $ould .e esteemed ne)" But it )as most of all unhappy .efore it )as overthro)n& )hile those that too# it did it a greater #indness for I venture to affirm that the sedition destroyed the $ity& and the 0omans destroyed the sedition& )hi$h it )as a mu$h harder thing to do than to destroy the )alls/ so that )e may 7ustly as$ri.e our misfortunes to our o)n people& and the 7ust vengean$e ta#en on them to the 0omans/ as to )hi$h matter let every one determine .y the a$tions on .oth sides" A" 1o) )hen affairs )ithin the $ity )ere in this posture& Titus )ent round the $ity on the outside )ith some $hosen horsemen& and loo#ed a.out for a proper pla$e )here he might ma#e an impression upon the )alls/ .ut as he )as in dou.t )here he $ould possi.ly ma#e an atta$# on any side& ;for the pla$e )as no )ay a$$essi.le )here the valleys )ere& and on the other side the first )all appeared too strong to .e sha#en .y the engines&> he thereupon thought it .est to ma#e his assault upon the monument of John the high priest/ for there it )as that the first fortifi$ation )as lo)er& and the se$ond )as not 7oined to it& the .uilders negle$ting to .uild strong )here the ne) $ity )as not mu$h inha.ited/ here also )as an easy passage to the third )all& through )hi$h he thought to ta#e the upper $ity& and& through the to)er of Antonia& the temple itself But at this time& as he )as going round a.out the $ity&

one of his friends& )hose name )as 1i$anor& )as )ounded )ith a dart on his left shoulder& as he approa$hed& together )ith Josephus& too near the )all& and attempted to dis$ourse to those that )ere upon the )all& a.out terms of pea$e/ for he )as a person #no)n .y them" On this a$$ount it )as that Caesar& as soon as he #ne) their vehemen$e& that they )ould not hear even su$h as approa$hed them to persuade them to )hat tended to their o)n preservation& )as provo#ed to press on the siege" He also at the same time gave his soldiers leave to set the su.ur.s on fire& and ordered that they should .ring tim.er together& and raise .an#s against the $ity/ and )hen he had parted his army into three parts& in order to set a.out those )or#s& he pla$ed those that shot darts and the ar$hers in the midst of the .an#s that )ere then raising/ .efore )hom he pla$ed those engines that thre) 7avelins& and darts& and stones& that he might prevent the enemy from sallying out upon their )or#s& and might hinder those that )ere upon the )all from .eing a.le to o.stru$t them" So the trees )ere no) $ut do)n immediately& and the su.ur.s left na#ed" But no) )hile the tim.er )as $arrying to raise the .an#s& and the )hole army )as earnestly engaged in their )or#s& the Je)s )ere not& ho)ever& 6uiet/ and it happened that the people of Jerusalem& )ho had .een hitherto plundered and murdered& )ere no) of good $ourage& and supposed they should have a .reathing time& )hile the others )ere very .usy in opposing their enemies )ithout the $ity& and that they should no) .e avenged on those that had .een the authors of their miseries& in $ase the 0omans did .ut get the vi$tory" B" Ho)ever& John staid .ehind& out of his fear of Simon& even )hile his o)n men )ere earnest in ma#ing a sally upon their enemies )ithout" !et did not Simon lie still& for he lay near the pla$e of the siege/ he .rought his engines of )ar& and disposed of them at due distan$es upon the )all& .oth those )hi$h they too# from Cestius formerly& and those )hi$h they got )hen they sei?ed the garrison that lay in the to)er Antonia" But though they had these engines in their possession& they had so little s#ill in using them& that they )ere in great measure useless to them/ .ut a fe) there )ere )ho had .een taught .y deserters ho) to use them& )hi$h they did use& though after an a)#)ard manner" So they $ast stones and arro)s at those that )ere ma#ing the .an#s/ they also ran out upon them .y $ompanies& and fought )ith them" 1o) those that )ere at )or# $overed themselves )ith hurdles spread over their .an#s& and their engines )ere opposed to them )hen they made their e $ursions" The engines& that all the legions had ready prepared for them& )ere admira.ly $ontrived/ .ut still more e traordinary ones .elonged to the tenth legionE those that thre) darts and those that thre) stones )ere more for$i.le and larger than the rest& .y )hi$h they not only repelled the e $ursions of the Je)s& .ut drove those a)ay that )ere upon the )alls also" 1o) the stones that )ere $ast )ere of the )eight of a talent& and )ere $arried t)o furlongs and further" The .lo) they gave )as no )ay to .e sustained& not only .y those that stood first in the )ay& .ut .y those that )ere .eyond them for a great spa$e" As for the Je)s& they at first )at$hed the $oming of the stone& for it )as of a )hite $olor& and $ould therefore not only .e per$eived .y the great noise it made& .ut $ould .e seen also .efore it $ame .y its .rightness/ a$$ordingly the )at$hmen that sat upon the to)ers gave them noti$e )hen the engine )as let go& and the stone $ame from it& and $ried out aloud& in their o)n $ountry language& TH% STO1% CO-%TH ;@C> so those that )ere in its )ay stood off& and thre) themselves do)n upon the ground/ .y )hi$h means& and .y their thus guarding themselves& the stone fell do)n and did them no harm" But the 0omans $ontrived ho) to prevent that .y .la$#ing the stone& )ho then $ould aim at them )ith su$$ess& )hen the stone )as not dis$erned .eforehand& as it had .een till then/ and so they destroyed many of them at one .lo)" !et did not the Je)s& under all this distress& permit the 0omans to raise their .an#s in 6uiet/ .ut they shre)dly and .oldly e erted themselves& and repelled them .oth .y night and .y day" <" And no)& upon the finishing the 0oman )or#s& the )or#men measured the distan$e there )as from the )all& and this .y lead and a line& )hi$h they thre) to it from their .an#s/ for they $ould not measure it any other)ise& .e$ause the Je)s )ould shoot at them& if they $ame to measure it themselves/ and )hen they found that the engines $ould rea$h the )all& they .rought them thither" Then did Titus set his engines at proper distan$es& so mu$h nearer to the )all& that the Je)s might not .e a.le to repel them& and gave orders they should go to )or#/ and )hen thereupon a prodigious noise e$hoed round a.out from three pla$es& and that on the sudden there )as a great noise made .y the $iti?ens that )ere )ithin the $ity& and no less a terror fell upon the seditious themselves/ )hereupon .oth sorts& seeing the $ommon danger they )ere in& $ontrived to ma#e a li#e defense" So those of

different fa$tions $ried out one to another& that they a$ted entirely as in $on$ert )ith their enemies/ )hereas they ought ho)ever& not)ithstanding (od did not grant them a lasting $on$ord& in their present $ir$umstan$es& to lay aside their enmities one against another& and to unite together against the 0omans" A$$ordingly& Simon gave those that $ame from the temple leave& .y pro$lamation& to go upon the )all/ John also himself& though he $ould not .elieve Simon )as in earnest& gave them the same leave" So on .oth sides they laid aside their hatred and their pe$uliar 6uarrels& and formed themselves into one .ody/ they then ran round the )alls& and having a vast num.er of tor$hes )ith them& they thre) them at the ma$hines& and shot darts perpetually upon those that impelled those engines )hi$h .attered the )all/ nay& the .older sort leaped out .y troops upon the hurdles that $overed the ma$hines& and pulled them to pie$es& and fell upon those that .elonged to them& and .eat them& not so mu$h .y any s#ill they had& as prin$ipally .y the .oldness of their atta$#s" Ho)ever& Titus himself still sent assistan$e to those that )ere the hardest set& and pla$ed .oth horsemen and ar$hers on the several sides of the engines& and there.y .eat off those that .rought the fire to them/ he also there.y repelled those that shot stones or darts from the to)ers& and then set the engines to )or# in good earnest/ yet did not the )all yield to these .lo)s& e $epting )here the .attering ram of the fifteenth legion moved the $orner of a to)er& )hile the )all itself $ontinued unhurt/ for the )all )as not presently in the same danger )ith the to)er& )hi$h )as e tant far a.ove it/ nor $ould the fall of that part of the to)er easily .rea# do)n any part of the )all itself together )ith it" C" And no) the Je)s intermitted their sallies for a )hile/ .ut )hen they o.served the 0omans dispersed all a.road at their )or#s& and in their several $amps& ;for they thought the Je)s had retired out of )eariness and fear&> they all at on$e made a sally at the to)er Hippi$us& through an o.s$ure gate& and at the same time .rought fire to .urn the )or#s& and )ent .oldly up to the 0omans& and to their very fortifi$ations themselves& )here& at the $ry they made& those that )ere near them $ame presently to their assistan$e& and those farther off $ame running after them/ and here the .oldness of the Je)s )as too hard for the good order of the 0omans/ and as they .eat those )hom they first fell upon& so they pressed upon those that )ere no) gotten together" So this fight a.out the ma$hines )as very hot& )hile the one side tried hard to set them on fire& and the other side to prevent it/ on .oth sides there )as a $onfused $ry made& and many of those in the forefront of the .attle )ere slain" Ho)ever& the Je)s )ere no) too hard for the 0omans& .y the furious assaults they made li#e madmen/ and the fire $aught hold of the )or#s& and .oth all those )or#s& and the engines themselves& had .een in danger of .eing .urnt& had not many of these sele$t soldiers that $ame from Ale andria opposed themselves to prevent it& and had they not .ehaved themselves )ith greater $ourage than they themselves supposed they $ould have done/ for they outdid those in this fight that had greater reputation than themselves .efore" This )as the state of things till Caesar too# the stoutest of his horsemen& and atta$#ed the enemy& )hile he himself sle) t)elve of those that )ere in the forefront of the Je)s/ )hi$h death of these men& )hen the rest of the multitude sa)& they gave )ay& and he pursued them& and drove them all into the $ity& and saved the )or#s from the fire" 1o) it happened at this fight that a $ertain Je) )as ta#en alive& )ho& .y Titus2s order& )as $ru$ified .efore the )all& to see )hether the rest of them )ould .e aftrighted& and a.ate of their o.stina$y" But after the Je)s )ere retired& John& )ho )as $ommander of the Idumeans& and )as tal#ing to a $ertain soldier of his a$6uaintan$e .efore the )all& )as )ounded .y a dart shot at him .y an Ara.ian& and died immediately& leaving the greatest lamentation to the Je)s& and sorro) to the seditious" For he )as a man of great eminen$e& .oth for his a$tions and his $ondu$t also" +'D'OT+1 ;@C> What should .e the meaning of this signal or )at$h)ord& )hen the )at$hmen sa) a stone $oming from the engine& IThe Stone Cometh&I or )hat mista#e there is in the reading& I $annot tell" The -SS"& .oth (ree# and 4atin& all agree in this reading/ and I $annot approve of any groundless $on7e$tural alteration of the te t from ro to lop& that not the son or a stone& .ut that the arro) or dart $ometh/ as hath .een made .y 'r" Hudson& and not $orre$ted .y Haver$amp" Had Josephus )ritten even his first edition of these .oo#s of the )ar in pure He.re)& or had the Je)s then used the pure He.re) at Jerusalem& the He.re) )ord for a son is so li#e that for a stone& .en and e.en& that su$h a $orre$tion

might have .een more easily admitted" But Josephus )rote his former edition for the use of the Je)s .eyond %uphrates& and so in the Chaldee language& as he did this se$ond edition in the (ree# language/ and .ar )as the Chaldee )ord for son& instead of the He.re) .en& and )as used not only in Chaldea& et$" .ut in Judea also& as the 1e) Testament informs us" 'io lets us #no) that the very 0omans at 0ome pronoun$ed the name of Simon the son of (iora& Bar *oras for Bar (ioras& as )e learn from Fiphiline& p" A@H" 0eland ta#es noti$e& Ithat many )ill here loo# for a mystery& as though the meaning )ere& that the Son of (od $ame no) to ta#e vengean$e on the sins of the Je)ish nation/I )hi$h is indeed the truth of the fa$t& .ut hardly )hat the Je)s $ould no) mean/ unless possi.ly .y )ay of derision of Christ2s threatening so often made& that he )ould $ome at the head of the 0oman army for their destru$tion" But even this interpretation has .ut a very small degree of pro.a.ility" If I )ere to ma#e an emendation .y mere $on7e$ture& I )ould read instead of& though the li#eness .e not so great as in lo/ .e$ause that is the )ord used .y Josephus 7ust .efore& as has .een already noted on this very o$$asion& )hile& an arro) or dart& is only a poeti$al )ord& and never used .y Josephus else)here& and is indeed no )ay suita.le to the o$$asion& this engine not thro)ing arro)s or darts& .ut great stones& at this time"

CH(PT+, #
HOW O'+ O/ TH+ TOW+,1 +,+CT+D B3 TH+ ,O6('1 /+.. DOW' O/ )T1 OW' (CCO,D; ('D HOW TH+ ,O6('1 (/T+, *,+(T 1.(0*HT+, H(D B++' 6(D+ *OT PO11+11)O' O/ TH+ /),1T W(..5 HOW (.1O T)T01 6(D+ H)1 (11(0.T1 0PO' TH+ 1+CO'D W(..; (1 (.1O CO'C+,')'* .O'*)'01 TH+ ,O6('8 ('D C(1TO, TH+ J+W5
@" 1OW& on the ne t night& a surprising distur.an$e fell upon the 0omans/ for )hereas Titus had given orders for the ere$tion of three to)ers of fifty $u.its high& that .y setting men upon them at every .an#& he might from then$e drive those a)ay )ho )ere upon the )all& it so happened that one of these to)ers fell do)n a.out midnight/ and as its fall made a very great noise& fear fell upon the army& and they& supposing that the enemy )as $oming to atta$# them& ran all to their arms" Whereupon a distur.an$e and a tumult arose among the legions& and as no.ody $ould tell )hat had happened& they )ent on after a dis$onsolate manner/ and seeing no enemy appear& they )ere afraid one of another& and every one demanded of his neigh.or the )at$h)ord )ith great earnestness& as though the Je)s had invaded their $amp" And no) )ere they li#e people under a pani$ fear& till Titus )as informed of )hat had happened& and gave orders that all should .e a$6uainted )ith it/ and then& though )ith some diffi$ulty& they got $lear of the distur.an$e they had .een under" A" 1o) these to)ers )ere very trou.lesome to the Je)s& )ho other)ise opposed the 0omans very $ourageously/ for they shot at them out of their lighter engines from those to)ers& as they did also .y those that thre) darts& and the ar$hers& and those that flung stones" For neither $ould the Je)s rea$h those that )ere over them& .y reason of their height/ and it )as not pra$ti$a.le to ta#e them& nor to overturn them& they )ere so heavy& nor to set them on fire& .e$ause they )ere $overed )ith plates of iron" So they retired out of the rea$h of the darts& and did no longer endeavor to hinder the impression of their rams& )hi$h& .y $ontinually .eating upon the )all& did gradually prevail against it/ so that the )all already gave )ay to the 1i$o& for .y that name did the Je)s themselves $all the greatest of their engines& .e$ause it $on6uered all things" And no) they )ere for a long )hile gro)n )eary of fighting& and of #eeping guards& and )ere retired to lodge in the night time at a distan$e from the )all" It )as on other a$$ounts also thought .y them to .e superfluous to guard the )all& there .eing .esides that t)o other fortifi$ations still remaining& and they .eing slothful& and their $ounsels having .een ill $on$erted on all o$$asions/ so a great many gre) la?y and retired" Then the 0omans mounted the .rea$h& )here 1i$o had made one& and all the Je)s left the guarding that )all& and retreated to the se$ond )all/ so those that had gotten over that )all opened the gates& and re$eived all the army )ithin

it" And thus did the 0omans get possession of this first )all& on the fifteenth day of the siege& )hi$h )as the seventh day of the month Artemisius& +Jyar&, )hen they demolished a great part of it& as )ell as they did of the northern parts of the $ity& )hi$h had .een demolished also .y Cestius formerly" B" And no) Titus pit$hed his $amp )ithin the $ity& at that pla$e )hi$h )as $alled Ithe Camp of the Assyrians&I having sei?ed upon all that lay as far as Cedron& .ut too# $are to .e out of the rea$h of the Je)s2 darts" He then presently .egan his atta$#s& upon )hi$h the Je)s divided themselves into several .odies& and $ourageously defended that )all/ )hile John and his fa$tion did it from the to)er of Antonia& and from the northern $loister of the temple& and fought the 0omans .efore the monuments of #ing Ale ander/ and Sireoh2s army also too# for their share the spot of ground that )as near John2s monument& and fortified it as far as to that gate )here )ater )as .rought in to the to)er Hippi$us" Ho)ever& the Je)s made violent sallies& and that fre6uently also& and in .odies together out of the gates& and there fought the 0omans/ and )hen they )ere pursued all together to the )all& they )ere .eaten in those fights& as )anting the s#ill of the 0omans" But )hen they fought them from the )alls& they )ere too hard for them/ the 0omans .eing en$ouraged .y their po)er& 7oined to their s#ill& as )ere the Je)s .y their .oldness& )hi$h )as nourished .y the fear they )ere in& and that hardiness )hi$h is natural to our nation under $alamities/ they )ere also en$ouraged still .y the hope of deliveran$e& as )ere the 0omans .y their hopes of su.duing them in a little time" 1or did either side gro) )eary/ .ut atta$#s and rightings upon the )all& and perpetual sallies out in .odies& )ere there all the day long/ nor )ere there any sort of )arli#e engagements that )ere not then put in use" And the night itself had mu$h ado to part them& )hen they .egan to fight in the morning/ nay& the night itself )as passed )ithout sleep on .oth sides& and )as more uneasy than the day to them& )hile the one )as afraid lest the )all should .e ta#en& and the other lest the Je)s should ma#e sallies upon their $amps/ .oth sides also lay in their armor during the night time& and there.y )ere ready at the first appearan$e of light to go to the .attle" 1o) among the Je)s the am.ition )as )ho should undergo the first dangers& and there.y gratify their $ommanders" A.ove all& they had a great veneration and dread of Simon/ and to that degree )as he regarded .y every one of those that )ere under him& that at his $ommand they )ere very ready to #ill themselves )ith their o)n hands" What made the 0omans so $ourageous )as their usual $ustom of $on6uering and disuse of .eing defeated& their $onstant )ars& and perpetual )arli#e e er$ises& and the grandeur of their dominion/ and )hat )as no) their $hief en$ouragement -Titus )ho )as present every )here )ith them all/ for it appeared a terri.le thing to gro) )eary )hile Caesar )as there& and fought .ravely as )ell as they did& and )as himself at on$e an eye-)itness of su$h as .ehaved themselves valiantly& and he )ho )as to re)ard them also" It )as& .esides& esteemed an advantage at present to have any one2s valor #no)n .y Caesar/ on )hi$h a$$ount many of them appeared to have more ala$rity than strength to ans)er it" And no)& as the Je)s )ere a.out this time standing in array .efore the )all& and that in a strong .ody& and )hile .oth parties )ere thro)ing their darts at ea$h other& 4onginus& one of the e6uestrian order& leaped out of the army of the 0omans& and leaped into the very midst of the army of the Je)s/ and as they dispersed themselves upon the atta$#& he sle) t)o of their men of the greatest $ourage/ one of them he stru$# in his mouth as he )as $oming to meet him& the other )as slain .y him .y that very dart )hi$h he dre) out of the .ody of the other& )ith )hi$h he ran this man through his side as he )as running a)ay from him/ and )hen he had done this& he first of all ran out of the midst of his enemies to his o)n side" So this man signali?ed himself for his valor& and many there )ere )ho )ere am.itious of gaining the li#e reputation" And no) the Je)s )ere un$on$erned at )hat they suffered themselves from the 0omans& and )ere only soli$itous a.out )hat mis$hief they $ould do them/ and death itself seemed a small matter to them& if at the same time they $ould .ut #ill any one of their enemies" But Titus too# $are to se$ure his o)n soldiers from harm& as )ell as to have them over$ome their enemies" He also said that in$onsiderate violen$e )as madness& and that this alone )as the true $ourage that )as 7oined )ith good $ondu$t" He therefore $ommanded his men to ta#e $are& )hen they fought their enemies& that they re$eived no harm from them at the same time& and there.y sho) themselves to .e truly valiant men" <" And no) Titus .rought one of his engines to the middle to)er of the north part of the )all& in )hi$h a $ertain $rafty Je)& )hose name )as Castor& lay in am.ush& )ith ten others li#e himself& the rest .eing

fled a)ay .y reason of the ar$hers" These men lay still for a )hile& as in great fear& under their .reastplates/ .ut )hen the to)er )as sha#en& they arose& and Castor did then stret$h out his hand& as a petitioner& and $alled for Caesar& and .y his voi$e moved his $ompassion& and .egged of him to have mer$y upon them/ and Titus& in the inno$en$y of his heart& .elieving him to .e in earnest& and hoping that the Je)s did no) repent& stopped the )or#ing of the .attering ram& and for.ade them to shoot at the petitioners& and .id Castor say )hat he had a mind to say to him" He said that he )ould $ome do)n& if he )ould give him his right hand for his se$urity" To )hi$h Titus replied& that he )as )ell pleased )ith su$h his agreea.le $ondu$t& and )ould .e )ell pleased if all the Je)s )ould .e of his mind& and that he )as ready to give the li#e se$urity to the $ity" 1o) five of the ten dissem.led )ith him& and pretended to .eg for mer$y& )hile the rest $ried out aloud that they )ould never .e slaves to the 0omans& )hile it )as in their po)er to die in a state of freedom" 1o) )hile these men )ere 6uarrelling for a long )hile& the atta$# )as delayed/ Castor also sent to Simon& and told him that they might ta#e some time for $onsultation a.out )hat )as to .e done& .e$ause he )ould elude the po)er of the 0omans for a $onsidera.le time" And at the same time that he sent thus to him& he appeared openly to e hort those that )ere o.stinate to a$$ept of Titus2s hand for their se$urity/ .ut they seemed very angry at it& and .randished their na#ed s)ords upon the .reast-)or#s& and stru$# themselves upon their .reast& and fell do)n as if they had .een slain" Hereupon Titus& and those )ith him& )ere ama?ed at the $ourage of the men/ and as they )ere not a.le to see e a$tly )hat )as done& they admired at their great fortitude& and pitied their $alamity" 'uring this interval& a $ertain person shot a dart at Castor& and )ounded him in his nose/ )hereupon he presently pulled out the dart& and sho)ed it to Titus& and $omplained that this )as unfair treatment/ so Caesar reproved him that shot the dart& and sent Josephus& )ho then stood .y him& to give his right hand to Castor" But Josephus said that he )ould not go to him& .e$ause these pretended petitioners meant nothing that )as good/ he also restrained those friends of his )ho )ere ?ealous to go to him" But still there )as one %neas& a deserter& )ho said he )ould go to him" Castor also $alled to them& that some.ody should $ome and re$eive the money )hi$h he had )ith him/ this made %neas the more earnestly to run to him )ith his .osom open" Then did Castor ta#e up a great stone& and thre) it at him& )hi$h missed him& .e$ause he guarded himself against it/ .ut still it )ounded another soldier that )as $oining to him" When Caesar understood that this )as a delusion& he per$eived that mer$y in )ar is a perni$ious thing& .e$ause su$h $unning tri$#s have less pla$e under the e er$ise of greater severity" So he $aused the engine to )or# more strongly than .efore& on a$$ount of his anger at the de$eit put upon him" But Castor and his $ompanions set the to)er on fire )hen it .egan to give )ay& and leaped through the flame into a hidden vault that )as under it& )hi$h made the 0omans further suppose that they )ere men of great $ourage& as having $ast themselves into the fire"

CH(PT+, $
HOW TH+ ,O6('1 TOO7 TH+ 1+CO'D W(.. TW)C+8 ('D *OT (.. ,+(D3 /O, T(7)'* TH+ TH),D W(..5
@" 1OW Caesar too# this )all there on the fifth day after he had ta#en the first/ and )hen the Je)s had fled from him& he entered into it )ith a thousand armed men& and those of his $hoi$e troops& and this at a pla$e )here )ere the mer$hants of )ool& the .ra?iers& and the mar#et for $loth& and )here the narro) streets led o.li6uely to the )all" Wherefore& if Titus had either demolished a larger part of the )all immediately& or had $ome in& and& a$$ording to the la) of )ar& had laid )aste )hat )as left& his vi$tory )ould not& I suppose& have .een mi ed )ith any loss to himself" But no)& out of the hope he had that he should ma#e the Je)s ashamed of their o.stina$y& .y not .eing )illing& )hen he )as a.le& to affli$t them more than he needed to do& he did not )iden the .rea$h of the )all& in order to ma#e a safer retreat upon o$$asion/ for he did not thin# they )ould lay snares for him that did them su$h a #indness" When therefore he $ame in& he did not permit his soldiers to #ill any of those they $aught& nor to set fire to their houses neither/ nay& he gave leave to the seditious& if they had a mind& to fight

)ithout any harm to the people& and promised to restore the people2s effe$ts to them/ for he )as very desirous to preserve the $ity for his o)n sa#e& and the temple for the sa#e of the $ity" As to the people& he had them of a long time ready to $omply )ith his proposals/ .ut as to the fighting men& this humanity of his seemed a mar# of his )ea#ness& and they imagined that he made these proposals .e$ause he )as not a.le to ta#e the rest of the $ity" They also threatened death to the people& if they should any one of them say a )ord a.out a surrender" They moreover $ut the throats of su$h as tal#ed of a pea$e& and then atta$#ed those 0omans that )ere $ome )ithin the )all" Some of them they met in the narro) streets& and some they fought against from their houses& )hile they made a sudden sally out at the upper gates& and assaulted su$h 0omans as )ere .eyond the )all& till those that guarded the )all )ere so aftrighted& that they leaped do)n from their to)ers& and retired to their several $ampsE upon )hi$h a great noise )as made .y the 0omans that )ere )ithin& .e$ause they )ere en$ompassed round on every side .y their enemies/ as also .y them that )ere )ithout& .e$ause they )ere in fear for those that )ere left in the $ity" Thus did the Je)s gro) more numerous perpetually& and had great advantages over the 0omans& .y their full #no)ledge of those narro) lanes/ and they )ounded a great many of them& and fell upon them& and drove them out of the $ity" 1o) these 0omans )ere at present for$ed to ma#e the .est resistan$e they $ould/ for they )ere not a.le& in great num.ers& to get out at the .rea$h in the )all& it )as so narro)" It is also pro.a.le that all those that )ere gotten )ithin had .een $ut to pie$es& if Titus had not sent them su$$ors/ for he ordered the ar$hers to stand at the upper ends of these narro) la#es& and he stood himself )here )as the greatest multitude of his enemies& and )ith his darts he put a stop to them/ as )ith him did 'omitius Sa.inus also& a valiant man& and one that in this .attle appeared so to .e" Thus did Caesar $ontinue to shoot darts at the Je)s $ontinually& and to hinder them from $oming upon his men& and this until all his soldiers had retreated out of the $ity" A" And thus )ere the 0omans driven out& after they had possessed themselves of the se$ond )all" Whereupon the fighting men that )ere in the $ity )ere lifted up in their minds& and )ere elevated upon this their good su$$ess& and .egan to thin# that the 0omans )ould never venture to $ome into the $ity any more/ and that if they #ept )ithin it themselves& they should not .e any more $on6uered" For (od had .linded their minds for the transgressions they had .een guilty of& nor $ould they see ho) mu$h greater for$es the 0omans had than those that )ere no) e pelled& no more than they $ould dis$ern ho) a famine )as $reeping upon them/ for hitherto they had fed themselves out of the pu.li$ miseries& and dran# the .lood of the $ity" But no) poverty had for a long time sei?ed upon the .etter part& and a great many had died already for )ant of ne$essaries/ although the seditious indeed supposed the destru$tion of the people to .e an easement to themselves/ for they desired that none others might .e preserved .ut su$h as )ere against a pea$e )ith the 0omans& and )ere resolved to live in opposition to them& and they )ere pleased )hen the multitude of those of a $ontrary opinion )ere $onsumed& as .eing then freed from a heavy .urden" And this )as their disposition of mind )ith regard to those that )ere )ithin the $ity& )hile they $overed themselves )ith their armor& and prevented the 0omans& )hen they )ere trying to get into the $ity again& and made a )all of their o)n .odies over against that part of the )all that )as $ast do)n" Thus did they valiantly defend themselves for three days/ .ut on the fourth day they $ould not support themselves against the vehement assaults of Titus .ut )ere $ompelled .y for$e to fly )hither they had fled .efore/ so he 6uietly possessed himself again of that )all& and demolished it entirely" And )hen he had put a garrison into the to)ers that )ere on the south parts of the $ity& he $ontrived ho) he might assault the third )all"

CH(PT+, %
T)T01 WH+' TH+ J+W1 W+,+ 'OT (T (.. 6O..)/)+D B3 H)1 .+(-)'* O// TH+ 1)+*+ /O, ( WH).+8 1+T H)61+./ (*()' TO P,O1+C0T+ TH+ 1(6+; B0T 1OO' 1+'T JO1+PH01 TO D)1CO0,1+ W)TH H)1 OW' CO0'T,36+' (BO0T P+(C+5

@" A 0%SO45TIO1 )as no) ta#en .y Titus to rela the siege for a little )hile& and to afford the seditious an interval for $onsideration& and to see )hether the demolishing of their se$ond )all )ould not ma#e them a little more $ompliant& or )hether they )ere not some)hat afraid of a famine& .e$ause the spoils they had gotten .y rapine )ould not .e suffi$ient for them long/ so he made use of this rela ation in order to $ompass his o)n designs" A$$ordingly& as the usual appointed time )hen he must distri.ute su.sisten$e money to the soldiers )as no) $ome& he gave orders that the $ommanders should put the army into .attle-array& in the fa$e of the enemy& and then give every one of the soldiers their pay" So the soldiers& a$$ording to $ustom& opened the $ases )herein their arms .efore lay $overed& and mar$hed )ith their .reastplates on& as did the horsemen lead their horses in their fine trappings" Then did the pla$es that )ere .efore the $ity shine very splendidly for a great )ay/ nor )as there any thing so grateful to Titus2s o)n men& or so terri.le to the enemy& as that sight" For the )hole old )all& and the north side of the temple& )ere full of spe$tators& and one might see the houses full of su$h as loo#ed at them/ nor )as there any part of the $ity )hi$h )as not $overed over )ith their multitudes/ nay& a very great $onsternation sei?ed upon the hardiest of the Je)s themselves& )hen they sa) all the army in the same pla$e& together )ith the fineness of their arms& and the good order of their men" And I $annot .ut thin# that the seditious )ould have $hanged their minds at that sight& unless the $rimes they had $ommitted against the people had .een so horrid& that they despaired of forgiveness from the 0omans/ .ut as they .elieved death )ith torments must .e their punishment& if they did not go on in the defense of the $ity& they thought it mu$h .etter to die in )ar" Fate also prevailed so far over them& that the inno$ent )ere to perish )ith the guilty& and the $ity )as to .e destroyed )ith the seditious that )ere in it" A" Thus did the 0omans spend four days in .ringing this su.sisten$e-money to the several legions" But on the fifth day& )hen no signs of pea$e appeared to $ome from the Je)s& Titus divided his legions& and .egan to raise .an#s& .oth at the to)er of Antonia and at John2s monument" 1o) his designs )ere to ta#e the upper $ity at that monument& and the temple at the to)er of Antonia/ for if the temple )ere not ta#en& it )ould .e dangerous to #eep the $ity itself/ so at ea$h of these parts he raised him .an#s& ea$h legion raising one" As for those that )rought at John2s monument& the Idumeans& and those that )ere in arms )ith Simon& made sallies upon them& and put some stop to them/ )hile John2s party& and the multitude of ?ealots )ith them& did the li#e to those that )ere .efore the to)er of Antonia" These Je)s )ere no) too hard for the 0omans& not only in dire$t fighting& .e$ause they stood upon the higher ground& .ut .e$ause they had no) learned to use their o)n engines/ for their $ontinual use of them one day after another did .y degrees improve their s#ill a.out them/ for of one sort of engines for darts they had three hundred& and forty for stones/ .y the means of )hi$h they made it more tedious for the 0omans to raise their .an#s" But then Titus& #no)ing that the $ity )ould .e either saved or destroyed for himself& did not only pro$eed earnestly in the siege& .ut did not omit to have the Je)s e horted to repentan$e/ so he mi ed good $ounsel )ith his )or#s for the siege" And .eing sensi.le that e hortations are fre6uently more effe$tual than arms& he persuaded them to surrender the $ity& no) in a manner already ta#en& and there.y to save themselves& and sent Josephus to spea# to them in their o)n language/ for he imagined they might yield to the persuasion of a $ountryman of their o)n" B" So Josephus )ent round a.out the )all& and tried to find a pla$e that )as out of the rea$h of their darts& and yet )ithin their hearing& and .esought them& in many )ords& to spare themselves& to spare their $ountry and their temple& and not to .e more o.durate in these $ases than foreigners themselves/ for that the 0omans& )ho had no relation to those things& had a reveren$e for their sa$red rites and pla$es& although they .elonged to their enemies& and had till no) #ept their hands off from meddling )ith them/ )hile su$h as )ere .rought up under them& and& if they .e preserved& )ill .e the only people that )ill reap the .enefit of them& hurry on to have them destroyed" That $ertainly they have seen their strongest )alls demolished& and that the )all still remaining )as )ea#er than those that )ere already ta#en" That they must #no) the 0oman po)er )as invin$i.le& and that they had .een used to serve them/ for& that in $ase it .e allo)ed a right thing to fight for li.erty& that ought to have .een done at first/ .ut for them that have on$e fallen under the po)er of the 0omans& and have no) su.mitted to them for so many long years& to pretend to sha#e off that yo#e after)ard& )as the )or# of su$h as had a mind to die misera.ly& not of su$h as )ere lovers of li.erty" Besides& men may )ell

enough grudge at the dishonor of o)ning igno.le masters over them& .ut ought not to do so to those )ho have all things under their $ommand/ for )hat part of the )orld is there that hath es$aped the 0omans& unless it .e su$h as are of no use for violent heat& or for violent $oldK And evident it is that fortune is on all hands gone over to them/ and that (od& )hen he had gone round the nations )ith this dominion& is no) settled in Italy" That& moreover& it is a strong and fi ed la)& even among .rute .easts& as )ell as among men& to yield to those that are too strong for them/ and to stiffer those to have the dominion )ho are too hard for the rest in )ar/ for )hi$h reason it )as that their forefathers& )ho )ere far superior to them& .oth in their souls and .odies& and other advantages& did yet su.mit to the 0omans& )hi$h they )ould not have suffered& had they not #no)n that (od )as )ith them" As for themselves& )hat $an they depend on in this their opposition& )hen the greatest part of their $ity is already ta#enK and )hen those that are )ithin it are under greater miseries than if they )ere ta#en& although their )alls .e still standingK For that the 0omans are not una$6uainted )ith that famine )hi$h is in the $ity& )here.y the people are already $onsumed& and the fighting men )ill in a little time .e so too/ for although the 0omans should leave off the siege& and not fall upon the $ity )ith their s)ords in their hands& yet )as there an insupera.le )ar that .eset them )ithin& and )as augmented every hour& unless they )ere a.le to )age )ar )ith famine& and fight against it& or $ould alone $on6uer their natural appetites" He added this further& ho) right a thing it )as to $hange their $ondu$t .efore their $alamities )ere .e$ome in$ura.le& and to have re$ourse to su$h advi$e as might preserve them& )hile opportunity )as offered them for so doing/ for that the 0omans )ould not .e mindful of their past a$tions to their disadvantage& unless they persevered in their insolent .ehavior to the end/ .e$ause they )ere naturally mild in their $on6uests& and preferred )hat )as profita.le& .efore )hat their passions di$tated to them/ )hi$h profit of theirs lay not in leaving the $ity empty of inha.itants& nor the $ountry a desert/ on )hi$h a$$ount Caesar did no) offer them his right hand for their se$urity" Whereas& if he too# the $ity .y for$e& he )ould not save any of them& and this espe$ially& if they re7e$ted his offers in these their utmost distresses/ for the )alls that )ere already ta#en $ould not .ut assure them that the third )all )ould 6ui$#ly .e ta#en also" And though their fortifi$ations should prove too strong for the 0omans to .rea# through them& yet )ould the famine fight for the 0omans against them" <" While Josephus )as ma#ing this e hortation to the Je)s& many of them 7ested upon him from the )all& and many reproa$hed him/ nay& some thre) their darts at himE .ut )hen he $ould not himself persuade them .y su$h open good advi$e& he .etoo# himself to the histories .elonging to their o)n nation& and $ried out aloud& IO misera.le $reaturesJ are you so unmindful of those that used to assist you& that you )ill fight .y your )eapons and .y your hands against the 0omansK When did )e ever $on6uer any other nation .y su$h meansK and )hen )as it that (od& )ho is the Creator of the Je)ish people& did not avenge them )hen they had .een in7uredK Will not you turn again& and loo# .a$#& and $onsider )hen$e it is that you fight )ith su$h violen$e& and ho) great a Supporter you have profanely a.usedK Will not you re$all to mind the prodigious things done for your forefathers and this holy pla$e& and ho) great enemies of yours )ere .y him su.dued under youK I even trem.le myself in de$laring the )or#s of (od .efore your ears& that are un)orthy to hear them/ ho)ever& hear#en to me& that you may .e informed ho) you fight not only against the 0omans& .ut against (od himself" In old times there )as one 1e$ao& #ing of %gypt& )ho )as also $alled *haraoh/ he $ame )ith a prodigious army of soldiers& and sei?ed 6ueen Sarah& the mother of our nation" What did A.raham our progenitor then doK 'id he defend himself from this in7urious person .y )ar& although he had three hundred and eighteen $aptains under him& and an immense army under ea$h of themK Indeed he deemed them to .e no num.er at all )ithout (od2s assistan$e& and only spread out his hands to)ards this holy pla$e& ;@D> )hi$h you have no) polluted& and re$#oned upon him as upon his invin$i.le supporter& instead of his o)n army" Was not our 6ueen sent .a$#& )ithout any defilement& to her hus.and& the very ne t eveningK - )hile the #ing of %gypt fled a)ay& adoring this pla$e )hi$h you have defiled .y shedding thereon the .lood of your o)n $ountrymen/ and he also trem.led at those visions )hi$h he sa) in the night season& and .esto)ed .oth silver and gold on the He.re)s& as on a people .eloved .y (od" Shall I say nothing& or shall I mention the removal of our fathers into %gypt& )ho& ;@H> )hen they )ere used tyranni$ally& and )ere fallen under the po)er of foreign #ings for four hundred ears together& and might have defended themselves .y )ar and .y fighting& did yet do nothing .ut $ommit themselves to

(odJ Who is there that does not #no) that %gypt )as overrun )ith all sorts of )ild .easts& and $onsumed .y all sorts of distempersK ho) their land did not .ring forth its fruitK ho) the 1ile failed of )aterK ho) the ten plagues of %gypt follo)ed one upon anotherK and ho) .y those means our fathers )ere sent a)ay under a guard& )ithout any .loodshed& and )ithout running any dangers& .e$ause (od $ondu$ted them as his pe$uliar servantsK -oreover& did not *alestine groan under the ravage the Assyrians made& )hen they $arried a)ay our sa$red ar#K as did their idol 'agon& and as also did that entire nation of those that $arried it a)ay& ho) they )ere smitten )ith a loathsome distemper in the se$ret parts of their .odies& )hen their very .o)els $ame do)n together )ith )hat they had eaten& till those hands that stole it a)ay )ere o.liged to .ring it .a$# again& and that )ith the sound of $ym.als and tim.rels& and other o.lations& in order to appease the anger of (od for their violation of his holy ar#" It )as (od )ho then .e$ame our (eneral& and a$$omplished these great things for our fathers& and this .e$ause they did not meddle )ith )ar and fighting& .ut $ommitted it to him to 7udge a.out their affairs" When Senna$heri.& #ing of Assyria& .rought along )ith him all Asia& and en$ompassed this $ity round )ith his army& did he fall .y the hands of menK )ere not those hands lifted up to (od in prayers& )ithout meddling )ith their arms& )hen an angel of (od destroyed that prodigious army in one nightK )hen the Assyrian #ing& as he rose the ne t day& found a hundred fours$ore and five thousand dead .odies& and )hen he& )ith the remainder of his army& fled a)ay from the He.re)s& though they )ere unarmed& and did not pursue them" !ou are also a$6uainted )ith the slavery )e )ere under at Ba.ylon& )here the people )ere $aptives for seventy years/ yet )ere they not delivered into freedom again .efore (od made Cyrus his gra$ious instrument in .ringing it a.out/ a$$ordingly they )ere set free .y him& and did again restore the )orship of their 'eliverer at his temple" And& to spea# in general& )e $an produ$e no e ample )herein our fathers got any su$$ess .y )ar& or failed of su$$ess )hen )ithout )ar they $ommitted themselves to (od" When they staid at home& they $on6uered& as pleased their Judge/ .ut )hen they )ent out to fight& they )ere al)ays disappointedE for e ample& )hen the #ing of Ba.ylon .esieged this very $ity& and our #ing 9ede#iah fought against him& $ontrary to )hat predi$tions )ere made to him .y Jeremiah the prophet& he )as at on$e ta#en prisoner& and sa) the $ity and the temple demolished" !et ho) mu$h greater )as the moderation of that #ing& than is that of your present governors& and that of the people then under him& than is that of you at this timeJ for )hen Jeremiah $ried out aloud& ho) very angry (od )as at them& .e$ause of their transgressions& and told them they should .e ta#en prisoners& unless they )ould surrender up their $ity& neither did the #ing nor the people put him to death/ .ut for you& ;to pass over )hat you have done )ithin the $ity& )hi$h I am not a.le to des$ri.e as your )i$#edness deserves&> you a.use me& and thro) darts at me& )ho only e hort you to save yourselves& as .eing provo#ed )hen you are put in mind of your sins& and $annot .ear the very mention of those $rimes )hi$h you every day perpetrate" For another e ample& )hen Antio$hus& )ho )as $alled %piphanes& lay .efore this $ity& and had .een guilty of many indignities against (od& and our forefathers met him in arms& they then )ere slain in the .attle& this $ity )as plundered .y our enemies& and our san$tuary made desolate for three years and si months" And )hat need I .ring any more e amplesK Indeed )hat $an it .e that hath stirred up an army of the 0omans against our nationK Is it not the impiety of the inha.itantsK When$e did our servitude $ommen$eK Was it not derived from the seditions that )ere among our forefathers& )hen the madness of Aristo.ulus and Hyr$anus& and our mutual 6uarrels& .rought *ompey upon this $ity& and )hen (od redu$ed those under su.7e$tion to the 0omans )ho )ere un)orthy of the li.erty they had en7oyedK After a siege& therefore& of three months& they )ere for$ed to surrender themselves& although they had not .een guilty of su$h offenses& )ith regard to our san$tuary and our la)s& as you have/ and this )hile they had mu$h greater advantages to go to )ar than you have" 'o not )e #no) )hat end Antigonus& the son of Aristo.ulus& $ame to& under )hose reign (od provided that this $ity should .e ta#en again upon a$$ount of the people2s offensesK When Herod& the son of Antipater& .rought upon us Sosius& and Sosius .rought upon us the 0oman army& they )ere then en$ompassed and .esieged for si months& till& as a punishment for their sins& they )ere ta#en& and the $ity )as plundered .y the enemy" Thus it appears that arms )ere never given to our nation& .ut that )e are al)ays given up to .e fought against& and to .e ta#en/ for I suppose that su$h as inha.it this holy pla$e ought to $ommit the disposal of all things to (od& and then only to disregard the assistan$e of men )hen they resign themselves up to their Ar.itrator& )ho is a.ove" As for you& )hat have you done of those things that are re$ommended .y our legislatorK and )hat have you not done of those things that he hath $ondemnedK Ho) mu$h

more impious are you than those )ho )ere so 6ui$#ly ta#enJ !ou have not avoided so mu$h as those sins that are usually done in se$ret/ I mean thefts& and trea$herous plots against men& and adulteries" !ou are 6uarrelling a.out rapines and murders& and invent strange )ays of )i$#edness" 1ay& the temple itself is .e$ome the re$epta$le of all& and this 'ivine pla$e is polluted .y the hands of those of our o)n $ountry/ )hi$h pla$e hath yet .een reveren$ed .y the 0omans )hen it )as at a distan$e from them& )hen they have suffered many of their o)n $ustoms to give pla$e to our la)" And& after all this& do you e pe$t Him )hom you have so impiously a.used to .e your supporterK To .e sure then you have a right to .e petitioners& and to $all upon Him to assist you& so pure are your handsJ 'id your #ing +He?e#iah, lift up su$h hands in prayer to (od against the #ing of Assyria& )hen he destroyed that great army in one nightK And do the 0omans $ommit su$h )i$#edness as did the #ing of Assyria& that you may have reason to hope for the li#e vengean$e upon themK 'id not that #ing a$$ept of money from our #ing on this $ondition& that he should not destroy the $ity& and yet& $ontrary to the oath he had ta#en& he $ame do)n to .urn the templeK )hile the 0omans do demand no more than that a$$ustomed tri.ute )hi$h our fathers paid to their fathers/ and if they may .ut on$e o.tain that& they neither aim to destroy this $ity& nor to tou$h this san$tuary/ nay& they )ill grant you .esides& that your posterity shall .e free& and your possessions se$ured to you& and )ill preserve our holy la)s inviolate to you" And it is plain madness to e pe$t that (od should appear as )ell disposed to)ards the )i$#ed as to)ards the righteous& sin$e he #no)s )hen it is proper to punish men for their sins immediately/ a$$ordingly he .ra#e the po)er of the Assyrians the very first night that they pit$hed their $amp" Wherefore& had he 7udged that our nation )as )orthy of freedom& or the 0omans of punishment& he had immediately infli$ted punishment upon those 0omans& as he did upon the Assyrians& )hen *ompey .egan to meddle )ith our nation& or )hen after him Sosius $ame up against us& or )hen 8espasian laid )aste (alilee& or& lastly& )hen Titus $ame first of all near to this $ity/ although -agnus and Sosius did not only suffer nothing& .ut too# the $ity .y for$e/ as did 8espasian go from the )ar he made against you to re$eive the empire/ and as for Titus& those springs that )ere formerly almost dried up )hen they )ere under your po)er ;@G> sin$e he is $ome& run more plentifully than they did .efore/ a$$ordingly& you #no) that Siloam& as )ell as all the other springs that )ere )ithout the $ity& did so far fail& that )ater )as sold .y distin$t measures/ )hereas they no) have su$h a great 6uantity of )ater for your enemies& as is suffi$ient not only for drin# .oth for themselves and their $attle& .ut for )atering their gardens also" The same )onderful sign you had also e perien$e of formerly& )hen the forementioned #ing of Ba.ylon made )ar against us& and )hen he too# the $ity& and .urnt the temple/ )hile yet I .elieve the Je)s of that age )ere not so impious as you are" Wherefore I $annot .ut suppose that (od is fled out of his san$tuary& and stands on the side of those against )hom you fight" 1o) even a man& if he .e .ut a good man& )ill fly from an impure house& and )ill hate those that are in it/ and do you persuade yourselves that (od )ill a.ide )ith you in your ini6uities& )ho sees all se$ret things& and hears )hat is #ept most privateK 1o) )hat $rime is there& I pray you& that is so mu$h as #ept se$ret among you& or is $on$ealed .y youK nay& )hat is there that is not open to your very enemiesK for you sho) your transgressions after a pompous manner& and $ontend one )ith another )hi$h of you shall .e more )i$#ed than another/ and you ma#e a pu.li$ demonstration of your in7usti$e& as if it )ere virtue" Ho)ever& there is a pla$e left for your preservation& if you .e )illing to a$$ept of it/ and (od is easily re$on$iled to those that $onfess their faults& and repent of them" O hard-hearted )ret$hes as you areJ $ast a)ay all your arms& and ta#e pity of your $ountry already going to ruin/ return from your )i$#ed )ays& and have regard to the e $ellen$y of that $ity )hi$h you are going to .etray& to that e $ellent temple )ith the donations of so many $ountries in it" Who $ould .ear to .e the first that should set that temple on fireK )ho $ould .e )illing that these things should .e no moreK and )hat is there that $an .etter deserve to .e preservedK O insensi.le $reatures& and more stupid than are the stones themselvesJ And if you $annot loo# at these things )ith dis$erning eyes& yet& ho)ever& have pity upon your families& and set .efore every one of your eyes your $hildren& and )ives& and parents& )ho )ill .e gradually $onsumed either .y famine or .y )ar" I am sensi.le that this danger )ill e tend to my mother& and )ife& and to that family of mine )ho have .een .y no means igno.le& and indeed to one that hath .een very eminent in old time/ and perhaps you may imagine that it is on their a$$ount only that I give you this advi$e/ if that .e all& #ill them/ nay& ta#e my o)n .lood as a re)ard& if it may .ut pro$ure your preservation/ for I am ready to die& in $ase you )ill .ut return to a sound mind after my death"I

+'D'OT+1 ;@D> Josephus supposes& in this his admira.le spee$h to the Je)s& that not A.raham only& .ut *haraoh #ing of %gypt& prayed to)ards a temple at Jerusalem& or to)ards Jerusalem itself& in )hi$h )ere -ount Sion and -ount -oriah& on )hi$h the ta.erna$le and temple did after)ards stand/ and this long .efore either the Je)ish ta.erna$le or temple )ere .uilt" 1or is the famous $ommand given .y (od to A.raham& to go t)o or three days2 7ourney& on purpose to offer up his son Isaa$ there& unfavora.le to su$h a notion" ;@H> 1ote here& that Josephus& in this his same admira.le spee$h& $alls the Syrians& nay& even the *hilistines& on the most south part of Syria& Assyrians/ )hi$h 0eland o.serves as )hat )as $ommon among the an$ient )riters" 1ote also& that Josephus might )ell put the Je)s in mind& as he does here more than on$e& of their )onderful and truly mira$ulous deliveran$e from Senna$heri.& #ing of Assyria& )hile the 0oman army& and himself )ith them& )ere no) en$amped upon and .eyond that very spot of ground )here the Assyrian army lay seven hundred and eighty years .efore& and )hi$h retained the very name of the Camp of the Assyrians to that very day" See $hap" H" se$t" B& and $hap" @A" se$t" A" ;@G> This drying up of the Jerusalem fountain of Siloam )hen the Je)s )anted it& and its flo)ing a.undantly )hen the enemies of the Je)s )anted it& and these .oth in the days of 9ede#iah and of Titus& ;and this last as a $ertain event )ell #no)n .y the Je)s at that time& as Josephus here tells them openly to their fa$es&> are very remar#a.le instan$es of a 'ivine *roviden$e for the punishment of the Je)ish nation& )hen they )ere gro)n very )i$#ed& at .oth those times of the destru$tion of Jerusalem"

CH(PT+, 1&
HOW ( *,+(T 6('3 O/ TH+ P+OP.+ +(,'+1T.3 +'D+(-O,+D TO D+1+,T TO TH+ ,O6('1; (1 (.1O WH(T )'TO.+,(B.+ TH)'*1 THO1+ TH(T 1T()D B+H)'D 10//+,+D B3 /(6)'+8 ('D TH+ 1(D CO'1+=0+'C+1 TH+,+O/5
@" AS Josephus )as spea#ing thus )ith a loud voi$e& the seditious )ould neither yield to )hat he said& nor did they deem it safe for them to alter their $ondu$t/ .ut as for the people& they had a great in$lination to desert to the 0omans/ a$$ordingly& some of them sold )hat they had& and even the most pre$ious things that had .een laid up as treasures .y them& for every small matter& and s)allo)ed do)n pie$es of gold& that they might not .e found out .y the ro..ers/ and )hen they had es$aped to the 0omans& )ent to stool& and had )here)ithal to provide plentifully for themselves/ for Titus let a great num.er of them go a)ay into the $ountry& )hither they pleased" And the main reasons )hy they )ere so ready to desert )ere theseE That no) they should .e freed from those miseries )hi$h they had endured in that $ity& and yet should not .e in slavery to the 0omansE ho)ever& John and Simon& )ith their fa$tions& did more $arefully )at$h these men2s going out than they did the $oming in of the 0omans/ and if any one did .ut afford the least shado) of suspi$ion of su$h an intention& his throat )as $ut immediately" A" But as for the ri$her sort& it proved all one to them )hether they staid in the $ity& or attempted to get out of it/ for they )ere e6ually destroyed in .oth $ases/ for every su$h person )as put to death under this pretense& that they )ere going to desert& .ut in reality that the ro..ers might get )hat they had" The madness of the seditious did also in$rease together )ith their famine& and .oth those miseries )ere every day inflamed more and more/ for there )as no $orn )hi$h any )here appeared pu.li$ly& .ut the ro..ers $ame running into& and sear$hed men2s private houses/ and then& if they found any& they tormented them& .e$ause they had denied they had any/ and if they found none& they tormented

them )orse& .e$ause they supposed they had more $arefully $on$ealed it" The indi$ation they made use of )hether they had any or not )as ta#en from the .odies of these misera.le )ret$hes/ )hi$h& if they )ere in good $ase& they supposed they )ere in no )ant at all of food/ .ut if they )ere )asted a)ay& they )al#ed off )ithout sear$hing any further/ nor did they thin# it proper to #ill su$h as these& .e$ause they sa) they )ould very soon die of themselves for )ant of food" -any there )ere indeed )ho sold )hat they had for one measure/ it )as of )heat& if they )ere of the ri$her sort/ .ut of .arley& if they )ere poorer" When these had so done& they shut themselves up in the inmost rooms of their houses& and ate the $orn they had gotten/ some did it )ithout grinding it& .y reason of the e tremity of the )ant they )ere in& and others .a#ed .read of it& a$$ording as ne$essity and fear di$tated to themE a ta.le )as no )here laid for a distin$t meal& .ut they snat$hed the .read out of the fire& half-.a#ed& and ate it very hastily" B" It )as no) a misera.le $ase& and a sight that )ould 7ustly .ring tears into our eyes& ho) men stood as to their food& )hile the more po)erful had more than enough& and the )ea#er )ere lamenting +for )ant of it", But the famine )as too hard for all other passions& and it is destru$tive to nothing so mu$h as to modesty/ for )hat )as other)ise )orthy of reveren$e )as in this $ase despised/ insomu$h that $hildren pulled the very morsels that their fathers )ere eating out of their very mouths& and )hat )as still more to .e pitied& so did the mothers do as to their infants/ and )hen those that )ere most dear )ere perishing under their hands& they )ere not ashamed to ta#e from them the very last drops that might preserve their livesE and )hile they ate after this manner& yet )ere they not $on$ealed in so doing/ .ut the seditious every )here $ame upon them immediately& and snat$hed a)ay from them )hat they had gotten from others/ for )hen they sa) any house shut up& this )as to them a signal that the people )ithin had gotten some food/ )hereupon they .ro#e open the doors& and ran in& and too# pie$es of )hat they )ere eating almost up out of their very throats& and this .y for$eE the old men& )ho held their food fast& )ere .eaten/ and if the )omen hid )hat they had )ithin their hands& their hair )as torn for so doing/ nor )as there any $ommiseration sho)n either to the aged or to the infants& .ut they lifted up $hildren from the ground as they hung upon the morsels they had gotten& and shoo# them do)n upon the floor" But still they )ere more .ar.arously $ruel to those that had prevented their $oming in& and had a$tually s)allo)ed do)n )hat they )ere going to sei?e upon& as if they had .een un7ustly defrauded of their right" They also invented terri.le methods of torments to dis$over )here any food )as& and they )ere these to stop up the passages of the privy parts of the misera.le )ret$hes& and to drive sharp sta#es up their fundaments/ and a man )as for$ed to .ear )hat it is terri.le even to hear& in order to ma#e him $onfess that he had .ut one loaf of .read& or that he might dis$over a handful of .arley-meal that )as $on$ealed/ and this )as done )hen these tormentors )ere not themselves hungry/ for the thing had .een less .ar.arous had ne$essity for$ed them to it/ .ut this )as done to #eep their madness in e er$ise& and as ma#ing preparation of provisions for themselves for the follo)ing days" These men )ent also to meet those that had $rept out of the $ity .y night& as far as the 0oman guards& to gather some plants and her.s that gre) )ild/ and )hen those people thought they had got $lear of the enemy& they snat$hed from them )hat they had .rought )ith them& even )hile they had fre6uently entreated them& and that .y $alling upon the tremendous name of (od& to give them .a$# some part of )hat they had .rought/ though these )ould not give them the least $rum.& and they )ere to .e )ell $ontented that they )ere only spoiled& and not slain at the same time" <" These )ere the affli$tions )hi$h the lo)er sort of people suffered from these tyrants2 guards/ .ut for the men that )ere in dignity& and )ithal )ere ri$h& they )ere $arried .efore the tyrants themselves/ some of )hom )ere falsely a$$used of laying trea$herous plots& and so )ere destroyed/ others of them )ere $harged )ith designs of .etraying the $ity to the 0omans/ .ut the readiest )ay of all )as this& to su.orn some.ody to affirm that they )ere resolved to desert to the enemy" And he )ho )as utterly despoiled of )hat he had .y Simon )as sent .a$# again to John& as of those )ho had .een already plundered .y Jotre& Simon got )hat remained/ insomu$h that they dran# the .lood of the popula$e to one another& and divided the dead .odies of the poor $reatures .et)een them/ so that although& on a$$ount of their am.ition after dominion& they $ontended )ith ea$h other& yet did they very )ell agree in their )i$#ed pra$ti$es/ for he that did not $ommuni$ate )hat he got .y the miseries of others to the other tyrant seemed to .e too little guilty& and in one respe$t only/ and he that did not parta#e of )hat

)as so $ommuni$ated to him grieved at this& as at the loss of )hat )as a valua.le thing& that he had no share in su$h .ar.arity" C" It is therefore impossi.le to go distin$tly over every instan$e of these men2s ini6uity" I shall therefore spea# my mind here at on$e .rieflyE - That neither did any other $ity ever suffer su$h miseries& nor did any age ever .reed a generation more fruitful in )i$#edness than this )as& from the .eginning of the )orld" Finally& they .rought the He.re) nation into $ontempt& that they might themselves appear $omparatively less impious )ith regard to strangers" They $onfessed )hat )as true& that they )ere the slaves& the s$um& and the spurious and a.ortive offspring of our nation& )hile they overthre) the $ity themselves& and for$ed the 0omans& )hether they )ould or no& to gain a melan$holy reputation& .y a$ting gloriously against them& and did almost dra) that fire upon the temple& )hi$h they seemed to thin# $ame too slo)ly/ and indeed )hen they sa) that temple .urning from the upper $ity& they )ere neither trou.led at it& nor did they shed any tears on that a$$ount& )hile yet these passions )ere dis$overed among the 0omans themselves/ )hi$h $ir$umstan$es )e shall spea# of hereafter in their proper pla$e& )hen )e $ome to treat of su$h matters"

CH(PT+, 11
HOW TH+ J+W1 W+,+ C,0C)/)+D B+/O,+ TH+ W(..1 O/ TH+ C)T3 CO'C+,')'* ('T)OCH01 +P)PH('+1; ('D HOW TH+ J+W1 O-+,TH,+W TH+ B('71 TH(T H(D B++' ,()1+D B3 TH+ ,O6('18
@" SO no) Titus2s .an#s )ere advan$ed a great )ay& not)ithstanding his soldiers had .een very mu$h distressed from the )all" He then sent a party of horsemen& and ordered they should lay am.ushes for those that )ent out into the valleys to gather food" Some of these )ere indeed fighting men& )ho )ere not $ontented )ith )hat they got .y rapine/ .ut the greater part of them )ere poor people& )ho )ere deterred from deserting .y the $on$ern they )ere under for their o)n relations/ for they $ould not hope to es$ape a)ay& together )ith their )ives and $hildren& )ithout the #no)ledge of the seditious/ nor $ould they thin# of leaving these relations to .e slain .y the ro..ers on their a$$ount/ nay& the severity of the famine made them .old in thus going out/ so nothing remained .ut that& )hen they )ere $on$ealed from the ro..ers& they should .e ta#en .y the enemy/ and )hen they )ere going to .e ta#en& they )ere for$ed to defend themselves for fear of .eing punished/ as after they had fought& they thought it too late to ma#e any suppli$ations for mer$y/ so they )ere first )hipped& and then tormented )ith all sorts of tortures& .efore they died& and )ere then $ru$ified .efore the )all of the $ity" This misera.le pro$edure made Titus greatly to pity them& )hile they $aught every day five hundred Je)s/ nay& some days they $aught moreE yet it did not appear to .e safe for him to let those that )ere ta#en .y for$e go their )ay& and to set a guard over so many he sa) )ould .e to ma#e su$h as great deal them useless to him" The main reason )hy he did not for.id that $ruelty )as this& that he hoped the Je)s might perhaps yield at that sight& out of fear lest they might themselves after)ards .e lia.le to the same $ruel treatment" So the soldiers& out of the )rath and hatred they .ore the Je)s& nailed those they $aught& one after one )ay& and another after another& to the $rosses& .y )ay of 7est& )hen their multitude )as so great& that room )as )anting for the $rosses& and $rosses )anting for the .odies" ;@M> A" But so far )ere the seditious from repenting at this sad sight& that& on the $ontrary& they made the rest of the multitude .elieve other)ise/ for they .rought the relations of those that had deserted upon the )all& )ith su$h of the popula$e as )ere very eager to go over upon the se$urity offered them& and sho)ed them )hat miseries those under)ent )ho fled to the 0omans/ and told them that those )ho )ere $aught )ere suppli$ants to them& and not su$h as )ere ta#en prisoners" This sight #ept many of those )ithin the $ity )ho )ere so eager to desert& till the truth )as #no)n/ yet did some of them run a)ay immediately as unto $ertain punishment& esteeming death from their enemies to .e a 6uiet

departure& if $ompared )ith that .y famine" So Titus $ommanded that the hands of many of those that )ere $aught should .e $ut off& that they might not .e thought deserters& and might .e $redited on a$$ount of the $alamity they )ere under& and sent them in to John and Simon& )ith this e hortation& that they )ould no) at length leave off +their madness,& and not for$e him to destroy the $ity& )here.y they )ould have those advantages of repentan$e& even in their utmost distress& that they )ould preserve their o)n lives& and so find a $ity of their o)n& and that temple )hi$h )as their pe$uliar" He then )ent round a.out the .an#s that )ere $ast up& and hastened them& in order to sho) that his )ords should in no long time .e follo)ed .y his deeds" In ans)er to )hi$h the seditious $ast reproa$hes upon Caesar himself& and upon his father also& and $ried out& )ith a loud voi$e& that they $ontemned death& and did )ell in preferring it .efore slavery/ that they )ould do all the mis$hief to the 0omans they $ould )hile they had .reath in them/ and that for their o)n $ity& sin$e they )ere& as he said& to .e destroyed& they had no $on$ern a.out it& and that the )orld itself )as a .etter temple to (od than this" That yet this temple )ould .e preserved .y him that inha.ited therein& )hom they still had for their assistant in this )ar& and did therefore laugh at all his threatenings& )hi$h )ould $ome to nothing& .e$ause the $on$lusion of the )hole depended upon (od only" These )ords )ere mi ed )ith reproa$hes& and )ith them they made a mighty $lamor" B" In the mean time Antio$hus %piphanes $ame to the $ity& having )ith him a $onsidera.le num.er of other armed men& and a .and $alled the -a$edonian .and a.out him& all of the same age& tall& and 7ust past their $hildhood& armed& and instru$ted after the -a$edonian manner& )hen$e it )as that they too# that name" !et )ere many of them un)orthy of so famous a nation/ for it had so happened& that the #ing of Commagene had flourished more than any other #ings that )ere under the po)er of the 0omans& till a $hange happened in his $ondition/ and )hen he )as .e$ome an old man& he de$lared plainly that )e ought not to $all any man happy .efore he is dead" But this son of his& )ho )as then $ome thither .efore his father )as de$aying& said that he $ould not .ut )onder )hat made the 0omans so tardy in ma#ing their atta$#s upon the )all" 1o) he )as a )arli#e man& and naturally .old in e posing himself to dangers/ he )as also so strong a man& that his .oldness seldom failed of having su$$ess" 5pon this Titus smiled& and said he )ould share the pains of an atta$# )ith him" Ho)ever& Antio$hus )ent as he then )as& and )ith his -a$edonians made a sudden assault upon the )all/ and& indeed& for his o)n part& his strength and s#ill )ere so great& that he guarded himself from the Je)ish darts& and yet shot his darts at them& )hile yet the young men )ith him )ere almost all sorely galled/ for they had so great a regard to the promises that had .een made of their $ourage& that they )ould needs persevere in their fighting& and at length many of them retired& .ut not till they )ere )ounded/ and then they per$eived that true -a$edonians& if they )ere to .e $on6uerors& must have Ale ander2s good fortune also" <" 1o) as the 0omans .egan to raise their .an#s on the t)elfth day of the month Artemisius& +Jyar&, so had they mu$h ado to finish them .y the t)enty-ninth day of the same month& after they had la.ored hard for seventeen days $ontinually" For there )ere no) four great .an#s raised& one of )hi$h )as at the to)er Antonia/ this )as raised .y the fifth legion& over against the middle of that pool )hi$h )as $alled Struthius" Another )as $ast up .y the t)elfth legion& at the distan$e of a.out t)enty $u.its from the other" But the la.ors of the tenth legion& )hi$h lay a great )ay off these& )ere on the north 6uarter& and at the pool $alled Amygdalon/ as )as that of the fifteenth legion a.out thirty $u.its from it& and at the high priest2s monument" And no)& )hen the engines )ere .rought& John had from )ithin undermined the spa$e that )as over against the to)er of Antonia& as far as the .an#s themselves& and had supported the ground over the mine )ith .eams laid a$ross one another& )here.y the 0oman )or#s stood upon an un$ertain foundation" Then did he order su$h materials to .e .rought in as )ere dau.ed over )ith pit$h and .itumen& and set them on fire/ and as the $ross .eams that supported the .an#s )ere .urning& the dit$h yielded on the sudden& and the .an#s )ere sha#en do)n& and fell into the dit$h )ith a prodigious noise" 1o) at the first there arose a very thi$# smo#e and dust& as the fire )as $ho#ed )ith the fall of the .an#/ .ut as the suffo$ated materials )ere no) gradually $onsumed& a plain flame .ra#e out/ on )hi$h sudden appearan$e of the flame a $onsternation fell upon the 0omans& and the shre)dness of the $ontrivan$e dis$ouraged them/ and indeed this a$$ident $oming upon them at a time )hen they thought they had already gained their point& $ooled their hopes for the time to

$ome" They also thought it )ould .e to no purpose to ta#e the pains to e tinguish the fire& sin$e if it )ere e tinguished& the .an#s )ere s)allo)ed up already +and .e$ome useless to them," C" T)o days after this& Simon and his party made an attempt to destroy the other .an#s/ for the 0omans had .rought their engines to .ear there& and .egan already to ma#e the )all sha#e" And here one Tephtheus& of (arsis& a $ity of (alilee& and -egassarus& one )ho )as derived from some of 6ueen -ariamne2s servants& and )ith them one from Adia.ene& he )as the son of 1a.ateus& and $alled .y the name of Chagiras& from the ill fortune he had& the )ord signifying Ia lame man&I snat$hed some tor$hes& and ran suddenly upon the engines" 1or )ere there during this )ar any men that ever sallied out of the $ity )ho )ere their superiors& either in their .oldness& or in the terror they stru$# into their enemies" For they ran out upon the 0omans& not as if they )ere enemies& .ut friends& )ithout fear or delay/ nor did they leave their enemies till they had rushed violently through the midst of them& and set their ma$hines on fire" And though they had darts thro)n at them on every side& and )ere on every side assaulted )ith their enemies2 s)ords& yet did they not )ithdra) themselves out of the dangers they )ere in& till the fire had $aught hold of the instruments/ .ut )hen the flame )ent up& the 0omans $ame running from their $amp to save their engines" Then did the Je)s hinder their su$$ors from the )all& and fought )ith those that endeavored to 6uen$h the fire& )ithout any regard to the danger their .odies )ere in" So the 0omans pulled the engines out of the fire& )hile the hurdles that $overed them )ere on fire/ .ut the Je)s $aught hold of the .attering rams through the flame itself& and held them fast& although the iron upon them )as .e$ome red hot/ and no) the fire spread itself from the engines to the .an#s& and prevented those that $ame to defend them/ and all this )hile the 0omans )ere en$ompassed round a.out )ith the flame/ and& despairing of saying their )or#s from it& they retired to their $amp" Then did the Je)s .e$ome still more and more in num.er .y the $oming of those that )ere )ithin the $ity to their assistan$e/ and as they )ere very .old upon the good su$$ess they had had& their violent assaults )ere almost irresisti.le/ nay& they pro$eeded as far as the fortifi$ations of the enemies2 $amp& and fought )ith their guards" 1o) there stood a .ody of soldiers in array .efore that $amp& )hi$h su$$eeded one another .y turns in their armor/ and as to those& the la) of the 0omans )as terri.le& that he )ho left his post there& let the o$$asion .e )hatsoever it might .e& he )as to die for it/ so that .ody of soldiers& preferring rather to die in fighting $ourageously& than as a punishment for their $o)ardi$e& stood firm/ and at the ne$essity these men )ere in of standing to it& many of the others that had run a)ay& out of shame& turned .a$# again/ and )hen they had set the engines against the )all& they put the multitude from $oming more of them out of the $ity& +)hi$h they $ould the more easily do, .e$ause they had made no provision for preserving or guarding their .odies at this time/ for the Je)s fought no) hand to hand )ith all that $ame in their )ay& and& )ithout any $aution& fell against the points of their enemies2 spears& and atta$#ed them .odies against .odies/ for they )ere no) too hard for the 0omans& not so mu$h .y their other )arli#e a$tions& as .y these $ourageous assaults they made upon them/ and the 0omans gave )ay more to their .oldness than they did to the sense of the harm they had re$eived from them" D" And no) Titus )as $ome from the to)er of Antonia& )hither he )as gone to loo# out for a pla$e for raising other .an#s& and reproa$hed the soldiers greatly for permitting their o)n )alls to .e in danger& )hen they had ta#en the )ails of their enemies& and sustained the fortune of men .esieged& )hile the Je)s )ere allo)ed to sally out against them& though they )ere already in a sort of prison" He then )ent round a.out the enemy )ith some $hosen troops& and fell upon their flan# himself/ so the Je)s& )ho had .een .efore assaulted in their fa$es& )heeled a.out to Titus& and $ontinued the fight" The armies also )ere no) mi ed one among another& and the dust that )as raised so far hindered them from seeing one another& and the noise that )as made so far hindered them from hearing one another& that neither side $ould dis$ern an enemy from a friend" Ho)ever& the Je)s did not flin$h& though not so mu$h from their real strength& as from their despair of deliveran$e" The 0omans also )ould not yield& .y reason of the regard they had to glory& and to their reputation in )ar& and .e$ause Caesar himself )ent into the danger .efore them/ insomu$h that I $annot .ut thin# the 0omans )ould in the $on$lusion have no) ta#en even the )hole multitude of the Je)s& so very angry )ere they at them& had these not prevented the upshot of the .attle& and retired into the $ity" Ho)ever& seeing the .an#s of the 0omans )ere demolished& these 0omans )ere very mu$h east do)n upon the loss of )hat had $ost

them so long pains& and this in one hour2s time" And many indeed despaired of ta#ing the $ity )ith their usual engines of )ar only" +'D'OT+1 ;@M> 0eland very properly ta#es noti$e here& ho) 7ustly this 7udgment $ame upon the Je)s& )hen they )ere $ru$ified in su$h multitudes together& that the 0omans )anted room for the $rosses& and $rosses for the .odies of these Je)s& sin$e they had .rought this 7udgment on themselves .y the $ru$ifi ion of their -essiah"

CH(PT+, 12
T)T01 THO0*HT /)T TO +'CO6P(11 TH+ C)T3 ,O0'D W)TH ( W(..; (/T+, WH)CH TH+ /(6)'+ CO'106+D TH+ P+OP.+ B3 WHO.+ HO01+1 ('D /(6).)+1 TO*+TH+,5
@" A1' no) did Titus $onsult )ith his $ommanders )hat )as to .e done" Those that )ere of the )armest tempers thought he should .ring the )hole army against the $ity and storm the )all/ for that hitherto no more than a part of their army had fought )ith the Je)s/ .ut that in $ase the entire army )as to $ome at on$e& they )ould not .e a.le to sustain their atta$#s& .ut )ould .e over)helmed .y their darts" But of those that )ere for a more $autious management& some )ere for raising their .an#s again/ and others advised to let the .an#s alone& .ut to lie still .efore the $ity& to guard against the $oming out of the Je)s& and against their $arrying provisions into the $ity& and so to leave the enemy to the famine& and this )ithout dire$t fighting )ith them/ for that despair )as not to .e $on6uered& espe$ially as to those )ho are desirous to die .y the s)ord& )hile a more terri.le misery than that is reserved for them" Ho)ever& Titus did not thin# it fit for so great an army to lie entirely idle& and that yet it )as in vain to fight )ith those that )ould .e destroyed one .y another/ he also sho)ed them ho) impra$ti$a.le it )as to $ast up any more .an#s& for )ant of materials& and to guard against the Je)s $oming out still more impra$ti$a.le/ as also& that to en$ompass the )hole $ity round )ith his army )as not very easy& .y reason of its magnitude& and the diffi$ulty of the situation& and on other a$$ounts dangerous& upon the sallies the Je)s might ma#e out of the $ity" For although they might guard the #no)n passages out of the pla$e& yet )ould they& )hen they found themselves under the greatest distress& $ontrive se$ret passages out& as .eing )ell a$6uainted )ith all su$h pla$es/ and if any provisions )ere $arried in .y stealth& the siege )ould there.y .e longer delayed" He also o)ned that he )as afraid that the length of time thus to .e spent )ould diminish the glory of his su$$ess/ for though it .e true that length of time )ill perfe$t every thing& yet that to do )hat )e do in a little time is still ne$essary to the gaining reputation" That therefore his opinion )as& that if they aimed at 6ui$#ness 7oined )ith se$urity& they must .uild a )all round a.out the )hole $ity/ )hi$h )as& he thought& the only )ay to prevent the Je)s from $oming out any )ay& and that then they )ould either entirely despair of saving the $ity& and so )ould surrender it up to him& or .e still the more easily $on6uered )hen the famine had further )ea#ened them/ for that .esides this )all& he )ould not lie entirely at rest after)ard& .ut )ould ta#e $are then to have .an#s raised again& )hen those that )ould oppose them )ere .e$ome )ea#er" But that if any one should thin# su$h a )or# to .e too great& and not to .e finished )ithout mu$h diffi$ulty& he ought to $onsider that it is not fit for 0omans to underta#e any small )or#& and that none .ut (od himself $ould )ith ease a$$omplish any great thing )hatsoever" A" These arguments prevailed )ith the $ommanders" So Titus gave orders that the army should .e distri.uted to their several shares of this )or#/ and indeed there no) $ame upon the soldiers a $ertain divine fury& so that they did not only part the )hole )all that )as to .e .uilt among them& nor did only one legion strive )ith another& .ut the lesser divisions of the army did the same/ insomu$h that ea$h soldier )as am.itious to please his de$urion& ea$h de$urion his $enturion& ea$h $enturion his tri.une& and the am.ition of the tri.unes )as to please their superior $ommanders& )hile Caesar himself too#

noti$e of and re)arded the li#e $ontention in those $ommanders/ for he )ent round a.out the )or#s many times every day& and too# a vie) of )hat )as done" Titus .egan the )all from the $amp of the Assyrians& )here his o)n $amp )as pit$hed& and dre) it do)n to the lo)er parts of Cenopolis/ then$e it )ent along the valley of Cedron& to the -ount of Olives/ it then .ent to)ards the south& and en$ompassed the mountain as far as the ro$# $alled *eristereon& and that other hill )hi$h lies ne t it& and is over the valley )hi$h rea$hes to Siloam/ )hen$e it .ended again to the )est& and )ent do)n to the valley of the Fountain& .eyond )hi$h it )ent up again at the monument of Ananus the high priest& and en$ompassing that mountain )here *ompey had formerly pit$hed his $amp& it returned .a$# to the north side of the $ity& and )as $arried on as far as a $ertain village $alled IThe House of the %re.inthi/I after )hi$h it en$ompassed Herod2s monument& and there& on the east& )as 7oined to Titus2s o)n $amp& )here it .egan" 1o) the length of this )all )as forty furlongs& one only a.ated" 1o) at this )all )ithout )ere ere$ted thirteen pla$es to #eep garrison in& )hose $ir$umferen$es& put together& amounted to ten furlongs/ the )hole )as $ompleted in three days/ so that )hat )ould naturally have re6uired some months )as done in so short an interval as is in$redi.le" When Titus had therefore en$ompassed the $ity )ith this )all& and put garrisons into proper pla$es& .e )ent round the )all& at the first )at$h of the night& and o.served ho) the guard )as #ept/ the se$ond )at$h he allotted to Ale ander/ the $ommanders of legions too# the third )at$h" They also $ast lots among themselves )ho should .e upon the )at$h in the night time& and )ho should go all night long round the spa$es that )ere interposed .et)een the garrisons" B" So all hope of es$aping )as no) $ut off from the Je)s& together )ith their li.erty of going out of the $ity" Then did the famine )iden its progress& and devoured the people .y )hole houses and families/ the upper rooms )ere full of )omen and $hildren that )ere dying .y famine& and the lanes of the $ity )ere full of the dead .odies of the aged/ the $hildren also and the young men )andered a.out the mar#et-pla$es li#e shado)s& all s)elled )ith the famine& and fell do)n dead& )heresoever their misery sei?ed them" As for .urying them& those that )ere si$# themselves )ere not a.le to do it/ and those that )ere hearty and )ell )ere deterred from doing it .y the great multitude of those dead .odies& and .y the un$ertainty there )as ho) soon they should die themselves/ for many died as they )ere .urying others& and many )ent to their $offins .efore that fatal hour )as $ome" 1or )as there any lamentations made under these $alamities& nor )ere heard any mournful $omplaints/ .ut the famine $onfounded all natural passions/ for those )ho )ere 7ust going to die loo#ed upon those that )ere gone to rest .efore them )ith dry eyes and open mouths" A deep silen$e also& and a #ind of deadly night& had sei?ed upon the $ity/ )hile yet the ro..ers )ere still more terri.le than these miseries )ere themselves/ for they .ra#e open those houses )hi$h )ere no other than graves of dead .odies& and plundered them of )hat they had/ and $arrying off the $overings of their .odies& )ent out laughing& and tried the points of their s)ords in their dead .odies/ and& in order to prove )hat metal they )ere made of they thrust some of those through that still lay alive upon the ground/ .ut for those that entreated them to lend them their right hand and their s)ord to despat$h them& they )ere too proud to grant their re6uests& and left them to .e $onsumed .y the famine" 1o) every one of these died )ith their eyes fi ed upon the temple& and left the seditious alive .ehind them" 1o) the seditious at first gave orders that the dead should .e .uried out of the pu.li$ treasury& as not enduring the sten$h of their dead .odies" But after)ards& )hen they $ould not do that& they had them $ast do)n from the )alls into the valleys .eneath" <" Ho)ever& )hen Titus& in going his rounds along those valleys& sa) them full of dead .odies& and the thi$# putrefa$tion running a.out them& he gave a groan/ and& spreading out his hands to heaven& $alled (od to )itness that this )as not his doing/ and su$h )as the sad $ase of the $ity itself" But the 0omans )ere very 7oyful& sin$e none of the seditious $ould no) ma#e sallies out of the $ity& .e$ause they )ere themselves dis$onsolate& and the famine already tou$hed them also" These 0omans .esides had great plenty of $orn and other ne$essaries out of Syria& and out of the neigh.oring provin$es/ many of )hom )ould stand near to the )all of the $ity& and sho) the people )hat great 6uantities of provisions they had& and so ma#e the enemy more sensi.le of their famine& .y the great plenty& even to satiety& )hi$h they had themselves" Ho)ever& )hen the seditious still sho)ed no in$linations of yielding& Titus& out of his $ommiseration of the people that remained& and out of his earnest desire of res$uing )hat )as still

left out of these miseries& .egan to raise his .an#s again& although materials for them )ere hard to he $ome at/ for all the trees that )ere a.out the $ity had .een already $ut do)n for the ma#ing of the former .an#s" !et did the soldiers .ring )ith them other materials from the distan$e of ninety furlongs& and there.y raised .an#s in four parts& mu$h greater than the former& though this )as done only at the to)er of Antonia" So Caesar )ent his rounds through the legions& and hastened on the )or#s& and sho)ed the ro..ers that they )ere no) in his hands" But these men& and these only& )ere in$apa.le of repenting of the )i$#ednesses they had .een guilty of/ and separating their souls from their .odies& they used them .oth as if they .elonged to other fol#s& and not to themselves" For no gentle affe$tion $ould tou$h their souls& nor $ould any pain affe$t their .odies& sin$e they $ould still tear the dead .odies of the people as dogs do& and fill the prisons )ith those that )ere si$#"

CH(PT+, 13
TH+ *,+(T 1.(0*HT+,1 ('D 1(C,).+*+ TH(T W+,+ )' J+,01(.+65
@" ACCO0'I1(4! Simon )ould not suffer -atthias& .y )hose means he got possession of the $ity& to go off )ithout torment" This -atthias )as the son of Boethus& and )as one of the high priests& one that had .een very faithful to the people& and in great esteem )ith them/ he& )hen the multitude )ere distressed .y the ?ealots& among )hom John )as num.ered& persuaded the people to admit this Simon to $ome in to assist them& )hile he had made no terms )ith him& nor e pe$ted any thing that )as evil from him" But )hen Simon )as $ome in& and had gotten the $ity under his po)er& he esteemed him that had advised them to admit him as his enemy e6ually )ith the rest& as loo#ing upon that advi$e as a pie$e of his simpli$ity only/ so he had him then .rought .efore him& and $ondemned to die for .eing on the side of the 0omans& )ithout giving him leave to ma#e his defense" He $ondemned also his three sons to die )ith him/ for as to the fourth& he prevented him .y running a)ay to Titus .efore" And )hen he .egged for this& that he might .e slain .efore his sons& and that as a favor& on a$$ount that he had pro$ured the gates of the $ity to .e opened to him& he gave order that he should .e slain the last of them all/ so he )as not slain till he had seen his sons slain .efore his eyes& and that .y .eing produ$ed over against the 0omans/ for su$h a $harge had Simon given to Artanus& the son of Bamadus& )ho )as the most .ar.arous of all his guards" He also 7ested upon him& and told him that he might no) see )hether those to )hom he intended to go over )ould send him any su$$ors or not/ .ut still he for.ade their dead .odies should .e .uried" After the slaughter of these& a $ertain priest& Ananias& the son of -asam.alus& a person of eminen$y& as also Aristens& the s$ri.e of the sanhedrim& and .orn at %mmaus& and )ith them fifteen men of figure among the people& )ere slain" They also #ept Josephus2s father in prison& and made pu.li$ pro$lamation& that no $iti?en )hosoever should either spea# to him himself& or go into his $ompany among others& for fear he should .etray them" They also sle) su$h as 7oined in lamenting these men& )ithout any further e amination" A" 1o) )hen Judas& the son of Judas& )ho )as one of Simon2s under offi$ers& and a person intrusted .y him to #eep one of the to)ers& sa) this pro$edure of Simon& he $alled together ten of those under him& that )ere most faithful to him& ;perhaps this )as done partly out of pity to those that had so .ar.arously .een put to death& .ut prin$ipally in order to provide for his o)n safety&> and spo#e thus to themE IHo) long shall )e .ear these miseriesK or )hat hopes have )e of deliveran$e .y thus $ontinuing faithful to su$h )i$#ed )ret$hesK Is not the famine already $ome against usK Are not the 0omans in a manner gotten )ithin the $ityK Is not Simon .e$ome unfaithful to his .enefa$torsK and is there not reason to fear he )ill very soon .ring us to the li#e punishment& )hile the se$urity the 0omans offer us is sureK Come on& let us surrender up this )all& and save ourselves and the $ity" 1or )ill Simon .e very mu$h hurt& if& no) he despairs of deliveran$e& he .e .rought to 7usti$e a little sooner than he thin#s on"I 1o) these ten )ere prevailed upon .y those arguments/ so he sent the rest of those that )ere under him& some one )ay& and some another& that no dis$overy might .e made of )hat they had resolved upon" A$$ordingly& he $alled to the 0omans from the to)er a.out the third hour/ .ut they& some of them out of pride& despised )hat he said& and others of them did not .elieve him to .e in

earnest& though the greatest num.er delayed the matter& as .elieving they should get possession of the $ity in a little time& )ithout any ha?ard" But )hen Titus )as 7ust $oming thither )ith his armed men& Simon )as a$6uainted )ith the matter .efore he $ame& and presently too# the to)er into his o)n $ustody& .efore it )as surrendered& and sei?ed upon these men& and put them to death in the sight of the 0omans themselves/ and )hen he had mangled their dead .odies& he thre) them do)n .efore the )all of the $ity" B" In the mean time& Josephus& as he )as going round the $ity& had his head )ounded .y a stone that )as thro)n at him/ upon )hi$h he fell do)n as giddy" 5pon )hi$h fall of his the Je)s made a sally& and he had .een hurried a)ay into the $ity& if Caesar had not sent men to prote$t him immediately/ and as these men )ere fighting& Josephus )as ta#en up& though he heard little of )hat )as done" So the seditious supposed they had no) slain that man )hom they )ere the most desirous of #illing& and made thereupon a great noise& in )ay of re7oi$ing" This a$$ident )as told in the $ity& and the multitude that remained .e$ame very dis$onsolate at the ne)s& as .eing persuaded that he )as really dead& on )hose a$$ount alone they $ould venture to desert to the 0omans" But )hen Josephus2s mother heard in prison that her son )as dead& she said to those that )at$hed a.out her& That she had al)ays .een of opinion& sin$e the siege of Jotapata& +that he )ould .e slain&, and she should never en7oy him alive any more" She also made great lamentation privately to the maid-servants that )ere a.out her& and said& That this )as all the advantage she had of .ringing so e traordinary a person as this son into the )orld/ that she should not .e a.le even to .ury that son of hers& .y )hom she e pe$ted to have .een .uried herself" Ho)ever& this false report did not put his mother to pain& nor afford merriment to the ro..ers& long/ for Josephus soon re$overed of his )ound& and $ame out& and $ried out aloud& That it )ould not .e long ere they should .e punished for this )ound they had given him" He also made a fresh e hortation to the people to $ome out upon the se$urity that )ould .e given them" This sight of Josephus en$ouraged the people greatly& and .rought a great $onsternation upon the seditious" <" Hereupon some of the deserters& having no other )ay& leaped do)n from the )all immediately& )hile others of them )ent out of the $ity )ith stones& as if they )ould fight them/ .ut thereupon they fled a)ay to the 0omans" But here a )orse fate a$$ompanied these than )hat they had found )ithin the $ity/ and they met )ith a 6ui$#er despat$h from the too great a.undan$e they had among the 0omans& than they $ould have done from the famine among the Je)s/ for )hen they $ame first to the 0omans& they )ere puffed up .y the famine& and s)elled li#e men in a dropsy/ after )hi$h they all on the sudden overfilled those .odies that )ere .efore empty& and so .urst asunder& e $epting su$h only as )ere s#illful enough to restrain their appetites& and .y degrees too# in their food into .odies una$$ustomed thereto" !et did another plague sei?e upon those that )ere thus preserved/ for there )as found among the Syrian deserters a $ertain person )ho )as $aught gathering pie$es of gold out of the e $rements of the Je)s2 .ellies/ for the deserters used to s)allo) su$h pie$es of gold& as )e told you .efore& )hen they $ame out& and for these did the seditious sear$h them all/ for there )as a great 6uantity of gold in the $ity& insomu$h that as mu$h )as no) sold +in the 0oman $amp, for t)elve Atti$ +drams,& as )as sold .efore for t)enty-five" But )hen this $ontrivan$e )as dis$overed in one instan$e& the fame of it filled their several $amps& that the deserters $ame to them full of gold" So the multitude of the Ara.ians& )ith the Syrians& $ut up those that $ame as suppli$ants& and sear$hed their .ellies" 1or does it seem to me that any misery .efell the Je)s that )as more terri.le than this& sin$e in one night2s time a.out t)o thousand of these deserters )ere thus disse$ted" C" When Titus $ame to the #no)ledge of this )i$#ed pra$ti$e& he had li#e to have surrounded those that had .een guilty of it )ith his horse& and have shot them dead/ and he had done it& had not their num.er .een so very great& and those that )ere lia.le to this punishment )ould have .een manifold more than those )hom they had slain" Ho)ever& he $alled together the $ommanders of the au iliary troops he had )ith him& as )ell as the $ommanders of the 0oman legions& ;for some of his o)n soldiers had .een also guilty herein& as he had .een informed&> and had great indignation against .oth sorts of them& and said to them& IWhatJ have any of my o)n soldiers done su$h things as this out of the un$ertain hope of gain& )ithout regarding their o)n )eapons& )hi$h are made of silver and goldK -oreover& do the Ara.ians and Syrians no) first of all .egin to govern themselves as they please& and

to indulge their appetites in a foreign )ar& and then& out of their .ar.arity in murdering men& and out of their hatred to the Je)s& get it as$ri.ed to the 0omansKI for this infamous pra$ti$e )as said to .e spread among some of his o)n soldiers also" Titus then threatened that he )ould put su$h men to death& if any of them )ere dis$overed to .e so insolent as to do so again/ moreover& he gave it in $harge to the legions& that they should ma#e a sear$h after su$h as )ere suspe$ted& and should .ring them to him" But it appeared that the love of money )as too hard for all their dread of punishment& and a vehement desire of gain is natural to men& and no passion is so venturesome as $ovetousness/ other)ise su$h passions have $ertain .ounds& and are su.ordinate to fear" But in reality it )as (od )ho $ondemned the )hole nation& and turned every $ourse that )as ta#en for their preservation to their destru$tion" This& therefore& )hi$h )as for.idden .y Caesar under su$h a threatening& )as ventured upon privately against the deserters& and these .ar.arians )ould go out still& and meet those that ran a)ay .efore any sa) them& and loo#ing a.out them to see that no 0oman spied them& they disse$ted them& and pulled this polluted money out of their .o)els/ )hi$h money )as still found in a fe) of them& )hile yet a great many )ere destroyed .y the .are hope there )as of thus getting .y them& )hi$h misera.le treatment made many that )ere deserting to return .a$# again into the $ity" D" But as for John& )hen he $ould no longer plunder the people& he .etoo# himself to sa$rilege& and melted do)n many of the sa$red utensils& )hi$h had .een given to the temple/ as also many of those vessels )hi$h )ere ne$essary for su$h as ministered a.out holy things& the $aldrons& the dishes& and the ta.les/ nay& he did not a.stain from those pouring vessels that )ere sent them .y Augustus and his )ife/ for the 0oman emperors did ever .oth honor and adorn this temple/ )hereas this man& )ho )as a Je)& sei?ed upon )hat )ere the donations of foreigners& and said to those that )ere )ith him& that it )as proper for them to use 'ivine things& )hile they )ere fighting for the 'ivinity& )ithout fear& and that su$h )hose )arfare is for the temple should live of the temple/ on )hi$h a$$ount he emptied the vessels of that sa$red )ine and oil& )hi$h the priests #ept to .e poured on the .urnt-offerings& and )hi$h lay in the inner $ourt of the temple& and distri.uted it among the multitude& )ho& in their anointing themselves and drin#ing& used +ea$h of them, a.ove an hin of them" And here I $annot .ut spea# my mind& and )hat the $on$ern I am under di$tates to me& and it is thisE I suppose& that had the 0omans made any longer delay in $oming against these villains& that the $ity )ould either have .een s)allo)ed up .y the ground opening upon them& or .een overflo)ed .y )ater& or else .een destroyed .y su$h thunder as the $ountry of Sodom ;A=> perished .y& for it had .rought forth a generation of men mu$h more atheisti$al than )ere those that suffered su$h punishments/ for .y their madness it )as that all the people $ame to .e destroyed" H" And& indeed& )hy do I relate these parti$ular $alamitiesK )hile -anneus& the son of 4a?arus& $ame running to Titus at this very time& and told him that there had .een $arried out through that one gate& )hi$h )as intrusted to his $are& no fe)er than a hundred and fifteen thousand eight hundred and eighty dead .odies& in the interval .et)een the fourteenth day of the month Fanthieus& +1isan&, )hen the 0omans pit$hed their $amp .y the $ity& and the first day of the month *anemus +Tamu?," This )as itself a prodigious multitude/ and though this man )as not himself set as a governor at that gate& yet )as he appointed to pay the pu.li$ stipend for $arrying these .odies out& and so )as o.liged of ne$essity to num.er them& )hile the rest )ere .uried .y their relations/ though all their .urial )as .ut this& to .ring them a)ay& and $ast them out of the $ity" After this man there ran a)ay to Titus many of the eminent $iti?ens& and told him the entire num.er of the poor that )ere dead& and that no fe)er than si hundred thousand )ere thro)n out at the gates& though still the num.er of the rest $ould not .e dis$overed/ and they told him further& that )hen they )ere no longer a.le to $arry out the dead .odies of the poor& they laid their $orpses on heaps in very large houses& and shut them up therein/ as also that a medimnus of )heat )as sold for a talent/ and that )hen& a )hile after)ard& it )as not possi.le to gather her.s& .y reason the $ity )as all )alled a.out& some persons )ere driven to that terri.le distress as to sear$h the $ommon se)ers and old dunghills of $attle& and to eat the dung )hi$h they got there/ and )hat they of old $ould not endure so mu$h as to see they no) used for food" When the 0omans .arely heard all this& they $ommiserated their $ase/ )hile the seditious& )ho sa) it also& did not repent& .ut suffered the same distress to $ome upon themselves/ for they )ere .linded .y that fate )hi$h )as already $oming upon the $ity& and upon themselves also"

+'D'OT+1 ;A=> Josephus& .oth here and .efore& B" I8" $h" G" se$t" <& esteems the land of Sodom& not as part of the la#e Asphaltiris& or under its )aters& .ut near it only& as Ta$itus also too# the same notion from him& Hist" 8" $h" D" H& )hi$h the great 0eland ta#es to .e the very truth& .oth in his note on this pla$e& and in his *alestina& tom" I" p" AC<-ACG/ though I rather suppose part of that region of *entapolis to .e no) under the )aters of the south part of that sea& .ut perhaps not the )hole $ountry"

The Wars Of The Jews Or The History Of The Destruction Of Jerusalem Book "
CO'T()')'* TH+ )'T+,-(. O/ (BO0T O'+ 6O'TH5 /,O6 TH+ *,+(T +2T,+6)T3 TO WH)CH TH+ J+W1 W+,+ ,+D0C+D TO TH+ T(7)'* O/ J+,01(.+6 B3 T)T015

CH(PT+, 1
TH(T TH+ 6)1+,)+1 1T).. *,+W WO,1+; ('D HOW TH+ ,O6('1 6(D+ (' (11(0.T 0PO' TH+ TOW+, O/ ('TO')(5
@" TH5S did the miseries of Jerusalem gro) )orse and )orse every day& and the seditious )ere still more irritated .y the $alamities they )ere under& even )hile the famine preyed upon themselves& after it had preyed upon the people" And indeed the multitude of $ar$asses that lay in heaps one upon another )as a horri.le sight& and produ$ed a pestilential sten$h& )hi$h )as a hinderan$e to those that )ould ma#e sallies out of the $ity& and fight the enemyE .ut as those )ere to go in .attle- array& )ho had .een already used to ten thousand murders& and must tread upon those dead .odies as they mar$hed along& so )ere not they terrified& nor did they pity men as they mar$hed over them/ nor did they deem this affront offered to the de$eased to .e any ill omen to themselves/ .ut as they had their right hands already polluted )ith the murders of their o)n $ountrymen& and in that $ondition ran out to fight )ith foreigners& they seem to me to have $ast a reproa$h upon (od himself& as if he )ere too slo) in punishing them/ for the )ar )as not no) gone on )ith as if they had any hope of vi$tory/ for they gloried after a .rutish manner in that despair of deliveran$e they )ere already in" And no) the 0omans& although they )ere greatly distressed in getting together their materials& raised their .an#s in one and t)enty days& after they had $ut do)n all the trees that )ere in the $ountry that ad7oined to the $ity& and that for ninety furlongs round a.out& as I have already related" And truly the very vie) itself of the $ountry )as a melan$holy thing/ for those pla$es )hi$h )ere .efore adorned )ith trees and pleasant gardens )ere no) .e$ome a desolate $ountry every )ay& and its trees )ere all $ut do)nE nor $ould any foreigner that had formerly seen Judea and the most .eautiful su.ur.s of the $ity& and no) sa) it as a desert& .ut lament and mourn sadly at so great a $hangeE for the )ar had laid all the signs of .eauty 6uite )asteE nor if any one that had #no)n the pla$e .efore& had $ome on a sudden to it no)& )ould he have #no)n it again/ .ut though he )ere at the $ity itself& yet )ould he have in6uired for it not)ithstanding"

A" And no) the .an#s )ere finished& they afforded a foundation for fear .oth to the 0omans and to the Je)s/ for the Je)s e pe$ted that the $ity )ould .e ta#en& unless they $ould .urn those .an#s& as did the 0omans e pe$t that& if these )ere on$e .urnt do)n& they should never .e a.le to ta#e it/ for there )as a mighty s$ar$ity of materials& and the .odies of the soldiers .egan to fail )ith su$h hard la.ors& as did their souls faint )ith so many instan$es of ill su$$ess/ nay& the very $alamities themselves that )ere in the $ity proved a greater dis$ouragement to the 0omans than those )ithin the $ity/ for they found the fighting men of the Je)s to .e not at all mollified among su$h their sore affli$tions& )hile they had themselves perpetually less and less hopes of su$$ess& and their .an#s )ere for$ed to yield to the stratagems of the enemy& their engines to the firmness of their )all& and their $losest fights to the .oldness of their atta$#/ and& )hat )as their greatest dis$ouragement of all& they found the Je)s2 $ourageous souls to .e superior to the multitude of the miseries they )ere under& .y their sedition& their famine& and the )ar itself/ insomu$h that they )ere ready to imagine that the violen$e of their atta$#s )as invin$i.le& and that the ala$rity they sho)ed )ould not .e dis$ouraged .y their $alamities/ for )hat )ould not those .e a.le to .ear if they should .e fortunate& )ho turned their very misfortunes to the improvement of their valorJ These $onsiderations made the 0omans to #eep a stronger guard a.out their .an#s than they formerly had done" B" But no) John and his party too# $are for se$uring themselves after)ard& even in $ase this )all should .e thro)n do)n& and fell to their )or# .efore the .attering rams )ere .rought against them" !et did they not $ompass )hat they endeavored to do& .ut as they )ere gone out )ith their tor$hes& they $ame .a$# under great dis$ouragement .efore they $ame near to the .an#s/ and the reasons )ere theseE that& in the first pla$e& their $ondu$t did not seem to .e unanimous& .ut they )ent out in distin$t parties& and at distin$t intervals& and after a slo) manner& and timorously& and& to say all in a )ord& )ithout a Je)ish $ourage/ for they )ere no) defe$tive in )hat is pe$uliar to our nation& that is& in .oldness& in violen$e of assault& and in running upon the enemy all together& and in persevering in )hat they go a.out& though they do not at first su$$eed in it/ .ut they no) )ent out in a more languid manner than usual& and at the same time found the 0omans set in array& and more $ourageous than ordinary& and that they guarded their .an#s .oth )ith their .odies and their entire armor& and this to su$h a degree on all sides& that they left no room for the fire to get among them& and that every one of their souls )as in su$h good $ourage& that they )ould sooner die than desert their ran#s/ for .esides their notion that all their hopes )ere $ut off& in $ase these their )or#s )ere on$e .urnt& the soldiers )ere greatly ashamed that su.tlety should 6uite .e too hard for $ourage& madness for armor& multitude for s#ill& and Je)s for 0omans" The 0omans had no) also another advantage& in that their engines for sieges $o-operated )ith them in thro)ing darts and stones as far as the Je)s& )hen they )ere $oming out of the $ity/ )here.y the man that fell .e$ame an impediment to him that )as ne t to him& as did the danger of going farther ma#e them less ?ealous in their attempts/ and for those that had run under the darts& some of them )ere terrified .y the good order and $loseness of the enemies2 ran#s .efore they $ame to a $lose fight& and others )ere pri$#ed )ith their spears& and turned .a$# again/ at length they reproa$hed one another for their $o)ardi$e& and retired )ithout doing any thing" This atta$# )as made upon the first day of the month *anemus +Tamu?", So )hen the Je)s )ere retreated& the 0omans .rought their engines& although they had all the )hile stones thro)n at them from the to)er of Antonia& and )ere assaulted .y fire and s)ord& and .y all sorts of darts& )hi$h ne$essity afforded the Je)s to ma#e use of/ for although these had great dependen$e on their o)n )all& and a $ontempt of the 0oman engines& yet did they endeavor to hinder the 0omans from .ringing them" 1o) these 0omans struggled hard& on the $ontrary& to .ring them& as deeming that this ?eal of the Je)s )as in order to avoid any impression to .e made on the to)er of Antonia& .e$ause its )all )as .ut )ea#& and its foundations rotten" Ho)ever& that to)er did not yield to the .lo)s given it from the engines/ yet did the 0omans .ear the impressions made .y the enemies2 darts )hi$h )ere perpetually $ast at them& and did not give )ay to any of those dangers that $ame upon them from a.ove& and so they .rought their engines to .ear" But then& as they )ere .eneath the other& and )ere sadly )ounded .y the stones thro)n do)n upon them& some of them thre) their shields over their .odies& and partly )ith their hands& and partly )ith their .odies& and partly )ith $ro)s& they undermined its foundations& and )ith great pains they removed four of its stones" Then night $ame upon .oth sides& and put an end to this struggle for the present/ ho)ever& that night the )all )as so sha#en .y the .attering rams in

that pla$e )here John had used his stratagem .efore& and had undermined their .an#s& that the ground then gave )ay& and the )all fell do)n suddenly" <" When this a$$ident had une pe$tedly happened& the minds of .oth parties )ere variously affe$ted/ for though one )ould e pe$t that the Je)s )ould .e dis$ouraged& .e$ause this fall of their )all )as une pe$ted .y them& and they had made no provision in that $ase& yet did they pull up their $ourage& .e$ause the to)er of Antonia itself )as still standing/ as )as the une pe$ted 7oy of the 0omans at this fall of the )all soon 6uen$hed .y the sight they had of another )all& )hi$h John and his party had .uilt )ithin it" Ho)ever& the atta$# of this se$ond )all appeared to .e easier than that of the former& .e$ause it seemed a thing of greater fa$ility to get up to it through the parts of the former )all that )ere no) thro)n do)n" This ne) )all appeared also to .e mu$h )ea#er than the to)er of Antonia& and a$$ordingly the 0omans imagined that it had .een ere$ted so mu$h on the sudden& that they should soon overthro) itE yet did not any .ody venture no) to go up to this )all/ for that su$h as first ventured so to do must $ertainly .e #illed" C" And no) Titus& upon $onsideration that the ala$rity of soldiers in )ar is $hiefly e $ited .y hopes and .y good )ords& and that e hortations and promises do fre6uently ma#e men to forget the ha?ards they run& nay& sometimes to despise death itself& got together the most $ourageous part of his army& and tried )hat he $ould do )ith his men .y these methods" IO fello) soldiers&I said he& Ito ma#e an e hortation to men to do )hat hath no peril in it& is on that very a$$ount inglorious to su$h to )hom that e hortation is made/ and indeed so it is in him that ma#es the e hortation& an argument of his o)n $o)ardi$e also" I therefore thin# that su$h e hortations ought then only to .e made use of )hen affairs are in a dangerous $ondition& and yet are )orthy of .eing attempted .y every one themselves/ a$$ordingly& I am fully of the same opinion )ith you& that it is a diffi$ult tas# to go up this )all/ .ut that it is proper for those that desire reputation for their valor to struggle )ith diffi$ulties in su$h $ases )ill then appear& )hen I have parti$ularly sho)n that it is a .rave thing to die )ith glory& and that the $ourage here ne$essary shall not go unre)arded in those that first .egin the attempt" And let my first argument to move you to it .e ta#en from )hat pro.a.ly some )ould thin# reasona.le to dissuade you& I mean the $onstan$y and patien$e of these Je)s& even under their ill su$$esses/ for it is un.e$oming you& )ho are 0omans and my soldiers& )ho have in pea$e .een taught ho) to ma#e )ars& and )ho have also .een used to $on6uer in those )ars& to .e inferior to Je)s& either in a$tion of the hand& or in $ourage of the soul& and this espe$ially )hen you are at the $on$lusion of your vi$tory& and are assisted .y (od himself/ for as to our misfortunes& they have .een o)ing to the madness of the Je)s& )hile their sufferings have .een o)ing to your valor& and to the assistan$e (od hath afforded you/ for as to the seditions they have .een in& and the famine they are under& and the siege they no) endure& and the fall of their )alls )ithout our engines& )hat $an they all .e .ut demonstrations of (od2s anger against them& and of his assistan$e afforded usK It )ill not therefore .e proper for you& either to sho) yourselves inferior to those to )hom you are really superior& or to .etray that 'ivine assistan$e )hi$h is afforded you" And& indeed& ho) $an it .e esteemed other)ise than a .ase and un)orthy thing& that )hile the Je)s& )ho need not .e mu$h ashamed if they .e deserted& .e$ause they have long learned to .e slaves to others& do yet despise death& that they may .e so no longer/ and do ma#e sallies into the very midst of us fre6uently& no in hopes of $on6uering us& .ut merely for a demonstration of their $ourage/ )e& )ho have gotten possession of almost all the )orld that .elongs to either land or sea& to )hom it )ill .e a great shame if )e do not $on6uer them& do not on$e underta#e any attempt against our enemies )herein there is mu$h danger& .ut sit still idle& )ith su$h .rave arms as )e have& and only )ait till the famine and fortune do our .usiness themselves& and this )hen )e have it in our po)er& )ith some small ha?ard& to gain all that )e desireJ For if )e go up to this to)er of Antonia& )e gain the $ity/ for if there should .e any more o$$asion for fighting against those )ithin the $ity& )hi$h I do not suppose there )ill& sin$e )e shall then .e upon the top of the hill ;@> and .e upon our enemies .efore they $an have ta#en .reath& these advantages promise us no less than a $ertain and sudden vi$tory" As for myself& I shall at present )ave any $ommendation of those )ho die in )ar& ;A> and omit to spea# of the immortality of those men )ho are slain in the midst of their martial .ravery/ yet $annot I for.ear to impre$ate upon those )ho are of a $ontrary disposition& that they may die in time of pea$e& .y some distemper or other& sin$e their souls are $ondemned to the grave& together )ith

their .odies" For )hat man of virtue is there )ho does not #no)& that those souls )hi$h are severed from their fleshly .odies in .attles .y the s)ord are re$eived .y the ether& that purest of elements& and 7oined to that $ompany )hi$h are pla$ed among the stars/ that they .e$ome good demons& and propitious heroes& and sho) themselves as su$h to their posterity after)ardsK )hile upon those souls that )ear a)ay in and )ith their distempered .odies $omes a su.terranean night to dissolve them to nothing& and a deep o.livion to ta#e a)ay all the remem.ran$e of them& and this not)ithstanding they .e $lean from all spots and defilements of this )orld/ so that& in this ease& the soul at the same time $omes to the utmost .ounds of its life& and of its .ody& and of its memorial also" But sin$e he hath determined that death is to $ome of ne$essity upon all men& a s)ord is a .etter instrument for that purpose than any disease )hatsoever" Why is it not then a very mean thing for us not to yield up that to the pu.li$ .enefit )hi$h )e must yield up to fateK And this dis$ourse have I made& upon the supposition that those )ho at first attempt to go upon this )all must needs .e #illed in the attempt& though still men of true $ourage have a $han$e to es$ape even in the most ha?ardous underta#ings" For& in the first pla$e& that part of the former )all that is thro)n do)n is easily to .e as$ended/ and for the ne)-.uilt )all& it is easily destroyed" 'o you& therefore& many of you& pull up your $ourage& and set a.out this )or#& and do you mutually en$ourage and assist one another/ and this your .ravery )ill soon .rea# the hearts of your enemies/ and perhaps su$h a glorious underta#ing as yours is may .e a$$omplished )ithout .loodshed" For although it .e 7ustly to .e supposed that the Je)s )ill try to hinder you at your first .eginning to go up to them/ yet )hen you have on$e $on$ealed yourselves from them& and driven them a)ay .y for$e& they )ill not .e a.le to sustain your efforts against them any longer& though .ut a fe) of you prevent them& and get over the )all" As for that person )ho first mounts the )all& I should .lush for shame if I did not ma#e him to .e envied of others& .y those re)ards I )ould .esto) upon him" If su$h a one es$ape )ith his life& he shall have the $ommand of others that are no) .ut his e6uals/ although it .e true also that the greatest re)ards )ill a$$rue to su$h as die in the attempt"I ;B> D" 5pon this spee$h of Titus& the rest of the multitude )ere aftrighted at so great a danger" But there )as one& )hose name )as Sa.inus& a soldier that served among the $ohorts& and a Syrian .y .irth& )ho appeared to .e of very great fortitude& .oth in the a$tions he had done& and the $ourage of his soul he had sho)n/ although any .ody )ould have thought& .efore he $ame to his )or#& that he )as of su$h a )ea# $onstitution of .ody& that he )as not fit to .e a soldier/ for his $olor )as .la$#& his flesh )as lean and thin& and lay $lose together/ .ut there )as a $ertain heroi$ soul that d)elt in this small .ody& )hi$h .ody )as indeed mu$h too narro) for that pe$uliar $ourage )hi$h )as in him" A$$ordingly he )as the first that rose up& )hen he thus spa#eE II readily surrender up myself to thee& O Caesar/ I first as$end the )all& and I heartily )ish that my fortune may follo) my $ourage and my resolution And if some ill fortune grudge me the su$$ess of my underta#ing& ta#e noti$e that my ill su$$ess )ill not .e une pe$ted& .ut that I $hoose death voluntarily for thy sa#e"I When he had said this& and had spread out his sheild over his head )ith his left hand& and hill& )ith his right hand& dra)n his s)ord& he mar$hed up to the )all& 7ust a.out the si th hour of the day" There follo)ed him eleven others& and no more& that resolved to imitate his .ravery/ .ut still this )as the prin$ipal person of them all& and )ent first& as e $ited .y a divine fury" 1o) those that guarded the )all shot at them from then$e& and $ast innumera.le darts upon them from every side/ they also rolled very large stones upon them& )hi$h overthre) some of those eleven that )ere )ith him" But as for Sa.inus himself& he met the darts that )ere $ast at him and though he )as over)helmed )ith them& yet did he not leave off the violen$e of his atta$# .efore he had gotten up on the top of the )all& and had put the enemy to flight" For as the Je)s )ere astonished at his great strength& and the .ravery of his soul& and as& )ithal& they imagined more of them had got upon the )all than really had& they )ere put to flight" And no) one $annot .ut $omplain here of fortune& as still envious at virtue& and al)ays hindering the performan$e of glorious a$hievementsE this )as the $ase of the man .efore us& )hen he had 7ust o.tained his purpose/ for he then stum.led at a $ertain large stone& and fell do)n upon it headlong& )ith a very great noise" 5pon )hi$h the Je)s turned .a$#& and )hen they sa) him to .e alone& and fallen do)n also& they thre) darts at him from every side" Ho)ever" .e got upon his #nee& and $overed himself )ith his shield& and at the first defended himself against them& and )ounded many of those that $ame near him/ .ut he )as soon for$ed to rela his right hand& .y the multitude of the )ounds that had .een given him& till at

length he )as 6uite $overed over )ith darts .efore he gave up the ghost" He )as one )ho deserved a .etter fate& .y reason of his .ravery/ .ut& as might .e e pe$ted& he fell under so vast an attempt" As for the rest of his partners& the Je)s dashed three of them to pie$es )ith stones& and sle) them as they )ere gotten up to the top of the )all/ the other eight .eing )ounded& )ere pulled do)n& and $arried .a$# to the $amp" These things )ere done upon the third day of the month *anemus +Tamu?," H" 1o) t)o days after)ard t)elve of those men that )ere on the forefront& and #ept )at$h upon the .an#s& got together& and $alled to them the standard-.earer of the fifth legion& and t)o others of a troop of horsemen& and one trumpeter/ these )ent )ithout noise& a.out the ninth hour of the night& through the ruins& to the to)er of Antonia/ and )hen they had $ut the throats of the first guards of the pla$e& as they )ere asleep& they got possession of the )all& and ordered the trumpeter to sound his trumpet" 5pon )hi$h the rest of the guard got up on the sudden& and ran a)ay& .efore any .ody $ould see ho) many they )ere that )ere gotten up/ for& partly from the fear they )ere in& and partly from the sound of the trumpet )hi$h they heard& they imagined a great num.er of the enemy )ere gotten up" But as soon as Caesar heard the signal& he ordered the army to put on their armor immediately& and $ame thither )ith his $ommanders& and first of all as$ended& as did the $hosen men that )ere )ith him" And as the Je)s )ere flying a)ay to the temple& they fell into that mine )hi$h John had dug under the 0oman .an#s" Then did the seditious of .oth the .odies of the Je)ish army& as )ell that .elonging to John as that .elonging to Simon& drive them a)ay/ and indeed )ere no )ay )anting as to the highest degree of for$e and ala$rity/ for they esteemed themselves entirely ruined if on$e the 0omans got into the temple& as did the 0omans loo# upon the same thing as the .eginning of their entire $on6uest" So a terri.le .attle )as fought at the entran$e of the temple& )hile the 0omans )ere for$ing their )ay& in order to get possession of that temple& and the Je)s )ere driving them .a$# to the to)er of Antonia/ in )hi$h .attle the darts )ere on .oth sides useless& as )ell as the spears& and .oth sides dre) their s)ords& and fought it out hand to hand" 1o) during this struggle the positions of the men )ere undistinguished on .oth sides& and they fought at random& the men .eing intermi ed one )ith another& and $onfounded& .y reason of the narro)ness of the pla$e/ )hile the noise that )as made fell on the ear after an indistin$t manner& .e$ause it )as so very loud" (reat slaughter )as no) made on .oth sides& and the $om.atants trod upon the .odies and the armor of those that )ere dead& and dashed them to pie$es" A$$ordingly& to )hi$h side soever the .attle in$lined& those that had the advantage e horted one another to go on& as did those that )ere .eaten ma#e great lamentation" But still there )as no room for flight& nor for pursuit& .ut disorderly revolutions and retreats& )hile the armies )ere intermi ed one )ith another/ .ut those that )ere in the first ran#s )ere under the ne$essity of #illing or .eing #illed& )ithout any )ay for es$aping/ for those on .oth sides that $ame .ehind for$ed those .efore them to go on& )ithout leaving any spa$e .et)een the armies" At length the Je)s2 violent ?eal )as too hard for the 0omans2 s#ill& and the .attle already in$lined entirely that )ay/ for the fight had lasted from the ninth hour of the night till the seventh hour of the day& While the Je)s $ame on in $ro)ds& and had the danger the temple )as in for their motive/ the 0omans having no more here than a part of their army/ for those legions& on )hi$h the soldiers on that side depended& )ere not $ome up to them" So it )as at present thought suffi$ient .y the 0omans to ta#e possession of the to)er of Antonia" G" But there )as one Julian& a $enturion& that $ame from %ithynia& a man he )as of great reputation& )hom I had formerly seen in that )ar& and one of the highest fame& .oth for his s#ill in )ar& his strength of .ody& and the $ourage of his soul" This man& seeing the 0omans giving ground& and ill a sad $ondition& ;for he stood .y Titus at the to)er of Antonia&> leaped out& and of himself alone put the Je)s to flight& )hen they )ere already $on6uerors& and made them retire as far as the $orner of the inner $ourt of the temple/ from him the multitude fled a)ay in $ro)ds& as supposing that neither his strength nor his violent atta$#s $ould .e those of a mere man" A$$ordingly& he rushed through the midst of the Je)s& as they )ere dispersed all a.road& and #illed those that he $aught" 1or& indeed& )as there any sight that appeared more )onderful in the eyes of Caesar& or more terri.le to others& than this" Ho)ever& he )as himself pursued .y fate& )hi$h it all not possi.le that he& )ho )as .ut a mortal man& should es$ape/ for as he had shoes all full of thi$# and sharp nails ;<> as had every one of the other soldiers& so )hen he ran on the pavement of the temple& he slipped& and fell do)n upon his .a$#

)ith a very great noise& )hi$h )as made .y his armor" This made those that )ere running a)ay to turn .a$#/ )hereupon those 0omans that )ere in the to)er of Antonia set up a great shout& as they )ere in fear for the man" But the Je)s got a.out him in $ro)ds& and stru$# at him )ith their spears and )ith their s)ords on all sides" 1o) he re$eived a great many of the stro#es of these iron )eapons upon his shield& and often attempted to get up again& .ut )as thro)n do)n .y those that stru$# at him/ yet did he& as he lay along& sta. many of them )ith his s)ord" 1or )as he soon #illed& as .eing $overed )ith his helmet and his .reastplate in all those parts of his .ody )here he might .e mortally )ounded/ he also pulled his ne$# $lose to his .ody& till all his other lim.s )ere shattered& and no.ody durst $ome to defend him& and then he yielded to his fate" 1o) Caesar )as deeply affe$ted on a$$ount of this man of so great fortitude& and espe$ially as he )as #illed in the sight of so many people/ he )as desirous himself to $ome to his assistan$e& .ut the pla$e )ould not give him leave& )hile su$h as $ould have done it )ere too mu$h terrified to attempt it" Thus )hen Julian had struggled )ith death a great )hile& and had let .ut fe) of those that had given him his mortal )ound go off unhurt& he had at last his throat $ut& though not )ithout some diffi$ulty& and left .ehind him a very great fame& not only among the 0omans& and )ith Caesar himself& .ut among his enemies also/ then did the Je)s $at$h up his dead .ody& and put the 0omans to flight again& and shut them up in the to)er of Antonia" 1o) those that most signali?ed themselves& and fought most ?ealously in this .attle of the Je)ish side& )ere one Ale as and (yphtheus& of John2s party& and of Simon2s party )ere -ala$hias& and Judas the son of -erto& and James the son of Sosas& the $ommander of the Idumeans/ and of the ?ealots& t)o .rethren& Simon and Judas& the sons of Jairus" +'D'OT+1 ;@> 0eland notes here& very pertinently& that the to)er of Antonia stood higher than the floor of the temple or $ourt ad7oining to it/ and that a$$ordingly they des$ended then$e into the temple& as Josephus else)here spea#s also" See Boo# 8I" $h" A" se$t" C" ;A> In this spee$h of Titus )e may $learly see the notions )hi$h the 0omans then had of death& and of the happy state of those )ho died .ravely in )ar& and the $ontrary estate of those )ho died igno.ly in their .eds .y si$#ness" 0eland here also produ$es t)o parallel passages& the one out of Atonia Janus -ar$ellinus& $on$erning the Alani& li." B@& that Ithey 7udged that man happy )ho laid do)n his life in .attle /I the other of 8alerius -a imus& li." @@" $h" D& )ho says& Ithat the Cim.ri and Celti.eri e ulted for 7oy in the army& as .eing to go out of the )orld gloriously and happily"I ;B> See the note on p" G=M" ;<> 1o )onder that this Julian& )ho had so many nails in his shoes& slipped upon the pavement of the temple& )hi$h )as smooth& and laid )ith mar.le of different $olors"

CH(PT+, 2
HOW T)T01 *(-+ O,D+,1 TO D+6O.)1H TH+ TOW+, O/ ('TO')( ('D TH+' P+,10(D+D JO1+PH01 TO +2HO,T TH+ J+W1 (*()' 9TO ( 10,,+'D+,:5
@" A1' no) Titus gave orders to his soldiers that )ere )ith him to dig up the foundations of the to)er of Antonia& and ma#e him a ready passage for his army to $ome up/ )hile he himself had Josephus .rought to him& ;for he had .een informed that on that very day& )hi$h )as the seventeenth day ;C> of *anemus& +Tamu?&, the sa$rifi$e $alled Ithe 'aily Sa$rifi$eI had failed& and had not .een offered to (od& for )ant of men to offer it& and that the people )ere grievously trou.led at it&> and $ommanded him to say the same things to John that he had said .efore& that if he had any mali$ious in$lination for fighting& he might $ome out )ith as many of his men as he pleased& in order to fight& )ithout the

danger of destroying either his $ity or temple/ .ut that he desired he )ould not defile the temple& nor there.y offend against (od" That he might& if he pleased& offer the sa$rifi$es )hi$h )ere no) dis$ontinuned .y any of the Je)s )hom he should pit$h upon" 5pon this Josephus stood in su$h a pla$e )here he might .e heard& not .y John only& .ut .y many more& and then de$lared to them )hat Caesar had given him in $harge& and this in the He.re) language" ;D> So he earnestly prayed them to spare their o)n $ity& and to prevent that fire )hi$h )as 7ust ready to sei?e upon the temple& and to offer their usual sa$rifi$es to (od therein" At these )ords of his a great sadness and silen$e )ere o.served among the people" But the tyrant himself $ast many reproa$hes upon Josephus& )ith impre$ations .esides/ and at last added this )ithal& that he did never fear the ta#ing of the $ity& .e$ause it )as (od2s o)n $ity" In ans)er to )hi$h Josephus said thus )ith a loud voi$eE ITo .e sure thou hast #ept this $ity )onderfully pure for (od2s sa#e/ the temple also $ontinues entirely unpollutedJ 1or hast thou .een guilty of ally impiety against him for )hose assistan$e thou hopestJ He still re$eives his a$$ustomed sa$rifi$esJ 8ile )ret$h that thou artJ if any one should deprive thee of thy daily food& thou )ouldst esteem him to .e an enemy to thee/ .ut thou hopest to have that (od for thy supporter in this )ar )hom thou hast deprived of his everlasting )orship/ and thou imputest those sins to the 0omans& )ho to this very time ta#e $are to have our la)s o.served& and almost $ompel these sa$rifi$es to .e still offered to (od& )hi$h have .y thy means .een intermittedJ Who is there that $an avoid groans and lamentations at the ama?ing $hange that is made in this $ityK sin$e very foreigners and enemies do no) $orre$t that impiety )hi$h thou hast o$$asioned/ )hile thou& )ho art a Je)& and )ast edu$ated in our la)s& art .e$ome a greater enemy to them than the others" But still& John& it is never dishonora.le to repent& and amend )hat hath .een done amiss& even at the last e tremity" Thou hast an instan$e .efore thee in Je$honiah& ;H> the #ing of the Je)s& if thou hast a mind to save the $ity& )ho& )hen the #ing of Ba.ylon made )ar against him& did of his o)n a$$ord go out of this $ity .efore it )as ta#en& and did undergo a voluntary $aptivity )ith his family& that the san$tuary might not .e delivered up to the enemy& and that he might not see the house of (od set on fire/ on )hi$h a$$ount he is $ele.rated among all the Je)s& in their sa$red memorials& and his memory is .e$ome immortal& and )ill .e $onveyed fresh do)n to our posterity through all ages" This& John& is an e $ellent e ample in su$h a time of danger& and I dare venture to promise that the 0omans shall still forgive thee" And ta#e noti$e that I& )ho ma#e this e hortation to thee& am one of thine o)n nation/ I& )ho am a Je)& do ma#e this promise to thee" And it )ill .e$ome thee to $onsider )ho I am that give thee this $ounsel& and )hen$e I am derived/ for )hile I am alive I shall never .e in su$h slavery& as to forego my o)n #indred& or forget the la)s of our forefathers" Thou hast indignation at me again& and ma#est a $lamor at me& and reproa$hest me/ indeed I $annot deny .ut I am )orthy of )orse treatment than all this amounts to& .e$ause& in opposition to fate& I ma#e this #ind invitation to thee& and endeavor to for$e deliveran$e upon those )hom (od hath $ondemned" And )ho is there that does not #no) )hat the )ritings of the an$ient prophets $ontain in them& - and parti$ularly that ora$le )hi$h is 7ust no) going to .e fulfilled upon this misera.le $ityK For they foretold that this $ity should .e then ta#en )hen some.ody shall .egin the slaughter of his o)n $ountrymen" And are not .oth the $ity and the entire temple no) full of the dead .odies of your $ountrymenK It is (od& therefore& it is (od himself )ho is .ringing on this fire& to purge that $ity and temple .y means of the 0omans& ;G> and is going to plu$# up this $ity& )hi$h is full of your pollutions"I A" As Josephus spo#e these )ords& )ith groans and tears in his eyes& his voi$e )as inter$epted .y so.s" Ho)ever& the 0omans $ould not .ut pity the affli$tion he )as under& and )onder at his $ondu$t" But for John& and those that )ere )ith him& they )ere .ut the more e asperated against the 0omans on this a$$ount& and )ere desirous to get Josephus also into their po)erE yet did that dis$ourse influen$e a great many of the .etter sort/ and truly some of them )ere so afraid of the guards set .y the seditious& that they tarried )here they )ere& .ut still )ere satisfied that .oth they and the $ity )ere doomed to destru$tion" Some also there )ere )ho& )at$hing a proper opportunity )hen they might 6uietly get a)ay& fled to the 0omans& of )hom )ere the high priests Joseph and Jesus& and of the sons of high priests three& )hose father )as Ishmael& )ho )as .eheaded in Cyrene& and four sons of -atthias& as also one son of the other -atthias& )ho ran a)ay after his father2s death& ;M> and )hose father )as slain .y Simon the son of (ioras& )ith three of his sons& as I have already related/ many also of the other no.ility )ent over to the 0omans& together )ith the high priests" 1o) Caesar not only

re$eived these men very #indly in other respe$ts& .ut& #no)ing they )ould not )illingly live after the $ustoms of other nations& he sent them to (ophna& and desired them to remain there for the present& and told them& that )hen he )as gotten $lear of this )ar& he )ould restore ea$h of them to their possessions again/ so they $heerfully retired to that small $ity )hi$h )as allotted them& )ithout fear of any danger" But as they did not appear& the seditious gave out again that these deserters )ere slain .y the 0omans& )hi$h )as done in order to deter the rest from running a)ay& .y fear of the li#e treatment" This tri$# of theirs su$$eeded no) for a )hile& as did the li#e tri$# .efore/ for the rest )ere here.y deterred from deserting& .y fear of the li#e treatment" B" Ho)ever& )hen Titus had re$alled those men from (ophna& he gave orders that they should go round the )all& together )ith Josephus& and sho) themselves to the people/ upon )hi$h a great many fled to the 0omans" These men also got in a great num.er together& and stood .efore the 0omans& and .esought the seditious& )ith groans and tears in their eyes& in the first pla$e to re$eive the 0omans entirely into the $ity& and save that their o)n pla$e of residen$e again/ .ut that& if they )ould not agree to su$h a proposal& they )ould at least depart out of the temple& and save the holy house for their o)n use/ for that the 0omans )ould not venture to set the san$tuary on fire .ut under the most pressing ne$essity" !et did the seditious still more and more $ontradi$t them/ and )hile they $ast loud and .itter reproa$hes upon these deserters& they also set their engines for thro)ing of darts& and 7avelins& and stones upon the sa$red gates of the temple& at due distan$es from one another& insomu$h that all the spa$e round a.out )ithin the temple might .e $ompared to a .urying-ground& so great )as the num.er of the dead .odies therein/ as might the holy house itself .e $ompared to a $itadel" A$$ordingly& these men rushed upon these holy pla$es in their armor& that )ere other)ise unapproa$ha.le& and that )hile their hands )ere yet )arm )ith the .lood of their o)n people )hi$h they had shed/ nay& they pro$eeded to su$h great transgressions& that the very same indignation )hi$h Je)s )ould naturally have against 0omans& had they .een guilty of su$h a.uses against them& the 0omans no) had against Je)s& for their impiety in regard to their o)n religious $ustoms" 1ay& indeed& there )ere none of the 0oman soldiers )ho did not loo# )ith a sa$red horror upon the holy house& and adored it& and )ished that the ro..ers )ould repent .efore their miseries .e$ame in$ura.le" <" 1o) Titus )as deeply affe$ted )ith this state of things& and reproa$hed John and his party& and said to them& IHave not you& vile )ret$hes that you are& .y our permission& put up this partition-)all .efore your san$tuaryK Have not you .een allo)ed to put up the pillars thereto .elonging& at due distan$es& and on it to engrave in (ree#& and in your o)n letters& this prohi.ition& that no foreigner should go .eyond that )all" ;@=> Have not )e given you leave to #ill su$h as go .eyond it& though he )ere a 0omanK And )hat do you do no)& you perni$ious villainsK Why do you trample upon dead .odies in this templeK and )hy do you pollute this holy house )ith the .lood of .oth foreigners and Je)s themselvesK I appeal to the gods of my o)n $ountry& and to every god that ever had any regard to this pla$e/ ;for I do not suppose it to .e no) regarded .y any of them/> I also appeal to my o)n army& and to those Je)s that are no) )ith me& and even to yourselves& that I do not for$e you to defile this your san$tuary/ and if you )ill .ut $hange the pla$e )hereon you )ill fight& no 0oman shall either $ome near your san$tuary& or offer any affront to it/ nay& I )ill endeavor to preserve you your holy house& )hether you )ill or not"I ;@@> C" As Josephus e plained these things from the mouth of Caesar& .oth the ro..ers and the tyrant thought that these e hortations pro$eeded from Titus2s fear& and not from his good-)ill to them& and gre) insolent upon it" But )hen Titus sa) that these men )ere neither to .e moved .y $ommiseration to)ards themselves& nor had any $on$ern upon them to have the holy house spared& he pro$eeded un)illingly to go on again )ith the )ar against them" He $ould not indeed .ring all his army against them& the pla$e )as so narro)/ .ut $hoosing thirty soldiers of the most valiant out of every hundred& and $ommitting a thousand to ea$h tri.une& and ma#ing Cerealis their $ommander-in-$hief& he gave orders that they should atta$# the guards of the temple a.out the ninth hour of that night" But as he )as no) in his armor& and preparing to go do)n )ith them& his friends )ould not let him go& .y reason of the greatness of the danger& and )hat the $ommanders suggested to them/ for they said that he )ould do more .y sitting a.ove in the to)er of Antonia& as a dispenser of re)ards to those soldiers that

signali?ed themselves in the fight& than .y $oming do)n and ha?arding his o)n person in the forefront of them/ for that they )ould all fight stoutly )hile Caesar loo#ed upon them" With this advi$e Caesar $omplied& and said that the only reason he had for su$h $omplian$e )ith the soldiers )as this& that he might .e a.le to 7udge of their $ourageous a$tions& and that no valiant soldier might lie $on$ealed& and miss of his re)ard& and no $o)ardly soldier might go unpunished/ .ut that he might himself .e an eye)itness& and a.le to give eviden$e of all that )as done& )ho )as to .e the disposer of punishments and re)ards to them" So he sent the soldiers a.out their )or# at the hour forementioned& )hile he )ent out himself to a higher pla$e in the to)er of Antonia& )hen$e he might see )hat )as done& and there )aited )ith impatien$e to see the event" D" Ho)ever& the soldiers that )ere sent did not find the guards of the temple asleep& as they hoped to have done/ .ut )ere o.liged to fight )ith them immediately hand to hand& as they rushed )ith violen$e upon them )ith a great shout" 1o) as soon as the rest )ithin the temple heard that shout of those that )ere upon the )at$h& they ran out in troops upon them" Then did the 0omans re$eive the onset of those that $ame first upon them/ .ut those that follo)ed them fell upon their o)n troops& and many of them treated their o)n soldiers as if they had .een enemies/ for the great $onfused noise that )as made on .oth sides hindered them from distinguishing one another2s voi$es& as did the dar#ness of the night hinder them from the li#e distin$tion .y the sight& .esides that .lindness )hi$h arose other)ise also from the passion and the fear they )ere in at the same time/ for )hi$h reason it )as all one to the soldiers )ho it )as they stru$# at" Ho)ever& this ignoran$e did less harm to the 0omans than to the Je)s& .e$ause they )ere 7oined together under their shields& and made their sallies more regularly than the others did& and ea$h of them remem.ered their )at$h-)ord/ )hile the Je)s )ere perpetually dispersed a.road& and made their atta$#s and retreats at random& and so did fre6uently seem to one another to .e enemies/ for every one of them re$eived those of their o)n men that $ame .a$# in the dar# as 0omans& and made an assault upon them/ so that more of them )ere )ounded .y their o)n men than .y the enemy& till& upon the $oming on of the day& the nature of the right )as dis$erned .y the eye after)ard" Then did they stand in .attle-array in distin$t .odies& and $ast their darts regularly& and regularly defended themselves/ nor did either side yield or gro) )eary" The 0omans $ontended )ith ea$h other )ho should fight the most strenuously& .oth single men and entire regiments& as .eing under the eye of Titus/ and every one $on$luded that this day )ould .egin his promotion if he fought .ravely" What )ere the great en$ouragements of the Je)s to a$t vigorously )ere& their fear for themselves and for the temple& and the presen$e of their tyrant& )ho e horted some& and .eat and threatened others& to a$t $ourageously" 1o)& it so happened& that this fight )as for the most part a stationary one& )herein the soldiers )ent on and $ame .a$# in a short time& and suddenly/ for there )as no long spa$e of ground for either of their flights or pursuits" But still there )as a tumultuous noise among the 0omans from the to)er of Antonia& )ho loudly $ried out upon all o$$asions to their o)n men to press on $ourageously& )hen they )ere too hard for the Je)s& and to stay )hen they )ere retiring .a$#)ard/ so that here )as a #ind of theater of )ar/ for )hat )as done in this fight $ould not .e $on$ealed either from Titus& or from those that )ere a.out him" At length it appeared that this fight& )hi$h .egan at the ninth hour of the night& )as not over till past the fifth hour of the day/ and that& in the same pla$e )here the .attle .egan& neither party $ould say they had made the other to retire/ .ut .oth the armies left the vi$tory almost in un$ertainty .et)een them/ )herein those that signali?ed themselves on the 0oman side )ere a great many& .ut on the Je)ish side& and of those that )ere )ith Simon& Judas the son of -erto& and Simon the son of Josas/ of the Idumeans& James and Simon& the latter of )hom )as the son of Cathlas& and James )as the son of Sosas/ of those that )ere )ith John& (yphtheus and Ale as/ and of the ?ealots& Simon the son of Jairus" H" In the mean time& the rest of the 0oman army had& in seven days2 time& overthro)n +some, foundations of the to)er of Antonia& and had made a ready and .road )ay to the temple" Then did the legions $ome near the first $ourt& ;@A> and .egan to raise their .an#s" The one .an# )as over against the north-)est $orner of the inner temple ;@B> another )as at that northern edifi$e )hi$h )as .et)een the t)o gates/ and of the other t)o& one )as at the )estern $loister of the outer $ourt of the temple/ the other against its northern $loister" Ho)ever& these )or#s )ere thus far advan$ed .y the 0omans& not )ithout great pains and diffi$ulty& and parti$ularly .y .eing o.liged to .ring their materials from the

distan$e of a hundred furlongs" They had further diffi$ulties also upon them/ sometimes .y their overgreat se$urity they )ere in that they should over$ome the Je)ish snares laid for them& and .y that .oldness of the Je)s )hi$h their despair of es$aping had inspired them )ithal/ for some of their horsemen& )hen they )ent out to gather )ood or hay& let their horses feed )ithout having their .ridles on during the time of foraging/ upon )hi$h horses the Je)s sallied out in )hole .odies& and sei?ed them" And )hen this )as $ontinually done& and Caesar .elieved )hat the truth )as& that the horses )ere stolen more .y the negligen$e of his o)n men than .y the valor of the Je)s& he determined to use greater severity to o.lige the rest to ta#e $are of their horses/ so he $ommanded that one of those soldiers )ho had lost their horses should .e $apitally punished/ )here.y he so terrified the rest& that they preserved their horses for the time to $ome/ for they did not any longer let them go from them to feed .y themselves& .ut& as if they had gro)n to them& they )ent al)ays along )ith them )hen they )anted ne$essaries" Thus did the 0omans still $ontinue to ma#e )ar against the temple& and to raise their .an#s against it" G" 1o) after one day had .een interposed sin$e the 0omans as$ended the .rea$h& many of the seditious )ere so pressed .y the famine& upon the present failure of their ravages& that they got together& and made an atta$# on those 0oman guards that )ere upon the -ount of Olives& and this a.out the eleventh hour of the day& as supposing& first& that they )ould not e pe$t su$h an onset& and& in the ne t pla$e& that they )ere then ta#ing $are of their .odies& and that therefore they should easily .eat them" But the 0omans )ere appri?ed of their $oming to atta$# them .eforehand& and& running together from the neigh.oring $amps on the sudden& prevented them from getting over their fortifi$ation& or for$ing the )all that )as .uilt a.out them" 5pon this $ame on a sharp fight& and here many great a$tions )ere performed on .oth sides/ )hile the 0omans sho)ed .oth their $ourage and their s#ill in )ar& as did the Je)s $ome on them )ith immoderate violen$e and intolera.le passion" The one part )ere urged on .y shame& and the other .y ne$essity/ for it seemed a very shameful thing to the 0omans to let the Je)s go& no) they )ere ta#en in a #ind of net/ )hile the Je)s had .ut one hope of saving themselves& and that )as in $ase they $ould .y violen$e .rea# through the 0oman )all/ and one )hose name )as *edanius& .elonging to a party of horsemen& )hen the Je)s )ere already .eaten and for$ed do)n into the valley together& spurred his horse on their flan# )ith great vehemen$e& and $aught up a $ertain young man .elonging to the enemy .y his an#le& as he )as running a)ay/ the man )as& ho)ever& of a ro.ust .ody& and in his armor/ so lo) did *edanius .end himself do)n)ard from his horse& even as he )as galloping a)ay& and so great )as the strength of his right hand& and of the rest of his .ody& as also su$h s#ill had he in horsemanship" So this man sei?ed upon that his prey& as upon a pre$ious treasure& and $arried him as his $aptive to Caesar/ )hereupon Titus admired the man that had sei?ed the other for his great strength& and ordered the man that )as $aught to .e punished +)ith death, for his attempt against the 0oman )all& .ut .etoo# himself to the siege of the temple& and to pressing on the raising of the .an#s" M" In the mean time& the Je)s )ere so distressed .y the fights they had .een in& as the )ar advan$ed higher and higher& and $reeping up to the holy house itself& that they& as it )ere& $ut off those lim.s of their .ody )hi$h )ere infe$ted& in order to prevent the distemper2s spreading further/ for they set the north-)est $loister& )hi$h )as 7oined to the to)er of Antonia& on fire& and after that .ra#e off a.out t)enty $u.its of that $loister& and there.y made a .eginning in .urning the san$tuary/ t)o days after )hi$h& or on the t)enty-fourth day of the forenamed month& +*anemus or Tamu?&, the 0omans set fire to the $loister that 7oined to the other& )hen the fire )ent fifteen $u.its farther" The Je)s& in li#e manner& $ut off its roof/ nor did they entirely leave off )hat they )ere a.out till the to)er of Antonia )as parted from the temple& even )hen it )as in their po)er to have stopped the fire/ nay& they lay still )hile the temple )as first set on fire& and deemed this spreading of the fire to .e for their o)n advantage" Ho)ever& the armies )ere still fighting one against another a.out the temple& and the )ar )as managed .y $ontinual sallies of parti$ular parties against one another" @=" 1o) there )as at this time a man among the Je)s& lo) of stature he )as& and of a despi$a.le appearan$e/ of no $hara$ter either as to his family& or in other respe$tsE his flame )as Jonathan" He )ent out at the high priest John2s monument& and uttered many other insolent things to the 0omans& a

$hallenged the .est of them all to a single $om.at"But many of those that stood there in the army huffed him& and many of them ;as they might )ell .e> )ere afraid of him" Some of them also reasoned thus& and that 7ustly enoughE that it )as not fit to fight )ith a man that desired to die& .e$ause those that utterly despaired of deliveran$e had& .esides other passions& a violen$e in atta$#ing men that $ould not .e opposed& and had no regard to (od himself/ and that to ha?ard oneself )ith a person& )hom& if you over$ome& you do no great matter& and .y )hom it is ha?ardous that you may .e ta#en prisoner& )ould .e an instan$e& not of manly $ourage& .ut of unmanly rashness" So there .eing no.ody that $ame out to a$$ept the man2s $hallenge& and the Je) $utting them )ith a great num.er of reproa$hes& as $o)ards& ;for he )as a very haughty man in himself& and a great despiser of the 0omans&> one )hose name )as *udens& of the .ody of horsemen& out of his a.omination of the other2s )ords& and of his impuden$e )ithal& and perhaps out of an in$onsiderate arrogan$e& on a$$ount of the other2s lo)ness of stature& ran out to him& and )as too hard for him in other respe$ts& .ut )as .etrayed .y his ill fortune/ for he fell do)n& and as he )as do)n& Jonathan $ame running to him& and $ut his throat& and then& standing upon his dead .ody& he .randished his s)ord& .loody as it )as& and shoo# his shield )ith his left hand& and made many a$$lamations to the 0oman army& and e ulted over the dead man& and 7ested upon the 0omans/ till at length one *ris$us& a $enturion& shot a dart at him as he )as leaping and playing the fool )ith himself& and there.y pier$ed him through/ upon )hi$h a shout )as set up .oth .y the Je)s and the 0omans& though on different a$$ounts" So Jonathan gre) giddy .y the pain of his )ounds& and fell do)n upon the .ody of his adversary& as a plain instan$e ho) suddenly vengean$e may $ome upon men that have su$$ess in )ar& )ithout any 7ust deserving the same" +'D'OT+1 ;C> This )as a remar#a.le day indeed& the seventeenth of *aneruns" +Tamu?&, A"'" H=& )hen& a$$ording to 'aniel2s predi$tion& si hundred and si years .efore& the 0omans Iin half a )ee# $aused the sa$rifi$e and o.lation to $ease&I 'anLMEAH" For from the month of Fe.ruary& A"'" DD& a.out )hi$h time 8espasian entered on this )ar& to this very time& )as 7ust three years and a half" See Bishop 4loyd2s Ta.les of Chronology& pu.lished .y -r" -arshall& on this year" 1or is it to .e omitted& )hat year nearly $onfirms this duration of the )ar& that four years .efore the )ar .egun )as some)hat a.ove seven years five months .efore the destru$tion of Jerusalem& $h" C" se$t" B" ;D> The same that in the 1e) Testament is al)ays so $alled& and )as then the $ommon language of the Je)s in Judea& )hi$h )as the Syria$ diale$t" ;H> Our present $opies of the Old Testament )ant this en$omium upon #ing Je$honiah or Jehoia$him& )hi$h it seems )as in Josephus2s $opy" ;G> Of this ora$le& see the note on B" I8" $h" D" se$t" B" Josephus& .oth here and in many pla$es else)here& spea#s so& that it is most evident he )as fully satisfied that (od )as on the 0omans2 side& and made use of them no) for the destru$tion of that )i$#ed nation of the Je)s/ )hi$h )as for $ertain the true state of this matter& as the prophet 'aniel first& and our Savior himself after)ards& had $learly foretold" See 4it" A$$ompl" of *roph" p" D<& et$" ;M> Josephus had .efore told us& B" 8" $h" @B" se$t" @& that this fourth son of -atthias ran a)ay to the 0omans I.eforeI his father2s and .rethren2s slaughter& and not IafterI it& as here" The former a$$ount is& in all pro.a.ility& the truest/ for had not that fourth son es$aped .efore the others )ere $aught and put to death& he had .een $aught and put to death )ith them" This last a$$ount& therefore& loo#s li#e an instan$e of a small inadverten$e of Josephus in the pla$e .efore us" ;@=> Of this partition-)all separating Je)s and (entiles& )ith its pillars and ins$ription& see the des$ription of the temples& $h" @C" ;@@> That these seditious Je)s )ere the dire$t o$$asions of their o)n destru$tion& and of the $onflagration of their $ity and temple& and that Titus earnestly and $onstantly la.ored to save .oth& is

here and every )here most evident in Josephus" ;@A> Court of the (entiles" ;@B> Court of Israel"

CH(PT+, 3
CO'C+,')'* ( 1T,(T(*+6 TH(T W(1 D+-)1+D B3 TH+ J+W18 B3 WH)CH TH+3 B0,'T 6('3 O/ TH+ ,O6('1; W)TH ('OTH+, D+1C,)PT)O' O/ TH+ T+,,)B.+ /(6)'+ TH(T W(1 )' TH+ C)T35
@" B5T no) the seditious that )ere in the temple did every day openly endeavor to .eat off the soldiers that )ere upon the .an#s& and on the t)enty-seventh day of the forenamed month +*anemus or Tamu?, $ontrived su$h a stratagem as thisE They filled that part of the )estern $loister ;@<> )hi$h )as .et)een the .eams& and the roof under them& )ith dry materials& as also )ith .itumen and pit$h& and then retired from that pla$e& as though they )ere tired )ith the pains they had ta#en/ at )hi$h pro$edure of theirs& many of the most in$onsiderate among the 0omans& )ho )ere $arried a)ay )ith violent passions& follo)ed hard after them as they )ere retiring& and applied ladders to the $loister& and got up to it suddenly/ .ut the prudent part of them& )hen they understood this una$$ounta.le retreat of the Je)s& stood still )here they )ere .efore" Ho)ever& the $loister )as full of those that )ere gone up the ladders/ at )hi$h time the Je)s set it all on fire/ and as the flame .urst out every )here on the sudden& the 0omans that )ere out of the danger )ere sei?ed )ith a very great $onsternation& as )ere those that )ere in the midst of the danger in the utmost distress" So )hen they per$eived themselves surrounded )ith the flames& some of them thre) themselves do)n .a$#)ards into the $ity& and some among their enemies +in the temple,/ as did many leap do)n to their o)n men& and .ro#e their lim.s to pie$es/ .ut a great num.er of those that )ere going to ta#e these violent methods )ere prevented .y the fire/ though some prevented the fire .y their o)n s)ords" Ho)ever& the fire )as on the sudden $arried so far as to surround those )ho )ould have other)ise perished" As for Caesar himself& he $ould not& ho)ever& .ut $ommiserate those that thus perished& although they got up thither )ithout any order for so doing& sin$e there )as no )ay of giving the many relief" !et )as this some $omfort to those that )ere destroyed& that every .ody might see that person grieve& for )hose sa#e they $ame to their end/ for he $ried out openly to them& and leaped up& and e horted those that )ere a.out him to do their utmost to relieve them/ So every one of them died $heerfully& as $arrying along )ith him these )ords and this intention of Caesar as a sepul$hral monument" Some there )ere indeed )ho retired into the )all of the $loister& )hi$h )as .road& and )ere preserved out of the fire& .ut )ere then surrounded .y the Je)s/ and although they made resistan$e against the Je)s for a long time& yet )ere they )ounded .y them& and at length they all fell do)n dead" A" At the last a young man among them& )hose name )as 4ongus& .e$ame a de$oration to this sad affair& and )hile every one of them that perished )ere )orthy of a memorial& this man appeared to deserve it .eyond all the rest" 1o) the Je)s admired this man for his $ourage& and )ere further desirous of having him slain/ so they persuaded him to $ome do)n to them& upon se$urity given him for his life" But Cornelius his .rother persuaded him on the $ontrary& not to tarnish his o)n glory& nor that of the 0oman army" He $omplied )ith this last advi$e& and lifting up his s)ord .efore .oth armies& he sle) himself" !et there )as one Artorius among those surrounded .y the fire )ho es$aped .y his su.tlety/ for )hen he had )ith a loud voi$e $alled to him 4u$ius& one of his fello) soldiers that lay )ith him in the same tent& and said to him& II do leave thee heir of all I have& if thou )ilt $ome and re$eive me"I 5pon this he $ame running to re$eive him readily/ Artorius then thre) himself do)n upon him& and saved his o)n life& )hile he that re$eived him )as dashed so vehemently against the stone pavement .y the other2s )eight& that he died immediately" This melan$holy a$$ident made the 0omans sad for a )hile& .ut still it made them more upon their guard for the future& and )as of

advantage to them against the delusions of the Je)s& .y )hi$h they )ere greatly damaged through their una$6uaintedness )ith the pla$es& and )ith the nature of the inha.itants" 1o) this $loister )as .urnt do)n as far as John2s to)er& )hi$h he .uilt in the )ar he made against Simon over the gates that led to the Fystus" The Je)s also $ut off the rest of that $loister from the temple& after they had destroyed those that got up to it" But the ne t day the 0omans .urnt do)n the northern $loister entirely& as far as the east $loister& )hose $ommon angle 7oined to the valley that )as $alled Cedron& and )as .uilt over it/ on )hi$h a$$ount the depth )as frightful" And this )as the state of the temple at that time" B" 1o) of those that perished .y famine in the $ity& the num.er )as prodigious& and the miseries they under)ent )ere unspea#a.le/ for if so mu$h as the shado) of any #ind of food did any )here appear& a )ar )as $ommen$ed presently& and the dearest friends fell a fighting one )ith another a.out it& snat$hing from ea$h other the most misera.le supports of life" 1or )ould men .elieve that those )ho )ere dying had no food& .ut the ro..ers )ould sear$h them )hen they )ere e piring& lest any one should have $on$ealed food in their .osoms& and $ounterfeited dying/ nay& these ro..ers gaped for )ant& and ran a.out stum.ling and staggering along li#e mad dogs& and reeling against the doors of the houses li#e drun#en men/ they )ould also& in the great distress they )ere in& rush into the very same houses t)o or three times in one and the same day" -oreover& their hunger )as so intolera.le& that it o.liged them to $he) every thing& )hile they gathered su$h things as the most sordid animals )ould not tou$h& and endured to eat them/ nor did they at length a.stain from girdles and shoes/ and the very leather )hi$h .elonged to their shields they pulled off and gna)edE the very )isps of old hay .e$ame food to some/ and some gathered up fi.res& and sold a very small )eight of them for four Atti$ +dra$hmae," But )hy do I des$ri.e the shameless impuden$e that the famine .rought on men in their eating inanimate things& )hile I am going to relate a matter of fa$t& the li#e to )hi$h no history relates& ;@C> either among the (ree#s or Bar.ariansK It is horri.le to spea# of it& and in$redi.le )hen heard" I had indeed )illingly omitted this $alamity of ours& that I might not seem to deliver )hat is so portentous to posterity& .ut that I have innumera.le )itnesses to it in my o)n age/ and .esides& my $ountry )ould have had little reason to than# me for suppressing the miseries that she under)ent at this time" <" There )as a $ertain )oman that d)elt .eyond Jordan& her name )as -ary/ her father )as %lea?ar& of the village Bethe?o.& )hi$h signifies the house of Hyssop" She )as eminent for her family and her )ealth& and had fled a)ay to Jerusalem )ith the rest of the multitude& and )as )ith them .esieged therein at this time" The other effe$ts of this )oman had .een already sei?ed upon& su$h I mean as she had .rought )ith her out of *erea& and removed to the $ity" What she had treasured up .esides& as also )hat food she had $ontrived to save& had .een also $arried off .y the rapa$ious guards& )ho $ame every day running into her house for that purpose" This put the poor )oman into a very great passion& and .y the fre6uent reproa$hes and impre$ations she east at these rapa$ious villains& she had provo#ed them to anger against her/ .ut none of them& either out of the indignation she had raised against herself& or out of $ommiseration of her $ase& )ould ta#e a)ay her life/ and if she found any food& she per$eived her la.ors )ere for others& and not for herself/ and it )as no) .e$ome impossi.le for her any )ay to find any more food& )hile the famine pier$ed through her very .o)els and marro)& )hen also her passion )as fired to a degree .eyond the famine itself/ nor did she $onsult )ith any thing .ut )ith her passion and the ne$essity she )as in" She then attempted a most unnatural thing/ and snat$hing up her son& )ho )as a $hild su$#ing at her .reast& she said& IO thou misera.le infantJ for )hom shall I preserve thee in this )ar& this famine& and this seditionK As to the )ar )ith the 0omans& if they preserve our lives& )e must .e slaves" This famine also )ill destroy us& even .efore that slavery $omes upon us" !et are these seditious rogues more terri.le than .oth the other" Come on/ .e thou my food& and .e thou a fury to these seditious varlets& and a .y-)ord to the )orld& )hi$h is all that is no) )anting to $omplete the $alamities of us Je)s"I As soon as she had said this& she sle) her son& and then roasted him& and eat the one half of him& and #ept the other half .y her $on$ealed" 5pon this the seditious $ame in presently& and smelling the horrid s$ent of this food& they threatened her that they )ould $ut her throat immediately if she did not sho) them )hat food she had gotten ready" She replied that she had saved a very fine portion of it for them& and )ithal un$overed )hat )as left of her

son" Hereupon they )ere sei?ed )ith a horror and ama?ement of mind& and stood astonished at the sight& )hen she said to them& IThis is mine o)n son& and )hat hath .een done )as mine o)n doingJ Come& eat of this food/ for I have eaten of it myselfJ 'o not you pretend to .e either more tender than a )oman& or more $ompassionate than a mother/ .ut if you .e so s$rupulous& and do a.ominate this my sa$rifi$e& as I have eaten the one half& let the rest .e reserved for me also"I After )hi$h those men )ent out trem.ling& .eing never so mu$h aftrighted at any thing as they )ere at this& and )ith some diffi$ulty they left the rest of that meat to the mother" 5pon )hi$h the )hole $ity )as full of this horrid a$tion immediately/ and )hile every .ody laid this misera.le $ase .efore their o)n eyes& they trem.led& as if this unheard of a$tion had .een done .y themselves" So those that )ere thus distressed .y the famine )ere very desirous to die& and those already dead )ere esteemed happy& .e$ause they had not lived long enough either to hear or to see su$h miseries" C" This sad instan$e )as 6ui$#ly told to the 0omans& some of )hom $ould not .elieve it& and others pitied the distress )hi$h the Je)s )ere under/ .ut there )ere many of them )ho )ere here.y indu$ed to a more .itter hatred than ordinary against our nation" But for Caesar& he e $used himself .efore (od as to this matter& and said that he had proposed pea$e and li.erty to the Je)s& as )ell as an o.livion of all their former insolent pra$ti$es/ .ut that they& instead of $on$ord& had $hosen sedition/ instead of pea$e& )ar/ and .efore satiety and a.undan$e& a famine" That they had .egun )ith their o)n hands to .urn do)n that temple )hi$h )e have preserved hitherto/ and that therefore they deserved to eat su$h food as this )as" That& ho)ever& this horrid a$tion of eating an o)n $hild ought to .e $overed )ith the overthro) of their very $ountry itself& and men ought not to leave su$h a $ity upon the ha.ita.le earth to .e seen .y the sun& )herein mothers are thus fed& although su$h food .e fitter for the fathers than for the mothers to eat of& sin$e it is they that $ontinue still in a state of )ar against us& after they have undergone su$h miseries as these" And at the same time that he said this& he refle$ted on the desperate $ondition these men must .e in/ nor $ould he e pe$t that su$h men $ould .e re$overed to so.riety of mind& after they had endured those very sufferings& for the avoiding )hereof it only )as pro.a.le they might have repented" +'D'OT+1 ;@<> Of the $ourt of the (entiles" ;@C> What Josephus o.serves here& that no parallel e amples had .een re$orded .efore this time of su$h sieges& )herein mothers )ere for$ed .y e tremity of famine to eat their o)n $hildren& as had .een threatened to the Je)s in the la) of -oses& upon o.stinate diso.edien$e& and more than on$e fulfilled& ;see my Boyle2s 4e$tures& p" A@=-A@<&> is .y 'r" Hudson supposed to have had t)o or three parallel e amples in later ages" He might have had more e amples& I suppose& of persons on ship- .oard& or in a desert island& $asting lots for ea$h others2 .odies/ .ut all this )as only in $ases )here they #ne) of no possi.le )ay to avoid death themselves .ut .y #illing and eating others" Whether su$h e amples $ome up to the present $ase may .e dou.ted" The 0omans )ere not only )illing& .ut very desirous& to grant those Je)s in Jerusalem .oth their lives and their li.erties& and to save .oth their $ity and their temple" But the ?ealots& the ru..ers& and the seditious )ould hear#en to no terms of su.mission" They voluntarily $hose to redu$e the $iti?ens to that e tremity& as to for$e mothers to this unnatural .ar.arity& )hi$h& in all its $ir$umstan$es& has not& I still suppose& .een hitherto paralleled among the rest of man#ind"

CH(PT+,
WH+' TH+ B('71 W+,+ CO6P.+T+D ('D TH+ B(TT+,)'* ,(61 B,O0*HT8 ('D CO0.D DO 'OTH)'*8 T)T01 *(-+ O,D+,1 TO 1+T /),+ TO TH+ *(T+1 O/ TH+ T+6P.+; )' 'O .O'* T)6+ (/T+, WH)CH TH+ HO.3

HO01+ )T1+./ W(1 B0,'T DOW'8 +-+' (*()'1T H)1 CO'1+'T5

@" A1' no) t)o of the legions had $ompleted their .an#s on the eighth day of the month 4ous +A.," Whereupon Titus gave orders that the .attering rams should .e .rought& and set over against the )estern edifi$e of the inner temple/ for .efore these )ere .rought& the firmest of all the other engines had .attered the )all for si days together )ithout $easing& )ithout ma#ing any impression upon it/ .ut the vast largeness and strong $onne ion of the stones )ere superior to that engine& and to the other .attering rams also" Other 0omans did indeed undermine the foundations of the northern gate& and after a )orld of pains removed the outermost stones& yet )as the gate still upheld .y the inner stones& and stood still unhurt/ till the )or#men& despairing of all su$h attempts .y engines and $ro)s& .rought their ladders to the $loisters" 1o) the Je)s did not interrupt them in so doing/ .ut )hen they )ere gotten up& they fell upon them& and fought )ith them/ some of them they thrust do)n& and thre) them .a$#)ards headlong/ others of them they met and sle)/ they also .eat many of those that )ent do)n the ladders again& and sle) them )ith their s)ords .efore they $ould .ring their shields to prote$t them/ nay& some of the ladders they thre) do)n from a.ove )hen they )ere full of armed men/ a great slaughter )as made of the Je)s also at the same time& )hile those that .are the ensigns fought hard for them& as deeming it a terri.le thing& and )hat )ould tend to their great shame& if they permitted them to .e stolen a)ay" !et did the Je)s at length get possession of these engines& and destroyed those that had gone up the ladders& )hile the rest )ere so intimidated .y )hat those suffered )ho )ere slain& that they retired/ although none of the 0omans died )ithout having done good servi$e .efore his death" Of the seditious& those that had fought .ravely in the former .attles did the li#e no)& as .esides them did %lea?ar& the .rother2s son of Simon the tyrant" But )hen Titus per$eived that his endeavors to spare a foreign temple turned to the damage of his soldiers& and then .e #illed& he gave order to set the gates on fire" A" In the mean time& there deserted to him Ananus& )ho $ame from %mmaus& the most .loody of all Simon2s guards& and Ar$helaus& the son of -agadatus& they hoping to .e still forgiven& .e$ause they left the Je)s at a time )hen they )ere the $on6uerors" Titus o.7e$ted this to these men& as a $unning tri$# of theirs/ and as he had .een informed of their other .ar.arities to)ards the Je)s& he )as going in all haste to have them .oth slain" He told them that they )ere only driven to this desertion .e$ause of the utmost distress they )ere in& and did not $ome a)ay of their o)n good disposition/ and that those did not deserve to .e preserved& .y )hom their o)n $ity )as already set on fire& out of )hi$h fire they no) hurried themselves a)ay" Ho)ever& the se$urity he had promised deserters over$ame his resentments& and he dismissed them a$$ordingly& though he did not give them the same privileges that he had afforded to others" And no) the soldiers had already put fire to the gates& and the silver that )as over them 6ui$#ly $arried the flames to the )ood that )as )ithin it& )hen$e it spread itself all on the sudden& and $aught hold on the $loisters" 5pon the Je)s seeing this fire all a.out them& their spirits sun# together )ith their .odies& and they )ere under su$h astonishment& that not one of them made any haste& either to defend himself or to 6uen$h the fire& .ut they stood as mute spe$tators of it only" Ho)ever& they did not so grieve at the loss of )hat )as no) .urning& as to gro) )iser there.y for the time to $ome/ .ut as though the holy house itself had .een on fire already& they )hetted their passions against the 0omans" This fire prevailed during that day and the ne t also/ for the soldiers )ere not a.le to .urn all the $loisters that )ere round a.out together at one time& .ut only .y pie$es" B" But then& on the ne t day& Titus $ommanded part of his army to 6uen$h the fire& and to ma#e a road for the more easy mar$hing up of the legions& )hile he himself gathered the $ommanders together" Of those there )ere assem.led the si prin$ipal personsE Ti.erius Ale ander& the $ommander +under the general, of the )hole army/ )ith Se tus Cerealis& the $ommander of the fifth legion/ and 4ar$ius 4epidus& the $ommander of the tenth legion/ and Titus Frigius& the $ommander of the fifteenth legionE there )as also )ith them %ternius& the leader of the t)o legions that $ame from Ale andria/ and -ar$us Antonius Julianus& pro$urator of JudeaE after these $ame together all the rest of the pro$urators and tri.unes" Titus proposed to these that they should give him their advi$e )hat should .e done a.out the holy house" 1o) some of these thought it )ould .e the .est )ay to a$t a$$ording to the rules of )ar& +and demolish it&, .e$ause the Je)s )ould never leave off re.elling )hile that house

)as standing/ at )hi$h house it )as that they used to get all together" Others of them )ere of opinion& that in $ase the Je)s )ould leave it& and none of them )ould lay their arms up in it& he might save it/ .ut that in $ase they got upon it& and fought any more& he might .urn it/ .e$ause it must then .e loo#ed upon not as a holy house& .ut as a $itadel/ and that the impiety of .urning it )ould then .elong to those that for$ed this to .e done& and not to them" But Titus said& that Ialthough the Je)s should get upon that holy house& and fight us then$e& yet ought )e not to revenge ourselves on things that are inanimate& instead of the men themselves/I and that he )as not in any $ase for .urning do)n so vast a )or# as that )as& .e$ause this )ould .e a mis$hief to the 0omans themselves& as it )ould .e an ornament to their government )hile it $ontinued" So Fronto& and Ale ander& and Cerealis gre) .old upon that de$laration& and agreed to the opinion of Titus" Then )as this assem.ly dissolved& )hen Titus had given orders to the $ommanders that the rest of their for$es should lie still/ .ut that they should ma#e use of su$h as )ere most $ourageous in this atta$#" So he $ommanded that the $hosen men that )ere ta#en out of the $ohorts should ma#e their )ay through the ruins& and 6uen$h the fire" <" 1o) it is true that on this day the Je)s )ere so )eary& and under su$h $onsternation& that they refrained from any atta$#s" But on the ne t day they gathered their )hole for$e together& and ran upon those that guarded the out)ard $ourt of the temple very .oldly& through the east gate& and this a.out the se$ond hour of the day" These guards re$eived that their atta$# )ith great .ravery& and .y $overing themselves )ith their shields .efore& as if it )ere )ith a )all& they dre) their s6uadron $lose together/ yet )as it evident that they $ould not a.ide there very long& .ut )ould .e over.orne .y the multitude of those that sallied out upon them& and .y the heat of their passion" Ho)ever& Caesar seeing& from the to)er of Antonia& that this s6uadron )as li#ely to give )ay& he sent some $hosen horsemen to support them" Hereupon the Je)s found themselves not a.le to sustain their onset& and upon the slaughter of those in the forefront& many of the rest )ere put to flight" But as the 0omans )ere going off& the Je)s turned upon them& and fought them/ and as those 0omans $ame .a$# upon them& they retreated again& until a.out the fifth hour of the day they )ere over.orne& and shut themselves up in the inner +$ourt of the, temple" C" So Titus retired into the to)er of Antonia& and resolved to storm the temple the ne t day& early in the morning& )ith his )hole army& and to en$amp round a.out the holy house" But as for that house& (od had& for $ertain& long ago doomed it to the fire/ and no) that fatal day )as $ome& a$$ording to the revolution of ages/ it )as the tenth day of the month 4ous& +A.&, upon )hi$h it )as formerly .urnt .y the #ing of Ba.ylon/ although these flames too# their rise from the Je)s themselves& and )ere o$$asioned .y them/ for upon Titus2s retiring& the seditious lay still for a little )hile& and then atta$#ed the 0omans again& )hen those that guarded the holy house fought )ith those that 6uen$hed the fire that )as .urning the inner +$ourt of the, temple/ .ut these 0omans put the Je)s to flight& and pro$eeded as far as the holy house itself" At )hi$h time one of the soldiers& )ithout staying for any orders& and )ithout any $on$ern or dread upon him at so great an underta#ing& and .eing hurried on .y a $ertain divine fury& snat$hed some)hat out of the materials that )ere on fire& and .eing lifted up .y another soldier& he set fire to a golden )indo)& through )hi$h there )as a passage to the rooms that )ere round a.out the holy house& on the north side of it" As the flames )ent up)ard& the Je)s made a great $lamor& su$h as so mighty an affli$tion re6uired& and ran together to prevent it/ and no) they spared not their lives any longer& nor suffered any thing to restrain their for$e& sin$e that holy house )as perishing& for )hose sa#e it )as that they #ept su$h a guard a.out it" D" And no) a $ertain person $ame running to Titus& and told him of this fire& as he )as resting himself in his tent after the last .attle/ )hereupon he rose up in great haste& and& as he )as& ran to the holy house& in order to have a stop put to the fire/ after him follo)ed all his $ommanders& and after them follo)ed the several legions& in great astonishment/ so there )as a great $lamor and tumult raised& as )as natural upon the disorderly motion of so great an army" Then did Caesar& .oth .y $alling to the soldiers that )ere fighting& )ith a loud voi$e& and .y giving a signal to them )ith his right hand& order them to 6uen$h the fire" But they did not hear )hat he said& though he spa#e so loud& having their ears already dimmed .y a greater noise another )ay/ nor did they attend to the signal he made )ith his hand neither& as still some of them )ere distra$ted )ith fighting& and others )ith passion" But as for

the legions that $ame running thither& neither any persuasions nor any threatenings $ould restrain their violen$e& .ut ea$h one2s o)n passion )as his $ommander at this time/ and as they )ere $ro)ding into the temple together& many of them )ere trampled on .y one another& )hile a great num.er fell among the ruins of the $loisters& )hi$h )ere still hot and smo#ing& and )ere destroyed in the same misera.le )ay )ith those )hom they had $on6uered/ and )hen they )ere $ome near the holy house& they made as if they did not so mu$h as hear Caesar2s orders to the $ontrary/ .ut they en$ouraged those that )ere .efore them to set it on fire" As for the seditious& they )ere in too great distress already to afford their assistan$e +to)ards 6uen$hing the fire,/ they )ere every )here slain& and every )here .eaten/ and as for a great part of the people& they )ere )ea# and )ithout arms& and had their throats $ut )herever they )ere $aught" 1o) round a.out the altar lay dead .odies heaped one upon another& as at the steps ;@D> going up to it ran a great 6uantity of their .lood& )hither also the dead .odies that )ere slain a.ove +on the altar, fell do)n" H" And no)& sin$e Caesar )as no )ay a.le to restrain the enthusiasti$ fury of the soldiers& and the fire pro$eeded on more and more& he )ent into the holy pla$e of the temple& )ith his $ommanders& and sa) it& )ith )hat )as in it& )hi$h he found to .e far superior to )hat the relations of foreigners $ontained& and not inferior to )hat )e ourselves .oasted of and .elieved a.out it" But as the flame had not as yet rea$hed to its in)ard parts& .ut )as still $onsuming the rooms that )ere a.out the holy house& and Titus supposing )hat the fa$t )as& that the house itself might yet he saved& he $ame in haste and endeavored to persuade the soldiers to 6uen$h the fire& and gave order to 4i.eralius the $enturion& and one of those spearmen that )ere a.out him& to .eat the soldiers that )ere refra$tory )ith their staves& and to restrain them/ yet )ere their passions too hard for the regards they had for Caesar& and the dread they had of him )ho for.ade them& as )as their hatred of the Je)s& and a $ertain vehement in$lination to fight them& too hard for them also" -oreover& the hope of plunder indu$ed many to go on& as having this opinion& that all the pla$es )ithin )ere full of money& and as seeing that all round a.out it )as made of gold" And .esides& one of those that )ent into the pla$e prevented Caesar& )hen he ran so hastily out to restrain the soldiers& and thre) the fire upon the hinges of the gate& in the dar#/ )here.y the flame .urst out from )ithin the holy house itself immediately& )hen the $ommanders retired& and Caesar )ith them& and )hen no.ody any longer for.ade those that )ere )ithout to set fire to it" And thus )as the holy house .urnt do)n& )ithout Caesar2s appro.ation" G" 1o) although any one )ould 7ustly lament the destru$tion of su$h a )or# as this )as& sin$e it )as the most admira.le of all the )or#s that )e have seen or heard of& .oth for its $urious stru$ture and its magnitude& and also for the vast )ealth .esto)ed upon it& as )ell as for the glorious reputation it had for its holiness/ yet might su$h a one $omfort himself )ith this thought& that it )as fate that de$reed it so to .e& )hi$h is inevita.le& .oth as to living $reatures& and as to )or#s and pla$es also" Ho)ever& one $annot .ut )onder at the a$$ura$y of this period thereto relating/ for the same month and day )ere no) o.served& as I said .efore& )herein the holy house )as .urnt formerly .y the Ba.ylonians" 1o) the num.er of years that passed from its first foundation& )hi$h )as laid .y #ing Solomon& till this its destru$tion& )hi$h happened in the se$ond year of the reign of 8espasian& are $olle$ted to .e one thousand one hundred and thirty& .esides seven months and fifteen days/ and from the se$ond .uilding of it& )hi$h )as done .y Haggai& in the se$ond year of Cyrus the #ing& till its destru$tion under 8espasian& there )ere si hundred and thirty-nine years and forty-five days" +'D'OT+1 ;@D> These steps to the altar of .urnt-offering seem here either an improper and ina$$urate e pression of Josephus& sin$e it )as unla)ful to ma#e ladder steps/ ;see des$ription of the temples& $h" @B"& and note on Anti6" B" I8" $h" G" se$t" C/> or else those steps or stairs )e no) use )ere invented .efore the days of Herod the (reat& and had .een here .uilt .y him/ though the later Je)s al)ays deny it& and say that even Herod2s altar )as as$ended to .y an a$$livity only"

CH(PT+, !
TH+ *,+(T D)1T,+11 TH+ J+W1 W+,+ )' 0PO' TH+ CO'/.(*,(T)O' O/ TH+ HO.3 HO01+5 CO'C+,')'* ( /(.1+ P,OPH+T8 ('D TH+ 1)*'1 TH(T P,+C+D+D TH)1 D+1T,0CT)O'5
@" WHI4% the holy house )as on fire& every thing )as plundered that $ame to hand& and ten thousand of those that )ere $aught )ere slain/ nor )as there a $ommiseration of any age& or any reveren$e of gravity& .ut $hildren& and old men& and profane persons& and priests )ere all slain in the same manner/ so that this )ar )ent round all sorts of men& and .rought them to destru$tion& and as )ell those that made suppli$ation for their lives& as those that defended themselves .y fighting" The flame )as also $arried a long )ay& and made an e$ho& together )ith the groans of those that )ere slain/ and .e$ause this hill )as high& and the )or#s at the temple )ere very great& one )ould have thought the )hole $ity had .een on fire" 1or $an one imagine any thing either greater or more terri.le than this noise/ for there )as at on$e a shout of the 0oman legions& )ho )ere mar$hing all together& and a sad $lamor of the seditious& )ho )ere no) surrounded )ith fire and s)ord" The people also that )ere left a.ove )ere .eaten .a$# upon the enemy& and under a great $onsternation& and made sad moans at the $alamity they )ere under/ the multitude also that )as in the $ity 7oined in this out$ry )ith those that )ere upon the hill" And .esides& many of those that )ere )orn a)ay .y the famine& and their mouths almost $losed& )hen they sa) the fire of the holy house& they e erted their utmost strength& and .ra#e out into groans and out$ries againE *era ;@H> did also return the e$ho& as )ell as the mountains round a.out +the $ity&, and augmented the for$e of the entire noise" !et )as the misery itself more terri.le than this disorder/ for one )ould have thought that the hill itself& on )hi$h the temple stood& )as seething hot& as full of fire on every part of it& that the .lood )as larger in 6uantity than the fire& and those that )ere slain more in num.er than those that sle) them/ for the ground did no )here appear visi.le& for the dead .odies that lay on it/ .ut the soldiers )ent over heaps of those .odies& as they ran upon su$h as fled from them" And no) it )as that the multitude of the ro..ers )ere thrust out +of the inner $ourt of the temple .y the 0omans&, and had mu$h ado to get into the out)ard $ourt& and from then$e into the $ity& )hile the remainder of the popula$e fled into the $loister of that outer $ourt" As for the priests& some of them plu$#ed up from the holy house the spi#es ;@G> that )ere upon it& )ith their .ases& )hi$h )ere made of lead& and shot them at the 0omans instead of darts" But then as they gained nothing .y so doing& and as the fire .urst out upon them& they retired to the )all that )as eight $u.its .road& and there they tarried/ yet did t)o of these of eminen$e among them& )ho might have saved themselves .y going over to the 0omans& or have .orne up )ith $ourage& and ta#en their fortune )ith the others& thro) themselves into the fire& and )ere .urnt together )ith the holy house/ their names )ere -eirus the son of Belgas& and Joseph the son of 'aleus" A" And no) the 0omans& 7udging that it )as in vain to spare )hat )as round a.out the holy house& .urnt all those pla$es& as also the remains of the $loisters and the gates& t)o e $epted/ the one on the east side& and the other on the south/ .oth )hi$h& ho)ever& they .urnt after)ard" They also .urnt do)n the treasury $ham.ers& in )hi$h )as an immense 6uantity of money& and an immense num.er of garments& and other pre$ious goods there reposited/ and& to spea# all in a fe) )ords& there it )as that the entire ri$hes of the Je)s )ere heaped up together& )hile the ri$h people had there .uilt themselves $ham.ers +to $ontain su$h furniture," The soldiers also $ame to the rest of the $loisters that )ere in the outer +$ourt of the, temple& )hither the )omen and $hildren& and a great mi ed multitude of the people& fled& in num.er a.out si thousand" But .efore Caesar had determined any thing a.out these people& or given the $ommanders any orders relating to them& the soldiers )ere in su$h a rage& that they set that $loister on fire/ .y )hi$h means it $ame to pass that some of these )ere destroyed .y thro)ing themselves do)n headlong& and some )ere .urnt in the $loisters themselves" 1or did any one of them es$ape )ith his life" A false prophet ;@M> )as the o$$asion of these people2s destru$tion& )ho had made a pu.li$ pro$lamation in the $ity that very day& that (od $ommanded them to get upon the temple& and that there they should re$eive mira$ulous signs of their deliveran$e" 1o) there )as then a great num.er of false prophets su.orned .y the tyrants to impose on the people& )ho

denoun$ed this to them& that they should )ait for deliveran$e from (od/ and this )as in order to #eep them from deserting& and that they might .e .uoyed up a.ove fear and $are .y su$h hopes" 1o) a man that is in adversity does easily $omply )ith su$h promises/ for )hen su$h a sedu$er ma#es him .elieve that he shall .e delivered from those miseries )hi$h oppress him& then it is that the patient is full of hopes of su$h his deliveran$e" B" Thus )ere the misera.le people persuaded .y these de$eivers& and su$h as .elied (od himself/ )hile they did not attend nor give $redit to the signs that )ere so evident& and did so plainly foretell their future desolation& .ut& li#e men infatuated& )ithout either eyes to see or minds to $onsider& did not regard the denun$iations that (od made to them" Thus there )as a star ;A=> resem.ling a s)ord& )hi$h stood over the $ity& and a $omet& that $ontinued a )hole year" Thus also .efore the Je)s2 re.ellion& and .efore those $ommotions )hi$h pre$eded the )ar& )hen the people )ere $ome in great $ro)ds to the feast of unleavened .read& on the eighth day of the month Fanthi$us& ;A@> +1isan&, and at the ninth hour of the night& so great a light shone round the altar and the holy house& that it appeared to .e .right day time/ )hi$h lasted for half an hour" This light seemed to .e a good sign to the uns#illful& .ut )as so interpreted .y the sa$red s$ri.es& as to portend those events that follo)ed immediately upon it" At the same festival also& a heifer& as she )as led .y the high priest to .e sa$rifi$ed& .rought forth a lam. in the midst of the temple" -oreover& the eastern gate of the inner ;AA> +$ourt of the, temple& )hi$h )as of .rass& and vastly heavy& and had .een )ith diffi$ulty shut .y t)enty men& and rested upon a .asis armed )ith iron& and had .olts fastened very deep into the firm floor& )hi$h )as there made of one entire stone& )as seen to .e opened of its o)n a$$ord a.out the si th hour of the night" 1o) those that #ept )at$h in the temple $ame hereupon running to the $aptain of the temple& and told him of it/ )ho then $ame up thither& and not )ithout great diffi$ulty )as a.le to shut the gate again" This also appeared to the vulgar to .e a very happy prodigy& as if (od did there.y open them the gate of happiness" But the men of learning understood it& that the se$urity of their holy house )as dissolved of its o)n a$$ord& and that the gate )as opened for the advantage of their enemies" So these pu.li$ly de$lared that the signal foresho)ed the desolation that )as $oming upon them" Besides these& a fe) days after that feast& on the one and t)entieth day of the month Artemisius& +Jyar&, a $ertain prodigious and in$redi.le phenomenon appearedE I suppose the a$$ount of it )ould seem to .e a fa.le& )ere it not related .y those that sa) it& and )ere not the events that follo)ed it of so $onsidera.le a nature as to deserve su$h signals/ for& .efore sun-setting& $hariots and troops of soldiers in their armor )ere seen running a.out among the $louds& and surrounding of $ities" -oreover& at that feast )hi$h )e $all *ente$ost& as the priests )ere going .y night into the inner +$ourt of the temple&, as their $ustom )as& to perform their sa$red ministrations& they said that& in the first pla$e& they felt a 6ua#ing& and heard a great noise& and after that they heard a sound as of a great multitude& saying& I4et us remove hen$e"I But& )hat is still more terri.le& there )as one Jesus& the son of Ananus& a ple.eian and a hus.andman& )ho& four years .efore the )ar .egan& and at a time )hen the $ity )as in very great pea$e and prosperity& $ame to that feast )hereon it is our $ustom for every one to ma#e ta.erna$les to (od in the temple& ;AB> .egan on a sudden to $ry aloud& IA voi$e from the east& a voi$e from the )est& a voi$e from the four )inds& a voi$e against Jerusalem and the holy house& a voi$e against the .ridegrooms and the .rides& and a voi$e against this )hole peopleJI This )as his $ry& as he )ent a.out .y day and .y night& in all the lanes of the $ity" Ho)ever& $ertain of the most eminent among the popula$e had great indignation at this dire $ry of his& and too# up the man& and gave him a great num.er of severe stripes/ yet did not he either say any thing for himself& or any thing pe$uliar to those that $hastised him& .ut still )ent on )ith the same )ords )hi$h he $ried .efore" Hereupon our rulers& supposing& as the $ase proved to .e& that this )as a sort of divine fury in the man& .rought him to the 0oman pro$urator& )here he )as )hipped till his .ones )ere laid .are/ yet he did not ma#e any suppli$ation for himself& nor shed any tears& .ut turning his voi$e to the most lamenta.le tone possi.le& at every stro#e of the )hip his ans)er )as& IWoe& )oe to JerusalemJI And )hen Al.inus ;for he )as then our pro$urator> as#ed him& Who he )asK and )hen$e he $ameK and )hy he uttered su$h )ordsK he made no manner of reply to )hat he said& .ut still did not leave off his melan$holy ditty& till Al.inus too# him to .e a madman& and dismissed him" 1o)& during all the time that passed .efore the )ar .egan& this man did not go near any of the $iti?ens& nor )as seen .y them )hile he said so/ .ut he every day uttered these lamenta.le )ords& as if it )ere his premeditated vo)& IWoe& )oe to

JerusalemJI 1or did he give ill )ords to any of those that .eat him every day& nor good )ords to those that gave him food/ .ut this )as his reply to all men& and indeed no other than a melan$holy presage of )hat )as to $ome" This $ry of his )as the loudest at the festivals/ and he $ontinued this ditty for seven years and five months& )ithout gro)ing hoarse& or .eing tired there)ith& until the very time that he sa) his presage in earnest fulfilled in our siege& )hen it $eased/ for as he )as going round upon the )all& he $ried out )ith his utmost for$e& IWoe& )oe to the $ity again& and to the people& and to the holy houseJI And 7ust as he added at the last& IWoe& )oe to myself alsoJI there $ame a stone out of one of the engines& and smote him& and #illed him immediately/ and as he )as uttering the very same presages he gave up the ghost" <" 1o) if any one $onsider these things& he )ill find that (od ta#es $are of man#ind& and .y all )ays possi.le foresho)s to our ra$e )hat is for their preservation/ .ut that men perish .y those miseries )hi$h they madly and voluntarily .ring upon themselves/ for the Je)s& .y demolishing the to)er of Antonia& had made their temple four-s6uare& )hile at the same time they had it )ritten in their sa$red ora$les& IThat then should their $ity .e ta#en& as )ell as their holy house& )hen on$e their temple should .e$ome four-s6uare"I But no)& )hat did the most elevate them in underta#ing this )ar& )as an am.iguous ora$le that )as also found in their sa$red )ritings& ho)&I a.out that time& one from their $ountry should .e$ome governor of the ha.ita.le earth"I The Je)s too# this predi$tion to .elong to themselves in parti$ular& and many of the )ise men )ere there.y de$eived in their determination" 1o) this ora$le $ertainly denoted the government of 8espasian& )ho )as appointed emperor in Judea" Ho)ever& it is not possi.le for men to avoid fate& although they see it .eforehand" But these men interpreted some of these signals a$$ording to their o)n pleasure& and some of them they utterly despised& until their madness )as demonstrated& .oth .y the ta#ing of their $ity and their o)n destru$tion" +'D'OT+1 ;@H> This *erea& if the )ord .e not mista#en in the $opies& $annot )ell .e that *erea )hi$h )as .eyond Jordan& )hose mountains )ere at a $onsidera.le distan$e from Jordan& and mu$h too remote from Jerusalem to 7oin in this e$ho at the $onflagration of the temple/ .ut *erea must .e rather some mountains .eyond the .roo# Cedron& as )as the -ount of Olives& or some others a.out su$h a distan$e from Jerusalem/ )hi$h o.servation is so o.vious& that it is a )onder our $ommentators here ta#e no noti$e of it" ;@G> 0eland I thin# here 7udges )ell& )hen he interprets these spi#es ;of those that stood on the top of the holy house> )ith sharp points/ they )ere fi ed into lead& to prevent the .irds from sitting there& and defiling the holy house/ for su$h spi#es there )ere no) upon it& as Josephus himself hath already assured us& B" 8" $h" C" se$t" D" ;@M> 0eland here ta#es noti$e& that these Je)s& )ho had despised the true *rophet& )ere deservedly a.used and deluded .y these false ones" ;A=> Whether Josephus means that this star )as different from that $omet )hi$h lasted a )hole year& I $annot $ertainly determine" His )ords most favor their .eing different one from another" ;A@> Sin$e Josephus still uses the Syro--a$edonian month Fanthi$us for the Je)ish month 1isan& this eighth& or& as 1i$ephorus reads it& this ninth of Fanthi$us or 1isan )as almost a )ee# .efore the passover& on the fourteenth/ a.out )hi$h time )e learn from St" John that many used to go Iout of the $ountry to Jerusalem to purify themselves&I JohL@@ECC& )ith JohL@AE@/ in agreement )ith Josephus also& B" 8" $h" B" se$t" @" And it might )ell .e& that in the sight of these this e traordinary light might appear" ;AA> This here seems to .e the $ourt of the priests"

;AB> Both 0eland and Haver$amp in this pla$e alter the natural pun$tuation and sense of Josephus& and this $ontrary to the opinion of 8alesilus and 'r" Hudson& lest Josephus should say that the Je)s .uilt .ooths or tents )ithin the temple at the feast of ta.erna$les/ )hi$h the later 0a..ins )ill not allo) to have .een the an$ient pra$ti$eE .ut then& sin$e it is e pressly told us in 1ehLGE@D& that in still elder times Ithe Je)s made .ooths in the $ourts of the house of (odI at that festival& Josephus may )ell .e permitted to say the same" And indeed the modern 0a..ins are of very small authority in all su$h matters of remote anti6uity"

CH(PT+, "
HOW TH+ ,O6('1 C(,,)+D TH+), +'1)*'1 TO TH+ T+6P.+8 ('D 6(D+ JO3/0. (CC.(6(T)O'1 TO T)T015 TH+ 1P++CH TH(T T)T01 6(D+ TO TH+ J+W1 WH+' TH+3 6(D+ 10PP.)C(T)O' /O, 6+,C35 WH(T ,+P.3 TH+3 6(D+ TH+,+TO; ('D HOW TH(T ,+P.3 6O-+D T)T01<1 )'D)*'(T)O' (*()'1T TH+65
@" A1' no) the 0omans& upon the flight of the seditious into the $ity& and upon the .urning of the holy house itself& and of all the .uildings round a.out it& .rought their ensigns to the temple ;A<> and set them over against its eastern gate/ and there did they offer sa$rifi$es to them& and there did they ma#e Titus imperator ;AC> )ith the greatest a$$lamations of 7oy" And no) all the soldiers had su$h vast 6uantities of the spoils )hi$h they had gotten .y plunder& that in Syria a pound )eight of gold )as sold for half its former value" But as for those priests that #ept themselves still upon the )all of the holy house& ;AD> there )as a .oy that& out of the thirst he )as in& desired some of the 0oman guards to give him their right hands as a se$urity for his life& and $onfessed he )as very thirsty" These guards $ommiserated his age& and the distress he )as in& and gave him their right hands a$$ordingly" So he $ame do)n himself& and dran# some )ater& and filled the vessel he had )ith him )hen he $ame to them )ith )ater& and then )ent off& and fled a)ay to his o)n friends/ nor $ould any of those guards overta#e him/ .ut still they reproa$hed him for his perfidiousness" To )hi$h he made this ans)erE II have not .ro#en the agreement/ for the se$urity I had given me )as not in order to my staying )ith you& .ut only in order to my $oming do)n safely& and ta#ing up some )ater/ .oth )hi$h things I have performed& and thereupon thin# myself to have .een faithful to my engagement"I Hereupon those )hom the $hild had imposed upon admired at his $unning& and that on a$$ount of his age" On the fifth day after)ard& the priests that )ere pined )ith the famine $ame do)n& and )hen they )ere .rought to Titus .y the guards& they .egged for their lives/ .ut he replied& that the time of pardon )as over as to them& and that this very holy house& on )hose a$$ount only they $ould 7ustly hope to .e preserved& )as destroyed/ and that it )as agreea.le to their offi$e that priests should perish )ith the house itself to )hi$h they .elonged" So he ordered them to .e put to death" A" But as for the tyrants themselves& and those that )ere )ith them& )hen they found that they )ere en$ompassed on every side& and& as it )ere& )alled round& )ithout any method of es$aping& they desired to treat )ith Titus .y )ord of mouth" A$$ordingly& su$h )as the #indness of his nature& and his desire of preserving the $ity from destru$tion& 7oined to the advi$e of his friends& )ho no) thought the ro..ers )ere $ome to a temper& that he pla$ed himself on the )estern side of the outer +$ourt of the, temple/ for there )ere gates on that side a.ove the Fystus& and a .ridge that $onne$ted the upper $ity to the temple" This .ridge it )as that lay .et)een the tyrants and Caesar& and parted them/ )hile the multitude stood on ea$h side/ those of the Je)ish nation a.out Sinran and John& )ith great hopes of pardon/ and the 0omans a.out Caesar& in great e pe$tation ho) Titus )ould re$eive their suppli$ation" So Titus $harged his soldiers to restrain their rage& and to let their darts alone& and appointed an interpreter .et)een them& )hi$h )as a sign that he )as the $on6ueror& and first .egan the dis$ourse& and said& II hope you& sirs& are no) satiated )ith the miseries of your $ountry& )ho have not .ad any 7ust notions& either of our great po)er& or of your o)n great )ea#ness& .ut have& li#e

madmen& after a violent and in$onsiderate manner& made su$h attempts& as have .rought your people& your $ity& and your holy house to destru$tion" !ou have .een the men that have never left off re.elling sin$e *ompey first $on6uered you& and have& sin$e that time& made open )ar )ith the 0omans" Have you depended on your multitude& )hile a very small part of the 0oman soldiery have .een strong enough for youK Have you relied on the fidelity of your $onfederatesK And )hat nations are there& out of the limits of our dominion& that )ould $hoose to assist the Je)s .efore the 0omansK Are your .odies stronger than oursK nay& you #no) that the +strong, (ermans themselves are our servants" Have you stronger )alls than )e haveK *ray& )hat greater o.sta$le is there than the )all of the o$ean& )ith )hi$h the Britons are en$ompassed& and yet do adore the arms of the 0omans" 'o you e $eed us in $ourage of soul& and in the saga$ity of your $ommandersK 1ay& indeed& you $annot .ut #no) that the very Carthaginians have .een $on6uered .y us" It $an therefore .e nothing $ertainly .ut the #indness of us 0omans )hi$h hath e $ited you against us/ )ho& in the first pla$e& have given you this land to possess/ and& in the ne t pla$e& have set over you #ings of your o)n nation/ and& in the third pla$e& have preserved the la)s of your forefathers to you& and have )ithal permitted you to live& either .y yourselves& or among others& as it should please youE and& )hat is our $hief favor of all )e have given you leave to gather up that tri.ute )hi$h is paid to (od ;AH> )ith su$h other gifts that are dedi$ated to him/ nor have )e $alled those that $arried these donations to a$$ount& nor prohi.ited them/ till at length you .e$ame ri$her than )e ourselves& even )hen you )ere our enemies/ and you made preparations for )ar against us )ith our o)n money/ nay& after all& )hen you )ere in the en7oyment of all these advantages& you turned your too great plenty against those that gave it you& and& li#e mer$iless serpents& have thro)n out your poison against those that treated you #indly" I suppose& therefore& that you might despise the slothfulness of 1ero& and& li#e lim.s of the .ody that are .ro#en or dislo$ated& you did then lie 6uiet& )aiting for some other time& though still )ith a mali$ious intention& and have no) sho)ed your distemper to .e greater than ever& and have e tended your desires as far as your impudent and immense hopes )ould ena.le you to do it" At this time my father $ame into this $ountry& not )ith a design to punish you for )hat you had done under Cestius& .ut to admonish you/ for had he $ome to overthro) your nation& he had run dire$tly to your fountain-head& and had immediately laid this $ity )aste/ )hereas he )ent and .urnt (alilee and the neigh.oring parts& and there.y gave you time for repentan$e/ )hi$h instan$e of humanity you too# for an argument of his )ea#ness& and nourished up your impuden$e .y our mildness" When 1ero )as gone out of the )orld& you did as the )i$#edest )ret$hes )ould have done& and en$ouraged yourselves to a$t against us .y our $ivil dissensions& and a.used that time& )hen .oth I and my father )ere gone a)ay to %gypt& to ma#e preparations for this )ar" 1or )ere you ashamed to raise distur.an$es against us )hen )e )ere made emperors& and this )hile you had e perien$ed ho) mild )e had .een& )hen )e )ere no more than generals of the army" But )hen the government )as devolved upon us& and all other people did thereupon lie 6uiet& and even foreign nations sent em.assies& and $ongratulated our a$$ess to the government& then did you Je)s sho) yourselves to .e our enemies" !ou sent em.assies to those of your nation that are .eyond %uphrates to assist you in your raising distur.an$es/ ne) )alls )ere .uilt .y you round your $ity& seditions arose& and one tyrant $ontended against another& and a $ivil )ar .ro#e out among you/ su$h indeed as .e$ame none .ut so )i$#ed a people as you are" I then $ame to this $ity& as un)illingly sent .y my father& and re$eived melan$holy in7un$tions from him" When I heard that the people )ere disposed to pea$e& I re7oi$ed at it/ I e horted you to leave off these pro$eedings .efore I .egan this )ar/ I spared you even )hen you had fought against me a great )hile/ I gave my right hand as se$urity to the deserters/ I o.served )hat I had promised faithfully" When they fled to me& I had $ompassion on many of those that I had ta#en $aptive/ I tortured those that )ere eager for )ar& in order to restrain them" It )as un)illingly that I .rought my engines of )ar against your )alls/ I al)ays prohi.ited my soldiers& )hen they )ere set upon your slaughter& from their severity against you" After every vi$tory I persuaded you to pea$e& as though I had .een myself $on6uered" When I $ame near your temple& I again departed from the la)s of )ar& and e horted you to spare your o)n san$tuary& and to preserve your holy house to yourselves" I allo)ed you a 6uiet e it out of it& and se$urity for your preservation/ nay& if you had a mind& I gave you leave to fight in another pla$e" !et have you still despised every one of my proposals& and have set fire to your holy house )ith your o)n hands" And no)& vile )ret$hes& do you desire to treat )ith me .y )ord of mouthK To )hat purpose is it that you )ould save su$h a holy house as this )as& )hi$h is no) destroyedK What

preservation $an you no) desire after the destru$tion of your templeK !et do you stand still at this very time in your armor/ nor $an you .ring yourselves so mu$h as to pretend to .e suppli$ants even in this your utmost e tremity" O misera.le $reaturesJ )hat is it you depend onK Are not your people deadK is not your holy house goneK is not your $ity in my po)erK and are not your o)n very lives in my handsK And do you still deem it a part of valor to dieK Ho)ever& I )ill not imitate your madness" If you thro) do)n your arms& and deliver up your .odies to me& I grant you your lives/ and I )ill a$t li#e a mild master of a family/ )hat $annot .e healed shall .e punished& and the rest I )ill preserve for my o)n use"I B" To that offer of Titus they made this replyE That they $ould not a$$ept of it& .e$ause they had s)orn never to do so/ .ut they desired they might have leave to go through the )all that had .een made a.out them& )ith their )ives and $hildren/ for that they )ould go into the desert& and leave the $ity to him" At this Titus had great indignation& that )hen they )ere in the $ase of men already ta#en $aptives& they should pretend to ma#e their o)n terms )ith him& as if they had .een $on6uerors" So he ordered this pro$lamation to .e made to them& That they should no more $ome out to him as deserters& nor hope for any further se$urity/ for that he )ould hen$eforth spare no.ody& .ut fight them )ith his )hole army/ and that they must save themselves as )ell as they $ould/ for that he )ould from hen$eforth treat them a$$ording to the la)s of )ar" So he gave orders to the soldiers .oth to .urn and to plunder the $ity/ )ho did nothing indeed that day/ .ut on the ne t day they set fire to the repository of the ar$hives& to A$ra& to the $oun$il-house& and to the pla$e $alled Ophlas/ at )hi$h time the fire pro$eeded as far as the pala$e of 6ueen Helena& )hi$h )as in the middle of A$ra/ the lanes also )ere .urnt do)n& as )ere also those houses that )ere full of the dead .odies of su$h as )ere destroyed .y famine" <" On the same day it )as that the sons and .rethren of I?ates the #ing& together )ith many others of the eminent men of the popula$e& got together there& and .esought Caesar to give them his right hand for their se$urity/ upon )hi$h& though he )as very angry at all that )ere no) remaining& yet did he not lay aside his old moderation& .ut re$eived these men" At that time& indeed& he #ept them all in $ustody& .ut still .ound the #ing2s sons and #insmen& and led them )ith him to 0ome& in order to ma#e them hostages for their $ountry2s fidelity to the 0omans" +'D'OT+1 ;A<> Ta#e Haver$amp2s note hereE IThis ;says he> is a remar#a.le pla$e/ and Tertullian truly says in his Apologeti$& $h" @D" p" @DA& that the entire religion of the 0oman $amp almost $onsisted in )orshipping the ensigns& in s)earing .y the ensigns& and in preferring the ensigns .efore all the +other, gods"I See )hat Haver$amp says upon that pla$e of Tertullian" ;AC> This de$laring Titus imperator .y the soldiers& upon su$h signal su$$ess& and the slaughter of su$h a vast num.er of enemies& )as a$$ording to the usual pra$ti$e of the 0omans in li#e $ases& as 0eland assures us on this pla$e" ;AD> The Je)s of later times agree )ith Josephus& that there )ere hiding-pla$es or se$ret $ham.ers a.out the holy house& as 0eland here informs us& )here he thin#s he has found these very )alls des$ri.ed .y them" ;AH> Spanheim notes here& that the 0omans used to permit the Je)s to $olle$t their sa$red tri.ute& and send it to Jerusalem/ of )hi$h )e have had a.undant eviden$e in Josephus already on other o$$asions"

CH(PT+, #
WH(T (/T+,W(,D B+/+.. TH+ 1+D)T)O01 WH+' TH+3 H(D DO'+ ( *,+(T D+(. O/ 6)1CH)+/8 ('D 10//+,+D 6('3 6)1/O,T0'+1; (1 (.1O

HOW C(+1(, B+C(6+ 6(1T+, O/ TH+ 0PP+, C)T38

@" A1' no) the seditious rushed into the royal pala$e& into )hi$h many had put their effe$ts& .e$ause it )as so strong& and drove the 0omans a)ay from it" They also sle) all the people that had $ro)ded into it& )ho )ere in num.er a.out eight thousand four hundred& and plundered them of )hat they had" They also too# t)o of the 0omans alive/ the one )as a horseman& and the other a footman" They then $ut the throat of the footman& and immediately had him dra)n through the )hole $ity& as revenging themselves upon the )hole .ody of the 0omans .y this one instan$e" But the horseman said he had some)hat to suggest to them in order to their preservation/ )hereupon he )as .rought .efore Simon/ .ut he having nothing to say )hen he )as there& he )as delivered to Ardalas& one of his $ommanders& to .e punished& )ho .ound his hands .ehind him& and put a ri.and over his eyes& and then .rought him out over against the 0omans& as intending to $ut off his head" But the man prevented that e e$ution& and ran a)ay to the 0omans& and this )hile the Je)ish e e$utioner )as dra)ing out his s)ord" 1o) )hen he )as gotten a)ay from the enemy& Titus $ould not thin# of putting him to death/ .ut .e$ause he deemed him un)orthy of .eing a 0oman soldier any longer& on a$$ount that he had .een ta#en alive .y the enemy& he too# a)ay his arms& and e7e$ted him out of the legion )hereto he had .elonged/ )hi$h& to one that had a sense of shame& )as a penalty severer than death itself" A" On the ne t day the 0omans drove the ro..ers out of the lo)er $ity& and set all on fire as far as Siloam" These soldiers )ere indeed glad to see the $ity destroyed" But they missed the plunder& .e$ause the seditious had $arried off all their effe$ts& and )ere retired into the upper $ity/ for they did not yet at all repent of the mis$hiefs they had done& .ut )ere insolent& as if they had done )ell/ for& as they sa) the $ity on fire& they appeared $heerful& and put on 7oyful $ountenan$es& in e pe$tation& as they said& of death to end their miseries" A$$ordingly& as the people )ere no) slain& the holy house )as .urnt do)n& and the $ity )as on fire& there )as nothing further left for the enemy to do" !et did not Josephus gro) )eary& even in this utmost e tremity& to .eg of them to spare )hat )as left of the $ity/ he spa#e largely to them a.out their .ar.arity and impiety& and gave them his advi$e in order to their es$ape/ though he gained nothing there.y more than to .e laughed at .y them/ and as they $ould not thin# of surrendering themselves up& .e$ause of the oath they had ta#en& nor )ere strong enough to fight )ith the 0omans any longer upon the s6uare& as .eing surrounded on all sides& and a #ind of prisoners already& yet )ere they so a$$ustomed to #ill people& that they $ould not restrain their right hands from a$ting a$$ordingly" So they dispersed themselves .efore the $ity& and laid themselves in am.ush among its ruins& to $at$h those that attempted to desert to the 0omans/ a$$ordingly many su$h deserters )ere $aught .y them& and )ere all slain/ for these )ere too )ea#& .y reason of their )ant of food& to fly a)ay from them/ so their dead .odies )ere thro)n to the dogs" 1o) every other sort of death )as thought more tolera.le than the famine& insomu$h that& though the Je)s despaired no) of mer$y& yet )ould they fly to the 0omans& and )ould themselves& even of their o)n a$$ord& fall among the murderous re.els also" 1or )as there any pla$e in the $ity that had no dead .odies in it& .ut )hat )as entirely $overed )ith those that )ere #illed either .y the famine or the re.ellion/ and all )as full of the dead .odies of su$h as had perished& either .y that sedition or .y that famine" B" So no) the last hope )hi$h supported the tyrants& and that $re) of ro..ers )ho )ere )ith them& )as in the $aves and $averns under ground/ )hither& if they $ould on$e fly& they did not e pe$t to .e sear$hed for/ .ut endeavored& that after the )hole $ity should .e destroyed& and the 0omans gone a)ay& they might $ome out again& and es$ape from them" This )as no .etter than a dream of theirs/ for they )ere not a.le to lie hid either from (od or from the 0omans" Ho)ever& they depended on these under-ground su.terfuges& and set more pla$es on fire than did the 0omans themselves/ and those that fled out of their houses thus set on fire into the dit$hes& they #illed )ithout mer$y& and pillaged them also/ and if they dis$overed food .elonging to any one& they sei?ed upon it and s)allo)ed it do)n& together )ith their .lood also/ nay& they )ere no) $ome to fight one )ith another a.out their plunder/ and I $annot .ut thin# that& had not their destru$tion prevented it& their .ar.arity )ould have made them taste of even the dead .odies themselves"

CH(PT+, $
HOW C(+1(, ,()1+D B('71 ,O0'D (BO0T TH+ 0PP+, C)T3 96O0'T >)O': ('D WH+' TH+3 W+,+ CO6P.+T+D8 *(-+ O,D+,1 TH(T TH+ 6(CH)'+1 1HO0.D B+ B,O0*HT5 H+ TH+' PO11+11+D H)61+./ O/ TH+ WHO.+ C)T35
@" 1OW )hen Caesar per$eived that the upper $ity )as so steep that it $ould not possi.ly .e ta#en )ithout raising .an#s against it& he distri.uted the several parts of that )or# among his army& and this on the t)entieth day of the month 4ous +A.," 1o) the $arriage of the materials )as a diffi$ult tas#& sin$e all the trees& as I have already told you& that )ere a.out the $ity& )ithin the distan$e of a hundred furlongs& had their .ran$hes $ut off already& in order to ma#e the former .an#s" The )or#s that .elonged to the four legions )ere ere$ted on the )est side of the $ity& over against the royal pala$e/ .ut the )hole .ody of the au iliary troops& )ith the rest of the multitude that )ere )ith them& +ere$ted their .an#s, at the Fystus& )hen$e they rea$hed to the .ridge& and that to)er of Simon )hi$h he had .uilt as a $itadel for himself against John& )hen they )ere at )ar one )ith another" A" It )as at this time that the $ommanders of the Idumeans got together privately& and too# $ounsel a.out surrendering up themselves to the 0omans" A$$ordingly& they sent five men to Titus& and entreated him to give them his right hand for their se$urity" So Titus thin#ing that the tyrants )ould yield& if the Idumeans& upon )hom a great part of the )ar depended& )ere on$e )ithdra)n from them& after some relu$tan$y and delay& $omplied )ith them& and gave them se$urity for their lives& and sent the five men .a$#" But as these Idumeans )ere preparing to mar$h out& Simon per$eived it& and immediately sle) the five men that had gone to Titus& and too# their $ommanders& and put them in prison& of )hom the most eminent )as Ja$o.& the son of Sosas/ .ut as for the multitude of the Idumeans& )ho did not at all #no) )hat to do& no) their $ommanders )ere ta#en from them& he had them )at$hed& and se$ured the )alls .y a more numerous garrison& !et $ould not that garrison resist those that )ere deserting/ for although a great num.er of them )ere slain& yet )ere the deserters many more in num.er" They )ere all re$eived .y the 0omans& .e$ause Titus himself gre) negligent as to his former orders for #illing them& and .e$ause the very soldiers gre) )eary of #illing them& and .e$ause they hoped to get some money .y sparing them/ for they left only the popula$e& and sold the rest of the multitude& ;AG> )ith their )ives and $hildren& and every one of them at a very lo) pri$e& and that .e$ause su$h as )ere sold )ere very many& and the .uyers )ere fe)E and although Titus had made pro$lamation .eforehand& that no deserter should $ome alone .y himself& that so they might .ring out their families )ith them& yet did he re$eive su$h as these also" Ho)ever& he set over them su$h as )ere to distinguish some from others& in order to see if any of them deserved to .e punished" And indeed the num.er of those that )ere sold )as immense/ .ut of the popula$e a.ove forty thousand )ere saved& )hom Caesar let go )hither every one of them pleased" B" But no) at this time it )as that one of the priests& the son of The.uthus& )hose name )as Jesus& upon his having se$urity given him& .y the oath of Caesar& that he should .e preserved& upon $ondition that he should deliver to him $ertain of the pre$ious things that had .een reposited in the temple ;AM> $ame out of it& and delivered him from the )all of the holy house t)o $andlesti$#s& li#e to those that lay in the holy house& )ith ta.les& and $isterns& and vials& all made of solid gold& and very heavy" He also delivered to him the veils and the garments& )ith the pre$ious stones& and a great num.er of other pre$ious vessels that .elonged to their sa$red )orship" The treasurer of the temple also& )hose name )as *hineas& )as sei?ed on& and sho)ed Titus the $oats and girdles of the priests& )ith a great 6uantity of purple and s$arlet& )hi$h )ere there reposited for the uses of the veil& as also a great deal of $innamon and $assia& )ith a large 6uantity of other s)eet spi$es& ;B=> )hi$h used to .e mi ed together& and offered as in$ense to (od every day" A great many other treasures )ere also delivered to him& )ith sa$red ornaments of the temple not a fe)/ )hi$h things thus delivered to Titus o.tained of him for this man the same pardon that he had allo)ed to su$h as deserted of their o)n a$$ord"

<" And no) )ere the .an#s finished on the seventh day of the month (orpieus& +%lul&, in eighteen days2 time& )hen the 0omans .rought their ma$hines against the )all" But for the seditious& some of them& as despairing of saving the $ity& retired from the )all to the $itadel/ others of them )ent do)n into the su.terranean vaults& though still a great many of them defended themselves against those that .rought the engines for the .attery/ yet did the 0omans over$ome them .y their num.er and .y their strength/ and& )hat )as the prin$ipal thing of all& .y going $heerfully a.out their )or#& )hile the Je)s )ere 6uite de7e$ted& and .e$ome )ea#" 1o) as soon as a part of the )all )as .attered do)n& and $ertain of the to)ers yielded to the impression of the .attering rams& those that opposed themselves fled a)ay& and su$h a terror fell upon the tyrants& as )as mu$h greater than the o$$asion re6uired/ for .efore the enemy got over the .rea$h they )ere 6uite stunned& and )ere immediately for flying a)ay" And no) one might see these men& )ho had hitherto .een so insolent and arrogant in their )i$#ed pra$ti$es& to .e $ast do)n and to trem.le& insomu$h that it )ould pity one2s heart to o.serve the $hange that )as made in those vile persons" A$$ordingly& they ran )ith great violen$e upon the 0oman )all that en$ompassed them& in order to for$e a)ay those that guarded it& and to .rea# through it& and get a)ay" But )hen they sa) that those )ho had formerly .een faithful to them had gone a)ay& ;as indeed they )ere fled )hithersoever the great distress they )ere in persuaded them to flee&> as also )hen those that $ame running .efore the rest told them that the )estern )all )as entirely overthro)n& )hile others said the 0omans )ere gotten in& and others that they )ere near& and loo#ing out for them& )hi$h )ere only the di$tates of their fear& )hi$h imposed upon their sight& they fell upon their fa$e& and greatly lamented their o)n mad $ondu$t/ and their nerves )ere so terri.ly loosed& that they $ould not flee a)ay" And here one may $hiefly refle$t on the po)er of (od e er$ised upon these )i$#ed )ret$hes& and on the good fortune of the 0omans/ for these tyrants did no) )holly deprive themselves of the se$urity they had in their o)n po)er& and $ame do)n from those very to)ers of their o)n a$$ord& )herein they $ould have never .een ta#en .y for$e& nor indeed .y any other )ay than .y famine" And thus did the 0omans& )hen they had ta#en su$h great pains a.out )ea#er )alls& get .y good fortune )hat they $ould never have gotten .y their engines/ for three of these to)ers )ere too strong for all me$hani$al engines )hatsoever& $on$erning )hi$h )e have treated a.ove" C" So they no) left these to)ers of themselves& or rather they )ere e7e$ted out of them .y (od himself& and fled immediately to that valley )hi$h )as under Siloam& )here they again re$overed themselves out of the dread they )ere in for a )hile& and ran violently against that part of the 0oman )all )hi$h lay on that side/ .ut as their $ourage )as too mu$h depressed to ma#e their atta$#s )ith suffi$ient for$e& and their po)er )as no) .ro#en )ith fear and affli$tion& they )ere repulsed .y the guards& and dispersing themselves at distan$es from ea$h other& )ent do)n into the su.terranean $averns" So the 0omans .eing no) .e$ome masters of the )alls& they .oth pla$ed their ensigns upon the to)ers& and made 7oyful a$$lamations for the vi$tory they had gained& as having found the end of this )ar mu$h lighter than its .eginning/ for )hen they had gotten upon the last )all& )ithout any .loodshed& they $ould hardly .elieve )hat they found to .e true/ .ut seeing no.ody to oppose them& they stood in dou.t )hat su$h an unusual solitude $ould mean" But )hen they )ent in num.ers into the lanes of the $ity )ith their s)ords dra)n& they sle) those )hom they overtoo# )ithout and set fire to the houses )hither the Je)s )ere fled& and .urnt every soul in them& and laid )aste a great many of the rest/ and )hen they )ere $ome to the houses to plunder them& they found in them entire families of dead men& and the upper rooms full of dead $orpses& that is& of su$h as died .y the famine/ they then stood in a horror at this sight& and )ent out )ithout tou$hing any thing" But although they had this $ommiseration for su$h as )ere destroyed in that manner& yet had they not the same for those that )ere still alive& .ut they ran every one through )hom they met )ith& and o.stru$ted the very lanes )ith their dead .odies& and made the )hole $ity run do)n )ith .lood& to su$h a degree indeed that the fire of many of the houses )as 6uen$hed )ith these men2s .lood" And truly so it happened& that though the slayers left off at the evening& yet did the fire greatly prevail in the night/ and as all )as .urning& $ame that eighth day of the month (orpieus +%lul, upon Jerusalem& a $ity that had .een lia.le to so many miseries during this siege& that& had it al)ays en7oyed as mu$h happiness from its first foundation& it )ould $ertainly have .een the envy of the )orld" 1or did it on any other a$$ount so mu$h deserve these sore misfortunes& as .y produ$ing su$h a generation of men as )ere the o$$asions of this its overthro)"

+'D'OT+1 ;AG> This innumera.le multitude of Je)s that )ere IsoldI .y the 0omans )as an eminent $ompletion of (od2s an$ient threatening .y -oses& that if they apostati?ed from the o.edien$e to his la)s& they should .e Isold unto their enemies for .ond- men and .ond-)omen&I 'euLAGEDG" See more espe$ially the note on $h" M" se$t" A" But one thing is here pe$uliarly remar#a.le& that -oses adds& Though they should .e IsoldI for slaves& yet Ino man should .uy them/I i"e" either they should have none to redeem them from this sale into slavery/ or rather& that the slaves to .e sold should .e more than )ere the pur$hasers for them& and so they should .e sold for little or nothing/ )hi$h is )hat Josephus here affirms to have .een the $ase at this time" ;AM> What .e$ame of these spoils of the temple that es$aped the fire& see Josephus himself hereafter& B" 8II" $h" C" se$t" C& and 0eland de Spoliis Templi& p" @AM-@BG" ;B=> These various sorts of spi$es& even more than those four )hi$h -oses pres$ri.ed& )e see )ere used in their pu.li$ )orship under Herod2s temple& parti$ularly $innamon and $assia/ )hi$h 0eland ta#es parti$ular noti$e of& as agreeing )ith the latter testimony of the Talmudists"

CH(PT+, %
WH(T )'J0'CT)O'1 C(+1(, *(-+ WH+' H+ W(1 CO6+ W)TH)' TH+ C)T35 TH+ '06B+, O/ TH+ C(PT)-+1 ('D O/ THO1+ TH(T P+,)1H+D )' TH+ 1)+*+; (1 (.1O CO'C+,')'* THO1+ TH(T H(D +1C(P+D )'TO TH+ 10BT+,,('+(' C(-+,'18 (6O'* WHO6 W+,+ TH+ T3,('T1 1)6O' ('D JOH' TH+61+.-+15
@" 1o) )hen Titus )as $ome into this +upper, $ity& he admired not only some other pla$es of strength in it& .ut parti$ularly those strong to)ers )hi$h the tyrants in their mad $ondu$t had relin6uished/ for )hen he sa) their solid altitude& and the largeness of their several stones& and the e a$tness of their 7oints& as also ho) great )as their .readth& and ho) e tensive their length& he e pressed himself after the manner follo)ingE IWe have $ertainly had (od for our assistant in this )ar& and it )as no other than (od )ho e7e$ted the Je)s out of these fortifi$ations/ for )hat $ould the hands of men or any ma$hines do to)ards overthro)ing these to)ersKI At )hi$h time he had many su$h dis$ourses to his friends/ he also let su$h go free as had .een .ound .y the tyrants& and )ere left in the prisons" To $on$lude& )hen he entirely demolished the rest of the $ity& and overthre) its )alls& he left these to)ers as a monument of his good fortune& )hi$h had proved his au iliaries& and ena.led him to ta#e )hat $ould not other)ise have .een ta#en .y him" A" And no)& sin$e his soldiers )ere already 6uite tired )ith #illing men& and yet there appeared to .e a vast multitude still remaining alive& Caesar gave orders that they should #ill none .ut those that )ere in arms& and opposed them& .ut should ta#e the rest alive" But& together )ith those )hom they had orders to slay& they sle) the aged and the infirm/ .ut for those that )ere in their flourishing age& and )ho might .e useful to them& they drove them together into the temple& and shut them up )ithin the )alls of the $ourt of the )omen/ over )hi$h Caesar set one of his freed-men& as also Fronto& one of his o)n friends/ )hi$h last )as to determine every one2s fate& a$$ording to his merits" So this Fronto sle) all those that had .een seditious and ro..ers& )ho )ere impea$hed one .y another/ .ut of the young men he $hose out the tallest and most .eautiful& and reserved them for the triumph/ and as for the rest of the multitude that )ere a.ove seventeen years old& he put them into .onds& and sent them to the %gyptian mines ;B@> Titus also sent a great num.er into the provin$es& as a present to them& that they might .e destroyed upon their theatres& .y the s)ord and .y the )ild .easts/ .ut those that )ere under seventeen years of age )ere sold for slaves" 1o) during the days )herein Fronto )as distinguishing

these men& there perished& for )ant of food& eleven thousand/ some of )hom did not taste any food& through the hatred their guards .ore to them/ and others )ould not ta#e in any )hen it )as given them" The multitude also )as so very great& that they )ere in )ant even of $orn for their sustenan$e" B" 1o) the num.er ;BA> of those that )ere $arried $aptive during this )hole )ar )as $olle$ted to .e ninety-seven thousand/ as )as the num.er of those that perished during the )hole siege eleven hundred thousand& the greater part of )hom )ere indeed of the same nation +)ith the $iti?ens of Jerusalem,& .ut not .elonging to the $ity itself/ for they )ere $ome up from all the $ountry to the feast of unleavened .read& and )ere on a sudden shut up .y an army& )hi$h& at the very first& o$$asioned so great a straitness among them& that there $ame a pestilential destru$tion upon them& and soon after)ard su$h a famine& as destroyed them more suddenly" And that this $ity $ould $ontain so many people in it& is manifest .y that num.er of them )hi$h )as ta#en under Cestius& )ho .eing desirous of informing 1ero of the po)er of the $ity& )ho other)ise )as disposed to $ontemn that nation& entreated the high priests& if the thing )ere possi.le& to ta#e the num.er of their )hole multitude" So these high priests& upon the $oming of that feast )hi$h is $alled the *assover& )hen they slay their sa$rifi$es& from the ninth hour till the eleventh& .ut so that a $ompany not less than ten ;BB> .elong to every sa$rifi$e& ;for it is not la)ful for them to feast singly .y themselves&> and many of us are t)enty in a $ompany& found the num.er of sa$rifi$es )as t)o hundred and fifty-si thousand five hundred/ )hi$h& upon the allo)an$e of no more than ten that feast together& amounts to t)o millions seven hundred thousand and t)o hundred persons that )ere pure and holy/ for as to those that have the leprosy& or the gonorrhea& or )omen that have their monthly $ourses& or su$h as are other)ise polluted& it is not la)ful for them to .e parta#ers of this sa$rifi$e/ nor indeed for any foreigners neither& )ho $ome hither to )orship" <" 1o) this vast multitude is indeed $olle$ted out of remote pla$es& .ut the entire nation )as no) shut up .y fate as in prison& and the 0oman army en$ompassed the $ity )hen it )as $ro)ded )ith inha.itants" A$$ordingly& the multitude of those that therein perished e $eeded all the destru$tions that either men or (od ever .rought upon the )orld/ for& to spea# only of )hat )as pu.li$ly #no)n& the 0omans sle) some of them& some they $arried $aptives& and others they made a sear$h for under ground& and )hen they found )here they )ere& they .ro#e up the ground and sle) all they met )ith" There )ere also found slain there a.ove t)o thousand persons& partly .y their o)n hands& and partly .y one another& .ut $hiefly destroyed .y the famine/ .ut then the ill savor of the dead .odies )as most offensive to those that lighted upon them& insomu$h that some )ere o.liged to get a)ay immediately& )hile others )ere so greedy of gain& that they )ould go in among the dead .odies that lay on heaps& and tread upon them/ for a great deal of treasure )as found in these $averns& and the hope of gain made every )ay of getting it to .e esteemed la)ful" -any also of those that had .een put in prison .y the tyrants )ere no) .rought out/ for they did not leave off their .ar.arous $ruelty at the very lastE yet did (od avenge himself upon them .oth& in a manner agreea.le to 7usti$e" As for John& he )anted food& together )ith his .rethren& in these $averns& and .egged that the 0omans )ould no) give him their right hand for his se$urity& )hi$h he had often proudly re7e$ted .efore/ .ut for Simon& he struggled hard )ith the distress he )as in& fill he )as for$ed to surrender himself& as )e shall relate hereafter/ so he )as reserved for the triumph& and to .e then slain/ as )as John $ondemned to perpetual imprisonment" And no) the 0omans set fire to the e treme parts of the $ity& and .urnt them do)n& and entirely demolished its )alls" +'D'OT+1 ;B@> See the several predi$tions that the Je)s& if they .e$ame o.stinate in their idolatry and )i$#edness& should .e sent again or sold into %gypt for their punishment& 'euLAGEDG/ JerL<<EH/ HosLGE@B/ HosLMEB-C/ ASaL@CE@=-@B/ )ith Authenti$ 0e$ords& *art I" p" <M& @A@/ and 0eland *ainest And& tom" II" p" H@C" ;BA> The )hole multitude of the Je)s that )ere destroyed during the entire seven years .efore this time& in all the $ountries of and .ordering on Judea& is summed up .y Ar$h.ishop 5sher& from 4ipsius&

out of Josephus& at the year of Christ H=& and amounts to @&BBH&<M=" 1or $ould there have .een that num.er of Je)s in Jerusalem to .e destroyed in this siege& as )ill .e presently set do)n .y Josephus& .ut that .oth Je)s and proselytes of 7usti$e )ere 7ust then $ome up out of the other $ountries of (alilee& Samaria& Judea& and *erea and other remoter regions& to the passover& in vast num.ers& and therein $ooped up& as in a prison& .y the 0oman army& as Josephus himself )ell o.serves in this and the ne t se$tion& and as is e a$tly related else)here& B" 8" $h" B" se$t" @ and $h" @B" se$t" H" ;BB> This num.er of a $ompany for one pas$hal lam.& .et)een ten and t)enty& agrees e a$tly )ith the num.er thirteen& at our Savior2s last passover" As to the )hole num.er of the Je)s that used to $ome up to the passover& and eat of it at Jerusalem& see the note on B" II" $h" @<" se$t" B" This num.er ought to .e here indeed 7ust ten times the num.er of the lam.s& or 7ust A&CDC&;'=& .y Josephus2s o)n reasoning/ )hereas it is& in his present $opies& no less than A&H==&;'=& )hi$h last num.er is& ho)ever& nearest the other num.er in the pla$e no) $ited& )hi$h is B&===&===" But )hat is here $hiefly remar#a.le is this& that no foreign nation ever $ame thus to destroy the Je)s at any of their solemn festivals& from the days of -oses till this time& .ut $ame no) upon their apostasy from (od& and from o.edien$e to him" 1or is it possi.le& in the nature of things& that in any other nation su$h vast num.ers should .e gotten together& and perish in the siege of any one $ity )hatsoever& as no) happened in Jerusalem"

CH(PT+, 1&
TH(T WH+,+(1 TH+ C)T3 O/ J+,01(.+6 H(D B++' /)-+ T)6+1 T(7+' /O,6+,.38 TH)1 W(1 TH+ 1+CO'D T)6+ O/ )T1 D+1O.(T)O'5 ( B,)+/ (CCO0'T O/ )T1 H)1TO,35
@" A1' thus )as Jerusalem ta#en& in the se$ond year of the reign of 8espasian& on the eighth day of the month (orpeius +%lul," It had .een ta#en five ;B<> times .efore& though this )as the se$ond time of its desolation/ for Shisha#& the #ing of %gypt& and after him Antio$hus& and after him *ompey& and after them Sosius and Herod& too# the $ity& .ut still preserved it/ .ut .efore all these& the #ing of Ba.ylon $on6uered it& and made it desolate& one thousand four hundred and si ty-eight years and si months after it )as .uilt" But he )ho first .uilt it" Was a potent man among the Canaanites& and is in our o)n tongue $alled +-el$hisede#,& the 0ighteous 3ing& for su$h he really )as/ on )hi$h a$$ount he )as +there, the first priest of (od& and first .uilt a temple +there,& and $alled the $ity Jerusalem& )hi$h )as formerly $alled Salem" Ho)ever& 'avid& the #ing of the Je)s& e7e$ted the Canaanites& and set-tied his o)n people therein" It )as demolished entirely .y the Ba.ylonians& four hundred and seventy-seven years and si months after him" And from #ing 'avid& )ho )as the first of the Je)s )ho reigned therein& to this destru$tion under Titus& )ere one thousand one hundred and seventy-nine years/ .ut from its first .uilding& till this last destru$tion& )ere t)o thousand one hundred and seventy-seven years/ yet hath not its great anti6uity& nor its vast ri$hes& nor the diffusion of its nation over all the ha.ita.le earth& nor the greatness of the veneration paid to it on a religious a$$ount& .een suffi$ient to preserve it from .eing destroyed" And thus ended the siege of Jerusalem" +'D'OT+1 ;B<> This is the proper pla$e for su$h as have $losely attended to these latter .oo#s of the War to peruse& and that )ith e6ual attention& those distin$t and plain predi$tions of Jesus of 1a?areth& in the (ospels thereto relating& as $ompared )ith their e a$t $ompletions in Josephus2s history/ upon )hi$h $ompletions& as 'rE Whit.y )ell o.serves& Annot" on -atLA<EA& no small part of the eviden$e for the truth of the Christian religion does depend/ and as I have step .y step $ompared them together in my 4iteral A$$omplishment of S$ripture *rophe$ies" The reader is to o.serve further& that the true reason )hy I have so seldom ta#en noti$e of those $ompletions in the $ourse of these notes& not)ithstanding their .eing so very remar#a.le& and fre6uently so very o.vious& is this& that I had entirely prevented

myself in that treatise .eforehand/ to )hi$h therefore I must here& on$e for all& seriously refer every in6uisitive reader" Besides these five here enumerated& )ho had ta#en Jerusalem of old& Josephus& upon further re$olle$tion& re$#ons a si th& Anti6" B" FII" $h" @" se$t" @& )ho should have .een here inserted in the se$ond pla$e/ I mean *tolemy& the son of 4agus"

The Wars Of The Jews Or The History Of The Destruction Of Jerusalem Book #
CO'T()')'* TH+ )'T+,-(. O/ (BO0T TH,++ 3+(,15 /,O6 TH+ T(7)'* O/ J+,01(.+6 B3 T)T01 TO TH+ 1+D)T)O' (T C3,+'+

CH(PT+, 1
HOW TH+ +'T),+ C)T3 O/ J+,01(.+6 W(1 D+6O.)1H+D8 +2C+PT)'* TH,++ TOW+,1; ('D HOW T)T01 CO66+'D+D H)1 1O.D)+,1 )' ( 1P++CH 6(D+ TO TH+68 ('D D)1T,)B0T+D ,+W(,D1 TO TH+6 ('D TH+' D)16)11+D 6('3 O/ TH+65
@" 1OW as soon as the army had no more people to slay or to plunder& .e$ause there remained none to .e the o.7e$ts of their fury& ;for they )ould not have spared any& had there remained any other )or# to .e done&> Caesar gave orders that they should no) demolish the entire $ity and temple& .ut should leave as many of the to)ers standing as )ere of the greatest eminen$y/ that is& *hasaelus& and Hippi$us& and -ariamne/ and so mu$h of the )all as en$losed the $ity on the )est side" This )all )as spared& in order to afford a $amp for su$h as )ere to lie in garrison& as )ere the to)ers also spared& in order to demonstrate to posterity )hat #ind of $ity it )as& and ho) )ell fortified& )hi$h the 0oman valor had su.dued/ .ut for all the rest of the )all& it )as so thoroughly laid even )ith the ground .y those that dug it up to the foundation& that there )as left nothing to ma#e those that $ame thither .elieve it had ever .een inha.ited" This )as the end )hi$h Jerusalem $ame to .y the madness of those that )ere for innovations/ a $ity other)ise of great magnifi$en$e& and of mighty fame among all man#ind" ;@> A" But Caesar resolved to leave there& as a guard& the tenth legion& )ith $ertain troops of horsemen& and $ompanies of footmen" So& having entirely $ompleted this )ar& he )as desirous to $ommend his )hole army& on a$$ount of the great e ploits they had performed& and to .esto) proper re)ards on su$h as had signali?ed themselves therein" He had therefore a great tri.unal made for him in the midst of the pla$e )here he had formerly en$amped& and stood upon it )ith his prin$ipal $ommanders a.out him& and spa#e so as to .e heard .y the )hole arrmy in the manner follo)ingE That he returned them a.undan$e of than#s for their good-)ill )hi$h they had sho)ed to himE he $ommended them for that ready o.edien$e they had e hi.ited in this )hole )ar& )hi$h o.edien$e had appeared in the many and great dangers )hi$h they had $ourageously undergone/ as also for that $ourage they had sho)n& and had there.y augmented of themselves their $ountry2s po)er& and had made it evident to all men& that neither the multitude of their enemies& nor the strength of their pla$es& nor the largeness of their $ities& nor the rash .oldness and .rutish rage of their antagonists& )ere suffi$ient at any time to get $lear of

the 0oman valor& although some of them may have fortune in many respe$ts on their side" He said further& that it )as .ut reasona.le for them to put an end to this )ar& no) it had lasted so long& for that they had nothing .etter to )ish for )hen they entered into it/ and that this happened more favora.ly for them& and more for their glory& that all the 0omans had )illingly a$$epted of those for their governors& and the $urators of their dominions& )hom they had $hosen for them& and had sent into their o)n $ountry for that purpose& )hi$h still $ontinued under the management of those )hom they had pit$hed on& and )ere than#ful to them for pit$hing upon them" That a$$ordingly& although he did .oth admire and tenderly regard them all& .e$ause he #ne) that every one of them had gone as $heerfully a.out their )or# as their a.ilities and opportunities )ould give them leave/ yet& he said& that he )ould immediately .esto) re)ards and dignities on those that had fought the most .ravely& and )ith greater for$e& and had signali?ed their $ondu$t in the most glorious manner& and had made his army more famous .y their no.le e ploits/ and that no one )ho had .een )illing to ta#e more pains than another should miss of a 7ust retri.ution for the same/ for that he had .een e $eeding $areful a.out this matter& and that the more& .e$ause he had mu$h rather re)ard the virtues of his fello) soldiers than punish su$h as had offended" B" Hereupon Titus ordered those )hose .usiness it )as to read the list of all that had performed great e ploits in this )ar& )hom he $alled to him .y their names& and $ommended them .efore the $ompany& and re7oi$ed in them in the same manner as a man )ould have re7oi$ed in his o)n e ploits" He also put on their heads $ro)ns of gold& and golden ornaments a.out their ne$#s& and gave them long spears of gold&" and ensigns that )ere made of silver& and removed every one of them to a higher ran#/ and .esides this& he plentifully distri.uted among them& out of the spoils& and the other prey they had ta#en& silver& and gold& and garments" So )hen they had all these honors .esto)ed on them& a$$ording to his o)n appointment made to every one& and he had )ished all sorts of happiness to the )hole army& he $ame do)n& among the great a$$lamations )hi$h )ere made to him& and then .etoo# himself to offer than#-offerings +to the gods,& and at on$e sa$rifi$ed a vast num.er of o en& that stood ready at the altars& and distri.uted them among the army to feast on" And )hen he had staid three days among the prin$ipal $ommanders& and so long feasted )ith them& he sent a)ay the rest of his army to the several pla$es )here they )ould .e every one .est situated/ .ut permitted the tenth legion to stay& as a guard at Jerusalem& and did not send them a)ay .eyond %uphrates& )here they had .een .efore" And as he remem.ered that the t)elfth legion had given )ay to the Je)s& under Cestius their general& he e pelled them out of all Syria& for they had lain formerly at 0aphanea& and sent them a)ay to a pla$e $alled -eletine& near %uphrates& )hi$h is in the limits of Armenia and Cappado$ia/ he also thought fit that t)o of the legions should stay )ith him till he should go to %gypt" He then )ent do)n )ith his army to that Cesarea )hi$h lay .y the sea-side& and there laid up the rest of his spoils in great 6uantities& and gave order that the $aptives should he #ept there/ for the )inter season hindered him then from sailing into Italy" +'D'OT+1 ;@> Why the great Bo$hart should say& ;'e *hoeni$" Colon" B" II" $h" iv"&> thatI there are in this $lause of Josephus as many mista#es as )ords&I I do .y no means understand" Josephus thought -el$hisede# first .uilt& or rather re.uilt and adorned& this $ity& and that it )as then $alled Salem& as *saLHDEA/ after)ards $ame to .e $alled Jerusalem/ and that -el$hisede#& .eing a priest as )ell as a #ing& .uilt to the true (od therein a temple& or pla$e for pu.li$ 'ivine )orship and sa$rifi$e/ all )hi$h things may .e very true for aught )e #no) to the $ontrary" And for the )ord& or temple& as if it must needs .elong to the great temple .uilt .y Solomon long after)ard& Josephus himself uses& for the small ta.erna$le of -oses& Anti6" B" III" $h" D" se$t" </ see also Anti6" B" lit" $h" D" se$t" @/ as he here presently uses& for a large and splendid synagogue of the Je)s at Antio$h& B" 8II" $h" B" se$t" B"

CH(PT+, 2

HOW T)T01 +2H)B)T+D (.. 1O,T1 O/ 1HOW1 (T C+1(,+( PH).)PP)5 CO'C+,')'* 1)6O' TH+ T3,('T HOW H+ W(1 T(7+'8 ('D ,+1+,-+D /O, TH+ T,)06PH5
@" 1OW at the same time that Titus Caesar lay at the siege of Jerusalem& did 8espasian go on .oard a mer$hantship and sailed from Ale andria to 0hodes/ )hen$e he sailed a)ay &in ships )ith three ro)s of oars/ and as he tou$hed at several $ities that lay in his road& he )as 7oyfully re$eived .y them all& and so passed over from Ionia into (ree$e/ )hen$e he set sail from Cor$yra to the promontory of Iapy & )hen$e he too# his 7ourney .y land" But as for Titus& he mar$hed from that Cesarea )hi$h lay .y the sea-side& and $ame to that )hi$h is named Cesarea *hilippi& and staid there a $onsidera.le time& and e hi.ited all sorts of sho)s there" And here a great num.er of the $aptives )ere destroyed& some .eing thro)n to )ild .easts& and others in multitudes for$ed to #ill one another& as if they )ere their enemies" And here it )as that Titus )as informed of the sei?ure of Simon the son of (ioras& )hi$h )as made after the manner follo)ingE This Simon& during the siege of Jerusalem& )as in the upper $ity/ .ut )hen the 0oman army )as gotten )ithin the )alls& and )ere laying the $ity )aste& he then too# the most faithful of his friends )ith him& and among them some that )ere stone-$utters& )ith those iron tools )hi$h .elonged to their o$$upation& and as great a 6uantity of provisions as )ould suffi$e them for a long time& and let himself and all them do)n into a $ertain su.terraneous $avern that )as not visi.le a.ove ground" 1o)& so far as had .een digged of old& they )ent on)ard along it )ithout distur.an$e/ .ut )here they met )ith solid earth& they dug a mine under ground& and this in hopes that they should .e a.le to pro$eed so far as to rise from under ground in a safe pla$e& and .y that means es$ape" But )hen they $ame to ma#e the e periment& they )ere disappointed of their hope/ for the miners $ould ma#e .ut small progress& and that )ith diffi$ulty also/ insomu$h that their provisions& though they distri.uted them .y measure& .egan to fail them" And no) Simon& thin#ing he might .e a.le to astonish and elude the 0omans& put on a )hite fro$#& and .uttoned upon him a purple $loa#& and appeared out of the ground in the pla$e )here the temple had formerly .een" At the first& indeed& those that sa) him )ere greatly astonished& and stood still )here they )ere/ .ut after)ard they $ame nearer to him& and as#ed him )ho he )as" 1o) Simon )ould not tell them& .ut .id them $all for their $aptain/ and )hen they ran to $all him& Terentius 0ufus ;A> )ho )as left to $ommand the army there& $ame to Simon& and learned of him the )hole truth& and #ept him in .onds& and let Caesar #no) that he )as ta#en" Thus did (od .ring this man to .e punished for )hat .itter and savage tyranny he had e er$ised against his $ountrymen .y those )ho )ere his )orst enemies/ and this )hile he )as not su.dued .y violen$e& .ut voluntarily delivered himself up to them to .e punished& and that on the very same a$$ount that he had laid false a$$usations against many Je)s& as if they )ere falling a)ay to the 0omans& and had .ar.arously slain them for )i$#ed a$tions do not es$ape the 'ivine anger& nor is 7usti$e too )ea# to punish offenders& .ut in time overta#es those that transgress its la)s& and infli$ts its punishments upon the )i$#ed in a manner& so mu$h more severe& as they e pe$ted to es$ape it on a$$ount of their not .eing punished immediately" ;B> Simon )as made sensi.le of this .y falling under the indignation of the 0omans" This rise of his out of the ground did also o$$asion the dis$overy of a great num.er of others Of the seditious at that time& )ho had hidden themselves under ground" But for Simon& he )as .rought to Caesar in .onds& )hen he )as $ome .a$# to that Cesarea )hi$h )as on the seaside& )ho gave orders that he should .e #ept against that triumph )hi$h he )as to $ele.rate at 0ome upon this o$$asion" +'D'OT+1 ;A> This Tereutius 0ufus& as 0eland in part o.serves here& is the same person )hom the Talmudists $all Turnus 0ufus/ of )hom they relate& that Ihe ploughed up Sion as a field& and made Jerusalem .e$ome as heaps& and the mountain of the house as the high Ida$es of a forest/I )hi$h )as long .efore foretold .y the prophet -i$LBE@A& and 6uoted from him in the prophe$ies of JerLADE@G" ;B> See %$$LGE@@"

CH(PT+, 3
HOW T)T01 0PO' TH+ C+.+B,(T)O' O/ H)1 B,OTH+,1 ('D /(TH+,1 B),THD(31 H(D 6('3 O/ TH+ J+W1 1.()'5 CO'C+,')'* TH+ D('*+, TH+ J+W1 W+,+ )' (T ('T)OCH8 B3 6+('1 O/ TH+ T,('1*,+11)O' ('D )6P)+T3 O/ O'+ ('T)OCH018 ( J+W5
@" WHI4% Titus )as at Cesarea& he solemni?ed the .irthday of his .rother 'omitian, after a splendid manner& and infli$ted a great deal of the punishment intended for the Je)s in honor of him/ for the num.er of those that )ere no) slain in fighting )ith the .easts& and )ere .urnt& and fought )ith one another& e $eeded t)o thousand five hundred" !et did all this seem to the 0omans& )hen they )ere thus destroyed ten thousand several )ays& to .e a punishment .eneath their deserts" After this Caesar $ame to Berytus& ;<> )hi$h is a $ity of *hoeni$ia& and a 0oman $olony& and staid there a longer time& and e hi.ited a still more pompous solemnity a.out his father2s .irthday& .oth in the magnifi$en$e of the sho)s& and in the other vast e penses he )as at in his devi$es thereto .elonging/ so that a great multitude of the $aptives )ere here destroyed after the same manner as .efore" A" It happened also a.out this time& that the Je)s )ho remained at Antio$h )ere under a$$usations& and in danger of perishing& from the distur.an$es that )ere raised against them .y the Antio$hians/ and this .oth on a$$ount of the slanders spread a.road at this time against them& and on a$$ount of )hat pran#s they had played not long .efore/ )hi$h I am o.liged to des$ri.e )ithout fail& though .riefly& that I may the .etter $onne$t my narration of future a$tions )ith those that )ent .efore" B" For as the Je)ish nation is )idely dispersed over all the ha.ita.le earth among its inha.itants& so it is very mu$h intermingled )ith Syria .y reason of its neigh.orhood& and had the greatest multitudes in Antio$h .y reason of the largeness of the $ity& )herein the #ings& after Antio$hus& had afforded them a ha.itation )ith the most undistur.ed tran6uillity/ for though Antio$hus& )ho )as $alled %piphanes& laid Jerusalem )aste& and spoiled the temple& yet did those that su$$eeded him in the #ingdom restore all the donations that )ere made of .rass to the Je)s of Antio$h& and dedi$ated them to their synagogue& and granted them the en7oyment of e6ual privileges of $iti?ens )ith the (ree#s themselves/ and as the su$$eeding #ings treated them after the same manner& they .oth multiplied to a great num.er& and adorned their temple gloriously .y fine ornaments& and )ith great magnifi$en$e& in the use of )hat had .een given them" They also made proselytes of a great many of the (ree#s perpetually& and there.y after a sort .rought them to .e a portion of their o)n .ody" But a.out this time )hen the present )ar .egan& and 8espasian )as ne)ly sailed to Syria& and all men had ta#en up a great hatred against the Je)s& then it )as that a $ertain person& )hose name )as Antio$hus& .eing one of the Je)ish nation& and greatly respe$ted on a$$ount of his father& )ho )as governor of the Je)s at Antio$h ;C> $ame upon the theater at a time )hen the people of Antio$h )ere assem.led together& and .e$ame an informer against his father& and a$$used .oth him and others that they had resolved to .urn the )hole $ity in one night/ he also delivered up to them some Je)s that )ere foreigners& as partners in their resolutions" When the people heard this& they $ould not refrain their passion& .ut $ommanded that those )ho )ere delivered up to them should have fire .rought to .urn them& )ho )ere a$$ordingly all .urnt upon the theater immediately" They did also fall violently upon the multitude of the Je)s& as supposing that .y punishing them suddenly they should save their o)n $ity" As for Antio$hus& he aggravated the rage they )ere in& and thought to give them a demonstration of his o)n $onversion& arm of his hatred of the Je)ish $ustoms& .y sa$rifi$ing after the manner of the (ree#s/ he persuaded the rest also to $ompel them to do the same& .e$ause they )ould .y that means dis$over )ho they )ere that had plotted against them& sin$e they )ould not do so/ and )hen the people of Antio$h tried the e periment& some fe) $omplied& .ut those that )ould not do so )ere slain" As for Ailtio$hus himself& he o.tained soldiers from the 0oman $ommander& and .e$ame a severe master over his o)n $iti?ens& not permitting them to rest on the seventh day& .ut for$ing them to do all that they usually did on other days/ and to that degree of distress did he redu$e them in this matter& that the rest of the seventh day )as dissolved not only at Antio$h& .ut the same thing )hi$h too# then$e its

rise )as done in other $ities also& in li#e manner& for some small time" <" 1o)& after these misfortunes had happened to the Je)s at Antio$h& a se$ond $alamity .efell them& the des$ription of )hi$h )hen )e )ere going a.out )e premised the a$$ount foregoing/ for upon this a$$ident& )here.y the four-s6uare mar#et-pla$e )as .urnt do)n& as )ell as the ar$hives& and the pla$e )here the pu.li$ re$ords )ere preserved& and the royal pala$es& ;and it )as not )ithout diffi$ulty that the fire )as then put a stop to& )hi$h )as li#ely& .y the fury )here)ith it )as $arried along& to have gone over the )hole $ity&> Antio$hus a$$used the Je)s as the o$$asion of all the mis$hief that )as done" 1o) this indu$ed the people of Antio$h& )ho )ere no) under the immediate persuasion& .y reason of the disorder they )ere in& that this $alumny )as true& and )ould have .een under the same persuasion& even though they had not .orne an ill-)ill at the Je)s .efore& to .elieve this man2s a$$usation& espe$ially )hen they $onsidered )hat had .een done .efore& and this to su$h a degree& that they all fell violently upon those that )ere a$$used& and this& li#e madmen& in a very furious rage also& even as if they had seen the Je)s in a manner setting fire themselves to the $ity/ nor )as it )ithout diffi$ulty that one Cneius Collegas& the legate& $ould prevail )ith them to permit the affairs to .e laid .efore Caesar/ for as to Cesennius *etus& the president of Syria& 8espasian had already sent him a)ay/ and so it happened that he )as not yet $ome .a$# thither" But )hen Collegas had made a $areful in6uiry into the matter& he found out the truth& and that not one of those Je)s that )ere a$$used .y Antio$hus had any hand in it& .ut that all )as done .y some vile persons greatly in de.t& )ho supposed that if they $ould on$e set fire to the mar#et-pla$e& and .urn the pu.li$ re$ords& they should have no further demands made upon them" So the Je)s )ere under great disorder and terror& in the un$ertain e pe$tations of )hat )ould .e the upshot of these a$$usations against them" +'D'OT+1 ;<> This Berytus )as $ertainly a 0oman $olony& and has $oins e tant that )itness the same& as Hudson and Spanheim inform us" See the note on Anti6" B" F8IE $h" @@" se$t" @" ;C> The Je)s at Antio$h and Ale andria& the t)o prin$ipal $ities in all the %ast& had allo)ed them& .oth .y the -a$edonians& and after)ards .y the 0omans& a governor of their o)n& )ho )as e empt from the 7urisdi$tion of the other $ivil governors" He )as $alled sometimes .arely Igovernor&I sometimes Iethnar$h&I and +at Ale andria, Iala.ar$h&I as 'r" Hudson ta#es noti$e on this pla$e out of Fuller2s -is$ellanies" They had the li#e governor or governors allo)ed them at Ba.ylon under their $aptivity there& as the history of Susanna implies"

CH(PT+,
HOW -+1P(1)(' W(1 ,+C+)-+D (T ,O6+; (1 (.1O HOW TH+ *+,6('1 ,+-O.T+D /,O6 TH+ ,O6('18 B0T W+,+ 10BD0+D5 TH(T TH+ 1(,6(T)('1 O-+,,(' 631)(8 B0T W+,+ CO6P+..+D TO ,+T),+ TO TH+), OW' CO0'T,3 (*()'5
@" A1' no) Titus Caesar& upon the ne)s that )as .rought him $on$erning his father& that his $oming )as mu$h desired .y all the Italian $ities& and that 0ome espe$ially re$eived him )ith great ala$rity and splendor& .etoo# himself to re7oi$ing and pleasures to a great degree& as no) freed from the soli$itude he had .een under& after the most agreea.le manner" For all men that )ere in Italy sho)ed their respe$ts to him in their minds .efore he $ame thither& as if he )ere already $ome& as esteeming the very e pe$tation they had of him to .e his real presen$e& on a$$ount of the great desires they had to see him& and .e$ause the good-)ill they .ore him )as entirely free and un$onstrained/ for it )as& desira.le thing to the senate& )ho )ell remem.ered the $alamities they had undergone in the late $hanges of their governors& to re$eive a governor )ho )as adorned )ith the gravity of old age& and

)ith the highest s#ill in the a$tions of )ar& )hose advan$ement )ould .e& as they #ne)& for nothing else .ut for the preservation of those that )ere to .e governed" -oreover& the people had .een so harassed .y their $ivil miseries& that they )ere still more earnest for his $oming immediately& as supposing they should then .e firmly delivered from their $alamities& and .elieved they should then re$over their se$ure tran6uillity and prosperity/ and for the soldiery& they had the prin$ipal regard to him& for they )ere $hiefly appri?ed of his great e ploits in )ar/ and sin$e they had e perien$ed the )ant of s#ill and )ant of $ourage in other $ommanders& they )ere very desirous to .e free from that great shame they had undergone .y their means& and heartily )ished to re$eive su$h a prin$e as might .e a se$urity and an ornament to them" And as this good-)ill to 8espasian )as universal& those that en7oyed any remar#a.le dignities $ould not have patien$e enough to stay in 0ome& .ut made haste to meet him at a very great distan$e from it/ nay& indeed& none of the rest $ould endure the delay of seeing him& .ut did all pour out of the $ity in su$h $ro)ds& and )ere so universally possessed )ith the opinion that it )as easier and .etter for them to go out than to stay there& that this )as the very first time that the $ity 7oyfully per$eived itself almost empty of its $iti?ens/ for those that staid )ithin )ere fe)er than those that )ent out" But as soon as the ne)s )as $ome that he )as hard .y& and those that had met him at first related )ith )hat good humor he re$eived every one that $ame to him& then it )as that the )hole multitude that had remained in the $ity& )ith their )ives and $hildren& $ame into the road& and )aited for him there/ and for those )hom he passed .y& they made all sorts of a$$lamations& on a$$ount of the 7oy they had to see him& and the pleasantness of his $ountenan$e& and styled him their Benefa$tor and Savior& and the only person )ho )as )orthy to .e ruler of the $ity of 0ome" And no) the $ity )as li#e a temple& full of garlands and s)eet odors/ nor )as it easy for him to $ome to the royal pala$e& for the multitude of the people that stood a.out him& )here yet at last he performed his sa$rifi$es of than#sgiving to his household gods for his safe return to the $ity" The multitude did also .eta#e themselves to feasting/ )hi$h feasts and drin#-offerings they $ele.rated .y their tri.es& and their families& and their neigh.orhoods& and still prayed (od to grant that 8espasian& his sons& and all their posterity& might $ontinue in the 0oman government for a very long time& and that his dominion might .e preserved from all opposition" And this )as the manner in )hi$h 0ome so 7oyfully re$eived 8espasian& and then$e gre) immediately into a state of great prosperity" A" But .efore this time& and )hile 8espasian )as a.out Ale andria& and Titus )as lying at the siege of Jerusalem& a great multitude of the (ermans )ere in $ommotion& and tended to re.ellion/ and as the (auls in their neigh.orhood 7oined )ith them& they $onspired together& and had there.y great hopes of su$$ess& and that they should free themselves from the dominion of the 0omans" The motives that indu$ed the (ermans to this attempt for a revolt& and for .eginning the )ar& )ere theseE In the first pla$e& the nature +of the people,& )hi$h )as destitute of 7ust reasonings& and ready to thro) themselves rashly into danger& upon small hopes/ in the ne t pla$e& the hatred they .ore to those that )ere their governors& )hile their nation had never .een $ons$ious of su.7e$tion to any .ut to the 0omans& and that .y $ompulsion only" Besides these motives& it )as the opportunity that no) offered itself& )hi$h a.ove all the rest prevailed )ith them so to do/ for )hen they sa) the 0oman government in a great internal disorder& .y the $ontinual $hanges of its rulers& and understood that every part of the ha.ita.le earth under them )as in an unsettled and tottering $ondition& they thought this )as the .est opportunity that $ouldd afford itself for themselves to ma#e a sedition& )hen the state of the 0omans )as so ill" Classi$us ;D> also& and 8itellius& t)o of their $ommanders& puffed them up )ith su$h hopes" These had for a long time .een openly desirous of su$h an innovation& and )ere indu$ed .y the present opportunity to venture upon the de$laration of their sentiments/ the multitude )as also ready/ and )hen these men told them of )hat they intended to attempt& that ne)s )as gladly re$eived .y them" So )hen a great part of the (ermans had agreed to re.el& and the rest )ere no .etter disposed& 8espasian& as guided .y 'ivine *roviden$e& sent letters to *etilius Cerealis& )ho had formerly had the $ommand of (ermany& )here.y he de$lared him to have the dignity of $onsul& and $ommanded him to ta#e upon him the government of Britain/ so he )ent )hither he )as ordered to go& and )hen he )as informed of the revolt of the (ermans& he fell upon them as soon as they )ere gotten together& and put his army in .attle-array& and sle) a great num.er of them in the fight& and for$ed them to leave off their madness& and to gro) )iser/ nay& had he not fallen thus suddenly upon them on the pla$e& it had not .een long ere they )ould ho)ever have .een .rought to punishment/ for as soon as ever the ne)s of their revolt

)as $ome to 0ome& and Caesar 'omitian )as made a$6uainted )ith it& he made no delay& even at that his age& )hen he )as e $eeding young& .ut undertoo# this )eighty affair" He had a $ourageous mind from his father& and had made greater improvements than .elonged to su$h an ageE a$$ordingly he mar$hed against the .ar.arians immediately/ )hereupon their hearts failed them at the very rumor of his approa$h& and they su.mitted themselves to him )ith fear& and thought it a happy thing that they )ere .rought under their old yo#e again )ithout suffering any further mis$hiefs" When therefore 'omitian had settled all the affairs of (aul in su$h good order& that it )ould not .e easily put into disorder any more& he returned to 0ome )ith honor and glory& as having performed su$h e ploits as )ere a.ove his o)n age& .ut )orthy of so great a father" B" At the very same time )ith the forementioned revolt of the (ermans did the .old attempt of the S$ythians against the 0omans o$$ur/ for those S$ythians )ho are $alled Sarmatians& .eing a very numerous people& transported themselves over the 'anu.e into -ysia& )ithout .eing per$eived/ after )hi$h& .y their violen$e& and entirely une pe$ted assault& they sle) a great many of the 0omans that guarded the frontiers/ and as the $onsular legate Fonteius Agrippa $ame to meet them& and fought $ourageously against them& he )as slain .y them" They then overran all the region that had .een su.7e$t to him& tearing and rending every thing that fell in their )ay" But )hen 8espasian )as informed of )hat had happened& and ho) -ysia )as laid )aste& he sent a)ay 0u.rius (allus to punish these Sarmatians/ .y )hose means many of them perished in the .attles he fought against them& and that part )hi$h es$aped fled )ith fear to their o)n $ountry" So )hen this general had put an end to the )ar& he provided for the future se$urity of the $ountry also/ for he pla$ed more and more numerous garrisons in the pla$e& till he made it altogether impossi.le for the .ar.arians to pass over the river any more" And thus had this )ar in -ysia a sudden $on$lusion" +'D'OT+1 ;D> This Classi$us& and Civilis& and Cerealis are names )ell #no)n in Ta$itus/ the t)o former as moving sedition against the 0omans& and the last as sent to repress them .y 8espasian& 7ust as they are here des$ri.ed in Josephus/ )hi$h is the $ase also of Fontellis Agrippa and 0u.rius (allup& i& se$t" B" But as to the very favora.le a$$ount presently given of 'omitian& parti$ularly as to his designs in this his (alli$ and (erman e pedition& it is not a little $ontrary to that in Suetonius& 8esp" se$t" H" 1or are the reasons uno.vious that might o$$asion this great diversityE 'omitian )as one of Josephus2s patrons& and )hen he pu.lished these .oo#s of the Je)ish )ar& )as very young& and had hardly .egun those )i$#ed pra$ti$es )hi$h rendered him so infamous after)ard/ )hile Suetonius seems to have .een too young& and too lo) in life& to re$eive any remar#a.le favors from him/ as 'omitian )as $ertainly very le)d and $ruel& and generally hated& )hen *uetonius )rote a.out him"

CH(PT+, !
CO'C+,')'* TH+ 1(BB(T)C ,)-+, WH)CH T)T01 1(W (1 H+ W(1 JO0,'+3)'* TH,O0*H 13,)(; ('D HOW TH+ P+OP.+ O/ ('T)OCH C(6+ W)TH ( P+T)T)O' TO T)T01 (*()'1T TH+ J+W1 B0T W+,+ ,+J+CT+D B3 H)6; (1 (.1O CO'C+,')'* T)T01<1 ('D -+1P(1)('<1 T,)06PH5
@" 1OW Titus Caesar tarried some time at Berytus& as )e told you .efore" He then$e removed& and e hi.ited magnifi$ent sho)s in all those $ities of Syria through )hi$h he )ent& and made use of the $aptive Je)s as pu.li$ instan$es of the destru$tion of that nation" He then sa) a river as he )ent along& of su$h a nature as deserves to .e re$orded in history/ it runs in the middle .et)een Ar$ea& .elonging to Agrippa2s #ingdom& and 0aphanea" It hath some)hat very pe$uliar in it/ for )hen it runs& its $urrent is strong& and has plenty of )ater/ after )hi$h its springs fail for si days together& and leave its $hannel dry& as any one may see/ after )hi$h days it runs on the seventh day as it did .efore& and as

though it had undergone no $hange at all/ it hath also .een o.served to #eep this order perpetually and e a$tly/ )hen$e it is that they $all it the Sa..ati$ 0iver ;H> that name .eing ta#en from the sa$red seventh day among the Je)s" A" But )hen the people of Antio$h )ere informed that Titus )as approa$hing& they )ere so glad at it& that they $ould not #eep )ithin their )alls& .ut hasted a)ay to give him the meeting/ nay& they pro$eeded as far as thirty furlongs& and more& )ith that intention" These )ere not the men only& .ut a multitude of )omen also )ith their $hildren did the same/ and )hen they sa) him $oming up to them& they stood on .oth sides of the )ay& and stret$hed out their right hands& saluting him& and ma#ing all sorts of a$$lamations to him& and turned .a$# together )ith him" They also& among all the a$$lamations they made to him& .esought him all the )ay they )ent to e7e$t the Je)s out of their $ity/ yet did not Titus at all yield to this their petition& .ut gave them the .are hearing of it 6uietly" Ho)ever& the Je)s )ere in a great deal of terri.le fear& under the un$ertainty they )ere in )hat his opinion )as& and )hat he )ould do to them" For Titus did not stay at Antio$h& .ut $ontinued his progress immediately to 9eugma& )hi$h lies upon the %uphrates& )hither $ame to him messengers from 8ologeses #ing of *arthia& and .rought him a $ro)n of gold upon the vi$tory he had gained over the Je)s/ )hi$h he a$$epted of& and feasted the #ing2s messengers& and then $ame .a$# to Antio$h" And )hen the senate and people of Antio$h earnestly entreated him to $ome upon their theater& )here their )hole multitude )as assem.led& and e pe$ted him& he $omplied )ith great humanity/ .ut )hen they pressed him )ith mu$h earnestness& and $ontinually .egged of him that he )ould e7e$t the Je)s out of their $ity& he gave them this very pertinent ans)erE Ho) $an this .e done& sin$e that $ountry of theirs& )hither the Je)s must .e o.liged then to retire& is destroyed& and no pla$e )ill re$eive them .esidesKI Whereupon the people of Antio$h& )hen they had failed of su$$ess in this their first re6uest& made him a se$ond/ for they desired that he )ould order those ta.les of .rass to .e removed on )hi$h the Je)s2 privileges )ere engraven" Ho)ever& Titus )ould not grant that neither& .ut permitted the Je)s of Antio$h to $ontinue to en7oy the very same privileges in that $ity )hi$h they had .efore& and then departed for %gypt/ and as he $ame to Jerusalem in his progress& and $ompared the melan$holy $ondition he sa) it then in& )ith the an$ient glory of the $ity& and $alled to mind the greatness of its present ruins& as )ell as its an$ient splendor& he $ould not .ut pity the destru$tion of the $ity& so far )as he from .oasting that so great and goodly a $ity as that )as had .een .y him ta#en .y for$e/ nay& he fre6uently $ursed those that had .een the authors of their revolt& and had .rought su$h a punishment upon the $ity/ insomu$h that it openly appeared that he did not desire that su$h a $alamity as this punishment of theirs amounted to should .e a demonstration of his $ourage" !et )as there no small 6uantity of the ri$hes that had .een in that $ity still found among its ruins& a great deal of )hi$h the 0omans dug up/ .ut the greatest part )as dis$overed .y those )ho )ere $aptives& and so they $arried it a)ay/ I mean the gold and the silver& and the rest of that most pre$ious furniture )hi$h the Je)s had& and )hi$h the o)ners had treasured up under ground& against the un$ertain fortunes of )ar" B" So Titus too# the 7ourney he intended into %gypt& and passed over the desert very suddenly& and $ame to Ale andria& and too# up a resolution to go to 0ome .y sea" And as he )as a$$ompanied .y t)o legions& he sent ea$h of them again to the pla$es )hen$e they had .efore $ome/ the fifth he sent to -ysia& and the fifteenth to *annoniaE as for the leaders of the $aptives& Simon and John& )ith the other seven hundred men& )hom he had sele$ted out of the rest as .eing eminently tall and handsome of .ody& he gave order that they should .e soon $arried to Italy& as resolving to produ$e them in his triumph" So )hen he had had a prosperous voyage to his mind& the $ity of 0ome .ehaved itself in his re$eption& and their meeting him at a distan$e& as it did in the $ase of his father" But )hat made the most splendid appearan$e in Titus2s opinion )as& )hen his father met him& and re$eived him/ .ut still the multitude of the $iti?ens $on$eived the greatest 7oy )hen they sa) them all three together& ;G> as they did at this time/ nor )ere many days overpast )hen they determined to have .ut one triumph& that should .e $ommon to .oth of them& on a$$ount of the glorious e ploits they had performed& although the senate had de$reed ea$h of them a separate triumph .y himself" So )hen noti$e had .een given .eforehand of the day appointed for this pompous solemnity to .e made& on a$$ount of their vi$tories& not one of the immense multitude )as left in the $ity& .ut every .ody )ent out so far as to

gain only a station )here they might stand& and left only su$h a passage as )as ne$essary for those that )ere to .e seen to go along it" <" 1o) all the soldiery mar$hed out .eforehand .y $ompanies& and in their several ran#s& under their several $ommanders& in the night time& and )ere a.out the gates& not of the upper pala$es& .ut those near the temple of Isis/ for there it )as that the emperors had rested the foregoing night" And as soon as ever it )as day& 8espasian and Titus $ame out $ro)ned )ith laurel& and $lothed in those an$ient purple ha.its )hi$h )ere proper to their family& and then )ent as far as O$tavian2s Wal#s/ for there it )as that the senate& and the prin$ipal rulers& and those that had .een re$orded as of the e6uestrian order& )aited for them" 1o) a tri.unal had .een ere$ted .efore the $loisters& and ivory $hairs had .een set upon it& )hen they $ame and sat do)n upon them" Whereupon the soldiery made an a$$lamation of 7oy to them immediately& and all gave them attestations of their valor/ )hile they )ere themselves )ithout their arms& and only in their sil#en garments& and $ro)ned )ith laurelE then 8espasian a$$epted of these shouts of theirs/ .ut )hile they )ere still disposed to go on in su$h a$$lamations& he gave them a signal of silen$e" And )hen every .ody entirely held their pea$e& he stood up& and $overing the greatest part of his head )ith his $loa#& he put up the a$$ustomed solemn prayers/ the li#e prayers did Titus put up also/ after )hi$h prayers 8espasian made a short spee$h to all the people& and then sent a)ay the soldiers to a dinner prepared for them .y the emperors" Then did he retire to that gate )hi$h )as $alled the (ate of the *omp& .e$ause pompous sho)s do al)ays go through that gate/ there it )as that they tasted some food& and )hen they had put on their triumphal garments& and had offered sa$rifi$es to the gods that )ere pla$ed at the gate& they sent the triumph for)ard& and mar$hed through the theatres& that they might .e the more easily seen .y the multitudes" C" 1o) it is impossi.le to des$ri.e the multitude of the sho)s as they deserve& and the magnifi$en$e of them all/ su$h indeed as a man $ould not easily thin# of as performed& either .y the la.or of )or#men& or the variety of ri$hes& or the rarities of nature/ for almost all su$h $uriosities as the most happy men ever get .y pie$e- meal )ere here one heaped on another& and those .oth admira.le and $ostly in their nature/ and all .rought together on that day demonstrated the vastness of the dominions of the 0omans/ for there )as here to .e seen a mighty 6uantity of silver& and gold& and ivory& $ontrived into all sorts of things& and did not appear as $arried along in pompous sho) only& .ut& as a man may say& running along li#e a river" Some parts )ere $omposed of the rarest purple hangings& and so $arried along/ and others a$$urately represented to the life )hat )as em.roidered .y the arts of the Ba.ylonians" There )ere also pre$ious stones that )ere transparent& some set in $ro)ns of gold& and some in other ou$hes& as the )or#men pleased/ and of these su$h a vast num.er )ere .rought& that )e $ould not .ut then$e learn ho) vainly )e imagined any of them to .e rarities" The images of the gods )ere also $arried& .eing as )ell )onderful for their largeness& as made very artifi$ially& and )ith great s#ill of the )or#men/ nor )ere any of these images of any other than very $ostly materials/ and many spe$ies of animals )ere .rought& every one in their o)n natural ornaments" The men also )ho .rought every one of these sho)s )ere great multitudes& and adorned )ith purple garments& all over inter)oven )ith gold/ those that )ere $hosen for $arrying these pompous sho)s having also a.out them su$h magnifi$ent ornaments as )ere .oth e traordinary and surprising" Besides these& one might see that even the great num.er of the $aptives )as not unadorned& )hile the variety that )as in their garments& and their fine te ture& $on$ealed from the sight the deformity of their .odies" But )hat afforded the greatest surprise of all )as the stru$ture of the pageants that )ere .orne along/ for indeed he that met them $ould not .ut .e afraid that the .earers )ould not .e a.le firmly enough to support them& su$h )as their magnitude/ for many of them )ere so made& that they )ere on three or even four stories& one a.ove another" The magnifi$en$e also of their stru$ture afforded one .oth pleasure and surprise/ for upon many of them )ere laid $arpets of gold" There )as also )rought gold and ivory fastened a.out them all/ and many resem.lan$es of the )ar& and those in several )ays& and variety of $ontrivan$es& affording a most lively portraiture of itself" For there )as to .e seen a happy $ountry laid )aste& and entire s6uadrons of enemies slain/ )hile some of them ran a)ay& and some )ere $arried into $aptivity/ )ith )alls of great altitude and magnitude overthro)n and ruined .y ma$hines/ )ith the strongest fortifi$ations ta#en& and the )alls of most populous $ities upon the tops of hills sei?ed on& and an army pouring itself )ithin the )alls/ as also every pla$e full of slaughter& and suppli$ations of

the enemies& )hen they )ere no longer a.le to lift up their hands in )ay of opposition" Fire also sent upon temples )as here represented& and houses overthro)n& and falling upon their o)nersE rivers also& after they $ame out of a large and melan$holy desert& ran do)n& not into a land $ultivated& nor as drin# for men& or for $attle& .ut through a land still on fire upon every side/ for the Je)s related that su$h a thing they had undergone during this )ar" 1o) the )or#manship of these representations )as so magnifi$ent and lively in the $onstru$tion of the things& that it e hi.ited )hat had .een done to su$h as did not see it& as if they had .een there really present" On the top of every one of these pageants )as pla$ed the $ommander of the $ity that )as ta#en& and the manner )herein he )as ta#en" -oreover& there follo)ed those pageants a great num.er of ships/ and for the other spoils& they )ere $arried in great plenty" But for those that )ere ta#en in the temple of Jerusalem& ;M> they made the greatest figure of them all/ that is& the golden ta.le& of the )eight of many talents/ the $andlesti$# also& that )as made of gold& though its $onstru$tion )ere no) $hanged from that )hi$h )e made use of/ for its middle shaft )as fi ed upon a .asis& and the small .ran$hes )ere produ$ed out of it to a great length& having the li#eness of a trident in their position& and had every one a so$#et made of .rass for a lamp at the tops of them" These lamps )ere in num.er seven& and represented the dignity of the num.er seven among the Je)s/ and the last of all the spoils& )as $arried the 4a) of the Je)s" After these spoils passed .y a great many men& $arrying the images of 8i$tory& )hose stru$ture )as entirely either of ivory or of gold" After )hi$h 8espasian mar$hed in the first pla$e& and Titus follo)ed him/ 'omitian also rode along )ith them& and made a glorious appearan$e& and rode on a horse that )as )orthy of admiration" D" 1o) the last part of this pompous sho) )as at the temple of Jupiter Capitolinus& )hither )hen they )ere $ome& they stood still/ for it )as the 0omans2 an$ient $ustom to stay till some.ody .rought the ne)s that the general of the enemy )as slain" This general )as Simon& the son of (ioras& )ho had then .een led in this triumph among the $aptives/ a rope had also .een put upon his head& and he had .een dra)n into a proper pla$e in the forum& and had )ithal .een tormented .y those that dre) him along/ and the la) of the 0omans re6uired that malefa$tors $ondemned to die should .e slain there" A$$ordingly& )hen it )as related that there )as an end of him& and all the people had set up a shout for 7oy& they then .egan to offer those sa$rifi$es )hi$h they had $onse$rated& in the prayers used in su$h solemnities/ )hi$h )hen they had finished& they )ent a)ay to the pala$e" And as for some of the spe$tators& the emperors entertained them at their o)n feast/ and for all the rest there )ere no.le preparations made for feasting at home/ for this )as a festival day to the $ity of 0ome& as $ele.rated for the vi$tory o.tained .y their army over their enemies& for the end that )as no) put to their $ivil miseries& and for the $ommen$ement of their hopes of future prosperity and happiness" H" After these triumphs )ere over& and after the affairs of the 0omans )ere settled on the surest foundations& 8espasian resolved to .uild a temple to *ea$e& )hi$h )as finished in so short a time& and in so glorious a manner& as )as .eyond all human e pe$tation and opinionE for he having no) .y *roviden$e a vast 6uantity of )ealth& .esides )hat he had formerly gained in his other e ploits& he had this temple adorned )ith pi$tures and statues/ for in this temple )ere $olle$ted and deposited all su$h rarities as men aforetime used to )ander all over the ha.ita.le )orld to see& )hen they had a desire to see one of them after another/ he also laid up therein those golden vessels and instruments that )ere ta#en out of the Je)ish temple& as ensigns of his glory" But still he gave order that they should lay up their 4a)& and the purple veils of the holy pla$e& in the royal pala$e itself& and #eep them there" +'D'OT+1 ;H> Sin$e in these latter ages this Sa..ati$ 0iver& on$e so famous& )hi$h& .y Josephus2s a$$ount here& ran every seventh day& and rested on si & .ut a$$ording to *liny& 1at" Hist" B@" II& ran perpetually on si days& and rested every seventh& ;though it no )ay appears .y either of their a$$ounts that the seventh day of this river )as the Je)ish seventh day or sa..ath&> is 6uite vanished& I shall add no more a.out itE only see 'r" Hudson2s note" In 8arenius2s (eography& i& @H& the reader )ill find several instan$es of su$h periodi$al fountains and" rivers& though none of their periods )ere that of a 7ust )ee# as of old this appears to have .een"

;G> 8espasian and his t)o sons& Titus and 'omitian" ;M> See the representations of these Je)ish vessels as they still stand on Titus2s triumphal ar$h at 0ome& in 0eland2s very $urious .oo# de Spoliis Ternpli& throughout" But )hat& things are $hiefly to .e noted are theseE ;@"> That Josephus says the $andlesti$# here $arried in this triumph )as not thoroughly li#e that )hi$h )as used in the temple& )hi$h appears in the num.er of the little #no.s and flo)ers in that on the triumphal ar$h not )ell agreeing )ith -oses2s des$ription& % oLACEB@-BD" ;A"> The smallness of the .ran$hes in Josephus $ompared )ith the thi$#ness of those on that ar$h" ;B"> That the 4a) or *entateu$h does not appear on that ar$h at all& though Josephus& an eye-)itness& assures us that it )as $arried in this pro$ession" All )hi$h things deserve the $onsideration of the in6uisitive reader"

CH(PT+, "
CO'C+,')'* 6(CH+,018 ('D HOW .0C).)01 B(1101 TOO7 TH(T C)T(D+.8 ('D OTH+, P.(C+15
@" 1OW 4u$ilius Bassus )as sent as legate into Judea& and there he re$eived the army from Cerealis 8itellianus& and too# that $itadel )hi$h )as in Herodium& together )ith the garrison that )as in it/ after )hi$h he got together all the soldiery that )as there& ;)hi$h )as a large .ody& .ut dispersed into several parties&> )ith the tenth legion& and resolved to ma#e )ar upon -a$herus/ for it )as highly ne$essary that this $itadel should .e demolished& lest it might .e a means of dra)ing a)ay many into a re.ellion& .y reason of its strength/ for the nature of the pla$e )as very $apa.le of affording the surest hopes of safety to those that possessed it& as )ell as delay and fear to those that should atta$# it/ for )hat )as )alled in )as itself a very ro$#y hill& elevated to a very great height/ )hi$h $ir$umstan$e alone made it very hard to he su.dued" It )as also so $ontrived .y nature& that it $ould not .e easily as$ended/ for it is& as it )ere& dit$hed a.out )ith su$h valleys on all sides& and to su$h a depth& that the eye $annot rea$h their .ottoms& and su$h as are not easily to .e passed over& and even su$h as it is impossi.le to fill up )ith earth" For that valley )hi$h $uts it on the )est e tends to threes$ore furlongs& and did not end till it $ame to the la#e Asphaltitis/ on the same side it )as also that -a$herus had the tallest top of its hill elevated a.ove the rest" But then for the valleys that lay on the north and south sides& although they .e not so large as that already des$ri.ed& yet it is in li#e manner an impra$ti$a.le thing to thin# of getting over them/ and for the valley that lies on the east side& its depth is found to .e no less than a hundred $u.its" It e tends as far as a mountain that lies over against -a$herus& )ith )hi$h it is .ounded" A" 1o) )hen Ale ander +Janneus,& the #ing of the Je)s& o.served the nature of this pla$e& he )as the first )ho .uilt a $itadel here& )hi$h after)ards )as demolished .y (a.inius& )hen he made )ar against Aristo.ulus" But )hen Herod $ame to .e #ing& he thought the pla$e to .e )orthy of the utmost regard& and of .eing .uilt upon in the firmest manner& and this espe$ially .e$ause it lay so near to Ara.ia/ for it is seated in a $onvenient pla$e on that a$$ount& and hath a prospe$t to)ard that $ountry/ he therefore surrounded a large spa$e of ground )ith )alls and to)ers& and .uilt a $ity there& out of )hi$h $ity there )as a )ay that led up to the very $itadel itself on the top of the mountain/ nay& more than this& he .uilt a )all round that top of the hill& and ere$ted to)ers at the $orners& of a hundred and si ty $u.its high/ in the middle of )hi$h pla$e he .uilt a pala$e& after a magnifi$ent manner& )herein )ere large and .eautiful edifi$es" He also made a great many reservoirs for the re$eption of )ater& that there might .e plenty of it ready for all uses& and those in the properest pla$es that )ere afforded him there" Thus did he& as it )ere& $ontend )ith the nature of the pla$e& that he might e $eed its natural strength and se$urity ;)hi$h yet itself rendered it hard to .e ta#en> .y those fortifi$ations )hi$h )ere made .y the hands of men" -oreover& he put a large 6uantity of darts and other ma$hines of )ar into it& and $ontrived to get every thing thither that might any )ay $ontri.ute to its inha.itants2 se$urity& under the longest siege possi.le"

B" 1o) )ithin this pla$e there gre) a sort of rue ;@=> that deserves our )onder on a$$ount of its largeness& for it )as no )ay inferior to any fig tree )hatsoever& either in height or in thi$#ness/ and the report is& that it had lasted ever sin$e the times of Herod& and )ould pro.a.ly have lasted mu$h longer& had it not .een $ut do)n .y those Je)s )ho too# possession of the pla$e after)ard" But still in that valley )hi$h en$ompasses the $ity on the north side there is a $ertain pla$e $alled Baaras& )hi$h produ$es a root of the same name )ith itself ;@@> its $olor is li#e to that of flame& and to)ards the evenings it sends out a $ertain ray li#e lightning" It is not easily ta#en .y su$h as )ould do it& .ut re$edes from their hands& nor )ill yield itself to .e ta#en 6uietly& until either the urine of a )oman& or her menstrual .lood& .e poured upon it/ nay& even then it is $ertain death to those that tou$h it& unless any one ta#e and hang the root itself do)n from his hand& and so $arry it a)ay" It may also .e ta#en another )ay& )ithout danger& )hi$h is thisE they dig a tren$h 6uite round a.out it& till the hidden part of the root .e very small& they then tie a dog to it& and )hen the dog tries hard to follo) him that tied him& this root is easily plu$#ed up& .ut the dog dies immediately& as if it )ere instead of the man that )ould ta#e the plant a)ay/ nor after this need any one .e afraid of ta#ing it into their hands" !et& after all this pains in getting& it is only valua.le on a$$ount of one virtue it hath& that if it .e only .rought to si$# persons& it 6ui$#ly drives a)ay those $alled demons& )hi$h are no other than the spirits of the )i$#ed& that enter into men that are alive and #ill them& unless they $an o.tain some help against them" Here are also fountains of hot )ater& that flo) out of this pla$e& )hi$h have a very different taste one from the other/ for some of them are .itter& and others of them are plainly s)eet" Here are also many eruptions of $old )aters& and this not only in the pla$es that lie lo)er& and have their fountains near one another& .ut& )hat is still more )onderful& here is to .e seen a $ertain $ave hard .y& )hose $avity is not deep& .ut it is $overed over .y a ro$# that is prominent/ a.ove this ro$# there stand up t)o +hills or, .reasts& as it )ere& .ut a little distant one from another& the one of )hi$h sends out a fountain that is very $old& and the other sends out one that is very hot/ )hi$h )aters& )hen they are mingled together& $ompose a most pleasant .ath/ they are medi$inal indeed for other maladies& .ut espe$ially good for strengthening the nerves" This pla$e has in it also mines of sulfur and alum" <" 1o) )hen Bassus had ta#en a full vie) of this pla$e& he resolved to .esiege it& .y filling up the valley that lay on the east side/ so he fell hard to )or#& and too# great pains to raise his .an#s as soon as possi.le& and .y that means to render the siege easy" As for the Je)s that )ere $aught in this pla$e& they separated themselves from the strangers that )ere )ith them& and they for$ed those strangers& as an other)ise useless multitude& to stay in the lo)er part of the $ity& and undergo the prin$ipal dangers& )hile they themselves sei?ed on the upper $itadel& and held it& and this .oth on a$$ount of its strength& and to provide for their o)n safety" They also supposed they might o.tain their pardon& in $ase they should +at last, surrender the $itadel" Ho)ever& they )ere )illing to ma#e trial& in the first pla$e& )hether the hopes they had of avoiding a siege )ould $ome to any thing/ )ith )hi$h intention they made sallies every day& and fought )ith those that met them/ in )hi$h $onfli$ts they )ere many of them slain& as they therein sle) many of the 0omans" But still it )as the opportunities that presented themselves )hi$h $hiefly gained .oth sides their vi$tories/ these )ere gained .y the Je)s& )hen they fell upon the 0omans as they )ere off their guard/ .ut .y the 0omans& )hen& upon the others2 sallies against their .an#s& they foresa) their $oming& and )ere upon their lard )hen they re$eived them" But the $on$lusion of this siege did not depend upon these .i$#erings/ .ut a $ertain surprising a$$ident& relating to )hat )as done in this siege& for$ed the Je)s to surrender the $itadel" There )as a $ertain young man among the .esieged& of great .oldness& and very a$tive of his hand& his name )as %lea?ar/ he greatly signali?ed himself in those sallies& and en$ouraged the Je)s to go out in great num.ers& in order to hinder the raising of the .an#s& and did the 0omans a vast deal of mis$hief )hen they $ame to fighting/ he so managed matters& that those )ho sallied out made their atta$#s easily& and returned .a$# )ithout danger& and this .y still .ringing up the rear himself" 1o) it happened that& on a $ertain time& )hen the fight )as over& and .oth sides )ere parted& and retired home& he& in )ay of $ontempt of the enemy& and thin#ing that none of them )ould .egin the fight again at that time& staid )ithout the gates& and tal#ed )ith those that )ere upon the )all& and his mind )as )holly intent upon )hat they said" 1o) a $ertain person .elonging to the 0oman $amp& )hose lame )as 0ufus& .y .irth an %gyptian& ran upon him suddenly& )hen no.ody e pe$ted su$h a thing& and $arried him off& )ith his armor itself/ )hile& in the mean time& those that sa) it from the )all )ere under su$h an ama?ement&

that 0ufus prevented their assistan$e& and $arried %lea?ar to the 0oman $amp" So the general of the 0omans ordered that he should .e ta#en up na#ed& set .efore the $ity to .e seen& and sorely )hipped .efore their eyes" 5pon this sad a$$ident that .efell the young man& the Je)s )ere terri.ly $onfounded& and the $ity& )ith one voi$e& sorely lamented him& and the mourning proved greater than $ould )ell .e supposed upon the $alamity of a single person" When Bassus per$eived that& he .egan to thin# of using a stratagem against the enemy& and )as desirous to aggravate their grief& in order to prevail )ith them to surrender the $ity for the preservation of that man" 1or did he fail of his hope/ for he $ommanded them to set up a $ross& as if he )ere 7ust going to hang %lea?ar upon it immediately/ the sight of this o$$asioned a sore grief among those that )ere in the $itadel& and they groaned vehemently& and $ried out that they $ould not .ear to see him thus destroyed" Whereupon %lea?ar .esought them not to disregard him& no) he )as going to suffer a most misera.le death& and e horted them to save themselves& .y yielding to the 0oman po)er and good fortune& sin$e all other people )ere no) $on6uered .y them" These men )ere greatly moved )ith )hat he said& there .eing also many )ithin the $ity that inter$eded for him& .e$ause he )as of an eminent and very numerous family/ so they no) yielded to their passion of $ommiseration& $ontrary to their usual $ustom" A$$ordingly& they sent out immediately $ertain messengers& and treated )ith the 0omans& in order to a surrender of the $itadel to them& and desired that they might .e permitted to go a)ay& and ta#e %lea?ar along )ith them" Then did the 0omans and their general a$$ept of these terms/ )hile the multitude of strangers that )ere in the lo)er part of the $ity& hearing of the agreement that )as made .y the Je)s for themselves alone& )ere resolved to fly a)ay privately in the night time/ .ut as soon as they had opened their gates& those that had $ome to terms )ith Bassus told him of it/ )hether it )ere that they envied the others2 deliveran$e& or )hether it )ere done out of fear& lest an o$$asion should .e ta#en against them upon their es$ape& is un$ertain" The most $ourageous& therefore& of those men that )ent out prevented the enemy& and got a)ay& and fled for it/ .ut for those men that )ere $aught )ithin they C" When Bassus had settled these affairs& he mar$hed hastily to the forest of Jarden& as it is $alled/ for he had heard that a great many of those that had fled from Jerusalem and -a$herus formerly )ere there gotten together" When he )as therefore $ome to the pla$e& and understood that the former ne)s )as no mista#e& he& in the first pla$e& surrounded the )hole pla$e )ith his horsemen& that su$h of the Je)s as had .oldness enough to try to .rea# through might have no )ay possi.le for es$aping& .y reason of the situation of these horsemen/ and for the footmen& he ordered them to $ut do)n the trees that )ere in the )ood )hither they )ere fled" So the Je)s )ere under a ne$essity of performing some glorious e ploit& and of greatly e posing themselves in a .attle& sin$e they might perhaps there.y es$ape" So they made a general atta$#& and )ith a great shout fell upon those that surrounded them& )ho re$eived them )ith great $ourage/ and so )hile the one side fought desperately& and the others )ould not yield& the fight )as prolonged on that a$$ount" But the event of the .attle did not ans)er the e pe$tation of the assailants/ for so it happened& that no more than t)elve fell on the 0oman side& )ith a fe) that )ere )ounded/ .ut not one of the Je)s es$aped out of this .attle& .ut they )ere all #illed& .eing in the )hole not fe)er in num.er than three thousand& together )ith Judas& the son of Jairus& their general& $on$erning )hom )e have .efore spo#en& that he had .een a $aptain of a $ertain .and at the siege of Jerusalem& and .y going do)n into a $ertain vault under ground& had privately made his es$ape" D" A.out the same time it )as that Caesar sent a letter to Bassus& and to 4i.erius -a imus& )ho )as the pro$urator +of Judea,& and gave order that all Judea should .e e posed to sale ;@A> for he did not found any $ity there& .ut reserved the $ountry for himself" Ho)ever& he assigned a pla$e for eight hundred men only& )hom he had dismissed from his army& )hi$h he gave them for their ha.itation/ it is $alled %mmaus& ;@B> and is distant from Jerusalem threes$ore furlongs" He also laid a tri.ute upon the Je)s )heresoever they )ere& and en7oined every one of them to .ring t)o dra$hmae every year into the Capitol& as they used to pay the same to the temple at Jerusalem" And this )as the state of the Je)ish affairs at this time" +'D'OT+1

;@=> Spanheim o.serves here& that in (ra$eia -a7or and Si$ily they had rue prodigiously great and dura.le& li#e this rue at -a$herus& ;@@> This strange a$$ount of the pla$e and root Baaras seems to have .een ta#en from the magi$ians& and the root to have .een made use of in the days of Josephus& in that superstitious )ay of $asting out demons& supposed .y him to have .een derived from #ing Solomon/ of )hi$h )e have already seen he had a great opinion& Anti6" B" 8III" $h" A" se$t" C" We also may hen$e learn the true notion Josephus had of demons and demonia$s& e a$tly li#e that of the Je)s and Christians in the 1e) Testament& and the first four $enturies" See Anti6" B" I" $h" G" se$t" A/ B" FI& $h" A" se$t" B" ;@A> It is very remar#a.le that Titus did not people this no) desolate $ountry of Judea& .ut ordered it to .e all sold/ nor indeed is it properly peopled at this day& .ut lies ready for its old inha.itants the Je)s& at their future restoration" See 4iteral A$$omplishment of *rophe$ies& p" HH" ;@B> That the $ity %mmaus& or Areindus& in Josephus and others )hi$h )as the pla$e of the government of Julius Afri$anus )ere slain& to the num.er of one thousand seven hundred& as )ere the )omen and the $hildren made slaves" But as Bassus thought he must perform the $ovenant he had made )ith those that had surrendered the $itadel& he let them go& and restored %lea?ar to them& in the .eginning of the third $entury& and )hi$h he then pro$ured to .e re.uilt& and after )hi$h re.uilding it )as $alled 1i$opolis& is entirely different from that %mmaus )hi$h is mentioned .y St" 4u#e A</@B/ see 0eland2s *aleestina& li." II" p" <AM& and under the name Ammaus also" But he 7ustly thin#s that that in St" 4u#e may )ell .e the same )ith his Ammaus .efore us& espe$ially sin$e the (ree# $opies here usually ma#e it si ty furlongs distant from Jerusalem& as does St" 4u#e& though the 4atin $opies say only thirty" The pla$e also allotted for these eight hundred soldiers& as for a 0oman garrison& in this pla$e& )ould most naturally .e not so remote from Jerusalem as )as the other %mmaus& or 1i$opolis"

CH(PT+, #
CO'C+,')'* TH+ C(.(6)T3 TH(T B+/+.. ('T)OCH018 7)'* O/ CO66(*+'+5 (1 (.1O CO'C+,')'* TH+ (.('1 ('D WH(T *,+(T 6)1CH)+/1 TH+3 D)D TO TH+ 6+D+1 ('D (,6+')('15
@" A1' no)& in the fourth year of the reign of 8espasian& it $ame to pass that Antio$hus& the #ing of Commagene& )ith all his family& fell into very great $alamities" The o$$asion )as thisE Cesennius *etus& )ho )as president of Syria at this time& )hether it )ere done out of regard to truth& or )hether out of hatred to Antio$hus& ;for )hi$h )as the real motive )as never thoroughly dis$overed&> sent an epistle to Caesar& and therein told him that Antio$hus& )ith his son %piphanes& had resolved to re.el against the 0omans& and had made a league )ith the #ing of *arthia to that purpose/ that it )as therefore fit to prevent them& lest they prevent us& and .egin su$h a )ar as may $ause a general distur.an$e in the 0oman empire" 1o) Caesar )as disposed to ta#e some $are a.out the matter& sin$e this dis$overy )as made/ for the neigh.orhood of the #ingdoms made this affair )orthy of greater regard/ for Samoseta& the $apital of Commagene& lies upon %uphrates& and upon any su$h design $ould afford an easy passage over it to the *arthians& and $ould also afford them a se$ure re$eption" *etus )as a$$ordingly .elieved& and had authority given him of doing )hat he should thin# proper in the $ase/ so he set a.out it )ithout delay& and fell upon Commagene .efore Antio$hus and his people had the least e pe$tation of his $omingE he had )ith him the tenth legion& as also some $ohorts and troops of horsemen" These #ings also $ame to his assistan$eE Aristo.ulus& #ing of the $ountry $alled Chal$idene& and Sohemus& )ho )as $alled #ing of %mesa" 1or )as there any opposition made to his for$es )hen they entered the #ingdom/ for no one of that $ountry )ould so mu$h as lift up his hand against them" When Antio$hus heard this une pe$ted ne)s& he $ould not thin# in the least of ma#ing )ar )ith the 0omans& .ut determined to leave his )hole #ingdom in the state )herein it no) )as& and to retire privately& )ith his )ife and $hildren& as thin#ing there.y to demonstrate himself to the 0omans to .e inno$ent as to the

a$$usation laid against him" So he )ent a)ay from that $ity as far as a hundred and t)enty furlongs& into a plain& and there pit$hed his tents" A" *etus then sent some of his men to sei?e upon Samosate& and .y their means too# possession of that $ity& )hile he )ent himself to atta$# Antio$hus )ith the rest of his army" Ho)ever& the #ing )as not prevailed upon .y the distress he )as in to do any thing in the )ay of )ar against the 0omans& .ut .emoaned his o)n hard fate& and endured )ith patien$e )hat he )as not a.le to prevent" But his sons& )ho )ere young& and une perien$ed in )ar& .ut of strong .odies& )ere not easily indu$ed to .ear this $alamity )ithout fighting" %piphanes& therefore& and Callini$us& .etoo# themselves to military for$e/ and as the .attle )as a sore one& and lasted all the day long& they sho)ed their o)n valor in a remar#a.le manner& and nothing .ut the approa$h of night put a period thereto& and that )ithout any diminution of their for$es/ yet )ould not Antio$hus& upon this $on$lusion of the fight& $ontinue there .y any means& .ut too# his )ife and his daughters& and fled a)ay )ith them to Cili$ia& and .y so doing 6uite dis$ouraged the minds of his o)n soldiers" A$$ordingly& they revolted& and )ent over to the 0omans& out of the despair they )ere in of his #eeping the #ingdom/ and his $ase )as loo#ed upon .y all as 6uite desperate" It )as therefore ne$essary that %piphanes and his soldiers should get $lear of their enemies .efore they .e$ame entirely destitute of any $onfederates/ nor )ere there any more than ten horsemen )ith him& )ho passed )ith him over %uphrates& )hen$e they )ent undistur.ed to 8ologeses& the #ing of *arthie& )here they )ere not disregarded as fugitives& .ut had the same respe$t paid them as if they had retained their an$ient prosperity" B" 1o) )hen Antio$hus )as $ome to Tarsus in Cili$ia& *etus ordered a $enturion to go to him& and send him in .onds to 0ome" Ho)ever& 8espasian $ould not endure to have a #ing .rought to him in that manner& .ut thought it fit rather to have a regard to the an$ient friendship that had .een .et)een them& than to preserve an ine ora.le anger upon pretense of this )ar" A$$ordingly& he gave orders that they should ta#e off his .onds& )hile he )as still upon the road& and that he should not $ome to 0ome& .ut should no) go and live at 4a$edemon/ he also gave him large revenues& that he might not only live in plenty& .ut li#e a #ing also" When %piphanes& )ho .efore )as in great fear for his father& )as informed of this& their minds )ere freed from that great and almost in$ura.le $on$ern they had .een under" He also hoped that Caesar )ould .e re$on$iled to them& upon the inter$ession of 8ologeses/ for although he lived in plenty& he #ne) not ho) to .ear living out of the 0oman empire" So Caesar gave him leave& after an o.liging manner& and he $ame to 0ome/ and as his father $ame 6ui$#ly to him from 4a$edemon& he had all sorts of respe$t paid him there& and there he remained" <" 1o) there )as a nation of the Alans& )hi$h )e have formerly mentioned some )here as .eing S$ythians and inha.iting at the la#e -eotis" This nation a.out this time laid a design of falling upon -edia& and the parts .eyond it& in order to plunder them/ )ith )hi$h intention they treated )ith the #ing of Hyr$ania/ for he )as master of that passage )hi$h #ing Ale ander +the (reat, shut up )ith iron gates" This #ing gave them leave to $ome through them/ so they $ame in great multitudes& and fell upon the -edes une pe$tedly& and plundered their $ountry& )hi$h they found full of people& and replenished )ith a.undan$e of $attle& )hile no.ody durst ma#e any resistan$e against them/ for *aeorus& the #ing of the $ountry& had fled a)ay for fear into pla$es )here they $ould not easily $ome at him& and had yielded up every thing he had to them& and had only saved his )ife and his $on$u.ines from them& and that )ith diffi$ulty also& after they had .een made $aptives& .y giving them a hundred talents for their ransom" These Alans therefore plundered the $ountry )ithout opposition& and )ith great ease& and pro$eeded as far as Armenia& laying all )aste .efore them" 1o) Tiridates )as #ing of that $ountry& )ho met them& and fought them& .ut had li#e to have .een ta#en alive in the .attle/ for a $ertain man thre) a net over him from a great distan$e& and had soon dra)n him to him& unless he had immediately $ut the $ord )ith his s)ord& and ran a)ay& and prevented it" So the Alans& .eing still more provo#ed .y this sight& laid )aste the $ountry& and drove a great multitude of the men& and a great 6uantity of the other prey they had gotten out of .oth #ingdoms& along )ith them& and then retreated .a$# to their o)n $ountry"

CH(PT+, $
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@" WH%1 Bassus )as dead in Judea& Flavius Silva su$$eeded him as pro$urator there/ )ho& )hen he sa) that all the rest of the $ountry )as su.dued in this )ar& and that there )as .ut one only strong hold that )as still in re.ellion& he got all his army together that lay in different pla$es& and made an e pedition against it" This fortress )as $alled -asada" It )as one %lea?ar& a potent man& and the $ommander of these Si$arii& that had sei?ed upon it" He )as a des$endant from that Judas )ho had persuaded a.undan$e of the Je)s& as )e have formerly related& not to su.mit to the ta ation )hen Cyrenius )as sent into Judea to ma#e one/ for then it )as that the Si$arii got together against those that )ere )illing to su.mit to the 0omans& and treated them in all respe$ts as if they had .een their enemies& .oth .y plundering them of )hat they had& .y driving a)ay their $attle& and .y setting fire to their houses/ for they said that they differed not at all from foreigners& .y .etraying& in so $o)ardly a manner& that freedom )hi$h Je)s thought )orthy to .e $ontended for to the utmost& and .y o)ning that they preferred slavery under the 0omans .efore su$h a $ontention" 1o) this )as in reality no .etter than a pretense and a $loa# for the .ar.arity )hi$h )as made use of .y them& and to $olor over their o)n avari$e& )hi$h they after)ards made evident .y their o)n a$tions/ for those that )ere partners )ith them in their re.ellion 7oined also )ith them in the )ar against the 0omans& and )ent further lengths )ith them in their impudent underta#ings against them/ and )hen they )ere again $onvi$ted of dissem.ling in su$h their pretenses& they still more a.used those that 7ustly reproa$hed them for their )i$#edness" And indeed that )as a time most fertile in all manner of )i$#ed pra$ti$es& insomu$h that no #ind of evil deeds )ere then left undone/ nor $ould any one so mu$h as devise any .ad thing that )as ne)& so deeply )ere they all infe$ted& and strove )ith one another in their single $apa$ity& and in their $ommunities& )ho should run the greatest lengths in impiety to)ards (od& and in un7ust a$tions to)ards their neigh.ors/ the men of po)er oppressing the multitude& and the multitude earnestly la.oring to destroy the men of po)er" The one part )ere desirous of tyranni?ing over others& and the rest of offering violen$e to others& and of plundering su$h as )ere ri$her than themselves" They )ere the Si$arii )ho first .egan these transgressions& and first .e$ame .ar.arous to)ards those allied to them& and left no )ords of reproa$h unsaid& and no )or#s of perdition untried& in order to destroy those )hom their $ontrivan$es affe$ted" !et did John demonstrate .y his a$tions that these Si$arii )ere more moderate than he )as himself& for he not only sle) all su$h as gave him good $ounsel to do )hat )as right& .ut treated them )orst of all& as the most .itter enemies that he had among all the Citi?ens/ nay& he filled his entire $ountry )ith ten thousand instan$es of )i$#edness& su$h as a man )ho )as already hardened suffi$iently in his impiety to)ards (od )ould naturally do/ for the food )as unla)ful that )as set upon his ta.le& and he re7e$ted those purifi$ations that the la) of his $ountry had ordained/ so that it )as no longer a )onder if he& )ho )as so mad in his impiety to)ards (od& did not o.serve any rules of gentleness and $ommon affe$tion to)ards men" Again& therefore& )hat mis$hief )as there )hi$h Simon the son of (ioras did not doK or )hat #ind of a.uses did he a.stain from as to those very free-men )ho had set him up for a tyrantK What friendship or #indred )ere there that did not ma#e him more .old in his daily murdersK for they loo#ed upon the doing of mis$hief to strangers only as a )or# .eneath their $ourage& .ut thought their .ar.arity to)ards their nearest relations )ould .e a glorious demonstration thereof" The Idumeans also strove )ith these men )ho should .e guilty of the greatest madnessJ for they +all,& vile )ret$hes as they )ere& $ut the throats of the high priests& that so no part of a religious regard to (od" might .e preserved/ they then$e pro$eeded to destroy utterly the least remains of a politi$al government& and introdu$ed the most $omplete s$ene of ini6uity in all instan$es that )ere pra$ti$a.le/ under )hi$h s$ene that sort of people that )ere $alled ?ealots gre) up& and )ho indeed $orresponded to the name/ for they imitated every )i$#ed )or#/ nor& if their memory suggested any evil thing that had formerly .een done& did they avoid ?ealously to pursue the same/ and although they gave themselves that name from their ?eal for )hat )as good& yet did it agree to them only .y )ay of irony& on a$$ount of those they had un7ustly

treated .y their )ild and .rutish disposition& or as thin#ing the greatest mis$hiefs to .e the greatest good" A$$ordingly& they all met )ith su$h ends as (od deservedly .rought upon them in )ay of punishment/ for all su$h miseries have .een sent upon them as man2s nature is $apa.le of undergoing& till the utmost period of their lives& and till death $ame upon them in various )ays of torment/ yet might one say 7ustly that they suffered less than they had done& .e$ause it )as impossi.le they $ould .e punished a$$ording to their deserving" But to ma#e a lamentation a$$ording to the deserts of those )ho fell under these men2s .ar.arity& this is not a proper pla$e for it/ - I therefore no) return again to the remaining part of the present narration" A" For no) it )as that the 0oman general $ame& and led his army against %lea?ar and those Si$arii )ho held the fortress -asada together )ith him/ and for the )hole $ountry ad7oining& he presently gained it& and put garrisons into the most proper pla$es of it/ he also .uilt a )all 6uite round the entire fortress& that none of the .esieged might easily es$ape/ he also set his men to guard the several parts of it/ he also pit$hed his $amp in su$h an agreea.le pla$e as he had $hosen for the siege& and at )hi$h pla$e the ro$# .elonging to the fortress did ma#e the nearest approa$h to the neigh.oring mountain& )hi$h yet )as a pla$e of diffi$ulty for getting plenty of provisions/ for it )as not only food that )as to .e .rought from a great distan$e +to the army,& and this )ith a great deal of pain to those Je)s )ho )ere appointed for that purpose& .ut )ater )as also to .e .rought to the $amp& .e$ause the pla$e afforded no fountain that )as near it" When therefore Silva had ordered these affairs .eforehand& he fell to .esieging the pla$e/ )hi$h siege )as li#ely to stand in need of a great deal of s#ill and pains& .y reason of the strength of the fortress& the nature of )hi$h I )ill no) des$ri.e" B" There )as a ro$#& not small in $ir$umferen$e& and very high" It )as en$ompassed )ith valleys of su$h vast depth do)n)ard& that the eye $ould not rea$h their .ottoms/ they )ere a.rupt& and su$h as no animal $ould )al# upon& e $epting at t)o pla$es of the ro$#& )here it su.sides& in order to afford a passage for as$ent& though not )ithout diffi$ulty" 1o)& of the )ays that lead to it& one is that from the la#e Asphaltiris& to)ards the sun-rising& and another on the )est& )here the as$ent is easierE the one of these )ays is $alled the Serpent& as resem.ling that animal in its narro)ness and its perpetual )indings/ for it is .ro#en off at the prominent pre$ipi$es of the ro$#& and returns fre6uently into itself& and lengthening again .y little and little& hath mu$h ado to pro$eed for)ard/ and he that )ould )al# along it must first go on one leg& and then on the other/ there is also nothing .ut destru$tion& in $ase your feet slip/ for on ea$h side there is a vastly deep $hasm and pre$ipi$e& suffi$ient to 6uell the $ourage of every .ody .y the terror it infuses into the mind" When& therefore& a man hath gone along this )ay for thirty furlongs& the rest is the top of the hill - not ending at a small point& .ut is no other than a plain upon the highest part of the mountain" 5pon this top of the hill& Jonathan the high priest first of all .uilt a fortress& and $alled it -asadaE after )hi$h the re.uilding of this pla$e employed the $are of #ing Herod to a great degree/ he also .uilt a )all round a.out the entire top of the hill& seven furlongs long/ it )as $omposed of )hite stone/ its height )as t)elve& and its .readth eight $u.its/ there )ere also ere$ted upon that )all thirty-eight to)ers& ea$h of them fifty $u.its high/ out of )hi$h you might pass into lesser edifi$es& )hi$h )ere .uilt on the inside& round the entire )all/ for the #ing reserved the top of the hill& )hi$h )as of a fat soil& and .etter mould than any valley for agri$ulture& that su$h as $ommitted themselves to this fortress for their preservation might not even there .e 6uite destitute of food& in $ase they should ever .e in )ant of it from a.road" -oreover& he .uilt a pala$e therein at the )estern as$ent/ it )as )ithin and .eneath the )alls of the $itadel& .ut in$lined to its north side" 1o) the )all of this pala$e )as very high and strong& and had at its four $orners to)ers si ty $u.its high" The furniture also of the edifi$es& and of the $loisters& and of the .aths& )as of great variety& and very $ostly/ and these .uildings )ere supported .y pillars of single stones on every side/ the )alls and also the floors of the edifi$es )ere paved )ith stones of several $olors" He also had $ut many and great pits& as reservoirs for )ater& out of the ro$#s& at every one of the pla$es that )ere inha.ited& .oth a.ove and round a.out the pala$e& and .efore the )all/ and .y this $ontrivan$e he endeavored to have )ater for several uses& as if there had .een fountains there" Here )as also a road digged from the pala$e& and leading to the very top of the mountain& )hi$h yet $ould not .e seen .y su$h as )ere )ithout +the )alls,/ nor indeed $ould enemies easily ma#e use of the plain roads/ for the road on the east side& as )e have already ta#en noti$e& $ould not .e )al#ed upon& .y reason of its

nature/ and for the )estern road& he .uilt a large to)er at its narro)est pla$e& at no less a distan$e from the top of the hill than a thousand $u.its/ )hi$h to)er $ould not possi.ly .e passed .y& nor $ould it .e easily ta#en/ nor indeed $ould those that )al#ed along it )ithout any fear ;su$h )as its $ontrivan$e> easily get to the end of it/ and after su$h a manner )as this $itadel fortified& .oth .y nature and .y the hands of men& in order to frustrate the atta$#s of enemies" <" As for the furniture that )as )ithin this fortress& it )as still more )onderful on a$$ount of its splendor and long $ontinuan$e/ for here )as laid up $orn in large 6uantities& and su$h as )ould su.sist men for a long time/ here )as also )ine and oil in a.undan$e& )ith all #inds of pulse and dates heaped up together/ all )hi$h %lea?ar found there& )hen he and his Si$arii got possession of the fortress .y trea$hery" These fruits )ere also fresh and full ripe& and no )ay inferior to su$h fruits ne)ly laid in& although they )ere little short of a hundred years ;@<> from the laying in these provisions +.y Herod,& till the pla$e )as ta#en .y the 0omans/ nay& indeed& )hen the 0omans got possession of those fruits that )ere left& they found them not $orrupted all that )hile/ nor should )e .e mista#en& if )e supposed that the air )as here the $ause of their enduring so long/ this fortress .eing so high& and so free from the mi ture of all terrain and muddy parti$les of matter" There )as also found here a large 6uantity of all sorts of )eapons of )ar& )hi$h had .een treasured up .y that #ing& and )ere suffi$ient for ten thousand men/ there )as east iron& and .rass& and tin& )hi$h sho) that he had ta#en mu$h pains to have all things here ready for the greatest o$$asions/ for the report goes ho) Herod thus prepared this fortress on his o)n a$$ount& as a refuge against t)o #inds of danger/ the one for fear of the multitude of the Je)s& lest they should depose him& and restore their former #ings to the government/ the other danger )as greater and more terri.le& )hi$h arose from Cleopatra 6ueen of %gypt& )ho did not $on$eal her intentions& .ut spo#e often to Antony& and desired him to $ut off Herod& and entreated him to .esto) the #ingdom of Judea upon her" And $ertainly it is a great )onder that Antony did never $omply )ith her $ommands in this point& as he )as so misera.ly enslaved to his passion for her/ nor should any one have .een surprised if she had .een gratified in su$h her re6uest" So the fear of these dangers made Herod re.uild -asada& and there.y leave it for the finishing stro#e of the 0omans in this Je)ish )ar" C" Sin$e therefore the 0oman $ommander Silva had no) .uilt a )all on the outside& round a.out this )hole pla$e& as )e have said already& and had there.y made a most a$$urate provision to prevent any one of the .esieged running a)ay& he undertoo# the siege itself& though he found .ut one single pla$e that )ould admit of the .an#s he )as to raise/ for .ehind that to)er )hi$h se$ured the road that led to the pala$e& and to the top of the hill from the )est/ there )as a $ertain eminen$y of the ro$#& very .road and very prominent& .ut three hundred $u.its .eneath the highest part of -asada/ it )as $alled the White *romontory" A$$ordingly& he got upon that part of the ro$#& and ordered the army to .ring earth/ and )hen they fell to that )or# )ith ala$rity& and a.undan$e of them together& the .an# )as raised& and .e$ame solid for t)o hundred $u.its in height" !et )as not this .an# thought suffi$iently high for the use of the engines that )ere to .e set upon it/ .ut still another elevated )or# of great stones $ompa$ted together )as raised upon that .an#/ this )as fifty $u.its& .oth in .readth and height" The other ma$hines that )ere no) got ready )ere li#e to those that had .een first devised .y 8espasian& and after)ards .y Titus& for sieges" There )as also a to)er made of the height of si ty $u.its& and all over plated )ith iron& out of )hi$h the 0omans thre) darts and stones from the engines& and soon made those that fought from the )alls of the pla$e to retire& and )ould not let them lift up their heads a.ove the )or#s" At the same time Silva ordered that great .attering ram )hi$h he had made to .e .rought thither& and to .e set against the )all& and to ma#e fre6uent .atteries against it& )hi$h )ith some diffi$ulty .ro#e do)n a part of the )all& and 6uite overthre) it" Ho)ever& the Si$arii made haste& and presently .uilt another )all )ithin that& )hi$h should not .e lia.le to the same misfortune from the ma$hines )ith the other/ it )as made soft and yielding& and so )as $apa.le of avoiding the terri.le .lo)s that affe$ted the other" It )as framed after the follo)ing mannerE They laid together great .eams of )ood length)ays& one $lose to the end of another& and the same )ay in )hi$h they )ere $utE there )ere t)o of these ro)s parallel to one another& and laid at su$h a distan$e from ea$h other as the .readth of the )all re6uired& and earth )as put into the spa$e .et)een those ro)s" 1o)& that the earth might not fall a)ay upon the elevation of this .an# to a greater height& they further

laid other .eams over $ross them& and there.y .ound those .eams together that lay length)ays" This )or# of theirs )as li#e a real edifi$e/ and )hen the ma$hines )ere applied& the .lo)s )ere )ea#ened .y its yielding/ and as the materials .y su$h $on$ussion )ere sha#en $loser together& the pile .y that means .e$ame firmer than .efore" When Silva sa) this& he thought it .est to endeavor the ta#ing of this )all .y setting fire to it/ so he gave order that the soldiers should thro) a great num.er of .urning tor$hes upon itE a$$ordingly& as it )as $hiefly made of )ood& it soon too# fire/ and )hen it )as on$e set on fire& its hollo)ness made that fire spread to a mighty flame" 1o)& at the very .eginning of this fire& a north )ind that then .le) proved terri.le to the 0omans/ for .y .ringing the flame do)n)ard& it drove it upon them& and they )ere almost in despair of su$$ess& as fearing their ma$hines )ould .e .urntE .ut after this& on a sudden the )ind $hanged into the south& as if it )ere done .y 'ivine *roviden$e& and .le) strongly the $ontrary )ay& and $arried the flame& and drove it against the )all& )hi$h )as no) on fire through its entire thi$#ness" So the 0omans& having no) assistan$e from (od& returned to their $amp )ith 7oy& and resolved to atta$# their enemies the very ne t day/ on )hi$h o$$asion they set their )at$h more $arefully that night& lest any of the Je)s should run a)ay from them )ithout .eing dis$overed" D" Ho)ever& neither did %lea?ar on$e thin# of flying a)ay& nor )ould he permit any one else to do so/ .ut )hen he sa) their )all .urned do)n .y the fire& and $ould devise no other )ay of es$aping& or room for their further $ourage& and setting .efore their eyes )hat the 0omans )ould do to them& their $hildren& and their )ives& if they got them into their po)er& he $onsulted a.out having them all slain" 1o) as he 7udged this to .e the .est thing they $ould do in their present $ir$umstan$es& he gathered the most $ourageous of his $ompanions together& and en$ouraged them to ta#e that $ourse .y a spee$h ;@C> )hi$h he made to them in the manner follo)ingE ISin$e )e& long ago& my generous friends& resolved never to .e servants to the 0omans& nor to any other than to (od himself& )ho alone is the true and 7ust 4ord of man#ind& the time is no) $ome that o.liges us to ma#e that resolution true in pra$ti$e" And let us not at this time .ring a reproa$h upon ourselves for self-$ontradi$tion& )hile )e formerly )ould not undergo slavery& though it )ere then )ithout danger& .ut must no)& together )ith slavery& $hoose su$h punishments also as are intolera.le/ I mean this& upon the supposition that the 0omans on$e redu$e us under their po)er )hile )e are alive" We )ere the very first that revolted from them& and )e are the last that fight against them/ and I $annot .ut esteem it as a favor that (od hath granted us& that it is still in our po)er to die .ravely& and in a state of freedom& )hi$h hath not .een the $ase of others& )ho )ere $on6uered une pe$tedly" It is very plain that )e shall .e ta#en )ithin a day2s time/ .ut it is still an eligi.le thing to die after a glorious manner& together )ith our dearest friends" This is )hat our enemies themselves $annot .y any means hinder& although they .e very desirous to ta#e us alive" 1or $an )e propose to ourselves any more to fight them& and .eat them" It had .een proper indeed for us to have $on7e$tured at the purpose of (od mu$h sooner& and at the very first& )hen )e )ere so desirous of defending our li.erty& and )hen )e re$eived su$h sore treatment from one another& and )orse treatment from our enemies& and to have .een sensi.le that the same (od& )ho had of old ta#en the Je)ish nation into his favor& had no) $ondemned them to destru$tion/ for had he either $ontinued favora.le& or .een .ut in a lesser degree displeased )ith us& he had not overloo#ed the destru$tion of so many men& or delivered his most holy $ity to .e .urnt and demolished .y our enemies" To .e sure )e )ea#ly hoped to have preserved ourselves& and ourselves alone& still in a state of freedom& as if )e had .een guilty of no sins ourselves against (od& nor .een partners )ith those of others/ )e also taught other men to preserve their li.erty" Wherefore& $onsider ho) (od hath $onvin$ed us that our hopes )ere in vain& .y .ringing su$h distress upon us in the desperate state )e are no) in& and )hi$h is .eyond all our e pe$tations/ for the nature of this fortress )hi$h )as in itself un$on6uera.le& hath not proved a means of our deliveran$e/ and even )hile )e have still great a.undan$e of food& and a great 6uantity of arms& and other ne$essaries more than )e )ant& )e are openly deprived .y (od himself of all hope of deliveran$e/ for that fire )hi$h )as driven upon our enemies did not of its o)n a$$ord turn .a$# upon the )all )hi$h )e had .uilt/ this )as the effe$t of (od2s anger against us for our manifold sins& )hi$h )e have .een guilty of in a most insolent and e travagant manner )ith regard to our o)n $ountrymen/ the punishments of )hi$h let us not re$eive from the 0omans& .ut from (od himself& as e e$uted .y our o)n hands/ for these )ill .e more moderate than the other" 4et our )ives die .efore they are a.used& and our $hildren .efore they have

tasted of slavery/ and after )e have slain them& let us .esto) that glorious .enefit upon one another mutually& and preserve ourselves in freedom& as an e $ellent funeral monument for us" But first let us destroy our money and the fortress .y fire/ for I am )ell assured that this )ill .e a great grief to the 0omans& that they shall not .e a.le to sei?e upon our .odies& and shall fall of our )ealth also/ and let us spare nothing .ut our provisions/ for they )ill .e a testimonial )hen )e are dead that )e )ere not su.dued for )ant of ne$essaries& .ut that& a$$ording to our original resolution& )e have preferred death .efore slavery"I H" This )as %lea?ar2s spee$h to them" !et did not the opinions of all the auditors a$6uies$e therein/ .ut although some of them )ere very ?ealous to put his advi$e in pra$ti$e& and )ere in a manner filled )ith pleasure at it& and thought death to .e a good thing& yet had those that )ere most effeminate a $ommiseration for their )ives and families/ and )hen these men )ere espe$ially moved .y the prospe$t of their o)n $ertain death& they loo#ed )istfully at one another& and .y the tears that )ere in their eyes de$lared their dissent from his opinion" When %lea?ar sa) these people in su$h fear& and that their souls )ere de7e$ted at so prodigious a proposal& he )as afraid lest perhaps these effeminate persons should& .y their lamentations and tears& enfee.le those that heard )hat he had said $ourageously/ so he did not leave off e horting them& .ut stirred up himself& and re$olle$ting proper arguments for raising their $ourage& he undertoo# to spea# more .ris#ly and fully to them& and that $on$erning the immortality of the soul" So he made a lamenta.le groan& and fi ing his eyes intently on those that )ept& he spa#e thusE ITruly& I )as greatly mista#en )hen I thought to .e assisting to .rave men )ho struggled hard for their li.erty& and to su$h as )ere resolved either to live )ith honor& or else to die/ .ut I find that you are su$h people as are no .etter than others& either in virtue or in $ourage& and are afraid of dying& though you .e delivered there.y from the greatest miseries& )hile you ought to ma#e no delay in this matter& nor to a)ait any one to give you good advi$e/ for the la)s of our $ountry& and of (od himself& have from an$ient times& and as soon as ever )e $ould use our reason& $ontinually taught us& and our forefathers have $orro.orated the same do$trine .y their a$tions& and .y their .ravery of mind& that it is life that is a $alamity to men& and not death/ for this last affords our souls their li.erty& and sends them .y a removal into their o)n pla$e of purity& )here they are to .e insensi.le of all sorts of misery/ for )hile souls are tied $lo)n to a mortal .ody& they are parta#ers of its miseries/ and really& to spea# the truth& they are themselves dead/ for the union of )hat is divine to )hat is mortal is disagreea.le" It is true& the po)er of the soul is great& even )hen it is imprisoned in a mortal .ody/ for .y moving it after a )ay that is invisi.le& it ma#es the .ody a sensi.le instrument& and $auses it to advan$e further in its a$tions than mortal nature $ould other)ise do" Ho)ever& )hen it is freed from that )eight )hi$h dra)s it do)n to the earth and is $onne$ted )ith it& it o.tains its o)n proper pla$e& and does then .e$ome a parta#er of that .lessed po)er& and those a.ilities& )hi$h are then every )ay in$apa.le of .eing hindered in their operations" It $ontinues invisi.le& indeed& to the eyes of men& as does (od himself/ for $ertainly it is not itself seen )hile it is in the .ody/ for it is there after an invisi.le manner& and )hen it is freed from it& it is still not seen" It is this soul )hi$h hath one nature& and that an in$orrupti.le one also/ .ut yet it is the $ause of the $hange that is made in the .ody/ for )hatsoever it .e )hi$h the soul tou$hes& that lives and flourishes/ and from )hatsoever it is removed& that )ithers a)ay and dies/ su$h a degree is there in it of immortality" 4et me produ$e the state of sleep as a most evident demonstration of the truth of )hat I say/ )herein souls& )hen the .ody does not distra$t them& have the s)eetest rest depending on themselves& and $onversing )ith (od& .y their allian$e to him/ they then go every )here& and foretell many futurities .eforehand" And )hy are )e afraid of death& )hile )e are pleased )ith the rest that )e have in sleepK And ho) a.surd a thing is it to pursue after li.erty )hile )e are alive& and yet to envy it to ourselves )here it )ill .e eternalJ We& therefore& )ho have .een .rought up in a dis$ipline of our o)n& ought to .e$ome an e ample to others of our readiness to die" !et& if )e do stand in need of foreigners to support us in this matter& let us regard those Indians )ho profess the e er$ise of philosophy/ for these good men do .ut un)illingly undergo the time of life& and loo# upon it as a ne$essary servitude& and ma#e haste to let their souls loose from their .odies/ nay& )hen no misfortune presses them to it& nor drives them upon it& these have su$h a desire of a life of immortality& that they tell other men .eforehand that they are a.out to depart/ and no.ody hinders them& .ut every one thin#s them happy men& and gives them letters to .e $arried to their familiar friends +that are dead,& so firmly and $ertainly do they .elieve that souls

$onverse )ith one another +in the other )orld," So )hen these men have heard all su$h $ommands that )ere to .e given them& they deliver their .ody to the fire/ and& in order to their getting their soul a separation from the .ody in the greatest purity& they die in the midst of hymns of $ommendations made to them/ for their dearest friends $ondu$t them to their death more readily than do any of the rest of man#ind $ondu$t their fello)- $iti?ens )hen they are going a very long 7ourney& )ho at the same time )eep on their o)n a$$ount& .ut loo# upon the others as happy persons& as so soon to .e made parta#ers of the immortal order of .eings" Are not )e& therefore& ashamed to have lo)er notions than the IndiansK and .y our o)n $o)ardi$e to lay a .ase reproa$h upon the la)s of our $ountry& )hi$h are so mu$h desired and imitated .y all man#indK But put the $ase that )e had .een .rought up under another persuasion& and taught that life is the greatest good )hi$h men are $apa.le of& and that death is a $alamity/ ho)ever& the $ir$umstan$es )e are no) in ought to he an indu$ement to us to .ear su$h $alamity $ourageously& sin$e it is .y the )ill of (od& and .y ne$essity& that )e are to die/ for it no) appears that (od hath made su$h a de$ree against the )hole Je)ish nation& that )e are to .e deprived of this life )hi$h +he #ne), )e )ould not ma#e a due use of" For do not you as$ri.e the o$$asion of our present $ondition to yourselves& nor thin# the 0omans are the true o$$asion that this )ar )e have had )ith them is .e$ome so destru$tive to us allE these things have not $ome to pass .y their po)er& .ut a more po)erful $ause hath intervened& and made us afford them an o$$asion of their appearing to .e $on6uerors over us" What 0oman )eapons& I pray you& )ere those .y )hi$h the Je)s at Cesarea )ere slainK On the $ontrary& )hen they )ere no )ay disposed to re.el& .ut )ere all the )hile #eeping their seventh day festival& and did not so mu$h as lift up their hands against the $iti?ens of Cesarea& yet did those $iti?ens run upon them in great $ro)ds& and $ut their throats& and the throats of their )ives and $hildren& and this )ithout any regard to the 0omans themselves& )ho never too# us for their enemies till )e revolted from them" But some may .e ready to say& that truly the people of Cesarea had al)ays a 6uarrel against those that lived among them& and that )hen an opportunity offered itself& they only satisfied the old ran$or they had against them" What then shall )e say to those of S$ythopolis& )ho ventured to )age )ar )ith us on a$$ount of the (ree#sK 1or did they do it .y )ay of revenge upon the 0omans& )hen they a$ted in $on$ert )ith our $ountrymen" Wherefore you see ho) little our good-)ill and fidelity to them profiled us& )hile they )ere slain& they and their )hole families& after the most inhuman manner& )hi$h )as all the re6uital that )as made them for the assistan$e they had afforded the others/ for that very same destru$tion )hi$h they had prevented from falling upon the others did they suffer themselves from them& as if they had .een ready to .e the a$tors against them" It )ould .e too long for me to spea# at this time of every destru$tion .rought upon us/ for you $annot .ut #no) that there )as not any one Syrian $ity )hi$h did not slay their Je)ish inha.itants& and )ere not more .itter enemies to us than )ere the 0omans themselves/ nay& even those of 'amas$us& ;@D> )hen they )ere a.le to allege no tolera.le pretense against us& filled their $ity )ith the most .ar.arous slaughters of our people& and $ut the throats of eighteen thousand Je)s& )ith their )ives and $hildren" And as to the multitude of those that )ere slain in %gypt& and that )ith torments also& )e have .een informed they )ere more than si ty thousand/ those indeed .eing in a foreign $ountry& and so naturally meeting )ith nothing to oppose against their enemies& )ere #illed in the manner forementioned" As for all those of us )ho have )aged )ar against the 0omans in our o)n $ountry& had )e not suffi$ient reason to have sure hopes of vi$toryK For )e had arms& and )alls& and fortresses so prepared as not to .e easily ta#en& and $ourage not to .e moved .y any dangers in the $ause of li.erty& )hi$h en$ouraged us all to revolt from the 0omans" But then these advantages suffi$ed us .ut for a short time& and only raised our hopes& )hile they really appeared to .e the origin of our miseries/ for all )e had hath .een ta#en from us& and all hath fallen under our enemies& as if these advantages )ere only to render their vi$tory over us the more glorious& and )ere not disposed for the preservation of those .y )hom these preparations )ere made" And as for those that are already dead in the )ar& it is reasona.le )e should esteem them .lessed& for they are dead in defending& and not in .etraying their li.erty/ .ut as to the multitude of those that are no) under the 0omans& )ho )ould not pity their $onditionK and )ho )ould not ma#e haste to die& .efore he )ould suffer the same miseries )ith themK Some of them have .een put upon the ra$#& and tortured )ith fire and )hippings& and so died" Some have .een half devoured .y )ild .easts& and yet have .een reserved alive to .e devoured .y them a se$ond time& in order to afford laughter and sport to our enemies/ and su$h of those as are alive still are to .e loo#ed on as the most misera.le& )ho& .eing so desirous of death& $ould not $ome at it" And )here is no) that

great $ity& the metropolis of the Je)ish nation& )hi$h vas fortified .y so many )alls round a.out& )hi$h had so many fortresses and large to)ers to defend it& )hi$h $ould hardly $ontain the instruments prepared for the )ar& and )hi$h had so many ten thousands of men to fight for itK Where is this $ity that )as .elieved to have (od himself inha.iting thereinK It is no) demolished to the very foundations& and hath nothing .ut that monument of it preserved& I mean the $amp of those that hath destroyed it& )hi$h still d)ells upon its ruins/ some unfortunate old men also lie upon the ashes of the temple& and a fe) )omen are there preserved alive .y the enemy& for our .itter shame and reproa$h" 1o) )ho is there that revolves these things in his mind& and yet is a.le to .ear the sight of the sun& though he might live out of dangerK Who is there so mu$h his $ountry2s enemy& or so unmanly& and so desirous of living& as not to repent that he is still aliveK And I $annot .ut )ish that )e had all died .efore )e had seen that holy $ity demolished .y the hands of our enemies& or the foundations of our holy temple dug up after so profane a manner" But sin$e )e had a generous hope that deluded us& as if )e might perhaps have .een a.le to avenge ourselves on our enemies on that a$$ount& though it .e no) .e$ome vanity& and hath left us alone in this distress& let us ma#e haste to die .ravely" 4et us pity ourselves& our $hildren& and our )ives )hile it is in our o)n po)er to sho) pity to them/ for )e )ere .orn to die& ;@H> as )ell as those )ere )hom )e have .egotten/ nor is it in the po)er of the most happy of our ra$e to avoid it" But for a.uses& and slavery& and the sight of our )ives led a)ay after an ignominious manner& )ith their $hildren& these are not su$h evils as are natural and ne$essary among men/ although su$h as do not prefer death .efore those miseries& )hen it is in their po)er so to do& must undergo even them& on a$$ount of their o)n $o)ardi$e" We revolted from the 0omans )ith great pretensions to $ourage/ and )hen& at the very last& they invited us to preserve ourselves& )e )ould not $omply )ith them" Who )ill not& therefore& .elieve that they )ill $ertainly .e in a rage at us& in $ase they $an ta#e us aliveK -isera.le )ill then .e the young men )ho )ill .e strong enough in their .odies to sustain many tormentsJ misera.le also )ill .e those of elder years& )ho )ill not .e a.le to .ear those $alamities )hi$h young men might sustainJ One man )ill .e o.liged to hear the voi$e of his son implore help of his father& )hen his hands are .ound" But $ertainly our hands are still at li.erty& and have a s)ord in them/ let them then .e su.servient to us in our glorious design/ let us die .efore )e .e$ome slaves under our eneimies& and let us go out of the )orld& together )ith our $hildren and our )ives& in a state of freedom" This it is that our la)s $ommand us to do this it is that our )ives and $hildren $rave at our hands/ nay& (od himself hath .rought this ne$essity upon us/ )hile the 0omans desire the $ontrary& and are afraid lest any of us should die .efore )e are ta#en" 4et us therefore ma#e haste& and instead of affording them so mu$h pleasure& as they hope for in getting us under their po)er& let us leave them an e ample )hi$h shall at on$e $ause their astonishment at our death& and their admiration of our hardiness therein"I +'D'OT+1 ;@<> *liny and others $onfirm this strange parado & that provisions laid up against sieges )ill $ontinue good for a hundred ears& as Spanheim notes upon this pla$e" ;@C> The spee$hes in this and the ne t se$tion& as introdu$ed under the person of this %lea?ar& are e $eeding remar#a.le& and oil the no.lest su.7e$ts& the $ontempt of death& and the dignity and immortality of the soul/ and that not only among the Je)s& .ut among the Indians themselves also/ and are highly )orthy the perusal of all the $urious" It seems as if that philosophi$ lady )ho survived& $h" M" se$t" @& A& remem.ered the su.stan$e of these dis$ourses& as spo#en .y %lea?ar& and so Josephus $lothed them in his o)n )ordsE at the lo)est they $ontain the Je)ish notions on these heads& as understood then .y our Josephus& and $annot .ut deserve a suita.le regard from us" ;@D> See B" II" $h" A=" se$t" A& )here the num.er of the slain is .ut @=&===" ;@H> 0eland here sets do)n a parallel aphorism of one of the Je)ish 0a..ins& IWe are .orn that )e may die& and die that )e may live"2

CH(PT+, %
HOW TH+ P+OP.+ TH(T W+,+ )' TH+ /O,T,+11 W+,+ P,+-().+D O' B3 TH+ WO,D1 O/ +.+(>(,8 TWO WO6+' ('D /)-+ CH).D,+' O'.3 +2C+PT+D ('D (.. 10B6)TT+D TO B+ 7)..+D B3 O'+ ('OTH+,5
@" 1OW as %lea?ar )as pro$eeding on in this e hortation& they all $ut him off short& and made haste to do the )or#& as full of an un$on6uera.le ardor of mind& and moved )ith a demonia$al fury" So they )ent their )ays& as one still endeavoring to .e .efore another& and as thin#ing that this eagerness )ould .e a demonstration of their $ourage and good $ondu$t& if they $ould avoid appearing in the last $lass/ so great )as the ?eal they )ere in to slay their )ives and $hildren& and themselves alsoJ 1or indeed& )hen they $ame to the )or# itself& did their $ourage fail them& as one might imagine it )ould have done& .ut they then held fast the same resolution& )ithout )avering& )hi$h they had upon the hearing of %lea?ar2s spee$h& )hile yet every one of them still retained the natural passion of love to themselves and their families& .e$ause the reasoning they )ent upon appeared to them to .e very 7ust& even )ith regard to those that )ere dearest to them/ for the hus.ands tenderly em.ra$ed their )ives& and too# their $hildren into their arms& and gave the longest parting #isses to them& )ith tears in their eyes" !et at the same time did they $omplete )hat they had resolved on& as if they had .een e e$uted .y the hands of strangers/ and they had nothing else for their $omfort .ut the ne$essity they )ere in of doing this e e$ution& to avoid that prospe$t they had of the miseries they )ere to suffer from their enemies" 1or )as there at length any one of these men found that s$rupled to a$t their part in this terri.le e e$ution& .ut every one of them despat$hed his dearest relations" -isera.le men indeed )ere theyJ )hose distress for$ed them to slay their o)n )ives and $hildren )ith their o)n hands& as the lightest of those evils that )ere .efore them" So they .eing not a.le to .ear the grief they )ere under for )hat they had done any longer& and esteeming it an in7ury to those they had slain& to live even the shortest spa$e of time after them& they presently laid all they had upon a heap& and set fire to it" They then $hose ten men .y lot out of them to slay all the rest/ every one of )hom laid himself do)n .y his )ife and $hildren on the ground& and thre) his arms a.out them& and they offered their ne$#s to the stro#e of those )ho .y lot e e$uted that melan$holy offi$e/ and )hen these ten had& )ithout fear& slain them all& they made the same rule for $asting lots for themselves& that he )hose lot it )as should first #ill the other nine& and after all should #ill himself" A$$ordingly& all these had $ourage suffi$ient to .e no )ay .ehind one another in doing or suffering/ so& for a $on$lusion& the nine offered their ne$#s to the e e$utioner& and he )ho )as the last of all too# a vie) of all the other .odies& lest per$han$e some or other among so many that )ere slain should )ant his assistan$e to .e 6uite despat$hed& and )hen he per$eived that they )ere all slain& he set fire to the pala$e& and )ith the great for$e of his hand ran his s)ord entirely through himself& and fell do)n dead near to his o)n relations" So these people died )ith this intention& that they )ould not leave so mu$h as one soul among them all alive to .e su.7e$t to the 0omans" !et )as there an an$ient )oman& and another )ho )as of #in to %lea?ar& and superior to most )omen in pruden$e and learning& )ith five $hildren& )ho had $on$ealed themselves in $averns under ground& and had $arried )ater thither for their drin#& and )ere hidden there )hen the rest )ere intent upon the slaughter of one another" Those others )ere nine hundred and si ty in num.er& the )omen and $hildren .eing )ithal in$luded in that $omputation" This $alamitous slaughter )as made on the fifteenth day of the month Fanthi$us +1isan," A" 1o) for the 0omans& they e pe$ted that they should .e fought in the morning& )hen& a$$ordingly& they put on their armor& and laid .ridges of plan#s upon their ladders from their .an#s& to ma#e an assault upon the fortress& )hi$h they did/ .ut sa) no.ody as an enemy& .ut a terri.le solitude on every side& )ith a fire )ithin the pla$e& as )ell as a perfe$t silen$e" So they )ere at a loss to guess at )hat had happened" At length they made a shout& as if it had .een at a .lo) given .y the .attering ram& to try )hether they $ould .ring any one out that )as )ithin/ the )omen heard this noise& and $ame out of their under-ground $avern& and informed the 0omans )hat had .een done& as it )as done/ and the se$ond of them $learly des$ri.ed all .oth )hat )as said and )hat )as done& and this manner of it/ yet did they not easily give their attention to su$h a desperate underta#ing& and did not .elieve it $ould .e

as they said/ they also attempted to put the fire out& and 6ui$#ly $utting themselves a )ay through it& they $ame )ithin the pala$e& and so met )ith the multitude of the slain& .ut $ould ta#e no pleasure in the fa$t& though it )ere done to their enemies" 1or $ould they do other than )onder at the $ourage of their resolution& and the immova.le $ontempt of death )hi$h so great a num.er of them had sho)n& )hen they )ent through )ith su$h an a$tion as that )as"

CH(PT+, 1&
TH(T 6('3 O/ TH+ 1)C(,)) /.+D TO (.+2('D,)( (.1O ('D WH(T D('*+,1 TH+3 W+,+ )' TH+,+; O' WH)CH (CCO0'T TH(T T+6P.+ WH)CH H(D /O,6+,.3 B++' B0).T B3 O')(1 TH+ H)*H P,)+1T W(1 D+1T,O3+D5
@" WH%1 -asada )as thus ta#en& the general left a garrison in the fortress to #eep it& and he himself )ent a)ay to Cesarea/ for there )ere no) no enemies left in the $ountry& .ut it )as all overthro)n .y so long a )ar" !et did this )ar afford distur.an$es and dangerous disorders even in pla$es very far remote from Judea/ for still it $ame to pass that many Je)s )ere slain at Ale andria in %gypt/ for as many of the Si$arii as )ere a.le to fly thither& out of the seditious )ars in Judea& )ere not $ontent to have saved themselves& .ut must needs .e underta#ing to ma#e ne) distur.an$es& and persuaded many of those that entertained them to assert their li.erty& to esteem the 0omans to .e no .etter than themselves& and to loo# upon (od as their only 4ord and -aster" But )hen part of the Je)s of reputation opposed them& they sle) some of them& and )ith the others they )ere very pressing in their e hortations to revolt from the 0omans/ .ut )hen the prin$ipal men of the senate sa) )hat madness they )ere $ome to& they thought it no longer safe for themselves to overloo# them" So they got all the Je)s together to an assem.ly& and a$$used the madness of the Si$arii& and demonstrated that they had .een the authors of all the evils that had $ome upon them" They said also that Ithese men& no) they )ere run a)ay from Judea& having no sure hope of es$aping& .e$ause as soon as ever they shall .e #no)n& they )ill .e soon destroyed .y the 0omans& they $ome hither and fill us full of those $alamities )hi$h .elong to them& )hile )e have not .een parta#ers )ith them in any of their sins"I A$$ordingly& they e horted the multitude to have a $are& lest they should .e .rought to destru$tion .y their means& and to ma#e their apology to the 0omans for )hat had .een done& .y delivering these men up to them/ )ho .eing thus appri?ed of the greatness of the danger they )ere in& $omplied )ith )hat )as proposed& and ran )ith great violen$e upon the Si$arii& and sei?ed upon them/ and indeed si hundred of them )ere $aught immediatelyE .ut as to all those that fled into %gypt ;@G> and to the %gyptian The.es& it )as not long ere they )ere $aught also& and .rought .a$#& )hose $ourage& or )hether )e ought to $all it madness& or hardiness in their opinions& every .ody )as ama?ed at" For )hen all sorts of torments and ve ations of their .odies that $ould .e devised )ere made use of to them& they $ould not get any one of them to $omply so far as to $onfess& or seem to $onfess& that Caesar )as their lord/ .ut they preserved their o)n opinion& in spite of all the distress they )ere .rought to& as if they re$eived these torments and the fire itself )ith .odies insensi.le of pain& and )ith a soul that in a manner re7oi$ed under them" But )hat )as most of all astonishing to the .eholders )as the $ourage of the $hildren/ for not one of these $hildren )as so far over$ome .y these torments& as to name Caesar for their lord" So far does the strength of the $ourage +of the soul, prevail over the )ea#ness of the .ody" A" 1o) 4upus did then govern Ale andria& )ho presently sent Caesar )ord of this $ommotion/ )ho having in suspi$ion the restless temper of the Je)s for innovation& and .eing afraid lest they should get together again& and persuade some others to 7oin )ith them& gave orders to 4upus to demolish that Je)ish temple )hi$h )as in the region $alled Onion& ;@M> and )as in %gypt& )hi$h )as .uilt and had its denomination from the o$$asion follo)ingE Onias& the son of Simon& one of the Je)ish high priests fled from Antio$hus the #ing of Syria& )hen he made )ar )ith the Je)s& and $ame to Ale andria/ and as

*tolemy re$eived him very #indly& on a$$ount of hatred to Antio$hus& he assured him& that if he )ould $omply )ith his proposal& he )ould .ring all the Je)s to his assistan$e/ and )hen the #ing agreed to do it so far as he )as a.le& he desired him to give him leave to .uild a temple some )here in %gypt& and to )orship (od a$$ording to the $ustoms of his o)n $ountry/ for that the Je)s )ould then .e so mu$h readier to fight against Antio$hus )ho had laid )aste the temple at Jerusalem& and that they )ould then $ome to him )ith greater good-)ill/ and that& .y granting them li.erty of $ons$ien$e& very many of them )ould $ome over to him" B" So *tolemy $omplied )ith his proposals& and gave him a pla$e one hundred and eighty furlongs distant from -emphis" ;A=> That 1omos )as $alled the 1omos of Hellopolls& )here Onias .uilt a fortress and a temple& not li#e to that at Jerusalem& .ut su$h as resem.led a to)er" He .uilt it of large stones to the height of si ty $u.its/ he made the stru$ture of the altar in imitation of that in our o)n $ountry& and in li#e manner adorned )ith gifts& e $epting the ma#e of the $andlesti$#& for he did not ma#e a $andlesti$#& .ut had a +single, lamp hammered out of a pie$e of gold& )hi$h illuminated the pla$e )ith its rays& and )hi$h he hung .y a $hain of gold/ .ut the entire temple )as en$ompassed )ith a )all of .urnt .ri$#& though it had gates of stone" The #ing also gave him a large $ountry for a revenue in money& that .oth the priests might have a plentiful provision made for them& and that (od might have great a.undan$e of )hat things )ere ne$essary for his )orship" !et did not Onias do this out of a so.er disposition& .ut he had a mind to $ontend )ith the Je)s at Jerusalem& and $ould not forget the indignation he had for .eing .anished then$e" A$$ordingly& he thought that .y .uilding this temple he should dra) a)ay a great num.er from them to himself" There had .een also a $ertain an$ient predi$tion made .y +a prophet, )hose name )as Isaiah& a.out si hundred years .efore& that this temple should .e .uilt .y a man that )as a Je) in %gypt" And this is the history of the .uilding of that temple" <" And no) 4upus& the governor of Ale andria& upon the re$eipt of Caesar2s letter& $ame to the temple& and $arried out of it some of the donations dedi$ated thereto& and shut up the temple itself" And as 4upus died a little after)ard& *aulinns su$$eeded him" This man left none of those donations there& and threatened the priests severely if they did not .ring them all out/ nor did he permit any )ho )ere desirous of )orshipping (od there so mu$h as to $ome near the )hole sa$red pla$e/ .ut )hen he had shut up the gates& he made it entirely ina$$essi.le& insomu$h that there remained no longer the least footsteps of any 'ivine )orship that had .een in that pla$e" 1o) the duration of the time from the .uilding of this temple till it )as shut up again )as three hundred and forty-three years" +'D'OT+1 ;@G> Sin$e Josephus here informs us that some of these Si$arii& or ruffians& )ent from Ale andria ;)hi$h )as itself in %gypt& in a large sense> into %gypt& and The.es there situated& 0eland )ell o.serves& from 8ossius& that %gypt sometimes denotes *roper or 5pper %gypt& as distin$t from the 'elta& and the lo)er parts near *alestine" A$$ordingly& as he adds& those that say it never rains in %gypt must mean the *roper or 5pper %gypt& .e$ause it does sometimes rain in the other parts" See the note on Anti6" B" II" $h" H" se$t" H& and B" III" $h" @" se$t" D" ;@M> Of this temple of Onias2s .uilding in %gypt& see the notes on Anti6" B" FIII" $h" B" se$t" @" But )hereas it is else)here& .oth of the War& B" I" $h" @" se$t" @& and in the Anti6uities as no) 6uoted& said that this temple )as li#e to that at Jerusalem& and here that it )as not li#e it& .ut li#e a to)er& se$t" B& there is some reason to suspe$t the reading here& and that either the negative parti$le is here to .e .lotted out& or the )ord entirely added" ;A=> We must o.serve& that Josephus here spea#s of Antio$hus )ho profaned the temple as no) alive& )hen Onias had leave given them .y *hilometer to .uild his temple/ )hereas it seems not to have .een a$tually .uilt till a.out fifteen years after)ards" !et& .e$ause it is said in the Anti6uities that Onias )ent to *hilometer& B" FII" $h" M" se$t" H& during the lifetime of that Antio$hus& it is pro.a.le he petitioned& and perhaps o.tained his leave then& though it )ere not a$tually .uilt or finished till fifteen

years after)ard"

CH(PT+, 11
CO'C+,')'* JO'(TH('8 O'+ O/ TH+ 1)C(,))8 TH(T 1T),,+D 0P ( 1+D)T)O' )' C3,+'+8 ('D W(1 ( /(.1+ (CC01+, 9O/ TH+ )''OC+'T:5
@" A1' no) did the madness of the Si$arii& li#e a disease& rea$h as far as the $ities of Cyrene/ for one Jonathan& a vile person& and .y trade a )eaver& $ame thither and prevailed )ith no small num.er of the poorer sort to give ear to him/ he also led them into the desert& upon promising them that he )ould sho) them signs and apparitions" And as for the other Je)s of Cyrene& he $on$ealed his #navery from them& and put tri$#s upon them/ .ut those of the greatest dignity among them informed Catullus& the governor of the 4i.yan *entapolis& of his mar$h into the desert& and of the preparations he had made for it" So he sent out after him .oth horsemen and footmen& and easily over$ame them& .e$ause they )ere unarmed men/ of these many )ere slain in the fight& .ut some )ere ta#en alive& and .rought to Catullus" As for Jonathan& the head of this plot& he fled a)ay at that time/ .ut upon a great and very diligent sear$h& )hi$h )as made all the $ountry over for him& he )as at last ta#en" And )hen he )as .rought to Catullus& he devised a )ay )here.y he .oth es$aped punishment himself& and afforded an o$$asion to Catullus of doing mu$h mis$hief/ for he falsely a$$used the ri$hest men among the Je)s& and said that they had put him upon )hat he did" A" 1o) Catullus easily admitted of these his $alumnies& and aggravated matters greatly& and made tragi$al e $lamations& that he might also .e supposed to have had a hand in the finishing of the Je)ish )ar" But )hat )as still harder& he did not only give a too easy .elief to his stories& .ut he taught the Si$arii to a$$use men falsely" He .id this Jonathan& therefore& to name one Ale ander& a Je) ;)ith )hom he had formerly had a 6uarrel& and openly professed that he hated him>/ he also got him to name his )ife Berni$e& as $on$erned )ith him" These t)o Catullus ordered to .e slain in the first pla$e/ nay& after them he $aused all the ri$h and )ealthy Je)s to .e slain& .eing no fe)er in all than three thousand" This he thought he might do safely& .e$ause he $onfis$ated their effe$ts& and added them to Caesar2s revenues" B" 1ay& indeed& lest any Je)s that lived else)here should $onvi$t him of his villainy& he e tended his false a$$usations further& and persuaded Jonathan& and $ertain others that )ere $aught )ith him& to .ring an a$$usation of attempts for innovation against the Je)s that )ere of the .est $hara$ter .oth at Ale andria and at 0ome" One of these& against )hom this trea$herous a$$usation )as laid& )as Josephus& the )riter of these .oo#s" Ho)ever& this plot& thus $ontrived .y Catullus& did not su$$eed a$$ording to his hopes/ for though he $ame himself to 0ome& and .rought Jonathan and his $ompanions along )ith him in .onds& and thought he should have had no further in6uisition made as to those lies that )ere forged under his government& or .y his means/ yet did 8espasian suspe$t the matter and made an in6uiry ho) far it )as true" And )hen he understood that the a$$usation laid against the Je)s )as an un7ust one& he $leared them of the $rimes $harged upon them& and this on a$$ount of Titus2s $on$ern a.out the matter& and .rought a deserved punishment upon Jonathan/ for he )as first tormented& and then .urnt alive" <" But as to Catullus& the emperors Were so gentle to him& that he under)ent no severe $ondemnation at this time/ yet )as it not long .efore he fell into a $ompli$ated and almost in$ura.le distemper& and died misera.ly" He )as not only affli$ted in .ody& .ut the distemper in his mind )as more heavy upon him than the other/ for he )as terri.ly distur.ed& and $ontinually $ried out that he sa) the ghosts of those )hom he had slain standing .efore him" Whereupon he )as not a.le to $ontain himself& .ut leaped out of his .ed& as if .oth torments and fire )ere .rought to him" This his distemper gre) still a great deal )orse and )orse $ontinually& and his very entrails )ere so $orroded& that they fell out of his .ody& and in that $ondition he died" Thus he .e$ame as great an instan$e of 'ivine *roviden$e as ever

)as& and demonstrated that (od punishes )i$#ed men" C" And here )e shall put an end to this our history/ )herein )e formerly promised to deliver the same )ith all a$$ura$y& to su$h as should .e desirous of understanding after )hat manner this )ar of the 0omans )ith the Je)s )as managed" Of )hi$h history& ho) good the style is& must .e left to the determination of the readers/ .ut as for its agreement )ith the fa$ts& I shall not s$ruple to say& and that .oldly& that truth hath .een )hat I have alone aimed at through its entire $omposition"