Assessment of technical loss regarding THD 1. Investigate what migh be the cause of the problem. 2.

One possible cause is the Harmonic distribution of the power distribution system. 3. In order to find it out, use harmonic-detecting devices on the deistribution system. . !ompute the "otal Harmonic #istortion using the formula

$a. If the result is lower than $%, then the system is at the harmonic power distortion limit. &a. If not, do the following solutions below in order to avoid greater conse'uences such as production loss, energy loss and economic loss. &.1 (eneral solutions "o limit the propagation of harmonics in the distribution system, a number of measures may be ta)en, particularly when designing a new installation. &.1.1 *ositioning the disturbing loads upstream in the system "he overall level of harmonic disturbance increases as the short-circuit power decreases. +conomic considerations aside, it is therefore preferable to connect the disturbing loads as far upstream as possible. &.1.2 (rouping the disturbing loads ,hen preparing the single-line diagram, separate where possible the disturbing e'uipment from the other loads. *ractically spea)ing, the different types of loads should be supplied by different busbars. -y grouping the disturbing loads, the possibilities of angular recomposition are increased. "he reason is that the vector sum of the harmonic currents is lower than

their algebraic sum. .n effort should also be made to avoid the flow of harmonic currents in the cables, thus limiting voltage drops and temperature rise in the cables. &.1.3 /eparating the sources In efforts to attenuate harmonics, an additional improvement may be obtained by supplying the different loads via different transformers. "his disadvantage of this solution is the increase in the cost of the installation. &.1. 0sing transformers with special connections /pecial types of connection may be used in transformers to eliminate certain harmonic orders. "he harmonic orders eliminated depend on the type of connection implemented1 1. a delta-star-delta connection eliminates harmonic orders $ and 2 3see figure 1 4 2. a delta-star connection eliminates harmonic order 3 3the harmonics flow in each of the phases and loop bac) via the transformer neutral4 3. a delta-5ig5ag$ connection eliminates harmonic order $ 3loop bac) via the magnetic circuit4. &.1.$ Installing inductors In installations comprising variable-speed drives, the current can be smoothed by installing line inductors. -y increasing the impedance of the supply circuit, the harmonic current is limited. 0se of harmonic inductors on capacitor ban)s is a means of increasing the impedance of the inductor and capacitor assembly, for harmonics with high

&.2 /olutions when limit values are e6ceeded 6.2.1 Passive filters - typical applications1 industrial installations comprising a set of devices causing

harmonics with a total power rating greater than appro6imately 277 )8. 3variable-speed drives, 0*/s, rectifiers, etc.4 installations where power factor correction is re'uired situations where voltage distortion must be reduced to avoid disturbing sensitive loads situations where current distortion must be reduced to avoid overloads operating principle1 an 9! circuit, tuned to each of the harmonic fre'uencies re'uiring filtering, is installed in parallel with the device causing the harmonic distortion 3see figure 1$4. "his bypass circuit draws the harmonics, thus avoiding the flow of harmonics to the power source. (enerally spea)ing, the passive filter is tuned to a harmonic order near the one to be eliminated. . number of parallel-connected filters may be used when a significant reduction in distortion over a range of orders is re'uired. 6.2.2 Active filters (active harmonic conditioners) - typical applications1 commercial installations comprising a set of devices causing harmonics with a total power rating less than 277 )8. 3variable-speed drives, 0*/s, office e'uipment, etc.4 situations where current distortion must be reduced to avoid overloads operating principle1 active filters are systems employing power electronics, installed in series or in parallel with the non-linear load, to provide the harmonic currents re'uired by non-linear loads and thereby avoid distortion on the power system. 6.2.3 Hybrid filters -typical applications1 industrial installations comprising a set of devices causing harmonics with a total power rating greater than 277 )8. appro6imately 3variable-speed drives, 0*/s,

rectifiers, etc.4 installations where power factor correction is re'uired situations where voltage distortion must be reduced to avoid disturbing sensitive loads situations where current distortion must be reduced to avoid overloads situations where conformity with strict harmonic-emission limits is re'uired operating principle1 the two types of filters presented above can be combined in a single device, thus constituting a hybrid filter. "his new filtering solution combines the advantages of the e6isting systems and provides a highperformance solution