Written Homework 7 Solutions

Section 4.3
20. Find the local maxima and minima using the First and Second Derivative tests: f ( x) = Solution: First start by nding the rst derivative. f ( x) = x2 2 x 2 x( x 1) x2 = ( x 1)2 ( x 1)2 x2 x1

It is easy to see that the numerator is zero when x 0, 2. Now to apply the First Derivative Test. For x = 0 values just to the right (0+ ) are negative while values just to the left (0 ) are postitive. Zero is therefore a maximum. For x = 2 values just to the left (2 ) are negative while values just the right (2+ ) are positive. Therefore 2 is a minimum. We can check this again using the second derivative which is: f ( x) = (2 x 2)( x 1)2 ( x2 2 x)(2( x 1)) (2 x 2)( x 1) 2 x2 + 4 x = ( x 1)4 ( x 1)3

(2 x 2)( x 1) 2 x2 + 4 x 2 x2 4 x + 2 2 x2 + 4 x 2 = = ( x 1)3 ( x 1)3 ( x 1)3 Now to test the critical points: f (0) = 2 = 2 (1)3 2 =2 (1)3

f (2) =

The second derivative test tells us that the critical point at 0 is a maximum and the critical point at 2 is a minimum. 64. Coee is being poured at a constant rate into the mug shown in the text. Sketch a graph of the depth of the coee as a function of time accounting for the shape of the graph in terms of concavity. What is the signicance of the inection point. Solution: The graph should look roughly as follows.

Homework 7 Solutions

Plot.jpg Note that up to the inection point one has a concave up graph as the depth increases rapidly as the mug thins, but then turns to concave down as the mug widens after lling past the middle point of the mug. 66. Given the function f ( x) = e x
2 /(22 )

(a) Find the asymptote, maximum value, and inection points of f . Solution: Note rst that no vertical asymptote exists. Now to check for horizontal.
x

lim e x lim e x

2 /(22 )

= e() = e()

2 /(22 )

= e = 0

2 /(22 )

2 /(22 )

= e = 0

So there is a horizontal asymptote at 0. Now to obtain the rst and second derivatives. x e x /(2 f ( x) = 2
2 2 2 2)

e x /(2 ) x2 e x /(2 ) + 2 4 The only zero for the rst derivative exists at x = 0. The second derivative at zero is negative so this critical point x = 0 is a maximum with value f (0) = 1. Setting the second derivative equal to zero gives. 2 2 2 2 e x /(2 ) x2 e x /(2 ) f ( x) = 0 = 2 = x2 x = 2 4 Therefore the inection points are at x = .
2 2

f ( x) =

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Homework 7 Solutions (b) What role does play in the shape of the curve? Solution: Given that it marks the inection points and does not aect the asymptote nor the maximum, it widens the curve. (c) Plot four members of this family of curves on the same plot.

Function.jpg

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Homework 7 Solutions

Section 4.4
24. Find the limit of eu/10 u u3 lim

Solution: Note that as x both eu/10 and u3 . So this limit has indeterminate form . Use LHospitals rule. eu/10 H 1 eu/10 . lim 3 = lim u u u 10 3u2 The resulting limit still has indeterminate form . Use lHospitals Rule again. 1 eu/10 H 1 eu/10 = lim u 10 3u2 u 100 6u The resulting limit still has indeterminate form . Use lHospitals Rule yet again. lim 1 eu/10 H 1 eu/10 = lim = . u 100 6u u 1000 6 lim So eu/10 = . u u3 lim

28. Find the limit of:

x0

lim

x sin( x) x tan( x)

0 Solution: Plugging in x = 0 to the numerator and denominator gives the indeterminate form 0 . Use lHospitals Rule. x sin( x) H 1 cos( x) lim = lim . x0 x tan( x) x0 1 sec2 ( x)

Plugging in x = 0 still gives the indeterminate form 0 0 . Use lHospitals Rule again.
x0

lim

1 cos( x) H sin( x) = lim 2 x 0 1 sec ( x) 2 sec2 ( x) tan( x) 1 sin( x) = lim cos3 x x0 2 sin( x) 1 = lim cos3 x 2 x 0 1 = . 2

So the limit is -1/2. 34. Find the limit of:

x0

lim

x tan1 (4 x)

Solution: Plugging in x = 0 gives the indeterminate form 0 0 . Use lHospitals Rule.

x0

lim

x 1 H = lim tan1 (4 x) x0 4/(1 + 16 x2 ) 1 + 16 x2 1 = lim = x0 4 4 Page 4 of 11

The limit is therefore 1/4.

Homework 7 Solutions

42. Find the limit of:

x

lim

xe x/2

Solution: This is an indeterminate product, i.e. as x , x and e x/2 0. In order to use LHospitals rule, we must rewrite as an indeterminate fraction. x lim xe x/2 = lim x/2 x x e
and we can use LHospitals rule. Now, the limit has indeterminate form

lim

e x/2

1 2 x lim x 1 e x/2 2

=0

where the last limit is zero because the numerator 0 while the denominator . 56. Find the limit of:
x0+

lim (tan(2 x)) x

Solution: Let L be the limit assuming it exists. Then: ln(L) = lim+ ln(tan 2 x) x = lim+ x ln tan 2 x
x0 x0

This limit is an indeterminate product form. Rewrite as a fraction and use lHospitals Rule. ln(L) = lim+ x ln tan 2 x
x0

= lim+
x0

ln tan 2 x x 1
2 sec2 2 x tan 2 x x 2

= lim+
x0

2 x2 sec 2 x x0 sin 2 x 2x lim sec 2 x = lim+ x0 sin 2 x x0 =10 = lim+ The limit is therefore: L = eln(L) = e0 = 1.

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Homework 7 Solutions

Problem 4.5
26. Use the guidelines of the section to sketch y = x 2 x2 Solution: (a) Domain y is dened for x2 2 or for 2 x 2. (b) Intercepts y-intercept at y = 0 2 0 = 0. x-intercept for x = 0 or 2 x2 . So then at x 2, 0, 2. (c) Symmetry y( x) = ( x) 2 ( x)2 = y( x) The function is therefore odd. (d) Asymptotes Note that no asymptotes exist as y is not dened for x = nor does the function go to innity anywhere it is dened. Also no slant asymptotes exist as the degree between the numerator and denominator is more than 1. (e) Increasing or Decreasing The rst derivative is: y = x 2 x = 2 x2 + 2 2 x2 2 2 x2 x2 = 2 x2 2 x2 2 x2

This is a positive value for 1 < x < 1 and zero for x = 1 and negative outside the range. (f) Local Maxima and Minima The second derivative is: 2 x 4 x 2 x2 (2 x2 ) 8 x + 4 x3 + 2 x x3 3 x3 6 x 2 2 x2 = = y = 2 x2 (2 x2 )3/2 (2 x2 )3/2 Checking the critical points gives that y (1) = 3 so it is a maximum y (1) = 3 and is a minimum. These have values of ( x, y) = (1, 1) and ( x, y) = (1, 1). (g) Concavity and Points of Inection Finding where the points of inection are: 3 x3 6 x = 0 x = 0, 2, 2 Then for 2 < x < 0, y is concave up (y(1) > 0) and for 0 < x < 2, y is concave down (y(1) < 0). (h) Graph Here is the graph of the function.

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Homework 7 Solutions

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Homework 7 Solutions 30. Use the guidelines of the section to sketch y = x5/3 5 x2/3 Solution: (a) Domain y is dened for all x. (b) Intercepts y-intercept at y = 05/3 5(0)2/3 = 0. x-intercept for: (c) Symmetry

x5/3 = 5 x2/3 x = 5

y( x) = ( x)5/3 5( x)2/3 = ( x)5/3 5( x)2/3

The function is therefore neither even nor odd. (d) Asymptotes No vertical asymptotes exist as the function does not go to innity. Also no slant asymptotes exist as the degree dierence between numerator and denominator is larger than 1. Horizontal Asymptote: lim x5/3 5 x2/3 = lim x5/3 (1 5 x1 ) =
x x x

lim x5/3 5 x2/3 = lim x5/3 (1 5 x1 ) =

x

No horizontal asymptotes. (e) Increasing or Decreasing The rst derivative is: y =

5 x2/3 10 x1/3 5 x1/3 ( x 2) = 3 3

So y = 0 when x = 2 and y does not exist at x = 0. There is a cusp at x = 0 because the term x1/3 has right and left limits: lim+ x1/3 = +
x0 x0

lim x1/3 = .

In particular, x1/3 > 0 for x > 0 and x1/3 < 0 for x < 0. So y is increasing for x > 2, decreasing for 0 < x < 2, and increasing for x < 0. (f) Local Maxima and Minima The second derivative is: y =

10 x1/3 + 10 x4/3 10 x4/3 ( x + 1) = 9 9

1/3 so there is a minimum at x = 2. Note that y (0) Checking the critical points gives that y (2) = 15 9 2 DNE. But, since the function switches from increasing to decreasing at x = 0, it is a local maximum.

(g) Concavity and Points of Inection Looking at y ( x), we see that the concavity changes at x = 1. The concavity does not change at x = 0, because x4/3 > 0 for all x 0. Hence y is concave up for x > 1 (except at x = 0, where concavity isnt dened) and concave down for x < 1.

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Homework 7 Solutions

(h) Graph Here is the graph of the function.

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Homework 7 Solutions 40. Use the guidelines of the section to sketch y = Solution: (a) Domain y is dened for all x. (b) Intercepts sin(0) y-intercept at y = 2+ cos(0) = 0. x-intercept for whenever sin( x) = 0 or for x = n where n is an integer. (c) Symmetry y ( x ) = sin( x) sin( x) = 2 + cos( x) 2 + cos( x)
sin( x) 2+cos( x)

The function is therefore odd. The function also repeats with period 2. (d) Asymptotes There are no vertical asymptotes as the denominator is never zero. No slant asymptote exists as the function oscillates forever. For the same reason there are no horizontal asymptotes. (e) Increasing or Decreasing The rst derivative is: y = cos( x)(2 + cos( x)) sin( x)( sin( x)) (2 cos( x) + cos2 ( x)) + sin2 ( x) (2 cos( x) + 1) = = (2 + cos( x))2 (2 + cos( x))2 (2 + cos( x))2

This has a root at cos( x) = 1/2 or whenever x = 2/3 + 2n or for 2/3 + 2n where n is an integer. Note the denominator is always positive, so the the sign of y is the same as the sign of 2 cos x + 1. Hence the intervals of increase are ( 23 + 2n, 43 + 2n), where n is any integer. The intervals of decrease are 2 ( 3 + 2n, 23 + 2n), where again n is any integer. (f) Local Maxima and Minima The second derivative is: y = (2 sin( x))(2 + cos( x))2 2(2 cos( x) + 1)(2 + cos( x))( sin( x)) (2 + cos( x))4 y = (2 sin( x))[(4 + 4 cos( x) + cos2 ( x)) (2 cos( x) + 1)] (2 + cos( x))4 y = (2 sin( x))(3 + 2 cos( x) + cos2 ( x)) (2 + cos( x))4

Checking the critical points gives that y (2/3 + 2n) = 0.77 so these are maxima. And y (2/3 + 2n) = 0.77 so these are minima. (g) Concavity and Points of Inection Finding where the points of inection are when sin( x) = 0 (when x = n) or when: 2 4 12 2 2 (3 + 2 cos( x) + cos ( x)) = 0 (3 + 2u + u ) = 0 u = 2 Hence 3 + 2 cos x + cos2 x is never zero, its always positive. Therefore the concavity changes exactly when sin x = 0. Note that y (/2) < 0.

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Homework 7 Solutions

(h) Graph Here is the graph of the function.

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