WRC-1992 Constitution Diagram for Stainless Steel Weld Metals: A Modification of the WRC-1988 Diagram

Refined constitution diagram offers more accurate FN prediction for Cu-containing stainless steels and dissimilar metal joints
BY D. J. KOTECKI A N D T. A. SIEWERT ABSTRACT. To increase the scope and accuracy of Ferrite Number (FN) prediction in stainless steel weld metal and related dissimilar metal joints, a modification of the W e l d i n g Research Council 1988 diagram (WRC-1 988 diagram) is proposed. The proposed VVRC1992 diagram includes a coefficient for Cu in the Ni equivalent, thereby removing a tendency for the WRC-1 988 diagram to overestimate the FN of weld metals when the Cu content is high. Also, the axes of the WRC-1 992 diagram can be extended (as in the Schaeffler diagram) to predict dilution effects in dissimilar metal joints. Introduction The prediction of the microstructures and properties (such as hot cracking and corrosion resistance) for the austenitic stainless steels has been the topic of many studies. A 1985 review by Olson (Ref. 1) lists 169 references on m i crostructure and property prediction for austenitic w e l d metal. During the last two decades, two of the microstructure prediction diagrams have found the widest application. The Schaeffler diagram (Fig. 1), published in 1949, has been extensively used for estimating the ferrite content of stainless steel weld metals (Ref. 2). The diagram contains phase fields and isoferrite lines that permit prediction of the weld structure from the composition. It is still widely used for predicting the ferrite content of dissimilar metal weld deposits. Briefly, this involves calculating a " c h r o m i u m equivalent" (Cr eq ) and a "nickel equivalent" (Ni) for each base metal and for the proposed filler metal, plotting each equivalent on the Schaeffler diagram, and drawing tie lines between the plotted points, proportioned according to expected d i l u t i o n , to obtain an estimate of the weld metal ferrite content. This has been a valuable tool for estimating the physical and mechanical properties of a weld. Several problems have been identified when using the Schaeffler diagram for this purpose, however. The Schaeffler diagram does not consider the powerful effect of N in promoting austenite at the expense of ferrite, and is incorrect in its treatment of M n . Manganese does not promote the high-temperature formation of austenite at the expense of ferrite, as predicted by the diagram, although Mn does stabilize austenite in its low-temperature transformation to martensite. Also, the Schaeffler diagram makes its predictions in terms of "percent ferrite." Later, this was found to be imprecise and the magnetically based "Ferrite Number" (FN) unit was developed for the specification and determination of ferrite content. The basis for the FN scale is described in standards ANSI/AWS A4.2 and ISO 8249. The other widely used prediction diagram, the DeLong diagram (Ref. 3), was published in 1974 and incorporated some improvements. It has an FN scale and includes a coefficient for N in the N i e q , though the range of compositions is more limited than for the Schaeffler diagram. In effect, the DeLong diagram traded improved prediction accuracy for a more limited composition range, but a range that included all the common austenitic stainless steel weld metals. However, it has been found to incorrectly handle Mn (as did the Schaeffler diagram) and to overestimate the FN of more highly alloyed compositions, such as Type 309 (Ref. 4). It also had limited application to dissimilar metal joints. The recently developed WRC-1 988 diagram (Ref. 4) overcomes many of the problems associated with the Schaeffler and DeLong diagrams. It was developed with data measured by the most recent definition of the FN scale, it removed the erroneous Mn coefficient from the N i e q , and eliminated the systematic overestimation of FN for highly alloyed weld metals. While it covers a much broader range of compositions than does the DeLong diagram, it has a narrower composition range than the Schaeffler diagram, because it extends only over the composition range of the commercial alloys (and experimental compositions that were minor modifications of commercial alloys) with which it was developed. In the interval since the WRC-1 988 diagram first appeared, it has been subject to evaluation and review. Independent data from over 200 w e l d metals have confirmed the improved prediction accuracy of the WRC-1988 diagram over that of its predecessors (Ref. 5). As a result, the WRC-1 988 diagram is being considered to replace the DeLong diagram in the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code. Effect of Cu on Ferrite Number In recent years, duplex ferriticaustenitic stainless steels have been used more frequently. Some of these steels, and their weld metals, contain significant amounts of Cu (often about 2%). W h i l e these compositions might be plotted on

KEY WORDS Ferrite Number WRC-1992 Diagram WRC-1988 Diagram Stainless Steel Cu Coefficient Ni Equivalent Dilution SS Weld Metals Dissimilar Joints Ferrite Prediction

D. j. KOTECKI is Technical Director for Stainless and High Alloy Product Development, The Lincoln Electric Co., Cleveland, Ohio. T. A. SIEWERT is Group Leader, Materials Reliability Div., National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colo. Contribution of NIST not subject to copyright.

W E L D I N G RESEARCH SUPPLEMENT I 171-s

CURVC 4 M n S

"0

10

12

14

16

IS

20

22

24

26

26

JO

J2

34

56

IB

40

Chromium Equivoltnt XCr + %Mo*l.5i\S*0.Si XCb Fig. 1 Schaeffler diagram (Ref. 2). the existing WRC-1 988 diagram w i t h reasonable accuracy, Lake (Ref. 6) has shown that a coefficient for Cu will improve the accuracy for weld metals in which Cu is an important alloying element. One purpose of this paper is to examine the effect of Cu, using data developed by both Lake and Kotecki. These data allow comparison of the calculated FN w i t h measured FN for ferritic-austenitic weld metals over a range of Cu. A coefficient for Cu in the N i e q of the Schaeffler or DeLong diagrams has been proposed by various researchers. Hull has proposed a coefficient of 0.44 (Ref. 7), Castro and deCadenet proposed a coefficient of 0.6 (Ref. 8), Potak and Sagalevich proposed a coefficient of 0.5 (Ref. 9), and Ferree proposed a coefficient of 0.3 (Ref. 10). These reports suggest the effect of Cu is significant and
l__U

should be considered when predicting FN. During development of the WRC1988 diagram, a Cu coefficient was sought, but no trend was evident. The majority of the Cu data that was submitted were for weld metals of low-FN and low-Cu content (less than 0.3% Cu). About 20 of the duplex ferritic-austenitic compositions included Cu above 1 % , but there were little data for duplex compositions with low Cu for comparison. Thus, it is likely that any effect of Cu was statistically confounded with the FN effect. This conclusion is supported by the Cu term that appeared in some of the analyses (on various subsets of the database) during the development of the WRC-1988 diagram, but the calculated coefficients for Cu differed widely, and each had a large uncertainty (Ref. 11). Lake (Ref. 6) developed data

'
D Alloy

1 1

100 80 60

o Alloy 255
2205

'

s_

O D /

LL TD
_CJ

"5
o
O

o OD
>o o

Q n ^

o Jr^

40 20

n
0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

110 120

Measured FN
Fig. 2 Data for the predicted vs. measured FN values using a coefficient of 0.25 for Cu.

specifically for evaluation of the effect of Cu in the WRC-1 988 diagram. His data have a uniform distribution over the range of 0 to 4 % Cu, which permits accurate determination of the effect of Cu. Further, Lake's data are well distributed around the WRC-1988 diagram, which permits examination of the effect of Cu in different solidification modes and FN ranges. He found the effect of Cu on the N i e q to be linear and fairly uniform regardless of the location within the WRC-1988 diagram. As a result, Lake proposed adding a Cu term to the N i e q of the WRC-1988 diagram. For various austenitic weld metals containing some ferrite, this contribution to the N i e q amounted to a coefficient of 0.25 to 0.30 to be multiplied by the % Cu in the weld metal. The contribution is then added to the original N i e q as calculated according to the WRC-1988 diagram (Ref. 4). Using Lake's data as a basis, Kotecki (Ref. 1 2) proposed a coefficient for Cu of 0.25 in the N i e q equivalent and prepared a table of calculated vs. measured FN for a series of compositions based on 2 2 C r - 5 N i - 3 M o - N (Alloy 2205) and 25Cr-5Ni-3Mo-2Cu-N (Alloy 255) duplex ferritic-austenitic weld metals. For convenience, this is reproduced as Table 1. Two regressions of measured FN vs. calculated FN were performed on these data, as indicated at the bottom of Table 1. In the first, a nonzero intercept (constant) and a slope were permitted. When the standard error of an FN estimate was observed to be greater than the calculated intercept (implying that the term is not statistically significant), a second regression was performed in which the line was forced through the origin (intercept of zero). In this second regression, the fit (R-squared) is nearly the same as in the first regression, and the slope is very close to 1, with a very small standard error. The data are then plotted in Fig. 2 with different symbols that identify w h i c h points are for Alloy 255 (weld metals containing about 2 % Cu), and w h i c h points are for Alloy 2205 (weld metals containing very little Cu). As can be seen in Fig. 2, all of the data fall along a 1:1 line, and there appears to be no clustering of points with or without Cu on either side of the 1:1 line. If the contribution of Cu to the N i e q were omitted, the calculated Ni equivalent for every Alloy 255 weld metal would be about 0.5 less than is given in Table 1, and the resulting calculated Ferrite Numbers for the Alloy 255 weld metals would therefore be on the order of 7 FN greater than the values given in Table 1 .Then virtually all of the Alloy 255 data points w o u l d be above the 1:1 line of Fig. 2, indicating a bias. The good fit of the line in Fig. 2 indicates that the coefficient developed by Lake for Cu in

172-s I M A Y 1992

the N i e q of the WRC-1 988 diagram is, at least to a first approximation, quite suitable and useful for estimating ferrite content in these weld metals. Therefore, we propose a new WRC-1992 diagram which is exactly the same as the WRC1 988 diagram, except that the new N i e q includes a Cu term. This WRC-1992 diagram is presented as Fig. 3. Extension of the W R C - 1 9 9 2 Diagram Whereas the Schaeffler diagram offers predictions for Cr eq from 0 to 40 and N i e q from 0 to 32, the WRC-1 992 diagram is more limited, considering Cr e q from 1 7 to 31 and N i e q from 9 to 1 8. The second purpose of this paper is to demonstrate how the axes of the WRC1992 diagram can be extended to predict the FN for dissimilar metal joints, over at least as broad a range as covered by the Schaeffler diagram. The examples below illustrate the calculations. Although Ferrite Numbers do not exist for weld deposits of low Cr eq and N i e q , the positions of such alloys can still be located by extrapolated Cr eq and N i e q units on the WRC-1 992 diagram. Dilution calculations are based on linear combinations of the compositions, and the extended axes of the diagram allow visualization of the concept. This procedure is illustrated in Figs. 4 and 5, and described in the f o l l o w i n g paragraphs. The graphical procedure is exactly the same as that used with the Schaeffler diagram. While the extended axes allow a wide range of initial compositions to be located, the FN prediction is only accurate for weld compositions (the compositions that result from mixing and dilution of the initial c o m positions) that fall within the bounds of the iso-FN lines (0 to 100 FN) drawn on the diagram. The boundaries of the FN lines were determined by the extent of the database, and extension of the straight FN isopleths into the adjacent Cr eq and N i e q regions could result in erroneous predictions. For some Cr e q and N i e q values beyond the lower limits of the FN lines in the WRC-1992 diagram, martensite may be found in the weld metals. In the Schaeffler diagram, such weld metals were indicated below and to the left of a diagonal line Fig. 1. In contrast to the Schaeffler diagram, Mn does not appear in the N i e q of the WRC-1 992 diagram because it is not found to affect significantly the high-temperature transformation of ferrite to austenite. However, the more recent findings of Self, Matlock and Olson (Ref. 13) show that Mn stabilizes austenite with respect to low-temperature transformation to

Table 1Measured FN vs. FN Calculated by WRC-88 Diagram, Data from Ref. 12 Nieq + 0.25 (%Cu)
Measured Minus Calculated FN -2 -5 -11 4 -3 -8 4 9 -15 -7 -13 1 0 2 6 -8 9 4 11 3 -5 -10 -6 11 -7 4 0 8 12 -8 6 2 -5 17 11 1

Weld Number 9292-622 9276-999 9276-057 9276-014 9292-678 9276-998 9276-854 9292-650 9292-136 9276-056 9292-112R 9276-996 9292-109 9276-012 9276-013 9276-864 9276-984 9292-174 9276-997 9292-358 9292-137 9292-112 9292-203 9276-004 9292-231 9276-904 9276-863 9276-853 9292-161 9276-053 9276-817 9276-055 9276-844 9292-204 9276-054 9292-202

Type 255 2205 255 255 255 2205 2205 255 255 255 255 2205 2205 255 255 2205 2205 255 2205 255 255 255 255 255 255 2205 2205 2205 255 255 2205 255 2205 2205 255 255

CT e q

Ni e q 15.81 12.57 14.57 16.33 16.46 12.57 10.81 15.93 12.54 14.30 13.20 12.24 11.70 14.57 14.94 11.66 12.36 13.70 12.62 15.32 12.74 12.88 13.38 14.29 13.36 12.03 11.44 10.36 13.24 12.78 9.81 12.78 9.39 10.92 12.99 10.66

Calculated FN 36 39 46 32 39 46 J6 33 57 51 58 45 46 45 43 57 41 46 42 50 58 63 60 45 65 56 61 54 52 81 69 73 81 71 77 99

Measured FN 34 34 35 36 36 38 40 42 42 44 45 46 46 47 49 49 50 50 53 53 53 53 54 56 58 60 61 62 64 73 75 75 76 88 88 100

28.61 25.25 28.14 28.70 29.69 25.79 23.13 28.32 26.70 28.43 27.69 25.33 24.75 28.03 28.24 25.61 25.18 27.08 25.56 29.66 27.08 27.69 28.09 27.69 28.53 25.95 25.63 23.72 27.19 29.55 24.02 28.71 24.08 25.71 29.49 28.19

Regression: Measured vs. Calculated FN 3.663357 Constant 7.990919 Std Err of Y Est R Squared 0.769152 36 No. of Observat ons Degrees of Freedom 34 X Coefficient(s) 0.938617 Std Err of Coef. 0.088187

Regression: Measured vs. Calculated FN Constant 0 Std Err of Y Est 7.938712 R Squared 0.765457 No. of Observations 36 Degrees of Freedom 35 X Coefficient(s) 1.001287 Std Err of Coef. 0.023495

martensite. Because of the differing effects of Mn in the t w o temperature ranges, it is not possible to include a single line bounding martensite-containing weld metals on the WRC-1992 diagram. Example 1 : Overlay of AISI 1050 steel with AWS A5.4 Class E312-16 electrode. Table 2 lists typical plate composition and all-weld-metal composition produced with this electrode. The Cr e q

and N i e q for the AISI 1050 steel (0.0 and 1 7.50, respectively) do not permit an FN calculation for this material. The Cr e q and N i e q for the E31 2-16 electrode allweld-metal composition (29.0 and 11.9, respectively) result in a predicted 88.2 FN for this material. If the Cr eq and N i e q for each composition is plotted in Fig. 4 and a line is drawn between the point corresponding to the AISI 1 050 composition (Point A in Fig. 4) and the point corresponding to the E31 2-1 6 composi-

W E L D I N G RESEARCH SUPPLEMENT I 173-s

Table 3 --Joining 304 to A36 with w w -_-_ Table 2Cladding of AISI 1050 with E312-16 AISI E312-16 1050 All-V 0.060 1.20 0.60 29.00 8.60 0.06 29.00 11.90 88.2 30% Dilution Cladding 0.192 0.93 0.43 20.30 6.02 0.043 20.30 13.60 4.6 Material C % Mn % Si% Cr % Ni % Mo % N % Cr eq Ni e q WRC-1988 FN AISI 304 0.05 1.60 0.40 18.75 9.90 0.08 0.04 18.83 12.45 3.2 ASTM A36 0.20 0.80 0.20 E309L-16 All-Weld-Metal 0.03 1.40 0.60 24.40 12.70 0.20 0.06 24.60 14.95 17.4 70% E309L-16, 15% AISI 304, 15% A36 0.059 1.34 0.51 19.89 10.38 0.15 0.049 20.04 13.39 4.3

Material

C % 0.50 Mn % 0.30 Si % 0.02 Cr % Ni % N % 0.004 Cr e q 0.00 Ni e q 17.58 WRC-1988 FN -

0.004 0.00 7.08

g" 10 22 Fig. 3 WRC-1992 diagram. 24

+

26

Cr eq = Cr Mo

0.7 Nb

(due to unequal plate thickness of a complex joint design, for example), then Point F would slide along this line proportionately toward the greater contributor. In any case, the average base metal contribution to the weld pool would lie along this line. The all-weld-metal Cr e q and N i e q (24.60 and 1 4.95, respectively) for the E309L-1 6 electrode is shown as Point G in Fig. 5, and a 17.4 FN w o u l d be predicted for that electrode. The root pass weld metal, consisting of the E309L-1 6 electrode and equal parts of the two base metals, must lie along the line from Point G to Point F in Fig. 5. Again assuming normal 3 0 % base metal dilution w i t h the shielded metal arc process, the root pass weld would lie 30% of the distance along the line from Point G to Point F. This is shown as Point H in Fig. 5. The calculations to reach Point H are shown below.

tion (Point B in Fig. 4), then all possible mixtures of these two materials must lie along this line. The lever rule is then used to estimate the position of the weld metal. In shielded metal arc welding, typical dilution is 3 0 % . A weld pass of E31 2-1 6 with 3 0 % dilution from AISI 1050 steel w o u l d lie at a Point C, located 3 0 % of the distance from Point B to Point A in Fig. 4. Mathematically, this can be calculated as Cr eq (C) = 0.7 Cr eq (B) 4- 0.3 Cr eq (A) =

passes w i l l contain even more ferrite than the first pass, and the weld cladding should be crack-free. Example 2: Joining AISI 304 Stainless Steel to ASTM A36 with E309L-16 Electrode. Table 3 lists typical plate compositions and all-weld-metal composition from the electrode. The Cr e q and N i e q for the A36 steel (0.00 and 7.08, respectively) do not permit an FN calculation for this material. The Cr e q and N i e q for the AISI 304 steel (18.83 and 12.45, respectively) result in a calculated 3.2 FN for this material. The Cr e q and N i e q for these two base metals are shown in Fig. 5 as Point D (A36) and Point E (304). Any mixture of these t w o base metals will lie along the line connecting Point D to Point E. If each base metal contributes equally to the weld metal, then the overall base metal contribution is given by the midpoint of the line between Point D and Point E, indicated in Fig. 5 as Point F. If one base metal contributed more than the other to the joint

Creq(F) = 0.5 Cr eq (D) + 0.5 Creq(E) (0.00)4-0.5 (18.83) = 9.47

0.5

Ni eq (F) = 0.5 Ni eq (D) 0 5 Nieq(E) = 0.5 (7.08)4-0.5 (12.45) = 9.77 Cr eq (H) : 0.7 Cr eq (G) + 0.3 Cr eq (F): 0.7

(24.60)+ 0.3 (9.47) = 20.04

Ni e q (H) = 0.7 Ni eq (G) + 0.3 Ni eq (F) = 0.7 (14.95)+ 0.3 (9.77) = 13.39 Point H corresponds to 4.3 FN, which would be expected to result in a crackfree root pass in this joint. Higher dilution, or excess dilution from the A36 side of the joint, could reduce the ferrite content and increase the likelihood of cracking. It is not necessary actually to plot the calculated Cr e q and N i e q for the base metals and electrode on the extended WRC-1 992 diagram in order to obtain useful information. After calculation of the Cr e q and N i e q , only the final weld metal need be plotted on the WRC-1992 diagram to obtain a weld metal FN prediction. However, plotting all the data

0.7(29.00) + 0.3(0.00) = 20.30,

Ni e q (C) = 0.7 Ni e q (B + 0.3 Ni e q (A) 0.7(11.90)+ 0.3(17.58) 13.60. The Cr eq and N i e q of Point C correspond to 4.6 FN, which indicates that the weld pass w i l l have sufficient FN to avoid fissuring (Ref. 4). Any additional passes, overlapping part of this first pass, w i l l also lie along the line between Point B and Point A, but they w i l l be closer to Point B than is Point C, so all subsequent

174-s I M A Y 1992

s
7

Y A

'///.
'V /

/, ^
YY/% ^YYv Y^ ^ v> '3' nf^ ^5 ^
r/jnf&j

/*,

,. sy !<* WW

V 7

YY

mm Mm

^s*

10

11

12

13

14 15

Cr,eq = Cr
Fig. 4 Illustration of dilution calculation in Example 1.

16 17 18 19 20 M o 0.7 Nb

21 22

23 24

25

26 27

28 29 30 31

18 17 16 15
3 o

/ A
t

AV
fa /

'/ %

o
C M

14 13

/' / S / AF / U / FA

yv

Y/J

m PA

YY^Y '46
VYY/Y

ty

'4<
_-_^a V^

<
^

y)

Yfr0 ^
% % ^

< "

F
YY
o

\i,

Ijt

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19 20

21 22

23 24

25

26 27

28 29 30 31

Cr eq = Cr Mo 0.7 Nb
Fig. 5 Illustration of dilution calculation in Example 2.

WELDING RESEARCH SUPPLEMENT I 175-s

00

176-s I MAY 1992

CD
C\J

no gs'o N os + o ge + IN =
CD CM

oo
O CN

fr CN

CN CN
* II

CO CN

O CO

*>

o
s.2t

*-

0j

si

cura ons.

QJ

- c
><
CD Oj

t J

tb

u o

Fig. 6. WRC-19 FN lines (0 to 100 and extension of tt

is only diagram. The FN predict that are drawn o n the d agr am. Th nes could result i n erron 'Ol s predi

co o
CO

en oj co
CM

CM C M C N J rvj

wi sol
TD -C

ro
Al M

-TjO

o _
CM - Q

"5 ^ ^
S JS c cu ^5 &

m
<X)

t o +
lO

S o '= -S

O
n
cr
HI
-

w > -=: ra o o

Tj

-S

ded scale n is only am The

c .2 =o

While sitions 7 were

o c o. ^ c =c D .3 "O

*-g

xes a the thee

* i 5 o -Q oa X
-a 5 -S T ,

-5 x

8 *
s a
.0 U o -c
3 j-2

t- u U "S u -a "ri

lib

-j-s r

CO

a
O OJ

*- o
CNJ

c
UJ

S-^^
ra Q.

*?J{
c

.c
-T

o
03

-c 52: o ^ * c S Oj |

5
3 O cu c 0) o c o
'"fl

LT)

o s OJ ^ &^ C I'C
? o ,c ic

cc

o o r - t o i o ^ j - c o c M r i o c n o o
T - T
-

tO
-

LO

CO

C\J

t-

no S20 N 02 0 9C !N =

b3

!N

WELDING RESEARCH SUPPLEMENT I 177-s

WRC- 1992 diag ons to be I cate 100 F N)th tare

1 . 0 c-

o n t h e d i a g r a m is useful i n t h a t it g i v e s a clearer p i c t u r e o f the s i t u a t i o n , so that o n e c a n a p p r e c i a t e t h e risks o f h i g h e r than expected dilution. It is also possible to e x t e n d the W R C 1992 diagram to higher N i e q , to e x a m ine dissimilar metal joints i n v o l v i n g n i c k e l - b a s e a l l o y s . It is reasonable to expect that other c o m b i n a t i o n s c o u l d be f o u n d that w o u l d p r o d u c e w e l d metal c o m p o s i t i o n s f a l l i n g w i t h i n the l i m i t s o f the d i a g r a m . T o f a c i l i t a t e t h e use o f this n e w d i a g r a m , Figs. 6 a n d 7 a r e c o p i e s of t h e W R C - 1 9 9 2 d i a g r a m a n d an e x t e n d e d v e r s i o n for d i s s i m i l a r metal w e l d p r e d i c tions. Conclusions W e propose a n e w diagram, the W R C - 1 9 9 2 d i a g r a m f o r t h e FN p r e d i c t i o n of stainless steel w e l d s . It i m p r o v e s t h e FN p r e d i c t i o n a c c u r a c y f o r stainless steel w e l d m e t a l s t h a t h a v e s i g n i f i c a n t Cu c o n t e n t s . For w e l d s w i t h l o w - C u c o n tents, its p r e d i c t i o n s are not s i g n i f i c a n t l y different f r o m those of the W R C - 1 9 8 8

diagram. W e also offer the d i a g r a m o n ext e n d e d axes ( s i m i l a r t o t h e range of t h e Schaeffler diagram) for i m p r o v e d pred i c t i o n of FN for dissimilar w e l d and cladding applications. References 1. O l s o n , D. L. 1985. Prediction of austenitic w e l d metal microstructure and properties. Welding journal 64(10):281 -s to 295-s. 2. Schaeffler, A. L. 1949. Constitution diagram for stainless steel w e l d metal. Metal Progress 56(11 ):680-680B. 3. DeLong, W . T. 1974. Ferrite in austenitic stainless steel weld metal. Welding Journal 53(7):273-s to 286-s. 4. Siewert, T. A., M c C o w a n , C. N., and Olson, D. L 1988. Ferrite number prediction to 100 FN in stainless steel weld metal. Welding Journal 67(1 2):289-s to 298-s. 5. Kotecki, D. ). 1988. Verification of the NBS-CSM ferrite diagram. International Institute of Welding Document ll-C-834-88. 6. Lake, F. B. 1990. Effect of Cu on stainless steel w e l d metal ferrite content, Paper presented at AWS Annual Meeting.

7. H u l l , F. C. 1973. Delta ferrite and martensite formation in stainless steels. Welding journal 52(5):193-s to 203-s. 8. Castro, R. J., and deCadenet, J. |. 1974. Welding Metallurgy of Stainless and Heat Resisting Steels. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K. 9. Potak, M and Sagalevich, E. A. 1972. Structural diagram for stainless steels as applied to cast metal and metal deposited during welding. Avt. Svarka (5):1013. 10. Ferree, J. A. 1969. Free machining austenitic stainless steel. U.S. Patent 3,460,939. 11. M c C o w a n , C. N., Siewert, T. A., and Olson, D. L. 1989. Stainless steel weld metal: Prediction of ferrite content. WRC Bulletin 342, Welding Research Council, New York, N.Y. 12. Kotecki, D. J. 1 990. Ferrite measurement and control in duplex stainless steel welds. Weldability of Materials Proceedings of the Materials Weldability Symposium. October, ASM International, Materials Park, Ohio. 1 3. Self, ). A., Matlock, D. K and Olson, D. L. 1 984. An evaluation of austenitic FeMn-Ni weld metal for dissimilar metal welding. Welding Journal 63(9):282-s to 288-s.

WRC Bulletin 370 February 1992

Recommendations Proposed by the PVRC Committee on Review of ASME Nuclear Codes and Standards Approved by the PVRC Steering Committee
The ASME Board on Nuclear Codes and Standards (BNCS) determined in 1986 that an overall technical review of existing ASME nuclear codes and standards was needed. The decision to initiate this study was reinforced by many factors, but most importantly by the need to capture a pool of knowledge and "lessons learned" from the existing generation of technical experts with codes and standards background. Project responsibility was placed with the Pressure Vessel Research Council and activity initiated in January 1988. The direction was vested in a Steering Committee which had overview of six subcommittees. The recommendations provided by nuclear utilities and industry were combined with the independent considerations and recommendations of the PVRC Subcommittees and Steering Committees. Publication of this document was sponsored by the Steering Committee on the Review of ASME Nuclear Codes and Standards of the Pressure Vessel Research Council. The price of WRC Bulletin 370 is $30.00 per copy, plus $5.00 for U.S. and $10.00 for overseas, postage and handling. Orders should be sent with payment to the Welding Research Council, Room 1301, 345 E. 47th St., New York, NY 10017.

178-s I M A Y

1992