UNIT III

WIRELESS TRANSCEIVERS

Structure of a wireless communication link, Modulation and demodulation Quadrature Phase Shift Keying, /4-Differential Quadrature Phase Shift Keying, Offset-Quadrature Phase Shift Keying, Binary Frequency Shift Keying, Minimum Shift Keying, Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying, Power spectrum and Error performance in fading channels

Structure of a wireless communication link

Block diagram of a transmitter and receiver

The information source provides an analog source signal and feeds it into the source ADC The source coder uses a priori information on source data in order to reduce redundancy in the source signal. This reduces the amount of source data to be transmitted The channel coder adds redundancy in order to protect data against transmission errors. Signaling adds control information for the establishing and ending of connections, for associating information with the correct users, synchronization The multiplexer combines user data and signaling information, and combines the data from multiple users.

 The base band modulator assigns the gross data to complex transmit symbols in the base band. Over sampling and quantization determine the aliasing and quantization noise.

Modulation Formats
Digital modulation is the mapping of data bits to signal waveforms that can be transmitted over an (analog) channel. ultimate goal is to transmit with a certain energy as much information as possible over a channel with a certain bandwidth Basic requirement needed are spectral efficiency,Adjacent channel,interferenceSensitivity, Robustness with respect to delay and Doppler dispersion. Pulse Amplitude Modulation

The transmitted analog waveform s consists of a series of time-shifted basis pulses, each of which is linearly weighted by a (complex) scalar that is related to the symbol; the modulation of the various basis pulses is independent of each other. Power Spectrum The noise bandwidth is defined as the bandwidth of a system with a rectangular transfer function |Hrect(f )| that receives as much noise as the system. The 3 dB bandwidth is the bandwidth at which |H(f )|2 has decreased to a value that is 3 dB below its maximum value. The 90% energy bandwidth is the bandwidth that contains 90% of total emitted energy;analogous definitions are possible for the 99% energy bandwidth or other percentages of the contained energy. Bandwidth efficiency is defined as the ratio of the data (bit) rate to the occupied bandwidth

Quadrature-Phase Shift Keying

A Quadrature-Phase Shift Keying (QPSK)-modulated signal is a PAM where the signal carries 1 bit per symbol interval on both the in-phase and quadrature-phase component. The original data stream is split into two streams, b1i and b2i :

Data streams of in-phase and quadrature-phase components in quadrature-phase shift keyin

Quadrature-phase shift keying signal as a function of time

The spectral efficiency of QPSK is twice the efficiency of BPSK, since both the in-phase and the quadrature-phase components are exploited for the transmission of information.

/4-Differential Quadrature-Phase Shift Keying

QPSK is nominally a constant envelope format, it has amplitude dips at bit transitions;this can also be seen by the fact that the trajectories in the IQ diagram pass through the origin for some of the bit transitions

Normalized power-spectral density of quadrature-phase shift keying

Quadrature amplitude modulation pulse sequence.

signal space diagram of DQPSK : There exist two sets of signal constellations: (0, 90, 180, 270) and (45, 135, 225, 315).

IQ diagram of quadrature amplitude modulation with raised cosine basis pulses

Normalized power-spectral density of quadrature amplitude modulation with raised cosine filters with = 0.5.

Allowed transitions in the signal space diagram of /4 differential quadrature-phase shift keying

Sequence of basis pulses for /4 differential quadrature-phase shift keying.

Offset Quadrature-Phase Shift Keying

Improving the peak-to-average ratio in QPSK is to obtain bit transitions for the inphase and the quadrature-phase components that occur at different time instants. This method is called OQPSK (offset QPSK). The bit streams modulating the inphase and quadrature-phase components are offset half a symbol duration with respect to each other

/4 differential quadrature-phase shift keying signals as function of time for

rectangular basis functions (a) and raised cosine basis pulses (b)

IQ diagram of a /4-differential quadrature-phase shift keying signal with rectangular basis functions

Sequence of basis pulses for offset quadrature-phase shift keying

Offset quadrature-phase shift keying signal as a function of time

Binary Frequency Shift Keying

In FSK, each symbol is represented by transmitting (for a time TS) a sinusoidal signal whose frequency depends on the symbol to be transmitted.

Envelope diagram of 8-PSK. Also shown are the eight points of the signal space diagram.

Frequency shift keying signal as a function of time.

 FSK is a form of multipulse modulation: depending on the bit to be transmitted, basis pulses with different center frequencies are transmitted

The power spectrum of FSK can be shown to consist of a continuous and a discrete part.

The phase of the transmission signal is

The resulting signal has a constant envelope, where hmod is the modulation index

 The resulting signal has a memory, as the signal at time t depends on all previously transmitted Bits Use sinusoidal oscillations at the two possible signal frequencies fc fmod. Expressing this in terms of phase pulses, the expansion functions (in the passband) read

Signal space diagram of frequency shift keying

IQ diagram of frequency shift keying

Minimum Shift Keying

Minimum Shift Keying (MSK) is one of the most important modulation formats for wireless communications.

Phase pulse and phase as function of time for minimum shift keying signal

Minimum shift keying modulated signal

Composition of minimum shift keying from sinusoidal half-waves

Power-spectral density of minimum shift keying

Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying

GMSK (Gaussian MSK) is CPFSK with modulation index hmod = 0.5 and Gaussian phase basis pulses:

the sequence of transmit phase pulses is

GMSK achieves better spectral efficiency than MSK because it uses the smoother Gaussian phase basis pulses as opposed to the rectangular ones of MSK. GMSK cannot be interpreted as PAM