Anthony Fu Notes pg. 548-557 Haiti and Latin American Revolution Haiti !

lave Revolution and the "verthro#n o$ %olonialism& '7('-'8)4 !lave revolts on the plantations o$ the %ari**ean #ere common. +hey #ere all suppressed ruthlessly. +he A$rican Americans survived psychologically and culturally through the practice o$ vodoun ,voodoo-& #hich is a religion that *lended %atholicism #ith the practices o$ A$rica. +hey escaped physically through maroonage& #hich is escaping $rom the plantations to the surrounding hills. +he !lave Revolt !lave revolts *ro.e out across !aint-/omingue during '7('. 0t #as inspired *y $reedom. +he revolt spread through guerrilla #ar$are *y maroon *ands and *ecame a civil #ar. 1ulattoes& #ho #ere people o$ mi2ed race parentage& #ere $ree people& *ut some #ere slaves. +hey too #anted their o#n rights o$ representation and #ere divided over the issue o$ slavery. +oussaint L3"uverture& a $reed *lac.& esta*lished an alliance #ith the !panish rulers against the slave system in !aint-/omingue ,not on the !panish part o$ the 0sland-& and against the French. +oussaint *ecame the ruler o$ !aint-/omingue. +he Anti-imperial Revolt& '8)4 4hen Napoleon came to po#er in France& he recaptured the island and *rought *ac. slavery. +hough +oussaint #as captured and died& uni$ied *lac. and mulatto armies& #ho #ere under di$$erent leaders& continued their struggle against France& drove them out& and a*olished slavery. 1any French troops died due to yello# $ever. !aint-/omingue proclaimed their independence and its ne# name& Haiti& on 5anuary '& '8)4. 6ritain A*olishes the !lave +rade& '8)7 6ritain at $irst #anted to put do#n the slave re*ellion in Haiti. 6ut& their $ailure in putting do#n the re*ellion in$luenced their decision to a*olish the slave trade. !lave trade throughout 7urope #as a*olished& though $reed slaves #ere re8uired to #or. $or their $ormer masters $or a period o$ time to compensate them $or their loss o$ property. +he 9!& a slave holding country& $eared that the slave revolt in Haiti might cause trou*le& so they prohi*ited all trade #ith Haiti. Later& the %ivil #ar happened. !lave trade continued though until slavery #as a*olished in :uerto Rico& %u*a& and in 6ra;il. 0ndependence and /isillusionment in Latin America& '8')-'8<) All o$ Latin America& e2cept $or :ortuguese 6ra;il& #as ta.en *ac. through $orce. =reatest Revolutionary Leaders !imon 6olicar o$ >ene;uela in the north& 5ose de !an 1artin o$ Argentina in the south& Antonio 5ose de !ucre o$ 7cuador& and 6ernardo "3Higgins o$ %hile. 0ndependence 1ovements Amerindians and mesti;os& #ho #ere people that #ere mi2ed race& led the $irst series o$ revolts in the late '7))s. 0n '78)& in %u;co& :eru& +upac Amaru& a mesti;o #ith 0nca ancestors& led re*ellions against !panish rule. +he %reoles didn3t ?oin the $ighting and the +upac Amaru #ere

captured and e2ecuted. +he %omunero Revolt in %olom*ia in '78' drove the viceroy $rom 6ogota& *ut ended #ith $e# concessions *y !panish and internal $ighting among the re*els. 1ulattoes led revolts in 6ahia& 6ra;il. At the time o$ these revolts& !pain and :ortugal #ere po#er$ul countries and #ith the aid o$ %reoles& #ho #ere people o$ !panish descent& and ma;om*os& #ho #ere American *orn people o$ :ortuguese descent& the revolts #ere suppressed. +he %reoles and ma;om*os sa# their $ate lin.ed more to the !panish and :ortuguese rulers than to the Amerindians or those o$ mi2ed parentage. +he Napoleonic #ars in !pain gave the people a chance to declare independence. +he creoles led success$ul revolts and they *ecame the leaders. +he revolutions *ene$ited the creoles the most. +hey preserved the old system o$ lo# paid la*or and slavery. +hey ?ust too. the spots o$ the !panish.

!imon 6olivar He #as a soldier& diplomat& general& administrator& visionary& ne#spaper pu*lisher& la# giver& national president& dictator& lover& and disillusioned revolutionary. He studied the philosophes. He #rote 1ani$esto o$ %artagena a$ter he helped >ene;uela get *ac. their independence& #hich $ailed. He rene#ed his military e2peditions and succeeded. He received military and monetary support $rom Haiti and 6ritain in return $or $reeing !outh American !laves. He de$eated the !panish $orces in '8'( and esta*lished the Repu*lic o$ %olom*ia. He *ecame the president and military dictator. He then li*erated >ene;uela and 7cuador. He also made many con8uests to the north such as at the region o$ Rio :late. 5ose !an 1artin also #anted to con8uer Latin America& *ut a$ter meeting 6olicar& he le$t the con8uest o$ !outh America to 6olivar. He captured :eru and 9pper :eru. Ho#ever& his generals started $ighting internally and the united country $ell apart. +hey *ecame %olom*ia& >ene;uela& and 7cuador. 0n the south& they *ecame Argentina& :araguay& 9ruguay& and 6olivia. "ther nations emerged too. 0n the end& '8 di$$erent nations emerged $rom !panish America. +here #as a lot o$ $ighting among the ne# states. %audillos& or military strongmen& controlled local areas and even national governments. +hey #ere military leaders #ho ta.e political po#er. 1e2ico +he independence movements #ere di$$erent $rom that o$ !outh America *ecause they attac.ed the %reole elites. +he priests Father 1iguel Hidalgo and Father 5ose 1aria 1orelos .ne# that peasant poverty #as the result o$ !panish and %reole rule. !o& Hidalgo led the $irst 1e2ican revolts until he #as e2ecuted in '8''. Father 5ose 1aria 1orelos then too. command. 1orelos3 goals #ere to displace the !panish and creole elites& to a*olish slavery& to revo.e the special privileges and landholding o$ the %hurch. Later& the !panish captured 1orelos and e2ecuted him. No#& the revolution #as led *y the %reole elites. 1e2ico #as ruled li.e a monarchy until it #as

proclaimed a repu*lic in '8@<. !lavery #as a*olished in spite o$ the struggle $or po#er. Later& 1e2ico3s si;e #as reduced as many sections #ere *ro.en o$$.

6ra;il /id not *rea. up a$ter independence. 4hen Napoleon invaded :ortugal in '8)7& the :ortuguese royal $amily& assisted *y 6ritain& $led to Rio de 5aneiro and ruled the :ortuguese 7mpire $rom the 6ra;ilian capital. Aing /om 5oao the Bth raised 6ra;il3s legal status to e8ual that o$ :ortugal and e2panded Rio into a center o$ trade& administration& education& and cultural institutions. 0n '8@'& 5oao returned to :ortugal& *ut le$t his son& :rince :edro& in Rio. 4hen the :arliament& or %ortes& in :ortugal tried to cut the si;e o$ 6ra;il& the ma;om*os de$ied. 0n '8@@& :edro declared 6ra;il independent. He #as then cro#ned %onstitutional 7mperor and :erpetual /e$ender o$ 6ra;il. 6ut& the e$$ective rulers #ere still the ma;om*o elites. A$ter 0ndependence Religious and 7conomic 0ssues 1any o$ the nations o$ Latin America #anted to increase their po#er *y reducing the authority and #ealth o$ the %atholic %hurch. +he people con$iscated the church lands& re$used to collect tithes to $und the church& demanded a voice in the selection o$ clergy& and limited church control over educational $acilities. 1any people also #anted to reduce the churches po#er in $avor o$ indigenous cultures. 1e2ico #as the most eager to limit church po#er *ecause o$ their large 0ndian and mesti;o population. "ver time& many negotiations #ere made and are still *eing made. +he hacienda& a rural estate controlled *y one person or $amily giving shelter and protection to many dependent #or.ers& still continued and #as the principal institution $or organi;ing production and la*or. 1any o$ the people leading the haciendas #ere creoles. +he #or.ers #ere 0ndian and mesti;o. Neocolonialism rose. 0t #as the control o$ one country *y another through economic rather than political-military domination& a method that #as $re8uently employed a$ter the end o$ $ormal& political coloni;ation. +he principal po#er #as 6ritain and the method #as economic investment and control. +here #ere many 6ritish commercial $irms in Latin America. :olitical Revolutions 4hat /i$$erence /o +hey 1a.eC +he North American Revolution introduced a limited democracy that sanctioned attac.s on Native Americans and permitted slavery. A$ter the French Revolution& the monarchy still came *ac.. 6ut& it did end religious discrimination. +he National %onvention a*olished slavery. 78uality #as esta*lished& *ut only $or males. Also& the French Revolution legitimi;ed the notion o$ revolution as a means o$ achieving political and social change. +he French Revolution is a po#er$ul inspirational $orce even today. Haiti3s success$ul slave revolts *ecame a success$ul #ar $or independence. 6ut& $oreign opposition to Haiti3s ne# government and lac. o$ good economic leadership le$t them in poverty. +he Latin American 0ndependence #as sei;ed *y the creole and ma;om*o elites. +he nations then $ell into economic dependence on their $ormer coloni;ers.