American History Notes Discovery and Colonization 1.

Native Americans : crossed Bering Strait land bridge and developed diverse cultures across North and South America -Southeastern North America a. Cultural Regions -Maya -Aztecs -Inca -Northwestern North America -Southwestern North America -Central Plains -Central River Valleys -Northeastern North America b. Cultural Differences -matrilineal decent -division of labor: women performed domestic duty, child care, ag. men performed hunting, trading, war -religion: polytheistic nature rituals -honor came before wealth -property was communal

2. European Exploration and Colonization

a. Motivations: Renaissance, Absolute Monarchy, Protestant Reformation, Technological Changes, Wealth and Power

b. Portugal: Prince Henry the Navigator encouraged and financed exploration

-Bartholomeau Dias: 1 st explorer to reach Cape of Good Hope -Vasco da Gama: 1 st to reach India and establish profitable trade

c. Spain: torn by the Reconquest but recently united by the marriage of Ferdinand and Isabel needed to catch up with Portugal

-Columbus: discovery led to European dominance over N & S America-1492 -Amerigo Vespucci: concluded that N & S America were continents -Ponce de Leon: discovered Florida-1513 -Vasco Nunez de Balboa: discovered Pacific Ocean-1513 -Ferdinand Magellan: circumnavigation proved the New World-1519 -Hernan Cortes: conquered Aztecs in 1519 -Francisco Pizarro: conquered Incas in 1522 -Hernando De Soto: discovered Mississippi River in 1541 -Francisco Coronado: discovered Grand Canyon

-Significance: Spanish explorers claimed everything from California to Florida, Southwestern US, Mexico, Central and South America; Spain grew rich from gold/silver

d. France: Hundred Years War delayed French Exploration, but winning allowed Fr. to begin before England

-Jacques Cartier: claimed Canada for France-1535 -Samuel de Champlain: established Quebec-Marquette & Joliet: Mississippi R. south from Canada to Arkansas R. -La Salle: discovered mouth of Mississippi R. giving FR. claim to Louisiana

-Significance: France claimed Louisiana (Appalachians to Rockies) and Canada, grew rich from fur trading

e. England: delayed exploration due to Hundred Years War/War of the Roses so the only land was east of the Appalachians

-Henry Hudson: claimed New York for Dutch, England seized it later

-John Cabot: claimed East Coast from Vermont to Georgia for England

3. The 13 English Colonies a. New England Colonies Massachussetts: Separatists founded Plymouth(1620); Mayflower Compact Puritans (1639) established Massachusetts Bay Colony committed to strict Calvinism led by John Winthrop Rhode Island: founded by Roger Williams/Anne Hutchinson after they were exiled from Mass. for religious beliefs-1644 Connecticut: founded by Puritans leaving Mass. led by Thomas Hooker New Hampshire: founded by Puritans leaving Mass.

b. Middle Colonies New York: Dutch established in 1626; England took it New Jersey: 1681 Pennsylvania: land granted to William Penn (1682) to open settlement for England's persecuted Quakers Quakers believed in equality, pacifism and NO SLAVERY Delaware: land bought by Penn to give Pennsylvania access to Atlantic ports

c. The Southern Colonies

Virginia: the 1st and most important colony -Roanoke attempted by Sir Walter Raleigh in 1587; John White returned to England for supplies, but was delayed by the Spanish Armada -Jamestown (1607) established by a joint-stock co.; John Smith saved Jamestown from starvation with the help of Pocahontas/Powhatan; -John Rolfe made tobacco a cash crop that finally made English colonies valuable

-House of Burgesses: elected landowners that counseled royal governor

Maryland: Lord Baltimore-George Calvert, given land to open settlement for England's persecuted Catholics; established religious freedom North Carolina: 1663-tobacco plantations; relied on slave labor South Carolina: 1663-tobacco/rice plantations; relied on slave labor Georgia: 1732 land granted James Oglethorpe to settle English debt prisoners between English Colonies and Spanish Florida; peaches profited 4. The French and Indian War (7 Years War) a. English and French colonists pushing into Ohio River Valley for land/furs caused a colonial conflict that developed into the first real world war with France and Spain fighting against England b. Early battles favored the French -George Washington's Virginia militia defeated at Ft. Duquesne -Gen. William Braddock's regulars surrounded and destroyed at Duquesne -French used Indian allies and guerilla tactics to slaughter English colonists c. William Pitt: newly elected PM reorganized army, raised taxes, took loans -Generals James Wolfe and Jeffrey Amherst took over English armies -Ft. Duquesne captured -Battle of Quebec: Wolfe defeats Montcalm to capture Quebec -Iroquois League join England, while Fr. lost Indian allies -Battle of Montreal: French surrender Sept. 8, 1760 d. Treaty of Paris-1763 -England gains Canada and all lands east of Mississippi from France -England gains Florida from Spain -Spain gets Louisiana (Mississippi River to Rocky Mountains) e. Significance: -England gains a world wide empire and proves their navy is supreme -England concludes that high taxes and loans to defend the colonies were unfair to citizens living in England that already carried a higher tax burden than colonists. * England begins raising taxes on colonies*

5. The Road to Revolution a. Proclamation Act of 1763: England forbids settlement West of Appalachians in order get better control of colonists, but colonists are angered because it limited economic opportunity and defeated purpose of French and Indian War b. Quartering Acts: required colonies to house and supply English troops in return for the troops defending the colonists c. Cherokee War: Cherokee forced to leave Carolinas and Virginia-1761 d. Pontiac's Rebellion: fear of English expansion and corrupt trading after the French and Indian War prompted an alliance of 8 tribes to wage a 3 year war e. Sugar Act, Stamp Act, Declaratory Act, Townshend Acts, Tea Act and Intolerable Acts passed by Parliament to pay for French/Indian War, colonial defense and administration; and to regain control over the insubordinate colonists