Gst Strrted

CENE 437: The Class:

on moddlllg
Ea*e

Fore*
$h*er
l6finE

Distriblj$oc Ex*uptc

1997 (fBC Earthquake Design

Introduction

Wa[ FsrEG*
Example

Seismic forces are a particularly important consideration for engineers working ln ttre Westem U.S. *h"r. the frequency

of earthquake occrurences is common. Seismic building forces are the result of the sudden movement and rupturing of crustal plates along fault lines. o There are more than 160 known active faults in California alone. o New faults continued to be discovered, usually when an unexpected earthquake occurs. o When a fault slip occurs suddenly, it generates seismic shock waves that travel through the ground in a manner unlike that of tossing a pebble onto the surface of calm water. o These seismic waves cause the ground to shake.
The effect of this dynamic ground motion can be simply modeled using a cereal box standing upon a piece of sand paper.

Yank

.!'l rl

jl

-----+

1l'.:'

Upon yanking the paper, the box topples in the direction opposite of the yank, as if a pushing force had been applied to the box. The heavier the box, the greater the apparent applied force which is called an inertia force. As the ground moves suddenly, the building attempts to remain stationary, generating the inertia induced seismic forces that are approximated by the static lateral force procedure covered here. o This procedure is intoduced in UBC '97 1629.8.3 and discussed in detail in UBC '97 1630. The static force procedure is limited to use with regular http://jan.ucc.nau.edu/-dsUegr437/classAoads/lateraVseismiclubcgT/intro.html 6/23/2011

structures less than 240 feet in height. And, also to irregular structures < 65 feet or 5 stories in height. o See UBC'97 1629.8.3 for exact definition of limitations. o Regular structures are syfirmetric, without discontinuities in plan or elevation. o The building plan is generally rectangular. o The mass is reasonably uniform throughout the building's height. e The shear walls line up from story to story. o Irregular structures include both vertical irregularities (UBC Table l6-L) or plan irregularities (UBC Table l6-M). These irregular features include: o Reentrant comers. o Large openings in diaphragms. o Non-uniform distribution of mass or stiffrress over building height (e.g. soft story). Basic premise of seismic code provisions: Damage to Structure Earthquake

Minor
Moderate

None
Some damage to non-structural elements

Major

Maybe severe damage, but not collapse.

Seismic zones in U.S. ([JBC'97 Figure No. 16-2): Zones Damage to Structure MMI* Scale

0 I 2

No Damage Minor
Moderate

;,;,
VII > VII

*MMI:

3 4

Major

Major Modified Mercalli Intensity scale of 1933.

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lntradJsl*xr CENE 437: The Class: Loads: Lateral I.oads: Seismic Loads: UBC '97: Vlodeline Forces

Ese*Sh*ni

Tifilrt

DhtrhftG
Exrypte

1997 (fBC Eurthquske Design

Modeline Forces

lrl*{ Fsis** Fr*mplet

o 1997 UBC static lateral method considers both horizontal

movement and vertical ground movement. o The vertical component may be taken as zero, however, when using the allowable stress design procedure.

We staticatly model the inertial effects using Newton's 2nd law of motion:

F:Ma il)
nilltingfo*e / onsturctue

Lreceleraiionof

-builf,ing mass

Rewrite equation (1) as:

M=Wlg
F

=Yo= ffl(olc)

s/t .--l

G)

hddrlr
r*eght

Jcceleretion

leftor

Compare (2) to UBC base shear design equations, as given below, where each equation is a function of the building weight and some form of an acceleration factor. o Each acceleration factor is somewhat equivalent to alg, except they account for factors like underlying soil, the structural system, and building occupancy.

\nr/ [ n ) fgzi4,/l* \fi j

o
Where:

(.1lc_fitr ond'

o V:

base shear force. The horizontal seismic force acting at the base of the structure as modeled by the

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of the paper in the previous cereal box example. It is important to note that this force was developed for the strength design methodology and not the allowable stress approach. W = the dead weight of the building plus a percentage of the live load that is thought to be present during a seismic event. See UBC'97 1630.1.1 for details about this live load addition. (Cv I / R T): acceleration factor (also known as a
seismic base shear coefficient). This coefficient will govern V for 6uildings with medium to long fundamental period of vibrations. The forces in these buildings are induced by the velocity component of the bedrock motion. Hence the "v" subscript. (2.5 CaIIR): this coefficient is independent of the period of vibration. It will govem V for buildings with short fundamental periods of vibrations,like the buildings being studied in this class. The forces in these stiffbuildings are generated by the acceleration component of the bedrock motion. Hence the "a" subscript. (0.11 Ca I) : this coeffrcient is also independent of the

rryankrr

period of vibration. It is a lower bound value, keeping V at some minimum value. (0.82 N v I / R): this lower bound coefEcient is only
applicable to structures located in seismic zone 4 and within 9.3 miles (15 km) of a known seismic fault. The difference in building response can be simply demonstrated by "shaking" the base of two different
ttstructurestt.

ijr-1",
_|) -+ practice to express the base shear design force o It is cofilmon
as a percentage of

W; calculating only the coefficient term. The following are some typical base shear coefficient values for a regular, single-story masonry building not located near a fault. In addition, we conservatively assumed that a geotechnical site investigation was not completed. Because this type of building is so stifl the (2.5 CaI / R) coefficient govems V.
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Zone Coefficient
1

^1 V:.156W
2b
-i

V: .067W Iv 1lrzrv

V: .200W Y: .244W

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lmodeling.html

612312011

tntrorln Gliorr

thdelinl
For*as

9*e
Disfiih{ilrF

1997 UBC Esrthquuke Design

Base Shear Terms

Exxrp-bl
W*ll Fqrsc*
Example

n this section, the various terms of the static base shear equation

examined in more detail.

(.1lf"fiI,r
d,nd

iv=[#J-=[T)-

[ry),"
o

Z:

seismic zone factor. peak ground accelerations with l0% probability of being exceeded in 50 yrs. o Given as a percentage of acceleration due to gravity. o For example, consider zone 4, where Z: .4 + horizontal ground acceleration is predicted at .4g at bedrock. o Doesn't account for building dynamic properties or local soil conditions. o '97 UBC Figure 16.2 + seismic zone map. o Table 16.I + Z values as given below:

o Effective

28 3 4
o

2A

00 I

Zone Z
.075

.1s
.2A

.30 .40

I:

importance factor. o Classifring buildings according to use and importance. o Essential facilities, hazardous facilities, special occupancy structures, standard occupancy structures, miscellaneous structures. Essential facilities mean that the building must remain functioning in a catastrophe. Essential facilities include: hospitals, communication centers, fire and police stations.

r .

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I r.rsDrgrl rur Brt'atsr sally. o '97 UBC Table l6-K. r I : 1.25 for essential and hazardous facilities. o f = 1.0 all others.

o T:

building's fundamental period of vibration. Fundamental period of vibration is the length of time, in seconds, it takes a structure to move through one complete cycle of free vibration in the first mode.

l; ' T:ttfh
Ingenerel: Lowrise - short T Hi$r rise - longer

There are two methods to estimate T: o Method A:

T= gr(4)Yn (sr UEC Eryr3o-8)

Generally lelen as .0? masorqy and vrood t'uildinge

,j

------

for

h*ignt in{bei ebo,rebese to top le'*l

Method B: (an iterative approach not generally used in regular structures)

4 = weight of level i
Si = elastic deflecti+n of level i relative to base

-4 = force atlevel i
Using Method A, the fi.rndamental period of vibrations for masonry buildings is estimated at: Height (ft) Period (seconds)

20 40 60 120 160 .
Cu and

.19 .32
.43 .73

.90 response spectrum values.

Crr: seismic dynamic

o Accounts for how the building and soil can amplify the
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lclassAoads/lateraUseismic/ubcgTbase.hnnl 6/23120ll

basic grorurd acceleration or velocity. Cu and Cu are determined from respectively'97 UBC tables l6-Q and l6-R as a function of Z, underlying soil conditions, and proximity to a fault. Using metlod A, Soil profile type: o The soil layers beneath a structure effects the way that structure responds to the earthquake motion.

building

ground level
soil

bedrock level

When the period of vibration of the building is close to the period of vibration of the underlying soil, the bedrock motion is amplified. The building experiences larger motions than that predicted by Z alone. The following are generalizations about building response as a frrnction of building flexibility and underlying soil stiffness.

Building Description Flexible (Large

T's)

Soil Description
Soft (big S)

Induced Seismic Force

Higher

Flexible

stiff
Soft

stiff
Flexible

stiff

Lower Higher Lower

The soil profile types are:

Description Hard Rock Rock soil Soft soil

Stiff

Type
SA
SB

Very dense soil and soft rock Sc

SD
SE

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See'97 UBC

1629.3.1

SF

Specific details about each type can be found in '97 UBC Table l6-J and'97 UBC 1629.3.1. In the absence of a geotechnical site investigation, use So. This is in accordance with'97 UBC 1629.3

Do not confuse this requirement with the one stated in'97 UBC 1630.2.3.2 which applies ONLY when using the simplified design base shear procedures of '97 UBC 1630.2.3. This web site is NOT using these simplified procedures, but is using 1630.2.1.

o R:

response modification factor. o A judgement factor that accounts for building ductiltiy, damping, and over-strength.

Ductility: ability to deform in the inelastic

range prior to fracture:

(nnt io seale)

Damping: resistance to motion provided by internal material friction.

with d"rmpine

Over-strength : the extra or reserve strength in the structural system. It comes from the practice of designing every member in a group according to the forces in the most critical member of that group.

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v eu uvlrn(tt DJ DrerrrD wrur ratBtil I\ - t r9l,tgf scrsllu(; performance. o In'97 UBC Table l6-N, R range from 2.8 (light steel frame bearing walls with tension bracing) to 8.5 (special SMRFS of steel or concrete and some dual systems). o For bearing wall systems where the wall elements resist both lateral and vertical loads: o Wood shear panel buildings with 3 or less stories: R: 5.5 e Masonry shear walls: R:4.5.

Nro and

Nu:

near source factors that are applicable in only

seismic zone 4. They account for the very large ground accelerations that occur near the seismic source (the fault). o Nro is generally used with C.,o for structures located < 9.3 miles (l5lan) from the fault. o N' is found in'97 UBC Table 16-T

Nu is used with Cu for structures located < 6.2 miles

(10 km) from the fault. o Nu is found in'97 UBC Table 16-5.

o Both

Nu and Nu are based upon the type of seismic

source, A-C. This source type, and location of fault, must be established using approved geotechnical data like a current USGS survey.

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1997 UBC Eurthquake Design

Errrtple
U{sU

Distribution of Seismic Forces to Primarv LFRS

Fsri8t

E:+rmplc

o Now that we have the base shear force, what type of induced
forces act through the height of the building? o How to model the inertial force that acts opposite to yank ofpaper on the cereal box? Recall for wind loads o First, calculate loads/pressures over the height of building. o Then developed base values. o These values are at the allowable stress level. In contrast, with seismic o First, determine base force. o Then determine and distribute forces over the height of the building, called story forces, F*. o There are two diflerent sets of story forces distributed to the primary LFRS: o For vertical elements, use F*.

o For horizontal elements, use Fpx. o Recall that the primary LFRS for a box building
horizontal diaphragms and vertical shear walls. Then adjust these strength level forces by a redundancy/reliability factor, p, and an allowable stress factor of 1.4 discussed further in item d. below.

a.

Story forces for vertical elements. o Used in design of shear walls and shear wall anchorage at the foundation. o Determined before Fo*'s.

o Applied simultaneously at all levels. o Results in a tiangular distribution of forces over a

multi-story building that has approximately equal floor
masses.

{r"- q)*"ft"

E *'4
i

(97 UEC Eryr3D-lJl

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612312011

tr =

ff=l 4 fsr uBCEryr3o-13)

Where:

Fr:

roof level force accounting for whiplash

effect.

F- S

.WrV < .25V or

'1

oifr<.7sec.

wi: tributary weights at levels x and i. \, hi: height above base to levels x and i.
wx,
o,

FF,

o firther detail can be found in,97 UBC 1630.5.

b.

Story forces for horizontal elements. o At roof level, Fo*: Fx.

o At other levels, Fp* t F*. o Accounting for the possibility that larger instantaneous

o Applied individually to each level for the design of that

diaphragm.

forces can occur on individual diaphragms.

l.OConup"

{ 4-

lF,*rq =I -*,-

fn\

lE*,
\I-xj

Iro" a 5coftup"
I

('9? UBC Eqn33-1)

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6123/2011

where

*p*: weight of diaphragm and elements

o For masonry buildings o

tributary to it at level x. (and concrete) supported by flexible diaphragms, the R factor used to determine V must be reduced to 4.0 from 4.5 ('97 UBC 1633.2.9.3). For more information see '97 UBC 1630.6.

c.

The single story building is a special case. o In most cuxes, T < .7 and F, then is taken as zero.

o From equation

30-15:

r=r ' wrftr "=(r-0F,ft,=n

o Fromequation33-1:
Fpl =

Tlul *o,

nr

F'

urhere 'rt/o1 =

11rl

Fot = Fi

Consequently, F, frame buildings.

Fpl

V for the case of wood

o For masomy buildings,

Fo, is based upon a slightly

larger V due to R changing from 4.5 to 4.0 according to'97 UBC 1633 .2.9.3.In this case, then: F, V and

Fpl

1'125 V'

d.

Redundancy/reliability factor and the 1.4 ASD adjustment: o In the load combination equations as discussed in the last sub-module in the load module of this site, all earthquake forces are generically called E.

f,'= pEp * E"

('9? UEC Eqn3U-I)

Where: En: load developed from V, (like F* or Fpx) or Fo, (the design force on a part of a structure).

Eu:0
o

for ASD

p : redundancy/reliability factor, discussed below. E is at stength level and must be divided by 1.4 for use in allowable stress design. o The application of 1.4 and p are shown in 6123120ll

hup://jan.ucc.nau.edu/-dsllegr437lclass/loads/lateral/seismiclubcgTldistribution.html

example one of this sub-module. The redundancy/reliability factor penalizes structures in seismic zones 3 and 4 that do not have a reasonable number and distribution of lateral force resisting elements, such as shear walls. These structures with a limited number of shearwalls are referred to as nonredundant stuctures where the failure of one wall loads to the total collapse ofthe structure.

1.0{p=Z- 20 r-"" J/"

Where:

<1.5

('9? UEC Esr30-3)

A" :

r-* : maximum element-story

story.

the ground floor area of the structure

in#.

shear ratio, r1,

occurring at any story level in bottom 213 of the structure. r_* identifies the least redundant

ri: \4R
Where:

tory'(lO/l*)

= shear in most heavily loaded wall Rstory = total story force, Fx

\att

l*:
wall.

length of most heavily loaded shear

o p: I when in seismic zones 0, l, or 2. o p: I when calculating drift. o Upon careful inspection ofthe r and r, equation
with application to a single story, regular building, we see: o To maintain a p: 1.0, the minimum length of the most heavily loaded shear wall is fixed as:

r->[:ffi]*#
o If a flexible
diaphragm, a common

controlling case will be when

:.5.
rn this case then
1.0.

\arR*o,y
keep p

It t ntr]to

o Although

the Breyer, et al book uses the subscript "u" to distinguish strength-level vs. allowable stess-level 6/2312011

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loacs, t nave optec lor a orfierent conventron tnat I believe is simpler. o Upon modifuing the various F-o values by p and
1.4,

becomes E'0. For our single story

building, the shear wall forces and diaphragm forces at ASD level would look like: F', pF1 (1/1.4)

F't:

PFot (l/1.4)

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ln$od.rGlfun

CENE 437: The Class: Loads: Lateral Loads: Seismic Loads: UBC '97: Example

fiddelhg

Fsrer
T*mc

Bete.5h6il.

1997 UBC Eurthquske Design

Example
1

Di3tri[utlbB

w*tl

FolEG*

Emmple

velop the applicable seismic forces for a one-story, box-type industrial ilding located in Southem California. Assume partially grouted CMU weighing 6l lblf2, a roof dead load of 9 psf, and the building is not near (further than 9.3 miles) a seismic source. No geotechnical ation was completed.

1.

Base shear coefficient, V. o The base shear equation(s) are quite cumbersome to use, unless on knows beforehand which equation governs.

i.11C,4W
and

iv =[9{']* *[z:c.l]*

[ryJ-

[RrJ I n

Recall that middle equation is for buildings medium to long fimdamental T's. The left-hand equations are lower bound values. The right-hand equation is for short (stiff) T buildings. You can determine if its the right-hand equation quickly by comparing the building's T to T.:

o T, o

is a limiting period of vibration that is used to

differentiate between stiff and flexible buildings. The seismically-induced forces in stiff buildings are related to the bedrock acceleration. The forces in flexible buildings are related more to bedrock velocity.
61231201r

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T =.02(4)3/n

nCv

"

25C"

{zsc"t\* iff<{,then[z=[ ft t
o
Calculate T and Ts:

02.(14)3/{ =.144sec

Z:.4

Zone: a (figure 16-2)

(Table 16J) Soil profile type: So

1.0 (Table 16-T) 1.0 (Table t6-S)

Nv:
Nu:

Co,:.64 (Table l6-R) Cu:.44 (Table 16-Q)

Ts:

.641(2.5(.44): .582 sec

Therefore, use short T base shear equation. Calculate V:

"=[uHJ*
Z:.4
Nu

Zone:4 (Figure 16-2)

(Table 16-I)

= 1.0 (Table 16-5) Cu:.44 (Table 16-Q) I: 1.O(Table l6-K) R:4.5 (Table l6-N)

r._

4.5(.44X1.0) 4.5

W =.244W

2-

Story force for vertical elements, F,

Recall that for a one story structurewhere T < .7,the vertical story force and the base shear are equal.

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lexample.htnl

612312011

Fl:V=.244W

3.

Story force for horizontal elements, Fo1

o In a one story
recall that:

masonry building with flexible diaphragms,

Fpl: l'125V
Fpt

1.125(.244)W: .275W

4.

Calculate the diaphragm design forces in the transverse loading direction due to seismic. o To do this, need to first determine W, the weight of the structure that is supported by the diaphragm. Consider this weight (and resulting force) on a per foot basis.

A I' strip of dead load = the mass that causes the inertial
forces on a per foot basis in the diaphragm.

Roof D
+

=g4x5o,=45olg

ft'fr
3, x

:
3.5)

rfilf

Wall D

tr* ru ffifl"ff*
-Y

61-$ * (?+ +J

t28l

q
.fr'

..

F-:.2?5Iilr=.2?5(t?31) :4?6 + -p fr

Similarly in the longitudinal direction:

htfp://jan.ucc.nau.edu/-dsVegr43TlclassAoadsAateraVseismichbcgT

lexample.htnl

6n3n|tt

Hr= 9(100) +

l?Sl- llBl+
Jt

'F

F - ?i5 12lg l) = r3o i3 rt

o It is customary to ignore wall openings in these

diaphragm force calculations, as the added accuracy is generally not waranted.

This uniform diaphragm force is at the strength level, and has not yet been adjusted by p and 1.4. o In other wordso Fo in the fansverse direction could be generically labeled

from the equation:

E:p%*o
o
Recall that

r:

1.0 for this type of building when

On the right-hand side of our building, a window occurs; lessening the length of wall to resist shear to 2 - 17.5 ft segments.

.25"F0 l oo : 1?,?' " C.,., : 17'5'nl 1?'?'

.'.

rP: 1'0
o Adjusting to ASD:
transverse:

Fr:

4761L4

: 340 lb/ft

longitudinal: Fn : 600/1.4 = 429 Lblfr. Comparing wind vs. seismic forces, it is apparent that seismic will govern the lateral design of the diaphragm in both directions. o Transverse: 340 plf > 93 plf. o Longitudinal: 429 plf > 93 plf.

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tri'
/rt

../,

ryt

Sheenr'all

5.

Calculate the unit shear forces in the flexible diaphragm. o Flexible diaphragms are like deep, thin, uniformly-loaded beams that are simply supported by the shear walls. Consider the transverse direction:

g'- 3jo!ot])
2

= lrooo Jls

Draphragm shear trarr ferred thraug!: connectors= unit shear= o =

u'= ttf#o = 34opr/

Longitudinal force direction:

pU

100'

ft'-

4:9{50)

lolrir}s
plf

p'-l!J3J

= lo?

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lne uansverse orectlon rs onen tne more cntrcal direction for rectangular buildings due to the longer diaphragm span and the shorter shear walls. In summary: the diaphragm spans between the supporting shear walls, tansferring the inertial alfect of the perpendicular walls and itself to those walls located parallel to force direction.

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.:.: ' : llltuqq|s&i cENE 437: The class: Loads: Lateral Loads: seismic Loads: uec'97: wall Forces
'.,:

t*o4fti*
Ee*..tlrtri*
Tqm*.

F{trtx*

1997 UBC Earthqanke Design

Wall Forces

Ersrnlpi
USgll

1.

Ex*nrph3

Shear walls (in-plane lateral forces): The shear walls support the diaphragm by receiving the diaphragm reaction, R, through proper connections at the diaphragm ui""oury. o See lateral load path for a review of the basic building's behivior. o If you have a masonry or concrete building supported by a flexible diaphragm, th9 shear wall load (e.g. the diaphragm reaction) could be recalculated to reflect the lower design requiriment. This comes from the 4.5 for vertical LFRS elements vs. R

4.0 for the horizontal LFRS. In addition, the wall itself develops inertial forces that also act parallel to the wall and must be accounted for. o This additional seismic force is assumed to be generated from the weight of the top half of the wall The shear wall is then usually evaluated for shear stress capacrty at midheight.
arilnrirgrtn
openingr, thn

R:

urit
is:

design shear

v=(R+Rr),tb

o According to'97 UBC

2107 .r.7 if in seismic zones 3 or 4,the shear wall must be designed to resist 1.5 times v.

2. out-oflplane bending of walls Qateral forces perpendicular to wall): o Refer to'97 UBC 1632 - Lateral forces on elements of structures.

magnitude because these elements respond dynamically to motion of the structure instead of the ground. strength-leveldesign equation for elements and components has Te changed considerably from earlier (pre-I997) versions ofthe code. It now is:

o Applied forces on elements, (vs. the LFRS), may be larger in

tt.

?c*r' trrI s .Fo =

'ff

[t

.,

f]O

<4c or

rw.{,e? rrBC Eqn 32

z}

http://jan.ucc.nau.edr.r/tsl/egr43TlclassAoads/lateraVseismi

clubcgT/wall.htnl

6123t20tt

Where: o the subscript "p" refers to elements or components (e.g.pafis) of the structure. o up = in-structure component amplification factor found in'97 UBC

Table 16-0

o <aO<2.5

o cu:
o
a.

seismic response spectrum value found in'97 UBC Table 16component response modification factor form'97 UBC Table

l6-0 o \ : the location (elevation) of the attachment point of the part o h, : the structure's roof elevation with respect to grade o *p: the weight of the element or component under consideration o
Fo is at strength-level and must be adjusted

\:

taken with respect to grade

by r.4 to reduce it to

ASD level. p: 1.0 for elements and components.

A common calculation that makes use of this element's provision is to determine the seismic force normal to a wall as shown in the following figure. A sample calcualtion is given in Example 2.

Please note that there appears to be a height mistake and a code interpretation problem in Breyer's fxample Z.1Z

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Ile*ign frr orrt-of-plane beniing

Ilerign ruff ricni anrlrorrgE of rilirylrngm b vlall

beam

3.

Diaphragm anchorage: o Lateral forces acting perpendicular to the wall will tend to separate the wall from the horizontal diaphragm. o Must provide a positive anchorage system connecting masonry walls to diaphragms, shown above as the "specially designed anchor". o This anchorage must resist: o Wind forces on wall element. o Seismic force normal to the wall using UBC'97 Eqn32-2.

"'":'fgrt:Jl,H:, it#.l-#"
and

a nexibre diaphragm,

Ro:3.0

ao: 1.5. This ao factor essentially

increases the design

forces at the wall to diaphragm by 50%. o In seismic zone 4, the Fo for wall anchorage > 4201b1fr.. o Regardless of governing lateral force (wind vs. seismic) the code specifies a minimum, strength-level, anchorage force of 280 lb/ft for concrete and masonry walls ('97 UBC 1605 .2.3 arfi 1611.4) Requirements about anchorage detailing for concrete or masonry walls:

o ln seismic.'ffi":1ff:J"$tYl"*T:,t

1)o- around reinrorcing

steel or ensure effective transfer offorces to steel. o Limit anchor spacing to ( 4'unless wass are designed to resist bending between anchors. In seismic zones 2,3, and.4('97 UBC 1633.2.9.5)

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t Anchorage shall not use nails in withdrawal or toe nails. a Ledgers or framing shall not be used in cross-grain bending/tension, which is shown in the following figure.

To avoid these problems, use specially designed seismic ties that are known as purlin anchors by Simpson Strong-Tie, a manufacturer of prefabricated, light-gauge, steel connectors for wood construction.

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Gst Sta.ied

Cot'lmuniEetE

GENE 437: The Class: Loads: Lateral Loads: seismic Loaas: lntuodrcliotl

ugc

'94: Example z

FErc* EareShs* T*rnr

Di3trihrtbfi Ex*rple

ftldditg

1997 UBC Eurthquuke Design

Example 2

af*[ Fsrq**
Example

Continue with the previous example, Example 1, and examine the following: 6. Shear wall design force. 7. Lateral forces normal to the wall. 8. Shear wall overturning. 9. Shear wall drift.
Shear

6.

a. Consider seismic loading in the transverse

wall forces

direction. From example 1, step 5, the diaphragm force (at ASD level) supported by one of the 50'endwall was determined to be l7000lbs. Recall, however, that this was developed from Fox based upon a R:4.0, and not F* with a R:4.5.

Since the shear wall is a vertical element of the LFRS, it is permissible to reduce this reaction

force by 89%; accounting for this difference between 4.0 and 4.5.

lJ.lk

Calculate the top half of the wall's inertia force assuming no openings in the wall:

fr,'= ( 2441fl)Ol
frr,=

il1

lur,u/n

(50,X? +3 5,)]

,Rr'= 5582Jls

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Total unit shear, applied at midheight: v' : (151l1 + 5582) / 50 4l4ls,lft. Since this building is located in seismic zone 4, increase v by 50 %: v' : 414 (1.5) 621lblft

b.

Similarly, for seismic movement in the longitudinal direction: fiJ = [61(100)fl

+r s][rof, o]=11163J&s
p{/

u'= [(11163+ 953$ / 100]1.5 = 310

The above unit shear shear wall forces were developed for the 50' end wall that had no openings. What happens when the wall has openings, like th 15'on on the other end wall? o The lateral load must be canied by the effective wall segments known as shear panels if wood walls or piers if concrete or masonry walls. . Different procedures are used to distribute the horizontal diaphragm reaction to the effective wall segments, depending if wood or masoffy walls. o In shear panels, the unit shear is the same in every panel due to the assumption that the panel force is inversely proportional to the panel length. o In piers, the pier force in inversely proportional to pier rigidity. The unit shear in wider pier will be greater than the unit shear in a narrow pier. o In this example, however, the endwall piers are the same with the same rigidities. The unit shear in each 17.5'pier will be:

fi, = [6lps/(35,X10 5')](toHu]= 3e0?i]s

r
7.

(151

1+3e0?) / 35 =

5#Yft

Lateral forces normal to walls: o It is assumed that the walls perpendicular to the ground motion span vertically between the roof diaphragm and foundation.

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a.

Force on main wall using '97 UBC Eqn32-2:

I
dr = 1.0, fir
Co

",=#['.,*Jo *
= 3.0 ffable16

O)

*n=ftn=l{'
=.44ffable 16-Q) Jr = 1.0 $able 16 -K)

F= -.p

f1.0J1144Jf L0J 3.0

{t

+l}rr,

Fr =.58? % =.58?{61) = 35 go*r

Scaling to ASD:

Fo'=

#{r:.r;=

z5.6psJ

Also note:

: .308\

Fo: .587\
and less than

is greater than.7(.44) (1.O)Wp

4.0(.44X1.0)Wp: 1.76

according to'97 UBC 1632.2

b. Force on cantilvered parapet:

dr = 2.5, Rr = 3.0flable

16

-O)
the attachment height)

ft* = 14', &, = 14'(recall that h*is

fo
rF'"

= .44,

/r

1"0

n = 2.5(.44X1.0) tl+XII/ . 3.0 " -J-----J-r--3

Fr = 1.4?Pfli = 1.47(61) = 89.5pd

Scalnrg to ASD:

Fr'= 89.5/1.4 = 64.6p"rt

c.

Anchorage design force at diaphragm:

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Recall that if in seismic zones 3 or 4, ao for the main wall is increased to 1.5. This increases the main wall force by 50% for use in anchorage force calculation.

IMr=o
iB 4(14X?)+64 o(3

5)(to*, y1- nh4)

R'= 5?0.8F{/ (at ASD leve$

o This exceeds the code minimum o

8.

requirement

of

42011.4:300lb/ft (at ASD level).

Therefore, provide an anchorage system capable of resisting 520.8 lb/ft.

Overtuming check on shearwalls: o A lower factor of safety is permitted in seismic design vs. that used in wind because of the transient and reversing nature of the seismic forces. The factor of safety is accounted for by reducing the resisting moment to dead load by .9. o Consider overturning of the short walls due to seismic forces acting in the transverse building direction.

Neglecting any roof tributary Bltects:

t*
15.6 53.4 k
OM

= l5.l

(1a) + 5.6 (I) = 2.SlS ' - k

RM = 1335'- k OM c.{RM) 0K

9.

Story drift, A:

o Accordingto'97 UBC

1630.10.2,the maximum in

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612312011

elastic displacement

A*,

should not exceed .025h for

structures with T < .7 seconds. o A serviceability consideration. Atr,t is a strength level inelastic displacement due

to a design earthquake. o Al,t: .7RA, where R is from Tabe l6-N and

A, is static story drift

due to strength-level

forces. Consider the following calculation for the 50' shear wall:

ti=#=
" 1.2.Ph /\=-r GA

3'd, wall dominatedbYshear

ing E formasonry wall of

11

35x 1 CI3psr =.0021"

-s-*

1.2(21156Xl4x 1Z)

note that F = 2l 15fi is the strengdr lerel

(l5l I l[l. 4) : Au *.?'t&s = 7{4.5X.00?l): .066" Aon =.025{14 x1?}: 4.2" OK

diaphragm reaction. p =

211561bs

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Web site created by the NAU OTLE Facultv Studio Copyright 1998 Northern Arizona University

ALL RIGHTS RESER\rED

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