QUESTIONS 1. What does it mean when a measure of association is equal to zero? It means there is no correlation between them 2.

Chi-square tests the hypothesis that two variables are independent. ! "rue #! $alse %. $or which type of contin&ency table is phi the appropriate measure of association? ! 2'2 #! 2'% C! %'2 (! %'% ). If you calculate a &amma value of -.*+ and chi-square is si&nificant, what would you conclude about the relationship? -not the ./0! "he relation is ne&ative and statistically si&nificant. +. "he absolute value of a 1amma statistic is .2+. What does this mean in terms of ./0? It tells us that .2+ portion-2+2! of predictin& y is reduced when we ta3e ' into account *. When would you use a two samples t-test? "o test for difference in means when samples are small 4. When you assume homoscedasticity, what are you assumin&? 5ariances of errors in linear re&ression are constant for all observations. 6. 1ive a specific e'ample -i.e. a scenario! of when you would use a dependent samples t-test. When we use same sub7ects before and after administerin& medicine to chec3 the effects on pain.

8. "he alternative hypothesis, 9at least one mean differs from the rest: is used in analysis of variance. ! "rue #! $alse 1;. "o test the equality of more than two means, we use a t-test. ! "rue #! $alse 11. 0ta-squared is a statistic used with contin&ency tables. ! "rue #! $alse 12. 1iven the followin& variables< =e'< cate&orical -male, female!Income< Continuous, measured in dollars per year.Which is the most appropriate statistical analysis to test the relationship between these variables? Independent sample t test should be used >ambda and 1amma questions "here are several measures of association for cate&orical variables. "wo of the most important are >ambda and 1amma. 1%. With what types of data can these two measures be used? $or 2 ordinal data
Lambda and gamma are the most widely-used measures of association for nominal and ordinal variables

1). ?ow do their calculation methods differ?

The formula for calculating lambda is: Lambda = (E1 E2 ! E1 "here E1 is the error of #rediction made when the inde#endent variable is ignored$ E2 is the errors made when the #rediction is based on the inde#endent variable %amma is calculated using the following formula:

%amma = (&s - &d !(&s ' &d &s number of same order #airs &d number of inverse order #airs

1+. What is the main difference in this interpretation of the analyses results? >ambda is a asymmetrical measure of association and 1amma is a symmetrical measure of association Chi-square @uestion 1iven the followin& contin&ency table displayin& &ender and murder weapon< -" #>0 0'am Aaterials! 1*. What is the independent variable? murder weapon 14. What is the dependent variable? 1ender -counts of weapon used! 16. Why is chi-square the appropriate statistical test in this case? #oth the variables are cate&orical variables 18. =tate the null hypothesis Aurder weapon and &ender are independent. 2;. =tate the research hypothesis. "here is no correlation between Aurder weapon and &ender 21. What is the appropriate label for ? Column "otal 1+; fo men +; for women 22. What is the appropriate label for #? from

/ow "otal 12; for &un *; for 3nife 2; for others "otalB 2;; 2%. What is the appropriate critical chi-square -C2!? Dse E B.;+ +.881 -$or +2 level of =i&nificance and at 2 de&rees of freedom F /eferrin& chi F square distribution table! 2). is the e'pected frequency for C0>> C. B12;G1+;H2;;B 8; 2+. is the e'pected frequency for C0>> (. B *;G1+;H2;;B )+ 2*. is the e'pected frequency for C0>> 0. 2;G1+;H2;;B%; the correct answer is 1+ 24. is the e'pected frequency for C0>> $. B12;G+;H2;;B ); the correct answer is %; 26. is the e'pected frequency for C0>> 1. B *;G+;H2;;B1+ 28. is the e'pected frequency for C0>> ?. 2;G+;H2;;B .+ the correct answer is + %;. What is the observed chi square-C2!? B11.811 %1.

Interpret your results. IJ5 @uestion

"his output -"ables # and C! is the result of an analysis of variance with two variables. Aarital =tatus< -cate&orical-+ cate&ories! =0I< =ocio-economic inde' -continuous!. ?i&her values mean &reater socioeconomic status .lease refer to "ables # and C in the 0'am Aaterials for these questions. %2. What is the independent variable? Aarital status %%. What is the dependent variable? =0I %). Which &roup has the hi&hest socioeconomic status? ! Aarried

#! Widowed C! (ivorced (! =eparated 0! Iever married %+. Why is IJ5 the appropriate statistical test in this case? ?ere we want to test whether mean =0I inde' differ si&nificantly amon& respondents with various marital status. "herefore, it involves more than two cate&ories -Aarital status has + cate&ories! and hence we need to use IJ5 to test our claim %*. =tate the null hypothesis. re Aarital =tatus<and =ocio-economic inde' are independent. "he mean =0I inde' doe not differ si&nificantly amon& respondents with various marital status %4. =tate the research hypothesis. t least one pair mean =0I inde' differ si&nificantly .%6. "he critical value of $ for this analysis is 2.%4. 1iven this information, what is your decision about the null hypothesis -yes, the si&nificance level is omitted intentionally!? =ince $ value is K critical value we do not accept null hypothesis "hey are associated with each other-they are not independent. =ince $ value is K critical value we re7ect the null hypothesis and conclude that at least one pair mean =0I inde' differ si&nificantly