A time-honored handy device

Handy Farm Devices

and How to Make Them
by

Rolfe Cobleigh
Associate Editor American Agriculturist Ill strated !ew "ork #range $ dd Com%any &'&( Co%yright) &'(') by #range $ dd Com%any

All Rights Reserved* +rinted in ,*-*A*

By Way of Introduction
-,CCE-- comes to the man who so works that his efforts will bring the most and the best res lts .. not to the man who sim%ly works hard* It is the know. how) things.to.do.with and economy that co nt* /abor.saving machinery has revol tioni0ed many a trade and ind stry* It has made farming an ind stry and a science of %ossibilities ndreamed of and nattainable a h ndred years ago* 1 t it is not eno gh for the modern farm to be e2 i%%ed with the best tools and machinery that sho%s and factories t rn o t) to know how to se them and kee% them in re%air* There are many handy devices) not made in any factory and not sold in any store) that every intelligent man can make himself) which save money and labor and time* Inventive men are constantly contriving sim%le b t val able things to meet the needs of their own %ractical e3%erience* 4e are all the time h nting after and gathering these ideas* !ow we are % tting a lot of the best ones into this book* 4e are trying) by words and %ict res) to e3%lain clearly 5 st how to make each device* Everything described is tried and %ractical* -ome are old) many are new) all are good for the % r%ose intended* They re%resent the %ractical) s ccessf l e3%erience of farmers and other wide. awake workers all over the ,nited -tates* This book is broader than its title* The overflow of good meas re incl des a val able cha%ter on the steel s2 are and its ses* !owhere else has this s b5ect been handled in a way so easily nderstood) with conf sing mathematics c t o t* 4e es%ecially commend this cha%ter to o r readers* 4e also %resent some good ho se and barn %lans) that will be a%%reciated by those who contem%late b ilding* In addition to the direct benefit to be derived from doing what the book tells how to do) we have in mind the larger % r%ose of ed cation toward % tting more tho ght into o r work and doing what we have to do the easiest) the chea%est and the 2 ickest way* # t of it all) we tr st o r readers will make %rogress toward greater %ros%erity) greater ha%%iness and greater sef lness*

Contents by Chapters

1. Workshop and Tools The Farmer6s 4orksho% R nning the 7rindstone A Homemade Anvil Making a !ew Tool How to Make a -having Horse A Convenient Farm Horse A 4ire -%licer -erviceable Homemade /evel To Make a Handle -tay #n A Tool 1o3 Re2 isite -oldering 2. The Steel Square / mber R le The 1race R le The #ctagon -cale The Miter 1o3 Tr ing the -2 are Making a -traight Edge Rafters -tair -tringer The 89th +roblem of E clid The R le of :) ; and &( Angles +lotting Angles 3. In and Around the ouse The -te%.-aving D mb 4aiter Rack for +reserves Transforming a 4ashstand Homemade Dresser <itchen 4indow Cabinet To /et in More /ight A 1arrel Cradle To +rotect 1aby from Hot -tove A 1o3 for Clothes -coo%s from Tin Cans A Homemade Folding Table A Homemade 1 tter 4orker Home Cheesemaking

C tting the C rd +ressing and C ring 4ashes 4hile Reading Tread +ower in the Dairy A /am% for Cooking Hot 4ater All !ight 3. In and Around the ouse !part II" How to C t 1read Even Homemade 4ater Cooler <ee% Food Cool in - mmer A Cooler D mmy An # tdoor Closet Homemade Refrigerator Iceless 1 tter and Milk Cooler A =entilated + m% +latform Cleaning a 4ell Dog +ower for + m% Filter for Cistern 4ater A Handy 4ater Filter Delivering Mail by Trolley 1ea ty in a 1arrel -torage 1in for =egetables An Ine3%ensive Cellar Clothesline ,% and Down A Clothes Horse A Toilet Closet Revolving Cellar -helf 4ater - %%ly for Farmho se Installation and #%eration E3%erience with 4ater - %%ly -ystem 4arning Against Fire 4here to Hang a Fire /adder #. Barns and Stock A Handy Feed 1asket Make the Horse Eat -lowly -talls 1etter than -tanchions 7ood Ties for Cows Handy Calf.feeding Device Management of <icking Cows

A Handy Milking -tool The Ever Ready -tool Chea% Milking -tool <ee% -tools Clean A ,sef l -tock Cart How to -take o t -tock Feed 1o3 for Field Chea% -heds of -traw Feed Tro gh for -hee% A !ovel Feed Rack A 4heelbarrow -hee% Tro gh +acking the Fleece Easy to Handle Heavy Hogs Heating 4ater for Hog <illing A Farm -la ghterho se <ee% +igs o t of Feed Tro gh Movable Ho se for 1reeding -ows 4ell.arranged Hog /ots Handy +ig Catcher -tairs for the 1arn Hang ,% the /antern Arrangement for 4eighing A 1arn 4indlass 7rain 1o3 Easy to Em%ty Easily Constr cted 7rain 1ins A Convenient 1arn Tr ck Takes a Man6s +lace A Handy 1ag Holder A Corn H sking Rack A Homemade Feed C tter -aw Root C tter Homemade Cabbage C tter A - bstantial Driveway $. %oultry and Bees Feeding Dry 7ro nd 7rain <ee%ing the 4ater Clean A 4atering Rack for Hens Drinking Fo ntain Folding Chicken Roost A 7ood +o ltry !est

Two Coo%s from a 1arrel A 1o3 Chicken Coo% A /ow +o ltry R n A +ortable Chicken Coo% A Homemade 1rooder Movable 1rooder Ho se A =ery Chea% Henho se A Daylight Chicken Catcher A -im%le Hawk Tra% -care Away Crows and Hawks +ractical Hives and Hive Making Device for E3tracting 1eeswa3 -elf.feeder for 1ees &. 'arden and (rchard An Iron Hoo% Trellis +lant - %%orts of 1arrel Hoo%s A Folding Trellis Easy 4ay to +ole 1eans Trellis that -tands Alone +rotecting !ewly -et +lants Making the Hotbed Making +ermanent Hotbeds Heat for Hotbeds Cold Frames and Their Management A Hand 7arden C ltivator A Convenient 7arden -tool 4atering -eed -oil Made Easy Catching #wls and Hawks Moving a /arge Tree Trans%lanting Trees Homemade Fr it +icker A Tr ss /adder #rchard /adder on 4heels Convenient -orting Tables ). *ield and Wood +ortable Hay Derrick A 4ire Tightener Fence 4ire Reel -afe 4ay to -tring 1arbed 4ire

A 1o3ed -tone 1oat A Homemade Road Roller An #ld.fashioned Drog e A Ditching -cra%er 1ridge for a -mall -tream Dam for Farm +ond -owing -eed Evenly 1erry Crate Carrier Handy /oading Device Rack for Ha ling Fodder + lling Fence +osts #ne 4ay to + ll -t m%s -im%le /and Meas re -toring 4ater 7etting a - %%ly of F el -im%lest of All Cam%ing Tents +. 'ates and ,oors <ee%ing a 7ate from -agging An Easily #%ened 7ate A 7ate that !ever -ags A Chea% 7ate A -im%le Farm 7ate An Easily Reg lated 7ate 7ate to #vercome -nowdrifts A Time -aver <ee% the 7ate #%en 7ood 1ars for the Farm D rable Floating Fence Fence Across a -tream Tem%orary -hee% Fence Fastening Heavy Doors Hold the 1arn Doors -h t Fastening the -table Door Homemade Door /atch -. When We Build Im%ortant +oints in Ho se 1 ilding A =ery Convenient Ho se 1 ilding a 1lock Ho se A +ractical Ro nd 1arn

A 4ell.Arranged 1arn A Handy -mall 1arn The Farmer6s Iceho se /ocation and 1 ilding Framing the Iceho se Ice and Milk Ho ses Combined -mall 7reenho ses Material for Constr ction -et 7lass in 4arm 4eather Covering with Hotbed -ash 4ire Fence Corn Crib How to /ay a Floor An Ine3%ensive =eranda -. When We Build !part II" Concrete on the Farm Mi3ing the Cement Making Concrete 1locks To #%erate the Machine 1locks of Different -ha%es Another -tyle of Mold Reg lating the Height of the 1locks Filling the Molds Mi3ing Cement for 1rick Reinforcement for Concrete Making a Frost%roof Cellar A - mmer Cool Room A Concrete -mokeho se /aying a Concrete Floor Making a Concrete 4alk Cementing a Cistern 4all -%ecial ,ses for Cement A Time.honored Handy Device 1.. Worth /no0in1 Free0ing Ice in 1locks -aving the -eed Corn Rack for -eed Corn Drying and <ee%ing -eed Corn 4eight /ifter -trong and -im%le 4agon $ack

A $ack for Heavy 4agons A Chea% 4heelbarrow A 4heelbarrow Chea% and -trong How to Hang a <ettle A -now +low Tem%orary -moking Device Homemade Heater and Cooker ,se for a To gh /og A Handy 4ood -%litter How to -%lit 4ood A + lling Hammer Mo nting the Farm Anvil -orting +otatoes > ickly Handling +otatoes Easily C tting -eed +otatoes Another -eed +otato C tter How to Test -eed Corn Reading the Res lts <illing Insects in 7rain 1inding +ins for Hay Combined Drag and Harrow How to Handle a Ro%e Tying -ome ,sef l <nots Carrying a 1arrel Made Easy Harness Clam% 1.. Worth /no0in1 !part II" - bstit te for +i%e 4rench Market 4agon Conveniences Carrying 1 tter to Town To -har%en -cissors How to +a%er a Room Choose $ dicio sly +aste and Tools Trimming and C tting Hanging the +a%er +ractical and Economical The Farm 1lacksmith -ho% 4hy the -ho% +ays 1lacksmithing !ot Hired Man6s 4ork Horseshoe /ever

How to +aint Tin Roofs +reserving 4ood To +reserve -hingles To Render 4ood Fire%roof Fire%roof 4ash for -hingles +etrified 4ood How to -eason 4ood 1leaching 4ood 4ood +olish F rnit re +olish -i0e -tains Dark 4ood -tain Red -tain for 4ood /i2 id 7l e Cement for Metal and 7lass Cement for 1roken China Cement for Crockery and 7lass Mending 7lassware Armenian Cement $a%anese Cement Roofing +re%aration Fire <indlers Mending +i%es with 4ater #n To $oin 4ater +i%es 4elding Metals 7rinding Tools

The *ar2er3s Workshop

HERE is no do bt that of all the handy farm devices good tools head the list* -o) in this book) we are going to start with car%enter tools and the %lace to kee% and se them* Every farmer o ght to have a worksho% in which he can do odd 5obs and make things when the weather %revents o t.of.door work) or at times when there is little to do on the farm* Economy and thrift demand that a farmer sho ld have and kee% in good condition a few essential car%enter tools* First of all he sho ld have a long) strong) smooth.to% bench and) either on racks above the bench or in a tool chest) he sho ld kee% in order)

and where he can easily find them when wanted) his stock of car%enter tools* -ome of the tools that will be fo nd sef l are the following? A ri% saw) a crossc t saw) a back saw) and a com%ass saw@ a 5ack %lane) a fore %lane) and a smoothing %lane@ a shave or drawing knife@ two or three chisels of different si0es for woodworking and a cold chisel for metal@ a go ge or two@ a good hatchet@ two or three hammers) incl ding a tack hammer and a bell.faced claw hammer@ a brace or bit stock with a set of half a do0en or more bits of different si0es@ one or more gimlets@ a mallet@ a nail set) a large screw driver and a small one@ a ga ge@ a s%irit level@ a miter bo3@ a good car%enter6s s2 are .. !o* &(( is a good standard si0e@ com%asses or dividers@ c t ni%%ers) a %air of small %incers and a %air of large ones@ a ras%@ a large) flat file@ at least one medi m.si0ed three.cornered file and a half.ro nd file* It is %oor economy to b y chea% tools* #f co rse e3travagance is to be avoided) b t be s re that yo get first.class material in every tool yo b y* It is a good %lan to get a good %ractical car%enter to assist yo in selecting yo r tools* <ee% on hand in the sho% a variety of nails) brads and tacks) screws) rivets) bolts) washers and n ts) and s ch small articles of b ilders6 hardware that are likely to be needed occasionally) incl ding hinges) has%s and sta%les and some sand%a%er* Have a good %l mb line) chalk and %encils* <ee% in a handy %lace a 5ar of a good li2 id gl e) and some cement* -ee to it that the sho% contains a good stock of well.seasoned l mber) both hard wood and soft* Attached to the bench sho ld be a bench screw or vise* This need not be an e3%ensive one) b t sho ld be of good si0e and strong* There sho ld also be a %air of car%enter6s saw benches) a shaving horse) a small anvil and a grindstone* Every farmer has a grindstone somewhere abo t the b ildings) b t it is a great convenience to have a good one in the worksho%* A corner of the sho% sho ld be devoted to %ainting s %%lies) incl ding several colors of good standard ready.mi3ed %aints and stains) raw linseed oil) boiled linseed oil) t r%entine) varnish) % tty) %oints for setting glass) several br shes of different si0es) a good % tty knife and %anes of glass of different si0es ready for emergency* A farmer o ght to be able to do occasional little 5obs of soldering* He needs soldering iron) a bar of solder) resin) a little bottle of soldering fl id) which can be % rchased already %re%ared) also a small sheet.iron f rnace in which to heat the soldering iron* It wo ld cost 2 ite a tidy s m to b y all these things at once) b t they can be

grad ally acc m lated as one is able to % rchase them) and then the o tfit sho ld be ke%t com%lete* 4henever anything in the sho% is broken) worn o t) or disa%%ears it sho ld be re%laced* 4henever farm im%lements or anything abo t the barn or ho se are broken or o t of order) they sho ld be %ro%erly fi3ed* #ften a few min tes s%ent at the right time will make a thing almost as good as new) while) if neglected) it may soon get beyond re%air and have to be thrown away* A thrifty farmer always kee%s his farm im%lements well ho sed and in re%air* It is not what we earn) b t what we save) that makes s rich* It is 2 ite as im%ortant to sto% the leaks as it is to fig re on big %rofits directly*

4unnin1 the 'rindstone

If the face of the grindstone is hard and gla0ed %o r a little sand on the stone every few min tes ntil the gla0e is worn off and the stone will c t like a new one* This condition is ca sed by e3%osing the stone to the weather* It is best to kee% the stone in a shed nder cover) b t if this is not %ossible) set it nder a tree and % t a bo3 over it when not in se* It is s r%rising how easy a little oil on the bearings will make the stone r n* A few dro%s of kerosene will c t the g m if it r ns hard and then some oil or a3le grease will make it go easy* It is hard to stand on one foot and work the treadle with the other* The 5ob can be made easy by bolting two boards to the grindstone frame) and e3tending it A feet) on which %lace a seat as shown in the c t* An neven stone needs to be c t down and toned %* This can be done by grinding against the end of a %iece of %i%e) having the stone dry* 7ood nat re is as contagio s as the measles* + t on yo r best smile when yo

get % in the morning and observe how everybody will greet yo with a s nny face*

o2e2ade An5il

A homemade anvil can be constr cted from a 8.foot %iece of railroad rail mo nted on a trestle) as shown in the sketch* This affair will stand a lot of heavy %o nding) and comes in handy in many ways* The rail is 5 st abo t the right sha%e to make an anvil*

6akin1 a 7e0 Tool

A very handy wrench for many kinds of work) s ch as making gates and contrivances) where small bolts are sed) is shown in the c t* From a small monkey wrench remove the wooden handle) and weld the metal %art to an old bit.stock) as shown in the c t* This %ermits of very ra%id work in screwing % small bolts* 4here there are so many things to do as there are on a farm) it %ays to do things in the easiest and 2 ickest way* This is one of the real time.savers* /earn to live) and live to learn) Ignorance like a fire doth b rn)

/ittle tasks make large ret rn* -- Bayard Taylor.

o0 to 6ake a Sha5in1

orse

#ne of the most sef l devices on a farm is a shaving horse* Make a bench &; inches high of a good A.inch %lank) c, level off the edges so that it will make a comfortable seat* ,%on this %lace a slanting %latform) b, thro gh which is c t a hole in which the clam%) a, works* The clam% m st be made of heavy hard wood that is to gh and will not s%lit* The shank) f) m st be an e3tension of the clam%) a* -everal holes in the %lank will allow the clam% to be raised so as to take in larger %ieces of wood* The treadle) g, is ke%t in %lace by a %eg at h. To o%erate this horse the workman %laces his foot %on the treadle) inserts the wood to be clam%ed nder the edge of a) and % shes backward %on the treadle* This clam%s the wood and the drawing knife can be sed readily and m ch more ra%idly than with a vise*

A Con5enient *ar2

orse

#n the farm there is contin al se for s ch a horse as is shown in the drawing* !ot only when doing little 5obs of car%entering) b t also in many other

o%erations) s ch a s %%ort is fo nd necessary* This little horse is an im%rovement over the ordinary stiff affair) in that it sh ts together when not in se) and so can be %acked o t of the way* It is made of boards c t in stri%s) the two hori0ontal boards at the to% being hinged together) as shown herewith* 4hile in se the legs are ke%t a%art by long hooks) as may be %lainly seen in the %ict re* 4hen tillage begins) other arts follow* The farmers) therefore) are the fo nders of h man civili0ation* -- Daniel Webster.

A Wire Splicer

The neatest and strongest s%lice can be made with this little instr ment* It is a stri% of iron & inch wide and &B; inch thick* #ne end is c t narrow and is bent into a hook large eno gh to fit neatly the largest wire to be s%liced* At the sides of this two notches are filed) as shown at the left* At the right the s%licer is seen in %osition on the wire* The s%licer sho ld be t rned backward) as it a%%ears in the right.hand drawing) to make the s%lice* A %air of large %incers or a vise sho ld be sed to hold the two wires between the coils while t rning the s%licer* The s%lice as finished a%%ears above* The length of the handle may vary* If the s%licer is to be sed for net wire) of co rse the handle cannot be longer than the width of the mesh* #therwise) : or 9 inches is abo t right for !o* ; wire* If it is to be sed only for small wire) the length of the handle sho ld be red ced for the sake of convenience*

Ser5iceable

o2e2ade 8e5el

A serviceable level is shown in the ill stration* Take two &.inch boards of rather hard wood) well.seasoned) A to C feet long) bolt or screw them together at right angles* This nion m st be so strong as never to be moved by ordinary %ress re* At the to% of the %er%endic lar %iece c t a slit and insert a %iece of strong thread* To the bottom of the thread tie a thin circ lar weight* /ay the device across two trestles of nearly the same level* $ st above the weight mark the %lace where the string hangs* Reverse the %osition of the instr ment by t rning it end for end) and again mark the %osition of the string* Half way between the two marks %lace a third* 4hen the string hangs over this mark the lower board will be level* A shield of tin may be %laced over the weight* A nail on each side of the string) 5 st above the weight) will kee% it from swinging far o t of %lace* It m st be allowed to swing freely* A sim%le level may be im%rovised by filling a small flat bottle with water) so that only a b bble of air remains) and attaching it lengthwise and near the middle of a straight stick or narrow board*

To 6ake a

andle Stay (n

To sec re the handle of a hammer or a3 is often 2 ite a bothersome %roblem* A s%ecial wedge made with a %iece of wood as at a, in the sketch) held in %lace by a fence sta%le) b, has been devised to meet the need for a wedge that really holds* The %rongs of the sta%le sho ld be bent slightly o tward before it is driven in) so that they will s%read in the handle* There is little danger of handles coming loose when they are attached in this manner) and it is little more diffic lt to set a handle as indicated than in the old.fashioned way*

A Tool Bo9 4equisite

Among the handiest things to have in the tool bo3 are some small bolts abo t A inches long with th mb n ts* A do0en or so of these will %rove their val e many times over in the co rse of a year* In making tables for fairs or s %%ers or in any sort of knock.down arrangement) or tem%orary convenience where strength is essential) nothing s r%asses a bolt of this descri%tion* 4ith a brace and a bit the right si0e) one may be entirely inde%endent of nails and screws* A farmer friend of o rs was once called %on to make a fence abo t a child6s crib witho t any marring nails* A slot in the fence %ost with a th mb bolt 5 st above the crib line gave an alligator 5aw res lt which was very satisfactory* #n another occasion a knock.down stage was carried from the storeroom in %ieces and % t together by two men in A( min tes* An act al com% tation of its strength showed that a locomotive might safely r n over it* The man referred to above has &(( feet of tables for hall % r%oses) de%ending entirely %on the A.inch bolt and th mb n t for their fastenings and braces* There is never any tro ble abo t knocking o t nails* To one having a brace and bit these handy things will s ggest of themselves many satisfactory ses* A s %%ly of iron washers sho ld be ke%t in hand) and in time a collection of vario s si0es of wooden washers will acc m late*

Solderin1
-oldering may be done by anyone having a very sim%le o tfit* All that is re2 ired is a co%%er soldering iron) some solder) a vial of m riatic acid and some resin* A fairly s ccessf l 5ob of soldering a tin dish may be done by scra%ing the s rface bright where the hole is) s%rinkling on a little finely %owdered resin) laying on a bit of solder and holding the dish over a flame) which may be from an alcohol lam%) ntil the solder melts* It will cover the hole and stick* If the dish is r sty or badly tarnished se m riatic acid in %lace of resin* Resin works best when tin is bright) b t s ally solder sticks most s ccessf lly when the acid is sed* For soldering large breaks or doing im%ortant 5obs of soldering the iron m st be sed* In order to work well the iron has to be ke%t coated with solder* 4hen it gets blackened it sho ld be filed ntil bright and then r bbed %on a smooth board while hot in a mi3t re of melted solder and resin* 4hen the hot iron is taken from the fire wi%e it on a dam% cloth before trying to se it to lift the melted solder* A soldering iron is best heated in charcoal or the coals of a wood

fire* The co%%er sho ld never get red hot) as that ca ses the coating of the %oint to be b rned off* The metal to be soldered m st always be heated before the solder will nite it* -older may be obtained in bars at any tin sho%* It can be made by melting together A %arts of lead and & of bar tin* This is the s al %ro%ortion for most % r%oses* -oft solder that will melt 2 ickly and can be easily sed for mending tinware can be made of % re lead and tin in e2 al %arts* A hard solder is made by melting together A %arts of co%%er to & of tin* 1ra0ing solder is made by melting together brass and one.si3th its weight of 0inc* 4hen cool it sho ld be gran lated by %o nding with a hammer* For soldering steel and iron to brass the following combination of metal is melted together) C %arts tin) C'.lBA co%%er) and 9.lBA 0inc* 1efore it is a%%lied) all the metals to be 5ointed together m st be heated to the same tem%erat re as the soldering alloy* 7old solder is made of A8 %arts gold) A %arts silver and & %art co%%er* A hard silver solder is made of 8 %arts silver to & of co%%er* A soft silver solder is made of A %arts silver to & of brass* 1. Workshop and Tools A* The -teel -2 are C* In and Aro nd the Ho se C* In and Aro nd the Ho se +art II 8* 1arns and -tock D* +o ltry and 1ees :* 7arden and #rchard 9* Field and 4ood ;* 7ates and Doors '* 4hen 4e 1 ild '* 4hen 4e 1 ild +art II &(* 4orth <nowing &(* 4orth <nowing +art II

The Steel Square

:se of the Steel Square

By J. Hamilton Elliot

A steel s2 are) often called a car%enter6s s2 are) can be fo nd in almost any kit of mechanic6s tools and a little knowledge of this instr ment will aid the ser to %erform many %roblems easily and 2 ickly that otherwise might %rove diffic lt* -2 ares of different kinds and materials have been sed by mechanics in all ages* The first were made of wood and were sed in the constr ction of the earliest b ildings of which we have historic record* The s2 ares of today are made of steel) finely %olished and stam%ed with many fig res) tables and r les) according to the taste of the man fact rer and the s%ecial mechanic for whom they are designed*

4e will not attem%t to deal with the several s%ecial kinds or makes) taking % only a few of the %ossibilities of the standard A.foot s2 are* This is A feet long on the blade) which is two inches wide) and it is &: or &; inches on the tong e or ang lar leg* The latter is &.&BA inches wide* 1eginning at the heel or corner of the s2 are) inches and fractions of inches are marked* It is necessary that the marking be in this way) in order to form the different combinations desired in connection with the different %roblems which have to be solved* A few of these %roblems are e3%lained in the following %ages*

8u2ber 4ule

#n the side of the blade of the s2 are that is divided into inches and eighths is %laced the l mber r le or scale* This is sed for com% ting the n mber of feet in board meas re contained in a given board or %iece of l mber* 4e show a %ict re of a section c t from the center of the l mber r le* The s%ace r nning lengthwise of the blade between the %arallel lines contains the n mber of feet board meas re for a given width of board* The first s%ace is for boards ; inches wide) the second for those ' inches wide) the third for those &( inches wide and so on* To determine the s%ace which sho ld be sed for any given width) look nder the &A.inch mark on the o tside edge of the blade* These n mbers give the width of the board) also the n mber of feet board meas re* If a board is &( inches wide and &A feet long) it contains &( feet board meas re* !ow let it be re2 ired to find the n mber of feet board meas re in a board &C inches wide and && feet long* Find the s%ace for boards &C inches wide nder the &A.inch mark on the s2 are) follow this s%ace to the left and nder the &&. inch mark on the s2 are will be fo nd the answer desired? &&..&&* This is read && feet and &&B&A) and is the n mber of feet board meas re contained in a board &C inches wide and && feet long* 4ith a little %ractice) anyone can meas re l mber or timber and check % his bills for this kind of material*

Do not confo nd foot board meas re with s2 are feet* -2 are feet are in s rface meas re) with no reference to thickness) while a foot board meas re is the e2 ivalent of a foot s2 are and & inch in thickness* The s2 are feet of a C. inch %lank wo ld contain C feet board meas re* After becoming familiar with the se of the l mber r le) as described above) yo will discover that the s%ace may be taken to contain the amo nts for a given width and the different lengths in feet as re%resented in the different col mns) or the s%ace may be taken as containing the amo nts for a given length and the different widths arranged in col mns@ therefore) find either length in feet or width in inches nder the &A.inch mark and follow this s%ace ntil nder the inch mark re%resenting the other meas rement* In this s%ace will be fo nd the feet board meas re*

The Brace 4ule

The brace r le is on the tong e of the s2 are) and has a series of fig res re%resenting the rise or vertical height) the r n or hori0ontal reach and the tr e length of a brace* For e3am%le) they are written?

A9BA9 C;&' and 8DB8D :C :8* These wo ld be read A9 inches r n) A9 inches rise and a length of C; and &'B&(( inches) and 8D inches r n) 8D inches rise and a length of :C and :8B&(( inches* A glance at the ill stration will give a good idea of the a%%lication of the brace r le as it a%%ears on almost any modern make of s2 are*

The (cta1on Scale

There is an octagon scale on one side of the tong e of the s2 are) b t we will not attem%t to e3%lain its se) as there are easier and sim%ler methods of obtaining the same res lt* #ne method is shown in Fig re &* To obtain the lines on a s2 are stick where the corners sho ld come when converted into an octagon or eight.sided stick? /ay the s2 are on the one side of the s2 are stick at s ch an angle that the end of the s2 are will come e3actly at the edges or corners of the stick) make a dot on the 9.inch mark and at the &9.inch mark* Thro gh these dots ga ge or mark a line %arallel with the edge of the stick* Contin e this o%eration on all of the fo r sides* This gives the lines for the corners of an octagon* In making a flag%ole or s%ar for a boat or to ro nd any large stick this is the o%eration sed by all mechanics doing the work by hand*

The 6iter Bo9

#f all homemade devices) one of the most fre2 ently sed in the sho% is the miter bo3* After the bo3 is % t together it is a sim%le %roblem) with the se of a steel s2 are) to make the c ts necessary to intersect two %ieces of wood) as shown in Fig re A* First) the bo3 m st be straight and tr e and the sides form a %erfect right angle or s2 are with the bottom* /ay the steel s2 are on the to% of the bo3 so that the &A.inch mark on the blade and the &A.inch mark on the tong e will both come e3actly on the edge of the bo3* This gives the miter c t of the intersection of the angle of a %erfect s2 are) as shown in Fig re A* Fig re C shows the manner of %lacing the s2 are on the bo3 to give the desired angle*

A s%r ng molding) which is a molding not solid on the back) as shown in Fig re 8) m st be %laced in the bo3 bottom side % as shown in Fig re D) so as to get a solid bearing to hold it* C ts in the bo3 to miter aro nd an eight.sided

fig re or an octagon) as shown in DA) can be obtained by sing 9 inches and &9 inches) marking the c t on the 9.inch side) as shown in Fig re D*

Truin1 the Square

After obtaining a steel s2 are) the first and most essential thing is to test or %rove it to see that it is acc rate) forming the angle of a %erfect s2 are*

Take a board %laned on one side and straighten one edge of it %erfectly as described nder EMaking a -traight EdgeE FbelowG* Make a mark across this board with the s2 are) as shown in Fig re :) +osition A) then reverse the s2 are to +osition 1* If the s2 are is tr e it sho ld e3actly fit the mark made* It is necessary to work very acc rately) making the mark with the %oint of a knife and having the edge of the board absol tely straight*

If the s2 are is fo nd to be o t or inacc rate) it is not necessary to throw it away@ it can be made tr e by a sim%le method by any handy mechanic* If yo do not %ossess an anvil) make a s bstit te by sticking the a3 into a cho%%ing block) lay the s2 are on the head of the a3 so that the bearing will come from

the throat or inside angle to the heel or o tside of the s2 are* To close % the angle) strike with a hammer a shar% blow at a %oint near the heel@ to o%en the angle) strike near the throat at a %oint indicated in Fig re 9* Don6t strike too hard* ,se a bell.face nail hammer and the dent will not be noticed*

6akin1 a Strai1ht ;d1e

In connection with the work with the steel s2 are a straight.edged board is necessary to have ready for immediate se* +roc re a board ; or &( feet long of good) dry %ine) free from knots and : to ; inches wide* +lane the edge ntil it seems straight to the eye) then lay it on the bench or on another board and make a mark along the edge) 5 st straight with a fine lead %encil@ reverse it or t rn it over and fit it to the other side of the %encil line* This m lti%lies any inacc racy or deviation from a straight line* Make a new line each time yo %lane the edge* 4ork with as long a %lane as yo have and set the blade to take a fine shaving* 4hen the edge will fit both sides of the line made from it while in one %osition) it is straight* Fig re ; will give a clear idea of this o%eration*

4afters

The common rafter for a %itch roof is easily laid o t with the steel s2 are* There are many methods) b t the easiest and most sim%le is by s%acing* Two dimensions) half the width of the b ilding and the height of the roof) are divided into an e2 al n mber of %arts* The width of half the b ilding is called the r n and is s ally divided into %arts of &A inches or a foot for convenience* The height is called the rise) and is divided into an e2 al n mber of %arts* A glance at Fig re ' tells s that the r n there shown is &( inches rise to &A inches r n* 4hen the s2 are is laid on the stick to be c t into a rafter) the &(.inch mark on the tong e and the &A.inch mark on the blade are held so that they come e3actly even with the o tside edge* The blade then takes a level %osition and the tong e a vertical %osition or %l mb %osition* This gives the %ro%er level for the c t at the to% of the rafter and the level c t at the to% of the %late* As the s2 are now lies on the stick make a fine mark and move the s2 are along) marking another s%ace* Mark as many of these s%aces as the %arts into which the rise and r n were divided* This gives the length of a rafter from the ridge to a %oint e3actly over the o tside of the %late* 4here the rafter overhangs the %late) it is necessary to s2 are down or in to form the notch for the %late* 1y st dying Fig re ' yo can readily see the different %ositions taken by the s2 are) also) how and why the rise and r n are divided into an e2 al n mber of s%aces* 1y this method the length of the rafter is obtained witho t se of mathematics*

Stair Strin1er

The stair stringer is laid o t in m ch the same manner as the common rafter* The total rise of height to go % is divided into %arts of abo t 9.&BA inches) as near as %ossible* This makes the easiest ste%* The r n is always divided into one less s%ace than the rise* The reason for this can be easily nderstood by e3amining Fig re &(* /ay the s2 are on the stick to be sed as a stair stringer) taking the n mbers into which the rise and r n have been divided) mark) and slide the s2 are along ntil the re2 ired n mber of s%aces are marked* A little e3%erience) with allowance made for the s rro nding conditions) and any handy mechanic can lay o t stringers for an ordinary flight of stairs* To get an easy flight of stairs for the %erson of average si0e where %lenty of room can be sed) e3%erience teaches that 9.&BA inches rise and &( inches r n or tread makes an easy flight* From this some stairb ilding e3%erts have % t together the following r le) which works very well for the average stair? 4hen the rise m lti%lied by the tread e2 als 9D) the r n will be an easy one) as 9.&BA inches rise by &(. &BA inches tread e2 als 9D@ ;.&BC inches rise by ' inches tread e2 als 9D@ ; inches rise by '.&BA inches tread e2 als 9:) which is very near the desired res lt* 4hen the rise is ' inches or over) the r le is not good) as the tread m st be shortened % m ch more) and the rise sho ld never be more than && inches .. that is abo t the rise in an ordinary ladder leaning against a ho se*

The #)th %roble2 of ;uclid

The %roblem shown in Fig re && is known as the 89th +roblem of E clid) and is an invention by an ancient 7reek geometer who so ght many years for a method of finding the length of the hy%othen se of a right angle triangle in mathematics) and when the method was discovered) history tells s there was great re5oicing* +ythagoras is credited with having first %roved the r le s ccessf lly a%%lied to the %roblem* The r le is that the s2 are of the base added to the s2 are of the altit de e2 als the s2 are of the hy%othen se* The base of a right angle triangle is the side on which it rests) marked 1 in Fig re &&* The altit de is the height and is marked A in Fig re &&* The hy%othen se is the connecting side of the triangle) marked H in Fig re &&* The base) :) s2 ared or m lti%lied by itself) e2 als C:* The altit de) ;) s2 ared) e2 als :8* 1y adding these together we have &(() which is the s2 are of the hy%othen se* It remains b t to e3tract the s2 are root of &(() which we know is &() therefore &( is the length of the hy%othen se or third side of this right angle triangle* All right angle triangles can be fig red in the same manner) b t only m lti%les of the length of the three sides come even .. s ch as C) 8) D and &A) &:) A() as shown in Fig re &A@ and many others) of co rse*

The 4ule of &< + and 1.

This is a r le so e3tensively sed in the b ilding trades and others that it has finally come to be known by the above name* It is derived from the 89th +roblem of E clid) and is sed in the manner shown in Fig re &C* Meas re : feet on the end sill of a b ilding and ; feet on the side sill* If it meas res &( feet across the angle the b ilding is s2 are* This is a very sef l r le and easily remembered* It is always available in r nning lines for batter boards for masonry or lines for walks* 1y starting from a corner stake into which a nail is driven) meas re off on the string or line sed and insert a stake to mark the %lace* Drive a nail into this stake and %roceed in like manner on the other side* 4ith a little care and %ractice) 2 ite a 5ob of s rveying can be done by sing a few stakes) a ball of string and a ta%e or &(.foot %ole*

An1les

An angle is the o%ening between two lines meeting at a %oint* Angles are s ally s%oken of as being of a n mber of degrees* The degrees are meas red on the circ mference) the center of which is on the %oint of the angle* There are C:( degrees of the circ mference of a circle* The s rface of the earth is so divided north and so th by the %arallels of latit de) which are n mbered from the e2 ator each way@ also east and west by the meridians of longit de) which are n mbered from 7reenwich) England* They can be seen on any ma%*

1y the se of a %rotractor) the n mber of degrees of any angle can be obtained* Fig re &8 shows one.half of a circle or &;( degrees*

%lottin1 An1les

To strike an angle in a field on a large scale where one line is given or can be obtained) meas re off from the %oint of the angle D9.CB&( feet@ lay one end of a &(.foot %ole at this %oint* The other end sho ld be sw ng aro nd so that it also will be D9.CB&( feet from the starting %oint* Each foot marks off & degree on the circ mference of a circle whose radi s is D9.CB&( feet* If more than &( degrees are re2 ired) contin e as before) kee%ing the ends of the &(.foot %ole always on the circ mference of the circle from the starting %oint* A clear idea of this o%eration can be obtained from Fig re &D* /abor is rest from the sorrows that greet s@

Rest from all %etty ve3ations that meet s) Rest from sin.%rom%tings that ever entreat s) Rest from world.sirens that hire s to ill* 4ork .. and % re sl mbers shall wait on thy %illow@ 4ork .. tho shalt ride over Care6s coming billow@ /ie not down wearied) 6neath 4oe6s wee%ing willowH 4ork with a sto t heart and resol te willH -- Frances S. Osgood. &* 4orksho% and Tools 2. The Steel Square C* In and Aro nd the Ho se C* In and Aro nd the Ho se +art II 8* 1arns and -tock D* +o ltry and 1ees :* 7arden and #rchard 9* Field and 4ood ;* 7ates and Doors '* 4hen 4e 1 ild '* 4hen 4e 1 ild +art II &(* 4orth <nowing &(* 4orth <nowing +art II

The Step=Sa5in1 ,u2b Waiter

!E may save many ste%s in every ho se where the kitchen is sit ated over the cellar) to say nothing of other considerations) with a small o tlay of time) and %erha%s) witho t the e3%endit re of a single dollar) by a d mb waiter) means of which may be %laced in any convenient corner o t of the way* A handy si0e for an ordinary family is A feet s2 are with fo r shelves) co nting the to%) & foot a%art* These shelves may be h ng from the corners) the center or the middle of the sides) by means of manila sash cord over % lleys %laced close to the ceiling of the kitchen and nearly balanced with weights) which sho ld be confined in a little case* They sho ld be g ided in ascending and descending by means of grooves in the middle of the sides e3tending from

to% to bottom of the inclosed case* In the cellar the case may have a fine wire screen door and in the kitchen an ordinary c %board door or one with a glass front) as desired* The doors sho ld slide %ward and be balanced like an ordinary window with sash weights and % lleys* In order to %revent the waiter from descending when being overloaded a %ivoted wooden latch) as shown on the right.hand side) sho ld engage with the ends of the shelves) and to %revent any shock from too 2 ick descent some coiled s%rings sho ld be %laced at the bottom of the case* If desired a small c %board may be b ilt at the to% of the case for storing little. sed articles* -ome advantages of s ch a waiter are that food may be %laced on the shelves and lowered into the cool cellar and either allowed to stay there or removed to the refrigerator* Th s it will be nnecessary to carry anything to or from the cellar) and this will often mean a saving of several tri%s % and down* If the cellar is clean and cool there may be no need to se a refrigerator or an ice bo3*

4ack for %reser5es

A convenient rack for %reserves may be made 5 st at the t rn of the cellar stairs in a ho se) so that the ho sewife need not ste% off the stairs) when she descends for a can of %reserves* -everal circ lar %ieces of wood are %ierced thro gh the centers and nailed to a kind of wooden shaft that r ns thro gh the entire rack* !ail barrel hoo%s of the thick) wide variety aro nd the edge of the shelves) so that the contents cannot fall off* The barrel hoo%s are soaked in water for several ho rs to make them %liable) so they can be fitted aro nd the shelves* In a socket at the bottom) the middle shaft sli%s) the %%er end working in a socket in the end of a sto t %iece of wood nailed to the beam overhead* The sockets may be % rchased at the hardware store* The glass cans are arranged on the shelves) and the ho sewife can stand in one s%ot and t rn the rack aro nd ntil she finds the 5ar for which she is looking* From the covers of large cheese bo3es anyone co ld make a similar rack) sing it in attic or kitchen) anywhere where one wants a rack which will hold an e3tra large n mber of articles for the amo nt of s%ace involved* Ill h sbandry braggeth To go with the best? 7ood h sbandry baggeth

,% gold in his chest* -- Tusser.

Transfor2in1 a Washstand

The kitchen cabinet here shown was made from an anti2 ated washstand and table) sing old l mber) odds and ends of varnish) nails and screws) the finished article costing less than D( cents* The only tools sed were a saw) hammer) %lane and s2 are) s ch as can be fo nd in any farmer6s collection* First) the shelf shown in Fig re I was made) it being wide eno gh to reach each end of the table and dee% eno gh for the washstand to set on it fl sh* To the right end was screwed a board of the same width) the shelf being so %laced that it wo ld be A feet above the table* A board of e2 al width formed the s %%ort at the other end* Then the wash.stand) from which the to% had been removed) was %laced %side down on the shelf FbbbG) one end of the washstand reaching to the e3treme left end of the shelf) and the two were sec rely fastened together* This left a narrow

o%en s%ace between the right end of the washstand and the right s %%ort of the shelf* A board was then nailed on to% from one end to the other) and a back added* The drawer of the washstand had to be fi3ed so that it wo ld slide the other way) as it was now %side down* That necessitated a shelf inside the wash. stand above the drawer* #ld l mber was sed) and this was smoothed with a %lane) then sand%a%ered and holes and cracks filled with % tty* 4hen the % tty was dry it was sand%a%ered again* A s %%ort was then nailed to the back of the recess for a s%ice cabinet* This left the cabinet abo t 8 inches from the table* This s %%ort also did for two shelves) one in each corner of the recess* The s%ice cabinet contained eight small drawers and added m ch to the whole* A door with a glass sash FeG was then made for the narrow s%ace to the right of the washstand above the recess* This made a little china closet with two shelves and containing over a do0en brass c % hooks* The s%ace near the to% on the left.hand side) between the short legs of the washstand) was left o%en for the cr mb and draining trays* A %iece of batten was nailed aro nd the to% as a finishing to ch* A leaf) which co ld be raised when re2 ired) added to the table room* The cabinet being %laced in a corner left the front and one end free* #n this end or side were %laced two salt bo3es) one for salt) and the other for kitchen cloths* Directly above these and reaching the length of the end was a shelf FfG for the clock) etc* Finally) waln t varnish stain) two coats) was a%%lied* In each side of the recess were screwed two large c % hooks* -imilar hooks were screwed on the inside of the washstand doors) to hang % bisc it c tter) corkscrew) n tmeg grater) etc*

o2e2ade ,resser

-ometimes it is necessary to se homemade makeshifts in the ho se f rnishing) and sometimes it is done thro gh a desire to e3ercise one6s ingen ity in fashioning sim%le affairs* The accom%anying ill stration shows a %lan for making a sim%le dresser that when finished will not only be very sef l in itself) b t will also add a sef l bit of f rnishing to the room* -elect a dry.goods bo3 of the right si0e to fit well into the s%ace to be tili0ed) then fit two shelves to the interior) as s ggested* The whole bo3 sho ld be covered on the o tside with some %retty cloth) the edges being drawn over and aro nd the front edges of the bo3) and neatly tacked inside* Make a shelf with a length e2 al to the width of the bo3 and fasten it to the wall above the bo3 with some %retty nickel brackets) as shown in ill stration* Cover the shelf with cloth) also* !ow %lace a looking.glass above the shelf and have a c rtain like the covering in front of the o%ening* This c rtain can have little brass rings sewed to the %%er edge) which will slide on a small brass rod* Dost tho love lifeI Then do not s2 ander time) for that is the st ff life is made of* -- Benjamin Fran lin. Earth is here so kind) that 5 st tickle her with a hoe and she la ghs with a harvest* -- Douglas !errold.

1lest is the man whose wish and care Is 5 st to be ha%%y anywhere*

/itchen Windo0 Cabinet

!othing lightens labor so m ch as cheerf lness) and cheerf lness may often be sec red by very sim%le means* In the accom%anying %ict re is shown one way that works well* Instead of the s al kitchen table a cabinet is b ilt below and at the sides of the kitchen window and the to% made large eno gh to serve as a table* In this way the wife may have a %leasant view when she looks % from her kitchen work* It is not necessary to go into details concerning the constr ction of s ch a cabinet) beca se no two %eo%le wo ld be satisfied with the same %lan* The %lan shown is merely s ggestive for the tho ghtf l wife and the handy man to work o t to s it their own %artic lar needs*

To 8et in 6ore 8i1ht

Many farm kitchens and dining rooms are dark and gloomy* It is not an easy matter to c t new windows in the o tside wall) tho gh this can often be done to great advantage@ b t where there is an o tside door in a dark room) conditions can very easily be im%roved) and that) too) at small e3%ense* Doors vary greatly in the manner of constr ction) some having wide %anels at the to% and some having two narrow ones of varying lengths* 1 t almost every %anel door that was ever constr cted can be treated in the way which we will describe* The two %%er %anels can be removed) and their %lace filled with two lights of glass* If the door is of modern make it will be fo nd that the wooden %anel is held in %lace by a narrow molding all abo t it) both inside and o t* Remove the

molding on one side) and take o t the %anel* + t in the glass and re%lace the molding) and the work is done* If) however) the door is of older man fact re the molding on either side may be fo nd to be a %art of the door frame* In this case) c t the molding away on one side) neatly and evenly) and remove the %anel* Then insert the glass) and having made) or bo ght) a little stri% of molding) fasten it neatly in %lace aro nd the glass with brads* In the case of some doors the two %anels co ld be removed) and also the %right between them) leaving a large rectang lar o%ening) into which a single sash of fo r) or nine) lights co ld be inserted) the 5oints being made tight abo t it with % tty and white lead* Then tack a narrow bit of molding abo t the sash) both inside and o t) and a door that will give light to the room will be the res lt* An o tside door looks better with glass in the %%er half) and the interior will certainly be made more cheerf l and healthf l beca se of it* 4e know what we are) b t know not what we may be* -- "amlet*

A Barrel Cradle

Anyone who can se a hammer and nails and needle and thread can make this ine3%ensive) accessible) easily moved) and cool yet sheltering cradle* -ec re a nice white s gar barrel) clean it thoro ghly and remove half of both heads* +lace the barrel on its side) removing half the staves) and leaving the other half to form the bed of the cradle* !e3t remove the hoo% that is second from the bottom) and then two hoo%s will be left at the to% to form the frame for the hood) and one hoo% at the bottom to form the foot* F-ee ill stration*G Caref lly nail the remaining staves to the hoo%s) clinching each nail sec rely*

!ow cover the frame th s formed) as shown in the accom%anying ill stration* Any thin cotton goods that may be la ndered can be sed* Fig red lawn wo ld be very %retty) and if economy is an item) a worn bleaching sheet will do* +lace a little mattress or %ad and a tiny %illow within) or the s al cradle f rnishings may be sed* #ne yard of mos2 ito netting stretched over the o%ening of the cradle will %revent insects from bothering) and the netting itself cannot to ch and awaken the baby*

To %rotect Baby fro2

ot Sto5e

4inter months mean e3tra care for the mother of a baby) b t %ossibly the greatest of the additional cares that winter brings in this regard is that of kee%ing the c rio s tot from the hot stove* 1 ild a %en aro nd the stove to %rotect him from it* The %en is a sim%le affair* It consists of fo r little gates) made 5 st large eno gh to s rro nd the stove) and covered with netting* The wire netting does not interfere with the free %assage of heat and is very effective in kee%ing baby from getting b rned* The gates are made of &.&B8. inch stri%s) mortised or neatly fitted* For netting se ordinary %o ltry wire of A. foot width* The gates are held in %lace by hooks and screw eyes* This arrangement is better than hinges) as it makes the taking down of the affair) for swee%ing or cleaning the stove) m ch easier* In the s mmer yo may se the gate at the foot of the stairs) across the %orch door) and in other %laces where baby is determined to go) and where he is in danger of falling and getting h rt nless %rotected in this way* For this %en) the l mber costs AD cents) the netting AD cents) and the hook and screw eyes &D cents) making a total of only :D cents*

A Bo9 for Clothes

In many of the f rnit re stores one may see %retty cloth.covered bo3es that are sed in bedrooms as a rece%tacle for vario s articles of a%%arel) the inside) as well as the o tside) being covered with %retty fig red cloth* The inside of the cover is fitted with %ockets for sli%%ers and sl mber shoes* These little chests are so light that they may be lifted abo t with one hand* To make s ch a chest) select one of the very light and well.made grocery bo3es in which cereals and vario s brands of breakfast foods are shi%%ed) which may be had at any grocery store* -ee that the corners and the bottom are nailed sec rely* The to% will be com%osed of at least two %ieces of board) and these can be made into a solid cover by nailing two cleats beneath them* 1 t these will not look very attractive when the covering is being % t on) so a more workmanlike %lan will be to saw off a co %le of inches from each end of the to% boards and s %%ly the %lace of the wood removed by nailing along the ends a A.inch stri% of the same thickness* This gives a cleat at each end) b t the cleats in this way form %art of the cover itself* ,se long wire nails to sec re these end %ieces in %lace* It will be a sim%le matter to cover and line the bo3 when the covering material is at hand* ,se very small tacks and carry the o tside covering % over the to% and down over the inside) which will make the se of tacks along the to% nnecessary* The lower edge of the cover can be tacked on the bottom of the bo3) so the tacks will not be seen on the o tside at all*

Scoops fro2 Tin Cans

-coo%s for handling s gar and flo r are among the most convenient tensils that one can have abo t the %antry@ and in a short time a good s %%ly may be made from materials that are going to waste abo t almost every home* Take an ordinary tin can and either melt or c t off the to%* 4ith a %air of tinner6s shears Fa strong %air of ho sehold shears may be sedG) begin at the o%en end and s%lit the side of the can to within abo t an inch of the bottom* #%%osite this one make a similar slit* +arallel to the bottom of the can) c t from the lower end of one slit to that of the other* Ro nd the corners of the remaining half) and the body of yo r scoo% is finished* For a handle) abo t 8 inches off the end of an old broomstick is 5 st the thing* If this is not available) a handle may easily be sha%ed with a knife from a %iece of soft wood* To attach the handle) from the inside drive a small nail thro gh the

center of the bottom of the can and into the center of the handle* -ome additional strength is obtained by %lanning so that the seam of the can will r n down the middle of the li% of the scoo%) th s stiffening it* A salmon or corn can makes a very convenient si0ed scoo% for the s gar) while tomato cans serve very nicely for flo r and meals) and half.gallon %aint b ckets may be th s tili0ed for handling light materials*

o2e2ade *oldin1 Table

A handy game or sewing table may be made as follows? Take two %laned boards &A inches wide and C feet long* Fasten them together with two stri%s A inches wide and A8 inches long* Fasten these stri%s by strong screws in %right %osition* !ow take two similar stri%s and fasten them by hinges to the %ieces screwed on the boards* Fasten fo r sto t legs to these in the manner shown in the c t* Take two three.cornered boards large eno gh to hold the legs stiff when dro%%ed into %osition) and fasten them by hinges) as shown* The same general %lan may be followed in making a m ch larger and heavier table or a lighter one*

o2e2ade Butter Worker

A b tter worker is one of the handy devices that sho ld be %on every farm* A good ty%e is shown in the drawing* It is made of close.grained hardwood .. ma%le or birch are recommended .. tight.5ointed) free from knots and %erfectly smooth in si0e* It slo%es eno gh to drain readily at the narrow end thro gh a short %iece of lead %i%e inserted at the bottom* The working bar has a strong) smooth iron rod or s%ike at its lower end) which is easily inserted into or removed from the hole in which it works* The %art of the bar that comes in contact with the b tter is half.ro nd on one side and two flat sides meet at a right angle* #f co rse) it m st be as smooth as %ossible*

o2e Cheese2akin1
!early every farm home contains) or may easily be s %%lied with) the necessary a%%liances to make cheese) and it is not a diffic lt task when one is once familiar with the %rocess* For a small batch of abo t &A gallons of milk the following method is a good one? Take abo t : gallons of the evening6s milk and leave it covered with a cloth in a tem%erat re of :D to 9( degrees ntil morning and then mi3 : gallons of morning6s milk with it in a large t b or boiler* All milk may then be heated together to ;( to '( degrees* Care m st be sed not to get it too hot or to e3%ose it to a draft so that it will cool 2 ickly* Another good method %referred by some is to se && gallons of %erfectly sweet morning6s milk and to this add & gallon of milk that has so red and thickened* The so r milk sho ld be stirred well to get o t all the l m%s and left for abo t &D min tes before the rennet is % t in* The easiest way to heat the milk is to %lace it in a wash boiler right on the stove ntil it gets % to ;: to '( degrees and then raise it from the stove by %lacing it on two bricks* The stove m st not be too hot* Rennet in the form of tablets is most convenient and sef l for home

cheesemaking* Dissolve one tablet in half a glass of cold water and add to the milk after it has been heated and stir well for two min tes* -ome cheesemakers se two or three tablets) as it saves time) b t for beginners two are s ally eno gh* If yo have li2 id rennet e3tract) se abo t two tables%oonf ls*
Cutting the Curd

The rennet will c rdle the milk and the c rd will be ready to c t in A( to 8( min tes* This can be determined by noting if the c rd breaks clean like 5elly when raised on a knife blade* The c tting can be done with a wire toaster) a long knife or a heavy wire* C t lengthwise of the vessel and then crosswise ntil the c rd is in nearly niform %ieces of &BA.inch s2 ares* After c tting) leave the c rd on for five min tes) then heat slowly to &(( degrees) stirring all the time* Cook for abo t 8( min tes at as near '( degrees as %ossible) stirring occasionally to %revent the c rd from sticking together* <ee% the heat % and do not allow the mass to cool* To determine when the c rd is ready) take a handf l and s2 ee0e it in the hand firmly and if it feels elastic and does not stick together) it has been cooked long eno gh* If the milk is good) the c rd sho ld have a %leasant) slightly acid odor* As soon as the c rd is cooked) draw off the whey or di% off the c rd with a sieve and %lace in another vessel* After the c rd is well drained and before it sticks together) add &B8 %o nd of fine salt and mi3 well* After salting) let it cool for &D min tes) stirring occasionally) when it is ready for the hoo%*
Pressing and Curing

For a cheese hoo%) one can se a tin hoo% 9 inches in diameter and &A inches dee% or an old %eck meas re witho t a bottom if holes are % nched in the sides for drainage* For a %ress a device shown in the sketch will serve well) the %ail at the end of the lever being filled with stones* 1efore the c rd is %laced in the hoo%) line it with cheesecloth) one %iece the si0e of the bottom and another

aro nd the side* T rn the %%er edge of the cloth over the edge of the hoo% and fasten it tight* 4hen the c rd is %acked firmly) % t a %iece of cloth on the %%er end and fold it over tight* Make the %ress re slight at first) b t after an ho r rearrange the cloth and make the %ress re heavier* The %ressing sho ld be finished by the ne3t day* Do not %ress in too cool a %lace) b t kee% the tem%erat re abo t D( degrees* For c ring) set the cheese in a dam% room or cellar which has an even tem%erat re* T rn it aro nd daily) and if it shows signs of molding) r b occasionally with b tter* It sho ld be ready to eat in three or fo r weeks* Cheese will c re at 8( degrees) b t it takes longer than when warmer* Twelve gallons of milk sho ld make abo t &( %o nds of cheese) according to richness of milk* After one or two attem%ts any ho sekee%er sho ld be able to make good cheese by this method* It is necessary to kee% all tensils very clean and the liberal se of boiling water with a little soda will accom%lish this % r%ose*

Washes While 4eadin1

Here is a way of making %lay of wash day* +erha%s some of o r bright boys will try this to hel% mother* A friend of o rs had an old bicycle nfit for se* He made a frame to raise the hind wheel from the floor) wo nd the rim with twine Ftire being offG and reversed the seat* In %lace of the form he inserted a %iece of %i%e Fa stick wo ld do as wellG* Then he took some old belting) c t it to &.CB8 inches wide and abo t &( feet long) and with that he r ns the washing machine for his wife* He can read the %a%er while he washes) and he does not lose m ch time from field work either* An emery wheel can also be r n with it by bolting &.inch stri%s to the to% %art of the frame e3tending over the wheel and mo nting a %olishing head on same*

<nowledge is %ower* -- Bacon.

Tread %o0er in the ,airy

4hile the small gasoline engines ada%ted to r nning cream se%arators have been hailed with delight by many dairymen) the old tread %ower is still a very economical and reliable so rce of %ower* 4ith a heavy shee%) dog or the dairy herd b ll eno gh %ower can be %rod ced to r n the se%arator and ch rn at %ractically no cost e3ce%t for the tread* #ne diffic lty has been to sec re a niform rate of s%eed) b t this is solved if a heavy flywheel is attached to the tread* 4hile the sketch shows a direct drive from tread to se%arator) a more desirable arrangement is to have the tread located in a* room ad5oining the se%arator room) where the milk will not be e3%osed to the breath of the animal* A great many men wear themselves o t devising schemes to sideste% honest work*

A 8a2p for Cookin1

A lam% may be tili0ed for cooking % r%oses in the following way? Make a tri%od by taking three stri%s of wood of e2 al length) % tting in one end a headless nail and making slightly slanting holes in the corners of a :.inch triang lar %iece of board in which to fit them* A screw hook in the center of the board) on the nder side) com%letes the device) which has only to be stood over a lighted lam% to be ready for work* A small stew kettle) or tin %ail) h ng on the hook) within a half inch of the lam% chimney) enables one to have a E %ot boilingE in short order* If yo have a large lam%) with a ro nd wick) it will give the heat of two or three common ones) and yo can cook almost as ra%idly as

over a stove* 4ith an ordinary lam%) food can be heated) eggs boiled) or coffee made very 2 ickly) hel%ing wonderf lly in the getting of a meal* This is also an easy and convenient way to heat baby6s milk) or water) in the night) in case of sickness* -tood on a chair by the table) the device can be sed to kee% the coffee or chocolate hot d ring meal time* A ro nd %iece of sheet iron) with chains attached to s s%end it from the hook) is an additional hel%) to hold a stee%er for tea* As this tri%od can be taken a%art readily) when not in se) it will be fo nd a good ad5 nct to a cam%ing o tfit) even tho gh yo carry a cam% stove) for there will be times when nothing will be wanted b t a hot drink) which can be made over the lam% with less tro ble than it wo ld be to make a fire in the stove*

ot Water All 7i1ht

#ne of the things that m st be had 2 ickly when medicine is needed) and still more often for a bottle baby) is hot water at night* The following contrivance has been fo nd to be worth many times the tro ble to make it) for it saves annoyance at a time when baby6s worrying may mean ho rs of sitting %* +lace the socket of a wall bracket lam% 5 st high eno gh above a table so that the to% of a hand lam% chimney will be D or : inches below it* Make an arm of ro nd iron or small %i%ing long eno gh to e3tend o t over the lam% and to this hang a hook) on which hang a small teakettle or %ail* In this eno gh water for the needs of a night can be ke%t hot witho t boiling) and will be ready at an instant6s notice* As a night lam% is a necessity in a ho se where there is a yo ngster) the cost of this device will be nothing) for the bla0e of a small b rner will %rovide s fficient heat* The %ro%er height for the socket on the wall can be determined by meas ring the hook and the kettle to be sed* The lam% chimney sho ld not be nearer than A inches to the bottom of the kettle) or the water will boil and steam away* &* 4orksho% and Tools A* The -teel -2 are 3. In and Around the ouse C* In and Aro nd the Ho se +art II 8* 1arns and -tock D* +o ltry and 1ees

:* 7arden and #rchard 9* Field and 4ood ;* 7ates and Doors '* 4hen 4e 1 ild '* 4hen 4e 1 ild +art II &(* 4orth <nowing &(* 4orth <nowing +art II

In and Around the

ouse !part II"

o0 to Cut Bread ;5en

Bread Cutting Board

Here is one of the most sef l devices to which the handy man can give his attention* It is very rarely that a ho sekee%er can c t even and handsome slices of bread) however m ch she may desire to have the bread %late look attractive* #ne slice will be thin) another thick) while another will be thick on one edge and thin on the other* The drawing shows a sim%le arrangement by which all the slices of bread can be c t of an even thickness witho t any slant* C t a %iece of %ine board to abo t ' 3 &C inches* !ear one end) on either side) insert firmly two %ieces of very sto t wire) bent do ble) as s ggested in the c t* These wire s %%orts sho ld be at least 9 inches high) and sho ld have another inch of length firmly inserted in the wood* The wire sho ld be as sto t as !o* &A) or larger still) and sho ld stand e3actly at right angles to the board* + t them far eno gh a%art so the largest loaf will readily go between them) and have the o%ening in each wire standard 5 st wide eno gh so the knife will slide % and down witho t Ewobbling*E The dotted lines show the %osition of the knife when in %lace* -crew a little stri% of wood in front of the wire) 5 st far eno gh ahead to make the slice of bread the right thickness* +ress the loaf % against this g ide and c t off a slice) then %ress the shortened loaf % again) and re%eat the %rocess*

o2e2ade Water Cooler

It6s a mighty nice thing to have a good s %%ly of cold water at the barn when threshers) corn h skers) or hay harvesters are at work* A sim%le and effective arrangement can be made by sing a flo r barrel and a &(.gallon stone 5ar* +lace the 5ar inside the barrel and s rro nd it with charcoal) sawd st) or chaff) if nothing else is available* 4ith a tight lid and a wet cloth s%read over the to%) water will kee% ice cold in this arrangement* The ses of s ch a cooler may be m lti%lied to incl de kee%ing many things cool in the ho se*

/eep *ood Cool in Su22er

A very convenient and serviceable %lace to kee% dairy %rod cts may be formed by sinking a large barrel in the gro nd* A shady s%ot sho ld be chosen) or the heat of the s n will affect the tem%erat re* Fill in aro nd the barrel with small stones) gravel and sand) dam%ened in order to maintain coolness* Constr ct a bo3 aro nd and above the to% of the barrel) and bank % with solid earth) %referably clay* This drains off the water when it rains* It also makes the bottom of the barrel farther down from the to% of the o%ening) which f rther %romotes coolness* !e3t sha%e a light) inner lid to %lace on to% of the barrel) and then make a strong) hinged lid for the bo3) and arrange it so it may be fastened down tightly* -%rinkle a little dam%ened sand on the bottom of the barrel) and yo r little barrel cellar is ready for se* 1y being caref l several vessels may be arranged one above the other in this handy little rece%tacle* Air o t occasionally to %revent mold and odors from collecting*

A Cooler ,u22y
4here a dee%) cool well is located near the ho se an arrangement may be devised that will serve the % r%ose of a refrigerator* Constr ct a frame of strong boards with a groove in which a board on the side of the bo3 of shelves can r n* Attach a ro%e to the to% of the bo3 of shelves) %ass it over a wheel on the crank shaft and balance with a co nter weight* If the frame is &: feet long and e3tended down near to the s rface of the water

the lowest tem%erat re may be sec red* A nice looking to% may be constr cted for the arrangement) with a door o%ening into the shelves when they are drawn to the to%* Most wells are almost as cool as a refrigerator) and this sort of an arrangement serves the % r%ose with a great deal less e3%ense* A wire clothesline will serve as a cable* Any old %ieces of iron will do for the co nter weight) and it is well to have a ratchet wheel) s ch as are fo nd on old chain % m%s) to %revent the elevator dro%%ing when it is well filled* Make as many %arts as %ossible of wood to %revent r sting* #ne s ch elevator is 8A inches high and &; inches s2 are* Turning the grindstone is hard #or $ but if you use it as a muscle de%elo&er it #ill hel& out.

An (utdoor Closet
4hen the ho sewife has baked a %ie or a % dding for dinner and wishes to cool it 2 ickly in winter it has to be set o t of doors@ b t there the tro ble begins* It cannot be set %on the snow) since that wo ld melt and eng lf the hot dish* Moreover) the cat or dog) or some neighbor6s cat or dog) is likely to be l rking abo t the door) ready for %ie* /et the handy man make a little o t.of.door c %board for the se of the ho sekee%er) locating it beside the kitchen door* 7et an em%ty grocery bo3 of the right si0e and hinge the cover to the to%) %lacing a knob on the other edge* Make a s %%ort for this closet by driving two stri%s of wood into the gro nd and screwing two crosswise stri%s of board to the to%s* /ay the grocery bo3 on its side on these s %%orts and nail it to them from the inside* Here anything hot can be %laced to cool 2 ickly) and with the cover down there will be no danger from cats or dogs or hens* If desired to give a freer access to the cold air) several holes can be bored in each end and in the bottom before % tting the bo3 in %osition on the s %%orts* If the gro nd is fro0en too hard to insert the stri%s of board) the closet can be %laced against the side of the ho se) close to the kitchen door) and s %%orted in %lace by two wooden brackets* Another %lan to sec re the same res lt wo ld be to make the closet and screw a wooden handle to the middle of the to%) with holes bored in ends and back* 4hen it is to be sed % t the dish) or dishes) inside and set the closet o t onto the snow beside the door* Taste the 5oy

That s%rings from labor* -- 'ongfello#.

o2e2ade 4efri1erator
Take two large bo3es) one A inches smaller than the other every way) and bore two &.inch holes in the bottom of each bo3 for drainage* Fill % A inches in the large bo3 with %owdered charcoal or coal ashes* + t the smaller bo3 inside and fill the s%ace all aro nd with the charcoal or ashes* Fi3 the lids to both bo3es to fit tightly* + t shelves on both sides of inner bo3* /eave a %lace in the center of the bo3 for ice* A rack) made of lath) can be laid at the bottom for ice to rest on*

Iceless Butter and 6ilk Cooler

The accom%anying %ict re shows how a well may be tili0ed d ring the warm months for cooling b tter) milk and other %erishable articles* It will be fo nd very handy as a s bstit te for a refrigerator when the farmer has no ice s %%ly* Anyone can make a triang lar.sha%ed frame for the windlass) which is %laced above the well@ and anyone can also % t the tra% doors in the %latform of the well* These doors sho ld be %rovided with a lock) so children cannot fall in* A %in may be %laced on the handle side of the windlass to %revent the crank from t rning aro nd when the bo3 is lowered to the desired de%th* The %ict re is only s ggestive* The sha%e and si0e of the vario s %arts will

de%end %on the style of the well* +referably) the bo3 sho ld be made of galvani0ed iron and have %erforations in the bottom) so it may be lowered right into the water* #f co rse) this wo ld not be feasible if the materials to be ke%t cold were not first %laced in sealed rece%tacles* 4here a well with a b cket % m% or the ordinary wooden % m% is the only available %lace to % t s ch a cooler) the cooler may be at one side of the well* If necessary) the %osition of the % m% may be shifted* <nowledge is of two kinds* 4e know a s b5ect o rselves) or we know where we can find information %on it* -- Samuel !ohnson. Every addition to tr e knowledge is an addition to h man %ower* -- "orace (ann. 1 t now my task is smoothly done) I can fly) or I can r n* -- (ilton.

A >entilated %u2p %latfor2

Here is a way to kee% the well clean and % re at all times* Make the frame of the %latform of A 3 86s) allowing a s%ace A to : inches between the to% and bottom %arts of the sides* This s%ace is covered on the inside with a fly screen to kee% o t dirt and insects) and o tside of this with a larger meshed screen to kee% o t large vermin* This gives good ventilation to the well) which never becomes fo l* In the winter cover the %latform with straw and snow*

Cleanin1 a Well
To remove floating litter from a well) take an ordinary sand sieve) and) after marking off the rim into three %arts) attach a wire to any of the two %oints and to this im%rovised handle attach a ro%e* Fasten the end of the ro%e to the third %oint in the rim and a weight to the sieve) so that it can be lowered into the well and will sink* 4hen sed) sink the sieve edgewise into the water and % ll the ro%e with a single attachment and it may be lifted o t with all the floating sticks and timber on the s rface of the water*

,o1 %o0er for %u2p

This sketch shows an arrangement for making se of the dog for carrying water* It sim%ly consists of a wheel ; feet in diameter and &; inches wide) with room eno gh inside for the dog to walk aro nd) where he acts as a tread %ower) which ca ses the % m% to revolve* In so thern California there are a n mber of these dog.%ower % m%s) which cost less than J&D* A good.si0ed dog can easily earn his living in an arrangement of this kind*

*ilter for Cistern Water

The %roblem of kee%ing water in a cistern clean is most easily solved by not allowing it to get dirty) as can be done by the device shown in the drawing* Two barrels) each with a %erforated false bottom) are set side by side beneath the water s%o t from the roof and connected with a %i%e leading to the cistern* Above the false bottoms fine gravel and then sand are %acked to the de%th of ; or more inches* #n to% of the sand rest sto t floats as large as can be let down into the barrels* From near the margin of the floats two heavy wires e3tend vertically %ward abo t A feet to engage loosely near their centers with a tilting s%o t by means of knobs on both the ends of the s%o t and the wires* 4hen the barrels are em%ty the floats rest on the sand* As the water begins to %o r in one barrel it strikes the float) b t is %revented from go ging a very dee% hole at the o tside of the barrel by striking a stri% of wood abo t & inch high) A inches wide and & foot long* This s%reads the flow* A layer of gravel at this %lace wo ld also hel% %revent go ging* If the flow is too great to filter away readily) the float will rise and the knob on the wire will engage with the s%o t) which will be tilted ntil the flow will s ddenly start into the other barrel* If the delivery %i%e to the cistern be large eno gh there sho ld be no danger of either barrel overflowing* 4hen the sand becomes dirty a few min tes will serve to remove it and % t in fresh* This will ins re clean water in the cistern) and

greatly red ce the n mber of times the disagreeable 5ob of cleaning o t the cistern m st be done*

andy Water *ilter

!early every farm can boast of good water) b t no water) either from well) s%ring or stream) is % re) as it all contains more or less animal or vegetable matter* The only way to make it % re is to filter it) 5 st as is done in city s %%ly reservoirs) or %rivate filtering tanks* A sim%le water filter is very easily made that answers all % r%oses for domestic se* The %lan of its o%erations is identical with that em%loyed in large reservoirs where water is filtered on a large scale for general distrib tion* This filter consists) %rimarily) of two flower %ots) set one above the other* In the bottom of the %%er %ot is st ffed a large s%onge* A s%onge is also st ffed in the bottom of the lower %ot) b t it is more ade2 ately s %%lied with filtering material by %lacing above the s%onge a layer of smooth %ebbles) then a layer of coarse sand) and still above this a layer of %o nded charcoal C or 8 inches in de%th* It is also best to %lace another layer of smooth %ebbles above the charcoal) to %revent it from being stirred % d ring the circ lation of the water* The %%er %ot sho ld be the largest) and if the lower one is strong) the %%er one may stand in it) or two stri%s of wood will serve as a base s %%ort* The two %ots th s arranged are %laced on a three.legged stool with a hole in it) thro gh which the water dri%s thro gh the bottom of the lower %ot into the mo th of a 5 g set nderneath* The %%er %ot serves as a reservoir) and its s%onge sto%s the coarser im% rities) and th s the filtering layers of the lower one may be sed for a year witho t being renewed) tho gh it is necessary fre2 ently to clean the s%onge of the %%er %ot* The layers of sand and charcoal of the lower %ot are %ositively effective in sto%%ing all animal and vegetable matter) as well as many smaller im% rities in the water* The only tro ble one may e3%erience with it is in neglecting the %%er s%onge for too long a time) or in st ffing it in too loosely) th s allowing the water to %ass from the %%er %ot faster than it can filter thro gh the lower one* #nly a little attention) once or twice a month) is s fficient to kee% this sim%le filter in %erfect r nning order*

Delivering Mail by Trolley

4here the ho se stands some distance back from the highway a trolley can be rigged % to save ste%s in getting the mail* The bo3 is h ng on two % lley door hangers) as shown in c t* A strong %ost) with a bent arm) is set ne3t the highway) a, s s%ended between it and the ho se) on which the bo3 r ns* A % lley is fastened in or to) the %ost) and over it r ns a cord) b, c, to % ll the bo3 back and forth between the ho se and the road* The bo3 is sent down to meet the carrier) who %laces the mail in it) and then it is 2 ickly % lled back to the ho se*

Beauty in a Barrel

A very nice ornamentation for the lawn is shown in the %ict re* It is made by sawing an oil barrel in two as shown) and mo nting it on legs* +aint it and set one.half of the barrel on each side of the walk and se them for growing flowers in d ring the s mmer* Care sho ld be taken to have the hoo%s thoro ghly nailed to the staves and to have the heads solid* Dark green or dark

red are good colors for the %ainting* If %referred) the barrel may rest %on the gro nd) b t sho ld be sec rely braced or blocked to %revent rolling*

Stora1e Bin for >e1etables

Instead of kee%ing the vegetables in barrels or bo3es scattered all over the cellar) have a set of storage bins* Take si3 drygoods bo3es and bolt them together as shown in the drawing* + t legs on them to hold them off the floor and a cover on the to%* Then %aint on the bo3es the names of the vegetables* It is most convenient to have the vegetables most fre2 ently sed in the %%er bo3es) which wo ld not be tr e of the bin shown in the %ict re* If the %%er row of bo3es is attached to each other) b t not to the lower ones) the to% section can easily be moved eno gh to make filling the lower bo3es a sim%le matter* #therwise) the vegetables wo ld have to be % t in thro gh the o%enings at the to% of each bo3 a few at a time by hand) instead of %o ring them in* Many %eo%le wo ld not care to kee% their %otatoes in s ch a sectional bin) %referring a large se%arate bin* It certainly is all right for other root vegetables) and many other %rod cts of the farm that are stored might well be ke%t handy for se in s ch a labeled sectional bin*

An Ine9pensi5e Cellar

A tem%orary cellar is sometimes necessary in cold co ntries where that nder the ho se is not s fficient for storing vegetables* A very effective and sef l tem%orary cellar may be constr cted after the following method) as shown by the drawings? Dig a %it &D feet long) &( feet wide) 8 feet dee% in a solid) dry %lace where the drainage is good* + t a gable roof of &.inch board over the hole) s %%orted by A 3 8.inch stri%s at the eaves) gable and half.way % the sides* -trengthen by crossbeams and a central s %%ort if the l mber is not first class* #ver this %lace ; to &( inches of dry straw well %acked and over the entire str ct re) e3ce%ting one end) %ack earth &A to &8 inches dee%* The s rface sho ld be smooth to shed water* It is better if %lastered with m d covered with sods* The door end m st be do ble.walled and the s%ace filled with straw* The door m st also be do ble and its margin %acked with cloth stri%s) so as to be %ractically airtight* If %ossible) the %it sho ld be drained by a tile) the end of which is covered with a %iece of wire netting to %revent the entrance of rodents* - ch a cellar will %revent free0ing d ring s al winter weather* The door sho ld be o%ened on mild days and the interior aired thoro ghly* The si0e and de%th of the %it may be varied according to needs*

Clothesline :p and ,o0n

Heavy %osts sho ld be set for the ends) C feet in and C feet o t of the gro nd* It is not necessary for the center %ost to be as heavy as the end ones* Have the

%osts clean and smooth) so they will not soil the clothes when blown against them* Take a %iece of A 3 8.inch hard wood D feet long for the lever* Fasten to the %ost near the to% with a CB8.inch bolt) A feet ne3t to the line and C feet for the lever* A block holds the lever in %osition while the clothes are being % t on* A b tton holds the lever %right when the line is hoisted*

A Clothes

orse

There is no little thing that will save the ho sehold so m ch as a revolving clothes horse) so near the back stoo% that the clothes may be h ng on it witho t ste%%ing o t in the snow* A solid %ost sho ld have a hole bored in the to% and the arms may be beveled and s%iked to a %iece of %lank thro gh which a bolt %asses into the %ost) or each arm may be bored to let the bolt %ass thro gh it* Three) fo r or five arms may be sed as desired) and of any length) %rovided all are of one length* !o skill is re2 ired in making it) as the ro%e holds the arms % sim%ly by being tight eno gh* It is well to set the %ost before meas ring for the arms) so that they may be s re to reach the veranda* -ome laths may be nailed together at first to make a model) if yo are not s re of yo r ability as a car%enter*

A Toilet Closet
A small closet in a home) for kee%ing medicines and toilet articles) is a great convenience* #ne consists of &BA.inch %ine) 8 inches wide) %laned and % t together so as to be A 3 C feet* It has fo r shelves* The door is of thin %ine) free from knots) %laned) hinged and with a back catch* The o tside of frame and door is varnished* 1eing in the toilet room) it is indeed a very sef l as well as ornamental %iece of f rnit re* It has no back casing or boards@ sim%ly rests against the wall* It is held in %lace by fo r short %ieces of band iron) one end of each band being fastened to back of frame) the other end fastened to the wall by a screw* All kinds of medicines) shaving materials) soa%s) wash rags) can there be ke%t* If there is no other looking.glass in the room) one may be fastened on the o tside of door*

4e5ol5in1 Cellar Shelf

A handy cellar shelf that will save the ho sekee%er many ste%s may be arranged at the side of the cellar stairs) within easy reach %on descending a few ste%s* The shelf is contrived from an old a3le and wheel* The a3le is fastened to hang from the nearest beam to the stairway* The wheel is covered

with thin) smoothly %laned boards and the a3le is ke%t well oiled) so the wheel will revolve readily) bringing all %arts of the shelf within reach at need*

Water Supply for *ar2house

Farmers can have r nning water) hot or cold) in their dwelling ho ses at a cost of fifty dollars and %) de%ending %on the si0e of the ho se and the kind of e2 i%ment needed* This makes %ossible the bath and toilet room) %rotection from fire) the easy washing of windows and walks) the s%rinkling of lawns) the irrigating of gardens) and all the other conveniences which a few years ago were tho ght %ossible only in cities) where big water systems were available* This is one of the things that makes farm life attractive* It lessens the work in the ho se) ins res a fine lawn and garden) red ces danger from fire) adds greatly to comfort and convenience in every direction* The way to sec re this is to install a water s %%ly system) with a %ress re tank in the basement* This %ress re tank is so arranged that by % m%ing it f ll nder strong air %ress re the water is forced all over the ho se) and is available for the bathroom) toilet room and the garden or fire hose* The water is distrib ted abo t the ho se e3actly as it is in city homes) by means of galvani0ed iron %i%es* 4here a small b ilding is to be s %%lied and the amo nt of water to be sed is not large) the system can be installed for JD(* For the average ho se J'( is a better fig re* 4here the ho se is large) and where considerable amo nts of water are needed for the lawn and garden) and %ossibly also for washing carriages) a tomobiles and horses) a larger system sho ld be installed) costing % to J&D(*
Installation and Operation

Its installation is easy) and its o%eration is e3ceedingly sim%le* Any %i%e fitter or %l mber can % t in the %lant so that it will work %erfectly* All that is needed for o%erating is to kee% the tank %ress re % to the desired %oint* This may be A() 8() :( or &(( %o nds* A few strokes of the % m%) if the work is done by hand) is s fficient* If a lot of water is sed) of co rse the amo nt of % m%ing will increase* 1y being economical in the se of water) that is to say) wasting none) this matter of % m%ing is not at all a serio s %roblem* The most satisfactory method of % m%ing) however) is to se a windmill) or what is m ch better) a gasoline engine* Every %.to.date farm o ght to have a

small gasoline engine) which can be tili0ed not only for o%erating this water s %%ly system) b t for ch rning) sawing wood) c tting feed and doing a do0en and one other 5obs abo t the farm* It wo ld take only a few min tes of % m%ing to raise the %ress re in the tank the desired height* 4ith the engine it will not be necessary to be economical in sing water) %rovided the well is a good one) and the s %%ly of water large*
Experience with Water Supply System

C* A* -hamel of Illinois) editor of the Orange !udd Farmer) has a system of this kind in his co ntry home* It cost J9D* He % t in a bathroom) a toilet) has a hot water tank in connection with the kitchen range) and no money ever e3%ended on that farm has given anything like the amo nt of satisfaction and comfort as that %aid for this water s %%ly system* Arrangement is made to take care of the waste water and sewage by r nning a large tile from the bathroom) one.2 arter of a mile distant) to a large cistern) located in the center of a big field* This is disinfected abo t twice a year) and is easily handled* There is never any tro ble with the water %i%es) even d ring the coldest weather* !either has there been any diffic lty with the waste system* In fact) the water s %%ly is %ractically %erfect) and the %eo%le on that farm don6t see how any farmer who can get together J9D or J&(( can afford to be witho t it* ,% to date all the % m%ing has been done by hand* 4ith the % m% in %erfect condition) this is not a laborio s %roblem* #n two occasions the % m% valve became slightly defective thro gh wear) and it was not convenient to fi3 it for a few weeks) being somewhat distant from the factory* 4ith this condition it re2 ired a great deal more labor to do the % m%ing) b t even with this disadvantage) it was not a serio s %ro%osition*

The ill stration indicates the arrangement of a water s %%ly system) and) as can be readily seen) it is very sim%le* !otice the hand force % m% tank in the basement to hold the water nder %ress re) and the arrangement of lavatories) bath and kitchen hot water service* The system can also be sed for s %%lying water to stock tanks) and these may be located anywhere on the farm* The %ress re develo%ed in the tank is s fficient to force the water anywhere wanted* This se will) of co rse) de%end entirely %on the wishes of the owner and is sim%ly a matter of cost of %i%es* It can very readily be sed for delivering water to dairy or other stock barns) where it can be r n into water tro ghs in the stalls) or elsewhere) as desired*

Warnin1 A1ainst *ire

A handy device that will give an alarm in case the roof catches fire close to the chimney is shown* Drive a nail in two rafters on a line with the face of the chimney) to which stretch a cord close to the chimney) so that) in case of fire) the cord will b rn off and release the weight hanging to it) which in t rn will dro% on an electric b tton and ring a bell* A dry battery will cost A( cents and a bell D( cents* +lace these on a shelf above the fire%lace* +lace a %iece of heavy wire) b, &( inches long) as shown) and fasten to the wall or chimney for the weight) a, to slide on* The weight need be s s%ended only an inch or two above the bell*

Where to

an1 a *ire 8adder

A necessity on all farms and near all farm b ildings are ladders and other means of getting on the roofs) and in and o t of %%er story windows in time of emergency* A sc ttle sho ld be left or made in the highest %art of the ho se

roof and a ladder sho ld be at hand that will reach the eaves of the highest roof* A good %lace to store a ladder of this kind is nder the eaves of the / or along the rear wall of the ho se* Have two hooks to hang it on* Make a good ladder and kee% it %ainted* KKKKKKKKKK If yo r cellar is dark) there is danger of accidents when going down the stairs* Have the last ste% whitened so that yo may easily know when yo are at the bottom* "o can see this ste% %lainly even in a dim light* &* 4orksho% and Tools A* The -teel -2 are C* In and Aro nd the Ho se 3. In and Around the ouse %art II 8* 1arns and -tock D* +o ltry and 1ees :* 7arden and #rchard 9* Field and 4ood ;* 7ates and Doors '* 4hen 4e 1 ild '* 4hen 4e 1 ild +art II &(* 4orth <nowing &(* 4orth <nowing +art II

andy *eed Basket

R#=IDE a feed basket like this to stra% %on the nose of a horse when giving the animal feed while away from the stable* It is sim%ler to make than the ro nd basket) and has an added advantage* 4hen not in se) the two sides %ress together and occ %y scarcely any room* C t o t two semi. circ lar %ieces of wood from a CB8.inch board in the sha%e s ggested in the c t* -etting them at the %ro%er distance a%art) tack a stri% of canvas) or other sto t cloth) aro nd the c rved %artition) as shown in the accom%anying %ict re* !ail a stra% and a b ckle at the sides) to go over the head) and the feed basket will be com%lete*

The form of this basket more nearly fits the sha%e of a horse6s head) and besides) beca se of its oblong sha%e) gives the horse more freedom in o%ening his mo th than does the close.fitting ro nd basket* He who will not be co nseled cannot be hel%ed

6ake the

orse ;at Slo0ly

If yo r horse has the habit of bolting his feed yo can easily remedy it by making a self.feeder on his bo3* The accom%anying drawing shows how a feeder may be made similar to a %o ltry feed ho%%er* The contrivance may be made of inch boards large eno gh to hold one feed* The horse can get the grain only in small 2 antities and so cannot eat it more ra%idly than he sho ld* The bottom m st be made with eno gh slant to ins re all of the feed coming o t in the tro gh* I am only one) 1 t I am one* I cannot do everything) 1 t I can do something* 4hat I can do I o ght to do@ And what I o ght to do 1y the grace of 7od I will do*

Stalls Better than Stanchions

The only %oint in favor of stanchions is that they take % less room than stalls) b t the increase in milk is a reward for allowing more s%ace and convenience to each cow* The c t shows one kind of stall* The rack) a, is of hardwood C( inches high) with the slats wide eno gh so the cow can thr st her nose thro gh % to her eyes* The bottom of the rack is &; inches wide) e3tending into the stall toward the cow* The feed bo3) b, slides thro gh an o%ening in the stall on the barn floor* It can be drawn into the feedway) cleansed o t and a new feed % t in witho t being dist rbed by the cow* The halter stra%) c, is 5 st long eno gh to allow the cow to lie down comfortably* The g tter) d, is ; inches lower than the stall floor* 4hen she lies down she will % t her head nder the rack in kneeling and when she gets %) she will move backward so that she can look thro gh the rack* The length and width of stall can be made to s it the cows* -mall breeds) like $erseys and Ayrshires) will need abo t : inches less each way than Holsteins and -horthorns* <nowledge is %ro d that he has learned so m ch@ 4isdom is h mble that he knows no more* -- )o#&er. The man who is always %oking his nose into other folks6 b siness rarely has any of his own worth attending to* There is no knowledge that is not %ower* -- *merson.

'ood Ties for Co0s

The merits of stanchions and other forms of cow ties have been debated by dairymen for a long time* The mass of e3%erience is in favor of the tying arrangement which will give the cow the most freedom of movement* The old.fashioned solid stanchion fails in this res%ect* In many cases it is diffic lt for the cow to lie down or get % with her head fast in one of these stanchions* The heavy swinging stanchions have advantages over this) b t it also m st be criticised in many cases) beca se of its weight and of the conse2 ent lack of freedom on the %art of the cow* A very light swinging stanchion is the best ty%e of that form* It is easy to fasten) as the cows will in most cases % t their heads in %osition as they go into the stall* There is not so m ch danger of the dairyman being str ck by the horns of the cow in fastening these stanchions* Many modern barns are e2 i%%ed with this kind* The chain tie is favored in many sections* This consists sim%ly of a crosschain with considerable slack) attached to a ring at each end which r ns over a %er%endic lar iron rod abo t &; inches long* In the center of this chain is a loo% with a sna% which goes aro nd the cow6s neck* This arrangement gives the greatest freedom) and allows the cow to lie down and get % witho t diffic lty* If light %artitions are sed between the heads of the cows no diffic lty will be e3%erienced in their striking each other with their horns* This is by far the least e3%ensive of cow ties) and is at the same time one of the most satisfactory*

andy Calf=feedin1 ,e5ice

To feed a half.do0en calves at once is entirely %ossible if one ses the device shown here* A man who has one re%orts no more tro ble with calves since he has sed this* He rattles a co %le of b ckets together) the calves come r nning % to the fence and soon have all their heads thro gh the stanchions) to which they are easily fastened by throwing down lever a, which draws the bar) b,into %osition* Then one may feed each calf witho t diffic lty* /eave a 8.inch s%ace for the calves6 heads* Make the rack of &.inch l mber and it can be moved from one %ast re to another and attached to the fence or a co %le of %osts* It can also be sed for holding ewes at lambing time*

6ana1e2ent of /ickin1 Co0s

Make a slatted stall 5 st high eno gh so the cow can6t 5 m% o t) and wide eno gh to hold her comfortably) with nothing to s%are) and narrower at the end) where her feed bo3 sho ld be %laced as high from the gro nd as is comfortable for her to eat o t of* This slatted stall sho ld be long eno gh to have cleats thro gh which a bar or two sho ld be r n behind the cow to kee% her from backing o t) and also %laces to r n a bar in front of her hind legs abo t the hock 5oint) or as high % as %ossible so as not to interfere with milking* A hole abo t &; or A( inches wide is left o%en for this % r%ose from the gro nd % to the cow6s flank) which allows easy and safe access to the dder) while the cleat and %ost %revent the cow from kicking o twardly at the milker) th s ins ring safety*

andy 6ilkin1 Stool

Milkers who have tro ble with restless cows that invariably either %set the %ail or get a 2 antity of dirt in it will find the stool shown here a remedy for their tro bles* It is also very serviceable in fly time* The %right %ieces forming the legs and ends of stools are made of A 3 ;.inch %ieces abo t & foot long* The s %%orts for the b cket and the seat are made of inch boards* To sec re rigidity it is well to % t three.cornered blocks nder the seat and b cket board as brace stays* The most restless cow is not likely to %set the b cket from this stool*

The ;5er 4eady Stool

A very convenient stool for se in milking the cow in yard or field is shown in the c t* It is merely a one.legged stool to which are attached fo r stra%s connecting with a broad stra% that is b ckled aro nd the waist* The stool is 2 ickly fastened to the milker and is always in a %osition so one can sit down anywhere* - ch a stool with a short leg wo ld also be sef l in the garden* #f co rse) if one %referred fo r legs instead of one) the stool co ld be so made) b t e3%erience %roves that the one.legged kind serves well*

Cheap 6ilkin1 Stool

A chea% and very sef l milking stool is made of the reel from which barbed wire has been removed* -aw off the ends so it will set level and c t a board to fit on to%* Make a hand hole thro gh the board as shown in the ill stration and the stool is ready for se*

/eep Stools Clean

M ch milk contamination is ndo btedly d e to the careless handling of the milk stools* 4hen the milker is thro gh milking one cow he gives the stool a toss) then he %icks it % again when he starts to milk the ne3t cow and his hands become more or less contaminated from the stool and from them the dirt dro%s into the milk %ail d ring the milking* 4hen the milking is over) the stool is left in the yard or on the barn floor* It is so easy to make a small rack and to bore holes in the legs of the stool) so that they may be h ng %* This kee%s them o t of the dirt and it is only necessary to br sh them off caref lly once in a while to kee% them scr % lo sly clean*

The man who is constantly changing his mind s ally has little to change*

A :seful Stock Cart

Here is a handy transfer cart) made with wheels and cross.arch of an old corn %low to carry a hog or shee%) %igs or a calf* Raise the tong e) which lets the rear end on gro nd) then drive in the animal) sh t the gate) % ll tong e down and yo have yo r load ready to fasten to a wagon*

o0 to Stake out Stock

A convenient and sim%le contrivance so that no harm can come to the animal is to drive two stakes several feet a%art and stretch a ro%e or wire on which a ring is %laced* To this ring fasten halter stra%* The animal can gra0e % and down on both sides witho t tangle or in5 ry* The ring slides) and the stretched wire will give some*

*eed Bo9 for *ield

A handy feed bo3 for se in o%en lots or when steers are being fed %on grass is shown in the c t* C t a barrel in two and strengthen the halves by %lacing a frame of two boards across the inside) as shown in this sketch* This will %revent the t b being smashed and will allow fo r animals to eat o t of the tro gh witho t bothering each other nnecessarily* It is im%ortant that a very strong barrel be selected and that the hoo%s be nailed to each stave* 1e advis6d@ Heat not a f rnace for yo r foe so hot That it do singe yo rself? we may o tr n) 1y violent swiftness) that which we r n at) And lose by over.r nning* -- "enry +,,,. Have more than tho showest) -%eak less than tho knowest) /end less than tho owest) Ride more than tho goest) /earn more than tho trowest) -et less than tho throwest* -- -ing 'ear. ,se or %ractice of a thing is the best master*

Cheap Sheds of Stra0

It wo ld %ay every farmer to % t % in the %ast res some kind of %rotection for his shee%) hogs and cattle* 4here labor is scarce and hay and straw is %lentif l

and chea%) a condition which %revails in many large sections) straw sheds and barns are very %rofitable* + t % a framework of %osts ; feet high) &: feet wide and as long as needed@ C( feet is a good length* The %osts are hewed evenly on two sides and set so that a bale of straw will fit sn gly between them* They are c t off at a niform height and a A 3 : s%iked sec rely on to%* Rafters are nailed to this and covered loosely with %oles* 1aled straw is sed for the sides* After the sides are % the roof is covered A feet dee% with loose straw held in %lace with a few %oles that are tied together in %airs and %laced over the ridge* -everal of these sheds have been b ilt for five years and have not needed any attention* /ife is made % not of great sacrifices or d ties) b t of little things) in which smiles and kindness) and small obligations given habit ally) are what win and %reserve the heart and sec re comfort* -- Sir ". Da%y. "o m st c t yo r coat according to yo r cloth*

Feed Tro gh for -hee%

For a shee% tro gh %roc re two :.inch boards) a, abo t C feet long and at the bottom of each fasten another board) b. Make a flat tro gh and let the ends %ro5ect above the to%* 1ore a hole thro gh each end and also thro gh the standards) a) and hang the tro gh on bolts* After the shee% eat and leave the cobs) or if it rains) the tro gh can be t rned bottom side % and 2 ickly cleaned*

The l ck that I believe in Is that which comes with work) And no one ever finds it 4ho6s content to wish and shirk* The men the world calls l cky 4ill tell yo ) every one) That s ccess comes) not by wishing) 1 t by hard work) bravely done*

A 7o5el *eed 4ack

An overhead manger) as shown in the sketch) is e3cellent for shee% or calves* It sho ld hang 5 st high eno gh so that they will %ass nder witho t r bbing their backs* 4hen filled with hay from above they will eat of it at their %leas re) and at the same time it will not take % floor s%ace* - ch a manger is not s itable for grains or fine c t fodders) as too m ch may be wasted*

He's a city chap now, but when he comes home, he proves that his early training has not been forgotten. Teach your boy to use tools and use them right.

A Wheelbarro0 Sheep Trou1h

It very often ha%%ens that one wishes to r n the shee% on several different %ast res d ring the season* If heavy feed racks are sed it is 2 ite a task to move them* The drawing shows a rack that can be easily moved from one field to another by one %erson* It is sim%ly mo nted %on a %air of wheels and has handles on the other end*

If the rack is made very large) it can be easily attached to a wagon) and th s drawn from %lace to %lace* The one shown is mo nted on old c ltivator wheels*

%ackin1 the *leece

#ne of the best ways to %ack a fleece is to lay it %on a table) t rn in the head and tail) then the flanks* After this roll it % into a neat roll and tie firmly) sing s ch a device as here ill strated* The tying bo3 is made from light l mber with slots) as shown) thro gh which the ro%e is %assed* The fleece is %laced %on this ro%e and the roll easily tied* 4ool b yers %refer to have the fleece loose) light to handle and elastic and tied % so that it can be o%ened if needed*

;asy to

andle

ea5y

o1s

The old fashion of having a lot of hel% aro nd at hog.killing time is going o t)

owing to the se of better a%%liances for handling the animals after killing* "o may rig % a sim%le arrangement so that yo can handle heavy hogs witho t assistance* 1 ild a fire bo3 with a fl e) b, of three 5oints of old stove%i%e* The vat is made of heavy galvani0ed iron 8 feet long by A feet wide and &; inches dee%* #ver this erect a frame of A 3 8.inch stri%s) %on which %lace an old traveler from a hay carrier) or constr ct one similar to d. 4ith the windlass arrangement) a) and the tackle) e, to which are attached the fo r feet of the hog) yo can convey it from the vat to the bench* A ro%e) c, %assing over the % lley at g, serves to % ll the carrier) d, over the bench from the vat*

eatin1 Water for

o1 /illin1

A device which is s %erior to the old iron kettle for heating water is shown in this sketch* Take a %iece of A.inch iron %i%e ; feet long and have it sec rely screwed into the bottom of a sto t vinegar barrel* In the other end of the %i%e screw a large wooden block* 1y arranging the affair as shown in the sketch water in the barrel will be heated ra%idly and can be removed as desired witho t bothering the fire* Do not make the mistake of % tting a metal ca% on the end of the %i%e) or the steam may sometimes b rst the %i%ing before the ca% will come off* The wooden block acts as a safety valve and will fly o t if %ress re is too great*

A *ar2 Slau1hterhouse
If one b tchers his own stock on the farm he wo ld do well to fi3 % a small b ilding for a sla ghterho se* This can be done so easily and at s ch small e3%ense that almost any farmer can afford one* It is generally most convenient to have it near the hog yard) for then the ref se can be easily conveyed to the hogs* Indeed it wo ld not be a half bad idea to have it in some instances a %art of the hog ho se* The room in which to kill cattle and hogs sho ld not be less than &D feet s2 are* This will give %lenty of s%ace for the work* As m ch of the room sho ld be ke%t clear from fi3t res as %ossible*

The floor sho ld be made of concrete graded so that it will all drain to a central o%ening* A %i%e sho ld carry the li2 id from this o%ening to a tro gh in the hog yard* The ideal way wo ld be to make the walls of concrete for abo t C feet from the gro nd* This will make it m ch easier to kee% the %lace clean* It is 2 ite necessary that a good s %%ly of water be close at hand* If %ossible) a water %i%e with hose attached sho ld be in the ho se* This will enable one to flood the floor at any time*

The ill stration shows a very good device for handling the carcasses* It is made of a heavy roller) c, D to : inches thick) and long eno gh to reach across the width of the room* It is s %%orted in the middle by a bracket) d, detail of which is shown in the drawing* This makes it %ossible to lift a carcass of any weight* A dr m) b, is attached to the roller at one end) over which is r n the ro%e that comm nicates with the crank) a) at the floor* Any man handy with tools can make this derrick* In order to sim%lify matters one may se a barrel cart water heater* This barrel has a valve attached at the bottom* To this is fastened a r bber hose that comm nicates with a small coil of %i%es* This coil of %i%es in t rn comm nicates with the to% of the barrel by another r bber hose* The coil of

%i%es is %laced over a fire b ilt in a hole in the gro nd) and the valve is o%ened* As soon as the water in the coils becomes hot it is forced thro gh the r bber hose) and a circ lation is started* This device will heat water very ra%idly and easily* 4hen the water is heated the r bber hose is detached and the barrel wheeled nder the derrick on which the hog is h ng* 1y means of a crank the carcass is let into the water to be scalded* 4ith sim%le devices one man can very easily do the b tchering alone* It will be fo nd convenient to have a table that folds % against the side of the b ilding on which to c t % the meat*

/eep %i1s out of *eed Trou1h

To %revent hogs crowding and getting in the tro gh with their feet the accom%anying %lan will be fo nd %ractical* "o can nail the =s) or rick.rack work) on any sha%ed tro gh* They fit on a %ointed or flat.bottomed tro gh e2 ally well* !ail a stri% lengthwise along the to% of the =s to strengthen them* -takes driven at intervals and nailed sec rely to the angles will hold the =s and tro gh both solid*

Movable Ho se for 1reeding -ows

Individ al hog ho ses may be constr cted with fo r %right walls and a shed roof) as shown below* The walls and the roof are se%arate and can be easily taken down and re%laced* These small ho ses can be moved abo t very easily* The si0e of the ho se will de%end %on conditions* The constr ction is shown) so that any farmer with tools can easily % t % one of these ho ses* 4ith the individ al ho ses the sow at farrowing time may be ke%t alone and away from all dist rbance and there will not be too large a n mber of %igs in a small lot if ke%t in this way* The danger of s%reading diseases among the animals is also red ced to a minim m where swine are ke%t more isolated* 4hen %ro%erly bedded and cared for no disastro s disease need be feared* M ch de%ends %on the sanitary conditions*

Well=arran1ed

o1 8ots

An Indiana farmer kee%s his %igs in long ho ses which are divided into com%artments o%ening into small lots* The sketch shows how they stand* 1reeding hogs and fattening shotes are allowed the r n of their own lots) as well as occasional changes into the larger field) shown at the bottom of the sketch) which is a timothy and clover %ast re* It is better to have %igs in se%arate 2 arters insmall b nches) for in this way they can be better attended to and the growths are more niform*

andy %i1 Catcher

Here is a homemade device for catching small %igs which saves m ch time and annoyance* The net may be made from a discarded lawn tennis net) the rim from a bicycle wheel) and the handle is a heavy rake handle* The net is sec rely fastened to the rim with some co%%er wire) while the rim is fastened to the

handle with two %ieces of band iron* -mall %igs ca ght in the net will not s2 eal and str ggle as when chased aro nd the %en and ca ght by one leg* The element of e3citement is greatly red ced by se of the net) and some wo ld find less f n in the net method* #n the whole) however) we recommend it* The weakest arm is strong eno gh that strikes with the sword of 5 stice* # r knowledge is the amassed tho ght and e3%erience of inn merable minds* -- *merson.

Stairs for the Barn

A lot of time is saved if one has handy stairs which can be sed for throwing down hay as well as a %assageway* These ste%s are made of light material and instead of % tting on a lower ste%) se a block) c, and attach the stringers of the stairs to it at each end with a %in* A ro%e %asses over the % lleys at d, to a weight) which allows the stairway to be held %right while the hay is being % t down* The ro%e) e, is handy to % ll the stairs into %osition*

an1 :p the 8antern

Here is a good idea for hanging a lantern over the barn floor* 7et two % lleys with screw stems) and screw one in beam overhead) the other at to% of %ost* Have a bracket lower on the same %ost* Take a %iece of small b t strong cord) and at one end fasten a sna% and %ass the other end thro gh the % lleys* + t yo r lantern on the sna% and draw it high eno gh so it will be o t of reach of forking hay) and yo can see all over the barn floor* "o can raise the lantern high eno gh to %itch hay from the to% of the mow with no danger of t rning the light over and b rning the b ilding and contents* The end of the cord o%%osite the lantern may be fastened with a sna%) or more length may be allowed for ad5 sting the height of the lantern) and the cord may be sec red by a hitch or a few t rns aro nd a b tton or two s%ikes driven halfway in and bent over in o%%osite directions*

Arran1e2ent for Wei1hin1

A homemade balance may be constr cted with a 5oist loosely attached) so as to 5 st balance over the ro nded to% of a heavy block* It will be sef l in weighing hay and other b lky s bstances for feeding % r%oses* For weights) se small wooden bo3es or bags of stone and sand which have been weighed on other scales* +lace the re2 ired weight %on the balance and then %lace feed on the other end ntil it balances the weight) and it will be acc rate eno gh for all ordinary % r%oses*

A Barn Windlass

It is easily made of iron %i%e or a bar fastened to the ladder or other s itable s %%ort by means of eyebolts or sto t sta%les) as shown at a in the drawing* It may be sed for raising grain) wagon bo3es and other heavy things to the %%er %art of the barn) and) if desired) may be rigged with block and falls) so as to increase the %ower witho t increasing the effort* A loose bolt %laced in a hole will %revent nwinding* The %ict re shows how sim%le this device is* Every farmer knows how sef l a barn windlass may be*

'rain Bo9 ;asy to ;2pty

The tro ble with most grain bo3es is to get o t the last third of the grain* 1ending over the edge 5ackknife fashion is neither %leasant nor healthf l* A bo3 or bin may be made with half its front on hinges) so that it can be let down and all the contents scoo%ed o t witho t diffic lty* The bin may be made from a %iano bo3 with a %artition in the middle for two kinds of grain* /eave yo r son a good re% tation and an em%loyment*

;asily Constructed 'rain Bins

7rain bins with com%artments for different kinds of feed are handy in barn or stable* 1y %roc ring a n mber of dry.goods bo3es) all of the same si0e and sha%e) and nailing them together side by side) so that they will a%%ear as one) the bin is easily made* The cover sho ld e3tend the entire length of the bin) and tho gh leather hinges will answer) it is better to attach it with iron ones) for then) with a good sta%le and has%) the contents can be ke%t nder lock and key if desired*

A Con5enient Barn Truck

!o dairyman can afford to ignore that which will lighten his labor in any way whatever* 1e his stable ever so conveniently constr cted) he has eno gh to do* Hence the im%ortance of his considering a feeding tr ck or car if he does not have one* Made of good l mber) the only iron abo t it need be the handle at each end) by which to % sh or % ll it along the feeding alley in front of the cows which are to be fed) and the small tr cks on which it is mo nted* The wheels %roc red) any good blacksmith can make these) so that the tr ck is by no means diffic lt to constr ct* The bo3 body sho ld be abo t A feet wide) A( inches dee% and 8.&BA feet long* -ilage can be conveyed in it from the silo to the mangers very readily* If the silo is some distance away) it will save m ch hard work* If little labor) little are o r gaines? Man6s fort nes are according to his %aines* -- "erric .

Takes a 6an3s %lace

In most cases it takes two men to fill a sack of grain) b t by sing the sack holder one man can do it alone* Make a %latform) b) A( inches s2 are) and fasten to it a A 3 8) c, with notches c t in* The arms) a, sho ld be &; inches long* Make the %right %iece C feet long so that long bags can be handled* -ome bags will re2 ire a still longer %right %iece* A device that takes the %lace of a man or enables a man to work twice as fast as he co ld witho t it is worth while*

A wise old owl sat on an oak) The longer he stayed the less he s%oke* The less he s%oke the more he heard* 4hy are not more of s like that wise old birdI There are b t two ways of %aying debt? increase of ind stry in raising income) increase of thrift in laying o t* -- )arlyle. If it were done) when 6tis done) then 6twere well It were done 2 ickly* -- (acbeth.

andy Ba1

older

It is constr cted with two good boards & inch thick and &D inches wide* The %er%endic lar one is C.&BA feet long) and the hori0ontal one A feet long* These are 5oined together and braced as shown in the drawing) and the ho%%er is attached) wedged o t from the %er%endic lar board so the bag may wra% it all the way ro nd* The hooks for holding the bag in %lace can be sec red at a hardware store* As the whole affair) if com%osed of thoro ghly seasoned l mber is light to handle) it can easily be carried to any s%ot where grain is to be % t %* Here is another scheme that saves time and labor and makes it %ossible for one

man to do the work that s ally re2 ires two* This one is as good and %erha%s better than any device that has been invented in the bag.holder line* In making it) an im%ortant %oint is to attach all %arts very sec rely where they come together) es%ecially the ho%%er and the braces* #therwise) with hard sage the holder will get loose and break down*

A Corn

uskin1 4ack

Many who h sk their corn by hand find it very tiresome to sit on the floor or gro nd in a cram%ed %osition* A rack made as shown in the drawing will hold two or three shocks and gives a better %lace for the h sker to sit* +lace the stalks cross.wise of the bench in front of yo *

o2e2ade *eed Cutter

An old lawn mower can be arranged to make a fairly satisfactory straw or feed c tter* #ne m st rig % a ho%%er) as shown in the sketch) and attach the mower to the lower end of it so that the straw or grain will 5 st strike the knives where the grass s ally comes into the mower* A crank and a belt arrangement makes it easy for one man to feed and t rn the c tter* This is a good se for a lawn mower in the winter time when it is not working o tdoors*

Sa0 4oot Cutter

Those who have c t roots in the winter time with a b tcher knife or hatchet will f lly a%%reciate something better for a root c tter* A 4isconsin farmer has fo nd a serviceable homemade lever c tter very efficient for all roots* For hard ones) like r tabagas) it is abo t the best thing available* His is made o t of an old hand saw) shar%ened on the back) fastened by means of a bolt %assing thro gh a hole % nched at the small end) and held by a g ide formed of two %ieces of wood sec red %right) so as to have a slit for the saw to work in* This contrivance is a s ccess) and with a little %ractice the roots may be c t very ra%idly* -ee accom%anying ill stration* The c tter may be mo nted %on the wall wherever it will be most convenient* The bench or %latform sho ld be at abo t the height of a common table*

o2e2ade Cabba1e Cutter

A chea% and easily made cabbage and root c tter is shown in the drawing* Take two &A.inch boards and nail them strongly together* 4ith dividers mark aro nd

a circle) then saw o t and mark in 2 arters* C t fo r slots 9 inches long on a slant) as shown by dotted lines) so the cabbage will fall thro gh easily* !e3t c t two circles 8 inches in diameter* !ail one to the large wheel on the back and leave the other loose on the shaft to act as a bearing* Make a frame to admit the wheel) leaving A inches clear) and 5 st wide eno gh so the knives do not strike the side* Make a to% over the wheel and % t a ho%%er on the o%%osite side from the crank* The knives are ; inches long and can be made from an old b cksaw and gro nd down shar%) with a bevel on one side* -crew these on the wheel at a slant according to the thickness the cabbage is wanted* A s2 are hole sho ld be c t thro gh the center of the wheel for the shaft* <indle not the fire that yo cannot e3ting ish*

A Substantial ,ri5e0ay
A %lank driveway to the barn is s ally made stee% in order to save %lanks* It is contin ally wearing o t and breaking* A s bstantial driveway with an easy grade can be made by driving down stakes close together on either side) and filling in between with stones) r bbish and earth) %acking all down firmly* 4hen f ll to the to%) %ack some earth against the o tside of the stakes and sod over the sides* This driveway will form an easy rise and will %rove very d rable* &* 4orksho% and Tools A* The -teel -2 are C* In and Aro nd the Ho se C* In and Aro nd the Ho se+art II #. Barns and Stock D* +o ltry and 1ees :* 7arden and #rchard 9* Field and 4ood ;* 7ates and Doors '* 4hen 4e 1 ild '* 4hen 4e 1 ild +art II &(* 4orth <nowing &(* 4orth <nowing +art II 7e9t? D* +o ltry and 1ees

eedin1 ,ry 'round 'rain

#ME of o r friends have fo nd that a %o ltry feed ho%%er for feeding gro nd grain has %roved very satisfactory* Make a bo3 &; 3 &; inches and : inches dee%) then take off one end and fasten to the back with hinges) which forms the cover* !ail a stri%) a, C inches wide across the o%en side at bottom) which forms the bo3 for the %o ltry to eat from* Take a board) b, the width of inside of bo3) &8 inches long) and insert in front of bo3) nailing as shown in c t) with the %%er end even with front edge of bo3 and slanting in ntil a s%ace of A inches is left between bottom of board and back of bo3 to allow the feed to %ass thro gh* The feed is %o red into this ho%%er and r ns down into the bo3 at the bottom as fast as needed* The si0e of the ho%%er can be varied to s it the si0e of the flock* It sho ld be screwed to wall of %o ltry ho se abo t &A inches from floor* 1y sing this ho%%er one may kee% a dry mi3t re consisting of wheat bran and middlings and occasionally corn meal) or a small amo nt of linseed meal) always before the fowls* In addition) some %eo%le feed a mi3t re of whole corn) oats and wheat in the litter morning and evening) also gro nd green bone and beef scra%s*

/eepin1 the Water Clean

Few drinking fo ntains are more s ccessf l than a large bottle or 5 g filled with water and inverted* It can be fastened wherever convenient with stra%s* If a small %an is %laced close beneath it the water will flow o t as it is sed and will remain clean and cool* +lace it high eno gh above the floor of the ho se so the fowls will not scratch litter into the %an*

A Waterin1 4ack for

ens

1 ild a crate of lath A feet s2 are) C feet high) with a slanting cover to kee% the hens off the to%* Then tack an ;.inch board in front) level with floor of crate* !ail the rack to %ost or side of henho se abo t A.&BA feet from floor) and % t yo r water %an in crate* 1y % tting corn on the lighting board the hens will 2 ickly learn to fly % and drink* This contrivance kee%s the hens from s%illing their water or scratching d st or chaff into it* 1e s re to nail the rack sec rely to the wall or %ost where it is % t %* <ee% yo r sho% and yo r sho% will kee% yo *

,rinkin1 *ountain

The best drinking fo ntain) in that it is im%ossible for small chicks to get drowned) and they cannot stand in the water to befo l it) is made by inverting a can or %ail in a %an a trifle larger* Tomato cans with the edges %o nded down) leaky %ails with the ears bent %) in fact anything with a smooth to% and in which a hole can be made) can be sed* + nch a hole or holes in the side 5 st a

little less distance from the to% than the de%th of the %an to be sed* Fill with water) invert the %an over the to%) and t rn over 2 ickly*

*oldin1 Chicken 4oost

This roost is made of C.inch boards c t any desired length* A small bolt fastens the %right %ieces at their to% ends) and the hori0ontal %ieces are fastened on with nails* This roost can be ke%t at any angle) and may be 2 ickly taken o t of the ho se when it is time to clean %* This sort of roost will accommodate more fowls in the same s%ace than the flat kind) b t it sho ld not be made very high*

A 'ood %oultry 7est

A sef l tra% nest can be made of grocery bo3es* They sho ld be at least &A inches each way* The ill stration shows how they are made* In the c t the tra% is set ready for the hen to enter* A cleat) c, is fastened to a small %iece of cord) which is tied to a nail on the side of the bo3* -et the tra% by raising it and resting the cleat on the nail) with the other end nder the arm marked a* This leaves an o%ening from 8 to : inches wide) which is not eno gh for the hen to enter* In going into the nest she will be obliged to raise the tra% door) which will let the cleat fall) th s closing the tra% after the hen has gone in* The tra% door) the arms and the cleats may be made o t of lath* /eave a little

s%ace between the boards in the walls) so the heat can esca%e) otherwise it will be too warm in s mmer* The bottom board) b, in front sho ld be C or 8 inches wide) and the lower %iece of the tra% door sho ld rest against this so the hen cannot get her head thro gh) raise the tra% and get o t*

T0o Coops fro2 a Barrel

=ery good coo%s can be made at small cost from em%ty barrels) as shown in this %ict re* First) drive shingle nails thro gh the hoo%s on both sides of each stave and clinch them down on the inside* Then divide the barrel in halves) if it is big eno gh) by c tting thro gh the hoo%s and the bottom* Drive sticks into the gro nd to hold the coo% in %lace) and drive a long stick at each side of the o%en end 5 st far eno gh from coo% to allow the front door to be sli%%ed o t and in* The night door can be made of the head from the barrel or any solid board) and the slatted door) sed to confine the hen) by nailing %right stri%s of lath to a crosslath at to% and bottom* 4eak men wait for o%%ort nities@ strong men make them* -- (arden.

A Bo9 Chicken Coop

The diagram shows a convenient way to make a coo% for the %o ltry yard) of

which the s%ecial feat re is its door* +roc re a bo3 of the right dimensions and saw a hole) d, in one end* Then strengthen the bo3 with narrow stri%s of wood) b, c, on each side of the hole b, c. This acts as a groove for the door) a) to slide in* Th s yo have a sliding door) which o%ens and sh ts with the greatest ease* The front of the coo% is inclosed with lath) or narrow stri%s) %laced A.&BA to C inches a%art* The to% sho ld be covered with a good grade of roofing %a%er to make it water%roof* A coo% of this sort sho ld be A to A.&BA feet long) &: inches dee% and A feet high*

A 8o0 %oultry 4un

A safe and sec re r n that re2 ires less material than a high %en can be made from laths sawed in two) which wo ld make the sides A feet high) making the frame of scantlings and the to% of sawed laths) bo3 boards or similar material* The to% of the r n sho ld consist almost entirely of tra% doors) sing bits of old harness for hinges) which will look well if c t neatly* The %ict re shows one of the doors %ro%%ed % to show the constr ction more %lainly* The doors are 8 feet long) the length of a lath) and may be ; to &( feet the other way and still not be cl msy) being constr cted of s ch light material* This tra% door is an im%ortant feat re) as it %ermits the tender to enter easily for removing to% soil and re%lacing with fresh earth) or otherwise caring for the birds* The frame material is of A 3 A.inch scantling at the corners) while the side stri%s are made of inch boards sawed A inches wide* The earth nder this r n sho ld be slightly mo nded for the sake of dryness* 4hatever is worth doing at all is worth doing well* -- *arl of )hesterfield.

A %ortable Chicken Coop

#ne of the annoyances abo t an ordinary chicken coo% is that it is not easily moved from %lace to %lace) nor %rovided with a yard* To obtain a yard the coo% m st be moved se%arately) and th s re2 ire the loss of more or less time* In the drawing shown herewith is a sim%le) homemade coo%) which can very easily be moved by the aid of the handles at the a%e3 at each end* The coo% is b ilt of ordinary material on a base frame) and with a =.sha%ed roof and side frames* The ridge %ole is e3tended) as shown at each end) to form a handle* A convenient length is abo t A feet for the coo% and C or 8 feet for the yard* If desired) the hen may be allowed the freedom of the yard or may be held in by slats) as shown in the drawing*

o2e2ade Brooder

The material costs abo t JA and a handy %erson can b ild one in a day* The gas from the lam% does not go into the chick a%artment at all) b t filters aro nd nder the floor) making it dry and warm* The lam% flame is abo t C inches from the sheet iron* The heat flows % gently thro gh the dr m) f) which is %erforated with holes in the side) th s letting %art of the heat o t into the hover and the balance in the brooder above* The heat reservoir) g, between the sheet iron) , and the floor) c, is abo t & inch dee%* The t be) f) sho ld not to ch the sheet iron) merely e3tending thro gh the floor) c. It takes very little oil*

In the c t) a, is the %a%er roofing over inch.matched boards) b@ c is board floor of same material@ d are small windows) e is the hover) h are holes in each side of the brooder for the esca%e of gas and f mes) l shows door to reach the lam%) n air s%ace below the floor*

6o5able Brooder

ouse

The ty%e of ho se shown in the c t is one of the best for raising %o ltry* It may be b ilt on r nners) with a tight board floor of matched boards* A convenient si0e is : feet wide and &( feet long) : feet high in front and 8 feet at the rear* The door is in the middle) and there is a window on each side) with two o%enings below* The roof sho ld be covered with a good 2 ality of %re%ared roofing* The same material sed to cover the sides will make the ho se warmer* Roosts may be % t in after the brooders are taken o t) and the chickens easily %rotected from fo3es and other animals*

A >ery Cheap

enhouse

It was b ilt by a Edown eastE "ankee* The st ds and rafters were made of two %ieces of & 3 A.inch st ff nailed together T sha%e* These were set % A feet &( inches a%art on centers and covered with wire netting drawn ta t* This was then covered with tarred %a%er) which made the only material between the fowls and the o tside air* They have wintered in these ho ses witho t discomfort) and gave a good egg yield* The wire netting %revented the %a%er from sagging when the ho se was covered with snow* They can who think they can*

A ,ayli1ht Chicken Catcher

Do yo ) when yo want fried chicken on short notice) r n it down) %rovided it doesn6t r n yo down I Here is a better way* Fasten a barrel hoo% sec rely to a handle abo t : feet long) and to it fasten a bag abo t C feet dee%* A %iece of an old hammock is fine for a bag) or horse net or fish net .. anything the chicken cannot get o t of* /ay it on the gro nd) call the chicken and throw the corn over the bag) and when one s itable goes on lift % the hoo% and yo have it* If the bag is made not over & foot dee% it can be dro%%ed down over the chicken while eating*

A Si2ple

a0k Trap

Make a bo3 8 inches dee%) : inches s2 are and nail to a 8.foot %ole with cleats at the bottom to kee% from t rning over* Cover to% of bo3 with &.inch mesh wire* +lace a little chicken in the bo3@ then % t a steel tra% on to% of bo3 and set it o t nder the trees where the hawks lodge to watch for the chickens* If there are hawks aro nd) it is %retty s re to catch them*

Scare A0ay Cro0s and

a0ks

For kee%ing hawks and crows away from the %o ltry yards) get a few bright tin shingles) link them together with wire) and hang %on an arm e3tending from the to% of a high %ole) where s n and wind strike fairly* The 5ingle and glitter is s fficient to kee% these %ests at a safe distance* "o will also find them sef l in the corn and melon fields where crows are tro blesome*

Practical Hi es and Hi e !a"ing

=ER" a%iarist knows that there is no item in bee kee%ing of more %ractical im%ortance than the hive and brood frame* The /angstroth) or -im%licity si0e of frame has become almost standard) for there are more frames of this si0e in se than all others combined* The frame %ro%er is &9.DB; inches long) '.&B; inches dee%) and the to% bar is &' inches long* There are several styles made) b t many %refer what is known as the Hoffman* This has a heavy to% bar in de%th) as well as width* The ends) or end bars) are made &.CB; inches wide for abo t C inches down and one side is worked off to a knife edge) which

comes against the s2 are edge of the ne3t frame) making them self.s%acing) b t not a closed.end frame) and allowing the %ro%er bee s%ace between the to% bars* This works fairly well witho t the se of the honey board) tho gh one is %referable* The hive for this frame) to be best ada%ted to the %rod ction of comb or e3tracted honey) sho ld contain &( frames) the inside dimensions being &D inches wide) &( inches dee% and &;.CB; inches long* A follower can be sed at one side to assist in removing frames by first removing the follower or division board* This arrangement leaves CB;inch between the to% of the frames and the to% of the brood nest) so that when the s r%l s cases are % t on the %ro%er bee s%ace is %reserved* This hive is made of scant &BA.inch l mber for the o tside) shi%.la%%ed together in a manner to make a %erfect 5oint* It is A( inches wide) A8 inches long) abo t A( inches high to the eaves) or roof) o tside meas rements) and weighs com%lete abo t D( %o nds* The inside dimensions of the brood nest sho ld be the same as any ; or &(.frame hive) as the bee kee%er may %refer* The brood nest is raised s fficiently to admit of %acking between it and the hive %ro%er) also a s%ace for %acking at ends and sides*

The lower %ortion of the hive being well %rotected against the cold) the warmth of the bees will care for the %%er %ortion* To avoid condensation cover the brood nest after removing the s r%l s cases with a %oro s s bstance) or chaff c shion* Make a wooden rim abo t 8 inches dee%) covering the to% and bottom with b rla% and filling with wheat chaff or c t straw* Many %refer the c t straw both for c shions and %acking the hives* This rim sho ld be made a little smaller than the inside of the hive* In e3tremely warm weather the cover can be raised a few inches in front) giving a circ lation of air all aro nd the s r%l s de%artment) and shading it at the same time* The cover is hinged at the back end) and when raised) as shown in c t)

makes two shelves for the se of the o%erators) which are highly a%%reciated@ besides) there is no lifting on or off of covers) as is the case in other hives* The alighting board is hinged and can to ch the gro nd) which is of great advantage to the bees d ring a heavy flow of honey* +erha%s there are more single.walled hives sed in the ,nited -tates than do ble.walled or chaff hives) b t in northern states a do ble.walled hive is %referable*

,e5ice for ;9tractin1 Bees0a9

4a3) as %rod ced by the bees and worked into comb) is almost % re white) b t) on being melted and cooled) is yellow* A man who knows advises every beekee%er to se the solar wa3 e3tractor* All that is necessary is to have a bo3 with glass to fit over it) as shown in the drawing* To melt combs) % t in the bo3 an old dri%%ing.%an) having a hole at one corner) and that corner the lowest) with some kind of a dish set nder to catch the wa3* -et in the s n* To get the most o t) break % the combs into fine %ieces) then soak in water for a day or two longer before rendering*

Self=feeder for Bees

A very sim%le device for feeding bees on syr % may be made if yo take an ordinary fr it can) fill it f ll of syr % and over the to% tie a thick rag with a string* Then invert the can in a small %an or dish* The syr % will see% o t thro gh the rag aro nd the edges of the 5ar 5 st fast eno gh for the bees to kee% it cleaned %* &* 4orksho% and Tools A* The -teel -2 are C* In and Aro nd the Ho se

C* In and Aro nd the Ho se+art II 8* 1arns and -tock $. %oultry and Bees :* 7arden and #rchard 9* Field and 4ood ;* 7ates and Doors '* 4hen 4e 1 ild '* 4hen 4e 1 ild +art II &(* 4orth <nowing &(* 4orth <nowing +art II 7e9t? :* 7arden and #rchard

An Iron

oop Trellis

HI- trellis is made of the iron hoo%s that are now sed so commonly %on s gar and other barrels* They are of sto t wire) welded into a com%lete circle) and) as barrels are constantly going to %ieces) one can get together 2 ite a collection of these) when they can be assorted into niform si0es* An attractive trellis is shown* Three stri%s of wood) %ointed at the lower end and finished with a knob at the to%) are %rovided) the length being a matter for individ al taste* A trellis for tomato %lants will need not more than two hoo%s) while one for sweet %eas may re2 ire a half do0en* The stri%s of wood sho ld be of inch board) A inches wide* The hoo%s are sec red to the %rights by small sta%les made for % tting % wire fencing* The wooden %osts may be oiled or %ainted some attractive color* This trellis will be greatly a%%reciated both in the vegetable and flower gardens) for its strength and attractiveness* Diligence is the mother of good l ck* -- Fran lin.

%lant Supports of Barrel

oops

The ordinary wooden hoo%s from barrels may be made into an attractive trellis for gra%es or a s %%ort for smaller twining %lants by being arranged as shown in the sketch* Attach them firmly to heavy stakes with some !o* 9 smooth wire and yo have an arrangement which will last for several years and is not nattractive to the eye*

A *oldin1 Trellis
A good way to %ole beans is to make a folding trellis o t of %lastering lath) as shown in the c ts* 1ore three small holes thro gh each lath) as shown in the first c t and fasten them together with common wire nails well clinched*

Five.foot %osts are set & foot in the gro nd and a wire str ng at to% and bottom* The laths are fastened to the wires with string) as shown in the second c t* The trellis is made in sections so as to be easily handled* 4hen not in se it is folded % and laid away nder shelter* The %osts are s%aced evenly so that one section of trellis will 5 st go between two %osts*

;asy Way to %ole Beans

-et %osts at convenient distances a%art and stretch a wire at the to%* This may be done as soon as gro nd is %lowed* +lant and c ltivate one row each side of line ntil beans begin to vine) then set %oles slanting) tying them together where they cross at the wire* This braces the whole row and beans can be c ltivated with hoe* Hills C feet a%art in row with one vine to hill are better than two vines*

Trellis that Stands Alone

A %lant s %%ort or garden trellis) s ch as shown in the drawing) is very handy in the garden* This do ble form of trellis can be folded % and takes very little room in storage* All trellises and stakes sho ld be gathered as soon as the cro% is harvested and stored nder cover ntil the ne3t season* They are sef l for tomatoes) beans) %eas) c c mbers and other %lants that need some s %%ort* The do ble trellis is b ilt of narrow &BA.inch slats and %ieces of A 3 C) which are bolted together for the legs* The to% may be held in %lace by %ieces of string or wire attached at the %oints indicated in the drawing* The length) width and height of this trellis sho ld de%end %on the se to be made of it* A large one will be wanted for a large s%reading %lant and a small one for a small %lant* It is im%ortant to have trellises 5 st the right si0e to give %ro%er s %%ort*

%rotectin1 7e0ly Set %lants

+lants newly trans%lanted always demand more or less %rotection from the blighting effects of too m ch s n and wind* It is best achieved by making a shelter s ch as is shown in the c t* Two &(.foot %oles and two C.foot %ieces of any convenient thickness for the cross%ieces) with fo r &8.inch weather.stri%s for the legs) constit te the frame* In the middle of it two hooks sho ld be inserted on each side) and %on these the covering fastened which can th s be ad5 sted very 2 ickly* The covering may consist of b rla% or any kind of ro gh sacking* 1eing so sim%le and economical to make it is advisable to have eno gh frames to %rotect the n mber of tender %lants that are set o t in a garden at one time* They %ossess other advantages than sheltering the yo ng things from the direct rays of the s n* They allow slow eva%oration) and so kee% newly watered gro nd moist for ho rs) whereas if e3%osed to the s n and wind it wo ld soon become dry and caked* #n windy days it is only necessary to let the sacking down on the windward side of the shelter* In case of frost the %rotection that they afford is of inestimable val e* /ove thy neighbor) yet % ll not down thy hedge*

6akin1 the

otbed

The val e of every vegetable garden can be greatly increased and the time d ring which a s %%ly of fresh vegetables may be sec red for the table greatly lengthened by the se of the common man re hotbed and the cold frame* These indis%ensable ad5 ncts of the good garden are so easily made and cost so little that it is s r%rising they are not more common* A good hotbed made the latter %art of Febr ary or in March can be made to yield an ab ndant s %%ly of lett ce) radishes) s%inach) etc*) for table se by the time s ch cro%s are being %lanted o t of doors) and the s %%ly of cabbage) tomatoes and other %lants for

the home garden can be sec red ready to trans%lant several weeks earlier than if %lants grown in the o%en were de%ended %on* As a so rce of heat fresh horse man re is sed* Abo t half man re and half fine straw mi3ed together sho ld be %iled in s2 are %iles A or C feet in de%th) and 8 or D feet in width and long eno gh to contain the amo nt necessary for the beds desired* After heating has well started) the %iles sho ld be forked over) t rning the o tside of the old %ile to the inside of the new) and when heating again is well nder way the material is ready for se* In the meantime select a well. drained s%ot) slo%ing to the so th) if %ossible* Dig a trench :.&BA feet wide) A feet dee% and as long as desired) r nning east and west* !ow %lace the man re in the trench) tram%ing and %acking in thin) even layers ntil level with the s rface* Make a frame : feet wide and as long as desired) b t some m lti%le of three) beca se the hotbed sash are always made C feet wide* The end %iece sho ld be ' inches high in front and &D inches high in the back* The front side board sho ld be ' inches wide and for the rear it will re2 ire two boards) %referably &A and C) with the wide one at the to%* A frame &A or &D feet in length will be 2 ite large eno gh for the ordinary farm garden* -et this frame on to% of the man re with the slo%e facing the so th and sec red by stakes* #n to% of the man re % t : inches of good garden soil and cover the frame with common sash or windows : feet long by C feet wide* At first the heat will r n very high) b t in a few days it will fall to ;( or '( degrees) when it is safe to %lant the seeds*

6akin1 %er2anent

otbeds

Hotbed sash sho ld be constr cted of white %ine or of cy%ress) and the sash bars sho ld r n in one direction only) and that lengthwise of the sash* The bars

may be braced thro gh the middle by a transverse bar %laced thro gh the long bars below the glass* The two ends of the sash sho ld be made of so nd timber) C inches wide at the to% and 8 inches wide at the bottom end) mortised to receive the ends of the sash bars) and with a tenon at the ends to %ass thro gh the side %ieces) which sho ld be A &BA inches wide* A %ermanent hotbed sho ld be so constr cted as to be heated either with fermenting man re or by radiating %i%es from the dwelling or greenho se heating %lant* For a %ermanent bed) in which man re is to s %%ly the heat) a %it A to A.&BA feet dee%) according to the latit de in which the work is to be done) sho ld be %rovided* The sides and ends may be s %%orted by a lining of %lank s %%orted by %osts 8 feet a%art) or) what is better still) a brick wall ' inches thick) as shown in the drawing) may be sed* In either case the %it lining sho ld come fl sh with the s rface of the soil* The site for the %it sho ld be on nat rally well.drained land) and a tile drain from the bottom of the e3cavation sho ld be %rovided to %revent the water from acc m lating in the %it and sto%%ing the fermentation of the man re d ring the %eriod the hotbed is in se* -tandard hotbed sash are C by : feet* The %it) therefore) sho ld be some m lti%le of C feet in length) and the width sho ld be the same as the length of the sash) : feet* The %lank frame) or the brickwork of the %it) may be e3tended above the s rface of the gro nd s fficiently to allow for %lacing the sash immediately %on these %ermanent str ct res*

Heat for Hotbeds

Make an e3cavation D 3 &: feet on the s rface) and abo t a foot dee%* /engthwise along this s%ace lay three rows of tiling) one along the center and one abo t a foot from each side* The tiles sho ld be 8 inches inside meas re) and & foot long* These are %laced end to end so as to fit closely) and earth is %ressed aro nd them so as to hold every %iece e3actly in %lace* Then the e3cavation is filled with rich soil ntil level with the s rface) e3ce%ting at the end the tiles are left bare for a few inches* The board frame) D 3 &D feet) is ne3t % t in %lace so as to leave : inches of each row of tiles %ro5ecting beyond the ends of the frame* At the east ends of the bed) a hole sho ld be d g C38 feet on s rface and A feet dee%@ in this hole a cr de fire%lace may be made of loose brick and the fl e connected with the three ends of %ro5ecting tile* At the west end of the frame a

brick chamber sho ld be made into which the three tiles enter) giving them a common fl e for o tlet* Cover the to% of this chamber closely) e3ce%ting a :. inch circ lar hole) into which a single length of stove%i%e is fitted* A slo%ing door is h ng over the fire%lace cavity to kee% o t the rain@ and the earth raised high eno gh aro nd to %revent s rface water from r nning into the hole* 1ank soil abo t the frame* "o may ha%%en to have on hand si3 old storm window sashes of that si0e* #f co rse the sashes slo%e to the so th in the s al way* 4hen the fire is kindled in the fire%lace the smoke comes freely from the stove%i%e* The tiles are covered with soil to a de%th of abo t : inches* 4ith a good fire) yo can 2 ickly warm % the earth on the coldest days of s%ring* And when once well heated) the earth and tiling hold the heat for a long time) %rovided the draft is closed* ,nlike beds heated with man re) the heat s %%ly can th s be reg lated to s it the demand of the %revailing weather*

Cold *ra2es and Their 6ana1e2ent

In the -o th cold frames are in se all winter* The %rinci%al winter cro%s grown are lett ce) radishes) beets) ca liflower and occasionally cabbage) while these cro%s are commonly followed in s%ring by c c mbers) cantalo %s and sometimes Irish %otatoes* The frames are easily made* Ro gh inch l mber Fheart %ine is best in the -o th) and hemlock in the !orthG and A 3 8 or A 3 C. inch scantling are all that is re2 ired* For the do ble frames) stri%s C inches wide and CB8 or &BA inch thick) long eno gh to e3tend across the frame) sho ld be %rovided for rafters* The back or north side of the single frame sho ld be &A or &D inches high) while the front sho ld slo%e down to ; inches* In -o thern %ractice) where canvas covers are sed) the back sho ld be A.&BA feet and all cracks sho ld be well covered with b ilding %a%er) held in %lace by laths tacked over it* 7ood treatment for the %osts sed in constr ction is to di% them in kerosene over night* This will %reserve them indefinitely* Drive the %osts into the gro nd &; inches and let them e3tend %ward to the to% of the boards) % tting a %ost at the nion of each %air of boards and nailing them to it* All ends and rafters may be made so that they can be 2 ickly removed) so that the frames can be %lowed and the gro nd %re%ared with a m le* The sides of the do ble frames are best made & foot high) with the ends slo%ing %ward to A.&BA feet* Down the center of the frame) a row of A 3 8.inch %osts A.&BA feet above gro nd are set ; feet a%art* #ver each one of these a rafter is bent and fastened to the sides of the frames*

For cold frames in the !orth) glass is the only covering to be tho ght of* 1y all means) % t the frames % facing the so th or so theast and to afford %rotection against the north and northwest winds) cold the co ntry over) a high wall) a thick hedge) or a %iece of thick woodland sho ld be close at the back of them* The soil in the frames sho ld be thoro ghly %re%ared) rich and % lveri0ed thoro ghly* An ab ndance of well.rotted stable man re sho ld be sed@ if thoro ghly decom%osed) at the rate of 9D to &(( tons an acre is not e3cessive) nless the soil is already very rich* 4hether glass or canvas is sed as a covering great attention m st be given to water and ventilation* The land sho ld be well drained that no water will stand) or the soil become water logged@ that is one side of the water 2 estion) b t in addition) the %lants sho ld be caref lly watered from time to time to %rovide s fficient for their needs* If the coverings are ke%t down too constantly) the growth of the %lants will be weak and s%indling and s ch diseases as dam%ing off) 1otrytis and dro% will work havoc with them* Caref l attention to watering) ventilation and kee%ing the s rface of the gro nd stirred are the gen ine secrets of controlling these %ests* 4atch the tem%erat re) do not let it rise too high) lower it by raising the sash or drawing back the covers* The canvas covers sho ld be drawn back a %ortion of every day when the tem%erat re is not too low) and at other times the ends may be raised) to allow the air to circ late nder them* A shar% eye m st be ke%t on the frost item* -ometimes steam heat is %rovided) oil stoves may be sed and glass.covered frames sho ld be covered with b rla% or straw mats) sec rely held down either by tying them in %lace or by weighting them down* 1oth canvas and the glass covering sho ld be well fastened to %revent their being lifted off by strong winds* The %%er end of glass sash may be held down with a hook and sta%le) a hook being %laced on the back of the frame at the center of each sash with the sta%le in the end of the sash* Canvas covers are best held down by nailing along the center to a board r n lengthwise on the center of the rafters) in the case of do ble coverings) or along the back in the case of single ones and by %lacing marbles or small %ebbles in the cloth and tying abo t these every 8 or D feet) along the ends and sides) sli%%ing the loo%ed ends of the twine sed in tying them over nails driven into the ends and sides of the frame*

and 'arden Culti5ator

!ow that garden cro%s are %lanted almost e3cl sively in rows a tool that will clean o t the weeds) stir the soil aro nd the %lants) and) by making a good s rface m lch) %revent the loss of moist re to some e3tent) is essential for the %ro%er care of the garden* The wheel hoe of o r c ltivator is s ally sed for this % r%ose by the %rofessional gardener) b t the %rice is generally considered rather high by the ordinary farmer or amate r* This machine) altho gh homemade and not very handsome in a%%earance) does the work as well as a J: or J; tool) and cost not more than 8( cents to make* For a wheel) take the fly wheel of an old sewing machine) abo t & foot in diameter) and % t a ro nd bolt tightly thro gh the a3le* Then a %iece of %lank) a) A( 3 &( inches) and c t as shown) boring holes for the a3le where marked* After the wheel is set in %lace) it sho ld t rn easily and steadily) if balanced %ro%erly* For the handle) c c, c t o t and ro nd from a %iece of %lank two %ieces) or se any that may be otherwise obtained* Then get a blacksmith to make three teeth) b) o t of a %iece of s%ring steel & inch wide and ; inches long) bent as shown* Two.inch holes are drilled thro gh them for screws* #ne tooth sho ld be %laced abo t : inches behind the wheel and directly in the center) the other two being 8 inches behind the first) and the same distance from the center tooth* 4hen this c ltivator is % shed thro gh the rows it sho ld r n with little %ress re from the o%erator) clearing o t the weeds and stirring the soil at the same time* This contrivance does the work well) and if given two coats of brown and green %aint it will be im%roved in a%%earance* <now thy o%%ort nity* -- .ittacus.

A Convenient 7arden -tool

This device will %rove sef l in doing hand work in the garden* It is made from two barrel staves %on which is mo nted a low stool* This sho ld be narrow) so that it may be drawn between the rows of vegetables* The holes in the seat are large eno gh for the fingers to go thro gh and render the stool more easily handled* The device is es%ecially convenient for the women*

Waterin1 Seed Soil 6ade ;asy

To avoid dist rbing small seeds by watering) when %lanted in forcing bo3es) a %lan has been devised which not only ins res against the dist rbance of the seed) b t kee%s the soil of the entire bo3 in a moderate state of moist re) which is an essential feat re in early growth* Make a bo3 of any desired si0e to s it the occasion) and abo t C inches dee%* Then get a few small ngla0ed flower %ots and %lace same on stove ntil 2 ite hot* 4ith a short %iece of candle) seal drain hole in bottom of %ots) taking care not to % t wa3 over the entire bottom of %ot* +lace %ots in bo3 abo t ' inches a%art on a thin layer of sand) and overla% %ieces of broken %ots) to convey by ca%illary attraction the water to the entire soil of the bo3) which soil sho ld be sifted and bo3 filled to within &B8 inch of the to% of the %ots* Cover the bo3 with glass) and heat from above will draw the water % to the roots* 1y this method yo will not have s rface baking) which is so tro blesome with s rface watering* If so desired) yo can cover the %ots with circ lar %ieces of %aste.board or tin) and avoid s rface eva%oration from the %ots* Always fill %ots with warm water*

Catchin1 (0ls and

a0ks

A friend of o rs ca%t red a large owl and fastened him sec rely with a small chain to a stake in the middle of an o%en field* He set three %osts D feet tall and 8 to D inches in diameter A( to C( yards from the owl) and on each %ost %laced a small steel tra% with a b nch of hay or grass tied to the %ost 5 st nder the tra%) to hide it) as shown in c t* At night) the owl called* #thers came) and seeing nothing near) alighted in the tra% on the %ost* D ring the day hawks came) and were ca ght in the same way* In two months two owls and &9 hawks were ca ght* In some %laces a bo nty is %aid) so there is a %rofit in two ways* The

owl may be fed on the hawks ca ght and on rabbits or chickens that may die aro nd the %remises* The most diffic lt %art of this scheme is often the ca%t re of the first owl) b t if yo are a good h nter yo will find a way* Make no absol te %romises) for nobody will hel% yo to %erform them* Money is a good servant) b t a bad master*

6o5in1 a 8ar1e Tree

To move a large tree one may find it very satisfactory to se a rig similar to that shown in the %ict re* Make a three.sided standard of A 3 8.inch st ff* /oosen the dirt aro nd the roots of the tree and wra% the tree firmly at the base with old car%et or b rla% to %revent in5 ry* +lace the standard firmly in the gro nd and tie the cross.%iece to the body of the tree with strong ro%e to each side of the standard and hitch a horse to the other end* 4ith a slow % ll the tree can be drawn onto the drag and then ha led to the new location* It can be %laced in the gro nd again by sing the standard in the same way it was sed to load it %on the drag* A %enny saved is two %ence clear) A %in a day6s a groat a year*

-- Benjamin Fran lin. The man who b ilds) and wants wherewith to %ay) +rovides a home from which to r n away* -- /oung.

Transplantin1 Trees

Here is a way to trans%lant large trees that is not so diffic lt as s ch trans%lanting is by many s %%osed to be* The first move to make is to dig all ro nd the tree) leaving a large ball of soil) which is caref lly wra%%ed in sacking or canvas to hold it on the roots and %revent drying* 4hen this is well tied in %lace a chain is %assed ro nd the ball two or three times and hooked) as shown in Fig re &* Then with a %air of heavy wheels on a short a3le and a strong %ole laid across it) with a massive iron hook fastened to the %ole) it is easy to back % to the tree* The sketch) Fig re A) shows the tr ck with its lever raised ready to hook into the chain* The ro%e at the end of the %ole brings it down and the tree %) when the %ole is fastened nder a second %air of wheels* The yo ng tr nk m st be ke%t from contact with the machinery by the free se of blankets and bags* The secret of s ccess in trans%lanting trees is to in5 re the roots as little as %ossible*

The manly %art is to do with might and main what yo can do* -- *merson. Many things diffic lt to design %rove easy to %erformance* -- Samuel !ohnson.

o2e2ade *ruit %icker

This is a device that is hard to beat for reaching fr it at the to% of tall trees* After a little %ractice) a man can o%erate it ra%idly) far o tstri%%ing hand %ickers and at the same time not in5 ring the fr it* The constr ction is shown in the %%er drawing* The main frame is of heavy co%%er wire) to which is attached the strong s%ring) d. The end) a, is inserted into a wooden handle as long as needed* 4hen the m slin sack is attached) as shown in the %ict re of the %icker in se) the 5aws of the %icker are easily closed by % lling slightly on the cloth* The fr it falls thro gh the sack or long cloth t be into the hand of the o%erator* Many devices have been made for this sort of service) b t it will be hard to find one that works better than this one if constr cted in the e3act sha%e indicated*

A Truss 8adder
For a &8.foot ladder select fo r %ieces of & 3 A hard wood) sing two %ieces for each side* +lace r ngs of & 3 A between the side %ieces* Make ladder &A inches wide at to%) &8 inches at center) and C( inches at the bottom* + t a &B8.inch bolt thro gh the side %ieces 5 st below the r ngs) and ) a :d nail thro gh the end of each r ng to %revent them from sli%%ing o t* <ee% all bolts tight* A ladder made as above) of #regon %ine) &8 feet long) s %%orted on trestles at each end) deflected b t & inch when &D( %o nds were %laced on the center* It is light) yet strong) and it is almost im%ossible to s%ring it* The s%ecial advantage of a tr ss ladder is lightness) which is a very great advantage) when strength is combined) as in the case of this %artic lar ladder* /et s have faith that right makes might@ and in that faith let s to the end do o r d ty as we nderstand it* -- 'incoln. !ever s%end yo r money before yo 6ve earned it* !ever b y what yo do not want@ it is not chea%*

(rchard 8adder on Wheels

The accom%anying sketch shows the manner of constr ction* Any farmer or orchardist can b ild it* -ec re two old mower wheels and one %iece of A 3 8

scantling for an a3le* +lace the ladder %on this scantling* To kee% it %right se %oles) two at the bottom and one near the to% of the ladder) e3tending to the gro nd* The %%er one sho ld be forked at the to% so as to hold the ladder firmly* This ladder is &; feet high) and as the fo ndation is broad) there is no danger of it falling over* The brace is so made that it can be ad5 sted) th s enabling one to %lace the ladder at any angle*

Con5enient Sortin1 Tables

4here fr it is %acked from the trees a sorting table will always be fo nd convenient* It generally saves time and labor to do the %acking right in the orchard* A handy table is one mo nted on wheels which may be of any si0e desired and sho ld be large eno gh to hold at least fo r barrels* The wheels can be %icked % from discarded machinery or 2 ickly made by nailing together crosswise two boards to %revent them from s%litting) boring a hole in the center for the a3le and ro nding them off with a key hole saw* #ne end of the table sho ld be made several inches higher than the other) so that the c lls will roll into a %ile at the lower end* In the Hood river district of #regon a table s ch as shown here is commonly sed* This is made to accommodate two %ackers* To make s ch a table take fo r standards abo t C feet high* It is made C 3 8 feet in si0e) the to% covered with strong b rla% or canvas and allowed to hang rather loosely* -aw off the to%s of the legs on a bevel so as not to have the shar% corners % sh into the b rla%) or make %oints that will br ise or c t the fr it* A %iece of old garden hose is generally nailed aro nd the to% of the table to %rotect the fr it* 1esides the braces shown in the c t it is also well to wire the

legs and braces together firmly) as there is a heavy load to s %%ort* The shelves on each side are for holding the bo3es) as all the good fr it in this region is bo3ed* The height is only relative) the %oint being to constr ct it so each %acker can work with the greatest comfort) avoiding back bending in all cases* The to% sho ld not be greater than C 3 8 feet) as anything larger wo ld not allow two %ackers to reach all %oints of it witho t nnecessary stretching* &* 4orksho% and Tools A* The -teel -2 are C* In and Aro nd the Ho se C* In and Aro nd the Ho se+art II 8* 1arns and -tock D* +o ltry and 1ees &. 'arden and (rchard 9* Field and 4ood ;* 7ates and Doors '* 4hen 4e 1 ild '* 4hen 4e 1 ild +art II &(* 4orth <nowing &(* 4orth <nowing +art II 7e9t? 9* Field and 4ood

%ortable

ay ,errick

=ER" satisfactory derrick for stacking hay is shown in the sketch* The base %ieces are : 3 : inches by &: feet* For the center %ole we se a straight ro nd %ole 9 inches in diameter at the base and D inches at the to% abo t A8 feet long* 4e % t an iron band aro nd the base and insert the %eg %on which it t rns* Abo t halfway to the to% is an iron collar) which has three loo%s to it that form an attachment for the braces) which are fastened abo t &D feet from the bottom of the central %ole* This allows the %ole to t rn readily when in %right %osition* The to% framework is made of A 3 :.inch %ieces &A feet long* The rigging) consisting of three % lleys and the hay ro%e) is attached as shown in sketch* 1y having the lower %ole attached near the base of the

%right the arms will make half a t rn when the hay fork is lifted) th s swinging aro nd from the gro nd or wagon onto the stack*

A Wire Ti1htener

Here is a device easily made and very convenient to se in tightening barbed wire when stringing it %on the %osts* C t o t a %iece of inch board in the sha%e shown in the %ict re with a notch to let in the face of a hammer* Insert a long bolt at the %oint indicated by the light dotted lines) to %revent s%litting* Fasten on the hammer with leather stra%s* The shar% brads sho ld stick o t abo t half an inch* Caref lly finish the handle so that it will be smooth and not h rt the hands when yo are sing the device* It sho ld be made of to gh hardwood*

*ence Wire 4eel

Here is a device on which one can wind barbed wire that is m ch better than an old barrel* The reel is mo nted on a tr ck made of old b ggy wheels with short shafts* The cart may be drawn along by a man while a boy steadies the reel to kee% it from nwinding too ra%idly* For winding % wire) the machine is best % shed 5 st fast eno gh to kee% % with the wire as it is being wo nd on the reel* A crank %laced %on the reel %roves serviceable in winding %*

!ever sign a writing till yo have read it@ neither drink water till yo have seen it* #ne %art of knowledge consists in being ignorant of s ch things as are not worthy to be known* 7et the work habit*

Safe Way to Strin1 Barbed Wire

#ne of the most satisfactory ways to nreel barbed wire is to make a contrivance similar to the one shown* Fasten a short %iece of %lank to the front end of a stone boat* 1ore a A.inch hole in this %lank and set the s%ool of barbed wire on to%* R n a %iece of gas %i%e abo t D feet long thro gh the s%ool and let the bottom end rest in the hole made in the %lank* Attach the stone boat to the rear end of the wagon and have an assistant sit in the wagon and hold the to% end of the %i%e* If the wire becomes kinked the assistant sim%ly lets go of the %i%e and the s%ool rolls off the boat witho t breaking the wire*

A Bo9ed Stone Boat

A flat stone boat or drag is convenient for many % r%oses) b t its ses are limited beca se it has no great ca%acity* #n %age &D; is shown an arrangement for increasing the tility of a stone boat &(( %er cent* It is made of %lank and has sides & foot high* It may be sed for the % r%ose for which the ordinary drag is em%loyed) and in addition is very convenient for ha ling a%%les) %otatoes) or other root cro%s from the field* 1y increasing the si0e of the bo3) man re can be ha led o t from stables as it is d m%ed into it from wheelbarrows witho t having to reload or wheel % an incline* It is low on the gro nd and very convenient for loading* All light) b lky articles) as well as heavy stones) bags of fertili0ers and seed) can easily be ha led on this contrivance*

o2e2ade 4oad 4oller

If yo need a road roller get a heavy sheet iron cylinder) stand it on end and %lace a length of &.&BA or A.inch %i%e thro gh the center* The end sho ld be %laced on %lanks which are well soaked or are well oiled) and the %i%e braced to kee% it e3actly in the center* Fill the cylinder with good concrete) and when it has set ti% it over and b ild a frame for it) so yo can hitch a removable tong e at either side* The frame sho ld be made of good strong hardwood well braced* The c ts show %lainly 5 st how the roller is made and % t together*

An (ld=fashioned ,ro1ue

Homemade handy drogue

Drog e is an old.fashioned word a%%lied to a low drag or sled) something like the stone boat in general se now* The word is seldom heard today* -o acc stomed are we to the reg lation stone boat that most of s do not know that there is still a more handy arrangement that is f lly as easy to b ild and better to se) beca se it cannot slide sidewise on a hill* -elect a small tree that has a bend in it the sha%e of a sled r nner and s%lit it with a shar% saw while it is green* It saws fastest and easiest while fro0en* -aw or hew the bottom and to% flat) so %lanks abo t 8 feet long may be %inned to it* 1ore the front ends so a heavy stake with a sho lder may be inserted to %revent the r nners from drawing together) and the drog e is done* It is handy for all work) b t may need side rails s%iked to it) if small stones are to be drawn* Reg lar boat %lanks are not easy to obtain now that the old % and down saws are not in se*

A ,itchin1 Scraper
There sho ld be a ditching scra%er on every farm* They can be % rchased made of steel) b t a homemade one costs little and is 2 ite serviceable* Take two %lanks) each &( inches wide and C feet long) of good A.inch hardwood* 1olt to them sec rely a %air of old %low handles* To the bottom bolt an old crossc t saw blade which will make a shar% edge* /et this %ro5ect abo t an inch at the bottom* Attach two singletree hooks near each end of the lower board and yo r scra%er is ready to se* 4ith this scra%er and two men a ditch can be c t one. 2 arter mile long and as dee% as it co ld be %lowed with a t rning %low in two days6 time* It is also very sef l in filling holes in the highway*

Barrels, barrel hoops and barrel staves may be wor ed into many useful things upon a farm. !rom the few described in this boo your ingenuity will lead you to others.

"odern harvesting machinery has come to ta e the place of old-time hand tools on the big farms# but many a reaper of the ancient type still swings through the golden grain, a relic of the days when men wor ed harder and accomplished less than they do today.

Brid1e for a S2all Strea2

For crossing a small creek or dee% ditch a chea% bridge can be b ilt as shown in the ill stration* The l mber sed is : inches wide and A inches thick) e3ce%t for the floor and fo r side braces* -aw && %ieces the length re2 ired for each of the two sides) then bore bolt holes &.&BA inches from each end* ,se DB;.inch bolts ;.&BA inches long where fo r %ieces come together and :.&BA.inch bolts where three %ieces meet* The A. sha%ed s %%orts and the %ieces for the a%%roaches are bolted on at once) and then the side braces are % t on* The sides of the bridge are made entirely of triangles* The first triangle is made of %ieces) a, b and c. The second triangle of the %ieces) b, d and e. The %iers may be %osts) stone or concrete*

,a2 for *ar2 %ond

A small %ond held by a good.si0ed hydra lic dam s %%lies water for ho se) barn and two acres of garden and fr it) also floods a cranberry meadow when needed* A section of the dam is %laced : feet a%art and covered with %lank fitted tight* The a%ron is of &A.foot %lank s%iked to the sills so as to break 5oints* The bottom is made tight with br sh and clay* -tones are %iled in behind the %lank coverings) as shown in c t*

So0in1 Seed ;5enly

These drawings show the constr ction of a wheel seeding device that can be easily made at home* The a3le is tightly fitted into the wheels so that it t rns when the wheels do* This agitates the grain or other seed and hel%s to kee% the seed r nning o t of the holes at the lower back side of the bo3* The 2 antity of flow may be reg lated at %leas re by making the holes large or small and increasing or diminishing the n mber of holes* It may be fo nd desirable to have a considerable n mber of holes and then having %l gs) for alternate ones) %erha%s) which may be removed to make the seeding thicker* From 8 to : feet is s ggested for the length of the bo3* Any old wheels will do if they are not too heavy to be easily drawn by hand*

Berry Crate Carrier

#ne of the most convenient a%%liances for se in the strawberry field is ill strated in the %ict re shown herewith* It shows a novel se for the old. fashioned yoke sed so commonly on the old.time farms* The %ict re is so readily nderstood that no descri%tion need be given* This also s ggests the many % r%oses for which a yoke may be sed on a farm* Every farmer o ght to have one) to make more easy the task of carrying things* In some %laces yokes may be fo nd for sale) b t if yo cannot b y one) make one yo rself* Take a %iece of strong) to gh wood) sha%e it o t to fit aro nd the neck and sho lders and ta%er off the ends to what yo consider the right si0e* ,s ally a groove is c t aro nd abo t &.&BA inches from each end and a ro%e is sec rely tied* At the other end of the ro%e a hook is attached the right si0e to go aro nd the bail handle of any ordinary %ail* The hook may be iron or may be formed from a strong) branched stick*

andy 8oadin1 ,e5ice

Here is a rig sim%le and strong that works well for loading corn in the field*

The %ict re shows the constr ction of the rack and hoisting device with % lley attachment* - ch a rig will be fo nd sef l for loading many things on a farm*

4ack for

aulin1 *odder

A handy rack for ha ling fodder from the field is shown in the drawing* It may be sed for any kind of corn) of co rse) for sorgh m) and may be fo nd sef l in moving br sh* Each end of the rack is h ng from the a3les by two stra%s of iron that can be obtained from any blacksmith at very little e3%ense*

%ullin1 *ence %osts

An easy and %ractical method of % lling fence %osts) by which all digging and hand labor is eliminated) is here shown* Take a %lank 8 feet long) & foot wide and make a =.sha%ed notch in one end) nailing on several cross%ieces to %revent s%litting* This %lank is sed to change the hori0ontal draft to the vertical* +lace one end of chain aro nd the %ost close to gro nd* Incline the %lank against the %ost so the lower end of the %lank will be abo t &.&BA or A feet from the base of the %ost* +lace the chain in the notch of the %lank) start the team and the %ost in a few seconds will be clear of the gro nd*

In moving fences the chain sho ld be attached to the rear a3le of the wagon) so the %osts may at once be loaded and ha led to the new location of the fence*

(ne Way to %ull Stu2ps

A Connectic t man has a very handy device for % lling %each st m%s from old orchards) and can % ll A(( or more a day by this means* The limbs are c t off and the st m%s) *) left as long as %ossible* A short ro%e or chain with a single % lley is attached to the to% of the st m%* The anchor ro%e) B) which r ns thro gh the % lley) is fastened to the bottom of a sto t st m%) A* A %air of steady horses is attached to the ro%e and always % ll toward the anchor st m%* 4ith a steady % ll there is no 5 m%ing or 5erking) and they will walk right off as if % lling a loaded wagon* ,se abo t :( feet of &.inch ro%e) which costs JA*8() and the % lley) J&*9D) making a total cost of J8*&D*

Si2ple 8and 6easure

Having m ch land meas ring to do that re2 ires greater acc racy than 5 st Este%%ing it off)E make a sim%le affair like this* The manner of constr ction is made %lain* ,se hardwood %ieces@ DB; or CB8 3 & inch is heavy eno gh* Have lower %oints e3actly D feet : inches a%art* Make a ro nd head on the handle*

7ras% the to% lightly in hand) holding at the side) whirl handle to bring rear %oint to front) moving off in direction to be meas red* Contin e to revolve meas re) changing %oints in advancing* It takes three lengths to the rod*

-toring 4ater
An easy way to make a reservoir at the s%ring is to throw % a bank) %erha%s laying a wall first) fo nding it below the s rface* -ho ld the soil be s ch that water %ercolates thro gh it) face the soil with loam on to% and % ddle it well* If this leaks) face it with clay and % ddle the clay* These r les a%%ly to all dams made of stone and earth* +i%es entering reservoirs sho ld enter at the bottom and the soil be well % ddled aro nd them to %revent the water working thro gh beside the %i%e* Each %i%e m st have a strainer over its s %%ly end and have no air holes in its entire length* A good strainer can be made from a %iece of large lead %i%e % nched f ll of holes* #ne end may be flattened or t rned over and the other drawn on over the end of the water %i%e* /et nobody s %%ose that sim%le) ine3%ensive arrangements are fa lty beca se %rimitive* If constr cted correctly and in line with nat ral laws) they are not only all right) b t are %referable to fancy) com%licated devices that get o t of order easily or in a year or two and re2 ire a master mechanic to % t them into working condition again*

#etting a Supply o$ %uel

+/A! for getting % the year6s s %%ly of f el is s ggested as follows? Fell the trees on the gro nd with a small sa%ling nder them) so a log chain can be %assed beneath* Then a logging bob FFig re IG is ti%%ed % on its side near the end of the log@ a chain is hooked to the bolster near the gro nd) %assed nder the log and over the to% r nner of the bob and the team hitched to the end of the chain* A 2 ick % ll of the team and the bob comes down on both r nners) with the log on the to% of the bolster*

The log is now drawn to some sheltered %lace near the woodho se and sawed into stove lengths with a :.inch crossc t saw on the skidway shown in Fig re A* The limbs are trimmed in the woods) drawn on a %air of bobs to the sho%) where there is a three.horse %ower boiler and two.horse %ower engine) and are sawed at the rate of &.&BA cords an ho r with a b 00 saw*

A handy device can be made of two crotched limbs) as shown in Fig re C) to saw large limbs on* A A.inch a ger hole is bored where the limbs branch) and a hardwood limb driven tightly into the hole*

The following described device FFig re 8G is very handy to hold and lower the tree after sawing the st m% off* La) %lanks with holes bored in

them@ b, log@ c, chain@ d, crotched limb@ e e, lever@ f) iron %ins*M It is made of two hardwood %lanks abo t ; 3 D inches and &.&BA inches thick bolted together at the to% and bottom) with a A.inch s%ace between for the lever to work in* #ne.inch holes are bored thro gh the sides of both %lanks) in which iron %ins are %laced for the lever to %ry over* The lever is made of white ash) and has two notches near the large end) with a chain link attached midway between notches* A sto t chain is hooked in the link) %assed nder the log) and attached to a crotched limb leaning slightly against the o%%osite side of the log* 1y working the small end of the lever % and down and moving the %ins % one hole at a time) a good.si0ed tree can be raised from the gro nd high eno gh to be sawed easily witho t a backache*

Si2plest of All Ca2pin1 Tents

The great tro ble with cam%ing.o t tents is the weight of the frame) b t the weight of the latter in the case of the tent fig red herewith will hardly %rove a b rden to anyone) as only two light sticks are sed) s ch as are shown in Fig re &* These are %ressed into the gro nd ; or &( feet a%art) according to the si0e of the tent) and bro ght together and fastened at the %%er ends with s ch a 5oint as is shown) or with a string %assing thro gh a screw.eye in each %ole) if a sim%ler method is %referred*

The tent is made from fo r triang lar %ieces of cloth) as s ggested in Fig re A* #ne of these is c t % the center and hemmed) to afford an entrance to the tent* The triang lar %ieces are sewed together at the edges and at two of the o%%osite corners %ieces of sto t cord are sewed into the corners of the cloth) the cloth being reinforced as s ggested in the c t* Two sto t %egs of wood and two lighter ones are %rovided* To %itch the tent) % t % the two frame %oles A.fashion and draw the tent cloth over them) o%%osite seams and corners fitting over the %oles* Draw o t the other two corners and tie by the ro%es to the sto t %egs which have been driven into the gro nd* The two lighter %egs are sed to fasten back the fla%s of the front* It may be fo nd well to hem a light cord into the bottom of the side having the o%ening) leaving the fla%s free from the cord* The %osition of the cord is shown by the dotted line* It will not be in the way when lying across the o%ening of the tent on the gro nd and will strengthen the whole when the o ter corners are drawn tightly % to the sto t %egs* This makes a %ractically s2 are tent and the si0e can be as large or small as may be desired* To c t the side %ieces) decide on the width of the sides and the height yo wish the tent to be* Then draw a triangle FFig re AG) having the base as long as desired for the side of the tent) and a %er%endic lar A feet longer than the height desired for the tent) since the fo r sides of the tent are to be inclined) and m st) therefore) be eno gh longer to make % for this* This will %rove a very satisfactory tent for boys who are cam%ing o t) and it has the merit of being easily made and very easy to carry abo t* &* 4orksho% and Tools A* The -teel -2 are

C* In and Aro nd the Ho se C* In and Aro nd the Ho se+art II 8* 1arns and -tock D* +o ltry and 1ees :* 7arden and #rchard ). *ield and Wood ;* 7ates and Doors '* 4hen 4e 1 ild '* 4hen 4e 1 ild +art II &(* 4orth <nowing &(* 4orth <nowing +art II 7e9t? ;* 7ates and Doors

/eepin1 a 'ate fro2 Sa11in1

HE average farm gate is heavy) and after a little time it sags* 4hen they get this way it takes a strong man to o%en and sh t one* Here is a remedy* 7et a wheel) either big or little) from an old %iece of machinery) and bolt it to the front end of the gate in s ch a way that the gate will be held level* !ow the smallest child can o%en the gate for yo * Try it) for it is a saver .. saves yo r %atience) yo r back and the gate*

An ;asily (pened 'ate

Take an old b ggy wheel and fasten it as shown in the drawing to the gates that are o%ened often* The %iece of board indicated by c dro%s between the s%okes of the wheel and holds the gate either o%en or closed* A child can easily o%erate the heaviest gate with this attachment*

A 'ate that 7e5er Sa1s

A farmer has sed this gate for many years and never s%ent five min tes re%airing it* Co ntersink two %ieces and %in them together* Then set % two A 3 8 %ieces A feet higher than the gate so it can be raised in winter* Mortise and set in between the cross.%ieces) which are &A inches a%art) the board) a, and fasten a ca% to the to% of the frame* The gate is &: feet long) &A feet being for the gateway and 8 feet for the weights to balance it* The frame is of A 3 8s* Cover the 8.foot end with boards and fill with eno gh stones to balance it when h ng* Cover the gate with wire fencing and hang by a chain* + t a bolt thro gh the lower %art of the frame into the cross%iece) a.

A Cheap 'ate

A light) sef l and d rable gate can be made of sassafras %oles and barbed wire) as shown in the c t* -et a strong %ost 8 feet in the gro nd in the middle of the gateway and balance the gate on it* The lower rail is made of two forked sassafras %oles sec rely nailed together so as to work aro nd the %ost*

A Si2ple *ar2 'ate

Many like s ch a gate as that shown in the c t* Material to be sed de%ends largely on the % r%ose for which the gate is made* For a %addock or %ast re gate) make it o t of seasoned boards & 3 : inches) &A or &8 feet long* The %osts s %%orting the gate are abo t D inches a%art) the one on the inside being abo t ; inches ahead of the other* They are 5oined together by cleats or rollers which s %%ort the gate and allow it to be % shed back and swing o%en* If rollers are not obtainable) cleats made of any hard wood are good* They need not be heavier than & 3 8 inches* If the gate is to be sed for a hog %ast re) the lower cleats on both sets of %osts sho ld be %laced 5 st above the lower board to %revent the hogs from lifting it %*

An ;asily 4e1ulated 'ate

The gate hanger ill strated in the drawing is very handy for se where it is desired to let hogs %ass from one %ast re to another while cows are confined to one* As shown) the hanger is a %iece of stra% iron bent aro nd the %ost and s %%orted by %egs* These %egs may be inserted in holes at varying heights* Raise the gate to let the hogs thro gh and lower it to kee% them in) of co rse* This is also a good device for raising the gate above the snow in winter* Many wo ld find this se of the ad5 stable hanger %referable to the gates made to raise only one end for snow* #f co rse it is desirable that there sho ld be the least %lay as %ossible while the hanger slides % and down freely) and s%ecial care sho ld be taken to set the %ost firmly* #therwise the gate wo ld sag*

'ate to (5erco2e Sno0drifts

In the %ict re is shown a gate which can be readily ad5 sted to swing over snowdrifts* It is easily made from ordinary l mber* A & 3 :.inch %right is sed for the lower boards) & 3 8 for the %%er ones* The %rights at the hinge %ost are do ble & 3 8) one %iece o tside and the other inside the bars* The %right at the latch side may be the same weight of st ff or slightly lighter) and fastened in

the same way* Instead of nailing the bars to these %rights) bolts are sed) one for each bar at each end* The lowest board is notched as shown) and the do ble brace sed from the to% of the latch %ost to the bottom of the hinge %ost* For the brace) & 3 C st ff is strong eno gh* They are 5oined near the bottom with a bolt) which engages with the notches when the gate is raised) as shown at the right*

A Ti2e Sa5er

To o%en and close gates that stock may be ke%t within bo nds the year ro nd is one thing which ses % a great deal of time) and makes no ret rn* Every gate sho ld be so made that it will fall into %lace of its own weight and stay closed and o%en witho t hitch or bother* The c t ill strates a convenient thing that sho ld be in larger se on farms* It is always o%en and always closed against stock* + t % and well %ainted) it will last for many years* He who kee%s com%any with great men is the last at the table and the first at any toil or danger*

/eep the 'ate (pen

A sim%le and handy device which serves to hold the gate o%en is shown in the c t* To make it) %roc re a board) a) & 3 8 3 &A inches and saw o t a %ortion in the center) leaving a s%ace on each side &BA inch wide) and bore holes for a bolt* !e3t get an ;.inch stick) b) and bore a hole thro gh it C inches from the to%* 1evel the to% so that the gate will %ass over it) and it will then fall back and hold the gate o%en* 4hen one6s hands and arms are f ll of things) as they often

are on a farm) it is a great convenience to have a gate or door held o%en a tomatically* !o sim%ler or more effective device for the % r%ose can be fo nd* A similar device can be ada%ted to se as a latch to catch and kee% a gate or door closed*

'ood Bars for the *ar2

It is an im%ortant matter to the farmer that his farm sho ld be well e2 i%%ed with good) s bstantial bars* -ome farmers go to as m ch tro ble in a year6s time in moving a %oor gate or bars back and forth as they drive in and o t of fields) and in chasing cattle abo t) as making do0ens of s ch bars as are re%resented here* ,se ro nd %oles abo t A.&BA or C inches in diameter* -et two good.si0ed %osts one on either side of the barway) and to each one) an e2 al distance a%art) nail large horseshoes) allowing the ro nd %art to stand o t far eno gh from %osts to admit the bar %oles easily*

,urable *loatin1 *ence

This is a chea% and easy way to make a good) strong cable on which to hang a water gate) when it becomes necessary to have a fence cross a stream? -et two good) large %osts abo t C feet dee% in the gro nd and abo t : feet from the banks of the stream* 7et a %iece of wire Fbarbed wire will do) b t smooth wire makes a m ch better looking 5obG) long eno gh to go from one %ost aro nd the other and back again abo t si3 times) being caref l to fasten each end sec rely at the %ro%er height from the gro nd* Then get a strong %iece of wood abo t &3C inches and abo t 8 feet long) stand as near the middle of the s%ace between

the two %osts as %ossible) and %lace the stick between the two sets of wires* T rn aro nd ntil all the wires are well twisted together) being caref l not to twist too m ch* #n withdrawing the stick) the wires will only ntwist two or three times* After the gate is h ng) the stick may be again inserted in the same %lace and several more twists given to take % the sag ca sed by the weight of the gate* Then fasten one end of the stick to the to% of gate and it will be im%ossible for the cable to ntwist any more* This has been fo nd to answer all the % r%oses of an e3%ensive cable and looks and lasts 5 st as well*

*ence Across a Strea2

To constr ct a fence across a creek or small stream) set a %ost on each bank and brace well* If a tree ha%%ens to be near at the right %lace) so m ch the better* Then fasten wire sec rely on %osts) leaving eno gh slack so a weight in the middle will draw the wires toward the bed of the stream) th s making it im%ossible for stock of any si0e to get thro gh* A large stone makes a good weight* It can be blocked % to desired height and fastened in %osition with smooth wire*

Te2porary Sheep *ence

#ne of the best %ortable fences for se in soiling shee% is made in %anels with s %%orts) as shown* +anels are &( feet long) made of 8.inch board solidly nailed together* After this fence is once % t %) shee% are not likely to overt rn it* A fence C.&BA feet high will t rn most flocks*

*astenin1

ea5y ,oors

There is little difference in the effectiveness of these two locks for heavy doors* The left.hand device is e3tremely 2 ick and handy@ the other very neat and s bstantial* The lock to the left has both bars %ivoted to a lever handle) which is %ivoted to the door midway between the ends of the arms* Moving the lever handle % moves both arms o t of slots above and below the doors* The fastening may be also worked from the inside by c tting a slot thro gh the door and setting a %in in one of the arms) so that it can be moved in the slot* The right.hand fastening is worked by raising the lower arm so that the notch incloses the middle sta%le at d. Then the %%er arm can be % lled down* 1oth arms stay firm and sn g whether the door is sh t or o%en*

old the Barn ,oors Shut

A latch that will hold do ble doors sh t is shown in the c t* This is % t on the inside of the door that is closed first* It is made of hardwood 8 inches wide and & inch thick* To o%en the door) t rn the %iece) a, to the right and % ll down on

the cross%iece which is fastened to the door by a bolt in the middle* This will raise the latch) c) and lower the latch) d) as shown in the c t to the right* #%en yo r doors to a fine day) b t make yo rself ready for a fo l one* +ros%erity is the thing in the world we o ght to tr st the least*

*astenin1 the Stable ,oor

A handy stall door fastener is shown in Fig re I* It consists of a %iece of oak or other hard wood 8 inches wide by 9B; inch thick and A inches longer than the width of the door* It is fastened to the door by a CB;.inch bolt thro gh the middle and it works like a b tton* Cleats) b, are sawed o t and fastened to the door 5amb on each side to hold the fastener in %lace* Another handy fastener that can be worked from either side of the door is shown in Fig re A* There are three %right %ieces) a, two of which are on the door and one on the door 5amb or casings* Another %iece) b, slides thro gh these and holds the door sh t* A %in) c, goes thro gh the bolt and thro gh the door to o%en or sh t it from the o%%osite side* The bolt is ke%t sh t by the s%ring) which can be made from a %iece of hickory) or other to gh hardwood) whittled down to the %ro%er

thickness* The s%ring feat re is the chief advantage) and a very im%ortant one it is) of this e3cellent fastener* It is also a good %oint that the fastener works nicely from the o%%osite side of the door* -ell chea% and yo will sell as m ch as fo r others* They m st h nger in frost that will not work in heat* 6Tis easier to b ild two chimneys than to maintain one*

o2e2ade ,oor 8atch

This consists of three %ieces of oak or other good hardwood) as shown in the drawing* For the handle se a %iece ; 3 A 3 & inches* -ha%e a flattish knob on one end C inches long* 4ork down the rest so as to %ass thro gh a &.inch a ger hole* -ha%e a knob on the other end by flattening the sides* The latch is made of a %iece D 3 & 3 CB; inches* The catch is ; 3 A 3 CB8 inches* 1ore a &.inch hole for the handle C inches from the edge of the door* + sh the handle thro gh the hole and mark on it the thickness of the door@ then bore in the handle a CB;.inch hole for the latch* !ow assemble the %arts according to the finished fig re) which shows the latch thrown back* A little %eg may be sed to kee% the latch from falling down when the door is o%en* 1y taking %ains to sha%e and finish this latch nicely it will look well eno gh to %lease the artistic eye of the most fastidio s*

&* 4orksho% and Tools A* The -teel -2 are C* In and Aro nd the Ho se C* In and Aro nd the Ho se+art II 8* 1arns and -tock D* +o ltry and 1ees :* 7arden and #rchard 9* Field and 4ood +. 'ates and ,oors '* 4hen 4e 1 ild '* 4hen 4e 1 ild +art II &(* 4orth <nowing &(* 4orth <nowing +art II 7e9t? '* 4hen 4e 1 ild

I2portant %oints in

ouse Buildin1

HE following %oints in b ilding a ho se are considered of the greatest im%ortance by a well.known architect? Caref lly watch that the fo ndation walls are s bstantially laid) and acc rately leveled on their %%er s rfaces) so that the doors shall not strike the floor or car%ets in o%ening) nor the tables) chairs) or other f rnit re be obliged to stand on three legs* The framework) when raised) sho ld be %l mb) so that all on or in the b ilding can be c t s2 are) and a%%lied witho t tedio s fitting* The siding sho ld be thoro ghly seasoned in the o%en air before sing) and caref lly a%%lied with close 5oints) and well nailed* The edges of all water tables) corner boards) and window frames sho ld be %ainted before setting* The shingles sho ld be caref lly laid) breaking their 5oints at one.third of their width and do ble nailed* The flooring sho ld be dry) close laid) and nailed with two nails to each beam* The %artitions sho ld be set with st dding of selected width) and their angles or corners sho ld be anchored firmly together to %revent the walls from cracking in those %arts when finished* The chimneys sho ld be

caref lly constr cted) all %oints between the brickwork sho ld be well filled with mortar to %revent s%arks from %assing thro gh to the framework* All mortar for %lastering sho ld be %ro%erly mi3ed) and allowed s fficient time Fat least a weekG for the thoro gh slacking of the lime) and a com%lete %ermeation of the ca stic %ro%erties* Thin coats of %lastering are better than heavy ones* A mortar that does not crack in setting or drying is s re to be good* The interior wood finish sho ld not be beg n ntil the %lastering is com%letely dried o t) and all loose mortar is removed from the b ilding* All woodwork s ally %ainted sho ld be %rimed as soon as in %osition*

A >ery Con5enient

ouse

The accom%anying %ict re and %lans show the o tside and interior arrangements of a very convenient home b ilt the %ast year by one of o r agric lt ral editors* It is C8 feet wide by C(.&BA feet dee%) with a 9.foot cellar nderneath* The ho se contains &( rooms) incl ding two in the attic) besides a storeroom in addition to those shown* All the rooms are of good si0e and have two or more large windows) which make them light and s nny and s %%ly %lenty of good air*

Economy of constr ction) as well as of doing the work) was ke%t in mind in the %lanning* The location of the stairs is somewhat n s al in a ho se of this sort) b t is s ch that only one light is necessary from first to second floor* There are %lenty of large closets on the second floor) which are greatly a%%reciated*

The %orch is not roofed e3ce%t over the door) b t an awning) which is taken down in the fall) makes it cool and shady in s mmer) and allows the s nshine to reach the living room in winter* The first story is ' feet from floor to ceiling) the second ; feet and the third 9 feet : inches* The ho se is %i%ed with gas and wired for electricity) %rovided with the best 2 ality of sanitary %l mbing and heated with hot air f rnace* A similar ho se can be b ilt for abo t J8)((() more or less) according to finish and locality* #cc %ancy %roves it to be a model of convenience*

If a bigger kitchen is desired) it can be obtained by going back farther* Many wo ld %refer a wider bathroom* A foot taken from the back chamber on the right wo ld greatly im%rove the bathroom and still leave a large chamber* If desired) a large roofed %ia00a can be added*

Buildin1 a Block

ouse

A <ansas farmer needed a ho se on his farm) b t had very little money* He

fo nd that only a little was needed for a cement block ho se* He ordered a cement block machine and bo ght &A boards &( inches wide and &A feet long) which were c t in seven %ieces of e2 al length* Two cleats were nailed on each) abo t C inches from the ends* These were for %allets and cost abo t 9.&BA cents each* The cement blocks were ; 3 ' 3 &;* As the block machine had no attachments) some contrivances were made for making half stone) three.2 arter and others* For ca%s and sills for doors and windows '.inch boards were taken) sing three for each mold) and two holes A inches from the edges and C or 8 inches from the ends of two of them were bored* Then the farmer made cement blocks for the ends ' 3 ; inches) laid the other board on the gro nd) %laced one of the others on each side of it edgewise) % t in the end blocks) and thro gh the holes % t long bolts and bolted it tight together* Then it was ready to fill with concrete* These boards were as long as were needed to make the ca%s or sills* A s%rinkler) sand shovel) %lasterer6s trowel) and a wire sieve of &B8.inch mesh were obtained*

The sand cost nothing e3ce%t ha ling* The machine was set % near a s%ring* A bo3 something like a wagon bed with both ends o t was made of boards) the block machine %laced in one end and the %ile of sand at one side* Three shovels of sand and one of cement were %laced in a t b and mi3ed thoro ghly* Then a boy took the s%rinkler and s%rinkled it while another mi3ed) ntil it was dam%ened evenly all thro gh* Then they s%read CD shovels of sand in the mi3ing bo3 and shook one sack of cement over it) which made a five.to.one mi3t re* This was thoro ghly mi3ed by shoveling and s%rinkling ntil it was good and dam%) b t not wet* This 2 antity made ten blocks* A %allet was %laced on the o%en machine) the machine closed) and some of the richer mi3t re of concrete %laced on the face abo t & inch thick* The mold was then filled with the five.to.one mi3t re) while one of the boys tam%ed it) % t in the core) and smoothed off the to% with a trowel* The core was then caref lly

lifted o t) the machine o%ened) and the %allet with the stone on it %laced on a level %iece of gro nd* In three or fo r ho rs the blocks were ready to s%rinkle* 4hen C( ho rs old they were %laced on end and the %allets sed for more stone* After standing for two days) d ring which time they were s%rinkled fre2 ently to kee% them dam%) they were d m%ed in the creek) where they were left ntil ready for se* The fo ndations were made by first % tting into a trench abo t : inches of broken rock) then 8 inches of concrete* The ho se is A: feet s2 are) the walls &A feet high) with gables north and so th* The %ict re of the ho se and arrangement of the two floors are shown in the ill strations* 4e sed &A)8(( %o nds of cement) which cost :(c %er &(() or J98*8(* Doors and windows were bro ght at a cost of JCC*9D* Chimney) %lastering and l mber for floors) roof) %artitions and finishing) all of the best) cost JA8(* The hardware was JC() making the total cost of ho se JC9;*&D) not co nting cement machine or labor) all of which was done by the family* Art imitates nat re) and necessity is the mother of invention* -- 0ichard Franc . Consider the end* -- )hilo.

A +ractical Ro nd 1arn

There is no economy in b ilding a ro nd barn) that is) strictly ro nd* The barn here ill strated has A: sides nearly &A feet long) making a barn '8 feet in diameter* The sills) %lates and roof in a strictly ro nd barn are very e3%ensive) and the work will not last as well as when b ilt as shown* The floor s%ace of the first floor is nearly the same as if ro nd) and the hay loft is very little

smaller* If the b ilding is ro nd) the walls sho ld be lathed with metal lath) over ro gh bo3ing) and %lastered with two coats of %ortland cement* In fact) this finish is to be %referred in b ilding any sha%ed barn) as it re2 ires no %aint and %ractically no re%airs* The floor %lan of the barn shown is self.e3%lanatory* It has stalls for 8( milch cows) three b ll %ens) two hos%ital stalls) %en for baby beef that will accommodate abo t A &BA cars of calves) stalls for seven horses) incl ding the two bo3 stalls) and the feeding room and silo* The silo is &: 3 C8 feet) will hold abo t &8( tons of silage) and re2 ires abo t ten acres of average corn to fill*

The hay loft has &::)D(( c bic feet of s%ace) and ded cting the silo and bins for gro nd feed will hold C(( tons of loose hay* The gro nd feed is stored in ho%%er.sha%ed bins above the feed room) and drawn down thro gh small s%o ts as wanted* The hay is handled with hay forks) and to locate the trolleys as near the roof as %ossible) tra% doors are left in the loft floor) and the hay hoisted from the driveways* A circle trolley may be installed) or two straight ones* -everal large hay doors are also b ilt in the o tside walls above the loft floor* The silo) the floors of the cow stalls) incl ding the g tters and mangers) also the ;.foot driveway aro nd the silo) are of cement) and) while it is intended to install litter and feed carriers) it is also intended to drive aro nd the entire barn) or the feed floor with a cart if desired* The interior arrangement of first floor

may) of co rse) be changed in several ways) and the cows faced in the o%%osite direction) etc*) or stalls and other e2 i%ment arranged for different stock* The barn) as shown) has abo t the same floor s%ace as a barn wo ld have C: feet wide and &;( feet long* The ventilation is always m ch better in the ro nd barn) the work of caring for and feeding may be accom%lished with less labor) there are never any drafts on the stock) the b ilding may be b ilt for less money) and is m ch stronger* As shown) the barn has a stone fo ndation) the roof is covered with asbestos roofing felt) and the walls covered with :.inch dro% siding* Everything is of the best) and all e3%osed woodwork %ainted two coats* This b ilding wo ld cost abo t J8)9(( witho t the cow stanchions* 4here home labor is sed) and the l mber can be sec red for less than JC( %er tho sand) the barn may) of co rse) be erected for less*

A 4ell.Arranged 1arn

This <ent cky barn has a frame of oak) : 3 : inches* Center %osts AC feet ' inches@ shed %osts &: feet tall@ st dding and braces A 3 :.inch %o%lar@ 5oists A 3 &(.inch %o%lar) oak and %ine* The sheeting is of %o%lar) beech and ash* The bevel siding is select %o%lar* Cornice and base) white %ine* All doors are two thicknesses) front is dressed cy%ress and the back dressed white %ine* The lower windows are &( 3 &A.inch) &A lights and %%er ones inside the b ilding* The 5oists are set A( inches from center to center* The loft is ;.&BA feet from lower floors* The floor %lan shows the arrangement as follows? ! mber &) iceho se) &; feet

dee%) walled % with stone@ A) carriage ho se) &: 3 &; feet@ C) stairs) leading to l mber room over carriage room@ 8) corn crib) ; 3 &: feet) over which are the grain bins for wheat and oats* These bins have ch tes r nning down into the corn crib) from which grain is filled into sacks* ! mbers D) D) are bo3 stalls) ; 3 &A feet@ :) driveway) &A 3 C; feet@ 9) 9) 9) 9) bo3 stalls) :.&BA 3 &A feet@ ;) harness room) : 3 ; feet@ ') feed mi3ing room) : 3 ; feet) with s%o ts r nning from c tting bo3 and bran bins overhead@ &() alleyway r nning from driveway to feed alley@ &&) &&) &&) hay ch tes) with o%enings near the bottom) & 3 A feet* These o%enings are directly over the feed bo3es and any hay that falls while horses are feeding goes into the bo3es and none is wasted* ! mber &A) feed bo3es) & 3 A 3 A feet@ &C) feeding alley) 8 3 C; feet* #verhead at N is an o%ening from the hay loft where alfalfa) clover) cow%eas and hay are ke%t for the cows@ &8) cow shed) ; 3 C; feet* Cows are fastened with stanchions and fed o t of bo3es on alley floor* The cow shed has concrete floor) with a fall of A inches from stanchion to ! mber &D) the drain basin) which is & foot A inches wide and & foot dee% at A) where it r ns into a basin made of concrete) : 3 : feet and A feet dee%@ &:) driveway into carriage room@ &9) o%enings in which siding doors hang when o%en@ &;) windows* The roof is of tin) standing seams) with "ankee g tters made on the lower edge of the roof* An o%ening &( 3 &( feet in the center of the driveway loft is allowed for hay and other feed taken % by an nloader that r ns on a track in comb of roof* The barn will cost abo t J&)D(( .. more or less) according to cost of b ilding material where it is erected*

andy S2all Barn

This barn is arranged to meet the needs of a small farm* It can be b ilt in most localities at a cost not to e3ceed JD(() and if a farmer has his own timber) at even less cost* The o tside dimensions are C: 3 8; feet) and it is &: feet to the eaves) with a c rb roof* The stables sho ld be abo t ; feet high) which allows %lenty of loft room above for hay* In the floor %lan the cow stalls) A) can be made of any width desired) C.&BA feet being best for general % r%oses* At 1 are two large bo3 stalls for cows with yo ng calves* The mangers) C) are &; inches wide) with a rack for hay or fodder above* At D is the feed room and alley) which is ; feet wide* At E are the mangers for the horses) with a feed bo3 at the right side* At F are three horse stalls 8 feet wide) in which horses can be tied* At 7 is a large bo3 stall for mares and colts* At H is %rovided the granary) which can be s bdivided into bins as necessary* The %ortion I is the driveway) which affords am%le storage s%ace for tools) wagons) etc*) and is sed as a driveway when hay is being elevated into the loft above* There is a large corn crib) $) at the end) which can be filled from the o tside and em%tied from the inside* It is narrow and so arranged that the corn will dry o t 2 ickly* Ch tes from this bin sho ld be %rovided at /* A ladder to the hay loft at < is a convenience which sho ld not be omitted*

The *ar2er3s Icehouse

In a %ro%erly constr cted iceho se) and when the ice is %ro%erly %acked and cared for) no waste sho ld take %lace from the inside of the %ile of ice* The melting from the sides) bottom and to% is ca sed by ins fficient ins lation* The waste from the bottom is generally the greatest* The amo nt of ice melted in the bottom of the iceho se varies from & to : feet d ring the year) de%ending %on the constr ction of the floor* If the iceho se is %rovided with an airtight floor) with the ice laid on at least &; inches of dry sawd st) the bottom waste rarely e3ceeds &A inches d ring the year@ on the other hand) if the ice is %iled in the iceho se on the bare gro nd witho t any ins lation nder it) or any %rovision made for drainage) the meltage fre2 ently is : feet* The side and to% meltage is not so great) b t it fre2 ently ranges from & to C feet) de%ending %on the ins lation*
&ocation and Building

The location sho ld be where the ice can be removed and delivered with the least amo nt of labor@ however) it is very im%ortant that the iceho se sho ld be located in the coolest %lace) in as dry a %lace as %ossible) and always above gro nd* The lowest layer of ice sho ld always be at least : inches above the o tside level of gro nd* The si0e of the b ilding m st be determined by the amo nt of ice sed d ring the year* For instance) a dairy farm %on which CD cows are ke%t) and from which the milk is sold) needs an iceho se &: 3 &: and &8 feet high* If the cream is to be sold and skim milk fed to the calves) immediately from the se%arator) an iceho se &8 3 &8 and &A feet high is of s fficient si0e* In both cases we make allowance for the se of AD %o nds of ice %er day d ring the s mmer

months for ho sehold % r%oses* For a man who kee%s abo t A( cows and sells the milk) an iceho se &8 3 &8 and &A feet high is of s fficient si0e@ however) in no case sho ld an iceho se be smaller than &A 3 &A and &( feet high) beca se the o tside s rface is too great) com%ared with the vol me) and) therefore) too m ch ice is wasted in %ro%ortion to the amo nt sed* The b ilding sho ld be as near the sha%e of a c be as %ossible) for the c be contains the greatest amo nt of vol me with the least amo nt of s rface e3%osed other than circ lar forms* It is not always %ractical to b ild as high as we b ild s2 are) owing to the amo nt of labor and the inconvenience of storing the ice@ therefore) the dimensions given are really the most %ractical*

If the iceho se is not b ilt %on a sandy s rface and where ra%id drainage is nat ral) it is necessary to c t a s%ace to a de%th of &A to &; inches) where the iceho se is to be located) lay a tile drain to drain this) and fill it with sand or finely cr shed stone* + t a :.inch fo ndation of concrete of the si0e yo wish to b ild yo r ice.ho se in this %it) and fill aro nd the o tside*
%raming the Icehouse

The framework is made by laying A 3 8.inch sill on the concrete fo ndation@ fasten this to the fo ndation by cementing a few bolts into the concrete and allowing them to e3tend thro gh the sill@ A 3 8 st dding are then %laced %on the sill) &: inches a%art from center to center* The rafters for the roof are likewise made of A 3 86s) %laced the same distance a%art as the st dding) b t the

% rlin %late %on the st dding sho ld be at least : inches wide* The o tside of st dding may be boarded either with common sheeting and %a%er) %on which %o%lar siding is nailed) or with %atent siding or shi%.la% siding) the latter being the chea%est and re2 iring only a single thickness of board* The roof sho ld be made with not less than one.half to one.third %itch) and %referably covered with shingles) for shingles are better ins lators than either slate or metal* +a%er may sometimes be sed to good advantage* A c %ola or fl e sho ld be b ilt %on the roof to allow for the removal of the warm air from the to% of the ice* A ventilator may be %laced in the gable end* A contin o s door sho ld be c t in one end to allow the ice to be % t in* This door may e3tend from the gable down to within D feet of the bottom* 1efore % tting in the ice %lace from &; inches to A feet of sawd st or dry %eat %on the floor* The ice sho ld be harvested in reg lar sha%e) oblong) rather than s2 are) and not less than &; inches in width and C( inches in length*
Ice and !il" Houses Com'ined

The side elevation of an iceho se with milkho se attached is %resented in the drawing) It shows the advantage of tili0ing the water from the iceho se for cooling the milk* !o ice needs to be removed from the iceho se* It o%erates a tomatically* If the weather is warm the ice melts more ra%idly and kee%s water in the tank at the re2 ired tem%erat re*

S2all 'reenhouses

The farmer who wo ld make his cro%s of vegetables most %rofitable) or the small gardener who wo ld have an early s %%ly of early vegetables for home se or market m st em%loy some kind of glass str ct res to hasten these cro%s* The hot.bed or cold frame have been m ch in se in the %ast) b t the cost of sash) sh tters and mats is nearly as m ch as the materials needed for a %ermanent str ct re) while the labor of caring for cold frames or hotbeds is often m ch more than that of the small greenho se* In the latter one may work with comfort no matter what the weather may be o tside* It re2 ires m ch more skill to r n hotbeds s ccessf lly*

-mall greenho ses may be b ilt against the so th side of the ho se or stable) Fig res & and A) or they may be b ilt entirely away from other b ildings) b t the shelter of larger b ildings on the north or west will be fo nd of great advantage* If one has a basement to the ho se or stable) a lean.to ho se may be b ilt) and heat from the o%en cellar in a large meas re will heat the greenho se in the mild weather of fall and s%ring*
"aterial for Construction

A chea% and efficient ho se may be made by setting chestn t or cedar %osts in the gro nd) covering the sides with lining boards) then two thicknesses of tarred b ilding %a%er and sheathing o tside) Fig re C* Cement) stone or brick will be chea%er in the end* The d rability of glass str ct res will de%end m ch %on the form of the materials* Clear cy%ress is now more sed than any other material* -ills sho ld be of the form shown in Fig re 8* +lates may be made of %lank as in Fig re C) or as in Fig re D* -ash bars sho ld have grooves along the sides to catch the dri% from the glass) as in Fig re :* The glass for ordinary work may be !o* A do ble thick) large si0es) &: 3 A( inches or A( 3 A8 inches) being m ch sed* -maller si0es will be chea%er in %rice) b t more sash bars will be needed) and they c t off m ch of the s nlight*

The glass sho ld be % t in with % tty) made with abo t one.third white lead in it) and firmly tacked with triang lar 0inc tacks of large si0e) or the do ble. %ointed tacks) which are so bent as to %revent the glass from sli%%ing down*
Set #lass in Warm Weather

7la0ing sho ld be done d ring the s mmer or early fall) as % tty will soon become loose if fro0en before well hardened* In b ilding there sho ld be no mortises) b t all 5oints be made by toeing in with long) slender nails* All woodwork sho ld be thoro ghly %ainted before fitting) and all 5oints filled with white lead %aint* After all is done the frame sho ld be %ainted before the glass is % t in* The most im%ortant and e3%ensive feat re of the small greenho se is the heating* If one has a hot water or steam heater in the ho se) to which the glass ho se is attached) it will be a very sim%le matter to carry %i%es thro gh) as at a, a, Fig res & and A* Hot air also may be let into s ch ho ses) or a small kerosene heater in very cold weather may be sed) if the ho se is b ilt o%ening into the cellar* =entilators m st be located as shown in Fig res & and A) at b, b. =ery small str ct res may be r n witho t m ch heat if o%ening into cellars or other heated rooms by having sh tters or c rtains to draw down at night and in very cold) clo dy weather*
Co ering with Hot'ed Sash

Ho ses of small si0e may be made by b ilding a frame %on which hotbed sash may be screwed* If one has the sash this is a chea% way of b ilding) and s ch a ho se has the advantage that the sash may be entirely removed d ring the s mmer) b t it is very diffic lt to make a close ho se with s ch sash* The woodwork of greenho ses and hotbed sash sho ld have a coat of thin linseed oil %aint every second year* M ch of the s ccess to be obtained from any glass str ct re will de%end %on the skill of the o%erator) and the thermometer) both o tside and in) m st be watched very closely* The tem%erat re sho ld be maintained as nearly as %ossible like that in the o%en air nder which the %lants grown thrive the best*

Wire *ence Corn Crib

In the drawing is shown a handy) ine3%ensive corn crib) which %ossesses several advantages not %ossessed by the ordinary slat corn crib* It is made on 8 3 8.inch %osts) with %ans at their to%s) to %revent rats from climbing in* The sills are 8 3 8.inch) the scantlings A 3 8) and A feet a%art* The fencing is nailed to these on all sides) and the door frame is similarly covered* The roof is made wide) so as to shed all %ossible water* The height) length and width may s it the farmer6s convenience* A convenient width is abo t D feet at the floor) widening to 9 feet at the eaves* #wing to the very o%en nat re of this crib) corn dries more 2 ickly than in a slat crib) and as there is less chance for water to lodge in the cracks) the crib will be more d rable than if b ilt entirely of wood* 4ant of c re does s more damage than want of knowledge*

How to /ay a Floor

To lay a floor or board ceiling 5 st right) and do the work fast) se a good lever)

as in the ill stration) taking for the s %%orts two & 3 8.inch %ieces as long as the width of the room* The %right arm is 8 feet long with a hole 8 inches from the lower and thro gh which it is %inned loosely between the ends of the s %%orts* 4ith a little %ractice) a good car%enter6s 5ob can be done on floor or ceiling*

An Ine9pensi5e >eranda
A vine.covered veranda is a great comfort) b t in many cases the e3%ense seems greater than the owner of the %lain little farmho se feels able to stand* A farmer in Arkansas wanted one) and he set to work in this fashion* First he went to the woods and got a load of straight %oles abo t &.&BA inches in diameter and from ; to &A feet long* He ne3t %roc red a n mber of nice) smooth boards for the flooring of the veranda) making it abo t : feet wide and &( feet long and strengthening it with the necessary timbers* He sec rely nailed the %oles abo t ; inches a%art aro nd the flooring to form an inclos re) leaving an o%ening in front abo t D feet wide* The %oles in front were 9 feet from the floor to the roof and &A feet at the ho se* Abo t midway of their height the %oles were straightened by a row of %oles nailed hori0ontally and another row was %laced at the to%* To make all sec re against rain) the slanting roof %oles were ne3t caref lly covered with overla%%ing rows of bark* All this re2 ired b t small o tlay of cash and even less of work* It was then ready for the vines* 1eing in haste for immediate res lts) the b ilder %lanted some roots of the hard native woodbine) which will soon cover any s%ace with its ra%id growth* It is an easy matter to sow seed of the morning glory) hardy ann al go rd) or any one of several hardy climbers and the res lt will soon be a mass of shade and lovely blossoms besides) all of which makes the s mmer evenings %ass far more %leasantly* &* 4orksho% and Tools A* The -teel -2 are C* In and Aro nd the Ho se C* In and Aro nd the Ho se+art II 8* 1arns and -tock D* +o ltry and 1ees :* 7arden and #rchard 9* Field and 4ood ;* 7ates and Doors

-. When We Build '* 4hen 4e 1 ild +art II &(* 4orth <nowing &(* 4orth <nowing +art II 7e9t? '* 4hen 4e 1 ild +art II

Concrete on the *ar2

The %rogressive farmer m st not overlook the economic val e of %ortland cement concrete* Today is the age of concrete* It is crowding wood and steel into the backgro nd) and bids fair to become the most niversal of b ilding materials* Concrete is e3tensively sed by the largest landholders) and can be sed by the men of more moderate means to e2 al advantage* It is to be recommended for general se by reason of its d rability) sanitary 2 alities and moderate cost* Molded solid) it has no 5oints nor seams to afford a lodging for dirt and foster the growth of no3io s f ngi@ it can be swe%t) washed) scr bbed and scalded) witho t in5 ry to its te3t re* F rther) it does not %ossess the disagreeable 2 ality of absorbing gases and odors* Add to these 2 alities) coolness in s mmer) warmth in winter and we have one of the most logical b ilding materials in %resent.day se* Concrete is not e3%ensive when com%ared with other materials of constr ction) s ch as stone) brick and wood* To be s re) the initial cost of wood is less than that of concrete) b t when we consider the life and 2 ality of the finished %rod ct) concrete is easily chea%er than wood* +ortland cement of the most a%%roved brands costs abo t J&*:( %er barrel) &. &B8 barrels of cement being re2 ired for each c bic yard of concrete* -and and gravel may be had from the farm or bo ght nearby at &( cents a load* Add the cost of the forms and the labor of mi3ing and laying the concrete) which sho ld be done at an e3%ense not e3ceeding 9D cents %er yard) and we have a total e3%ense ranging from JA*9D to JC %er c bic yard) b t nder very favorable circ mstances the cost may be red ced close to JA* E3%erience both in %ractical work and in the laboratory has %roved beyond a do bt that the best brands of cement) as in all other goods) are the chea%est in the end) and sho ld be insisted %on by all %ros%ective % rchasers* Atlas) Al%ha) -aylor6s) Edison and 7iant cements are among the leading brands* The sand sho ld be clean) coarse and shar% and free from all foreign matter that wo ld in any way tend to weaken the concrete* 1roken stone with sand and cement makes an ideal mi3t re) b t it is ob5ected to on acco nt of the cost of the broken stone* 7ravel may be

s bstit ted for the stone) however) with e3cellent res lts* The gravel sho ld be washed and cleaned) and) if very coarse) %assed thro gh a screen* The gravel sho ld range from &B8 inch to A.&BA inches in diameter) b t sho ld not e3ceed A.&BA inches and to obtain the very best res lts the ma5or %ortion sho ld be between the limits of & and &.&BA inches*

6i9in1 the Ce2ent

In mi3ing concrete for general se the following %ro%ortions are %erha%s the best? #ne barrel cement to C barrels sand and D barrels gravel* In this mi3t re the s%aces between the stones are entirely filled and when hardened the concrete virt ally becomes a solid monolith* To sec re the best res lts mi3 the concrete as follows? Have the gravel washed and in readiness) s ally on a %latform of %lanking or boards) to %ermit easy shoveling and ins re against waste* Add eno gh water to the cement and sand) which have been thoro ghly mi3ed in a mortar bed) to make a thin mortar) not too thin) however) to %ermit easy shoveling* -%read the mortar on the gravel and thoro ghly mi3 by t rning with shovels* Then) witho t delay) shovel the batch of concrete into the forms or s%read it on the floors as the case may be) being caref l not to e3ceed layers of ; inches at each filling* Each layer m st be tam%ed and rammed till water fl shes to the to%* +roceed in this manner till the forms are filled* In hot weather dam% cloths or boards sho ld be %laced over the to% of the concrete to kee% it from checking after the final layer has been %laced in the forms* The forms m st necessarily be water tight and the concrete worked back from the boards with a s%ade) so the softer material may flow to the o tside and ins re a smooth s rface* If this last is not done holes will s rely res lt and the work will be disa%%ointing* /et the concrete rest fo r to si3 days before removing the %lanking) concrete being somewhat brittle ntil thoro ghly hardened) and while in the EgreenE state easily broken*

6akin1 Concrete Blocks

Concrete b ilding blocks are ideal as b ilding material on the farm* The cost to % rchase these blocks has been beyond the reach of the farmer who desired to se them for all % r%oses@ b t by the se of the sim%le machine or mold described anyone can make the best 2 ality of hollow concrete b ilding blocks at an average cost of less than : cents each) the mere cost of sand and cement*

As the standard si0e block is A( 3 ; 3 9.&BA inches) instr ctions are given for making the machine to b ild that si0e) b t it can be constr cted to t rn o t any si0e of block by changing the dimensions accordingly* Take two boards A( inches long by 9.&BA inches wide and & inch thick* These are for the sides* For the ends se l mber &( inches long by 9.&BA inches wide* Care m st be sed to have the boards free from large knots and with an even grain) so as to avoid war%ing*

The above fo r boards were 5oined at three corners with si3 hinges@ two hinges at to% and bottom of each corner* In % tting together have the two end boards set % against the sides as shown in Fig re I* At the fo rth corner %lace a strong hook and eyelet to hold the machine together when making block) and by nhooking this allows the machine to be folded back away from the finished work) etc* This makes a mold or form that is) inside meas rements) A( inches long) ; inches wide and 9.&BA inches high) with to% and bottom o%en* For the core) take two boards of &.inch l mber) c tting them &C inches at the to% and slanting to &&.&BA inches at the bottom with a width of 9.&BA inches* These make the sides of core* For the ends) se A.inch stri%s c t 9.&BA inches long* These are fastened together) as shown in Fig re I* This makes a slanting bo3 which is set inside of the machine) as ill strated in Fig re A) and forms the hollow in the block* To the to% of the core a ro nd stick is fitted into %lace the length of the core) so it will set down level with the to% for a handle to lift the core from the block when o%erating the same*

To (perate the 6achine

First set it on a board somewhat larger than the machine) as shown in Fig re A* This makes the bottom of machine and holds the block ntil dry* Eno gh of these boards m st be %rovided for the blocks made each day* Close the machine and fasten catch) then set the core in the center and fill the s%ace aro nd the same with the concrete mi3t re) tam%ing it in thoro ghly* 4hen f ll level off the to% with a flat stick and caref lly lift o t the core) setting it on another board ready for the ne3t block) nhook the catch and fold the machine back away from the finished block and yo have the com%leted block ready to dry and c re* This method re2 ires no handling and so has no danger of breaking while the block is yet E green)E as it remains on the board or E%alletE ntil dry eno gh to be %iled %) which they will be in three or fo r days* 4hen the blocks are to be laid in a side wall) between corners) take two &.&BA. inch stri%s 9.&BA inches long and attach with screws to the center of each end of machine on the inside* This molds a groove in the block) which is filled with mortar when laying the block in the wall and so sec rely ties it* 1y fastening with screws these stri%s can be easily removed when molding corner blocks*

Blocks of ,ifferent Shapes

A neat %anel block can be molded by taking the common half.ro nd stri%s) c tting to the right lengths and fastening to the o tside of the face of machine) as shown in Fig re I* For corner blocks they can be attached to either end of machine* 1y sing small screws these can be removed when not desired and also enable yo to %anel either right or left end of block as needs re2 ire* For making half.si0e blocks) have a %iece of board that is e3actly ; inches wide and 9.&BA inches high) or so it will 5 st fit into machine when core is removed* -et this in %lace in the middle half.way between the ends and fill with material* This will make two half.si0e blocks for se in breaking 5oints when laying wall* If desired to have these hollow) two small cores of %ro%er si0e can be made to set in %lace when molding blocks of this si0e* Rock face effects can be %rod ced very easily by taking a A.inch %lank the si0e of the face of machine or the end as desired* #n this draw a border &.&BA inches all aro nd) then take several irons) heat them red.hot and b rn o t the center in irreg lar sha%e) at least &.&B8 inches dee%* 1y making ridges and hollows in this b rning %rocess of different de%ths and as broken as %ossible) yo will sec re a face %late that will mold a very e3cellent imitation of a rock face* This) of co rse) can be made to s it any fancy*

#ne may follow the %ractice of making several faces and ends from %lain and %anels down to different rock effects) having these e3tra face %lates the same si0e as given for the machine above* Then by sing hinges as sed on doors or any %in hinge) yo can easily change the style of block by % tting one face %late or end on machine in a moment6s time* #ne machine can th s be sed for any style of block and a great amo nt of time be saved in changing from one style to another* This machine) in addition to being sim%le in constr ction and o%eration) is very ra%id* 4ith b t little %ractice one man can make from 9D to &(( blocks daily and have each one %erfect) as he does not break any by handling them after they are molded* According to her cloth she c t her coat* -- Dryden.

Another Style of 6old

All the l mber necessary to make this mold sho ld be selected white %ine or hardwood) free from knots and sa%* The %latform on which this mold rests sho ld be &8 3 A8 inches and be well battened together* The sides are made as shown by the drawings) with a cleat on each end) which overla%s the end %ieces and holds them in %lace* 1oth ends and sides are fastened to the %latform as shown) with hinges) which %ermit them to be t rned down to take o t the com%leted block*

#n each end is %laced a flat iron bar with a notch in to fasten the whole mold together* These bars are the same as hooks) only the ends are %rolonged to act as handles for convenience*

4e1ulatin1 the

ei1ht of the Blocks

The bottom board is intended to be fitted in the bottom of the mold loosely and sho ld be blocked % from the bottom to give the re2 ired height of the finished block* The end %ieces of mold have a thin %iece of board r nning % and down to form a key between blocks and sho ld r n down to to% of bottom board* The %l gs are made as shown) with a ta%er both sides) so that when they are removed they clear all the way o t* The %ins in the bottoms of the %l gs are to fit in the holes in the bottom board) which will steady them and hold them in %lace* 4hen the %l gs are removed the board with the two s2 are holes is %laced over the to% of mold and the handle of tam%er is r n thro gh the rings in to% of %l gs and they are lifted %* This board is sed as a g ard and %revents the block from being broken when %l gs are removed) and sho ld not be sed ntil the block is finished and ready to take o t of mold* The tam%er is made of a large iron n t and a %iece of iron rod abo t &; inches long*

*illin1 the 6olds

To make these blocks se one %art of %ortland cement and three %arts of good shar% sand) mi3 well and % t eno gh water on to sim%ly dam%en the whole* !ow close % the mold) % t %l gs in %lace) fill the mold one.fo rth f ll and tam% down hard* Re%eat this ntil the mold is filled* -cra%e off s r%l s material) remove the %l gs) then t rn down sides and lift o t finished block which is to remain on the bottom board ntil hard eno gh to lift off* It will be necessary to have a n mber of these bottom boards* After a n mber of blocks are made they sho ld be s%rinkled from day to day for from &D to A( days to %ro%erly c re them before sing* A barrel of cement will make abo t D( blocks and one man can make a block in &A min tes*

6i9in1 Ce2ent for Brick

Many have fo nd mi3ing the sand and cement the hardest %art of cement brick making* An old vinegar barrel may be % t to se by %lacing a grindstone crank on one end and a %inion on the other* Two strong %osts are set in the gro nd and the barrel h ng over two %ieces of ro nd iron driven into the %osts* A s2 are hole is c t on side of barrel and covered with a %iece of sheet iron hinged and a bottom to fasten* The sand and cement are dam%ened) shoveled into the barrel and a boy may t rn the crank* The mi3ing is done as fast as two men can mold) with a boy to s%rinkle the brick to %revent drying too fast*

4einforce2ent for Concrete

For heavy constr ction work involving beams and col mns) reinforcement with steel rods is needed* Reinforced concrete is ra%idly coming to be the most a%%roved kind of constr ction of large b ildings* # r own great b ilding is one of the most noteworthy e3am%les) being of reinforced concrete thro gho t* For any b ilding where reinforcement seems desirable the following details will be fo nd sef l? +lan of the footing or fo ndation of each col mn is shown in f@ g, side view of footing and %art of col mn above* The steel rods that r n % thro gh col mn are shown by dots in h, and the wire s%iral by diagonal lines in g. h is cross. section of col mn filled with cement) the shaded %art being the concrete* a, section of floor slab) 8.&BA inches thick@ it is also shown on to% of the floor girder and floor beam Fcrossbeams between girdersG) b, girder@ c, cross.section of girder) the dots showing twisted steel bars that take % the tensile stress .. com%ression stress is carried by the concrete* The steel bars) d, st ck into the col mn at an angle) are to %revent the girders from breaking off or EshearingE at col mn*

6akin1 a *rostproof Cellar

-ome farmers b ild their own concrete cellar walls and chimneys with ine3%erienced hel%* /ay o t yo r fo ndation the same way yo wo ld for any b ilding* Have o tside line of e3cavation %l mb* Then se A 3 8.inch st ds the length re2 ired* +oint one end) drive in gro nd) on line of inside of cellar wall) brace to% of st d by driving stake in gro nd) and nail brace to stake and each st d* "o m st make everything firm* Then take s2 are edge boards and %lace hori0ontally against the st ds* Do not try to go aro nd the whole cellar wall) take one side at a time to the height of earth s rface) b t t rn yo r corner* +ay no attention to o tside) let the stone and cement % sh % against the earth* It is the best %lan to finish the whole wall % to the earth s rface line before making the elevation above the gro nd line* Above the earth s rface line do 5 st the same on the o tside as yo have been doing on the inside) b t now yo m st se boards and st ds) as % to this %oint the earth took the %lace of them* +l mb every st d yo drive) and %lace them A8 inches a%art* Have cellar window frames ready and %lace them as yo come to them* 1e s re and make e3tension for hatchway when b ilding yo r main wall* For the corners se baled hay wire in wads) bending it aro nd the center of wall) and a reinforced concrete corner will be the res lt* 7et cobblestones or any stone from the si0e of a goose egg to the si0e of yo r head) and % t them in bottom of wall to de%th of & foot* Make a mi3ing bed) say) abo t &A 3 C: 3 9A inches* #ne man sed an old wooden sink as near watertight as %ossible* ,se one water %ail of cement to three of fine gravel sand* + t one and one.half %ails water in the mi3ing bed) then add the cement* 1e s re and mi3 water and cement well before sing sand* Throw sand in one

shovelf l at a time* Have one %erson mi3ing with a good.si0ed hoe) while another throws in the sand* Mi3 well* Have it abo t the same as thin mortar) so it will leave the %ail easily when %o ring into the fo ndation* Cover the stones and then % t in another lot and do the same to height of wall % to within a co %le of inches* Do not % t stones to f ll height of wall* To bring wall % to line) mi3 cement and water together For one %art sand and one cementG so it will r n) and after wall is hard %o r it on to% and it will find its own water level and yo r sills will fit e3actly* It is a good %lan to have wall thicker at bottom than at to% .. %erha%s &; inches at bottom and &A inches on to%* !ow for hatchway ste%s* + t in the stones) as they save cement* 1efore the cement gets hard) drive in some large s%ikes) leaving them %ro5ecting abo t A inches on line of hatchway sills* "o r hatchway doors will stay in %lace if sills are well.fitted on to s%ikes* #ne of the most im%ortant things is to be s re of the sand yo se* If there is more than &( %er cent loam in the sand) yo r work will be a fail re*

A - mmer Cool Room

A sim%le method of constr cting a cool) o tdoor cellar in localities where the common ho se cellars are too warm for se d ring the s mmer time) is shown in the accom%anying sketch* It is a cellar made nder the % m%) so that the water % m%ed by the windmill has a very cooling effect* In %laces where it is diffic lt to obtain ice) it will %rove indis%ensable to the dairyman who kee%s a few cows* Another im%ortant item is the fact that a man does not have to % ll % all of the %i%es every time that he finds it necessary to re%air the %i%es and

% m%* It is constr cted of concrete* The to% is reinforced with &BA.inch steel rods %laced & foot a%art each way and the concrete work is abo t : inches thick* The sides are made by sing a form) and the stairs are also made of concrete and are reinforced by small steel rods* The cost) incl ding the labor) is abo t JD(* In the west and so thwest it will also answer the % r%ose of a storm cave) which is considered a fi3t re on all farms*

A Concrete S2okehouse
The str ct re is abo t ; 3 &( feet and 9 feet high* It will kee% the meat inside and thieves o t* For a b ilding of this sort ;.inch walls will be thick eno gh* E3cavate to the %ro%er de%th below frost) which will be two feet or less) and se a mi3t re of one %art %ortland cement) three %arts sand and si3 %arts gravel or broken stone* Make the forms of matched boards) altho gh s2 are.edged boards co ld be sed for this % r%ose* The forms m st be well braced and may be raised as the work of laying the wall %rogresses* -%ace for a doorway m st be left and two eye.bolts inserted in the concrete for the door to swing on* The door 5amb can be molded in cement if it is desired* An eyebolt for the lock and latch sho ld also be %laced in the wall* The roof will no do bt be of boards or shingles* The %lates sho ld be %laced on the concrete and held to it with bolts %ro%erly imbedded* An arched concrete roof can be made if desired) in which case it will be necessary to leave s itable vents in each end) or b ild a small fl e to allow the smoke to esca%e* To make the ho se absol tely %roof against fire a steel or iron door sho ld be sed*

8ayin1 a Concrete *loor

A concrete floor sho ld be level with the to% of the sill) where there is m ch %assing in and o t with stock or wagons* There sho ld be abo t 8 inches of concrete* If the earth is leveled off and tam%ed down hard) it wo ld be nnecessary to % t any cr shed stone nder the concrete in a b ilding where frost or water does not get nderneath* It is generally recommended to % t several inches of stones) gravel or cinders on to% of the earth) b t many floors are laid witho t s ch a bottom* +artitions for horse stalls and cattle stanchions can be held in %lace on a cement floor by % tting down iron belts or %ieces of gas %i%e when the floor is laid* /et them %ro5ect A or C inches above the floor*

6akin1 a Concrete Walk

The best way is to dig a trench &: inches dee%) % t in a foot of loose gravel or stone) leveling it off with fine material* #n to% of this s%read C inches of concrete made of one %art %ortland cement) two %arts sand and fo r %arts cr shed stone or gravel* #n this % t a granolithic finish & inch thick mi3ed in the %ro%ortions of &.A.C* Trowel it down smooth and hard* $oints &B8 inch thick and filled with sand sho ld be left every D feet to %revent walk from cracking

Ce2entin1 a Cistern Wall

In making a s rface water%roof) a mi3t re of abo t one %art %ortland cement to two of sand will shed water from a roof or wall) b t to make a s rface %erfectly watertight) so that it will kee% o t standing water) it is better to se neat cement only) that is) cement with no other material b t the water with which it is mi3ed) and it will cost less to % t on a coat &B8 inch thick of neat cement than one & inch thick) one.half or two.thirds sand) as the neat cement mi3ed with %lenty of water is water%roof*

Special :ses for Ce2ent

A sack of %ortland cement is a very sef l thing to have for making 2 ick re%airs abo t the farm* A hole in a drain %i%e can be sto%%ed in a few min tes with a little cement) mi3ed with water) thick as % tty* A crack in a barrel can be sto%%ed this way* Hardwood floors may be %atched and nail holes filled so they will not leak* A water%roof floor can be laid over an old board floor in a short time* -wee% the old floor clean and dry and nail down all loose boards* Cover with a layer of heavy wire netting) tacking it down occasionally* #ver this lay a layer of concrete of one %art %ortland cement) three %arts clean sand) mi3ed with water to a thin %aste* -mooth thoro ghly) b t if it is to be sed by stock) br sh with an old broom to make it ro gh) then let it dry thoro ghly before sing the floor* 7 tters may be % t in where necessary* Holes in an old shingled roof can be 2 ickly sto%%ed by forcing a little cement % tty nder the shingle where the leak a%%ears* -ome s%ecial ses to which cement is being % t are the making of bee hives) brick for %avement and ordinary fo ndations) cement shingles for roofing) grain bins in the form of s2 are bo3like and ro nd barrel.like rece%tacles* The se of

this e3cellent material for farm str ct res is only 5 st o%ening % and it is destined to become the most im%ortant material for general farm b ilding* A wooden reinforcement in the center of a concrete fence %ost is worse than seless* It does not make a bond with the concrete) and th s weakens) instead of strengthens) the %ost* #f co rse) the same is tr e of wooden reinforcement of any concrete work*

A Ti2e=honored

andy ,e5ice

F-ee Frontis%ieceG How dear to my heart are the scenes of my childhood) 4hen fond recollection %resents them to viewH The orchard) the meadow) the dee%.tangled wild.wood) And every loved s%ot that my infancy knewH The wide.s%reading %ond and the mill that stood by it@ The bridge) and the rock where the cataract fell@ The cot of my father) the dairy.ho se nigh it@ And e6en the r de b cket that h ng in the well .. The old oaken b cket) the iron.bo nd b cket) The old moss.covered b cket that h ng in the well* How ardent I sei0ed it with hands that were glowing) And 2 ick to the white.%ebbled bottom it fellH Then soon) with the emblem of tr th overflowing) And dri%%ing with coolness) it rose from the well* -- Samuel Wood#orth. &* 4orksho% and Tools A* The -teel -2 are C* In and Aro nd the Ho se C* In and Aro nd the Ho se+art II 8* 1arns and -tock D* +o ltry and 1ees :* 7arden and #rchard 9* Field and 4ood ;* 7ates and Doors '* 4hen 4e 1 ild -. When We Build %art II &(* 4orth <nowing &(* 4orth <nowing +art II

7e9t? &(* 4orth <nowing

*ree@in1 Ice in Blocks

HERE a %ond or stream is not handy from which to get the year6s s %%ly of ice) blocks can be fro0en in forms with com%aratively little labor* A s %%ly of % re water is essential* The forms are best made of galvani0ed iron of any si0e desired* A convenient si0e is &: inches wide) A8 inches long and &A inches dee% inside meas re* The sides and ends sho ld be made to ta%er &B8 inch) so that the fro0en block will dro% o t easily* The to% of the mold sho ld be reinforced with wire for the sake of strength and d rability* 4ith a do0en or A( forms one can % t % 2 ite a s %%ly of ice d ring the winter* The forms sho ld be set level on 5oists or boards and %laced a few inches a%art* Fill them nearly f ll with % re water and let them free0e) which they will do in one or two days and nights in s itable weather* 4hen fro0en solid) t rn the forms bottom side % and %o r a di%%er of warm water on them) which will release the cake of ice* The form can then be lifted off) the ice % t away in the iceho se and the form filled with water again*

Sa5in1 the Seed Corn

Here is a handy device for %reserving select ears of seed corn* It consists of a wide board fastened between two s %%orts nailed to the edges* The board stands %right on one end and may be as long as desired* Drive heavy s%ikes thro gh it from the o%%osite side and stick an ear of corn %on each s%ike* This allows for the %assage of air) and the ears can be e3amined witho t removing them from the rack* It is m ch to be %referred to e3%ensive wire racks) as each nail may be n mbered and a record ke%t of the ears in this way* This rack was designed at the Idaho e3%eriment station*

4ack for Seed Corn

Here is a sim%le arrangement for kee%ing choice ears of seed corn* Take a A. inch s2 are timber for the %right) and make a solid base by boring a hole thro gh the two base %ieces) then drive the timber into it* Drive 8.inch s%ikes thro gh the %right at intervals of : inches from fo r sides) and stick the ears of corn on these s%ikes by thr sting the same into the b tt of the cob* ! mbers may be %laced above each s%ike) so that records can be ke%t of all of the corn* The corn sho ld be %laced on this rack as soon as %icked and h sked) and may be left there ntil %lanting time if the rack is %laced in a dry room where rats and mice cannot get at it* A large %ost strongly mo nted on a heavy %edestal may be sed in a manner similar to the small %right described above* The bigger the %ost and the larger the n mber of s%ikes sed) the greater the ca%acity of the rack) of co rse* It is a good %lan to make the %edestal heavy and strong in order that it may not be ti%%ed over too easily* The first years of man m st make %rovision for the last* -- Samuel !ohnson. + t yo r tr st in 7od) my boys) and kee% yo r %owder dry* -- )olonel Blac er.

,ryin1 and /eepin1 Seed Corn

!ever let it free0e before it is dry* Farmers have had seed corn e3%osed to a tem%erat re of C( degrees below 0ero witho t in5 ring its vitality) and have had it r ined at &( degrees above 0ero* 4e wo ld not recommend kiln.drying for the general farmer) as this is only %racticable where a grower is in the seed b siness* A very convenient way is to take fo r %ieces 8 3 8) : feet long) set them % in a s2 are) and nail laths on them two and two o%%osite* /eave a :. inch s%ace between the laths) so the corn will have %lenty of ventilation* /ay yo r corn on this to dry) and if thoro ghly dry it can lay there all winter* <nowledge is worth nothing nless we do the good we know* It is better to give one shilling than to lend twenty* <ee% yo r mo th sh t and yo r eyes o%en*

4eight /ifter

The drawings show the different %arts and one of the many ses of this device*

Stron1 and Si2ple Wa1on Aack

Here is a good) %ractical wagon 5ack s ited to almost all kinds of vehicles* The whole thing is made of wood with the e3ce%tion of the c rved %iece) b, which is of iron and hooks over an iron bolt) e. It is well to have a strong &BA.inch bolt at f) so as to s %%ort the heavy weight on the lever) a. The bottom) d, and the %iece) c, are each A inches thick* In sing the 5ack) the a3le is lifted by sim%ly %ressing down on the handle of the lever* The teeth of b catch and hold on ea tomatically* The height of lever is reg lated by moving f % and down* 4rite down the advice of him who loves yo ) tho gh yo like it not at %resent*

A Aack for

ea5y Wa1ons

Many lifting 5acks which are designed for light vehicles wo ld not work well in the case of a heavy log wagon* Here is one that will stand a lot of hard sage and is sim%le and effective* Make the base and %right of heavy A.inch oak %lank and insert a CB8.inch bolt thro gh the lever for a s %%ort* Have a good) strong hem% ro%e attached to the base) %assing over the handle end of the lever) so that as it is drawn down and the wagon is lifted it can be hooked in a notch to hold it in %osition*

A Cheap Wheelbarro0

The constr ction of this barrow is very sim%le* 7et a %air of old %low handles) two gate hinges abo t & foot long) and a wheel) which may be fo nd at the 5 nk dealer6s* The legs of the wheelbarrow are those of an old chair) braced with a %iece of iron* These articles in themselves are worthless) b t in their combination we create something very sef l*

A Wheelbarro0 Cheap and Stron1

Here is a %ict re of a handy) strong wheelbarrow that any farmer can make on a rainy day* Take a dry.goods bo3 C( inches long) A8 or A: inches wide and A( inches dee%) and two sticks D.&BA to : feet long and C 3 C.&BA inches for handles* !ail or screw on crossbrace in front and rear) and %ieces with brace as shown for legs* C t fo r half circles from inch hardwood board and a notch in center to fit aro nd a3le* !ail these sec rely together for the wheel* For the a3le) take a stick C.&BA inches s2 are* Trim and band each end or wra% with wire* 1ore holes and drive a :d* wire nail in each end* $ st A inches a%art in center) bore two &.inch holes on o%%osite sides to hold the wheel in %lace* A band of hoo% iron aro nd the wheel will make it last longer* 4hen it is % t together) yo have a very s bstantial wheelbarrow that cost b t little*

o0 to

an1 a /ettle

,sing stones for a kettle s %%ort seems handiest oftentimes) b t let the heat crack one of the stones and ti% the kettle over) as it fre2 ently will) does not tend to im%rove a man6s lang age) let alone the loss s stained* It is m ch better to make a s %%ort s ch as is %resented in the c t* The three %rights) of s itable length to corres%ond with the si0e of the kettle) may consist of any good wood* Thro gh the to% of these a hole is bored for the bolt to hold them together) which m st be long eno gh so they will have %lay to set % easily* All that is necessary then is to s s%end two chains from the to% and letting them e3tend downward to the %ro%er distance) attach the ears of the kettle into the hooks on them* 4hen not in se) the device can be folded together and laid away*

A Sno0 %lo0
!o %erson not owning a snow %low can a%%reciate how sef l one is after every storm* A horse) or if the snow be a heavy one) a s%an or a yoke of cattle and this sim%le homemade arrangement) and in less time than is re2 ired to tell it there is a %ath) and no back.breaking work either* It is only a big = braced so

the snow is % shed both ways by it* It m st be made of A.inch %lanks at least & foot wide and not less than : feet long* If shorter it wobbles and does not stay on the gro nd well* To make a good road for teams) chain it to one side of the wood sled and drive % and down* It s%reads A feet) and will make yo r farm front look as if somebody of %l ck lives there* For foot.%aths draw it from a ring at the to% of the front so it will root*

Te2porary S2okin1 ,e5ice

If one b tchers only once a year it is not necessary to b ild an e3%ensive smokeho se) for almost as good res lts can be obtained from a device s ch as that shown* It is made by taking both ends o t of a barrel and mo nting it %on a bo3 or above a fire%lace in the gro nd* The meat to be smoked is h ng from the sticks laid across the to% of the barrel) the fire b ilt nderneath and the lid % t on*

o2e2ade

eater and Cooker

A chea% and economical heater may be of home constr ction* Make a frame of A 3 ;.inch %ine 9 feet long and A9 inches wide* + t a bottom on this of !o* &;

galvani0ed iron) letting it %ro5ect &BA inch on each side and &8 inches at one end for a stove%i%e fitting* -%ike the frame together and cover the corners with heavy tins to %revent any leaking* !ail the bottom on with two rows of nails* Make a fire%lace on the gro nd of stone and bl e clay or brick and cement of mortar if %referred) A feet wide by C feet long and &; inches high* +ile % dirt & foot high and C feet wide at the end of the fire%lace for a fl e) % t stone on the earth the length of the galvani0ed iron) %lace the tank on this fo ndation and bank it % with dirt* In c tting a hole for the stove%i%e) t rn % stri%s of the galvani0ed iron for a collar) then drive an iron rod into the gro nd) % t on two lengths of stove%i%e and wire it fast to the rod* A %iece of sheet iron sho ld be set % before the fire%lace to control the draft and kee% the fire* - ch a heater) on one farm) is located near the windmill and storage tank and can be filled from either* The water can be heated 2 ickly with cornstalks) straw) cobs or br sh* #ne may boil % m%kins and small %otatoes for fattening the %igs) and cook gro nd feed by %o ring scalding water on the meal in barrels and covering with old blankets or car%ets* A light fire will take the chill from ice water for the milch cows*

:se for a Tou1h 8o1

Most farm wood %iles have two or three old logs lying abo t which nobody cares to tackle with an a3 or blasting %owder) and are too short for the sawmill* If straight) they will make good water tro ghs* -2 are the ends) mark off abo t &( inches from each end) cho% o t the inside and trim the edges* An inside coat of oil or %itch tar will increase wearing 2 alities*

andy Wood Splitter

For s%litting wood a farmer in eastern Massach setts ses a device as shown in the c t* Take a A 3 ;.inch %lank abo t C feet long and an %right of the same material abo t A( inches long* -et this %right at an angle of A( degrees and se a brace of the same material* The shar% %oints shown in the c t are 8(d wire nails* -et the wood against these s%ikes in s%litting it*

o0 to Split Wood
4ood s%lits m ch more readily in the direction % from the root of the tree than when the blow of the a3 is downward* In other words) to s%lit a ch nk %lace it %side down .. contrary to the direction in which it grew* It is m ch easier to s%lit by slabs than to try to cleave thro gh the center* This means to s%lit off %ieces near the edge*

A + lling Hammer
If yo want to make yo r old claw hammer do more work and do it better and easier) have the handle %ro5ecting a little beyond the head* "o will find it m ch more convenient in drawing a nail) as it makes a right angle for % lling the nail witho t bending it to one side* It takes the %lace of a block and is always on hand and ready in the right %lace for immediate se* The handle is sim%ly whittled a little more than s al and driven thro gh to the re2 ired distance* Don6t drive it thro gh too far) b t abo t as shown at a in the %ict re* If it sticks o t too m ch) it will be in the way when driving nails* 4hittle it off ro nding) and give it a finished a%%earance*

6ountin1 the *ar2 An5il

To make a solid fo ndation for an anvil) b ild a form of boards &8 3 &; inches s2 are at the base) &; inches high) ta%ering to ; 3 &( inches at the to%* Fill this mold with rich concrete and fi3 a bolt in the center of the to% of it to fasten the anvil* Afterward) melted lead can be %o red aro nd the base of the anvil) com%leting a very nice %edestal*

Sortin1 %otatoes Buickly

The sketch shows a homemade %otato cleaner and sorter* It consists of a n mber of hoo%s to which are fastened &BA.inch slats so as to make holes &.&BA inches s2 are* Two heavy %ieces) a) are %laced inside the cylinder to hold the a3le) b, which e3tends entirely thro gh the machine and is t rned by a crank) c. The frame made is 8 inches lower at the o%ening end of the cylinder so that the %otatoes will r n thro gh freely* At the crank end is a ho%%er) f) into which the %otatoes are %o red* The cylinder is A.DB; feet long and C feet in diameter* It will not br ise the %otatoes) and the dirt and small ones r n thro gh on to the floor or crate and the marketable ones r n o t at the o%en end of the cylinder into another crate* 4ith one man to t rn the crank and another to fill the ho%%er) from 9(( to ;(( b shels can be sorted in a day* An indiscreet man is more h rtf l than an ill.nat red one@ for as the latter will only attack his enemies) and those he wishes ill to) the other in5 res indifferently both friends and foes* -- Addison.

andlin1 %otatoes ;asily

A b shel crate is often more convenient to se in handling ear corn) %otatoes or other vegetables than a basket* Crates that will hold a b shel when level f ll may be %iled %on one another and th s stored in less s%ace than baskets* At the same time they can be 5 st as easily and 5 st as 2 ickly moved* They may be of light material* +ieces of wood A inches s2 are are sed for the corner %osts* The slats may be made of &BA.inch boards C inches wide nailed sec rely to the corner %osts* There sho ld be 5 st room eno gh between the two %%er slats so that the fingers can be inserted when lifting the bo3* The bo3 will be more d rable if the %%er slats are an inch thick* A handy si0e for the

com%leted bo3 is &: inches long) &8 inches wide and &A inches dee%) o tside meas rements*

Cuttin1 Seed %otatoes

In the %rinci%al %otato growing sections) medi m to large seed is sed for %lanting and c t to two eyes* In the famo s 7reeley district of Colorado) c tting is done by hand* +otatoes are shoveled into a bin or ho%%er) made of a dry.goods bo3 raised on legs* The back is made higher than the front) so that %otatoes will r n down to the o%ening and the bottom is slatted to let o t the soil shoveled % with the %otatoes* The c tting is sim%le* An old case knife) a, is fastened to the end of a %lank or board) b, in s ch a way that %otatoes can be % shed against the knife and fall from it into the basket beneath* The o%erator sits on the bo3 to which the board is fastened and can work very ra%idly*

Another Seed %otato Cutter

A wide bench is bo3ed in on both ends and one side* It is divided into two or three com%artments) these being o%en in the front which corres%onds to the side bo3ed in* To each of the com%artments is attached a sack on hooks) and along one side of the bench in the middle of each com%artment and right over the o%ening of the sack is fi3ed) in an %right %osition) a shoemaker6s or common steel table knife* +otatoes to be c t for %lanting are shoveled into the com%artments of the bo3 and in front of each com%artment a man takes his %osition) being seated on a bo3 or stool for comfort6s sake* He sei0es the t bers in ra%id s ccession and by % lling them against the blade 2 ickly c ts each one into as many %ieces as desired@ the %ieces are then dro%%ed into the o%en sack* It is claimed that by this

indirect method of sing the knife two fairly good c tters can c t each day all the %otatoes ordinarily re2 ired for the se of one %lanter*

o0 to Test Seed Corn

#f the different methods for testing seed corn) the most convenient and satisfactory is a shallow bo3 %rovided with wet sawd st to f rnish the moist re and a marked cloth on which to lay the kernels* The most convenient bo3 is one A feet s2 are* This will accommodate &(( ears* It is best to make it abo t : inches dee%* Fill a sack half f ll of clean sawd st and soak it for three or fo r ho rs in water* Then s%read this sawd st in the bottom of the test bo3 to the de%th of & inch* Take a smooth brick and %ack the sawd st down all over the bo3) making it as level as %ossible* 1e s re to get it %acked firmly aro nd the edges and in the corners* Then take a %iece of white m slin AD inches s2 are* -tretch this tight on a table so that it can be marked* R le off on this cloth with a heavy bl e %encil &(( s2 ares A inches each way* 1eginning at the %%er left.hand corner n mber these s2 ares in rotation from left to right* 4hen the r ling is done) %ack the cloth in the germination bo3 so that it will rest firmly on the sawd st* This can be done by %ointing the tacks in the edge of the bo3 downward) and as the tack is driven in it will draw the cloth tight over the sawd st* #f co rse) there is no advantage testing any ears that are of ndesirable sha%e

or conformation) therefore the first ste% is to %ick o t those nearest to the ty%e wanted* /ay these o t in rows %on a %lank or %on the floor) se%arating each ten ears with a nail driven into the %lank or floor* -tarting at the left.hand end of the row call the first ear !o* &) then the first ear beyond the first nail will be !o* &&) the one beyond the second nail !o* A& and so on* Remove si3 kernels from ear !o* I and %lace them in s2 are !o* & in the test bo3* + t si3 kernels from ear !o* A in s2 are !o* A and so on thro gh the row* In removing the kernels from the ear take a %ocketknife in the right hand and the ear in the left* +lace the blade at the side of the kernel yo wish to remove and %ry it gently* The kernel will come o t easily and sho ld be ca ght in the %alm of the left hand* First remove a kernel from near the b tt of the ear@ t rn the ear a 2 arter t rn in the hand and remove a kernel from the center@ t rn the ear another 2 arter t rn and remove a kernel from near the ti%@ another 2 arter t rn and remove a second kernel from near the b tt@ another 2 arter and remove the second kernel from the center@ another 2 arter t rn and remove a second kernel from the ti%* This makes si3 kernels from si3 different rows and re%resenting the b tt) middle and ti%* In %lacing the kernels in the bo3 it will be fo nd of advantage to %oint the ti%s all in the same direction) and also to lay the kernels with the germ %%ermost* If the kernels are laid in the s2 ares %romisc o sly) they may be thrown o t of their %laces when the s%ro ts begin to grow* 4hen the kernels are all in %lace) take a second %iece of white cloth f lly A8 inches s2 are) moisten it and lay it caref lly over the kernels* This will hold them in %lace while the to% layer of sawd st is being % t on* Take a third %iece of cloth abo t 8; 3 C( inches and lay it over the bo3 so that the edges la% abo t e2 ally* Then in this cloth % t another inch of wet sawd st and %ack it down firmly) es%ecially aro nd the edges* 4hen this is done t rn the edges of the cloth over the sawd st to kee% it from drying o t too ra%idly and %lace the test bo3 where it will not be s b5ected to cold below a living.room tem%erat re*
(eading the (esults

After seven days caref lly roll back the cloth containing the to% layer of sawd st and lift the second cloth off the kernels* This m st be done with care) beca se sometimes the s%ro ts grow thro gh the cloth and the kernels will cling to it* #bserve the res lts in s2 are !o* &* If all si3 of the kernels have vigoro s s%ro ts) from CB8 to A inches long) yo can be s re that ear !o* & is thoro ghly good* If in s2 are !o* A only two of the kernels have s%ro ted) yo may know

that ear !o* A will make m ch better hog feed than seed corn* As soon as yo have determined that ear !o* A is really bad) % ll it o t from the row abo t half its length) leaving the other ears in %lace* After yo have gone thro gh the whole line) yo may then go back and %ick o t the bad ears and discard them* #f co rse) we wo ld all %refer to se only those ears that gave a %erfect germination) and if one has eno gh) that is the thing to do* 1 t e3%erience has ta ght that it is 2 ite safe to se an ear) fo r of whose kernels grow strong s%ro ts* #r) if seed corn is scarce) one sho ld not hesitate to se one that gave three strong s%ro ts and two weaker ones* This testing may be done at any time after the ears are dry* It is generally more convenient to do it in winter) when there is not m ch o tside work to be done* The bo3 may be set behind the stove or any other convenient %lace) where it is s fficiently warm@ in many cases) where there is an attic above the kitchen that room is a s fficiently warm %lace for testing* -ome % t sand in an ordinary dinner %late) flood with water) and then drain the e3cess water off) %lace the seed on to% of the sand) and cover with another dinner %late) #thers se a sa cer made of %oro s clay* The seeds are %laced in this) the sa cer set in a %an of water) and the %an covered* These methods may be sed for other grains as well as corn* In case of sowing grasses) alfalfa or wheat) it is often of great advantage to test the seed* Every man has two ed cations .. that which is given to him and the other) that which he gives to himself* #f the two kinds) the latter is by far the most val able* Indeed) all that is most worthy in a man he m st work o t and con2 er for himself* It is that that constit tes o r real and best no rishment* 4hat we are merely ta ght) seldom no rishes the mind like that which we teach o r selves* -- 0ichter.

/illin1 Insects in 'rain

If one has not time to make a s bstantial bo3 for f migation of seed grain for insect destr ction) barrels may be tili0ed for the % r%ose* 7et two tight) strong barrels) s ch as coal oil barrels) and make water tight* + t in the seed to be f migated) cover with a blanket and close.fitting cover* 1efore covering %o r carbon bis l%hide) which is e3%losive) over the grain) at the rate of C to 8

o nces for D b shels of grain* If it is not desirable to %o r this %oison on grain) set a sa cer on it) and %o r the %oison in the sa cer* +lace a small block near the sa cer to hold % the blanket & or A inches higher) lay blanket over the barrel) and %lace cover sec rely in %lace and weight with stone* This will kill the weevil in %eas and beans*

Bindin1 %ins for

ay

Every %erson moving hay o ght to have a set of binding %ins* They are made in a min te and serve an e3cellent % r%ose for a lifetime* The sketch shows a ro%e stretched over the to% of a load of hay or straw* The %right %in is worked down into the load and the other twisted in the ro%e and t rned aro nd the %right ntil the load is tightly bo nd* Then a small ro%e that is ke%t tied in end of the hori0ontal %in is tied to the binding ro%e and the %ress re is held* Each %in is C.&BA feet long* #ne is shar%ened and the other has a &BA.inch hole bored thro gh one end* #ld fork handles are 5 st the thing to make them of* #ne %in only may be made and a fork sed to bind in the manner shown after the load is on* !othing is im%ossible to ind stry* -- .eriander.

Co2bined ,ra1 and

arro0

This road drag is all right* The front %iece consists of a 8 3 8 oak stri%) b) &( feet long) thro gh which are driven ordinary harrow teeth abo t C inches a%art* This is attached to the rear %iece) a,which is a A 3 : oak timber &( feet long faced with C inches of &B8.inch metal on the bottom) e, which %ro5ects & inch*

These %ieces are ke%t a%art by wooden blocks) d, %on the bolts) f) and by the to% stri%s) c, each A 3 :* This makes a fine level road) as it harrows it and scra%es it at the same time*

$f your wagon %ac isn't a good one, ma e a good one. &ou can do it yourself. Have the right ind of things to ta e care of the wagons easily, and use them often.

$f you can't afford an e'pensive spraying outfit, rig one up li e this.

Hundreds of farmers are today ma ing profitable use of automobiles, although their first appearance upon country roads caused only fear and anger.

o0 to

andle a 4ope

A ro%e is one of the most sef l articles that are constantly needed abo t the farm@ b t too many farmers are not familiar with the many ses to which the ro%e may be % t* The vario s sailors6 knots may often be sed to great advantage* To sling a %lank for %ainting or other % r%oses make a bight of ro%e as shown in Fig re &) bringing the ro%e entirely aro nd the %lank) so as to %revent its t rning and throwing the workman down* #ne.half to CB8.inch ro%e is s ally s fficient for all %ractical % r%oses* A hem% ro%e is more generally sed and stands wear better than other kinds* A sef l way to sling a can or %ail from the end of a ro%e is shown in Fig re A* +re%ared in this way the vessel is sec re so long as the ro%e is not sli%%ed off from the bottom* -ec re the knot firmly at the to% to allow no sli%%ing and so that the %ail may not become lo%sided*

-caffolding may often be erected by tying %oles together as shown in Fig re C* This sort of lashing will not sli% if made tight* In many cases a chain may be sed as shown in Fig re 8) in which case the weight sho ld be on the side of the %right where the chain is lowest* All of these lashings m st be drawn very tight so as not to allow any %lay) which may res lt disastro sly* An e3cellent hitch knot is shown in Fig re D) readily made) easily loosened and val able for many % r%oses on the farm* This knot is readily ntied by slackening % the drawing strand* It does not become tight and hard as many ordinary knots after heavy sage* In many cases where heavy hooks are sed they are liable to come nfastened nless a cord is affi3ed) as shown in Fig re :* A few t rns of heavy twine or light wire in the middle will fre2 ently %revent any loosening of the chain* A ring hitch) shown in Fig re 9) is a very effective and safe method) which may be made on short notice* The loose end of the ro%e is allowed to hang free or may be tied with a sli% knot to the drawing strand*

Tyin1 So2e :seful /nots

A sailor 5 dges knots for their holding 2 alities and also their ability to be 2 ickly nfastened) witho t regard to the strain they have been s b5ected to* A knot6s main office is to hold) witho t working loose or sli%%ing) yet they do occasionally fail absol tely to accom%lish this) when made by ine3%erienced hands* The accom%anying diagrams show some of the sim%ler knots that may be of everyday se* In these) the mode of formation can be readily discerned) beca se the ro%e6s %osition is shown before tightening* The overhand knot) Fig re &) is %robably the sim%lest of all* It is sed only for making a knot at the end of a ro%e to kee% it from fraying or to %revent another knot from sli%%ing* If a slight change in formation is made) as in Fig re D) it develo%s into a sli%

knot or) as it is sometimes called) a single sling) and its % r%oses are obvio s* A do ble sling is re%resented in Fig re :) and tho gh it is slightly more com%licated) it is considerably more sef l for any % r%ose where a ro%e is to be attached to a bar or beam and stand a steady strain* +robably for convenience and emergencies no knots e2 al the bow.line) Fig re 9) beca se it will not sli% or give) no matter how great the tension@ in fact) the ro%e itself is no stronger) and the instant the strain ceases it can be ntied as easily as a bow* 4hen the end of a ro%e is to be sec red) the two half.hitches or clove hitch) Fig res A and C) are of great im%ortance) for either of these bends can be attached instantly to almost anything) and their holding %owers are e3ceeded by none* The s2 are knot) Fig re 8) can be sed for infinite % r%oses) from reefing a sail to tying a b ndle) the advantage being) if made %ro%erly) of resisting any se%arating strain on either cord) and yet can be ntied immediately by % lling one of the short ends* #ne of the best and safest sli% knots is shown in Fig re ') made with the overhand at the end) which) ntil loosened by the hand) maintains its gri%* 4hen a ro%e re2 ires shortening tem%orarily the shee% shank) Fig re ;) affords a means of so doing* This knot can be a%%lied to any %art of the ro%e witho t red cing its strength of rectilineal tension*

Carryin1 a Barrel 6ade ;asy

In the cities the ash collectors se a sim%le device) which farmers might make and often find handy) as barrels often become dried) weak and will not stand ro gh handling* The device is made of si3 %ieces of wood@ fo r %ieces are abo t A feet long and 8 inches in thickness and width* Handles may be whittled on one end of each* Abo t &( inches from the other end) boards abo t A feet long and ; inches wide are nailed as shown at c, c, in fig re* +ieces c, c, are then c t in circ lar form so as to fit the o tside of a barrel* An old wheel tire may be straightened and fo r %ieces c t to be fastened to the

ends of each of the fo r handle %ieces) as at d. These are then riveted together so as to make hinges as shown at d, d. The tire need be only long eno gh to fasten sec rely to the handle %ieces* #f co rse) the blacksmith sho ld drill holes in them) that they may be sec rely riveted* To se this device) dro% it over the barrel* #ne man lifts on the two front handles and another man on the rear handles* 1oards c, c, close % in circ lar form) 5 st beneath the lowest hoo% ro nd the %%er end of the barrel) and cling tightly* The barrel is then lifted and readily carried witho t 5ar to its contents or straining the barrel* #f co rse) if all the barrels on the farm are of niform si0e) the device co ld be made witho t hinges) and the barrels headed % co ld be rolled on %ieces c, c. The best %art of one6s life is the %erformance of his daily d ties* All higher motives) ideals) conce%tions) sentiments) in a man are of no acco nt if they do not come forward to strengthen him for the better discharge of the d ties which devolve %on him in the ordinary affairs of life* -- "enry Ward Beecher.

arness Cla2p
The accom%anying drawing re%resents a very handy harness mender which anyone who can se a saw and hammer can make in a few min tes* It is made of l mber of the dimensions indicated in the drawing* The clam% is tightened by the worker sitting %on the seat) which sho ld e3tend at least A feet from the clam%s* The drawing shows the device with a shorter seat than that* It wo ld do btless be better to have the seat e3tended to twice the length shown from the left of the clam%s and to have the base e3tended in a similar manner) so that the device will not ti% over too easily* The 5oint at the %%er right.hand corner may be hinged with heavy wire r n thro gh holes and twisted together nderneath) or real stra% hinges of iron may be attached* They who %rovide m ch wealth for their children) b t neglect to im%rove them in virt e) do like those who feed their horses high) b t never train them to the manage* -- Socrates.

&* 4orksho% and Tools A* The -teel -2 are C* In and Aro nd the Ho se C* In and Aro nd the Ho se+art II 8* 1arns and -tock D* +o ltry and 1ees :* 7arden and #rchard 9* Field and 4ood ;* 7ates and Doors '* 4hen 4e 1 ild '* 4hen 4e 1 ild +art II 1.. Worth /no0in1 &(* 4orth <nowing +art II 7e9t? &(* 4orth <nowing +art II

Substitute for %ipe Wrench

The drawing shown here ill strates a sef l device for twisting %i%e off or on its connections* Three or 8 feet of new ro%e is frayed o t at both ends) which are % t together and wo nd tightly aro nd the %i%e to be t rned) so that the first coil twists over the loose ends and contin es aro nd the %i%e) two or three times) ending in a loo%) thro gh which a bar of iron is sli%%ed) to be sed as a lever* This sim%le %lan will be fo nd very effective in ordinary re2 irements for the %i%e wrench) and is worth a trial* A more d rable wrench may be made by sing wire instead of ro%e* The loo% can be formed by closely twisting the ends of the wire with %incers* The ro%e is rather easier to handle beca se more fle3ible*

6arket Wa1on Con5eniences

Farmers who reg larly ha l %rod ce to market or deliver direct to c stomers will find the conveniences described to be of m ch val e* They save m ch time and considerable tro ble and cost b t little effort to make them* Instead of wra%%ing the reins abo t the whi%) or letting them lie over the dashboard) a hook) s ch as shown in the first sketch) may easily be made of stiff fencing wire and sec red to the to% of the wagon or the dashboard*

Two other hooks may be arranged at the sides of the wagon to hold an mbrella) which wo ld be ke%t there rain or shine) and never forgotten and left at home* This will save a drenching some time and %erha%s some val able %rod ce*

Another convenience is a rear c rtain of oilcloth stretched over a light board frame and hinged at the to%) as ill strated* Two old stays from a b ggy to% will serve to s %%ort it) when it m st be left o%en) and it will %rotect the driver from s n and rain while taking things from the wagon*

Carryin1 Butter to To0n

A refrigerator that one farmer ses in which he takes b tter to town nine miles away in hot weather is made th s? 7et two clean) tight bo3es of some odorless wood) one &A 3 &D 3 &C inches dee%) and the other ' 3 &A 3 &( inches dee%* -li% one inside the other with a notched block in each corner to hold the inside bo3 in %lace* Fasten the covers together so as to leave an air s%ace of abo t & inch between them all aro nd* The inner bo3 will hold A( %o nds of b tter nicely* It will carry b tter solid in wagon all day in '#.degree weather*

To Sharpen Scissors
Do yo know that yo can shar%en scissors) and easily) by %assing the blades over glass 5arsI Take a bottle or 5ar) make believe yo are trying to c t it Fhave one blade in and the other o tside of the to% of the bottleG and then allow the scissors to glide off the hard s rface nat rally) 5 st as if yo were trying to c t

the glass* ,se firm b t not too hard %ress re) and re%eat the o%eration several times*

o0 to %aper a 4oo2
If a room has been %a%ered several times) tear off all the loose %arts yo can and with a s%onge and water loosen what remains on the walls) removing as m ch as %ossible) so as to have a smooth) even s rface* If the room has never been %a%ered) first go over it and fill all large cracks and holes with a %aste made of whiting and water) or %laster of %aris and water* 4hen sing the latter) mi3 only a little at a time) have it rather thin) and se 2 ickly* Then) give the room a coat of si0ing) which is made of common gl e) three or fo r handf ls dissolved in a %ail of boiling water* The si0ing is a%%lied with a large br sh and sho ld be allowed to dry overnight*
Choose Judiciously

For very s nny rooms) select cool.looking %a%ers s ch as bl es) greens and browns in vario s shades) while for dark rooms %inks) reds) terra cottas and yellows are best* 4hen selecting %a%ers) %ay caref l attention to the color scheme of yo r room) and don6t have an inharmonio s mi3t re) which will offend good taste* -mall) %lain %atterns are the most economical) and the easiest to match* The chea%) trashy %a%ers) costing only a few cents a roll) are not worth the tro ble of % tting %* 7old %a%er is not to be recommended for wear* !o borders sho ld be sed for rooms having a low ceiling* For s ch) a stri%ed %a%er of %retty design r nning right % to the ceiling is best* The ceiling may be %a%ered in a %lain or very small.%atterned design) to harmoni0e with the side walls) or treated with several coats of tinted kalsomine or %aint* A %ict re molding of a%%ro%riate color is sed to finish the side walls) being %laced scarcely & inch from the ceiling* The ceiling whether %a%ered) %ainted or kalsomined) sho ld be done first* It is a very diffic lt matter to %a%er the ceiling) and) nless yo can have hel%) it wo ld be better not to attem%t it* +lain tints in %aint or kalsomine are always %retty and in good taste* If) however) yo want to risk %a%ering the ceiling yo rself) get some handy body to hel% yo *

Paste and )ools

The %aste is made by sim%ly boiling flo r and water together) and adding a very little al m) salt and gl e .. abo t a tables%oon of each to a %o nd of flo r* It sho ld be of a consistency thick eno gh to a%%ly easily) and not so thin that it will r n* +rovide yo rself with a good.si0ed %aste br sh) another one Fa whitewash br sh will doG to se dry over the %a%er) shar% scissors and a knife) %lenty of clean rags) two barrels) two long) smooth) clean boards) each abo t &( inches wide) and a ste%.ladder* Make a long table by %lacing the two barrels abo t ; or ' feet a%art and on to% of these the boards*

Tri22in1 and Cuttin1

The first thing to do is to c t the necessary n mber of stri%s of %a%er long eno gh to allow for waste in matching) and lay them all face downward on the Eo%eratingE table) one on to% of the other* !e3t s%read the %aste evenly over the to% or first stri% of %a%er) being very s re to have the edges well %asted* Then t rn to% and bottom %arts down) bringing %asted sides together) so that they meet) and none of the %aste %art is e3%osed) and caref lly trim off edge on one side) with large) shar% scissors* /ift % the %art th s trimmed and folded) and mo nt the ladder) which sho ld %revio sly have been %laced convenient to the %lace where yo intend to begin o%erations .. the largest wall s%ace is best) ne3t to a door or window*
Hanging the Paper

!ow take hold of the to% end which was do bled over Fit will o%en and hang by its own weightG and ad5 st to its %ro%er %lace on the wall* Then) with a large clean rag in yo r hand) r b downward) never % or sideways) and take great care to kee% the edge straight* If yo find that yo didn6t start straight from the to%) loosen %a%er and do it over again* A Estraight eyeE is needed to do the work neatly* Don6t r b too hard and always r b downward) doing a little %art at a time) and lifting %a%er occasionally) so that no air b bbles are left nder it* 4hen the %%er %art is done) dismo nt from ladder) ndo the folded %art at the bottom of the width) and %roceed in the same manner to ad5 st to the wall* 4hen yo are s re it is on straight and smooth) trim with a shar% knife along the baseboard* Then give the stri% another smoothing by going all over it again with a dry) clean br sh* +roceed in this way ntil all the f ll length %arts are

covered) and then match in the small s%aces over and below windows and doors* All the matching m st be done with great care*
Practical and Economical

4ainscoting in living or dining rooms are nice) and very %ractical) es%ecially where there are small children* For this % r%ose b rla%) or the less e3%ensive dark) heavy %a%ers that come in wood.grain imitation are good* Matting is sometimes sed with very good effect) too* A narrow wooden molding is sed to finish the to% of the wainscoting) and in that case the work of %a%ering the side walls is so m ch easier) the lengths being short*

The Farm 1lacksmith -ho%

A blacksmith sho% is of immense %ractical val e on a farm* To those who have one it is almost as essential as livestock) farm tools and cro%s* #ne does not need to be a %rofessional blacksmith* The elementary %ractice in welding) %setting and tem%ering is easily learned with a little %ractice* !or is it necessary to have many tools* An entire e2 i%ment may cost b t a few dollars* An old railroad rail will do for an anvil* 1 t after getting the real article one is better satisfied and can do the work with greater ease* The forge sho ld be obtained at the start* 4ith it almost anyone can heat any small iron to welding %oint with as m ch ease as a reg lar blacksmith* In the e2 i%ment of an #hio farmer are a %air of tongs that he made himself) two other tongs and a large %air of %inchers %icked % in a 5 nk sho%* He got the hammer and sledge from a hired man who had worked in a car sho%* The anvil and vise also came from the 5 nk sho%) and both were in good re%air* These cost J;) the hammer and sledge) J&*&D) and an old) second.hand forge) J&*;(* !ot a large o tlay to be s re) b t a wise e3%endit re* If % rchased at first hand the cost wo ld be greater) b t chea% at any %rice when yo consider what yo can do in the way of making and re%airing with s ch a list of blacksmith tools* In addition to the above list this man) Frank R hlen) has chisels) %inchers) f llers and other small tools) all of which he has made o t of old %ieces of steel taken from old worn.o t machines* 1y fig ring and %lanning 5 st a little) any farmer can make the greater %art of his own tools and at a very small cost for materials and labor*

Why the Shop Pays

Mr* R hlen says? My sho% was not started to re%lace the town blacksmith sho%@ and it will never do so* 1 t it does serve for re%air work) and it saves many tri%s to town* It is hel%f l in other ways) also* /ast winter a s dden ice s%ell came on) so severe that I co ld not get the horses o t to the field to feed the flock* #nly one thing was %ossible? to have shar%ened shoes % t on the horses* 1 t it was a disagreeable tri% ahead to walk and lead the horses to town@ so I decided to do the work myself* I had never set a shoe myself) b t that tri% before me 2 ickly decided* The horses were bro ght into the sho%) the old shoes % lled off and shar%ened) and within an ho r the feeding was done* Had I gone to town for the work it wo ld have re2 ired time going and coming) and then) maybe a long wait ahead for my t rn at the sho%* /ast year I shar%ened the shoes on the corn %lanter) and both c ltivators) si3 shovels each* 4e wore o t a steel %oint or shear) and never had it to sho% b t once) and then it was to get a new nose or %oint* I do not try to % t steel %oints on anything) as it is too %artic lar work for anyone who 5 st %icks tools % when something breaks* A shar% harrow is a l 3 ry on most farms) beca se the average smith does not draw the teeth o t eno gh) and they are d ll in a few days* And I do not believe the average smith can harden the farm tools as good as a farmer who has had some e3%erience in tem%ering) as the farmer is the one who works with the tools) and soon learns when they are too hard or not hard eno gh* I shar%ened my smoothing harrow last year before we commenced on o r corn cro% of :8 acres) sed it on all the land) on some more than once) and my harrow is shar%er now than my neighbor6s) who %aid J&*D( at the sho% for the same work* 4e never se a d ll mattock or %ick now as we did before we had a forge* 4elding chains) making chain hooks) o%en rings) clevises) are all easy to do on rainy days* I co ld not tell all the different ses I make of my sho%*
Blac"smithing *ot Hired !an+s Wor"

I do the work in the sho% myself) finding other chores for hired men* "o cannot afford to break them in) for the reason that they may soon leave and all the teaching and tro ble wo ld be for nothing* 1y doing the work myself) I have learned a little more each year) have ac2 ired the knack of it) and really en5oy doing what is to be done* Had we had a sho% when I was a boy all of the re%air work co ld have been done by the boys) and I wo ld at the same time have had s%lendid training for my own needs now*

My e3%erience is all in favor of the sho% on the farm* It %ays well* 7et the forge first) and then grad ally add other tools as yo can* I sed a claw hammer for some time before getting a smith6s hammer* I did not e2 i% my sho% all at once* -tart in a small way) b ild % grad ally) learn slowly) and the sho% will develo% itself* 7et a sho%) and yo will believe in it beca se of its hel% to yo *

orseshoe 8e5er

A handy lever for %rying % bo3es or barrels may be made by nailing an old horseshoe on the end of a A 3 8) letting the ends of the horseshoe e3tend abo t an inch or two beyond the end of the timber* A more finished device may be constr cted by c tting the %%er %art of the lever down to the form of a ro nded handle* A horseshoe sho ld be selected with fairly long and well.shar%ened heel calks*

o0 to %aint Tin 4oofs

Remove all rosin and other loose s bstances from seams and have roof clean* +aint immediately after laying is finished@ do not allow the tin to r st .. yo coat the base %late with tin and lead to %revent r st) and %aint the finished goods to %revent o3idation of the coating* ,se only the best red or brown o3ide of iron) mi3ed with % re linseed oil all raw) or half raw and half boiled* ,se litharge only as a drier* /itharge makes %aint adhere hard to coating) so that when thoro ghly dry yo cannot scra%e it off* Don6t se any t r%entine or %atent driers* A%%ly all %aint with hand br shes and r b in well* This is very im%ortant* Don6t % t %aint on thick .. one coat that covers well) and is thoro ghly r bbed in) is better than three % t on thick* /et roof stand two weeks to a month before a%%lying second coat* -i3 months or so after a%%lying second coat % t on a third coat* After this yo do not have to %aint roof more than once every two

or three years* Too m ch %aint in5 res a tin roof* <ee% %aint well stirred %@ % t on thin and r b well in* 1y following these directions yo will have a roof that will last many years*

%reser5in1 Wood
Creosote) or s l%hate of co%%er or iron) are effective for %reserving wood* There are ob5ections) however) to their se for floorings or ornamental woodwork* Creosote leaves a %ermanent) disagreeable smell* The s l%hates discolor the wood* 1ora3 is e3cellent for kee%ing wood from decay* The %re%aration of it is sim%le) and consists in immersing the wood in a sat rated sol tion of bora3) which is then heated to A&A degrees Fahrenheit* The wood is left for &( or &A ho rs) the time de%ending %on the density and si0e of the %ieces of wood* 4hen taken o t) the wood is stacked ntil dry) then reimmersed in a weaker sol tion of the bora3 for a brief time) dried again) and are then ready for se* 1oards th s %re%ared are %ractically indestr ctible from rot) and are nearly incomb stible* Another %reservative is a com%o nd of one %art silicate of %otassa and three of % re water .. the wood to remain in the sol tion A8 ho rs) then dried for several days) then soaked and dried a second time and afterward %ainted twice with a mi3t re of one %art water.cement and fo r of the first.mentioned mi3t re* Th s %re%ared) it will not decay in the gro nd) and will be incomb stible o t of it* Another %rocess for %reventing decay of wood is by se of a %aint which %ossesses the advantages of being im%ervio s to water* It is com%osed of D( %arts of tar) D(( %arts of fine white sand) 8 %arts of linseed oil) & %art of the red o3ide of co%%er in its native state) and & %art of s l%h ric acid* The tar) sand and oil sho ld be first heated in an iron kettle@ the o3ide and acid are then added very caref lly* The mass is thoro ghly mi3ed and a%%lied while hot* 4hen dry) this %aint is as hard as stone* Decay in wood may be %revented by the following method? Take A( %arts of resin) 8: %arts of finely %owdered chalk) some hard sand) and a little linseed oil and s l%h ric acid@ mi3 and boil for a short time* If this is a%%lied while hot) it forms a kind of varnish) thereby %reserving the wood*

To %reser5e Shin1les

Following is an effective method to %revent the decay of shingles? Take a %otash kettle or large t b and % t into it one barrel of lye of wood ashes) D %o nds of white vitriol) D %o nds of al m) and as m ch salt as will dissolve in the mi3t re* Make the %re%aration 2 ite warm) and % t as many shingles in it as can be conveniently wet at once* -tir them % with a fork) and) when well soaked) take them o t and % t in more) renewing the %reservative sol tion when necessary* Then lay the shingles in the s al manner* After they are laid) take more of the %reservative) % t lime eno gh into it to make whitewash) and) if any coloring is desirable) add ocher) -%anish brown) lam%black) or other color) and a%%ly to the roof with a br sh or an old broom* This wash may be renewed from time to time* -alt and lye are e3cellent %reservatives of wood* /each t bs) tro ghs and other articles sed in the man fact re of %otash never rot* They become sat rated with the alkali) t rn yellowish inside and remain im%ervio s to the weather*

To 4ender Wood *ireproof

Rendering the woodwork of ho ses sec re against catching fire can be done at an insignificant cost) and with little tro ble* -at rate the woodwork with a very delicate sol tion of silicate of %otash as nearly ne tral as %ossible) and when this has dried) a%%ly one or two coats of a stronger sol tion* Another method is sim%ly to soak the wood with a concentrated sol tion of rock salt* 4ater.glass will act as well) b t it is e3%ensive* The salt also renders the wood %roof against dry rot and the ravages of insects* -till another method is to immerse the wood in a sat rated sol tion of bora3) heat being grad ally a%%lied ntil the sol tion reaches A&A degrees Fahrenheit* It is then left for &( or &A ho rs) according to the nat re and si0e of the wood*

*ireproof Wash for Shin1les

A %re%aration com%osed of lime) salt and fine sand or wood ashes) % t on like whitewash) renders the roof D( %er cent more sec re against taking fire from falling cinders) in case of fire in the vicinity* It %ays the e3%ense a h ndredfold in its %reserving infl ence against the effects of the weather* The older and more weather.beaten the shingles) the more benefit derived* - ch shingles generally become more or less war%ed) ro gh and cracked@ the a%%lication of the wash) by wetting the %%er s rface) restores them at once to their original

form) thereby closing % the s%ace between the shingles) and the lime and sand) by filling % the cracks and %ores in the shingle itself) %revents war%ing*

%etrified Wood
Mi3 e2 al %arts of gem salt) rock al m) white vinegar) chalk and +eebles6 %owder* After the mi3t re becomes 2 iet) % t into it any wood or %oro s s bstance) and the latter becomes like stone*

o0 to Season Wood
1oiling small %ieces of non.resino s wood will season them in fo r or five ho rs .. the %rocess taking the sa% o t of the wood) which shrinks nearly one. tenth in the o%eration* Trees felled in f ll leaf in $ ne or $ ly) and allowed to lie ntil every leaf has fallen) will then be nearly dry) as the leaves will not dro% off themselves ntil they have drawn % and e3ha sted all the sa% of the tree* The time re2 ired is from a month to si3 weeks) according to the dryness of the weather*

Bleachin1 Wood
-ometimes it is more feasible to bleach a small %art of a wood s rface) es%ecially in re%airing) than to darken a larger %ortion of the work* This can be done by br shing over the wood a sol tion com%osed of & o nce o3alic acid in a %int of water) letting it remain a few min tes and then wi%ing dry* The o%eration may be re%eated if necessary* A few dro%s of nitric ether) or a 2 arter of an o nce of tartaric acid) will assist the o%eration@ or a hot sol tion of tartaric acid may be sed alone* /emon 5 ice will also whiten most woods* C t the lemon in half and r b the c t face %on the wood* 4hen the bleaching has been done and the wood is dry) give a thin coat of shellac or French %olish) as the light and air acting %on the bare wood will bring back the original color* If the wood obstinately resists bleaching) it may be lightened by mi3ing a little fine bism th white) flake white or ball white Fthe cleansing balls sold by dr ggistsG with the shellac) and give it a thin coat* This whitens) b t it also somewhat deadens or obsc res the grain and is) therefore) not so good as the bleaching method*

Wood %olish

R b evenly over the wood a %iece of % mice stone and water ntil the rising of the grain is c t down@ then take %owdered tri%oli and boiled linseed oil and %olish to a bright s rface*

*urniture %olish
Take e2 al %arts of sweet oil and vinegar) mi3) add a %int of g m arabic finely %owdered* This will make f rnit re look almost as good as new and can be easily a%%lied) as it re2 ires no r bbing* The bottle sho ld be shaken) and the %olish %o red on a rag and a%%lied to the f rnit re*

Si@e Stains
1y the aid of gl e in the sol tion) the colors are fi3ed in si0e stains* They are em%loyed for the % r%ose of giving a color to chea% work in soft woods) s ch as chairs) bedsteads and common tables and ordinary bookcases* The colors s ally wanted are waln t) mahogany) cherry color) oak and even a rosewood* *or 6aho1any .. Dissolve & %o nd of gl e in a gallon of water) and stir in &BA %o nd =enetian red) and &B8 %o nd chrome yellow) or yellow ocher* Darken with the red and lighten with yellow) as desired* If the =enetian red does not give a s fficiently dark look % t in a %inch of lam%black* A%%ly hot* *or 4ose0ood .. -ame as mahogany) omitting the yellow) and sing CB8 %o nd =enetian red For moreG instead of &BA %o nd* 7ive one coat of this and then add lam%black) one %inch) or more) to the color@ with the latter % t in the fig re or dark %arts of the rosewood* *or (ak .. In a gallon of gl e si0e Fas aboveG % t CB8 %o nd %owdered b rnt mber* /ighten with yellow Fchrome or ocherG) if need be* Hot*

,ark Wood Stain

4hite woods may be given the a%%earance of waln t by %ainting or s%onging them with a concentrated warm sol tion of %ermanganate of %otassa* -ome kinds of wood become stained ra%idly) while others re2 ire more time* The %ermanganate is decom%osed by the woody fiber@ brown %ero3ide of manganese is de%osited) which afterward may be removed by washing with water* The wood) when dry) may be varnished) and will be fo nd to resemble very closely the nat ral dark woods*

4ed Stain for Wood

1oil cho%%ed 1ra0il wood thoro ghly in water) strain it thro gh a cloth* Then give the wood two or three coats) till it is the shade wanted* If a dee% red is desired) boil the wood in water in which is dissolved al m and 2 icklime* 4hen the last coat is dry) b rnish it with the b rnisher and then varnish*

8iquid 'lue
Dissolve & %o nd of best gl e in &.&BA %ints of water) and add & %int of vinegar* It is ready for se*

Ce2ent for 6etal and 'lass

Take A o nces of a thick sol tion of gl e) and mi3 it with & o nce of linseed.oil varnish) and half an o nce of % re t r%entine@ the whole is then boiled together in a close vessel* The two bodies sho ld be clam%ed and held together for abo t two days after they are nited to allow the cement to become dry* The clam%s may then be removed*

Ce2ent for Broken China

-tir %laster of %aris into a thick sol tion of g m arabic till it becomes a visco s %aste* A%%ly it with a br sh to the fract red edges) and draw the %arts closely together*

Ce2ent for Crockery and 'lass

Take 8 %o nds of white gl e) &.&BA %o nds of dry white lead) &BA %o nd of isinglass) & gallon of soft water) & 2 art of alcohol) and &BA %int of white varnish* Dissolve the gl e and isinglass in the water by gentle heat if %referred) stir in the lead) % t the alcohol in the varnish and mi3 the whole together*

6endin1 'lass0are
1roken dishes and glassware may be easily mended as follows? Fit the %ieces in their %ro%er %laces and tie a string aro nd the vessel to kee% the %arts from sli%%ing o t* Then boil the entire dish for two or three ho rs in sweet milk* This will firmly gl e the vessel together and it will last for years with %ro%er care*

Ar2enian Ce2ent
This will strongly nite %ieces of glass and china) and even %olished steel) and may be a%%lied to a variety of sef l % r%oses* Dissolve five or si3 bits of g m mastic) each the si0e of a large %ea) in as m ch rectified s%irits of wine as will s ffice to render it li2 id@ and) in another vessel) dissolve as m ch isinglass) %revio sly a little softened in water Ftho gh none of the water m st be sedG) in French brandy or good r m) as will make a two.o nce vial of very strong gl e) adding two small bits of g m galban m of ammoniac m) which m st be r bbed or gro nd till they are dissolved* Then mi3 the whole with a s fficient heat* <ee% the gl e in a vial closely sto%%ed) and when it is to be sed set the vial in boiling water*

Aapanese Ce2ent
Thoro ghly mi3 the best %owdered rice with a little cold water) then grad ally add boiling water ntil a %ro%er consistence is ac2 ired) being %artic larly caref l to kee% it well stirred all the time@ lastly it m st be boiled for one min te in a clean sa ce%an or earthen %i%kin* This gl e is white) almost trans%arent) for which reason it is well ada%ted for fancy %a%er work) which re2 ires a strong and colorless cement*

4oofin1 %reparation
Take & %int of fine sand) A of sifted wood.ashes) and C of lime gro nd % with oil* Mi3 thoro ghly) and lay on with a %ainter6s br sh) first a thin coat) and then a thick one* This com%osition is not only chea%) b t it strongly resists fire*

*ire /indlers
Take & 2 art of tar and C %o nds of resin) melt them) bring to a cooling tem%erat re) mi3 with as m ch sawd st) with a little charcoal added) as can be worked in@ s%read o t while hot %on a board) when cold break % into l m%s of the si0e of a large hickory n t) and yo have) at a small e3%ense) kindling material eno gh for one year* They will easily ignite from a match and b rn with a strong bla0e) long eno gh to start any wood that is fit to b rn*

6endin1 %ipes 0ith Water (n

Many farmers have had tro ble in re%airing %i%es where the water co ld not be sh t off conveniently* A lead %i%e which has been c t off accidentally in making an e3cavation) for instance) may be re%aired by the following %lan? The two ends of the %i%e are %l gged) and then a small %ile of broken ice and salt are %laced aro nd them@ in five min tes the water in the %i%e will be fro0en) the %l gs removed) a short %iece of %i%e may then be inserted and %erfectly soldered* In five min tes the ice in the %i%es may be thawed and the water set to flowing freely again*

To Aoin Water %ipes

4ater %i%es may be nited by sing a %re%aration made by combining fo r %arts of good %ortland cement and one %art of nslaked lime mi3ed together in small %ortions in a sto t mortar) adding eno gh water to %ermit it to be red ced to a soft %aste*

Weldin1 6etals
4elding together two %ieces of metal of any kind can be accom%lished only when the s rfaces to be 5oined are e2 ally heated) and both s rfaces m st be bro ght to s ch a tem%erat re that the %articles will form a %erfect contin ity between the %ieces nited* This embraces the entire theory of welding) soldering or bra0ing metallic s bstances of any kind* In addition) however) to the e2 al and ade2 ate heating of the s rfaces to be nited) every %article of coal d st) cinders or scales of o3ide m st be removed) so as to %resent two %erfectly clean s rfaces at the very moment when the nion is to be effected* The %iece of metal that wo ld f se at the lower tem%erat re m st be the g ide) when bringing the s rfaces of con5 nction % to the %ro%er heat* If) for e3am%le) two %ieces of wro ght iron are to be welded) the %art that will melt at the lower tem%erat re m st be bro ght 5 st to a welding heat) and the s rface of the other %iece m st be heated 2 ite as hot) or a trifle hotter than the first %iece* Then) if the s rfaces are clean when the %arts are bro ght together) the nion will be satisfactory* The degree of heat aimed at m st be) not to %rod ce a fl id) b t sim%ly to bring the metal into a condition between the fl id and %lastic*

'rindin1 Tools
All steel is com%osed of individ al fibers r nning lengthways in the bar and held firmly together by cohesion* In almost all farm im%lements of the c tting

kind the steel %ortion which forms the edge) if from a section of a bar) is welded to the bar lengthwise) so that it is the side of the b ndle of fibers hammered and gro nd down that forms the edge* -o) by holding on the grindstone all edge.tools) as a3es) scythes and knives of strawc tters) in s ch a manner that the action of the stone is at right angles with the edge) or) this is to say) by holding the edge of the tools s2 are across the stone) the direction of the fibers will be changed) so as to %resent the ends instead of the side as a c tting edge* 1y grinding in this manner a finer) smoother edge is set) the tool is gro nd in less time) holds an edge a great deal longer) and is far less liable to nick o t and to break* +lane irons sho ld be gro nd to a level of abo t CD degrees .. chisels and go ges to C(* T rning chisels may sometimes r n in an angle of 8D* Molding tools) s ch as are sed for ivory and for very hard wood) are made at from D( to :( degrees* Tools for working iron and steel are beveled at an inclination to the edge of from :( to 9( degrees) and for c tting g n and similar metal range from ;( to '(* &* 4orksho% and Tools A* The -teel -2 are C* In and Aro nd the Ho se C* In and Aro nd the Ho se+art II 8* 1arns and -tock D* +o ltry and 1ees :* 7arden and #rchard 9* Field and 4ood ;* 7ates and Doors '* 4hen 4e 1 ild '* 4hen 4e 1 ild +art II &(* 4orth <nowing 1.. Worth /no0in1 %art II Back to the Table of Contents