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v
tan
des
14.4
2 0.95 ( 20 1.4) tan 35-
0.4 m
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Part 4 HA 68/94 Appendix J
ELECTRONIC COPY - NOT FOR USE OUTSIDE THE AGENCY
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WORKED EXAMPLES
1. T = 113 kN/m
max
X = 1.3m
Y = 0
6 = 58 ( from Table 3.1 )
1
T : L = 3.4m ( from Table 3.1, based on z = 0.8 )
ob B S
2.
P = 14.4 kN/m
des
N = 113 /14.4 = 7.8, say 8
H
i 1
N
L
e1
= 0.4m
Z
1
= 1.4m
H = 8m
70
o
L
B = 3.4m
T
max
mech.
= > Preliminary reinforcement layout:
'
des
= 35
o
c'
des
= 0
r
u
= 0
q = 0
'
= 0.8
= 0.95
= 20kN/m
3
Diagram 1
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Appendix J Part 4 HA 68/94
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3. Layer Depths: ( from Table 3.2 )
Layer
1 1.4
2 2.8
3 4.0
4 4.9
5 5.7
6 6.3
7 6.9
8 7.5
9 8.0
( Note: See Diagram 1 for reinforcement layout )
30
o
10m
q = 10kN/m
2
[competent foundation]
'
des = 20
o
des
'
c = 1kN/m
2
r = 0.25
u
= 19 kN/m
3
Example 2: (Type 1 Embankment)
for H
H q /
10.5m
P
c
40 kN/ m
f
d
1.05
f
e
1.1
f
m
1.2
say
Z
1
1
2
H
N
1.6m
L
e1
P
des
2 u ( o
v
tan
des
c
des
)
28.9
2 0.85 ( [ 1.6 19 tan20- ] [ 1 0.25 ] 1 )
1.8 m
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Reinforcement: horizontal geotextile
( u = 0.85 )
1. T = 298 kN/m
max
X = 13.2m
Y = 0
6 = 46-
1
T : L = 22.4m ( based on z = 0.85 )
ob B S
2.
P = 28.9 kN/m
des
N = 298 / 28.9 = 10.3, say 11.
q = 10kN/m
2
L
= 1.8m
e1
T
mech.
max
ob
T
mech.
Z
= 1.6m
1
H = 10.5m '
30
o
L
B
= 22.4m
'
des
= 20
o
c' = 1 kN/m
2
r
u
= 0.25
q = 10 kN/m
2
= 0.85
= 19 kN/m
3
Diagram 2
= > Preliminary reinforcement layout:
1
.
1
H = 10m
H
i 1
N
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Appendix J Part 4 HA 68/94
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3.Layer ( from Table 3.2 )
1 1.6 - 0.5 = 1.1
2 3.2 - 0.5 = 2.7
3 4.5 - 0.5 = 4.0
4 5.5 -0.5 = 5.0
5 6.3 - 0.5 = 5.8
6 7.1 - 0.5 = 6.6
7 7.8 - 0.5 = 7.3
8 8.4 - 0.5 = 7.9
9 9.0 -0.5 = 8.5
10 9.5 - 0.5 = 9.0
11 10.0 - 0.5 = 9.5
12 10.5 - 0.5 =10.0
q = 0
6m
70
o
[ competent foundation ]
Example 3: (Type 1 Cutting)
des
= 20
o
c
des
= 0
r
u
= 0.15
= 20kN/m
3
P
des
o
y
H
4
d
2
bar
/ f
d
. f
e
. f
m
. S
h
o
y
275N/mm
d
bar
16mm
S
h
1.0m
f
d
1.05
f
e
1.2
f
m
1.05
say
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Reinforcement: Soil nails inclined at 10-
( u = 0.9 )
1. T = 207 kN/m
max
X = 16mm
Y = -X tan
6 = 59-
1
T : L = 5.1m ( z = 1 )
ob B S
2.
Where
P = 41.8 kN/m
des
N = 207 / 41.8 = 5.0
Z
1
0.5 H N
1.3m
L
e1
P
des
. S
h
H d
hole
u o
n
tan
des
d
hole
0.15m
o
n
1
4
( 3 K
a
) o
v
( AppendixD )
K
a
0.49
o
v
z
av
( 1 r
u
)
, z
2
H / N
2.7m
L
e1
L
e1
1m
5.8
7.5
0.77m , say 0.75m
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Appendix J Part 4 HA 68/94
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where
o = 14.9 z
n av
L = 18.3 / z guess z _ 2.4m
e1 av 1 av
L excessive, hence try L
e1 e2
guess z _ 3.5m
2 av
L = 18.3 / 3.5
e2
= 5.2m
Horizontal spacing on first layer will need to be reduced from 1.0m to
( Note: See Diagram 3 for preliminary nail layout )
L
e
L
e
L
e1
1
'
2
Tmax mech
B
L = 5.1m
70
10
o
o
=
H = 6m
'
des
= 20
= 0
= 0
= 0.15
= 0.9
= 20kN/m
3
c
' des
r
q
u
Diagram 3
Preliminary
nail layout
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Part 4 HA 68/94 Appendix J
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H = 7.5m
70
o
des
3
'
= 35
o
c'
des
= 0
= 20kN/m
des
3
'
o
c'
des
= 0
= 19kN/m
= 20
1
2
r
u
= 0
q = 10kN/m
2
[competent foundation]
Example 4: Embankment Type 2 (Hybrid)
T
max
266 kN/m
X 2.0
Y 0
6
1
53-
L
B
8.2 ( based on z
S
0.8
Table 3.1 for
des
20-, H
8m, 20 kN/ m
3
H
/ N
8/ 10
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Appendix J Part 4 HA 68/94
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Geogrid reinforcement ( u = 0.8, u =0.95 )
+ Soil nails ( u = 0.9 ) inclined at 10-.
1. Geogrid requirements:
P = 27 kN/m , say
des
N = 266 / 27
= 9.9, say 10
Z =
1
= = 1.26m
L = 27/2 0.95 ( 20 1.26 ) tan 20-
e1
= 1.6m
See diagram 4 for other layer depths, as per Table 3.2.
o
y
4
d
2
bar
/ f
d
f
e
f
m
( P
des
)
nail
( P
des
)
nail
. S
h
d
hole
u
nail
o
n
tan
des
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2. Calculate :
= cos (53 - 20) / cos ( 53 - 20 + 10 )
= 1.15
( P ) = 1.15 ( P )
des nail des geogrid
= 31 kN/m
S =
h
Say d = 16mm
bar
o = 265 N/mm
y
2
f = 1.1
d
f = 1.3
e
f = 1.1
m
S = 1.1m
h
3. ( L ) =
e nail
where d = 0.15m
hole
o = 1/4 ( 3 + K ) o
n a v
K = 0.49
a
o = z
v av
o = 16.6 z
n av
(L ) = 13.3 / z guess z _ 4.6m
e nail av av
= 2.9m
( Note : See Diagram 4 for reinforcement layout )
2
1
L
e1
T
max
L
B
Z
1
H = 8m
10
o
e
L
A
B
Preliminary layout:
Geogrids
Soil
nails
(S = 1.1m)
h
Diagram 4: (Hybrid)
c
r
q
'
'
'
des
des
des
u
grid
grid
nail
= 70
= 20
= 0
= 20kN/m
= 0
= 10kN/m
= 0.95
= 0.8
= 0.9
o
o
3
2
'
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Appendix J Part 4 HA 68/94
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Example 5: Type 3 Embankment (Slip Repair)
H = 7m
2
1
= 20kN/m
3
tan
1
tan 20-
1.1
18.3-
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A slip has occured in a stiff clay embankment and the
geometry of the slip is well approximated by the
following two-part wedge ( see Diagram 5 )
X = 11m
Y = 3.8 m
6 = 35-
1
1. By trial and error, it is quickly found that values of
, c which would provide a factor of safety of unity
on the above geometry are (assuming r = 0 ):
u
= 20-
c = 1.5 kN/m
2
2.
des
c = 0 ( conservative )
des
3. Repair of the slope is to be carried out by excavation,
followed by replacement of the slipped material
reinforced with layers of geotextile
( u = 0.8 )
4. T = 77 kN/m
max
X = 8.7
Y = 0
6 = 42
L = 14.0 ( z = 0.8 )
B S
Diagram 5: (Slip repair)
7m
11m
From backanalysis:
'
c'
= 20
o
= 1.5kN/m
2
3.8m
= 35
o
1
Preliminary reinforcement layout with geotextile:
L
e
L
B
1
max
T
= 14.0m
f
r
s
u
= 1.1, c =0
des
= 0
= 0.8
Z
1
1
2
H N
1.57m
L
e1
P
des
2 u o
v
tan
des
15.8
2 0.8 ( 20 1.57) tan18.3
1.0 m
P
c
21 kN/ m
f
d
1.1
f
e
1.1
f
m
1.1
say
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Appendix J Part 4 HA 68/94
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PAPER COPIES OF THIS ELECTRONIC DOCUMENT ARE UNCONTROLLED February 1994 J/12
5.
P = 15.8 kN/m
des
N = 77 / 15 = 4.9, say 5.
6. Layer Depths
1 1.6
2 3.1
3 4.4
4 5.4
5 6.3
6 7.0
Note: The repair could also have been attempted by using a soil nailing/reinforced soil hybrid
design.
27
60
o
o
H = 3m
H
max
= 9m
'
c
'
r
des
des
u
o
2
3
= 22
= 2kN/m
= 0.25
= 20kN/m
Example 6: (Type 2 cutting) with "unstable2 upper slope
[competent foundation]
Reinforcement: soil nails inclined at 10
o
( = 0.8)
Z
1
1
2
H N 0.75m
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Lower Slope
1. For H = 3m, H = 9m, i = 27-, = 60-:
max
T = 160 kN/m
max
X = 8.0
Y = 0.8
6 = 45-
1
L = 10.7m ( z 1 )
B S
2. Say P = 41.8 kN/m ( from Example 3 )
des
N = 160 / 41.8 = 3.8, say 4
L
e1
P
des
. S
h
/ d
hole
u ( o
n
tan
des
c
n
)
1
2
. 6 / 2 2.1m
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Appendix J Part 4 HA 68/94
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where P = 41.8 kN/m
des
S = 1m
h
d = 0.15m, say
hole
u = 0.8
o = 1/4 ( 3 + K ) o
n a v
K = 0.45
a
o = 0.86 o = 0.86 z [ 1 - r ] guess z _ 6.3m
n v av u 1 av
L = 3.2m
e1
3. Layer spacings taken from Table 3.2, as shown on Diagram 6.
Upper Slope
1. For H = 6m, = 27- :
T = 37.0 kN/m
max
X = 6.6
Y = -0.2m
6 = 40-
1
L = 8.4m
B
2. Say S = 2m
h
P = 20.9 kN/m
des
N = 2
z =
1
3. L = 41.8 / 0.15 0.8 [ o tan 22 + 2 ]
e1 n
Where o = 1/4 ( 3 + K ) o
n a v
K = 0.45
a
o = 0.86 20 z [ 1 - 0.25 ]
n 1av
( guess z _ 3.2m )
1av
o = 41kN/m
n
2
L = 5.9m
e1
Diagram 6:
Lower slope:
c
r
des
des
u
= 22
= 2kN/m
=0.25
= 0.8
o
2
T
max
L
e1
L = 10.7m
B
H = 3m
H
max
= 9m
H = 6m
T
max
L
e1
L = 8.4m
B
27
o
S
h
= 2m
S
h
= 1m
Upper slope:
Preliminary nailing layout
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