The Life of Iimam Muhammad Ibn Ali Al Baqir

TheLifeofImamMuhammadibnAlialBaqir(A.
S) Author:AllamaBaqirShareefalQurashi Dedication Introduction Chapterl:TheGreatBaby ChapterII:UnderTheAuspicesOfAlHusaynandAli Chapterlll:HisBrothersandHisChildren ChapterIV:AdmirationandGlorification ChapterV:TheQualitiesOfHisCharacter ChapterVI:HisTalentsandHisGenius TheImamate ChapterVII:KuthayrAzzahandALKumayt ChapterVIII:InsignificantKings ChapterIX:TheTimeOfImamALBaqir TheShitePoliticalThoughts ChapterX:HisCompanionsandTheReportersOfHisTraditions 84.AlJarudbinalSari 165.ZakariyabinAbdAllah
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230.AmirbinAb~alAhwas 310.AqababinShayba 425.MohammedbinMoslem ChapterXI:ToTheShelterGarden
Dedication Idedicate(thisbook)toyou...ohyouwhospreadknowledgeandlightintheearth.Toyou,oh ApostleofAllah.Toyou,ohyouwhoweretheLastoftheprophets. Thishumblebookisaboutthelifeofyourgrandson,Ima`mMohammedalBa`qir.Youcalled himMohammedandgavehimthenicknameasBa`qiralIlm(theonewhosplitsopen knowledge).Thus,herenewedyourreligionandenlivenedyourpractices(sunna).Therefore, nooneisworthierofthisdedicationthanyou.Acceptthisandbekindtomethroughyour pleasure.So,itwillbemyprovisiononthedaywhenImeetAllah.
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Introduction 1 Ima`mMohammedalBa`qir,peacebeonhim,wasunique.Forhebelongedtotheunique membersofthepurefamily(oftheProphet).HewasamongtheleadingIma`msoftheHouse(ahl alBayt)peacebeonthem.Hewasamongthemostprominentofthemenofthoughtand knowledgeinIslam.Thehistorianshaveunanimouslyagreedonhisimportance.Forheplayedan importantroleinproclaimingtheIslamiccultureandfoundingthescientificmovementin Islam.HededicatedhimselftospreadknowledgeamongtheMoslems.Thatwaswhenthe

intellectuallullincludedalltheIslamicworld,andwhentherewasnoscientificorintellectual renaissance.TheMoslemsledsuccessiverevolutionsandpopularuprisings.Theysometimes wantedtogetridoftheoppressiveUmayyadregime,andtheysometimeswantedtotakethe reinsofgovernment.Accordingly,theythoroughlyneglectedthescientificlife.Thus,ithadno existenceinthearenaoflife. IndeedIma`malBa`qir,peacebeonhim,turnedawaycompletelyfromthosepolitical movements.Hedidnottakepartinanypoliticalacttoopposethestandingregimethen.He devotedhimselftoknowledge.So,heraiseditsstandard,foundeditsbases,andfixedfirmlyits sources.Thus,hewasthepioneer,teacher,andleaderofthiscommunityduringitscultural movement.Heledittowidestepsinscientificstudies.Heplayedanimportantroleinprospering thebrightIslamiccivilizationthroughoutthegenerationsthatcameafterhim.Ima`mAbu`Jafar (alBa`qir),peacebeonhim,wasfamousforjurisprudence.Thatisbecausejurisprudence representsthespiritofIslam,itsessence,anditsreactionwithlife.So,hetookcaretoenlivenit. ThenheestablishedhisreligiousschoolthatwasfullofmainjuristssuchasAba`nb.Taghlub, Mohammedb.Moslem,Bar~d,Abu`Bas~ralAsadi,alFadelb.Sayya`r,Maru`fb.Khrbudh, Zararab.Ayunandthelike. Thesemainfigureswereamongthoseonwhosetruthfulnessandjurisprudencethecommunity hasunanimouslyagreed.ItwastheywhowrotedownthetraditionsofthemembersoftheHouse (ahlalBayt),peacebeonthem.Wereitnotforthem,thatlargeintellectualwealthwouldbe useless.TheIslamicworldisproudofthiswealth.Besidesthiswealthisamongthebasicsources fromwhichtheShiitejuristsconcludereligiousrules.Theactthatmakesusboastofthelifeof theIma`misthathetookcareofthesejurists.Hepraisedthem,strengthenedtheirposition,and summonedthecommunitytoresorttotheirreligiousopinions.He,peacebeonhim,saidto Aba`nb.Taghlub:Sitdowninthemosque.Givereligiousopinionstothepeople.Indeed,Iam gladtoseeamongmyfollowersthelikesofyou.[1]Indeed,hepaidtheirexpensesandwhatthey neededduringtheirlife.Hedidthattomakethemdedicatethemselvestogainingofknowledge, toachieveitsrulesexactly,andtowriteitdown.Then,heaskedhisson,Ima`malSa`diq,peace beonhim,totakecareofthejurists.Heaskedhimtospendonthemtohelpthemcarryouttheir religiousduties.Thus,theyplayedaconstructiveroleinwritingthetraditionswhichtheyheard fromhim.Besidestheytaughtthereligiousdeputationswhattheynarratedfromhim.Indeed,his student,Ja`birb.Yaz~dalJufi,reportedseventythousandtraditionsfromhim.[2]Aba`nb. Taghlubalsoreportedalargegroup(oftraditions)fromhim.Thejurisprudentialencyclopediasare fulloftheirnarrationsfromhim.Allthechaptersofjurisprudencesuchastheactsofworship, contracts,punishments,andthelikeareconfirmedwithnarrationsfromhim.Therefore,he foundedandpublishedthejurisprudenceofthemembersoftheHouse(ahlalBayt),peacebeon them.Worthmentioning,thejurisprudenceofthemembersoftheHouseisthebestIslamic jurisprudence.

2 ThelecturesandresearchesoftheIma`mwerenotconfinedtojurisprudence.Ratherthey includedallkindsofsciencessuchasphilosophy,theology,andmedicine.Asfortheexplanation oftheKoran,itengagedhiscarewholly.Indeed,heappointedtimeforit.Mostcommentators(of theKoran)havewrittenwhattheIma`madoptedandwhathenarratedfromhisgrandfathers concerningtheexplanationoftheholyverses.He(theIma`m)wroteabookabouttheexplanation (oftheKoran).Zyya`db.alMundher,thespiritualleaderoftheJarudigroup,reportedthebook fromhim.[3]Thisbookdenotesthatandgivessomeexamplesofhisexplanationstosomeverses. Worthmentioning,theIma`m,peacebeonhim,talkedabouttheconditionsoftheprophetsand thepersecutionsfromwhichtheysufferedbecauseoftheoppressiverulersoftheirtime.Healso talkedabouttheirjudgmentsandtheirmorals.Fromhimmostresearcherslearnedthesituations oftheprophets.Moreover,he,peacebeonhim,talkedinaninclusiveobjectivemannerabout theProphet'slife.HeexplainedthecircumstancesofthegreatApostle,mayAllahblesshimand hisfamily,hiscampaigns,andhiswars. ThehistoriansofthePropheticlifesuchasb.Hisha`m,alWa`qidi,alHalabi,andthelikereported themonhisauthority,ontheauthorityofhisgrandfathers,peacebeonthem,ontheauthorityof theProphet,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily.TheIma`mnarratedalargegroupoftraditions concerningbehavior,goodmorals,andhighqualitiesMoslemsshouldfollowtobeanexampleto others.Hereportedinaninclusivewayallthehistoriceventsthatoccurredduringtheearly Islamictime.AlTabarihasreportedthemfromhiminhisbookTa`r~kh.Hehasalsoreported themfromhiminhisbookalAnsab. TheIma`m,peacebeonhim,debatedwithsomeChristianscholars,theAzraqites,theatheists, andtheextremists.Hepassedallthosedebatessuccessfully.TheopponentadmittedtheIma`m's scientificabilities.Namely,theopponentwasfeebletodebatewithhim.Thisbookwillindicate that.TheIma`mleftbehindhimanimmenseintellectualwealth.Itisregardedasoneofthe sourcesandamongtheminesthescientificwealthintheearth.Itisdifficultformetowriteabout allwhathasbeennarratedfromhim.Forthatneedswritingseveralbooks.Wehavereferredto onlysomeofthem.Wehaveleftthedooropentohimwhowantstostudyinclusivelyhisscientific wealth. However,thehistorianshaveneverseenanIma`mlikeMohammedalBa`qir.Thatisbecausehe devotedallhislifetothespreadofknowledgeamongthepeople.Hewasasthenarratorssaid: HelivedinMedian(Yathrib).Hewasatrustycustodian.Hewaslikethemountainorthesea.The thinkersandprominentscholarslearnedfromhimjurisprudenceandknowledge.So,he developednotonlythelifeofthiscommunitybutalsoofallpeople. 3

Ima`mMohammedalBa`qir,peacebeonhim,wasamongthegreatmenofthoughtand knowledgeinIslam.HewasalsoamongthemostprominentIma`msoftheMoslems.Thatis becausehehadgreatmorals.Hefreedhimselffromselfishmaterialism. ThushisbehaviorrepresentstheessenceoftheIslamicthoughtthatcametoguidepeopleandto educatetheirmanners.ThehistorianshaveunanimouslyagreedthattheIma`mwasmosttimes busypraisingAllahandthathespenthisnightsprayingtoHimandwhisperingtoHiminprayers. TheIma`mthoroughlyrenouncedworldlydesires.Heinclinedwithhisheartandhisfeelings towardsAllah.HepreferredHisobediencetoallthings.Hefollowedwhatcausedhimtobeclose toAllah.Hedidnotyieldtoanydesires.Ratherhegotridofthemcompletely.Thus,theyhadno poweroverhim. TheIma`m'slifewassimilartothelifeofhisgrandfather,thegreatApostle,mayAllahblesshim andhisfamily,inallqualities.Whoeverreadsabouthislifeisfullofadmiration. 4 Duringhischildhood,Ima`malBa`qir,peacebeonhim,wasliabletomanytribulations.Indeed, hesawthetragediesofKarbala`'.HesawthepurefamilyoftheProphet,mayAllahblesshimand hisfamily,whentheyweretorturedandkilled.HesawtheUmayyadArmymurderingthe innocentchildren,thewomen,andtheoldmen.Hesawthatsinfularmymaimingthebodyof thegreatIma`m(alHusayn).Hesawothertragediesthatfilledtheheartwithterror.Hewas amongthemembersoftheHouse(ahlalBayt),peacebeonthemwhentheyweretaken prisonerstob.Marjana(UbaydAllahb.Zyya`d).Thelatterhumiliatedanddisdainedthemvery much.HeshowedhismaliceandherejoicedatthemurderoftheprogenyoftheProphet,may Allahblesshimandhisfamily.Thenhesentthemtothesinfuloppressiveruler,Yaz~db. Mua`wiya.Thelatterreceivedthemwithmuchdisdainandmistreatment. Ima`mMohammedalBa`qir,peacebeonhim,understoodfullythosepainfulevents.Thus,they filledhisheartwithstormysorrow.Theyimpresseddeeplyagonyandsadnessinhisheart.They accompaniedhimthroughouthislife.Thus,hisheartwasfullofbittersorrow.Sohediedwhilehe didnotenjoyhislife. AmongthedisastersthathittheIma`mduringhischildhoodwastheBattleofalHirra.Atthat battleYaz~d'sArmyviolatedtheHolinessofMedina,thecityoftheProphet,mayAllahblesshim andhisfamily.Thearmyrapedthewomen,seizedproperties,andkilledpeople.Itviolatedall thethingswhichAllahhadprohibited.Noonewassafefromtheterrorsofthatpainfuldisaster exceptIma`mZaynalAbidn,peacebeonhim.ThatwasbecauseYaz~dorderedhissinful swordsmanMoslemb.Aqaba,nottokillhim.ThesesadpicturesleftintheselfoftheIma`m

continualfeelingsfullofsorrowandsadness. 5 Thetimeof(theIma`mate)oftheIma`mwasamongthemostcriticaltimesinIslam.Duringthis timelifewasverydisorderly.Thus,thecountrywasliabletomanyrevolutions.Thoserevolutions fromthebadUmayyadpoliticians.Thatisbecausetheydidnottakecareoftheinterestsofthe Moslemnations.RathertheyimposedheavytaxesontheMoslemcommunity.Theyplunderedits wealthandspentitontheirpleasures.Moreover,theytookexclusivepossessionofitsaffairs. WemustmentionthegovernmentwithwhichtheIma`mwascontemporary.Wealsomuststudy thepoliticaleventsthatoccurredduringthattime.Inotherwordswemustconsiderthem carefully.Thatisbecausetheyhadacloserelationshipwiththeculturalandsocialtimewhenthe Ima`mlived.Theresearchermustnotignorethoseevents.Thatisbecauseheisunableto understandfullythecharacterofthepersonwhomhewantstostudy. Itisanactofhonestyforknowledgeandthetruthtoshowthoseevents,toguidepeopletotheir references,andtodiscussthereferenceswhichwerenotbasedonthetruth.Rathertheywere basedonthedesiresthatwerefarawayfromreality. Indeed,wethinkthatthestudyofsucheventswillavailthereaderverymuch. 6 TheArablibraryhasnevercontainedastudyaboutthisgreatIma`mwhoisamongtheelements ofcultureandcivilizationalformationofthiscommunity.Indeed,itisnotanactofloyaltyto neglectthelivesofourgreatIma`ms.Thatisbecausethelivingnationshaveimmortalizedtheir greatmen,praisedthem,andshowedtheirscientificworks.Thatisbecausethesenationswant toenliventheirownoriginalityandtheirnoblevalues.AlAqqa`dsaid:TheEuropeanscholars havepraisedtheirgreatfiguresandstudiedthesidesoftheirglory.Ratherfanaticismsometimes motivatedthemtoincreasethesidesofthisgreatness.Theyhavecreatedimaginationstojustify thedefectandtorepairtheshortcoming.Thatisbecauseoftheenthusiasmfortheselfandthe excitementforseekingperfection.Asforus,therearedamsandfencesbetweenusandourgreat men.Theyhavepreventedouryoungmenfrommakinguseofthem. NooneisworthierofpraisethanIma`mMohammedalBa`qir,peacebeonhim.Thatisbecause hewasamongthemostprominentleadersofthiscommunity,andamongthegeniusesofthe world.AmonghisworkswasthathefreedtheArabIslamiccriticismfromtheforeigndomination. HemadeitindependentfromtheRomanianEmpire.Wewillmentionthatindetailinthisbook. TheoldhistorianstookcareofstudyingthelifeofIma`mAbu`Jafar(MohammedalBa`qir).For example,alJaludi,AbdalAz~zb.Yahya`(died304A.H.),wroteabook.Hecalledthebook

Akhba`rAb~JafaralBa`qir.[4]Inthebookhehasmentionedhisconditionsandhisaffairs. However,wehavenotfoundthebookamongthemanuscriptsofwhichourlibraryisfull.Perhaps thebookisintheotherbookcasesintheworldorithasbecomemissinglikethenumerous manuscriptswhichtheArabIslamicworldhaslost. ThankAllah!Successhelpedme.Thus,IstudiedthelifeofthisgreatIma`m.Itisanactof truthfulnesstosaythatIhavenotfoundapersonmorewonderfulthanhim.Thatisbecausehe representsallhumanvaluesofwhicheverypersonboasts. Idevotedmyselftoreadingalargegroupofmanuscriptsandbooksthathavementionedsomeof hisworksandhiswisesayings.Ifirmlybelievethatthecarefulresearcherwillfindmore informationthanwhatIhavewrittenabouthis(theIma`m's)life.Thatisbecausemuch informationhasremainedsecretforme.InotherwordsIdonotclaimthatIhavethoroughly studiedhislifeandthatIhavementionedallhisworks.RatherIhaveshedlightonhischaracter.I haveleftthedooropenforotherresearcherstowriteabouthislife. BeforeIendthisintroduction,IwouldparticularlyliketothankSayyidAbdalRasu`lb.Sayyid RidaalHusayniforfinancingthepublicationofthisbook.IaskAllahtogranthimsuccessinallhis nobleefforts.IndeedsuccessisfromAllah.HegrantsittowhomeverHewillsfromHisservants. 6/11/19771397A.H.Ba`qirShar~falQarashi [1]AlNaja`shi,Ja`mialRuwa`t,vol.1,p.9. [2]Miza`nalItida`l,vol.1,p.383. [3]ShaykhalTu`si,Fihrast,p.98. [4]AlDharia,vol.1,p.315.AlAla`m,vol.7,p.153. Chapterl:TheGreatBaby ThemembersoftheHouse(ahlalBayt),peacebeonthem,receivedthebabywithmuchrejoicing andpleasure.Theywereveryhappywithhim,forhewasinwhomtheelementsofthetwo grandsons(oftheProphet),alHasanandalHusayn,mixed.Thosenobleoriginsthroughwhich AllahstrengthenedtheArabsandtheMoslemsmixedinhim,too.Asforthenoblebackbonesand thepurefromwhichhebranched,theyare: HisMother Asforhismother,shewasapurechastewoman.ShewasFatima,thedaughterofImamal

Hasan,theLordoftheyouthofHeaven.ShewasgiventhekunyaofUmmAbdAllah(themother ofAbdAllah).[1]ShewasamongtheHashimitewomen.ImamZaynalAbidn,peacebeonhim, calledheralSiddqa(theverytruthfulone).[2]ConcerningherImamAbuAbdAllahalSadiq, peacebeonhim,said:Shewasverytruthful.NooneinthefamilyofalHasanlookedlike her.[3]Itisenoughforherhighnessthatshewaspartoftheplantofthesweetbasilofthe ApostleofAllah(i.e.ImamalHasan),andthatshegrewupinthehouseswhichAllahpermitted tobeexaltedandthatHisnamemayberememberedinthem.ShebroughtupImamalBaqir, peacebeonhim,inherpurelap.Shepoureduponhimraysofherpuresoul.Shefedhimwithher nobleideasthatbecamepartofhisqualities. Wehavenoinformationabouttheperiodwhichhespentwithhismother.Thatisbecausethe referenceshaveneglectedthatperiod.Besideswehavenoinformationaboutallofhisaffairs. HisFather HisfatherwastheLordoftheprostrators(inworship)andornamentoftheworshipers.Hewas thebestofalltheMoslemfiguresinjurisprudence,knowledge,andreligiouspiety.Wewill mentionabriefstudyonhisaffairsinthefollowingresearches. TheGreatBaby TheworldshoneonthebirthdayofthepureImam(MohammedalBaqir).TheProphet,mayAllah blesshimandhisfamily,hadgivengoodnewstohimbeforehisbirth.ThemembersoftheHouse (ahlalBayt),peacebeonthem,waitedforhimimpatiently.Thatisbecausehewasamongthe ImamsofMoslems.NamelytheProphet,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,nominatedthose Imams.HemadethemleadersforhiscommunityandrelatedthemtotheKoran.Imam MohammedalBaqirwasborninMedina,onthethirddayofthemonthofSafar,intheyear56A. H.[4]Itwassaid(thathewas)onFriday,duringtheearlydaysofthemonthofRajab.[5]Hewas bornthreeyearsbeforehisgrandfather,ImamHusayn,peacebeonhim,waskilled.[6]Itwassaid (thathewasborn)fouryears,ashe,peacebeonhim,said,(beforethemurderohhis grandfather).[7]Itwasalsosaid(thathewasborn)twoyearsandsomemonths(beforethe murderofhisgrandfather).[8]Thelastdateisunusual.Nooneacceptsit. Thereligiousritualssuchasadhanandiqamainhisearswereperformedforhimwhenhewas born.Otherriteswerealsoperformedforhimontheseventhdayofhisbirth:Hishairwas shaved.Theweightofhiscuthairinsliverwasgiventotheneedyasalms.Aramwassacrificedfor himandwasgiventothepoorasalms. HewasbornduringthetimeofMuawiya.AtthattimetheIslamiccountrieswerefullof oppression.Moreover,theywerefullofdisastersandmisfortunes.Thatwasbecauseofthe oppressionofMuawiyaandtheinjusticeofhisgovernorswhospreadterrorismandoppressionin

thecountry.ImamalBaqirtalkedaboutthatdreadfulinjustice.Wewillmentionhisspeechinthis book. HisName Hisgrandfather,Allah'sApostle,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,namedhimMohammed.He alsogavehimtheKunyaofalBaqir.ThatwastenyearsbeforealBaqirwasborn.Thatwasamong theProphet'sprophecies,assomeresearcherssaid.TheProphet,mayAllahblesshimandhis family,knewfromtheunseenthathisgrandsonwoulddosuchasproclaimingknowledgeamong hiscommunity.Thus,hegavegoodnewstohiscommunityabouthim.Healsosenthimhis greetingsthroughthegreatCompanion(oftheProphet),Jabirb.AbdAllahalAnsari.Wewill mentionthatinthefollowing(chapters). HisKunya Hehadonlyonekunya.ItwasAbuJafar.[9]Hewascalledbythenameofhisson,JafaralSadiq, peacebeonhim,whorenewedthelifeofthiscommunityandsplitopenthefountainsofwisdom intheearth. HisNickNames Asforhisnicknames,theyindicatethequalitiesofhisgreatcharacterandhishighinclinations. Theyareasfollows: 1.AlAmn(thetrustedone). 2.AlShabh(theonewhowasliketheProphet,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily).[10] 3.AlShakir(thegratefulone). 4.AlHadi(theonewhoguides). 5.AlSabir(thepatientone). 6.AlShahid(theproof).[11] 7.AlBaqir(theonewhosplitopenknowledge).[12]Thisisthemostfamousnicknameofhis.He andhisson,ImamalSadiq,weregiventhenicknameofalBaqirayn(thetwooneswhosplitopen knowledge).TheywerealsogiventhenicknameofalSadiqayn(thetwotruthfulones).[13] ThehistoriansandthebiographersoftheImamhaveunanimouslyagreedonthathewasgiven thenicknameofalBaqirbecausehesplitopenknowledge.Namely,hestudiedknowledgein detail.Thus,heunderstooditsoriginanditshidden(branches).[14]Concerninghim,ImamalRida said: O(you)whosplitopenknowledge(makingitavailable)tothepeopleofpietyandthebestof

thosewhoseektoanswerthecalloftheExalted.[15] ItisasifthatthepeoplecalledhimalBaqirbecauseofhisgreatknowledgeandhismany sciences.ItwasalsosaidthathewasgiventhenicknameofalBaqirbecauseofhismany prostrations(inworship).Thus,hesplitopenhisforehead.[16]Moreover,hewasgiventhenick name(ofalBaqir)becauseofthesewordsofhis:Thetruthcalledmeforhelpaftertheuntruth hadgathereditinitsabdomen.So,Isplitopenitsflankandbroughtoutthetruthfromitshiding, soitappearedandspreadafterithadbeenhidden.[17]However,thefirstmeaningisthemost famouswiththehistorians. TheGreetingsoftheProphettoalBaqir ThehistoriansandthenarratorshaveunanimouslyagreedthattheProphet,mayAllahblesshim andhisfamily,senthisgreetingstohisgrandson,alBaqir,throughthegreatcompanion,Jabirb. AbdAllahalAnsari.Thus,Jabirwasimpatientlywaitingforhisbirthtogivehimthemessageof hisgrandfather.WhentheImamwasbornandbecameagrownup,Jabirmethimandgavehim thegreetingsoftheProphet,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily.Thehistorianshavereportedthat invariousways.Thefollowingaresomeofthem: 1.Abanb.TaghlubreportedontheauthorityofAb~AbdAllah,peacebeonhim,whosaid: IndeedJabirb.AbdAllahalAnsariwasthelastofthesurvivingCompanionsoftheApostleof Allah,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily.Hedevotedhimselftous,we,themembersofthe House(ahlalBayt).HesatattheplaceoftheApostleofAllah,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily. Heworeablackturban.Hecalledout:Oyouwhowillsplitopenknowledge(baqir)!OYouwho willsplitopenknowledge!Thus,thepeopleofMedinasaid:Jabirishallucinating!So,he(Jabir) said:ByAllah,Ihaveneverhallucinated.However,IheardtheApostleofAllah,mayAllahbless himandhisfamily,say:Indeed,youwillmeetamanwhobelongstome.Hisnameissimilarto mine.Hisqualitiesaresimilartomine.Hewillsplitopenknowledgethoroughly.Thesewords havemotivatedmetosaywhatIsay.He(Ab~AbdAllah)said:OnedaywhileJabirwaswalking throughsomestreetsofMedina,hepassedbyastreet.Mohammedb.Ali(alBaqir)wasinthe street.Whenhelookedathimhesaid:Oboy,come.Theboycame.thenJabirsaidtotheboy: Turnback.Theboyturnedback.ThenJabirsaid:Byhiminwhosehandismysoul,(theyare)the qualitiesoftheApostleofAllah.OBoy,whatisyourname?Theboyreplied:Mynameis Mohammedb.Alib.alHusayn.Jabirkissedhisheadandsaid:Maymyfartherandmotherbe ransomforyou,yourgrandfather,Allah'sApostle,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,sendsyou hisgreetings.Ab~AbdAllahsaid:Mohammedcamebackfrightenedtohisfatherandtoldhim aboutwhathadhappened.Hisfathersaidtohim:Mylittleboy,hasJabirdoneit?Mohammed replied:Yes.Hisfathersaid:Donotleaveyourhouse,mylittleboy.[18]Asforthecontentsof thisreport,theyareasfollows: A.ThequalitiesandfeaturesofImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim,weresimilartothoseofthe Prophet,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily.

B.ItwastheProphet,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,namedhisgrandsonMohammedand gavehimthenicknameofalBaqir.(TheProphettoldthePeoplethatImamMohammedalBaqir) wouldsplitopenknowledgecompletely. C.ImamZaynalAbidn,peacebeonhim,fearedforthesafetyofhissonwhenJabirreportedthe traditionoftheProphet,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,concerninghim.Thatisbecausethe UmayyadgovernmentimposedanintenseobservationonImamZaynalAbidn.Itcountedhis breathsagainsthim.Itwantedtoknowwhowouldsucceedhimtopunishhimseverely.So,the Imam,peacebeonhim,wantedtheaffairofhissontobesecretlesttheUmayyadsshould mistreathimorsubjecthimtomisfortunes. 2.IbnAsakirreportedthatImamZaynalAbidn,peacebeonhim,andhisson,alBaqircameto Jabirb.AbdAllahalAnsari.Jabiraskedhim:SonoftheApostleofAllah,whoiswithyou?My son,Mohammed,iswithme,repliedImamZaynalAbidn.JabirembracedMohammed.Thenhe weptandsaid:Mydeathisathand.Mohammed,Allah'sApostle,mayAllahblesshimandhis family,sendsyouhisgreetings.Whatisthat?askedImamZaynalAbidn.Jabirreplied:Iheard Allah'sApostle,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,saytoalHusaynb.Ali:Asonwillbebornfor thisgrandsonofmine.ThesonwillbetheLordofworshipers.OntheDayofJudgment,acaller willcall:LettheLordofworshipersstandup.So,Alib.alHusaynwillrise.Asonwillbebornfor Alib.alHusayn.ThesonwillbecalledMohammed.Jabir,whenyouseehim,givehimmy greetings.Jabir,knowthatalMahdiwillbeamonghissons.Know,Jabir,thatyouwillstayfora shorttimeafterhim.[19] 3.TajalD~nb.Mohammed,theheadofAleppo,reportedontheauthorityofImamMohammed alBaqir,whosaid:IcametoJabirb.AbdAllahandgreetedhim.Hesaidtome:Whoareyou?' Thatwasafterhehadbecomeblind.Isaidtohim:Mohammedb.Alib.alHusayn.Hesaid:May myfatherandmotherberansomforyou,comenearertome.Icamenearertohim.Hekissedmy hand,andthenhestoopeddowntomyfoottokissit.However,Ipulleditfromhim.Thenhesaid: TheApostleofAllah,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,reciteshisgreetingtoyou.Peaceand Allah'smercyandblessingsbeontheApostleofAllah,Isaid.Howisthat,Jabir?Hesaid:One dayIwaswithhimwhenhesaidtome:Perhapsyouwillliveuntilyoumeetoneofmy descendantscalledMohammedb.Alib.alHusaynonwhomAllahwillbestowlightandwisdom. Thenrecitetohimmygreetigs.[20] 4.SalahalD~nalSafadisaid:JabirwalkedinMedinaandsaid:Baqir,whenwillImeetyou? OnedayhepassedthroughastreetinMedina.Afemaleslavegavehimtheboywhowasinher lap.Hesaidtothefemaleslave:Whoisthis?Mohammedb.Alib.alHusayn,shereplied.He embracedhim,kissedhisheadandhishands,andthenhesaid:Mylittleboy,yourgrandfather, Allah'sApostle,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,sendsyouhisgreetings.Thenhesaid:Baqir, mydeathisathand.Hediedatthatnight.[21] 5.SomeIsmailisreportedthattheProphet,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,saidtoJabir:You willmeetasonofthissonofmine.HeappointedatalHusayn.Whenyoumeethim,givehimmy greetings.Saytohim:Oyouwhowillsplitopenknowledge,splititcompletely.Jabirdidthat.[22] 6.AlHafizNuralD~nalHaythamireportedontheauthorityofAbuJafar,peacebeonhim,who

said:Jabirb.AbdAllahvisitedmewhileIwasreadingtheBook.Hesaidtome:Uncoveryour abdomen.Iuncoveredmyabdomen.Hekissedit,andthenhesaid:Allah'sApostle,mayAllah blesshimandhisfamily,orderedmetogiveyouhisgreetings.[23] ThesearesomereportsthathaveunanimouslyagreedthattheProphet,mayAllahblesshimand hisfamily,orderedJabirb.AbdAllahalAnsaritosendhisgreetingstoImamalBaqir,peacebeon him.TheProphet,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,knewfrombeyondtheunseenthathis grandsonwouldspreadknowledgeamongpeopleandthathewouldsplitopenwisdomandlight intheearth. HisFeatures Jabirb.AbdAllahalAnsarisaidthathisfeaturesweresimilartothoseofAllah'sApostle,may Allahblesshimandhisfamily.[24]HismoralswerealsosimilartotheProphet'shighonesthat distinguishedhimfromtheotherprophets. SomecontemporarypeoplehavedescribedImamalBaqirasfollows:Hewasamanofmedium height.Hewasbrown.[25]Hehadsoftskinwithmoles.Hehadathinwaist.Hisvoicewasgood. Healwaysbowedhishead.[26] HisEarlyCleverness ImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim,wascleverandgeniusduringhischildhood.Thereporterssaid thatJabirb.AbdAllahalAnsari,thoughanoldman,cametohim,satbeforehim,andlearned fromhim.JabiradmiredtheImam'sabundantknowledgeandsciences.Thus,hesaid:Baqir,you havebeengivenwisdomwhileyouarestillaboy.[27] TheCompanions(oftheProphet)knewthattheImamwasendowedwithoutstandingmeritsand abundantknowledge.So,theyconsultedhimconcerningtheproblemswhichtheydidnot understand.ThehistorianssaidthatamanAbdAllahb.Umaraboutacertainproblem.However, AbdAllahcouldnotanswertheproblem.So,hesaidtotheman:Gotothatboy,hepointedat ImamalBaqir,askhim,andtellmeabouthisanswer.ThemanwenttotheImamandaskedhim. TheImam,peacebeonhim,answeredhisproblem.Thus,themancamebacktoAbdAllahb. UmarandtoldhimabouttheImam'sanswer.So,thelatteradmiredtheImam,saying:Theyare theknowledgeablemembersoftheHouse.[28] AllahsingledouttheImamsofthemembersoftheHouse,peacebeonthem,withknowledgeand outstandingmerits.HegrantedthemabsoluteperfectionwhichHehadgrantedtoHisprophets andHisapostles.ThehistorianssaidthattheImamwasnineyearsofagewhenhewasasked aboutdifficultproblemsandansweredthem. HisSolemnityandHisPrestige

ThefeaturesoftheImam,peacebeonhim,representedthesolemnityandtheprestigeofthe prophets.Everybodyrespectedandadmiredhim.Forexample,Qattada,thejuristofthepeopleof Basrah,methim.StillhishearttrembledbecauseoftheImam'ssolemnity.Thus,hesaidtohim:I sitbeforethejuristsandb.Abbas.Myheartdoesnottremblebecauseofthemasitdoesbecause ofyou.[29] TheImamwastherestofAllahinHisearth.AllahbestowedsolemnityandprestigeonHisfriends andHislovers.TheirqualitiesappearedintheImam'scharacter.Amongthosewhoadmiredthe Imam'ssolemnitywastheMoroccanpoet,whodescribedtheImam,saying: Oyouwhowasthesonofhimbywhosetongueandeloquencepeoplewereguidedandthe revelationwassentdown. TheBooktalkedabouthisoutstandingmerits.TheTorahandtheBibleannouncedhiscoming. WereitnotforthecessationoftherevelationafterMohammed,wewouldsay:Mohammedwas thealternativetohisgrandfather. Hewassimilartohiminoutstandingmerits,butGabrieldidnotbringhimamessage.[30] ThehistoriansreportedthatnobodysawtheImam,peacebeonhim,laughing.Whenhelaughed, hesaid:OAllah,donotdetestme.[31]Indeed,herefrainedfromallthatwhichcontradicts solemnityandhighcharacter.AmonghisprominentqualitieswasthathealwayspraisedAllah. Wewillmentionthatwhenwetalkabouttheaspectsofhischaracter. TheInscriptionofhisRing Asfortheinscriptionofhisring,itwas:AllmightisforAllah.[32]Heworetheringofhis grandfather,ImamHusayn,peacebeonhim,whoseinscriptionwas:SurelyAllahattainsHis purpose.[33]ThisindicatesthathedevotedhimselftoAllahandcleavedtoHimstrongly. HisResidence TheImam,peacebeonhim,residedinMedinathroughouthislife.Hedidnotleaveitforanother city.Init,hewasthefirstteacherandgreatpioneerforscientificculturalmovements.Heusedthe PropheticMosqueasschoolforhim.Therehegavehislecturestohisstudents. [1]Thahdh~balLughatwaalAsma,vol.1,p.87.IbnKhullakan,WafayatalAyan,vol.3,p.384.Al Mahbar,p.57.AlYaqubi,Tarikh,vol.2,p.60.AyanalShia,1/4/464. [2]AbualHasanalAmili,DiyaalAmilin,vol.2.AlDuralNazm,serial2879. [3]UsulalKafi,vol.1,p.469. [4]IbnKhullakan,WafayatalAyan,vol.3,p.314.TadhkirtalHuffaz,vol.1,p.124.NazhatalJalis,

vol.2,p.36. [5]DalailalImama,p.94.FaridWajjdi,DairatalMaarif,vol.3,p.563. [6]IbnalWardi,Tarikh,vol.1,p.184.AkhbaralDuwal,p.111.IbnKhullakan,WafayatalAyan, vol.3,p.314. [7]AlYaqubi,Tarikh,vol.2,p.60. [8]AlHusaynb.AbdalWahab,YyunalMujizat,serial,975. [9]DalailalImama,p.94. [10]AlDuralNazimfiManaqibalAimma.DiyaalAmilin,vol.2.AyanalShia,1/4/464. [11]JannatalKhuld.NasikhalTawarikh. [12]TadhkiratalHuffaz,vol.1,p.124.NazhatalJalis,vol.2,p.36.MirratalJinan,vol.1,p.247. FaridWajjdi,DairatalMaarif,vol.3,p.563. [13]ShaykhalTurayhi,JamialMaqal. [14]YyunalAkhbarwaFununalAthar,p.213.UmdatalTalib,p.183. [15]JawhartalKalamfiMadhalSadaalAlam,p.133. [16]MiratalZamanfiTawarikhalAyan,vol.5,p.78. [17]Ibid. [18]UsulalKafi,vol.1,pp.496470.AlKashi,Rijal,pp.2728. [19]IbnAsakir,Tarikh,vol.51,p.41. [20]GhayatalIkhtisar,p.64. [21]AlWafibialWafayat,vol.4,p.102. [22]MasailMajmuaminaalHaqaiqalAliyawaalAsraralSamiya,p.99. [23]MajjmaalZawaid,vol.1,p.22. [24]UsulalKafi,vol.1,p.469. [25]AkhbaralDuwal,p.111.JawhartalKalamfiMadhalSadaalAlam,132. [26]AyanalShia,1/4/471. [27]IlalalSharai,p.234. [28]AlManaqib,vol.4,p.147. [29]IthbatalHudat,vol.5,p.176. [30]AlManaqib,vol.4,p.181. [31]SafwatalSaffwa,vol.2,p.62.TadhkiratalKhawas,p.349. [32]HulyatalAwliya,vol.3,p.189. [33]AyanalShia,1/4/169. ChapterII:UnderTheAuspicesOfAlHusaynandAli ImamAbuJafar(alBaqir),peacebeonhim,grewupintheHouseofthemessage,theplaceof

descentoftherevelation,andthesourceofradiationintheworldofIslam.Hisgrandfather,Imam Husayn,peacebeonhim,andhisfather,ImamZaynalAbidn,fedhimwithnobleideals.They taughtthewaysofgoodandguidancethatsettledinthemselves.Moreover,theytaughthim brightbehaviorandasounddirectiontobeanexampletothiscommunity.Thefollowingisan accountofhisearlylifeunderthewingofhisgrandfatherandhisfather. UndertheCareofhisGrandfather ImamHusayn,peacebeonhim,tookcareofeducatinghisgrandson.Hebestoweduponhimrays ofhisholysoulthatilluminatedthehorizonsofthisworld.Thehistoriansnarratedthatheseated himonhislap,kissedhimverymuch,andsaidtohim:Indeed,Allah'sApostle,mayAllahbless himandhisfamily,sendsyouhisgreetings.[1] ThiswasahintfromthegrandfathertohisgrandsonthattheProphet,mayAllahblesshimandhis family,wantedhimtopracticehisleadingroleforhiscommunity.Inotherwordshewantedhim tosplitopenthefountainsofwisdominthelandsofhiscommunity,toproclaimknowledgeall overthem,andtoguidehiscommunitytotherightpath.Inhisearlylife,ImamalBaqir,peacebe onhim,sawhisgrandfather,ImamHusayn,peacebeonhim,facingthecriticalsituation.Thatwas whenhisgrandfatherwasafflictedbythetyrantofhistimeandthepharaohofthiscommunity, namely,Yaz~db.Muawiya,whoendangeredIslam,summonedImamHusayntopledge allegiancetohim,andtoyieldtohisrule.Thus,ImamHusayn,peacebeonhim,criedoutathis faceandcontinuedhisimmortalmovementtoraiseAllah'swordhighintheearthandtocarryout hisIslamicmessagewithhonestyandloyalty.So,hesacrificedhislife,themembersofhishouse, andhiscompanionstoestablishthegloryofIslam,andtodestroyhisenemiesandhisopponents. Hissacrificewasfullofnoblevaluesandhighideals.Itmovedthepeople'ssentimentsandtheir feelings.Itwasaboundinginpositiveresults.Itofferedthemostwonderfullessonsaboutthe sacrificeforthetruthandtheduty.Itwillbeimmortalforever.Moreover,itwillrepresentman's honorandhishighpurpose. ThestagesofthatimmortaltragedytookplacebeforeImamalBaqirwhilehewasinhisearlylife. He,peacebeonhim,said:MygrandfatherwaskilledwhileIwasfouryearsofage.Indeed,I rememberhismurderandwhathitusduringthattime.[2] ImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim,reportedmanyofitsstages.AlTabarireportedsomeofits picturesonhisauthority.AgroupoftheprominentCompanions(oftheProphet)wroteabook. TheycalledthebookMaqtalalHusayn.Init,theyhavewrittenwhattheyheardfromhimand fromotherthanhimaboutthetragediesofKarbala'.IbnalNad~mhasmentionedmanyofthem inhisbookalFihrast.However,thatimmortaltragedyleftgreatpainandsorrowinhissoul.Its sorrowsaccompaniedhimthroughouthislife. UndertheAuspicesofhisFather

ImamAbuJafar(alBaqir),peacebeonhim,livedformorethan34yearsunderthecareofhis father,ImamZaynalAbidn,peacebeonhim.Heaccompaniedhimthroughoutthatperiod.He didnotleavehim.Hewasimpressedbyhisbrightguidancethatrepresentedtheguidanceofthe prophetsandoftheapostles.ThepeopledidnotseethelikenessofImamZaynalAbidninhis Godfearingness,hispiety,hisasceticism,andhisstrongcleavingtoAllah.Wewillmentionsome ofImamZaynalAbidn'saffairsandconditions.Thatisbecausehisbehaviorhadgreatinfluence onImamalBaqir'sdeepsoul.Theyareasfollows: AdmirationandGlorification TheintellectualsandthescholarsadmiredandglorifiedImamZaynalAbidn.Theypreferredhim toothers.Thefollowingaresomeoftheirwordsconcerninghim: 1.Sa~db.alMusayyab ThesolemnityoftheImamandhisgreatnessastonishedSa~db.alMusayyab.Thus,hesaid:I haveneverseen(aperson)betterthanAlib.alHusayn.IhaveneverseenhimbutIdetest myself.Ihaveneverseenhimlaughing.[3] 2.AlZuhri AlZuhriadoredtheImam.Hesaid:IhaveneverseenaQarashi(person)betterthanhim.[4]He alsosaid:Ihaveneverseen(aperson)moreknowledgeablethanAlib.alHusayn.[5] 3.Zaydb.Aslam Zaydb.Aslamsaid:Ihaveneverseen(aperson)similartoAlib.alHusayn.[6] 4.Umarb.AbdalAz~z WhenUmarb.AbdalAz~zheardofthedeathoftheImam,hesaid:Thelampoftheworld, beautyofIslamandadornmentofworshiperspassedaway.[7] 5.AbuHazim

AbuHazimsaid:IhaveneverseenaHashimibetterthanAlib.alHusayn.[8] 6.Malik Maliksaid:TherewasnobodysimilartoAlib.alHusayninthemembersoftheHouseofthe ApostleofAllah,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily.[9] 7.Jabirb.AbdAllah AmongthosewhoadoredtheImamwasthegreatCompanion(oftheProphet),Jabirb.AbdAllah alAnsari,whosaid:IhaveneverseenaboyoftheProphetssimilartoAlib.alHusayn.[10] 8.AlWaqidi AlWaqidisaid:Alib.alHusaynwasthemostwonderfulofallthepeopleinworshipandthe mostpiousofthemforAllah,theGreatandAlmighty.[11] ThesewordsdenotetheimpressionsofthesegreatfiguresconcerningtheImam.Theyhave unanimouslyagreedthathewasathistimethebestofallthefamilyoftheProphetinknowledge andoutstandingmeritsthatrepresentman'sabsoluteperfection. HishighMorals Asforhishighmorals,theyweregiftsfromAllah.Theperplexedpersonfollowstherightwaywith them.Thestrayingpersonisguidedbythem.Inthisphenomenon,theImamimitatedhis grandfather,Allah'sApostle,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamilywhowasdistinguishedfromthe prophetsbyhishighmorals. ThehistorianshaveunanimouslyagreedthattheImam,peacebeonhim,treatedkindlythose whomistreatedhim.Heforgavethemandbestowedliberallyuponthemtouprootfromthem aggressionagainstothers.Thefollowingaresomeofhisattitudestowardsthem: A.Thehistorianssaid:Isma~lb.HishamalMakhzumiwasthegovernorofYathrib(Medina).He harboredhatredagainstthemembersoftheHouse,peacebeonthem.HehurtImamZaynal AbidnverymuchandabusedhisgrandfathersonthepulpitstoapproachtherulersofDamascus. WhenalWal~db.AbdalMalikbecamecaliph,heremovedHishamfromofficebecauseofa previousenmity.Thenheorderedthepeopletotaketheirrightsfromhim.Hishamwasvery

afraidoftheImam,peacebeonhim,forhemistreatedhimverymuch.So,hesaid:Iamafraidof noonebutofAlib.alHusayn.Heisarighteousman.Thus,therulerwillhearhiswords concerningme.However,theImamorderedhiscompanionsandfollowersnottomistreathim. Rather,hewenttohim,smiledathim,askedhimabouthisneedduringhiscriticalsituation,and thensaidtohim:Cousin,myAllahforgiveyou.Indeed,whathasbeendonetowardsyouhas displeasedme.So,summonustowhatyoulike. Hishamwasastonished.Thus,hesaidwithadmiration:AllahknowswheretoputHis mission.[12] Amonghishighmoralsisthefollowingattitudethatraiseshimtothelevelwhichnoreformerhas reachedexcepthisgrandfathers.ItalsoindicateshisImamate. Thehistoriansreportedthatheslaughteredeverydayaewe.Hecookedtheeweanddividedit amongthepoorandthedeprived.Onedayhisretainercarriedabowlofbroth.Thebrothwas boilingbecauseoftheintenseheat.TheretainerstumbledoverachildoftheImam.Thus,the childdiedatonce.So,theAlidwomenweptloudly.TheImamwaspraying.Whenhehadfinished hisprayers,hewastoldaboutthedeathofhischild.However,he,peacebeonhim,hurriedtothe retainer.Hefoundhimshakingwithfear.Hemethimwithkindnessandaffection,andsaidto him:YouhavedoubtsaboutAlib.alHusayn.Youhavethoughtthathewillpunishyou.Go,you arefreeforAllah.Thesearefourthousanddinarsasagiftforyou.Excusemeforthefearthathas hityoubecauseofme.[13] Howwonderfulthissoulis!ItissuperiortothegoodservantswhoseheartsAllahtestedwith belief.TheImaminheritedthesegreatmoralsfromhisgrandfather,thegreatProphet,mayAllah blesshimandhisfamily,whoestablishedthestandardofmannersintheearth. C.Amonghishighmoralswasthatwhilehewasgoingoutofthemosque,amanfromthosewho hatedhimbegancursingandabusinghim.SomeoftheImam'scompanionsandfollowersbecame angrywiththeman.However,theImam,peacebeonhim,calmedthem,andthenhetreatedthe mankindly,saying:Youdonotknowouraffaircompletely.Doyouhaveaneedtohelpyou againstit. Themanfeltshame.Hewishedthattheearthwouldhidehim.Defeatandregretappearedonhis face.TheImam,peacebeonhim,walkedtowardshim.Hegavehimashirt.Besidesheordered onethousanddinarstobegiventohim.Thus,themansaid:Ibearwitnessthatyouareamong thechildrenoftheprophets.[14] Thesearesomeofhisattitudesthatarefullofmercy,clemency,andselfdenial.Indeedthe moralsofthemembersoftheHouse(ahlalBayt),peacebeonhim,areaschoolthatisbasedon honor,nobility,andoneverythingthroughwhichmanbecomeshigh. HisProclaimingKnowledge AfterthetragedyofKarbala',ImamZaynalAbidn,peacebeonhim,devotedhimselfto proclaimingknowledgeamongthepeople.Hedidnotconfinehimselftothescienceoftradition

andjurisprudence.Rather,hetookcareofethics,literature,philosophy,andwisdom.Moreover, hesuppliedtheIslamicthoughtwithlargeabilitiesofknowledge,wisdom,andetiquette.Hisbook calledalSahifaalSajjadiya',histreatiseonrights,theencyclopediasoftradition,andthebooks ofethicsarefullofthem. HisUrging(theMoslems)toseekKnowledge He,peacebeonhim,urgedtheMoslemstoseekknowledge.Hesummonedthemtostriveto studyknowledgebecauseitisthecreativemeansfortheirdevelopmentandtheprosperoftheir life.He,peacebeonhimsaid:Ifpeopleknewwhatisinseekingknowledge,theywouldseekit eventhroughsheddingbloodandwadingintothedepthofthesea. He,peacebeonhim,advisedsomeofhiscompanionstospreadknowledge.Inadditionhe orderedthemnottobeproudtowardstheteacher.He,peacebeonhim,said:Indeedifyouare goodinteachingthepeopleanddonotshowpridetowardsthem,AllahwillincreaseyoufromHis favor.Ifyoupreventthemfromlearningyourknowledge,thenitisincumbentonAllah,theGreat andAlmighty,todepriveyouofknowledgeanditssplendorandtodropyourpositionfromthe hearts.[15] HisHonoringtheSeekersofKnowledge He,peacebeonhim,tookcareoftheseekersofknowledgeandraisedtheirposition.Whenhe sawoneofthem,hesaid:WelcometothewilloftheApostleofAllah,mayAllahblesshimand hisfamily.ImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim,said:Whenmyfather,ZaynalAbidn,lookedatthe youngmenwhosoughtknowledge,hemadethemnearertohim,saying:Welcometoyou,you arethedepositsofknowledge.Ifyouaretheyoungmenofpeople,youareabouttobetheelders ofothers.'[16] TheReadersoftheKorancleavedtohim ThereadersoftheKorandevotedthemselvestoImamZaynalAbidntolearnfromhimsciences, knowledge,andmannersofconduct.Sa~db.alMusayyabtalkedabouttheircleavingtothe Imam,saying:Indeed,thereadersoftheKorandidnotgotoMeccatillAlib.alHusaynwent there.Hewentthereandathousandriderswentwithhim.[17] HisFreeingofSlaves

ImamZaynalAbidn,peacebeonhim,feltpityforslaves.Thus,heboughtthemandtheir women.Thenhereleasedthemalltoenjoyfreedomanddignity.Whenhereleasedthem,hegave themenoughmoneytobeinnoneedofpeople. Headoptedagroupofslaves.Thenhetaughtthemvariouskindsofknowledgeandsciences.A largegroupofthemgraduatedfromhisschool.Theywereamongthegreatscholarsatthattime. Thatwasthereasonwhytheslavesheadedthescientificmovementduringthosetimes.Thatwas alsothereasonwhytheyfollowedthemembersoftheHouse(ahlalBayt),peacebeonthem,and joinedeverypoliticalmovementthatsummonedthepeopletogetridoftheUmayyad governmentandtoreturnthecaliphatetothemembersoftheHouse(ahlalBayt),peacebeon them,whoweretherefugeforeverypooranddeprivedperson. HisWorshipandhisPiety ImamZaynalAbidnwasamongthemonksofthiscommunityinhisworshipandpiety.Hewas giventhenicknameofDhialThafanat(theonewithcalluses).Thatwasbecauseofhismany prostrations(inprayer).HewasalsogiventhenicknameofalMujtahid(thehardworkingone), ZaynalAbidn(theornamentoftheworshipers),andSayyidalAbidn(theLordofthe worshipers).[18]ThenicknameofalSajjadreferstohisconstantworshipandhisgreatcleaving toAllah.Thehistoriansreportedthatwhenheusedtoperformritualablutions,hisskinwould turnyellow.Thus,hisfamilysaidtohim:Whatisthatwhichhitsyouduringtheablution?He saidtothem:DoyounotknowbeforewhomIwanttostand?[19]Hisson,alBaqir,cameto him.HefoundhimworshippingAllahtotheextentthatheturnedpalebecauseofstayingupat night,hiseyeshadwhitesecretionbecauseofweeping,hisforeheadfesteredbecauseofmuch prostration(inprayer),andhislegsswelledbecauseofprayingatnight.So,hissonburstinto tears.However,ImamZaynalAbidnwaspraying.Whenhesawhisson,heorderedhimtogive himtheparchmentsinwhichtherewasthe(practiceof)worshipofhisgrandfather,the CommanderoftheFaithful,peacebeonhim.Hissongavehimthoseparchments.Heconsidered themcarefully.Thenheleftthemoutofboredomandsaid:Whoisstrongenoughtoperformthe worshipofAlib.Ab~Talib?[20] Whenhe,peacebeonhim,rosetopraybeforeAllah,heturnedtowardtheGreatCreatorwithhis heartandhisfeelings.Noaffairofthislifemadehimbusy.ImamalBaqirsaid:Whenmyfather rosetopray,hedidnotbusyhimselfinotherthanitanddidnothearanything,forhedevoted himselftoit.Oneofhischildrenfellandbrokehishand.Hisfamilycried.Thentheysentforthe bonesetter.Hesetthehandofthechildwhowascryingbecauseoftheintensepain.TheImam didnothearanything.Whenheentereduponmorningandsawtheboy'ssplinthand,heasked aboutthat.So,hisfamilytoldhimaboutthat.[21] Worshipstrainedhimverymuch.Indeedheoverexertedhimselfforit.Thus,hisfamilyfearedfor hissafety.Theybeggedhimtodecreasehisworship.However,herefusedthat.ImamalBaqir, peacebeonhim,said:WhenFatima,thedaughteroftheCommanderoftheFaithful,sawher

nephew,Alib.alHusayn,overexertinghimselfinworshipping,shewenttoJabirb.AbdAllahal Ansariandsaidtohim:OCompanionoftheApostleofAllah,indeed,wehaverightswithyou. Amongourrightswithyouisthatwhenyouseeoneofusoverexertinghimself,youmustmake himrememberAllahandaskhimtorelievehimself.ThenoseofAlib.alHusayn,therestofhis father,alHusayn,hasbeentorn.Hisforehead,hiskneels,andhispalms(ofthehands)have becomeswollen.Thatisbecausehehasoverexertedhimselfinworshipping. So,JabirwenttoImamZaynalAbidn.Hefoundhimoverexertinghimselfinworshippingathis mihrab.TheImamrosetoreceiveJabir.Heseatedhimbesidehimandaskedhimverymuch abouthiscondition.ThenJabiraskedtheImam: OSonoftheApostleofAllah,doyounotknowthatAllahhascreatedParadiseforyouandfor thosewholoveyouandcreatedFireforthosewhohateyouandshowenmitytowardsyou?So, whydoyouoverexertyourself? TheImamansweredJabirwithkindnessandaffection:OCompanionoftheApostleofAllah,do younotknowthatAllahhasforgivenmygrandfather,Allah'sApostle,hispastandfollowingfaults ?StillheoverexertedhimselfforAllah.MaymyfatherandmotherberansomforAllah'sApostle, heworshippedAllahtillhislegandhisfootbecameswollen.Itwassaidtohim:Doyoudothat whileAllahhasforgivenyouyourpastandfollowingfaults?'Thus,hesaid:ShouldInotbea gratefulservant?' WhenJabirknewthattheImaminsistedonoverexertinghimself,hesaidtohim:OSonofthe ApostleofAllah,spareyourlife.Thatisbecauseyouarefromthefamilythroughwhomthe tribulationisdrivenaway,throughwhomtheillnessiscured,andthroughwhomtheskyrains. TheImamrepliedhimwithafaintvoice:Iwillcontinuethewayofmyfatherandofmy grandfather.IwillfollowtheirexampletillImeetthem. Jabirwasastonished.Thus,hesaidtothosewhowerearoundhim:Nochildoftheprophetswas likeAlib.alHusaynexceptJoseph,thesonofJacob.ByAllah,thechildrenofalHusaynarebetter thanthechildrenofJoseph,thesonofJacob.Indeedoneofthemwillfilltheearthwithjusticeas ithadbeenfilledwithinjustice.[22] ImamZaynalAbidnwastheImamofthepiousandtherepentant.Indeedheoverexerted himselfinhisworshipping.Hewasloyalinhisobedience.HecleavedtoAllahtotheextentthat evensaintsdidnotdothat. HisAlmsandhisKindness ImamZaynalAbidnwasthekindestofallthepeopletotheweak,thegentlestofthemtothe needyandthemostmercifulofthemtothemiserable.Hepreferredthepoortohimselfandhis family.Thehistorianshaveunanimouslyagreedthathecarriedabagofbreadonhisbackand divideditamongthepoorasalms.Hesaid:IndeedthesecretalmsputouttheLord'swrath.[23] HemaintainedonehundredfamiliesinMedina.[24]Hehadkissedthepoorpersonbeforehegave himthealms.[25]Hedidthatlestthepoorshouldfeelabasement.Thehistorianssaid:When

ImamAbuJafar(alBaqir)washedhisfather,someofthosewhoattendedhiswashingsawthat hiskneelsandtheoutsideofhisfeetwerelikethoseofthehecamel.ThatisbecausetheImam prostrated(inprayer)verymuch.Meanwhiletheylookedathisshouldersandsawthattheywere similartohiskneelsandfeet.Thus,theyaskedImamalBaqiraboutthat.He,peacebeonhim, said:Ifhewasliving,Iwouldnottellyouaboutthat.Everyday,heasfaraspossiblefedaneedy personupwards.Whenthenightcame,helookedatwhatremainedfromthefoodofhisfamily atthatdayoftheirs.Heputthefoodintothebag.Whenthepeoplebecamecalm,heputthebag onhisshoulder.Hewentthrough(thestreets)ofMedina.Heintendedtoreachagroupofpeople whodidnotaskthepeopleforalms.Hereachedthemwhiletheydidnotknowhim.Nooneofhis familyknewthatexceptme.Iknewthathewantedtogivealmssecretlywithhisownhand.He said:ThesecretalmsputouttheLord'swrath.[26] ImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim,reportedsomeofhisfather'salms,saying:Perhapsmyfather boughtasilkgarmentforfiftydinars.Hespentthewinterwearingit.Heenteredthemosque wearingit.Whenthesummercame,heorderedthegarmenttobegivenasalmsorheorderedit tobeboughttogiveitspriceasalms.[27] IndeedImamZaynalAbidnwasuniqueinthehistoryofmankind.Thatisbecausehismoral criteriaandhispsychologicalmeritsraisedhimtothelevelwhichnobodyreachedexcepthis grandfathers. TheWonderfulPoemofalFarazdaq ImamZaynalAbidn,peacebeonhim,wenttotheSacredHouseofAllahtoperformthe pilgrimage.MeanwhileHishamb.AbdalMalikwentthereforthesamepurpose.Thelatterdid hisbesttotouchtheBlackStonebuthewasunabletodothat,forthepeopleovercrowded aroundit.Apulpitwasinstalledandhesatonit.Hebeganlookingatthecircumambulationofthe people.ThenImamZaynalAbidncametoperformhiscircumambulation.Whenthepilgrimssaw him,theywereastonishedathissolemnitythatwassimilartothesolemnityofhisgrandfather, Allah'sApostle,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily.Thepeoplewereshoutingloudly:Thereisno godbutGod!Allahisgreat!Theymadetwoqueuesforhim.Happywashewhosawhim,kissed hishand,andtouchedhisshoulder.ThatisbecausetheImamwastherestofAllahinhisearth. TheSyrianswereastonishedwhentheysawthatsituation.Thatisbecausethepilgrimsdidnot receivedHisham,whowasthenominatedcaliphafterhisfather,warmlythoughtheSyrians honoredhimandthepolicemensurroundedhim.OneofHisham'scompanionsaskedhim:Who isthatmanwhomthepeoplehavehonoredverymuch? Hishamburstintoanger,shoutedattheman,saying:Idonotknowhim! HeclaimedthathedidnotknowtheImamlestthepeopleshouldknowhim.AlFarazdaqwas there.Hedidnotcontrolhimself.Thus,hesaidtotheSyrians: Iknowhim. Whoishe,AbuFiras?askedtheSyrians.

HishamshoutedatalFarazdaq,saying: Idonotknowhim! Yes,youknowhim,repliedalFarazdaq. Thenheroseandcomposedthefollowingpoemwhoseeffectwasstrongerthanthehittingofthe swordsandthestabbingofthespearsagainstHisham.Hesaid: ThisisthesonofHusaynandthesonofFatimathedaughteroftheApostlethroughwhomthe darknessdispersed. Thisishewhoseabilitythevalley(ofMecca)recognizes,andwhomthe(Sacred)House(asdo)the sanctuaryandtheareaoutsidethesanctuary(alhill). ThisisthesonofthebestofAllah'sservants.Thisisthepurepiousman,thepureeminentman. WhenQurayshsawhim,theirspokesmansaid: Liberalityterminatesattheoutstandingqualities ofthis(man). HebelongstothetopofglorywhichtheArabs ofIslamandnonArabsfallshortofobtaining. WhenhecomestotouchthewalloftheKaaba,it almostgraspsthepalmofhishand. Hetakescaretobemodestandheisprotectedfromhisterror.Heonlyspeakswhenhesmiles. Thereisacaneinhishand.Itssmellisfragrantfromthehandofthemostwonderful(ofallthe people),whoisproud. Theprophetsyieldedtohisgrandfather'sfavor.Thenationsyieldedtothefavorofhis community. Thelightofguidanceemanatesfromthelightofhisforehead.Heislikethesunwhoseshining dispersesdarkness. HistreebelongstotheApostleofAllah.Itselements,itsnatures,anditsqualitiesaregood. ThisisthesonofFatimaifyoudonotrecognizehim.TheprophetsofAllahwereendedbyhis grandfather. Allahhonoredandfavoredhimfromantiquity. Yourwordswhoisthis?donotharmhim.TheArabsandnonArabsrecognizehimwhomyou deny. Bothhishandsarerelief.Theiradvantagehasprevailed.Thehandsareequal.Nonexistencedoes notbefallthem. Heisthecarrieroftheburdensofthepeoplewhentheyareoppressed. Hisqualitiesaregood.Theyesissweetwithhim. Hedoesnotbreakthepromise.Hissoulisblessed.Hiscourtyardiswide.Heiscleverwhenhe decides. Heisfromthepeoplewhoseloveisreligion,whosehateisunbelief,whoseapproachisrefugeand protection. IftheGodfearingarenumbered,theyaretheirImams.Ifitissaidwhoarethebestoftheearth,it issaidtheyare.

Nogenerousmancanreachtheirfarpurpose.Nopeople,thoughgenerous,cancompetewith them(forgenerosity). Theyarerainwhenacrisishappens.Theyarelions whenfearbecomesintense. Povertydoesnotdecreasestherelieffromtheirhands.Thatisthesame,whethertheyarerichor poor. Misfortuneandtribulationaredrivenawaythroughtheirlove. Kindnessandtheblessingsareregainedthroughit. IneveryaffairtheirpraiseisafterthepraiseofAllah.Thespeechisendedbyit. Abasementrefusestostopattheirspace.Theirnaturesarenoble,andtheirhandsarefullof liberality. Noneofmankindhaswithintheirsoulssuchprimacyashedoesnorsuchgraceashedoes. WhoeverknowsAllah,knowsHisfriend.ReligionisfromtheHouseofthisman. Hishamburstintoanger.Hewishedthattheearthwouldswallowhimup.Hewasdispleasedto hearthispoemcalledalAsma'.Thatisbecauseitindicatedthehighsocialrankofthegreat Imam.BesidesitmadetheSyriansrecognizehim,fortheydidnotrecognizehimnordidthey recognizehisgrandfathers.Accordingly,HishamorderedalFarazdaqtobeimprisonedataplace calledAsfanbetweenMeccaandMedina.ImamZaynalAbidnheardofthat,sohesental Farazdaqtwelvethousanddirhams.However,alFarazdaqreturnedthem.Herefusedtoaccept themandsaid:IsaidthatconcerningyouasangerforAllahandHisApostle.TheImamreturned themandalFarazdaqagreedtoacceptthem.ThenalFarazdaqbegandispraisingHisham.[28] DeepSadness InthisworldnobodywasafflictedwithdisasterasImamZaynalAbidn,peacebeonhim.Thatis becausehesufferedfromthefearsofthedisasterofKarbala'.Hesawthestagesofthattragedy thatisimmortalintheworldofgrief.Hewasill,forillnessesanddiseasesattackedhim.Thosesad sightsmeltedhisheart.Thus,theymovedhimtoweepcontinuously.Hisdeepsadnessincreased inthecourseofdays.So,sadnessmeltedhim.Hissadnessforhisfatherbecamegreattothe extentthathemixedhisfoodwithhistears.[29]Thus,someofhisfollowersbeggedhimtobe patient,saying:Weareafraidthatyouwillbeamongtheperished.However,theImam answeredthemkindly:IexpressmygriefandmysadnessbeforeAllah.Iknowwhatyoudonot know.IndeedJacobwasaprophet.Hehadtwelvechildren.Allahconcealedonofhischildren. Jacobknewthathischildwasliving.Still,heweptoverhimtotheextentthathiseyesbecame whitebecauseofsadness.Forme,Ilookedatmyfather,mybrothers,myuncles,andmy companions.Theywerekilledaroundme.So,howdoesmysadnessend?WhenIrememberthe murderofthesonofFatima(ImamHusayn),Iburstintotears.WhenIlookatmyauntsandmy sisters,IrememberthedaywhentheyescapedfromtenttotentattheBattleofKarbala'. Nevertheless,thecallerofthepeopleshouted:Burnthetentsoftheoppressive.'

ThosepainfulsightsthatoccurredatKarbala'motivatedhissadnessandsorrow.So,heis numberedasoneofthefiveweepingpersonswhohaverepresentedsadnessandweepinginthe arenaoflifeforcenturies. ImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim,witnessedthatexhaustingsadnessthatbefellhisfather.Thus,he becameveryimpatient.Perhapshesharedhisfatherhisweepingandhisgrief. HisCommandmentstohisSonalBaqir ThegreatImamsuppliedhissonalBaqirandallhischildrenwitheducationalcommandmentsfull ofhighmannersandnoblevalues.Theyachievesafety,rest,andtranquillitytothosewhoput themintopractice.Thefollowingaresomeofthem: 1.He,peacebeonhim,saidtohisson,alBaqir:OMylittleson,donotmakefriendswithfive (persons),anddonottalkwiththem.Donotmakefriendswiththesinner,forhesellsyoufora mealorlessthanit.I(alBaqir)said:Myfather,whatdoyoumeanbylessthanit?'Hereplied: Hewishesforit,thenhewillnotobtainit.'Donotmakefriendswiththemiser,forheabandons youwhenyouareinneedofhim.Donotmakefriendswiththeliar,forheislikethemirage.He makesthenear(things)farforyou,andhemakesthedistant(things)nearforyou.Donotmake friendswiththefool,forhewantstoavailyoubutheharmsyou.Itwassaid:Awiseenemyis betterthanafoolishfriend.'Donotmakefriendswithhimwhoabandonshiscloserelatives,for heiscursedatthreeplacesinAllah'sBook:intheChapterofMohammed,Allah,theMostHigh, said:Butifyouheldcommand,youweresuretomakemischiefinthelandandcutoffthetiesof kinship!ItisthosewhomAllahhascursed.So,Hehasmadethemdeafandblindedtheireyes.'[30] IntheChapterofalRad,Allah,theExalted,said:AndthosewhobreakthecovenantofAllah afteritsconfirmationandcutasunderthatwhichAllahhasorderedtobejoinedandmake mischiefintheland;(asfor)those,uponthemshallbeacurseandtheyshallhavetheevil(issue) oftheabode.[31]IntheChapterofalAhzab,Allah,theMostHigh,said:Surely(asfor)thosewho speakevilthingsofAllahandHisApostle,Allahhascursedtheminthisworldandthehereafter, andHehaspreparedforthemachastisementbringingdisgrace.[32][33] InthesecommandmentstheImam,peacebeonhim,warnedMoslemsofmakingfriendswiththe abovementionedpersonswhosemoralsarebad,forthepsychologicalillnessesofsuchpeople passalongtheirfriends.Indeedfriendshiphasagreateffectonformingthepersonalbehaviorof theindividual. 2.He,peacebeonhim,recommendedhisson,alBaqir,withthesevaluablecommandments.He saidtohim:Dogoodforeverybodywhoasksyouforit.Ifheisappropriateforit,thenyouare rightingivingit.Ifheisinappropriateforit,thenyouareappropriateforit.Ifamanabusesyou onyourrighthandandthenthemanmovestoyourlefthandandapologizestoyou,thenaccept hisapology.[34] ThesecommandmentsarefullofthenobleethicswhichthemembersoftheHouse(ahlalBayt), peacebeonthem,adopted.TheyurgedtheMoslemstodogoodandaskedthemtoforgivethose

whomistreatedthem.Thesearethemostprominentqualitiesofthem. 3.ImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim,said:Myfather,Alib.alHusayn,saidtohischildren:Be carefulofsmallandbigliesduringseriousnessandjoking.Thatisbecauseifthepersontellsa smalllie,hewilltellabigone.[35] TheImam,peacebeonhim,urgedhischildrentoadoptgooddeeds.Heplantednoblequalitiesin themselves.Hepreventedthemfrompracticingthedeedsthatcorruptman'sbehavior. 4.ImamZaynalAbidn,peacebeonhim,recommendedhisson,ImamalBaqir,tocleavetothe followingexcellentcommandments.He,peacebeonhim,said:Mylittleson,intellectisthe guideofthesoul.Knowledgeistheguideoftheintellect.Intellectisthetranslatorofknowledge. Knowthatknowledgeismoresurviving,thetongueismoreprattling,andthatthereformofall theworldisintwowordsclevernessandheedlessness.[36]Formandoesnotneglectswhathe hasalreadyregonized.Knowthatthehoursdecreaseyourlifetime.Youdonotobtainablessing butthroughleavinganotherblessing.Bewareofthelonghope.[37] Thesearesomeofhiscommandments.Theyarefullofhighmorals,valuablewisesayings,and sounddirections.TheImamdidnotputthemforhischildrenonly.Ratherheputthemforall peopleregardlessoftheirnationalitiesandtheirreligions. HisSupplicationsforhisChildren Asforallhissupplications,theyrepresentanoriginbrightsideofthesidesofIslamiceducation. Theyarethebestwaystoeducatesoulsandtoimprovemorals. ThegreatImamknewthatblackcloudsofsocial,moralandreligiousdeteriorationprevailedinthe communityduringhistime.So,heputhissupplicationsknownasalSahifaalSajjadiya'.Through themhewantedtocurepsychologicaldiseasesandtorenewthementalandspiritualqualitiesof thecommunity.ThesupplicationsareamongthemostvaluableIslamicworksaftertheHolyKoran andNahjjalBalagha. IndeedImamZaynalAbidn'ssupplicationsarefullofknowledge,wisesayings,andspiritual Islamicbelief.Theysupplythecommunitywiththeteachingsnecessarytoachieveitsindividual andsocialbalance.Amonghisholysupplicationsforhischildrenisthefollowing.He,peacebeon him,said: OAllah,bekindtomethrough thesurvivalofmychildren, settingthemrightforme, andallowingmetoenjoythem! OAllah,makelongtheirlivesforme, increasetheirterms, bringupthesmallestforme, strengthentheweakestforme, rectifyformetheirbodies,

theirreligiousdedication, andtheirmoraltraits, makethemwellintheirsouls,theirlimbs, andeverythingthatconcernsmeoftheiraffair, andpouroutformeanduponmyhand theirprovisions! Makethempious,fearing,insightful,hearing, andobedienttowardYou, lovingandwelldisposedtowardYourfriends, andstubbornlyresistantandfullofhate towardallYourenemies! Amen! OAllah,throughthemstrengthenmyarm, straightenmyburdenedback, multiplymynumber, adornmypresence, keepalivemymention, sufficemewhenIamaway, helpmeinmyneeds, andmakethemlovingtowardme, affectionate,approaching,upright, obedient,neverdisobedient,disrespectful opposed,oroffenders! Helpmeintheirupbringing,theireducation, andmydevotiontowardthem, givemeamongthemfromYourselfmalechildren, makethatagoodforme, andmakethemahelpforme inthatwhichIaskfromYou! GivemeandmyprogenyrefugefromtheaccursedSatan, forYouhavecreatedus,commandedus,andprohibitedus, andmadeusdesiretherewardofwhatYouhavecommanded andfearitspunishment! Youassignedtousanenemy whoschemesagainstus, gavehimanauthorityoverus inawaythatYoudidnotgiveusanauthorityoverhim, allowedhimtodwellinourbreasts andlethimruninourbloodvessels; heisnotheedlessthoughweareheedless,

hedoesnotforgetthoughweforget; hemakesusfeelsecurefromyourpunishment andfilluswithfeartowardotherthanYou. Ifweareabouttocommitanindecency, hegivesuscouragetodoso, andifweareabouttoperformarighteouswork, heholdsusbackfromit. Heopposesusthroughpassions andsetsupforusdoubts. Ifhepromisesus,helies andifheraisesourhopes,hefailstofulfillthem. IfYoudonotturnhistrickeryawayfromus, hewillmisguideus, andifYoudonotprotectusfromhiscorruption, hewillcauseustoslip. OAllah,sodefeathisauthorityoverusthroughYourauthority, suchthatYouholdhimbackfromus throughthefrequencyofoursupplicationtoYou andweleavehistrickery andriseupamongthosepreservedbyYoufromsin! OAllah,grantmemyeveryrequest, accomplishformemyneeds withholdnotfrommeYourresponse whenYouhavemadeYourselfaccountableforittome, veilnotmysupplicationfromYourself, whenYouhavecommandedmetomakeit, andbekindtomethrougheverythingthatwillsetmeright inthisworldandthenext, ineverythingthatIrememberorforget, displayorconceal, makepublicorkeepsecret! Inallofthis,placemethroughmyaskingYouamong thosewhosetthingsright, thosewhoareansweredfavorably whentheyrequestfromYou andfromwhomisnotwithheld whentheyputtheirtrustinYou, thoseaccustomedtoseekrefugeinYou, thosewhoprofitthroughcommercewithYou, thosegrantedsanctuarythroughYourmight,

thosegivenlawfulprovisioninplentyfromYourboundlessbounty throughYourmunificenceandgenerosity, thosewhoreachexaltationafterabasementthroughYou thosegrantedsanctuaryfromwrongthroughYourjustice, thosereleasedfromafflictionthroughYourmercy, thosedeliveredfromneedafterpovertythroughYourriches, thosepreservedfromsins,slips,andoffensesthroughreverentialfeartowardYou, thosesuccessfulingoodness,rightconduct,andproprietythroughobeyingYou, thosewalledofffromsinsthroughYourpower, theretainersfromeveryactofobediencetowardYou, thedwellersinYourneighborhood! OAllah,giveallofthatthroughYourbestowalofsuccessandYourmercy, grantusrefugefromthechastisementoftheburning, andgivetoalltheMoslems,maleandfemale, andallthefaithful,maleandfemale, thelikeofwhatIhaveaskedformyselfandmychildren, intheimmediateofthisworld andthedeferredofthenext! VerilyYouaretheNear,theResponder, theAllhearing,theAllknowing, thepardoner,theForgiving, theClement,themerciful! Andgivetousinthisworldgood, andinthenextworldgood, andprotectusfromthechastisementoftheFire![38] IndeedthegreatImamputthemethodsofeducationandtheethicsofIslamthroughthisholy supplication,whichisamongthegiftsofProphethood,thefragrantsmellsoftheImamate,and thebrightpagesoftheheritageofthemembersoftheHouse(ahlalBayt),peacebeonthem.The Imamtookcareofthissupplicationtoeducatethemoralsofhischildrenandtopurifytheirsouls fromdeviationfromtherightpathandsins.HeprayedforAllahtosetrighttheirreligion,to protectthemfromcommittingwhatheprohibited,andtosetrighttheirconductsothatthey wouldbethedelightofhiseyeandahelpforhimtoachievetheaffairsofthislife.Itisnaturalfor thefathertobehappywhenhischildisrighteous.Whenthechilddeviates,heturnshisparents' lifeintoanunbearableinferno. InProtectionfromImmortality ThegreatImamoverexertedhimselfinworship.HewasveryloyaltoAllah.Thepeoplesaw nobodylikehiminpietyandintensecleavingtothereligion.Hislifewasaschoolforpiety,belief,

education,andreform.Thepeopleadmiredhimverymuch,forhewastherestofthe ProphethoodandofAllahinHisearth.Thus,theywerehappytoseehim,tositwithhim,andto talkwithhim.ThiswasdifficultfortheUmayyadswhowerethemostmaliciousofallthepeople towardstheProphet'sfamily.TheywereafraidoftheImam,forthepeopleadmiredhimvery much,andtalkedabouthisvastknowledge.Amongthemostmalicioustowardshimwasal Wal~db.AbdalMalik.AlZuhrireportedthatalWal~dsaid:IhavenorestaslongasAlib.al Husaynisinthisworld.[39]Whenthisspitefulpersonbecamecaliph,hedecidedtokilltheImam. AlWal~dpoisonedtheImam AlWal~dcommittedthemostdangerouscrimeinIslam.Hesentdeadlypoisontohisgovernorof Medina(Yathrib).HecommandedhimtogivethepoisontotheImamtodrink.[40]Hisgovernor carriedoutthatorder.WhentheImamwasgiventhepoisontodrink,hesufferedfromsevere pains.HeremainedaliveforsomedaysonthedeathbedexpressinghisgrieftoAllah.Thepeople crowdedtovisithim.However,he,peacebeonhim,waspraisingAllahforgrantinghim martyrdomatthehandsoftheworstofHiscreatures. HisDesignationfortheImamateofalBaqir He,peacebeonhim,chargedhisson,alBaqir,withtheImamateafterhimanddesignatedhimas theImam.AlZuhrisaid:[Iwenttohimtovisithim.ThenIsaidtohim:]IfAllah'sunavoidable orderoccurs,whomshallwefollowafteryou? TheImamlookedatmekindlyandsaidtome:Thissonofmine,pointingtohissonalBaqir,for heismytrustee,myinheritor,andthecontainerofmyknowledge.Heistheoriginofknowledge andtheonewhowillsplititopen. Willyounotdesignateyoureldestson? AbuAbdAllah,oldnessandyoungnessdonotconcerntheImamate.Inthismanner,Allah's Apostle,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,nominatedus.Thus,wehavefounditwritteninthe tabletandtheparchment. SonoftheApostleofAllah,didyourProphetentrustyoutobethetrustees(ofauthority)after him? Wehavefoundtwelvenamesintheparchmentandthetablet.TheirImamate,theirfathers' names,andtheirmothers'nameshavebeenwritteninthetablet.Thenhesaid:Sevenofthe trusteeswillcomeforthfromthebackofMohammed,myson.AlMahdiwillbeoneofthem.[41] SomeprominentShiitescametohim.HetoldthemabouttheImamateofhissonalBaqir.He appointedhimastheauthorityandleaderforthecommunityofhisgrandfather.Thenhegave himabasketandaboxinwhichweretheprophets'heritageandtheweaponandthebooksof theApostleofAllah,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily.[42]

HisBequeststohisSonalBaqir ImamZaynalAbidn,peacebeonhim,entrustedhistrusteeandtheLordofhissons,Imamal Baqir,peacebeonhim,tocarryouthisbequeststhatareasfollow: 1.Hesaidtohim:Throughthisshecamelofmine,Iperformedthehajjtwentytimes.Ihave neverwhippedit.Whenitdies,buryitsoasthebeastsofpreydonoteatitsmeat.Thatis becauseAllah'sApostle,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,said:Allahnumbersthecamelfrom theblessingsofHeavenwhenthepilgrimperformsthehajjseventimesthroughit.AndHemakes blesseditsprogeny.ImamalBaqircarriedthatout.[43] 2.Headvisedhimtocarryoutthefollowingvaluablebequestthatdenotesomebrightqualitiesof themembersoftheHouse(ahlalBait),peacebeonthem.Hesaidtohim:Iadviseyouwithwhat myfatheradvisedmewhendeathcametohim.Hesaidtome:Mylittleson,bewareof oppressinghimwhohasnosupporteragainstyoubutAllah.[44] 3.Heentrustedhimtowashandshroudhimandtotakecareofallhisaffairstillheburiedhimin hisfinalrestingplace.[45] TotheHighComrade TheImamwasinacriticalcondition,forthedeathpangsbecamemoreserious.Themembersof hisHouseweretoldthathewouldmovetoParadiseinthedarknessofthenight.Hefaintedthree times.Whenhegotwell,hereadthechapterofalWaqiaandthechapterofInnaFatahna,and thenhe,peacebenohim,said:PraisebelongstoAllah,Whohasmadegoodtoushispromise, andhasmadeusinherittheland;weabideinthegardenwhereweplease;sogoodlyisthe rewardoftheworkers.[46] ThenthatgreatsoulascendedtoitsCreatorasthesoulsoftheprophetsandoftheapostles ascended.TheangelsoftheMercifulsurroundedit.Allah'sfavors,greetings,andpleasure surroundedittoo.HissoulascendedtoHeavenafterithadenlightenedthehorizonsofthis universeandtheworldsofthisworldhadshonethroughit.Thatisbecauseithadleftbehindit noblepracticesthroughwhichtheperplexedoneandthestrayingonefollowtherightway. HisPreparationforBurial ImamAbuJafar(alBaqir)preparedhisfather'sbody.Whenhewashedhisbody,thepeoplesaw theplacesofhisprostration(inprayer).Theyweresimilartothecamel'skneelsbecauseofhis manyprostrationsforhisCreator.Thepeoplelookedathisshoulders.Theylookedlikethe camel'skneelstoo.Thus,thepeopleaskedalBaqiraboutthat.Hetoldthemthathisfather's

shouldersweresobecauseofthefoodbaghecarriedonthemforthepoorandthedeprived. AfteralBaqirhadwashedhisfather'sbody,heshroudeditandprayedoverit. HisFuneral ImamZaynalAbidnwasescortedtohisfinalrestingplaceinthemannerwhichMedina(Yathrib) hadneverseenbefore.Thepiousandthesinnerspaidhimthelasthours.Allthepeoplewept overhim,fortheylostmuchgoodathisdeath.Moreover,theylostthathighsoulofwhichnosoul wascreated.Thepeoplecrowdedaroundthatholybody.Theywerehappytoraiseit.Itwas strangethatSa~db.alMusayyab,oneofthesevenjuristsinMedina,didnotescorttheImam anddidnotprayoverhim.Hushrum,Ashjasretainer,blamedhimforthat.Sa~dsaidtohim:To praytworaqasinthemosqueismorelovableformethantoprayoverthisgoodmanfromthe goodHouse.[47]Sa~dwasdeprivedofescortingtheImamwhowasthemostpioushumanbeing Allahcreatedafterhispuregrandfathers. TohisfinalRestingPlace ThepeoplewerearoundthegreatbodypraisingandglorifyingAllah.Theybroughtittothe (cemetery)ofBaqialGharqad.Theydugagraveforitbesidethegraveofhispureuncle,Imam alHasanb.Ali,theLordoftheyouthofHeaven.ImamalBaqirburiedhisfather'sbodyinitsfinal restingplace.Heburiedwithitkindness,piety,clemency,andthespiritualqualitiesofthe prophetsandofthepious. ThenthepeoplehurriedtowardImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim,tocondolehim.TheImam,his bothers,andalltheHashimitesthankedthemforthat. Afterhehadburiedhisfatheratthe(cemetery)ofBaqialGharqad,ImamAbuJafar(alBaqir), peacebeonhim,wenthomeweepingTheHashimites,thechildrenoftheCompanions(ofthe Prophet),andthenotableMoslemssurroundedhim.TheywereweepingoverImamZaynal Abidnandmentioninghistraitsandhisdeeds.Theywerealsomentioningwithgreatsorrowthe heavylossthatbefelltheMoslemsathisdeath. Afterhisfather'sdeath,ImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim,undertookthespiritualleadershipand thegeneralauthorityoftheMoslemworld.TheImamateandthereligiousleaderwiththeShiites passedtohim.[48]Fromthatmoment,hebegantoproclaimknowledgeandtoteachthescholars speciallessonsabouttheaffairsofIslamicLawandtherulesofreligion.Mosthistorians mentionedthathelivedfor39yearsundertheprotectionofhisfather.[49]TheorientalistRoait M.ReynoldsmadeamistakewhenhementionedthattheImam'sagewas19yearswhenthe Imamatepassedtohim.[50]Thathasoccurredbecauseofthepaucityofthestudiesontheaffairs ofIslamichistory.

Fabrication InhisbookalTar~kh',b.AsakirreportedsomefabricationsontheauthorityofMohammedb. JafaralSamiry,whosaid:IheardAbuMusa,theeducator,say:Qaysb.alNumansaid:Oneday IwenttosomegraveyardsofMedina.Suddenly,Ifoundaboy.Theboywassittingbesideagrave andweepingloudly.Raysoflightwerecomingoutofhisface.Iwalkedtowardhimandsaid:O Boy,whathasmadeyousadtotheextentthatithasmadeyoulonelyatthegraveyardsandweep overthedeedwhileyouareintheinexperienceofboyhoodpayingnoattentiontothedifference ofthetimesandthelongingofgrief?Theboyraisedhisheadandloweredit.Hekeptsilentforan hourwithoutgivingananswer.Thenheraisedhisheadandsaid: Indeedtheboyishewhoseintellectisyoung. Neitheryoungnessnoroldnesshasabasedthewisefromus. Thenhesaidtome:Youhavenoabilitytothink.Yourbowelsarefreefromsorrow.Youfeelsafe fromtheapproachofdeaththroughthelonghope.Indeedthethingthathasmademelonelyat thegraveyardremindsmeoftheWordsofAllah,theGreatandAlmighty:Andthetrumpetshall beblown,whenlo!fromthegravestheyshallhastenontotheirLord.'So,Isaid:Maymyfather andmotherberansomforyou,whoareyou?Hesaid:Theunhappinessofthefoolsisthattheir knowledgeofthechildrenoftheprophetsislittle.IamMohammedb.Alib.alHusayn.Thisisthe graveofmyfather.Whichsociabilityismoresociablethanhisnearness?Whichlonelinessiswith him?Thenhecomposed,saying: Whenmytearsdecreaseatamisfortune, Imakeweepingacauseforit. Qayssaid:Iwentaway.Ididnotleavethevisitationofthegravesfromthattime.[51]This reportwasfabricated,foritdenotesthattheImamwasstillyoungafterhisfather'sdeath. However,thehistorianshaveunanimouslyagreedthathisholyagewas39years.Thus,whenwe considercarefullythisreport,weunderstandthatitisamongthefabrications. WiththisourtalkaboutImamMohammedalBaqirunderthewingofhisfatherandofhis grandfatherisover.Heinheritedfromthemthegreatestthingwhichthebranchesinheritfrom theorigins.Heinheritedfromthemknowledge,wisdom,andsoundjudgments. [1]TarikhDimashq,vol.51,p.38.SiyarAlamalNubala,vol.4,p.241. [2]AlYaqubi,Tarikh,vol.2,p.61. [3]Ibid,vol.2,p.46. [4]TahdhibalTahdhib,vol.7,p.305. [5]HulyatalAwliya,vol.3,p.309. [6]TabaqatalFuqaha,p.34. [7]AlYaqubi,Tarikh,vol.2,p.48. [8]HulyatalAwliya,vol.3,p.141. [9]TahdhibalTahdhib,vol.7,p.305.

[10]ImamZaynalAbidin,p.73. [11]AlBidayawaalNihaya,vol.9,p.104. [12]WasilatalMalfiAdManaqibalAl,p.208. [13]SaffwatalSafwa. [14]WasilatalMalfiAdManaqibalAl,p.208. [15]RadialDinalTubrisi,MakarimalAkhlaq,p.143. [16]AlDuralNazim,p.181.AlAnwaralBahiya,p.103. [17]BiharalAnwar,vol.2,p.83. [18]AlDuralNazim,p.179. [19]DurralAbkarfiSafwatalAkhyar. [20]AlamalWara,p.360. [21]AlDuralNazim,p.179. [22]AhmedFahmi,ImamZaynalAbidin,pp.7273. [23]HulyatalAwliya,vol.3,p.136. [24]Ibid. [25]Ibid. [26]DaaimalIslam,vol.2,p.188. [27]Ibid,p.156. [28]NihayatalIrab,vol.21,pp.327331. [29]HayatalImamalHusayn,vol.3,p.327. [30]Koran,47,2223. [31]Koran,13,25. [32]Koran,33,57. [33]AlIthafbiHubalAshraf,p.282. [34]TuhafalUqul,p.282. [35]WasailalShia,vol.3,p.232. [36]Manyauthorsascribedthesegoldenwords toImamalBaqir. [37]AlKhazzaz,KifayatalAthar,p.319. [38]ImamZaynalAbidin,alSahifaalSajjadiya,supplicationno.25. [39]HayatalImamAlib.alHusayn,p.426. [40]IbnalSabbagh,alFusulalMuhimma,p.233. [41]IthbatalHudat,vol.5,p.264. [42]Ibid,p.268. [43]AlBarqi,alMahasin,vol.2,p.635. [44]AlKhisal,p.185. [45]AlKharaijj,p.20. [46]RoudatalKafi. [47]AlKashi,Rijal,p.76. [48]AlAqdalFarid,vol.5,p.204.

[49]IbnAbialThaljjalBaghdadi,TarikhalAimma,p.5. [50]AqidatalShia,p.123. [51]IbnAsakir,Tarikh,vol.51,pp.4445. Chapterlll:HisBrothersandHisChildren AsfortheresearchbouttheSharifsfromthebrothersandchildrenofImamalBaqirandabout theirrelationshipwithhim,itisnecessaryaccordingtomodernstudies.Thatisbecauseitdenotes asideofhislifeunderthewingofhisfamilyanditisnumberedamongtheeducationalfactors thataffecttheindividual'scharacterastheeducationalistssay.Thatisasfollows: HisBrothers AsfortheImam'srelationshipwithhisbrothers,itwasverystrong.Loveandfamiliarityprevailed. Itwasfarfrombitterobscenelanguage.Itwassaidtohim: Whichofyourbrothersisthemostlovableyou? He,peacebeonhim,repliedthathedidnotdiscriminateagainstanyoneofthemandthathe lovedthemallandwasloyaltothemall.Hesaid: AsforAbdAllah,heismyhandwithwhichIassault.[1]AsforUmar,heismeeyethroughwhich Isee.AsforalHusayn,heisclement.Hewalkscalmlyontheearth.Whentheignorantaddress them,theysay:greetings.[2] TheImam'sbrothershadallthenoblequalitiessuchaspiety,Godfearingness,andrighteousness. Theirfather,ImamZaynalAbidn,peacebeonhim,fedthemfromhisguidanceandbestowed onthemraysfromhissoul.Thus,theraysenlightenedtheirheartsthroughthetrueIslamandthe truebelief.Now,wewillgiveabriefideaabouttheiraffairs: ZaydtheMartyr AsforZaydthemartyr,hefilledtheworldwithhisknowledgeandhisoutstandingqualities.He wasamongthenotablesoftheProphet'sfamilywhoraisedAllah'sWordshighintheearthand sacrificedtheirsoulsforAllahtoestablishIslamicjustice,torepeattheKoranicgovernment amongpeople,andtoendthesocialoppressionwhichtheUmayyadregimespreadamongthe people.Now,wewillmentionsomeofhislifeandhisaffairs.

HisBirth Zaydthemartyrwasbornintheyear78A.H.[3]Itwassaidthathewasbornintheyear75A. H.[4]Whenhisfather,ImamZaynalAbidn,peacebeonhim,wasgivengoodnews,hetookthe HolyKoranandopenedit.Thus,theholyverseappeared:SurelyAllahhasboughtofthe believerstheirsoulsandtheirpropertyforthis,thattheyshallhavethegarden.[5]Heclosedthe Koranandthenheopeneditagain,sothisverseappeared:Andreckonnotthosewhoarekilled inAllah'swayasdead;naytheyarealive(and)areprovidedsustenancefromtheirlord.[6]He closedtheKoranandopenedit,sothisverseappeared:Allahhasmadethestriverswiththeir propertyandtheirsoulstoexceltheholdersbacka(high)degree.[7] TheImamwasdazzledandbegansaying: Ihavebeencondoledconcerningthisboy.Surelyhewillbeamongthemartyrs.[8] TheImam,peacebeonhim,predictedthemartyrdomandtoldhiscompanionsaboutit.Thus, theyhadnodoubtaboutthat. HisEarlyLife ZaydgrewupintheHousesofProphethoodandoftheImamate.Hisfather,ImamZaynalAbidn, whowasthebesthumanbeingduringhistime,fedhimwiththeessenceofwisdom.Hetookcare ofhismanners.Hedrewthewayofguidanceandgoodforhim.Heaffectedhisbehavior.Thus,his father'sbrighthabitswereimpressedinhismind.Thehistorianssaid:Zayd'smostprominent qualitieswereasceticism,piety,andconformingtothereligion.Hedidnotfollowtheleadership ofhimself.RatherhepreferredthepleasureandobedienceofAllahtoallthings. Fromhischildhood,ZaydhadacloserelationshipwithhisbrotheralBaqirwhowasthesuccessor andtrusteeofhisfatherandtheinheritorofhisknowledge.Itisnaturalthatthisrelationshiphad agreateffectonhisbehaviorandhischaracter.Thatisbecausehisbehaviorandhischaracter weresimilartothoseofhisgrandfatherswhomAllahpurifiedfromuncleanlinessandmadefar fromthemthesinsofthisworld. HisWorshipandhisPiety ZaydwasloyaltoAllahinworshipandturnedtoHiminrepentance.'Asimb.UbaydalUmari said:WhenZaydwasayoungmaninMedina,IsawhimpraiseAllahtotheextentthathe fainted.Thus,thepeoplesaidthathewouldnotcomebacktothisworld.[9]Withthepeopleof Medina,hewasknownastheAllyoftheKoran.[10]Theprostration(inprayer)affectedhis face[11]becauseofhismanyprayersduringwholethenight.[12]Withhissentimentsandhis feelings,heturnedhisfacetowardAllah.Moreover,hefollowedeverythingthatbroughthimnear

Allahinstation. HisKnowledgeandhisLiterature Zaydwasamongtheprominentscholarsofhistime.Hewasanencyclopediaoftraditions, jurisprudence,theexplanation(oftheKoran),language,literature,andtheology.Jabirasked ImamMohammedalBaqir,peacebeonhim,aboutZayd.He,peacebeonhim,replied:You askedmeaboutamanwhoisfullofbeliefandknowledgefromtheendsofhishairtohis foot.[13] He,peacebeonhim,said:IndeedZaydwasgivenabundantknowledge.[14]Zaydtalkedabout hisvastknowledgeandeducationwhenhepreparedhimselftoleadthecommunityandtorevolt againsttheUmayyadgovernment.Hesaid: ByAllah,IdidnotgooutnordidImakethisuprisingofminetillIhavereadtheKoran,mastered thereligiousduties,havecommandofthesunna(theProphet'spractices),andmorals,knownthe interpretationasIhaveknowntheKoran,understoodtheabrogating(verse)andtheabrogated, thespecificandgeneral,theclearlydefinedandtheambiguous,andthenecessaryneedsofthe community.IndeedIknowmyLordclearly.[15] SurelyZaydwasamongthemostprominentjuristsandamongthegreatestreportersoftradition. Helearnedhisknowledgefromhisfather,ImamZaynalAbidn,peacebeonhim,andfromhis brother,ImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim,whosplitopenknowledgeashisgrandfather,the Apostle,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,said.Theyfedhimwithallkindsofknowledge. Moreover,helearnedfromthemtheprinciplesandbranchesofthethoughtandtheexplanation (oftheKoran).Thus,hewasamongthefirstclassfiguresinhisoutstandingmeritsandknowledge. AlShahristanithoughtthatZaydstudiedunderWasilb.Ata'andlearnedalitizal(seclusion)from him.Hesaid:He(Zayd)wantedtoknowtheprinciplesandthebranchestobeendowedwith knowledge,sohelearnedtheprinciplesfromWasilb.Ata',theheadoftheMutazilites.Worth mentioning,Wasilb.Ata'thoughtthatZayd'sgrandfather,Alib.Ab~Talib,peacebeonhim,was notsureofcorrectnessduringhisbattlesagainsttheCompanionsoftheCamelandtheSyrians andthatoneofthetwopartieswaswrong.Forthisreason,Zaydlearnedalitizal(seclusion)from him.[16] Thisideaisincorrect,forZayddidnottakehisreligiousknowledgefromWasil.Ratherhelearned itfromhisfatherandhisbrother,whoenlightenedthescientificintellectuallifeofIslam. ThejuristsandtheheadsoftheIslamicSchoolstooktheirreligiousknowledgedirectlyfromthe ImamsofthemembersoftheHouse(ahlalBayt),peacebeonthem,orfromoneoftheir students.So,whywouldZaydgotoWasiltotakeknowledgefromhim?[17]ShaykhAbuZahra said:ZaydmetWasiltodebatewithhim.Hewasnothisstudent,fortheywereofthesameage. Zaydwasgrownup.Headded:Zaydlearnedthebranchesoftherulesfromhisfamily.Thatwas inMedina,thecradleofthescienceofthebranches.[18] Zaydlearnedhisreligiousknowledgefromhisfatherandhisbrother.Hewasamongthe

prominentjuristsduringhistime.AbuKhalidalWasityreportedagroup(oftraditions)onhis authority.Theyareaboutjurisprudencesuchasworshipsandtransactions.Hecalledthem MusnadAhmed'.Wehavementionedthecriticismsofthisbookinourstudyonthebeliefsofthe Zaydis. AsforZayd'sliteraryposition,hewasamongthefirstclassinliteratureandeloquence.Hewas similartohisgrandfather,theCommanderoftheFaithful,peacebeonhim,ineloquence.[19]The historianssaid:ZayddebateduponabequestwithJafarb.alHasan.Whentheydebatedupon thebequestwitheachother,thepeopleovercrowdedaroundthemtoheartheirdebate.The peoplememorizedandwroteJafar'sandZayd'swords.Thentheylearnedthemastheylearned theobligatoryreligiousduties,rarepoetry,andproverbs.[20]SibawayhquotedZayd'spoetry. Zayd'sopponent,Hishamthetyrant,acknowledgedhisliteraryabilitiesandhisskillfulspeech.He said:Zaydhasasweettongueandastrongstyle.Heisappropriateforhidingthespeech.[21] Historyandliteraturebooksarefullofhiswonderfulwisesayings,whichareamongeloquent Arabicspeech. ImamalBaqiradmiredZayd ImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim,reveredandadmiredhisbrother,Zayd.Heshowedthedeepest affectionandthesincerestlovetowardshim.ThatisbecauseZaydwasamongthepeerlessmen andwasalivingexampleofuniqueheroism.Thehistoriansreportedexamplesofthataffection andadmiration.Thefollowingaresomeofthem: 1.ImamalBaqirsaid:Indeed,Zayd,themotherwhoboreyouwashighborn.OAllah,strengthen mybackbyZayd.[22]ThisindicatesthattheImamreveredandadmiredhisbrother,Zayd. 2.SudayralSayrafireported:I(Sudayr)waswithAbuJafaralBaqir,peacebeonhim.Suddenly, Zaydb.Alientered.AbuJafarpattedhimonthebackandsaidtohim:'ThisistheLordofthe Hashimites.Whenheordersyou,thenobeyhim.Whenheasksyouforthesupport,thensupport him.'[23]ThisindicatesthattheImamsummoned(thepeople)tosupportanddefendhim.He alsoregardedhisuprisingaslegal. 3.ThehistoriansreportedontheauthorityofamanfromtheHashimites,whosaid:Wewere sittingwithMohammed(alBaqir)b.Alib.alHusayn.Hisbrother,Zayd,wasalsositting.Thena manfromKufacamein.Mohammedb.Alisaidtotheman:'Younarrateoriginalpoetry.Whatdid alAnsarisaytohisbrother?'ThemanrecitedfortheImamsomelinesofpoetryhavingnoble qualities. AbuJafar(alBaqir)puthishandonZayd'sshoulderandsaidtohim:Mybrother,theseareyour qualities.IaskAllahtoprotectyousoasnottobekilledinIraq.[24] TheabovementionedlinesdenotethatZaydhadastrongwillandresolution.Hewasobedientto hisbrother.Hisqualitieswerenoble.Hewasappropriateforcarryingoutgreattasks.Nobodyhas suchqualitiesbutthematchlessones. ImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim,gavethehighestqualitiestohisbrotherandgrantedhimhisloyal

love.ThefactorofbrotherhooddidnotmotivatealBaqirtotreathisbrotherinsuchaway.That isbecausehisspiritualpositiondidnotpermithimtofollowsentimentsanddesires.Ratherhe thoughtthathisbrotherwasamongthemostperfecthumanbeings.So,hegrantedhimsuchlove andhonor. WithHishamb.AbdalMalik HishamboremaliceagainsttheProphet'sfamilyandharboredhatredagainstthem.Heordered hissecurityagentstokeepaneyeontheAlidsandtoknowtheirpoliticalactivities.Hissecurity agentsinformedhimofZayd'shighsocialrankandhisremarkableabilities.Theytoldhimthatthe peoplefollowedZaydandthattheylookedforwardtohisgovernment.Thus,Hishamplotted againsthim.HeorderedhisgovernoroverMedina(Yathrib)tosendZaydtoDamascus.When ZaydarrivedinDamascus,Hishamdidnotreceivehimtoweakenanddisdainhim.Whenthe SyrianssawthatZaydhadhighmorals,eloquentspeech,strongproofs,andreligiousdevoutness, theyfollowedhim.Hishamheardofthat,soheburstintoanger.Thenheaskedtheadviceof someofhisfollowerstoabaseandweakenZaydbeforetheSyrians.Theysaidtohim:Permitall thepeopletocometomeetyou.PreventZaydfromcomingwiththem.Thenlethimenterafter themall.Whenheentersandgreetsyou,donotgreethimanddonotorderhimtosit down.Hishamdidthat.HethoughtthatsuchanactionwoulddecreaseZayd'simportanceand weakenhischaracter.Somehistorianssaid:ZaydcameinandgreetedHisham.However,Hisham didnotgreethim.Thus,Zaydburstintoanger.Headdressedhimviolently,saying:Crosseyed, greetings!Indeedyouseeyourselfappropriateforthisname![25]Thesewordsdestroyedthe tyrant'smightandabasedhishaughtiness.So,heshoutedatZayd,saying:Ihaveheardthatyou mentionthecaliphateandwishforit.Still,youareinappropriateforit.Moreover,youaretheson ofaslavewife. ZaydopposedHisham.Hemockedathim.HebroughtproofstorefuteHisham'swords,saying: Surely,mothersdonotholdbackmenfromtheiraims.IndeedIsmael'smotherwasaslavefor Isaac'smother.However,Allahappointedhimprophet,madehimthefatheroftheArabs,and broughtoutfromhisbackthebestofprophets,Mohammed,mayAllahblesshimandhis family.[26] Hishamcouldnotcontrolhimselfbecauseofthesewonderfulwords.Heshookallover.Thus,he attackedImamMohammedalBaqir,saying:Whatdoesyourbrother,thecow(albaqara),do? Nobodyusestheseobscenewordsexcepttheignorantoneswhohavenoproof.Zaydfeltpain whenHishamabusedhisbrother.So,heturnedtothetyrantandsaidtohim:Allah'sApostlehas calledalBaqir(theonewhosplitsopenknowledge).Whydoyoucallhimalbaqara(thecow)? Thatisbecauseofthegreatdifferencebetweenyouandhim.Youwillopposehiminthehereafter asyouhaveopposedhiminthisworld.So,hewillenterParadiseandyouwillentertheFire.[27] Thesewordsshookthetyrant'sthrone.TheymadetheSyriansknowthatthetyrantwastheworst creatureandthathewasnotworthyofbeingapoliceman.HeopposedAllah'sApostle,mayAllah

blesshimandhisfamily.So,whywashetheCaliphovertheMoslems?Hishamwasunableto controlhimself,soheorderedhispolicetotakeZaydoutofhismeeting.[28]Zaydwentout.His heartwasfullofangerandpain.Thetyrant(Hisham)begansayingtohisfamily:Doyounotclaim thatthemembersofthisHousehaveperished?No,bymylife,thepeoplewhosedescendantis thishavenotperished.[29] Zaydwentout.HewasveryeagertoannouncehisuprisingagainsttheUmayyadgovernmentthat deniedallhumanvaluesanddisdainedthepeople'sdignity.Zayddeclaredhisuprisingthroughhis immortalwordsthatbecameamottoandanthemfortherevolutionistswhoenteredthefieldsof armedstruggle.Hesaid: Ifpeoplehatetheheatoftheswords,theybecomelow. ThisconfrontationbetweenZaydandHishamtookplaceduringthelifetimeofImamMohammed alBaqir,peacebeonhim.ThebookshavenotmentionedtheYearwhenthisconfrontation occurred.However,fromthatmoment,ZayddecidedtorevoltagainsttheUmayyadregime.Some ofhisfollowerssaidthattheywenttohimandheardrecitingthefollowingwordsofthepoet: Whoeverseekstheforbiddenglorywiththespear livesgloriousorthespearstearhim. Whenyougathertogetheracleverheartandasword andarefusalsoul,theoppressivewillavoidyou. Whenagroupofpeopleinvademe,Iinvadeit. OFamilyofHamadan,amIoppressiveinthat?[30] TheselinesofpoetryindicatethatZayddecidedtorevoltagainsttheUmayyadregimethrough enteringthefieldofarmedstruggle.Hechosethismethodtolivegloriousandnoble,tomakethe oppressiveavoidhim,andtoprotecthimselffromtheplotoftheaggressors.OhYouwhoare greatrevolutionary,youarenotoppressivenorareanaggressor.Ratheryouaretheonewho savedandfreedtheArabsandtheMoslemcommunityfromoppression,injustice,anddespotism. TheLegalUprising ItiscertainthatZaydwasnotjoyfulnorungratefulnoroppressivenorcorruptivewhenhe announcedhisuprising.RatherhewantedtoobtainAllah'spleasureandthehereafter.Surelyhe sawprevailingoppressionandgeneralinjustice.HesawtheUmayyadrulersviolateallthethings Allahprohibited.Thus,herevoltedagainstthemforAllahandthetruth.Thereporterssaid: WhenZayddecidedtorevolt(againsttheUmayyads),Jabirb.ZaydalJuficameandsaidtohim: Iheardyourbrother,AbuJafar(alBaqir),say:Indeedmybrother,Zaydb.Ali,willrevoltandhe willbekilled.Heisright.Woeuntohimwhobetrayshim!Woeuntohimwhofightagainsthim! WoeuntohimwhoKillshim.' So,Zaydsaidtohim:Icannotkeepsilent.ThatisbecausetheyhavedisobeyedAllah'sBook. Moreover,theyhavebelievedinidolsandfalsedeities.IsawamanwithHisham.Themanwas abusingAllah'sApostle,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily.Thus,Isaidtotheman:Unbeliever,

woeuntoyou.WhenImeetyou,IwillkillyouandsendyouquicklytotheFire.'So,Hishamsaid tome:Zayd,keepsilent.Heisourfriend.ThenI(Zayd)said:ByAllah,iftherewasnobody exceptIandmyson,Yahya,IwillgooutandfightagainsthimtillIhaveperished.[31] ImamAbuAllahalSadiq,peacebeonhim,praisedhisuncle(Zayd)verymuch.Healsoglorified hisreformativeuprising.Thenarratorssaid:AlSadiqsaidtohiscompanions:Donotsaythat Zayddisobeyed.Surely,Zaydwasareligiousscholar.Hewasverytruthful.Hedidnotsummon youforhimself.Rather,hesummonedyoutofollowalRidafromthefamilyofMohammed,may Allahblesshimandhisfamily.Ifhehadappeared,hewouldhavefulfilledwhathehadpromised you.Surely,herevoltedagainstthesupremeauthoritytochangeit.[32]AlSadiq,peacebeon him,gaveAbdalRahmanb.Sayyabaathousanddinarstodividethemamongthefamiliesof thosewhowerewoundedwithZayd.[33] Iftheuprisinghadbeenillegal,Zaydwouldhavenotdonethat.Thatisbecausehewasfarabove emotionsandsentiments. SomereportshavecondemnedZayd'suprising.Theyhaveregardeditasillegal.However,our mastersayyidImamalKhu'ihasdiscussedZayd'suprising.Hehasproventhatthechainofthe reportersisweak.So,nobodycanrelyonsuchachaintodefameZayd'scharacterand uprising.[34] However,Zayd'suprisingmadeintellectualsocialchangeintheIslamicsocietyandmadeitready torevoltagainsttheUmayyadgovernment.Fewyearspassed,thentheblackstandardswavedin Khurasan.ThentheycrepttoconquertheIslamiccountriesandtopurifythemfromthehirelings oftheUmayyadauthority.Thus,theyoverthrewtheUmayyadthroneandputanendtoits haughtinessanddespotism. TheGreatUprising ZaydrevoltedagainsttheUmayyadrulethroughhisfaiththatrepresentedtheessenceand guidanceofIslam.Indeedhesawaliarliving,atruthfulonewasaccusedoflying,richeswithout piety,commoninjustice,anddespotismintheaffairsoftheMoslems.So,hewasunabletokeep silent.SomeofhisShi'tiessaid:WewentoutwithZayd.WhenitwasmidnightandthePleiades appeared,hesaidtous:DoyounotseethePleiades?Doyouthingthatthereisanyonewhocan reachthem?' No,theyreplied. ByAllah,IwishthatmyhandwasattachedtothemandIfellonthegroundorwhereIfelland cutintopiecesandthatAllahreformedthecommunityofMohammed,mayAllahblesshimand hisfamily.[35] Thesewordsofhisindicatehisreformativenatureandhisgreatloyaltytothecommunityofhis grandfather,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamilyandhisfulldedicationtogeneralreform. Isab.AbdAllahreportedontheauthorityofhisgrandfatherMohammedb.Umarb.Ali,peace beonhim,whosaid:IwaswithZaydb.AliwhenHishamsentustoYousifb.Umar.Whenwe

leftHisham,weheadedforQadisiya(aprovinceinIraq).Whenwearrivedthere,Zaydsaid: Isolatemyprovisionfromyours.'So,hissonsaidtohim:Whatdoyouwanttodo?''Iwantto returntoKufa.ByAllah,ifIknowthatAllahispleasedwithmewhenIstrikefirewithmyhandto throwmyselfintoitwhenitisablaze,Iwilldoso.However,Iknowthatthereisnothingthat pleasesAllah,theGreatandAlmighty,morethanstrivingagainsttheUmayyads.[36] ZayddidnotrevoltagainsttheUmayyadsfortheCaliphateorthesupremeauthority.Ratherhe revoltedtoobtainAllah'spleasureandthehereafter.Hethoughtthatstrivingagainstthe oppressivewasamongthegreatestthingsthatwouldmakehimnearhimtoAllah.Thenhe headedforKufa,foritwasthegeneralcenteroftheShiiteswhoaskedhimtocometothemto pledgeallegiancetohimtorevoltagainsttheUmayyadgovernmentandtooverthrowit.The historianssaidthatagroupofhisloyalcompanionswarnedhimofgoingtoKufaandblamedhim forhavingtrustintheKufanswhowereknownfortreasonandbreakingpromises.However,he didnotpayattentiontothat,forhefoundnostrategicplaceforhisuprisingotherthanKufa.He wasrecitingthefollowingwordsofAntaraalAbsi: Shegotupearlyinthemorningtomakemeafraidofdeath. ItwasasifIwasinisolationfromtheaccidentsoflife. So,Iansweredherthatdeathwasawateringplaceandthat Iwouldbesurelywateredbytheglassofthewateringplace.[37] TheselinesofpoetryindicatesthatZayddecidedtoenterthefieldofarmedstruggleandthathe strovebravelytodrinkoutoftheglassofdeathtogetridofabasement,ashisgrandfather,Imam Husayn,theLordofthefree,andoftheabstinentonesinIslam. WhenZaydarrivedinKufa,theKufansreceivedhimwarmlyandhurriedtopledgeallegianceto him.Thenumberofthosewhopledgedallegiancetohimwasfifteenthousandpeople.Itwassaid thattheirnumberwasmorethanthis.Moreover,thejurists,thejudges,thegreatthinkers,and theprominentpoetspledgedallegiancetohim.AmongthemwerealAmash,Sadb.Kaddam, Qaysb.alRab~,alHasanb.Ammara,andthelike.[38]AbuHanifawasaskedaboutZayd'sgoing out,sohesaid:HisgoingoutwassimilartothegoingoutoftheApostleofAllah,mayAllahbless himandhisfamily,attheBattleofBadr.Headded:IfIhadknownthatthepeoplewouldnot abandonhimastheyhadabandonhisfather,Iwouldhavefoughtalongsidehim.However,I helpedhimwithmoney.[39] AsfortheformofthepledgeofallegiancewhichZaydtookfromthosewhopledgedallegianceto him,itisasfollows:Isummonyouto(follow)theBookofAllah,theSunna(practices)ofHis Apostle,tostriveagainsttheoppressive,todefendtheoppressed,togivetothedeprived,to dividebootyamongitspeople,topaytherightstotheirowners,tosupportthepeopleofthe truth,andthelike.[40] ThisformgivesapictureabouttheoriginalprinciplesforwhichZaydrevolted.Theyare: 1.Hesummoned(thepeople)toenliventheBookofAllahandtheSunnaofHisProphet.Thatis becausetheUmayyadpolicydrovethemawayfromlife. 2.HesummonedthemtostriveagainsttheUmayyadoppressiverulerswholedtheMoslems throughoppressionandinjusticeandforcedthemtoadoptwhattheyhated.

3.Hesummonedthemtodefendtherightsoftheoppressedandtogivetothedeprived.Indeed thisclassofpeopleweredeprivedofalltheirlegalrightsthroughouttheUmayyadrule. 4.HesummonedthemtodivideequallybootyandallfinancialrightsamongtheMoslems.The Umayyadsblunderedsuchrightsandspentthemontheirpleasuresandtheirprivatedesires. 5.Hesummonedthemtosupporttherighteouspeoplewhotookcareofthelawfulaffairsofthe community.TheyweretheguidesfromthemembersoftheHouse(ahlalBayt),peacebeon them. Zaydrevolted(againsttheUmayyads)toachievethesegreataimsintheIslamichomelandandto savethecommunityfrominjustice,oppression,andseverepunishmentsoftheUmayyads. Thehistorianssaid:Zaydhadalargearmedforce.Theirnumberwasfortythousandpeople. Thus,hethoughtthathehadtoannouncehisuprisingandtocreepwithhisarmiestooccupyKufa andtooverthrowtheUmayyadgovernment. HisarmiesstartedfromJabbanatSalim.[41]Theywerehailingtheirgreatleader,Zayd.Theywere veryeagertooverthrowUmayyadrule.Theywereshouting:YaMansur,amit.OHewhois victorious,bringdeath.[42] WhenZaydsawthestandardswavingoverhishead,hesaid:PraisebelongstoAllahWhohas guidedme.ByAllah,ifIdonotenjoin(thepeople)todogood,IwillfeelshameofAllah'sApostle, mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,whenImeethimatalHawd(holywaterinHeaven).[43]Then headdressedhisarmies,saying:CleavetothebehavioroftheCommanderoftheFaithfulin BasrahandSyria.Donotfollowthefugitive,donotkillthewounded,anddonotopenaclosed thing.[44] Thewarbrokeoutataverycoldnight.[45]ThatwasinMuharram23rd,intheyear122A.H. ArmedclashesoccurredbetweenZayd'sfollowersandtheUmayyadarmiesheadedbythe GovernorofKufa,Yousifb.Umar. TreasonandPerfidy TheKufansbetrayedZaydaftertheyhadmadeacovenantwithAllahtosupportanddefendhim. Theyabandonedhimatthebattle.Theylefthimwiththefewofhiscompanionsinthefieldof armedstruggle(jihad).WhenZaydknewoftheirtreason,hesaid: TheyhavedonetowardsmeastheyhaddonetowardsalHusayn. TheKufansbetrayedhimastheyhadbetrayedhisgrandfather,alHusayn,before.Zaydwassure ofthefailureofhisuprising.ItseemedtohimthattheKufanshadnoprotectionnorhadthey loyalty.Thus,heandhiscompanionstookpartatthebattlethathappenedinthestreetsofKufa. Heprovedhimselfbrave.Thepeopledidnotseeaknightbraverthanhim.[46] UndertheProtectionofImmortality

Zaydshowedbraveryandheroismwhichnobodycandepict.Hepursuedthearmiesandinflicted onthemheavycausalities.So,theUmayyadarmywasunabletoresistZayd'ssuccessiveattacks. Heattackedthemandrecitedthefollowingwordsofapoet: Iabaselifeandhonordeath. Iseethembothunhealthytaste. Ifoneofthemisnecessary, thenIwillwalktowardsdeathinaprettyway. SurelyZaydpreferredthegloryofdeathtotheabasementoflife,ashisgrandfatherspreferred that.Hedidnotyieldtoabasementandenslavement.Rather,hediedhonorablyundertheshade ofswords. Whenitgotdark,anarrowhitZaydintheforehead.[47]Thearrowreachedhisnoblebrainthat thoughtofnothingbutofman'srighteousnessandhappiness. Thedisasterbefellhiscompanions.Theywerefullofsorrowandsadness.Thus,theysentfora doctor.ThedoctortookthearrowoutofZayd'sforehead.However,Zayddiedimmediately.With thattheglowingcandlethatilluminatedthewayandmadeclearthepurposefortheMoslems wentout. Zayddiedasamartyrtoachievesocialjusticeintheearth,tosecureequalchancesforthe Moslems,andtodividetheblessingsoftheearthamongthepoorandthedeprivedwhoserights theUmayyadauthoritydenied. Thehistorianssaid:IndeedZayd'scompanionswereperplexedatburninghisbody.Thatis becausetheUmayyadauthoritywouldmaimitinasinfulway.Afteradiscussion,theydecidedto buryhisbodyinariver.Theywenttotheriverandstoppeditswater.Theydugagaveinitand buriedthepurebodyinit.Theymadethewaterflowonit.Thentheywentawayweepingover thegreatleaderwhotookcareoftherightsoftheoppressedandthepersecuted. OneofthespiesoftheauthoritieswasamongZayd'scompanions.Thespysawtheirmovements. Thus,hehurriedtoKufatotellitsgovernorabouttheplaceofthegrave.So,thegovernorordered thegravetobeduguptotakethebodyoutofit.Thus,thebodywastakenoutandcarriedtothe PalaceofKufa.TherethegovernororderedthebodytobehungupsidedownatalKanasa Market.ThenheorderedtheheadtobecutofftobesentasagifttotheSyriantyrant,Hishamb. AbdalMalik.Thecrueltyrantorderedtheheadtobeputathismeeting.Heorderedthosewho cametohimtosteponitwiththeirshoestoabaseitverymuch.[48]Thenhemadethehenspeck itsbrain.Inthisconnection,thepoetsaid: DismisstheroosterfromZayd'sbrain aslongasthechickensdidnottreadonhim.[49] (Heis)thegrandsonoftheProphet,thenoblestofallAllah'screatures,theadornmentofthe delegationsandpilgrims. TheycarriedrunninghisheadtoSyriaintheearlymorning.[50] Thetyrant(Hishamb.AbdalMalik)orderedtheheadtobehungonthegateofDamascus.Then theheadwassenttoMedina.[51]ItwasinstalledatthegraveoftheProphet,mayAllahblesshim andhisfamily,foradayandanight.[52]ThenitwassenttoEgypt.Allthatwasdonetospread

fearandterrorismamongthepeopleandtomakethemknowthattheauthoritieswereableto suppressanyantigovernmentopposition. ThetyrantofDamascuswrotetotheassassin,Yousifb.Umar,thegovernorofKufa,toletZayd hang.WiththatheintendedtoabasetheAlidsandtodisdaintheirShiites.Itescapedhimthat suchanactionlightedthefireofrevolutionintheirsouls.Thus,theywerereadytosacrificetheir livesfortheirdoctrines. TheUmayyadsboastedofhangingZayd'sbody.AlHak~mb.Ayyash,anUmayyadhireling, boastedofthat,saying: WehavehungZaydforyouonthetrunkofadatepalm. WehaveneverseenaMahdihungonthetrunk. YouhavecomparedUthmanwithAliowingtofoolishness. WhileUthmanisbetterthanAli. AhandfulofearthisinalHak~m'smouth.SurelyZaydwashungbecausehewantedtoachieve therightsoftheoppressedandthepersecuted.Hewashungbecausehewantedtoestablish socialjusticeintheearthandtoputanendtosocialoppressionandtheplayingwiththefateand blessingsofthecommunity. WhenAbuAbdAllahalSadiqheardoftheselinesofpoetry,hefeltpainverymuch.So,heraised hishandstosupplicate(Allah),saying:OAllah,ifyourservantisaliar,thenempowerYourdog. AllahacceptedtheImam'ssupplication.AlionatealHak~mwhenhewaswalkinginthestreets ofKufa.WhentheImamheardofthat,heprostratedhimselfinprayertothankAllah,saying: PraisebelongstoAllahWhohasfulfilledHispromise.[53] TorturingZayd'sSupporters WhentheUmayyadauthorityhadsuppressedZayd'suprising,itwenttoofarinspreadingpanic andfearinKufa.Itpunishedtheinnocentpersonbecauseoftheguiltyoneandthecomer becauseofthefugitive.ItresortedtopunishingZayd'ssupportersseverely.Itwenttoextremesin doingthat.Ittorturednotonlythemenbutalsothewomen.Thatwasforbiddenevenwiththe peoplewholivedbeforeIslam.However,theauthoritiesregardedthataslawfultoachievetheir politicalaims.Thehistorianssaid:Thebloodytyrant,Yousifb.Umar,orderedawomantobe arrested,forthewomansupportedZayd.Whenshestoppedbeforehim,heorderedherhandand herlegtobecutoff.However,sheaskedthemtocutoffherlegfirsttogatherherclothes.When theyrespondedtoher,theycutoffherhandandherleg.So,shebledtillshedied.Thenthe bloodytyrantorderedherhusbandtobesummonedtobeheadhim.[54]Healsoordereda womantobearrested,forthewomanmarriedherdaughtertoZayd.Heorderedherclothestobe torn.Thenheorderedhertobewhipped.Shewaswhippedtillshedied.Thenherbodywas thrownintothedesert.Agroupofpeopletookitandburieditintheircemetery.[55] Thetyrantcommittedmanycrimesofsuchakind.Allthesecrimesindicatethathehadneither consciencenorfeelings.

TheMoslems'Discontent TheMoslemswereannoyedwhenZaydwaskilled.TheyharboredmaliceagainsttheUmayyads whoviolatedtheholinessoftheProphet,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,whentheykilled Zayd.Worthmentioning,theProphetorderedthecommunitytotreathisprogenykindly. TheUmayyadscommittedtheKarbala'terriblemassacre.Onlyfewyearsafterthat,they murderedZayd,whowasamongthenotablesofthePropheticfamily.Theywerenotcontentwith hismurder.Thus,theyduguphisgraveandhunghisbodyonthetrunkofatree.Theydidnot permit(hisfamily)toburyhisbody.Theydidthattoavengethemselvessinfullyonthemembers oftheHouse(ahlalBayt),peacebeonthem.WiththattheydisobeyedtheProphet,mayAllah blesshimandhisfamily,whoorderedthemtolovehisHousehold.Moreover,theydisobeyed Islamthatorderedthemtorespectthedeadandnottomaimthem. Zayd'spainfuldisasterwasamongtheheavyeventsfromwhichtheMoslemsfearedandwhich theyregardedasgreat.Thus,theirpoetsbeganpraisingZaydtotheextentthattheydepictedthe sorrowandtheagonythatbefelltheMoslems.So,alFadlb.alAbbascomposed: OEye,shedabundanttears! ThegrandsonoftheProphethasbeenhangedatalKanasa.[56] Thesearesomelinesofthepoem.Throughthemthepoethasdepictedhisdeepsadnessoverthe greatmartyrtheMoslemslost.Thepoetaskedhiseyestoshedabundanttears.Thatisbecause themisfortunewasgreatandheavy.ThenheregardedasgreattakingoutZaydofhisgraveand hanginghim.ThoughtheUmayyadsmaimedthebodyofthegreatrevolutionary,theywere unabletoforcehispuresoulthatresistedfalsehood,abominabledeeds,andinjusticeandthatit hasresidedinthegardenswiththesoulsoftheimmortalmartyrswhowerekilledatKarbala'to defendtherightsoftheoppressedandthepersecuted.Thatmadethemisfortuneeasyforthe poet.ThenheblamedtheKufansforbetrayingZayd,astheyhadbetrayedbeforehisgrandfather, alHusayn,peacebeonhim.Thus,treasonwasamongthetraitsoftheKufans.Itwassaid:The Kufandoesnotfulfill(hispromise). AbuThumaylaalAbbarwasamongthosewhopraisedZayd.Hesaid: YouarealwayskilledinthewayofAllah. Thepeoplearesafe,whilethemembersofthefamilyof Mohammedarekilledoraremadehomeless.[57] IntheselinesthepoethasdescribedhisexhaustingsorrowoverZayd,thegreatrevolutionary.He hasmentionedtheheavylossthatwasinflictedonthecommunitywhenitlostZayd.Thatis becausethecommunitywantedhimtosolveitshardshipsandcrises.ThepoetaddedthatZayd illuminatedthewayforthefreecombatantsthroughhismartyrdom.Hefilledtheirheartswith contentandpleasurethroughhismightyuprisingthataimedatachievingthedecisiveaffairsof hiscommunity.Throughhismartyrdom,Zaydobtainedthemaximumrankobtainedbythe gloriousmartyrsfromhisgrandfatherswhoraisedthebanneroftruth,whichwasstainedwith

theirpureblood.ThepoetaddedthatAllahwantedZaydtodieamartyrandtobehaveamong thepeoplethroughthebehaviorofthosewhosaveandfreetheircommunitiesandtheir homelands.ThatisbecausebeingmurderedforAllahwasthenatureoftheAlids.Ithasbeen reportedontheauthorityofoneofthem:Beingmurderedisourcustomandmartyrdomisour dignityfromAllah. Inhislastlines,AbuThumaylahasmentionedtheseverepersecutionswhichtheUmayyadrulers imposedontheAlids.ThatisbecausetheUmayyadrulerskilledtheAlids,madethemhomeless, andfilledthemwithfright.ThebirdspentthenightpeacefullywhilethefamilyoftheProphet, mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,didnotspendtheirnightpeacefullybecausetheywereafraid oftheUmayyads.HecensuredthosewhorejoicedatthemurderofZaydwhorevolted(against theUmayyads)toestablishsocialjusticeintheearth.Healsocondemnedthosewhopledged allegiancetohimandthendesertedhim.ThatwaswhentheyenteredthemosqueofKufa.Then Zaydaskedthemtosupporthimandtodefendhisuprising.However,theydidnotrespondto him. BurningtheGreatBody Zayd'sbodyremainedhungonthegallows.Itwasilluminatingthewayoffreedomanddignityfor thepeople.Iturgedthemtorefuseabasementandsubmission.Itrenewedintheirsoulsthe uprisingagainstoppressionandinjustice.Thus,theauthoritiesputguardsaroundit.Theirnumber wasfourhundredpeople.Theauthoritiesappointedahundredguardstowatchthebodyevery night.Itbuiltahousefortheguardsaroundthetrunk(ofthedatepalm).Thatisbecauseit thoughtthatthepeoplewouldtakethebodyandburyit.[58] Hishamdied.ThenalWal~db.Yaz~d,thelicentiousoneoftheUmayyads,succeededhim.The latterwrotetothegovernorofKufa,Yousifb.Umar,tobringdowntheholybodyfromthe gallowsandtoburnitwithfire.[59]ThemurderercarriedoutalWal~d'sorders.Thus,thepure bodywasburnt,forZaydwantedtopurifytheearthfromtheoppressiveandtoreturnman's dignityandrights. Whenthegreatbodyhadbeenburnt,Yousifb.Umar,thelicentiousone,sprinkleditintothe Euphrates.Thenhesaid(totheKufans):ByAllah,Kufans,Iwillmakeyoueatitinyourfoodand drinkitinyourwater.[60] TheProphet,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,freedhiscommunityfromthelifeofstrayingin thedesert.However,theUmayyadsrewardedhimwhentheykilledhisprogenyandhisfamily. Theymaimedthemsinfully,forthey(theProphet'sprogeny)wantedtoachievethecommunity's rights,security,andwelfare. WithalMasudi

Hereonethinghasremained.Thegreathistorian,alMasudi,hasmentioned:Zaydaskedthe adviceofhisbrother,AbuJafar(alBaqir),whenhewantedtogotoIraqtorevoltagainstthe Umayyads.Thus,theImamadvisedhimnottotrusttheKufans,fortheywereperfidiousand cunning.Indeed,theykilledhisgrandfather,theCommanderoftheFaithful,peacebenohim, stabbedhisunclealHasan,andkilledhisgrandfatheralHusayn.However,Zaydinsistedonasking (theUmayyads)forthetruth.So,AbuJafar(alBaqir)saidtohim:'Iamafraidthatyouwillbe killedatalKanasa,inKufatomorrow.'ThenAbuJafarsawhimoffandtoldhimthattheywould notmeeteachother.[61]ThesewordsofalMasudimakethepersonunderstandthatImamAbu Jafar(alBaqir)wasalivewhenZayddecidedtorevolt(againsttheUmayyads).Someofthosewho wroteaboutZaydmentionedthat,too.Thisisincorrect,forImamAbuJafardiedintheyear(114 A.H.)[62],andZaydwaskilledintheyear(122A.H.).PerhapsalMasudiwantedtosaythatZayd hadahunchofrevoltingagainsttheUmayyadsatthattime.Thisisalsoincorrect.Withthiswe endourtalkaboutZayd'slifeandhisuprisingthatwasthebrightestofalltheuprisingsatthat timeandthemostusefuloftheminservingthecommunity. AlHusaynalAsghar(theyounger) AlHusayntheyoungerwasImamZaynalAbidn'sson.Hismotherwasaslavewife(umm walad).[63]HewasamongthegloriousfiguresofthePropheticfamily,forhewasmeritorious, pious,andtalented.Thefollowingaresomeofhisaffairs: HisReligiousKnowledge Hewasamongtheprominentscholarsofhistime.Hereportedmanytraditionsontheauthority ofhisfather,hisaunt,Fatima,daughterofImamalHusayn,peacebeonhim,andhisbrother, ImamAb~Jafar(alBaqir),peacebeonhim.[64]Hisson,Mohammed,reportedonhisauthority thetraditionoftheApostleofAllah,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,concerningthemurderof hisson,ImamalHusayn,peacebeonhim.[65] HisClemencyandhisSolemnity AlHusaynwasclementandsober.Thedignityofthepiousandtherighteouspresenteditselfin him.Thelineamentsoflightappearedonhisface.ImamAbuJafar(alBaqir)describedhim, saying:AsforalHusayn,heisclement.Hewalksontheearthinhumbleness.Whentheignorant addresshim,hesays:Peace[66] HisDevotionandhisPiety

Hewaspiousanddevout.HefearedAllahverymuch.Sa~d,thecompanionofalHasanb.Sahib, said:IdidnotseeanyonewhofearedAllahmorethanalHasanb.SalihtillIcametoMedina.So, IsawalHusaynb.Alib.alHusayn.IsawthatnobodyfearedAllahmorethanhedid.(Itwas)asif hehadbeentakenintothefire(ofHell)andthentakenoutofitbecauseoftheintensityofhis fear.[67] Ahmedreportedontheauthorityofhisfather,whosaid:IsawAlib.alHusaynpray,soIsaid: Hewillnotputdownhishanduntilhisprayerforallcreaturesisanswered.[68] AlHusayngrewupinthecenterofpietyanddevotionandintheoriginofwisdomandvirtueof Islam.Hisfather,ImamZaynalAbidn,fedhimwithhisidealsandhispsychologicalperfect qualities.Thus,hewassimilartohisfatherincleavingtoAllah,refrainingfromthisworld,and conformingtothereligion. HisDeath HediedinMedina(Yathrib)attheageofabout(57years).[69]Itwassaidthathediedattheage of(74years).[70]Hewasburiedbesidehisfather,ImamZaynalAbidn,andhisbrother,alBaqir, atthe(cemetery)ofBaqialGharqad. AbdAllahalBahir HewasthesonofImamZaynalAbidn,peacebeonhim.HewasImamalBaqir'sfullbrother.He wasamongthegloriouschildrenofthepureImams,forhewasknowledgeable,pious,and devout.Wewillmentionbrieflysomeofhisaffairs: HisNickname HewasnicknamedalBahirbecausehewashandsome.Thehistorianssaid:(Thepeople)looked athishandsomenesswhenheattendedacertainmeeting.Everybodyrespectedandadmired him.[71] HisReligiousKnowledge Hewasamongtheprominentscholars.Hisfather,ImamZaynalAbidn,tookcareofeducating him.Hefedhimwithhissciencesandhisoutstandingqualities.Thehistorianssaid:Hewas

amongthejuristsofthemembersofthehouse(ahlalBayt),peacebeonthem.Hereported manytraditionsontheauthorityofhisgrandfathersontheauthorityoftheApostleofAllah,may Allahblesshimandhisfamily.Herelatedtraditionstothepeople.Thus,theyreportedthe traditionsonhisauthority.[72]Hereporteddirectlyontheauthorityofhisgrandfather,the CommanderoftheFaithful,peacebeonhim,andontheauthorityofhisgrandfather,Imamal Hasan,peacebeonhim.Ammarab.Ghuzayya,Musab.Aqaba,Isab.Dinar,andYaz~db.Ab~ Zyyadreportedonhisauthority.IbnHayyannumberedhimamongthereliable(narrators).Al TurmidhiandalHak~mregardedhistraditionsascorrect.[73] HisAuthorityovertheHeirloomsoftheProphet AbdAllahassumedonbehalfofhisbrotherstheheirloomsoftheProphet,peacebeonhim,and ofImam(Ali),theCommanderoftheFaithful,peacebeonhim.[74]Hedividedtheirrevenues accordingtothewilloftheProphet,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,andofImam(Ali),the CommanderoftheFaithful. HisDeath Hediedattheageof(57years).[75]Thereferenceshavenotmentionedtheyearwhenhediedor theplacewherehewasburied. UmaralAshraf HewasthesonofImamZaynalAbidn,peacebeonhim.Hismotherwasaslavewife.Al Mukhtarboughtherforahundredthousanddirhams.ThenhesenthertoImamZaynalAbidn. SheborehimUmar,Zayd,andAli.[76]UmaralAshrafwasamongthemostmeritoriouspeople. Hisaffairsareasfollows: HisKunya HewasgiventhekunyaofAbuAli.ItwassaidthathewasgiventhekunyaofAbuJafar.[77]The Shaykh(alTusi)said:HewasgiventhekunyaofAbuHafs. HisNickname

HewasnicknamedalAshraftodistinguishhimfromUmaralAttraf,theuncleofhisfather. SayyidalMuhannasaid:(Hewasnicknamedso)becauseheobtainedhonorandoutstanding meritfromhisgrandfather,alHusayn,peacebeonhim,whowasbornfromtheMistressofthe WomenoftheWorld,FatimatheChaste,peacebeonher,whileUmaralAttrafobtainedhonor fromhisfather,Imam(Ali),theCommanderoftheFaithful.Ourmaster,ImamalKhu'i, commentedonthis,saying:Throughhislineage,hisoutstandingmerit,hispiety,UmaralAshraf ismorehonorablethanUmaralAttraf.[78] HisReligiousKnowledge Hewasameritorious(religious)scholar.TheShaykh(alTusi)numberedhimamongthe companionsofhisbrother,ImamalBaqir.Hereportedontheauthorityofhisfather.Fatrb. Khalifareportedonhisauthority.[79] HisAuthorityovertheHeirloomsoftheProphet HeundertooktheheirloomsoftheProphet,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,andofImam(Ali), theCommanderoftheFaithful,peacebeonhim.AlHusaynb.Zaydsaid:Isawmyuncle,Umar, makeaconditiononhimhebought(Imam)Ali'sheirloomsthatheshouldbreaksoandsointhe wallandshouldnotpreventthosewhoenteredthemfromeating.[80]Thisindicateshis generosity,hisnobility,andhishumanity. HisDeath Hepassedawayattheageof(65years).[81]Thereferenceshavenotmentionedtheyearwhen hediedortheplacewherehewasburied.Theyhaveneglectedthat. Ali HewasImamZaynalAbidn'sson.HediedatYanbuandwasburiedthere.[82]Hewasthirty yearsold.[83]Wehavenotfoundafullbiographyabouthislife.Biographyandlineagereferences haveneglectedhim.WiththisweendourtalkabouttherighteousSharifsfromthebrothersof theImam. ImamalBaqir'sChildren

AsfortheImamalBqir'schildren,theywerefromthegoodonesofthePropheticfamilyandfrom thegloriousfiguresoftheMoslems,fortheywererightlyguidedandrighteous.Moreover,they refrainedfromthesinsoftheworld.TheImameducatedthemwithhisnoblemorals.Heplanted intheirsoulshisoutstandingnaturesandhishighideals.Thus,theyrepresentedhisgreatsoul whosearomaprevailedtheworld.Asforhispuremaledescendants,theyareasfollows: 1.Ibrah~m HewasthesonofImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim.HismotherwasUmmHak~m,thedaughterof Usaydb.alMugh~rab.alAkhnasalThaqafi.[84]Wehavefoundnoinformationabouthim. 2.ImamJafar Hewasthemasterofthechildrenofhisfather,theleadingImamafterhim,amongtheglorious figuresofthisworld,andthevanguardofthegeniusesoftheworld.Thatisbecausehemadean immensedevelopmentontheintellectualandthescientificlevels.Amongthemwashiscreation inchemistry.Jabirb.Hayyan,whowasthegloriousfigureoftheArabeast,studiedthisscience underhim.Thisscienceisregardedasthecreativemeansforthetechnologicalprogressinthe world.ModernscienceshavenotdiscoveredmanyofthechemicaltheorieswhichtheImammade norhavethespecialistsknown.[85]ImamJafar(alSadiq)isregardedamongtheearlytheologians andphilosophers.Hishamb.alHakam,whoisregardedasawonderfulexampleofthesestudies, studiedunderhim. ImamJafarfoundedtherulesandprinciplesoftheIslamicjurisprudenceafterhispure grandfathers.Hetookcareofthisscienceverymuch.Ratherhedevotedhimselftoit.Thejuristic encyclopediasarefullofwhathasbeenreportedonhisauthority.Thus,mostchaptersand brancheshasbeenreportedonhisauthority.Moreover,hetookcareofotherIslamicsciences, suchasthescienceoftradition,interpretation(oftheKoran),andmorals.Historyhasnever knownapersonmoreknowledgeableandmeritoriousthanhim,excepthisgrandfathers,peace beonthem.Ifwewanttotalkindetailabouthischaracter,thenweareinneedofabig encyclopedia. 3.AbdAllah HewasthesonofImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim.HismotherwasUmmFarwa,daughterofal Qasimb.Mohammedb.Bakr.[86]Hisfatherbroughthimupandtookcareofeducatinghim.So, hewasamongthevirtuousAlids.Hediedamartyr.AsinfulUmayyadgavehimpoisontodrink.

Thehistorianssaid:TheUmayyadcametohim.However,AbdAllahwasafraidofhimandsaid tohim:Donotkillme.IwillintercedeforyouwithAllah.[87] However,theUmayyadpaidnoattentiontohimandforcedhimtodrinkthepoison.Whenhewas giventhepoisontodrink,hisbowelswerecutoff.Heremainedaliveforashorttime,andthenhe passedaway.[88]HewentasamartyrtoAllah.Hewassimilartohisgrandfatherswhomtheevil powersandthesinfulsoulskilled.Thoseevilsoulskilledthembecausetheybelongedtothe originallineagethatraisedthebannerofhumandignity. 4.Ali HewasthesonofImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim.Helivedunderthecareofhisfather.He followedhisfather'sguidanceandbehavior.Thus,hewasanexampleofvirtuesandperfection. HewasnicknamedalTahir(thepureone),forhissoulwaspureandhispositionwasgreat.He diedinavillage,atalKhalisnearBaghdad.Inhis(book)alTar~kh,MuhibalD~nb.alNajarsaid: TheshrineofalTahirisinavillage,atalKhalisnearBaghdad.Anoldgravehasappearedinit.A stoneisonit.Onthestoneithasbeenwritten:InthenameofAllah,MostGracious,Most Merciful.ThisistheshrineofalTahirAlib.Mohammedb.Alib.alHusaynb.Alib.Ab~Talib, peacebeonhim.Therestofthestonebrokedown.Soadomeofadobeshasbeenbuiltoverit. TherewasashaykhcalledAlib.Na~m.TheShaykhwasamongthesecretaries.Heassumed writingtheDivanofalKhalis.So,hedecoratedtheshrineandhungbrasslampsinit.Thenhebuilt awidecourtyardaroundit.Thus,theshrinehasbecomeamongtheshrineswhicharevisited.[89] Itwasreportedontheauthorityoftheauthorof'RiyadalUlama'thatthegraveofAliisin Kashanandthatthereisagreatdomeoveritandthatithasclearmiracles.[90] 5.AbdAllah HismotherwasUmmHak~m,daughterofUsaydb.alMugh~raalThaqafi.[91]Hediedduring thelifetimeofhisfather.[92]Wehavenotfoundafullbiographyinthereferenceswhichwehave. TheLadiesofVirtuefromhisDaughters Asfortheladiesofvirtuefromhisdaughters,theyareasfollows:Zaynabwhosemotherwasa slavewife.UmmSalama[93]whosemotherwasaslavewife.ShewasthemotherofIsma~lb.al Arqat.Herson,Isma~l,becameill.So,shehurriedfrightenedtoImamalSadiq.Heorderedher togointothehouseandsaytworukasandsupplicatewiththissupplication:OAllah,surelyYou grantedhimtomewhilehewasnothing.OAllah,Iaskyoutogranthimtome.So,lendhimto me.[94]Shedidthat,andAllahhealedhim. WiththisweendourtalkabouttherighteousSharifsfromthechildrenoftheImam,peacebeon him.

[1]AbdAllahwasImamalBaqirsfullbrother. [2]SafinatalBihar,vol.2,p.273. [3]IbnAsakir,alTahdhib,vol.6,p.18. [4]AlHadaiqalWardiya,vol.1,p.143. [5]Koran,9,111. [6]Koran,3,169. [7]Koran,4,95. [8]AlRoudalNadir,vol.1,p.52. [9]MaqatilalTalibiyyin,p.128. [10]Ibid,p.130. [11]Ibid,p.128. [12]AlKharaijjwaalJaraih,p.328. [13]ImamZayd,MuqaddamatalMusnad,p.8. [14]Ibid,p.7. [15]AlMaqrizi,AlKhutatwaalAthar,vol.2,p.440. [16]AlMillalwaalNihal,vol.2,p.208. [17]WafayatalAyan,vol.5,p.60. [18]MohammedAbuZahra,ImamZayd,p.225. [19]AlHadaiqalWardiya,vol.1,p.144. [20]ZahralAdab,vol.1,p.87. [21]AlYaqubi,Tarikh,vol.2,p.390. [22]UmdatalTalib,vol.2,p.127. [23]Ibid. [24]ZahralAdab,vol.1,p.118. [25]IbnAsakir,alTahdhib,vol.6,p.22. [26]IbnalAthir,alKamil,vol.5,p.84. [27]SharhalNahjj,vol.1,p.315. [28]IbnalAthir,alKamil,vol.5,p.84. [29]UmdatalTalib. [30]MaqatilalTalibiyyin,p.129. [31]TaysiralMatalib,pp.108109. [32]RoudatalKafi. [33]AlMajjlisi,alAmali,p.54. [34]MujamRijalalHadith,vol.7,pp.350358. [35]MaqatilalTalibiyyin,p.129. [36]TaysiralMatalib,pp.108109. [37]AlRoudalNadir,vol.1,p.75. [38]MaqatilalTalibiyyin. [39]AlKamil,vol.5,p.56. [40]MaqatilalTalibiyyin.

[41]AnsabalAshraf,vol.3,p.203. [42]AlTabari,Tarikh,vol.8,p.273. [43]UmdatalTalib,vol.2,p.127. [44]AlHadaiqalWardiya,vol.1,p.148. [45]AnsabalAshraf,vol.3,p.202. [46]Ibid. [47]AlMuqrim,ZaydalShahid. [48]IbnAbialHaddid,Sharh. [49]AlNizawaalTakhasum,p.7. [50]AnsabalAshraf,vol.3,p.292. [51]AlTabari,Tarikh,vol.8,p.77. [52]UmdatalTalib,p.258. [53]AlSiraalHalabiya,vol.1,p.327. [54]AnsabalAshraf,vol.3,p.255. [55]Ibid. [56]MaqatilalTalibiyyin,pp.148149. [57]Ibid,p.150. [58]AnsabalAshraf,vol.3,p.256. [59]MaqatilalTalibiyyin,pp.147. [60]AlYaqubi,Tarikh,vol.2,p.391. [61]MurujjalDhahab,vol.3,p.139. [62]IbnalAthir,Tarikh,vol.4,p.217. [63]UmdatalTalib,vol.2,p.29. [64]AlMuf~d,alIrshad,p.302. [65]MujamRijalalHadith,vol.6,p.44. [66]SafinatalBihar,vol.2,p.273. [67]AlMuf~d,alIrshad,p.302. [68]UmdatalTalib,vol.2,p.29. [69]MujamRijalalHadith,vol.6,p.44. [70]UmdatalTalib,vol.2,p.29. [71]Ibid,p.127. [72]AlMuf~d,alIrshad,p.300. [73]TahdhibalTahdhib,vol.5,p.324. [74]AlMuf~d,alIrshad,p.300. [75]UmdatalTalib,vol.2,p.127. [76]Ibid. [77]MujamRijalalHadith,vol.13,p.54. [78]Ibid. [79]Ibid. [80]SafinatalBihar,vol.2,p.273.

[81]UmdatalTalib,vol.2,p.127. [82]MujamalBuldan,vol.5,p.450.YanbuistotherightofRadwaforthosewholeavefrom Medinatothesea.ItbelongedtothesonsofalHasan.Ithasabanduntfreshsprings,waterand plants.Someofthemsaidthatitwasafortwithdatepalms.Inittherewerethereligious endowmentsofImamAli,theCommanderoftheFaithful,peacebeonhim.Hissonsinherited them. [83]UmdatalTalib,vol.2,p.129. [84]Mir'atalZamanf~TawarikhalAyan,vol.5,p.78.IbnSad,alTabaqat,vol.5,p.320. [85]Dr.MohammedYahyaalHashimihasmentionedthatinhisbookImamalSadiqMulhimal K~mya'. [86]AlMuf~d,alIrshad,p.303. [87]Inhisspeech:"IwillbeahelperforyouagainstAllah."Hemeantthathewouldbean intercessorforhimwithAllah. [88]GhayatalIkhtisar,p.64.Saf~natalBihar,vol.1,p.309. [89]GhayatalIkhtisar,p.63. [90]Saf~natalBihar,vol.1,p.309. [91]AlMuf~d,alIrshad,p.303.SayyidKazimYamani,alNafhaalAmbariya.Itisamongthe manuscriptsofImamKashifalGhita'PublicLibrary.AbdAllahhasnotbeenmentionedin JamharatAnsabalArabnorhashebeenmentionedinUmdatalTalibnorhashebeen mentionedinMir'atalZaman. [92]AlSiratalSawi,p.194. [93]Mir'atalZamanf~TawarikhalAyan,vol.5,p.78.IbnSad,alTabaqat,vol.5,p.230.Inal NafhaalAmbariya,hisdaughterswereZaynabtheelder,Zaynabtheyounger,andUmm Kulthum. [94]Saf~natalBihar,vol.1,p.309. ChapterIV:AdmirationandGlorification Thelearned,thescholars,theresearchers,andtheauthorsglorifiedImamalBaqir,peacebeon him.Theyacknowledgedhisoutstandingmeritsandhispriorityinknowledgetothoseotherthan him.TheyunanimouslyagreedthathewasthegreatestscholarwhomtheIslamicandtheArab worldhaseverknown.Thefollowingaresomeoftheirwordsconcerninghim: 1.ImamalSadiq

ImamAbuAbdAllahalSadiq,peacebeonhimsaid:MyfatherwasthenthebestMohammedan onthesurfaceoftheearth.[1] ThismeansthatImamalBaqirwasthenthebestofalltheMoslemsinknowledge,devotion, conformingtothereligion,andthelikethroughwhichtheMoslempersonbecomeshigh. 2.Mohammedb.alMunkadir Mohammedb.alMunkadirwasamongthosewhowerecontemporarywithImamZaynalAbidn andhisson,ImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim.Hestatedhisimpressionsofhim,saying:Ididnot thinkthatAlib.alHusaynwouldleaveasuccessorsimilartohiminoutstandingmerits,abundant knowledge,clemency,etc.,tillIsawhisson,Mohammed.[2] 3.SudayfalMakki SudayfalMakkiwasamongthecompanionsofImamAbuJafar(alBaqir).Hecommunicatedwith him.Hewasamongthosewhoadmiredandglorifiedhim.Hesaid:Ihaveneverseena Mohammedansimilartohim.[3] 4.Hishamb.AbdalMalik AsforHisham,hewasamongthemostspitefultowardstheImamandamongthemostmortal enemiesofhis.Still,heacknowledgethehighrankoftheImamandhisgreatimportance.Thus,he addressedhim,saying:OMohammed,QurayshwillleadArabsandnonArabsaslongasthere are(persons)amongthemsimilartoyou.[4] 5.AlMansuralDawan~qi (Atanassembly),ImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim,talkedabouttheOa'im(theonewhowill undertaketheofficeoftheImamate)ofthefamilyofMohammed,mayAllahblesshimandhis family,andtheMahdi(therightlyguidedone)ofthethiscommunity.AlMansuralDawan~qi wasattheassembly.Hewasastonishedatthat.Thus,hetoldSayfb.Umayraboutwhathehad heardoftheImam,saying:Ifallthepeopleoftheearthtellme(aboutthat),Iwillnotaccept(it) fromthem.However,heisMohammedb.Ali.[5]Thesewordsindicatethatheadmiredand glorifiedtheImam.Ifthepeopleoftheearthhadtoldhimaboutthat,hewouldhavenot accepted(it)fromthemnorwouldhehavebelievedthem.However,theImamtoldhimaboutit. So,alMansuracknowledgedthattheImamwassuperiortoallthepeopleintruthfulnessand

reliability. 6.AbdAllahb.Ata' AbdAllahb.Ata'talkedabouttheadmiration,glorification,andhumblenessofthescholarsfor theImam(alBaqir),peacebeonhim.Hesaid:Ihaveneverseenthescholarswith(aperson) inferiortothem.(However,Ihaveseenthem)withAb~Jafar(alBaqir),fortheybehavedhumbly andmodestlybeforehim,knewhisrightandhisknowledge,andlearnedfromhim.Althoughal Hakamb.Utaybawasgreatandold,IsawhimbeforealBaqirtolearnfromhim.Hewaslikethe boybeforetheteacher.[6]Headded:IsawalHakamwithalBaqir.Hewaslikeahelpless bird.[7] WemustmentionabriefideaaboutalHakamb.Utaybatounderstandhisscientificranksothat weareabletounderstandthevastsciencesofImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim,andhishighrank withthescholars.Thenarratorssaid:AlHakamwasamongthegreatestandthemostimportant scholarsofhistime.Mujahidb.Rumisaid:IsawalHakaminthemosqueofalKhif.Thescholars ofthepeoplewerearoundhim.Jar~rreportedontheauthorityofalMugh~ra,whosaid: WhenalHakamcametoMedina,thepeoplelefttheprayingplaceoftheProphet,mayAllah blesshimandhisfamily,forhimtoprayatit.[8]IbnSadsaid:Hewasareliablejuristand prominentscholar.Hehadmanytraditions.AlHakamhadvastknowledgeandahighrank. NeverthelesshewaslikeapowerlessboybeforeImamalBaqir.Therefore,theImamwasthe mostknowledgeableofallthepeopleofhistimeinallsciences.TheShiabelieveinthisand produceitasevidenceinsupportofhisabundantsciences. 7.Jabirb.Yaz~d Jabirb.Yaz~dalJufiwasamongthemostfamousMoslemscholarsandamongthegreatest reportersoftraditions.HewasamongthosewhostudiedunderImamAbuJafar(alBaqir),peace beonhim.HereportedseventythousandtraditionsontheauthorityoftheImam,asalDhahabi said.HewasamongthosewhoknewtheImam'sscientificposition.Thus,whenhenarrated traditionsonhisauthority,hesaid:Thetrusteeofthetrusteesandinheritoroftheknowledgeof prophetsrelatedtome.[9] 8.Jabirb.AbdAllah Thegreatcompanion(oftheProphet),Jabirb.AbdAllahalAnsariwasfamousforfollowingthe membersoftheHouse(ahlalBayt),peacebeonthem.Helovedthemverymuch.Itwashewho sentthegreetingsoftheProphet,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,toImamAbuJafar(al

Baqir),peacebeonhim,aswehavealreadymentioned.Hewasamongthosewhounderstoodthe highrankoftheImam,peacebeonhim.HeglorifiedandrespectedtheImamfromhischildhood. Whenheaddressedhim,hesaid:Youarethesonofthebestofallthecreatures.Yourfatheris theLordoftheYouthofHeaven.[10] 9.IbnHajaralHaythami ShahabalD~n,Ahmedb.HajaralHaythami,said:AbuJafar,Mohammed,wascalledalBaqir. ThewordalBaqirwasderivedfrombaqaraalard,meaninghesplitsopenthegroundandlights thehiddenthingsinit.Thus,theImambroughttolighthiddenthings,suchasthetreasuresof sciences,thefactsoftherules,themaxims,andthegoodthings.Hemadethemsoclearthat nobodymisunderstandsthemexceptthosewithbadinsightandcorruptinterior.Concerninghim itwassaidthathesplitopenknowledgeandcollectedit.Hemadefamoushisknowledgeand raisedit.Hisheartbecameclear.Hisknowledgeandhisdeedswerehonest.Hissoulbecamepure. Hismoralswerenoble.HistimeswerespentinAllah'sobedience.Thetonguesofdescribersfall shortofdepictinghismarksinthepositionsofthegnostic.Thisquicktalkisunabletoencompass allhiswordsonbehaviorandsciences.[11] ThesewordsdisplaysomebrightsidesofthelifeofImamAb~Jafar(alBaqir),peacebeonhim. Amongthemwasthathebroughttolightthetreasuresofsciencesandthefactsoftherules, whilethepeoplewereunabletodothat.Wewilltalkaboutthatintheresearchesthatfollow. 10.IbnKuthayr AbualFida',alHafizb.Kuthayr,wroteImamalBaqir'sbiography.Concerninghimhesaid:Al Baqirwasamongtheleadingmembersofthenextgeneration.Hehadagreatrank.Hewas amongthegreatfiguresofthiscommunityinknowledge,deeds,leadership,andhonor.Hewas calledalBaqir,forhesplitopenknowledgeandconcludedtherules.HerememberedAllah.He washumbleandpatient.HewasamongtheprogenyoftheProphet.Hewasofanoblelineage. Hewascognizantofthehearts.Heweptverymuch.Herefrainedfromargumentsand quarrels.[12] IbnKuthayrtalkedaboutthevastsciencesoftheImam.(Healsotalkedabout)hisworship,his patience,hismuchweepingbecauseofhisfearofAllah,andhisrefrainingfromtheargumentand thedisputes.Becauseofthesequalities,thescholarsadmiredandglorifiedtheImam,peacebeon him. 11.AbdalHam~dalHanbali

AbdalHam~db.alImadalHanbaliwrotetheImam'sbiography.Hesaid:AlBaqirwasamong thejuristsofMedina.HewascalledalBaqirbecausehewidelysplitopenknowledge.Hewas amongtheTwelveImamsaccordingtothefaithoftheImami(Shia).[13] 12.AlNabahani ShaykhYousifb.Isma~lalNabahanisaid:MohammedalBaqirb.Ali,ZaynalAbidn,b.al HusaynwasoneoftheImamsofourmasters,thenoblemembersoftheHouse(ahlalBayt),and wasamongtheprominentscholars.[14] 13.AlQirmani Ahmedb.YousifAlQirmaniwrotetheImam'sbiography.Hesaid:HewascalledalBaqir,forhe splitopenknowledge.Hewas,outof(all)hisbrothers,thesuccessorandtestamentarytrusteeof hisfather.Heundertook(theofficeof)theImamateafterhim.NoneofthesonsofalHasanand alHusaynshowedthesameabilityinknowledgeofreligion,thelaws,theknowledgeoftheKoran, thewaysoflife,andthetechniquesofliterature,asAb~Jafar(alBaqir)did.Thesurviving Companions(oftheProphet)andtheleadingmembersofthenextgenerationreportedthe principalfeaturesofreligiononhisauthority.[15] 14.AlDhahabi Inmanyofhisbooks,alDhahabihaswrittentheImam'sbiography.However,hewasirregularin someofhiswords,whichareasfollows: A.Hesaid:AlBaqirwasthebestoftheHashimitesathistimeinoutstandingmerit,knowledge, andrighteousness.[16] B.Hesaid:AlBaqirwasthelordoftheHashimitesofhistime.HewasknownasalBaqir,forhe splitopenknowledge.Thus,heknewitshiddenorigin.[17] C.Hesaid:AlBaqirwasamongthosewhohadknowledge,deeds,righteousness,honor,trust, andsedateness.Hewasappropriateforthesuccession(toauthority).HewasamongtheTwelve ImamswhomtheImamiShiarespectandinwhoseinfallibilityandknowledgeinallreligionthey believe. AbuJafar(alBaqir)wasaqualifiedImam.HerecitedAllah'sBook.Hewasofgreatimportance. However,hewasnotthesamelevelwithb.KuthayrintheKoran,norwashethesamelevelwith Ab~alZannadandRa~ainjurisprudence,norwashethesamelevelwithQattadaandb.Shahab inmemorizingandknowingthetraditions.[18]AlDhahabideviatedfromthetruthwhenhe preferredb.Kuthayr,Ab~alZannad,Ra~a,Qattada,andb.ShahabtotheImam.Indeedthese

eminentmenarenotcomparedwithhisstudents,suchasZararab.Ayun,Mohammedb. Moslem,andJabirb.Yaz~dalJufi.Thisisbecauseknowledgeandoutstandingmeritswhichhave beenreportedontheirauthorityaremuchmorethanthosewhichhavebeenreportedonthe authorityofQattadaandhisgroup.TheImam(alBaqir)debatedwithQattadaanddefeatedhim. However,alDhahabiwasnarrowminded.Heboremaliceandhatredagainstthefamilyofthe Prophet,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,andtheirfollowers.Hehasmentionedthatinmany ofhisresearches.Howwonderfulwhathasbeensaidconcerninghimis! YouaretodaycalledalDhahabi. Thisnamewasderivedfromdhihabalaql(madness) notfromaldhahab(gold). 15.Mohammedb.Ab~Bakr Mohammedb.Ab~Bakr,knownasb.HammadDakkindied700A.H.,said:OurmasterImam Mohammed,sonofImamZaynalAbidn,peacebeonhim,showedanoutstandingmeritin knowledge,asceticism,andrighteousness.Hewasofnoblereputationandgreatimportance. NoneofthesonsofalHasanandalHusayn,peacebeonthem,showedthesameabilityinthe knowledgeofreligion,traditions,thesunna,theknowledgeoftheKoran,thelifeoftheProphet, andthetechniquesofliterature,asAbuJafarshowed.Thescholarsofreligion,thesurviving Companions(oftheProphet),theleadingmembersofthenextgeneration,andtheheadsofthe juristsoftheMoslemsreportedonhisauthority.Byvirtueofhisoutstandingmerithebecamea signpost(ofknowledge)tohisfamily.Proverbswerecoinedabouthimandreportsandverses werewrittentodescribehim.[19] 16.MohammedalJazri Mohammedb.MohammedalJazrisaid:AbuJafar,Mohammedb.Alib.alHusaynb.Alib.Ab~ Talib,wascalledalBaqir,forhesplitopenknowledge.Thus,heknewitsapparentandhidden (origins).HewasthebestoftheHashimitesinknowledge,outstandingmerit,andtradition.[20] 17.KamalalD~nalShafii KamalalD~nalShafiisaid:Hewastheonewhosplitopenknowledge(albaqir)andgatheredit. Thenhemadeitfamous.Hisheartwasclear.Hisactwashonest.Hissoulwaspure.Hismorals werenoble.HistimeswerespentinAllah'sobedience.Hisfootwassteadyattheplaceof devotion.Thefeaturesofcloseness(toAllah)andthepurityofkindnessappearedonhim.Thus, virtuescompetedwitheachotherforhim,andqualitieswerenoblethroughhim.[21] 18.Idr~salQarashi

Idr~salQarashisaid:Mohammedb.Ali(alBaqir)wasthefirsttogetthehonorofthetwo origins,andthebirthofalHasanandalHusayncametogetherforhim.Hegrewuponthevirtue, purity,leadership,mastership,andknowledge.Hefollowedthebehaviorofhispuregrandfathers. Hemovedthroughthedegreesofvirtuesandwentdeeplyintohighgloriousdeeds.[22] 19.JamalalD~n JamalalD~n,Yousifb.TaghariBardialAtabaki,said:AbuJafar(alBaqir)b.Ali,ZaynalAbidn, b.alHusayan,b.Alib.Ab~TalibwastheLordoftheHashimitesathistime.Hewasamongthe TwelveImamsinwhoseinfallibilitytheRafida(theShiites)believe.[23] 20.MohammedalSabban MohammedalSabbansaid:AsforMohammedalBaqir,hewastheownerofsciencesandwas thebrotherofthedetailsandthepleasantthings.Hismiraclesappeared.Hishintsinbehavior weremany.HewascalledalBaqir,forhesplitopenknowledge.Thus,heknewitshidden origin.[24] 21.IbnAb~alHadd~~d AbdalHam~db.Ab~alHadd~~dsaid:Mohammedb.AlialBaqirwastheLordoftheJurists ofHijaz(SaudiArabia).Thepeoplelearnedjurisprudencefromhimandhisson,Jafar.Hewas calledalBaqir.Allah'sApostlenicknamedhimsowhilehewasnotcreatedyet.He(Allah's Apostle)announcedgoodnewstohim.HepromisedJabirtoseehim.[25] 22.ShaykhalMuf~~d ShaykhalMuf~~dsaid:AlBaqirMohammedb.Alib.AlHusayn,peacebeonthem,wasoutof (all)hisbrothers,thesuccessorofhisfather,Alib.alHusayn,histestamentarytrustee,andthe onewhoundertooktheofficeofImamafterhim.Hesurpassedallofthemthroughhis outstandingmeritintraditionalknowledge,asceticism,andleadership.Hewasthemost renownedofthem,theoneamongthemwhowasmostesteemedbybothnonShiaandShia, andthemostableofthem.NoneofthesonsofalHasanandalHusayn,peacebeonthem, showedthesameabilityinknowledgeofreligion,traditions,thesunna,theknowledgeofthe Koran,thelifeoftheProphet,andthetechniquesofliterature,asAbuJafar(alBaqir)showed.

ThesurvivingCompanions(oftheProphet),theleadingmembersofthenextgeneration,andthe leadersoftheMoslemjuristsreportedtheprincipalfeaturesofreligiononhisauthority.Byvirtue ofhisoutstandingmerithebecameasignpost(ofknowledge)tohisfamily.Proverbswerecoined abouthimandreportsandverseswerewrittentodescribehim.[26] 23.AbualHasanalTubrisi ShaykhAbualHasanalTubrisisaid:IndeedalBaqirhasbecomefamousintheworld,forhe surpassedthecreaturesinknowledge,asceticism,andhonor.Noneofthe(grand)sonsofthe Apostle,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,showedthesameabilityintheknowledgeofthe Koran,thetraditions,thelifeoftheProphet,sciences,wisesayings,andliterature,asheshowed. ThegreatsurvivingCompanions(oftheProphet),theleadingmembersofthenextgeneration, andthejuristsoftheMoslemsvisitedhimfrequently.Thereportersofthetraditionsnarratedthat Allah'sApostle,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,calledhimBaqiralIlm(theonewhosplits openknowledge).[27] 24.TajjalD~n TajjalD~nb.Mohammed,theheadofAleppo,said:AbuJafar,BaqiralIlm(theonewhosplits openknowledge),wasthefirstforwhomthebirthofalHasanandalHusayncametogether.He hadvastknowledgeandplentifulclemency.Manytraditionsandabundantknowledgewere reportedonhisauthority.[28] 25.Mahmudb.Whayb Mahmudb.WhaybalBaghdadisaid:HisnamealBaqirwasderivedfrombaqaraalard,meaning splitopenthegroundandbroughttolightitshiddenthings.Thus,hebroughttolightthehidden thingsofthetreasuresofsciences,thefactsoflegalpreceptsandwisdom,andthepleasant things.Hemadethemsoclearthatnobodymisunderstandsthemexceptthosewithbadinsight andcorruptinterior.Concerninghim,itwassaidthathesplitopenknowledgeandgatheredit.He madefamoushisknowledgeandraisedit.Thus,hisheartwasclear.Hisknowledgeandhisdeed werehonest.Hissoulwaspure.Hismoralswerenoble.HistimeswerefullofAllah'sobedience. So,describers'tonguesfallshortofdepictinghismarksinthepositionsofthegnostic.[29] 26.AbbasalMakki

SayyidAbbasb.AlialMakkisaid:AlBaqirisamongtheTwelveImamswiththeImami(Shia). Hewasagreatscholar.HewascalledalBaqir,forhewidelysplitopenknowledge.[30] 27.SayyidKazimalYamani SayyidKazimalYamanisaid:ImamalBaqirwasthesecondgrandson(oftheProphet)andthe FifthInfallibleImamintheopinionofthosewhobelieveinthat.(Hewas)thefourthpiousonein theopinionofallMoslemlegalscholars.ItwashewhowasgiventhekunyaofAbuJafar.[31] 28.IbnTaymiya IbnTaymiyasaid:MohammedalBaqirwasthegreatestofallthepeopleinasceticismand worship.Theprostration(inprayer)splitopenhisforehead.Hewasthemostknowledgeableof thepeopleofhistime.Allah'sApostle,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,namedhimal Baqir.[32]IbnTaymiyamentionedthetraditionwhichJabirreported.However,herefrained fromwhathesaid.HedeniedthattheProphet,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,nicknamed (Mohammed)alBaqir.Hesaid:(Thistradition)hasnooriginwiththepeopleofknowledge. Rather,itisamongthefabricatedtraditions.[33]Surely,b.Taymiyaboremaliceandhatred againstthemembersoftheHouse(ahlalBayt),peacebeonthem,andtheirfollowers.He ascribedallstoriesandfablestothem.IndeedAllah,knowledge,andhistorywillpunishhimfor that.Perhapsthegreatestpunishmentthathasafflictedhimisthatallhistoriansmistrustallhis writings. 29.AlShaykhani AbdalQadiralShaykhanisaid:MohammedalBaqirwasthemostfamousofallthepeopleof histime,themostperfectoftheminoutstandingmerits,andthegreatestoftheminnobility. Noneshowedathistimethesameabilityintheknowledgeofreligion,traditions,theknowledge oftheKoran,thelifeoftheProphet,andthetechniquesofliterature,asheshowed.[34] 30.AlMajlisi ShaykhalMajlisisaid:NoneofthesonsofalHasanandalHusaynshowedthesameabilityin sciences,theinterpretation(oftheKoran),theology,religiousopinions,thelawful,andthe unlawful,ashe(alBaqir)showed.ThesurvivingCompanions(oftheProphet),theleading membersofthenextgeneration,andtheleadersoftheMoslemjuristsreportedtheprincipal

featuresofreligiononhisauthority.AmongtheCompanions(oftheProphet)wasJabirb.Abd AllahalAnsari.AmongtheleadingmembersofthenextgenerationwereJabirb.Yaz~dalJufi, andKaysanalSakhtyani,theleaderoftheSufis.Amongthejuristswereb.alMubarak,alZuhri, alAwzai,Ab~Hanifa,Malik,alShafii,Zyyadb.alMundhir,andalNahdi.Amongtheauthors werealTabari,alBaladhari,andalKhatib,intheirbookscalledTar~kh'.(Theprincipalfeatures ofreligionhavebeenalsoreportedonhisauthorityinvariousbooks,suchas:)alMuwatti',Sharaf alMustafa,alIbana,HulyatalAwliya',alSinanbyAb~Dauwd,alMusnadbyAb~Hanifa,al TarghibbyalAsfahani,alBas~tbyalWahidi,alTafs~rbyalAyyashi,(alTafs~r)byal Zumakhshari,andMarifatalUsulbyalSamaani.Theysaid:Mohammedb.Ali.'Perhapsthey said:MohammedalBaqir.'[35] ThespeechofalMajlisireferstothescientificaspectofthecharacterofthegreatImam,who encompassedallthesciences.Thus,theMoslemscholarsstudiedjurisprudence,history, interpretation(oftheKoran),andthetechniquesofmaximsandliteratureunderhim.Thisplayed animportantroleindevelopingIslamicthought. 31.AlNawawi AlNawawisaid:(Mohammed)alBaqirwasaleadingmemberofthenextgeneration.Hewasa skillfulImam.(TheMoslemscholars)haveunanimouslyagreedonhisgreatness.Hewas numberedamongthejuristsandImamsofMedina.[36] 32.AbuZara AbuZarasaid:AbuJafar(alBaqir)wasamongthegreatestscholars.[37] 33.IbnAnba JamalalD~~n,Ahmedb.Alib.alHusaynb.alMuhannab.Anba,said:MohammedalBaqirhad vastknowledgeandplentifulclemency.Hisgreatpositionismorefamousthancalling(someone's) attentiontoit.[38] 34.Alib.IsaalArbali Theminister,Alib.IsaalArbali,talkedaboutthehighbehaviorofAbuJafar(alBaqir),peacebe onhim.Thenheendedhistalk,saying:IndeedalBaqir'svirtuesaretoomanytocount,andhis outstandingmeritsaretoohightoencompass.Whenhisgloriousdeedarenumbered,glorious

andlaudabledeedsprostratethemselvesbeforethem.Thatisbecausehishonorsurpassedthe limitandreachedtheend.Hisgreatrankovercamesecurityandreachedthehighestdegree.His placeinknowledgeandactraisedathousandbannersforhim.Howmanyamarkof righteousness,anexpressionofleadership,asignofgenerosity,enthusiasm,noblerank,high lineage,gloriousorigin,purityofmotherandfatherhehad.Helearnedliberalityandpurity throughthestrongestmeans.Ifhecompetedwiththeskyforhighness,hewouldbehigherthan it.Ifhewantedthestarsintheirzenith,hewouldattainthem.[39] 35.AhmedFahmi ShaykhAhmedFahmisaid:ImamalBaqiristhefifthImamwiththeImami(Shia).He,mayAllah beblessedwithhim,wasthemosttruthfulofallthepeople,thebestoftheminsplendor,andthe mostwonderfuloftheminlanguage.[40] 36.Far~~dWajdi Far~~dWajdisaid:AlBaqirwasanoblescholarandgreatlord.HewascalledalBaqirbecausehe splitopenknowledgewidely.[41] 37.AbuZahrah ShaykhAbuZahrahsaid:His(ImamZaynalAbidn's)son,Mohammed(alBaqir),washisheirin leadingknowledgeandobtainingguidance.SothescholarsfromalltheIslamiccountriescameto him.AllthosewhovisitedMedinawenttoMohammedalBaqir'shousetolearnfromhim.[42] 38.AlTalmasani AlTalmasanisaid:Mohammedb.Alib.alHusaynb.Ab~TalibwasImamJafaralSadiq'sfather. HewascalledalBaqirbecausehewentdeeplyintoknowledge.Hewasajust,reliablememberof thenextgenerationandfamousImam.[43] 39.AbdalQadiralHalabi AbdalQadiralHalabisaid:AlBaqirwasthefirstAlidwhowasbetweentwoAlids.Hewasa memberofthenextgenerationwithagreatrank.HewasaskillfulImam.(TheMoslemscholars)

haveunanimouslyagreedonhisImamateandhisgreatness.(They)numberedhimasoneofthe juristsandImamsofMedina.[44] ThesearesomeofthewordswhichthegreatscholarsandresearchersmadeconcerningImamal Baqir.TheyhaverecordedtheiradmirationforthecharacteroftheImam.Theyhavealso revealedsomedimensionsofhisbrightlife.Amongthemarethefollowing: 1.ImamalBaqirsurpassedallthescholarsofhistimeinknowledgeandoutstandingmerits.No onewassimilartohiminscientificabilitiesandtalents.Hesurpassedinoutstandingmeritand knowledgehisbrothers,thechildrenofhisuncles,andallthechildrenofthePropheticfamilywho werethesourceoflightandawarenessintheearth. 2.Thescholarsofhistimeloweredthemselvesbeforehim.Theyrecognizedhishighscientificrank andhishighauthorityfortheIslamicworld. 3.ImamalBaqirhadvastknowledgenotonlyinIslamicjurisprudencebutalsoinallsciences,such astheology,philosophy,interpretation(oftheKoran),history,maxims,andliterature.Withthat hebecamethebrightsignpostofIslamicsciences. 4.Hebroughttolightthehiddenoriginsofsomesciences,whichthepeopledidnotknow. 5.Hewasthefirstpioneerofthescientificmovementofhistime.Thus,thescholarsquotedfrom hispureknowledge.Theresearchers,theauthors,andthewriterstookfromhisvastsciences. 6.Heconformedtoreligionverymuch.HewasverypiousandfearedAllahtotheextentthathe becameoneoftheImamsofthepiousandtherepentant. [1]AlBidayawaalNihaya,vol.9,p.309. [2]RoudatalKaf~.WordssimilartothesehavebeenmentionedinalIthafbiHubalAshraf(p.53 )andinTahdh~balTahdh~b,vol.9,p.352. [3]AlSaduq,alAmali,p.297. [4]Diya'alAmilin,part11ontheLifeofImamMohammedalBaqir. [5]AlGhazali,alFaraid,vol.6,p.143. [6]UyyunalAkhbarwaFununalAthar,p.14.SimilarwordshavebeenmentionedinHulyatal Auliya'(vol.3,p.186),ShadhratalDhahab(vol.1,p.149),Tar~khbyb.Asakir(vol.51,p.43),and Mir'atalJinan(vol.1,p.248). [7]TahdhibalTahdhib,vol.2,p.133. [8]Ibid,p.134. [9]IbnSharAshub,alManaqib,vol.4,p.180. [10]BiharalAnwar,vol.11,p.64. [11]AlSawaiqalMuhriqa,p.120. [12]AlBidayawaalNihaya,vol.9,p.309. [13]ShadharatalDhahab. [14]JamiKaramatalAwliya,vol1,p.97. [15]AkhbaralDiwal,p.111. [16]TadhibalKamal,3/Q4/262(manuscript).

[17]TadhkiratalHuffaz,vol.1,p.124. [18]SiyarAlamalNubala,vol.4,p.241. [19]RoudatalAyanfiMashahirAkhbaralZaman. [20]GhayatalNihayafiTabaqatalQurra,vol.2,p.202. [21]MatalibalSa'ulf~ManaqibAlalRasul. [22]UyyunalAkhbarwaFununalAthar,p.212. [23]AlNijumalZahira,vol.1,p.273. [24]IsafalRaghibin,p.316. [25]IbnAbialHaddid,Sharh. [26]AlMufid,alIrshad,p.293. [27]AlamalWarabiAlamalHuda,p.268. [28]GhayatalIkhtisar,p.401. [29]JawhartalKalamfiMadhalSadaalAlam,p.132. [30]NazhatalJalis,vol.2,p.36. [31]AlNafhaalAnbariya. [32]MinhajjalSunna,vol.2,pp.114115. [33]Ibid,p.123. [34]AlSiratalSawi,p.194. [35]BiharalAnwar,vol.11,p.84. [36]TahdhibalLughatwaalAsma,vol.1,p.87. [37]AyanalShia,Q1/4/485. [38]UmdatalTalib,vol.2,p.29. [39]KashfalGhumma,vol.2,p.363. [40]ImamZaynalAbidin,p.18. [41]Wajjdi,DairatalMaari,vol.3,p.563. [42]AlImamalSadiq,p.22. [43]AlKhafaji,SharhalShafa,vol.1,p.292. [44]AlHadithalMufahhasanSharafNaslalImamAli,p.139. ChapterV:TheQualitiesOfHisCharacter ImamAbuJafar(alBaqir),peacebeonhim,hadallthenoblequalitiesthatmadehimappropriate forundertakingthespiritualandthetemporalleadershipofthiscommunity.Eachofhisqualities raisedhimtothetopwhichnoonereachesexcepttheuniquepeopleofthetime.Hewasasthe poetsaid: HewasfromtheHashimiteswhoseglorywasashighasthesky.

Theymadethepeopledieofjealousy. TheywerethepeopleforwhomAllahwantedthenoble qualitiesofreligionandthisworldtobewithouttime. ThroughhisabilitiesandhistalentstheImamwasdistinguishedfromthegreatmenandthe reformers.Hewasdistinguishedbyhisoutstandingmeritsandhisimmortaldeeds.Hewas distinguishedbyhisclearlineage.Hewasdistinguishedbyallthatthoughwhichmanbecomes high.Amongthethingsbywhichhewasdistinguishedareasfollows: HisImamate AllahendowedhimwiththeImamateandsingledhimoutwiththegeneralauthorityonbehalfof hisgrandfather,Allah'sApostle,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily.Hewasamonghissuccessors andhistrusteeswhomtheProphetregardedaslifeboats,thesecurityofpeople,relatedtothe Koran,andappointedassignposts(ofknowledge)forhiscommunitytoprotectitfromdivisions, discords,andcrises. TheProphet,mayblesshimandhisfamily,tookintenseprecautionsfortheaffairofhis community.Heappealeditnottobebehindthecaravanofthecommunitiesandthenations.He wantedgloryanddignityforit.Hewantedittobethebestcommunitythatwasbroughtforthfor thepeople.Thus,hetookmuchcareoftheCaliphateandImamate.Hesummonedthepeopleto takecareofitmorethanhesummonedthemtotakecareofanyotherreligiousobligations.That isbecauseitisthesolidbasefordevelopinghiscommunityintheintellectual,social,andpolitical fields.HeconfinedittothepureImamsfromthemembersofhisHouse,whodidnotyieldinall conditionstoanymaterialdesire.RathertheypreferredAllah'sobedienceandtheinterestofthe communitytoallthings. ImamalBaqir,peacebeonhimtalkedabouthisImamatesubjectivelyandinclusively.Wewill mentionitwhenwetalkabouthisintellectualandscientificheritage.AsforhisImamate,the generalandtheprivatenominationsindicatedit.AmongthemwasthenominationofImam(Ali), theCommanderoftheFaithful,peacebeonhim,andtheImamateofthepureImamsafter him.[1]ThereareothernominationsforhisImamate.Wewillmentiontheminthechaptersthat follow. Infallibility AmongthehighestqualitiesofImamAbuJafar(alBaqir),peacebeonhim,wereinfallibilityand purityfromdeviationandatrocities. Indeed,infallibilityisafavorfromAllah,theMostHigh.HegrantsittowhomeverHewillsfrom HisservantswhoseheartsHetestswithbelief,whomHepurifiesandchoosestocarryoutHis messageandreformHiscreatures.InfallibilityisamongthefirmbeliefswiththeShiites,andone

ofthebasicprinciplesfortheImamatewiththem.Wewilltalkbrieflyaboutit: TheDefinitionofInfallibility TheShiitetheologiansgavevariousdefinitionsofinfallibility.Amongthemisthedefinitionof ShaykhalMuf~~d.Hedefineditasfollows:Infallibilitymeansrefrainingwillinglyfrom committingsinsandabominationsduringthefavorwhichAllah,theMostHigh,doesforthe person.Thepersonwhoissingledoutwiththefavorrefrainsfromsinsandleavingdisobedience willingly.[2]Concerningthedefinitionofinfallibility,scholaralHillisaid:ItisafavorfromAllah. Hegrantsittotheperson.Withthat,thepersonhasnoexcusetoleaveobedienceandcommit sinswillingly.[3]TheShaykhofthesect,ShaykhTusi,definedit:Infallibilitymeansthatthe personrefrainsfromsinswhenheisabletocommitthem. Inthelightofthesedefinitions,infallibilityistheabsoluteperfectionofthesoul,itsperfect freedomfromalltheinclinationsofdesire,conceit,andrecklessness,andrefrainingfrom committinganycrimeorsinwhetherintentionallyorunintentionally.Itisnaturalthatnooneis distinguishedbythatexcepthimwhomAllahchoosestoconveyHismessageandtoguideHis creatures,whetherthepersonisaprophetoranImam. TheEvidenceforInfallibility TheShiitesproducedenoughundoubtableevidenceinsupportoftheinfallibilityoftheImam. Hishamb.alHakam,aShiitetheologian,producedwonderfulevidenceinsupportofinfallibility. Hesaid:Indeedtherearefourreasonsforsins.Thereisnofifthreasonforthem.Thesereasons are:envy,anger,miserliness,anddesire.TheImamhadnoneofthesequalities.Itisimpossiblefor theImamtobemiserlyforthisworld,forthisworldwasunderhisring.Hewasthetrusteeofthe propertyoftheMoslems.So,whywashemiserly?Itwasimpossibleforhimtobeenvious.Thatis becausethepersonenviesthosewhoaresuperiortohim.Therewasnoonesuperiortohim.So, whydidheenvythosewhowereinferiortohim?Itwasimpossibleforhimtobeangryfora certainaffairofthisworld.However,itwaspossibleforhimtobeangryforAllah,theGreatand Almighty.ThatisbecauseAllahmadeitincumbentontheImamtoputpunishmentsintopractice. Itwasimpossibleforhim(theImam)tofollowdesiresandpreferthisworldtothenextworld. ThatisbecauseAllahmadedesirablethenextworldforhim,asHemadedesirablethisworldfor us.So,theImamlookedatthehereafter,aswelookatthisworld.Thus,haveyoueverseena personwhoprefersanuglyfacetoaprettyface,bitterfoodtodeliciousfood,roughclothesto smoothclothes,andcloseimmortalblessingtotransientmortalworld?[4] TheShiitesproducedenoughreliable,rationalandtraditionalevidenceinsupportofthe necessaryinfallibilityoftheImams.Theirtheologicalbooksarefullofthem.[5]DonnaLedsonsaid: TheShiiteideaofinfallibilityhasdevelopedIslamictheology.Thankstothemforstudyingthis

matternotonlyinIslambutalsoinalltheotherreligions.[6]Theywerethefirsttoopenthedoor ofscientificargumentandconversationbasedontherationalproofsthathavefixedtheaffairsof theirbasicprinciplesintheImamate. DoubtsandImaginations Manydoubtsandimaginationshavebeenraisedaboutinfallibility.TheShiiteshavebeenaccused ofinactivityandexaggeration.Thosewhocriticizedthemsaid:IndeedtheImamswerelikeother people.TheyobeyedAllahanddisobeyedhim.Theycommittedsinsintentionallyor unintentionally.Therewasnodifferencebetweenthemandotherpeople. IfirmlybelievethattheviolentattacksagainstthecleavingofShiitestotheinfallibilityoftheir ImamswerelaunchedtojustifytheUmayyadandtheAbbasidkingswhohadgiventhemselves greatqualitiesandnobletitles.Theyclaimedthattheyweretheservantsofthereligionandthe caliphsofAllahinhisearth.Still,theycommittedsinsandcrimes.Therefore,infallibilityisnota conditionforhimwhoundertakestheaffairsofMoslems.TheShiiteshaveintenselydeniedthat. Theybelievethatthecaliphateofthosekingswasillegal.Thatisbecausetheirdeedsdidnotagree withthesimplestrulesoftheIslamicreligion.Inotherwords,theywenttoofarinpracticing prostitution,amusement,andimpudence.Moreover,theirpalacesbecametheatersfor amusement,dance,andcorruption.Thus,thepoetsaidconcerningalMahdi,theAbbasidCaliph, : BanuUmayya(thesonsofUmayya),wakeup, foryoursleephasbecomelong. IndeedtheCaliphisYaqubb.Dauwd. OPeople,yourcaliphatehasbecomelost. LookforAllah'scaliphbetweenthefluteandthelute. ThedesirecontrolledtheCaliph.Thus,hewasbetweenthefluteandthelute.So,wasitpossible forhimtobetheImamoftheMoslemsandcaliphofAllahintheearth? IslamtookgreatcareoftheaffairoftheIslamiccaliphate.Thatisbecauseitistheimportant centerforthehappinessoftheMoslems,theirprogress,andthedevelopmentoftheirlife.Thus, itisillogicaltocallthosekingsthecaliphsofAllahinHisearth,andHistrustees(ofauthority)over Hisservants.Besidesitisillogicaltobelieveinthelegalityoftheircaliphate. TheShiitesbelieveintheinfallibilityoftheirImams,fortheirImamswerethemosthighexample ofman'sperfection.ThehistorianshaveunanimouslyagreedonthatnoneoftheImamsdeviated fromtherightpathordisobeyedAllah'sordersandprohibitions.Didn'tImam(Ali),the CommanderoftheFaithful,peacebeonhim,say:ByAllah,ifIwasgiventhesevenregionsand whatisundertheirorbitstodisobeyAllahthroughtakingagrainofbarleyfromthemouthofa locust,Iwouldnotdo(that).ThisistheinfallibilitywhichtheShiitesascribetotheirImams, peacebeonthem.Thus,thereisneitherinactivitynorexaggerationinthisinfallibility.Ratherit wasagreeingwiththerealitythatindicatedthebehaviortheImamsofthemembersoftheHouse

(ahlalBayt),peacebeonthem,whoconformedintenselytotheaffairsoftheirreligion,and preferredAllah'sobediencetoallthings.Thus,theHolyBookhasdenotedtheirinfallibilityand theirpurityfromdeviationandsins.Allah,theMostHigh,said:Allahonlywantstokeepawaythe uncleanlinessfromyou,themembersoftheHouse,andpurifyyouthoroughly.TheGreat ProphetjoinedthemtotheKoran.He,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,said:Ileavebehindme amongyoutwothingswhich,ifyoucleavetothem,youwillnevergoastraythatistheBookof Allahandmyoffspringfrommyfamily.Theywillneverscatter(fromyou)tilltheyleadyoutome atthe(sacred)watersof(Heaven).FalsehooddoesnotcometotheHolyBookfrombeforeitnor doesitcomestoitfrombehindit.Suchisthepurefamily(oftheProphet).Otherwisethe comparisonbetweentheisincorrect. HisClemency Asforclemency,itwasthemostprominentqualityofImamAbuJafar(alBaqir),peacebeon him.ThehistorianshaveunanimouslyagreedthattheImamdidnotmistreatthosewhowronged himandwereaggressivetowardshim.Ratherheforgavethemandtreatedthemkindly.The historianshavereportedmanyexamplesofhisclemency.Amongthemare: 1.Anadherentofarevealedreligion(kitabi)attackedtheImam,wasaggressivetowardshim,and addressedhimwithbitterwords:Youarebaqar(cows). However,theImamtreatedhimkindly.Hesmiledathim,saying:No,IamBaqir. TheadherentwentonattackingtheImam,saying:Youarethesonofthecook. TheImamsmiledathim.Thisaggressiondidnotexcitehim.Ratherhesaidtohim:Thatisher job. StilltheadherentwentonattackingtheImam,saying: Youarethesonoftheblackwoman.... TheImamdidnotbecomeangry.Ratherhetreatedhimkindly,saying: Ifyouaretruthful,mayAllahforgiveyou.Ifyouarealiar,mayAllahforgiveyou. Thus,theadherentadmiredtheImam'shighmoralsthatmarkedthemoralsoftheprophets.Then hebecameMoslem.[7] 2.AmongthosewonderfulexamplesofhisclemencyisaSyrianattendedhisassembly,listenedto hislecturesandadmiredthem.ThentheSyrianwalkedtowardstheImam,saying:Mohammed,I amafraidofyourassembly.Idonotloveyou.Isay:Nooneismorehatefulwithmethanyou,the membersoftheHouse.IknowthattheobedienceofAllahandtheobedienceoftheCommander oftheFaithfulisthroughyourhate.However,Ithinkthatyouareaneloquentmanwithmorals andgoodutterance.Ivisityoufrequentlybecauseofyourgoodmanners! However,theImamtreatedhimkindly.ThentheSyriansbecamerighteous.HelovedtheImam andfollowedhim.HebecameafriendoftheImamtilldeathcametohim.Thus,heaskedthe Imamtoprayoverhim.[8] Throughthesehighmorals,theImamfollowedtheexampleofhisgrandfather,theApostle,may

Allahblesshimandhisfamily,whocouldwithhisstandardmoralsbringtheheartstogether,unify thefeelingsandthesentiments,andmakethepeoplefollowthewordofmonotheismwhilethey hadbeengroupsandparties.Eachpartyisrejoicinginthatwhichiswiththem. HisPatience PatiencewasamongthepersonalqualitiesofthepureImamsfromthemembersoftheHouse (ahlalBayt),peacebeonthem.Indeedtheywerepatientthroughthehardshipsoftimeandthe misfortunesofthedays.Theyborethemisfortuneswhichthecreatureswereunabletobear.At theplateauofKarbala',ImamHusayn,peacebeonhim,receivedtheexhaustingmisfortunes, saying:OLord,IampatienttowardsYourdecree.ThereisnogodbutYou.ImamalBaqir,like hisgrandfathers,waspatienttowardsthehardshipsandthemisfortunes,ofwhicharethe following: 1.(Thepeopleof)authoritydisparagedhispuregrandfathers.Theycursedthemopenlyonthe pulpitsandthroughtheminarets(ofthemosques).He,peacebeonhim,listenedtothat. However,hewasunabletosayevenaword.Herestrainedhisanger.Heentrustedtheaffairto Allahtojudgeamonghisservantswiththetruth. 2.AmongthehardmisfortuneswhichtheImamenduredwastheheadmenfromthehirelingsof theUmayyadauthoritywhotorturedseverelyandkilledthefollowersofthemembersofthe House(ahlalBayt),peacebeonthem.However,theImamwasunabletosayevenaword.Thatis because(theUmayyad)authoritykeptanintenseeyeonhim.Theysurroundedhimwiththeir secretagents.Theydidnotrespondtoanyrequestfromhimconcerningtheaffairofhisfollowers. 3.ConcerningtheImam'sgreatpatience,thehistoriansreportedthatwhilehewassittingwithhis companions,heheardaloudcryfromhishouse.Oneofhisservantshurriedtohimandtoldhim secretly(abouttheaccident).However,theImam,peacebeonhim,saidtotheservant:Praise belongstoAllahforwhathehasgivenandpraisebelongstoHimforwhathehastaken.Prevent themfromweeping.Preparehimforburial.Askhertobecalmandtellher:Noharmwillhityou. YouarefreeforAllahbecauseofthefearthathascontrolledyou.' ThentheImamwentbacktohisconversation.Thepeoplewereunabletoaskhim(aboutthe accident).Thenhisservantcametohimandsaidtohim:Wehavepreparedhimforburial.'Thus, theImamorderedhiscompanionstoprayoverhissonandtoburyhim.Hetoldhiscompanions concerninghissonandsaidtothem:Hefelloffaslavegirlwhowascarryinghimanddied.[9] StateschangeandcivilizationsperishwhiletheseAlidmoralsareimmortal,fortheyrepresentthe honorofhumanityanditsnoblevalues. 4.Thehistorianssaid:TheImamhadason.Thesonbecameill.Thus,theImamfearedforhis safety,forhelovedhimverymuch.Thenthesondied.So,thepatienceoftheImambecamecalm. Thus,itwassaidtohim:Wefearforyoursafety,sonoftheApostleofAllah,mayAllahblesshim andhisfamily.However,theImamansweredwithcalmnessandsatisfactionwiththedecreeof Allah,saying:IndeedwepraytoAllahinwhatHeloves.Ifwhatwehateoccurs,wedonotoppose

AllahinwhatHeloves.[10] Surely,theImamhabituatedhimselftopatience.Hefacedthemisfortunesoftheworldandthe disastersoftimewithstrongwillandfirmbelief.Heenduredthemisfortuneswithoutboredom, forhewasdesirousoftherewardfromAllah. HisHonoringthePoor Amonghishighmoralswasthatheglorifiedthepoorandraisedtheirpositionlestthepeople shouldseetheabasementoftheneedonthem.Thehistorianssaid:Heorderedhisfamilynotto saytothebeggar:Beggar,takethis.Ratherheorderedthemtosay:ServantofAllah,youare blessed.[11]Healsoorderedthemtocallthebeggarswiththeirbestnames.[12] Surely,theyarethemoralsoftheProphet,whocametomakemanhigh,tosupplyhimwithglory anddignity,andtosavehimfromsubmissionandabasement. HisReleasingtheSlaves ThegreatImamwasfondofreleasingtheslavesandsavingthemfromenslavement.Hereleased afamilyofelevenslaves.[13]Hehadsixtyslaves.Hereleasedonethirdofthemwhenhewas abouttodie.[14] HisSpendingonhisCompanions ThemostenjoyablethingfortheImaminthisworldwasspendingonhiscompanions.Hedidnot tireofspendingonthemandthosewhocametohimandhopedfromhim.[15]Moreover,he entrustedhissonalSadiqtospendonhiscompanionsandhisstudents.Forhewantedthemto devotethemselvestoproclaimingknowledgeamongthepeople. HisAlmstothePoorofMedina TheImam,peacebeonhim,didalotofcharityandfavorforthepoorofMedina(Yathrib).His almsforthemwerecounted.Theyamountedeightthousandsdinars.[16]Hegavethemadinaras almseveryFriday.Hesaid:ThealmsonFridayisbetterthanitisontheotherdays.[17] HisGenerosityandhisLiberality

Asforgenerosity,itwasamongthebasicelementsoftheImamsofthemembersoftheHouse (ahlalBayt),peacebeonthem.Indeed,theylentahelpinghandtothepoorandthebeggars. Concerningthem,thepoetsaid: Iftherewasacustomofglorybeforethem Youwouldfinditfromthemformiles. Ifyoucametothem,youwouldseeamongtheirhouses generositythatprotectsyoufromtheattitudesofbeggary. Thelightofprophethoodandnobledeedsisburningintheold andthechildrenfromthem.[18] Concerningthem,alKumaytsaid: Theyarerainsandlions.Whenthepeoplebecomehungry, they(theImams)aretheshelterofthenursesoftheorphans. Concerningthem,alKumaytalsosaid: Ifacloudarisesfromtheminaland, thentheplantisnotprohibited, norislightningwithoutrain. Howwonderfulwhatwassaidis!Foritisappropriateforthem: Theyaregenerousandthosewhowerebeforethemweregenerous,too. Theirchildrenafterthemaregenerous. Thepeoplearealandingenerosityandliberality. Whenthegenerousarenumbered,they(theImams)areasky. TheImamhadanaturaldispositionfordoinggood,spendingonthepeople,andmakingthem happy.IbnalSabbaghalMalikisaid:ThoughMohammedb.Alib.alHusayn(alBaqir)had knowledge,outstandingmerits,leadership,andImamate,hisgenerositywasapparentinShiaand nonShia,hewasfamousforgenerosityforallpeople,andhewasknownforfavorandkindness inspiteofhisbigfamilyandhismiddlecondition.[19] Thehistorianssaid:ImamalBaqirwastheleastofthemembersofhisHouseinmoney.Still,he wasthegreatestoftheminprovision.[20]Inspiteofthat,hegavegenerouslywhathehadto helpthepoorandthedeprived.Thenarratorshavementionedmanyattitudesofhisgenerosity. Amongthemare: 1.AbdAllahb.UbaydandAmrub.Dinarreported.Theysaid:WhenwemetAbuJafar Mohammedb.Ali(alBaqir),hegaveusmoneyandclothes.Thenhesaid:Thesehadbeen preparedforyoubeforeyoumetme.[21] 2.Sulaymanb.Qaramreported:AbuJafar(alBaqir)gaveusfivehundred,sixhundred,orone thousanddirhams.Hewasnottiredofspendingonthecompanions,thosewhocametohim,and thosewhohopedfromhim.[22] 3.AlHasanb.Kuthayrsaid:IcomplainedtoAb~JafarMohammedb.Ali(alBaqir)oftheneed andtheabandonmentofthefriends.He,peacebeonhim,wasmoved(bythat).Thenhesaid: Badisthefriendwhotakescareofyouwhenyouarerichandabandonsyouwhenyouarepoor.' Thenheorderedhisservantboytotakeoutapouchinwhichweresevenhundreddirhams.Then

hesaid:Spendthese(dirhams).Whenyouhaveusedthem,theninformme(ofthat).[23] 4.He,peacebeonhim,gavefromahundredtoathousand(dirhams)tothepeoplewhocame frequentlytohisassembly.Helikedsittingwiththem.AmongthemwereAmrub.DinarandAbd Allahb.Ubayd.Hegavethemgiftsandclothes.Thenhesaidtothem:Wehavepreparedthem foryousincethebeginningoftheyear.[24] 5.Hisretainer,Salma,reported:Hiscompanionscametohim.Theydidnotleavehimtillhe offeredthemdeliciousfoodandgavethemgoodclothesandgrantedthemdirhams.Salma blamedhimforthat.Thus,hesaidtoher:Nothingishopedinthisworldexcepttherelativesand thecompanions.[25]Heusedtosay:Theworldisnotgoodexceptforthegiftofthe companionsandtherelatives.[26]Thesearesomeoftheattitudeswhichhavebeenreported concerninghisgenerosityandliberality.Theyindicatethatkindnessandcharitywereamonghis elementsandqualities. HisWorship ImamAbuJafar(alBaqir),peacebeonhim,wasamongtheImamsofthepious.HeknewAllahto theextentthatthisknowledgeincludedallhisheart.HedevotedhimselftohisLordthrougha repentantheart.HewasveryexcellentatobeyingHim.Asfortheaspectsofhisworship,theyare: A.HisReverenceinhisPrayers Thehistoriansreportedthatwhenhepreparedhimselfforprayers,hiscolorbecameyellowoutof fearofAllah.[27]HeknewthemightyofAllah,theExalted,theCreatoroftheuniverseandGiver oflife.Thus,theImamworshippedhimasthepiousandtherepentantdid. B.HismanyPrayers Hesaidmanyprayers.Thereporterssaid:Hesaidonehundredandfiftyrukasbydayand night.[28]Hisscientificaffairsandhisgeneralauthorityforthecommunitydidnotdiverthim fromsayingmanyprayers.Thatisbecausetheprayerswerethemostlovablethingwithhim,for theyweretherelationshipbetweenhimandAllah. C.HisSupplicationsduringhisProstration Ithasbeenmentionedinthetradition:TheservantisclosertohisLordwhenheisprostrate(in prayer).Thus,duringhisprostration,theImam,peacebeonhim,headedforAllahthroughhis

heartandhisfeelings.HewhisperedasupplicationtoHimsincerely.Somesupplicationshave beenreportedonhisauthority.Thefollowingaresomeofthem: 1.Ishaqb.AmmarreportedontheauthorityofAb~AbdAllah(alSadiq),whosaid:Iprepared bedformyfatherandwaitedforhimtillhecame.Whenhewenttohisbedandslept,Iwentto mybed.Onenighthewaslate.Afterthepeoplehadslept,Iwenttothemosquetolookforhim. Therewasnooneinthemosqueexcepthim.Suddenly,Isawhimprostratinginthemosque.I heardhimsay: OAllah,glorybelongstoYou.YouaremytrueLord.OMyLord,Iamprostratingmyselfin worshipandslavery.OAllah,mydeedisweak,sodoubleitforme.OAllah,protectmefromYour tormentonthedaywhenYouraiseYourservantsfromthedead.Forgiveme.IndeedYouarethe MostForgiving,theMostMerciful.[29] 2.AbuUbaydaalHadha'reported:WhileAbuJafar(alBaqir)wasprostratinghimselfinworship, Iheardhimsay: (OAllah),IaskYoubyYourbelovedone,Mohammed,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,to changemysinsintogooddeedsandreckonmeeasily. Thenhesaidinthesecondprostration: IaskYoubyYourbelovedone,Mohammed,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,tosufficemethe provisionoftheworldandweakentheterrorbeforeParadise. Thenhesaidinthethird(prostration): IaskYoubyYourbelovedone,Mohammed,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,toforgivememy fewandmanysinsandacceptthelittleworkfromme. Thenhesaidintheforth(prostration) IaskYoubyYourbelovedone,Mohammed,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,tomakeme enterParadise,tomakemeamongitsdwellers,andtosavemefromtheburningfirethrough Yourmercy.MayAllahblessMohammedandhisfamily.[30] ThesesupplicationsdenotehisintenseattachmenttoAllah,hisgreatturntoHiminrepentance, andhiscleavingtoHisobedience. D.HisSupplicationduringhisPersonalPrayers Somesupplicationswhichhesaidduringhispersonalprayershavebeenreportedonhisauthority. Thefollowingaresomeofthem: OAllah,indeed,myenemyhasfollowedhisvigor,persistedonhisenmity,andfeltsafefromthe consequencethroughtheclemencythathasincludedhim.Thus,hehasdaredagainstYouand disobeyedYouwhenhehasseparatedhimselffromYou.OAllah,Youhavemomentsofwrathat nightwhentheyareasleep,bydaywhentheyareheedless,openlywhentheyplay,andsuddenly whentheyareforgetful.Indeedthestranglingropehasbecomemoreintense,theshacklehas becomestronger,theheartshavebeeneliminated,themindsaredisguised,patiencehas perishedanditsstringsareabouttobreak.Surely,Youobservetheoppressiveandseethe

grieved.ThepassingofovertakingdoesnothurryYouandtheprohibitionoftheforbidderdoes notmakeYoupowerless.RatherYouactcarefully.Yourargumentisintenseandirrefutableinall circumstances.TheweaknessofhumanityandthefeeblenessofmankindareinYourservants. Thesupremepowerofdivinity,thekingdomofcreation,theviolenceofdeliberateness,andthe punishmentofperpetuationareforYou. OAllah,ifthereisarewardinbearingpatientlythecordialityofthesupportedonefromthe oppressiveandthesadnessofhimwhoseesfromthosewhoalternateyou,thengrantmemore supportandahelpofdirectingtillthetimewhenYourwillisvalidtowardshimwhomYoumake happyandhimwhomYoumakeunhappy.DomeafavortosubmittoYourinevitabledecreesand tobearYourissueddeterminations.GrantmeloveforwhatYoulovefromthepastandthenext (things),theimmediateandthepostponed(things).(Grantme)preferencetowhatYouchoose fromthecloseandtheremote(things).Inspiteofthat,donotdepriveusofthesentimentsof YourmercyandYourgoodprotection.[31] Idonotthinkthatthereisapoliticaldocumentthatshowedthesameabilityinmentioningthe situationsofthecountryatthattimeasthissupplicationshowed.ThatisbecausetheImamtalked aboutthepoliticalcrisesfromwhichtheMoslemssufferedduringthedaysoftheUmayyad governmentwithwhichtheImamwascontemporary,andespeciallyasitconcernsthetyrant, AbdalMalikb.Marwan,whodidhisbesttoabasetheMoslemsandtoforcethemtofollowwhat theyhated.Heappointedoverthemthetyrant,alHajjajb.YousifalThaqafi,whowastedtheir religionandworldandmadetroubleintheearth.Hepouredallkindsofoppressiononthe Moslemstotheextentthattheinsightsmissedthemark,theheartsroseuptothethroats,and patiencewasover.Thus,theImamaskedAllahtosavetheMoslemsfromtheircriticalsituation andtopunishseverelythedisobedientoppressiveUmayyads. 2.He,peacebeonhim,prayedtoAllahwiththissupplicationinhispersonalprayers:Through Yourfavorandgenerosity.OYouWhoknowstheobsessionsofinnerselves,thehiddenplacesof consciences,andthefactsofthoughts.OYouWhoispresentforeveryunseen,rememberevery forgotten(person),havepoweroverallthings,seeall(thecreatures),theslownesshasbecome far,themomentofdeathhasapproached,thedeedhasbecomeweak,andthehopeisfullof doubt. OAllah,YouarethelastasYouarethefirst.YoudestroywhomYouoriginateandturnintowear. Youentrusttheirdeedstothemandmakethemcarrytheirburdenstillthetimeoftheir resurrectionfromtheirraisefromthedeadwhenthetrumpetwillbeblown,theskysplitopen withthelight,andcomingoutoftheplaceofresurrectiontotheyardofthegathering.Theireyes willnotreverttothemandtheirheartsvacant.Theywillrunintotheworryoftheirpastdeeds. Theywillbeaskedforalongtimewhenthehadlived.Theretheywillbereckonedforwhatthey hadcommitted.Theirbookswillbewideopenaroundtheirnecks.Theyshallbeartheirburdens ontheirbacks.Therewillbeneitherescapenorrefugefromthepunishment.Theproofwill confutethem.So,theywillliveintheperplexityofthedestinationandthewhisperofthenoise. TheywillbedeviatedfromthedestinationexcepthimwhoAllahpromisedgood.So,hewillbe safefromthefearfulsightandthegreatcoming.Andhewasnotamongthosewhodisobeyed

(Allah)intheworld.HedidnotannoyAllah'sfriendsnordidheenslavethemnordidhepossess alonetheirrights. OAllah,indeedtheheartshaverisenuptothethroats,thesoulshavecomeuptothethroats, andtheliveshavecometoanendbecauseofwaiting(forYourease),notbecauseofthepaucity ofinsightnorbecauseoftheaccusationofadecree,butbecausetheyhavedisobeyedYou, opposedYourordersandprohibitions,playedwithYourfriends,andsupportedYourenemies. OAllah,therefore,approachthatwhichhasbecomeclose,bringthatwhichhasbecome imminent,achievethethoughtsofthosewhoarecertain(ofYou),andmakethebelieversachieve theirhopesinestablishingYourjustice,supportingYourreligion,andshowingYourproof.[32] ThisHolySupplicationdenotesthatAllahhasvastknowledge.Heencompassesallthingswhether theyareseenorunseen.Italsodenotesthehereafter.Moreover,itindicatesthatpeoplewillbe raisedfromthedeadontheDayofJudgmenttobereckonedbyAllah.Theywillcarryontheir backsthesinsofwhattheyhaddoneintheworld.Theywillbeaskedaboutwhattheyhad committed.Theywillbereckonedforwhattheyhaddone.Noonewillbesafefromthatfearful sightexceptthosewhomAllahpromisedgood,thosewhohadnotmutiniedagainst(Allah)inthe worldnorhadtheyenslavedAllah'sservants.Worthmentioning,inthissupplication,theImam confrontedtheUmayyadrulerspossessedalonethepropertyofAllahandenslavedhisservants. Thus,theheartshadrisenuptothethroatsbecauseoftheiroppressionandtyranny,astheImam, peacebeonhim,said. HisPilgrimage WhenImamAbuJafar(alBaqir),peacebeonhim,madethepilgrimagetoMecca,hededicated himselftoAllahandturnedtoHiminrepentance.Themarksofhumilityandobedienceappeared onhisface.Hisretainer,Aflah,reported:[IperformedthehajjwithAb~Jafar,Mohammedal Baqir.Whenheenteredthemosque,heweptloudly.So,Isaidtohim:] Maymyfatherandmotherberansomforyou,thepeoplearewaitingforyou.Ifyouplease, weepquietly. However,theImampaidnoattentiontohim.Ratherhesaidtohim:Aflah,woeuntoyou!Iam weepingloudlyinorderthatAllahmaylookatmethroughhismercy.So,Iwillwinittomorrow. ThentheImamcircumambulatedtheKaaba,andhecametopraybehindthestandingplace(of ProphetAbraham).Whenheended(hisprayers),theplaceofhisprostrationbecamewetoutof thetearsofhiseyes.[33]Onetimewhenhe,peacebeonhim,performedthehajj,thepilgrims surroundedhimandcrowdedaroundhim.Theyaskedhimforlegalopinionsconcerningthe affairsoftheirreligion.TheImamansweredthem.Thus,thepeopleadmiredhisvastknowledge. Theyaskedeachotherabouthim.So,oneofhiscompanionsintroducedhimtothem,saying: Thisistheonewhohassplitopentheknowledgeoftheapostles.Thisistheonewhohas explainedtheways.Thisisthebestonewhobecamefirmlyestablishedinthebacksoftheowners oftheship.Thisisthe(grand)sonofFatima,theChaste.Thisisthe(grand)sonofMohammed,

Khadija,Ali,andFatima.Thisisthestandingsignpostofreligion.[34] ThereferenceshavenotmentionedthenumberofhispilgrimagestotheSacredHouseofAllah, fortheyhaveneglectedthat. HisWhisperedPrayerwithAllah TheImam,peacebeonhim,saidwhisperedprayerswithAllahinthedarknessofnight.Among whathesaidinhiswhisperedprayeris: Youhaveorderedme,butIhavenotfollowedYourorder.Youhavepreventedme,butIhavenot followedYourprevention.HereIam,YourservantbeforeYou.[35] HisPraisingAllah Thehistorianssaid:HealwaysrememberedAllah.HistonguepraisedAllahconstantly.Hewalked andpraisedAllah.Hespoketothepeople,butthatdidnotdiverthimfrompraisingAllah.He gatheredhischildrenandorderedthemtopraiseAllahtillthesunrose.Healsoorderedthemto recitetheKoran.HeorderedthosewhocouldnotreadtopraiseAllah.[36] HisRenouncingWorldlyPleasures ImamAbuJafar(alBaqir),peacebeonhim,renouncedalltheworldlypleasures.Heturnedaway fromtheornamentoflife.Hedidnotfurnishedhishouse.Ratherhespreadoutamatathis sittingplace.[37]Helookeddeeplyatlife.Heconsideredcarefullyallitsaffairs.Thus,he renounceditspleasuresanddevotedhimselftoAllahthrougharepentingheart.Jabirb.Zaydal Jufisaid:Mohammedb.Ali(alBaqir)saidtome: Jabir,Iamgrievedandmyheartisbusy. Whatisyourgrief?Whathasmadeyourheartbusy?askedJabir. TheImam,peacebeonhim,spoketohimaboutwhathadmadehimgrievedandmadehim renouncethisworld,saying: Jabir,whoeverentersthereligionofAllah,theGreatandAlmighty,throughapureheart,it (Allah'sreligion)divertshimfromotherthanAllah.Jabir,whatistheworld?Whatmayitbe?Isn't itamereridinganimalyourideoragarmentyouwearorawomanyoumarry?[38] Manywordshavebeenreportedonhisauthority.Theyurge(people)torenounceworldly pleasures,andtocleavetoAllah.Meanwhiletheywarnthemofthevanitiesandsinsoftheworld. Wewillmentionthatinthisbook.Withthis,weendourtalkaboutsomeoftheaspectsofthe Imam'sbrightcharacter.

[1]AlSaffar,BasairalDarajat,p.108. [2]SharhAqaidalSaduq,p.114. [3]TawfiqalTatbiq,p.16. [4]AqidatalShia,p.317. [5]AlAllamaalHilli,alAlfayn. AlShaykhalMufid,AwailalMaqalatfialMadhahibalMukhtara. AlAllamaalHilli,MinhajjalKarama. [6]NazariyatalImamaladaalShiaalIthnaAshariya,p.134. [7]AyanalShia,4/Q1/504. [8]BiharalAnwar,vol.11,p.66. [9]UyyunalAkhbarwaFununalAthar,p.218. [10]TarikhDimashq,vol.51,p.52.IbnQutayba,UyyunalAkhbar,vol.3,p.57. [11]UyyunalAkhbar,vol.3,p.208. [12]AlBayanwaalTabiyyin,p.158. AyanalShia,Q1/4/472. [13]SharhShafiyatAbiFiras,vol.2,p.176. [14]Ibid. [15]Ibid. [16]Ibid. [17]AyanalShia,Q1/4/471. [18]ZahralAdab,vol.1,p.94. [19]AlFusualMuhimma,p.227. [20]AyanalShia,Q1/4/171. [21]AlIrshad,p.299. [22]Ibid. [23]SafwatalSafwa,vol.2,p.63. [24]UyyunalAkhbarwaFununalAthar,p.217. [25]AyanalShia,Q1/4/506.SafwatalSafwa,vol.2,p.63. [26]Ibid. [27]IbnAsakir,Tarikh,vol.51,p.44. [28]TadhkiratalHuffaz,vol.125. IbnAsakir,Tarikh,vol.51,p.44. HulyatalAwliya,vol.3,p.182. [29]FurualKafi,vol.3,p.323. [30]Ibid. [31]MuhajjalDaawat,p.51. [32]Ibid,p.52. [33]SafwatalSafwa,vol.2,p.63. [34]IbnShahrAshub,alManaqib,vol.4,p.183. [35]NuralAbsar,p.130.

[36]AyanalShia,4/Q1/471. [37]DaaimalIslam,vol.2,p.158. [38]AlBidayawaalNihaya,vol.9,p.310. ChapterVI:HisTalentsandHisGenius ThetalentsandgeniusofImamAbuJafar(alBaqir),peacebeonhim,resultedingreatabilitiesof knowledgethatincludedallsciences,suchasthetradition,philosophy,theology,jurisprudence, highmaxims,andstandardmorals.Moreover,itincludedtheeventstheImamhadpredicted beforetheyoccurred.Thentheyhappenedonthearenaoflife.Hisknowledgewasvast.Though thescholarslearnedalotofhispureknowledge,hefoundnarrownessinhimselfbecauseofhis manysciencesforwhichhefoundnowaytoproclaim.He,asthenarratorssaid,heaveddeep sighsandsaidwithgrief: IfIfound(carriers)formyknowledgewhichAllah,theGreatandAlmighty,hasgiventome,I wouldproclaimmonotheism,Islam,religion,andIslamiclaws.HowcanIdothat?Mygrandfather, theCommanderoftheFaithful,peacebeonhim,foundnocarriersforhisknowledgeforhis knowledge.Thus,hesigheddeeplyonthepulpitandsaid:Questionmebeforeyouloseme,for thereismuchknowledgeamongtheribs.[1] ThehistoriansandthenarratorshaveunanimouslyagreedthattheImamwastherichestofallthe thinkersandthescholarsofhistimeinscientificabilitiesandtalents.Besides,thebiographers havementionedthatheproclaimedknowledgeanddiscovereditstreasuresandfacts,aswehave mentionedinthepreviouschapters.Beforediscussingthescienceswhichhediscovered,itis necessaryforustopresentsomeimportantpointsconcerningthetopic. TheScientificLifeathisTime ThescientificmovementatthetimeoftheImamwasafflictedwithmuchinactivityanddullness. Inotherwords,ithadnoshadeonthearenaoflife.Thatisbecausethepoliticalpartiesturnedthe peopleawayfromknowledge.Thehighhousespounceduponwinningthegovernment.So,they threwtheirhumanandfinancialpowersintoastonishing,horrible,violentbattlesthatafflicted thecommunitywithheavycausalitiesanddisasters.Themembersofthecommunitylaunched armedattacksagainsteachother.So,theyturnedawayfromknowledgeandthought.Inother words,theyabandonedthatlightwhichIslambroughtformankind,andabandoneditsordersto followittoachievetheiraimsinlife,suchassecurity,welfare,anddevelopment.

TheBrightRoleoftheImam ImamAbuJafar(alBaqir),peacebeonhim,cametoaworldfullofdiscords,disturbances,and events.HesawthattheIslamiccommunityhadlostallofitsqualities.Itlostallthecharacteristics whichAllahwantedforit,suchasunity,perfection,anddevelopmentinthefieldsofknowledge andproduction.So,throughhisspiritualleadership,theImamdidhisbesttorenewthegloryof thecommunityandtorebuilditsculturalentity.Thus,heproclaimedknowledgeandthought.He refrainedfrompracticingallpoliticalactivities,anddevotedhimselftoknowledgeonly.The orientalist,RowitM.Ronaldson,said:He(alBaqir)livedhonored.Hededicatedhimselfto knowledgeduringhisisolationinMedina.Thepeoplecametohimtoaskhimaboutthe Imamate.[2] SomenotablesofthecommunitywenttotheImamtostudyknowledgeunderhim.Amongthem wasthegreatscholar,Jabirb.Yaz~dalJufi.WhentheImammethimforthefirsttime,heasked him: Whereareyoufrom? FromKufa. Fromwhichtribe? FromJuf. Whathasbroughtyouhere? Seekingknowledge. Fromwhom? Fromyou.[3] ThenknowledgelovingdeputationscametotheImamfrequentlytolearnknowledgeand sciencesfromhim.ShaykhAbuZahrasaid:Allthescholarswhowentto(Medina),thecityofthe Prophet,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,wenttohimtolearntheprincipalfeaturesofreligion fromhim.[4]Thejuristslearnedfromhimthelawfulandtheunlawful.[5] However,theIslamicworldtookfromtheImamalltheelementsofitsdevelopmentandprogress. TheculturalmovementthatdependedontheImamwasnotconfinedtohistimeonly.Ratherit includedallthetimesthatfollowedhim.Thus,thescientificlifeappeared,andsciencesdeveloped verymuch.Forthisreason,thescientificlifeinIslamprospered. Surely,theculturallifeinIslamisindebtedtothisgreatImam,forherenewedandledit throughouthistory. TheSciencestheImamDiscussed TheImamstudiedseveralsciences,andthenhetaughtthemtothescholarsintheMosqueofthe Prophetorintheyardofhishouse.Amongthesetraditionsarethefollowing:

TheTradition: ImamAbuJafar(alBaqir),peacebenohim,tookgreatcareofthetraditionswhichwerereported ontheauthorityofhisgrandfather,theApostleofAllah,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,and ontheauthorityofhispuregrandfathers,peacebeonthem.Thatisbecausethetraditionisthe secondsourceoftheIslamiclawaftertheHolyKoran.ItisofgreatimportanceintheIslamiclaw, foritspecifiesthegeneral(verses)oftheBook,limitsitsabsolute(verses),itdistinguishesits abrogated(verses)fromitsabrogating(ones),anditsvague(verses)fromitsclear(ones).The traditionalsodenotesthejurisprudentialrulesconcerningworshipsanddealings.Itgivesthe generalruleswhichthejuristsusetoconcludethereligiousopinion.Ithasbrightrulesfor individualandsocialbehavior.Ithasrulesfororganizingthefamilyandpreservingitfrom committingsins.Moreover,ithasallwhatpeopleneedfortheirindividualandsociallife.Forthis reason,ImamAbuJafar(alBaqir),peacebeonhim,tookcareoftraditionandadoptedit positively.Jabirb.Yaz~dalJufireportedseventythousandtraditionsontheauthorityofthe Imam.Abanb.Taghlubreportedalargegroupofthemonhisauthority.Greatfiguresfromthe Companionsreportedalargegroupoftraditionsonhisauthority. TheimportantthingisthatImamAbuJafar(alBaqir),peacebeonhim,tookcareof understandingthemeaningsofthetradition.Heregardedunderstandingthemeaningsofthe traditionasacriterionforpreferringthenarration.Yaz~dalRazzazreportedontheauthorityof hisfatherontheauthorityofAbuAbdAllahontheauthorityofhisfather,whosaid: KnowthepositionsoftheShiitesaccordingtotheirnarrationandtheirknowledge.Indeed knowledgeisunderstandingthenarration.Throughunderstandingthenarration,thebeliever reachesthemaximumdegreeofbelief.IlookedataletterthatbelongedtoAli.Ifoundinthe letterthatthevalueandimportanceofthepersondependonthatheshouldknowthatAllahwill reckonpeopleaccordingtothereasonHehasgiventothemintheworld.[6] Thatthenarratorunderstandsthemeaningsofthenarrationindicateshishighscientificrank. AstheImamtookgreatcareofthetradition,heputcertainrulestodistinguishthecorrect traditionfromtheincorrectonewhentheycontradicteachother.Wewillmentionthatwhenwe talkaboutthescienceofthefundamentalswhichtheImamtreated. TheReportsoftheImams AsforthetraditionswhichwerereportedontheauthorityofthepureImams,peacebeonthem, theydonotdenotethepersonalideasoftheImams.Rather,theydenotethewordsofthe Prophet,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,andhisideas.Thus,theShiiteshaveaddedthe Imams'traditionstothesunna(practicesoftheProphet).ImamAbuJafar(alBaqir),peacebeon him,referredtothatintwotraditionshetoldJabirb.Yaz~dalJufi. 1.He,peacebeonhim,saidtoJabir:Ifwespeaktoyouaccordingtoouridea,wewillbefrom

theperished.However,wespeaktoyouaccordingtothetraditionswegatherontheauthorityof theApostleofAllah,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,astheygathertheirgoldandsilver.[7] 2.He,peacebeonhim,saidtoJabir:ByAllah,Jabir,ifwespeaktothepeopleaccordingtoour opinion,thenwewillbefromtheperished.However,wespeaktothemaccordingtothe traditionswereportontheauthorityoftheApostleofAllah,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily. Weinheritthetraditionssuccessively.Wegatherthemastheygathertheirgoldandsilver.[8] Therefore,theImamsofthemembersoftheHouse(ahlalBayt),peacebeonthem,didnot ascribethetraditionstothemselves.Rathertheyascribedthemtotheirgrandfather,theApostle, mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily.Thus,itistheywhopreservedtheProphet'sscientificheritage. Inotherwordstheygathereditasthepeoplegatheredtheirgoldandsilver. TheTraditionsofImamalBaqir AsforthetraditionswhichImamAbuJafar(alBaqir),peacebeonhim,reportedontheauthority ofhisgrandfather,Allah'sApostle,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,andontheauthorityof Imam(Ali),theCommanderoftheFaithful,peacebeonhim,theyareoftwokinds: 1.(Ahadith)mursala;theyarethetraditionswhichtheImamrecordedwithoutmentioningthe chainofthenarrators.TheImamattributedthetraditiondirectlytotheProphet,mayAllahbless himandhisfamily,orImam(Ali),theCommanderoftheFaithful,peacebeonhim.TheImam, peacebeonhim,wasaskedaboutthechain(ofthenarrators),hesaid:WhenIreportatradition, Idonotmentionthechain(ofthereporters),forIreportitontheauthorityofmyfather,Zaynal Abidn,ontheauthorityofhisfatheralHusayn,themartyr,ontheauthorityofhisfather,Alib. AbuTalib,ontheauthorityoftheApostleofAllah,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,onthe authorityofGabriel,ontheauthorityofAllah,theGreatandAlmighty.[9] 2.(Ahadith)musnada;theyarethetraditionswhichtheImamrecordedontheauthorityofhis puregrandfathersontheauthorityoftheApostleofAllah,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily. WhethertheImam'straditionsaremursalaormusnada,theyareproofwiththeShiiteswithout difference.Thatisifthechain(ofthenarratorswhoreported)onhisauthorityiscorrect; otherwisetheyaretreatedliketheothertraditionsthatmaybeweakorreliableoracceptable. HisTraditionsfromtheProphet AsforhistraditionsfromtheProphet,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,theysometimes concernIslamicjurisprudence.Theencyclopediasofjurisprudenceandtraditionshavementioned them.Theysometimesconcernbehaviorandmorals.Someofthemalsoconcerntheoutstanding meritsandobligatoryloveofthepurefamily(oftheProphet).Thefollowingaresomeofthe Imam'straditionsfromtheProphet: 1.TheImam,peacebeonhim,reportedontheauthorityofhisgrandfathersontheauthorityof

theApostleofAllah,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,whosaid:Thevirtueofknowledgeis morelovablewithAllahthanthevirtueofworship.Thebest(thing)inyourreligionispiety.[10] Thistraditionsummonsandurgespeopletoseekknowledge,forknowledgeisbetterthan worshipofwhichitsownermakesnouse.Thetraditionalsourgespeopletorefrainfromwhat Allahhasforbiddenandtoturnawayfromthesinsthatcorruptthepersonanddeviatehimfrom therightpath. 2.He,peacebeonhim,reportedontheauthorityofhisgrandfathersontheauthorityofthe Prophet,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,whosaid:Addingclemencytoknowledgeisbetter thanaddingathingtoathing.[11] Indeedknowledgeandclemencyraisetheleveloftheperson.Theydistinguishhimfromother thanhim,forthereisnothingbetterthanthesetwoqualities. 3.He,peacebeonhim,reportedontheauthorityofhisgrandfathersontheauthorityoftheof theApostleofAllah,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,whosaid:Thereisobedienceoverevery obedience.However,when(theperson)iskilledforAllah,thenthereisnoobedienceoverthat. Thereisdisobedienceovereverydisobediencetillthepersonkillsoneofhisparents.Ifhekillsone ofthem,thenthereisnodisobedienceoverthat.[12] Surely,themaximumdegreeofobedienceismartyrdomforAllah.Ifthepersoniskilledforthat, thenhewillreachthemaximumdegreeofobedience.Alsothemaximumdegreeofsinand disobedienceisthatwhenthepersonkillsoneofhisparents.Ifhedoesthat,thenhewillreach themaximumdegreeofsinanddisobedience. 4.He,peacebeonhim,said:TheApostleofAllah,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,said:Itis anactofgenerositytoreclaimproperty.[13] TheApostleofAllah,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,urgesthecapitaliststoinvesttheir capitalstoimprovethegeneraleconomy,toincreasetheindividualincome,andtomeetthe needsofthecountry.Meanwhilehepreventsthemfromwastingandfreezingcapitals.Thatis becausesuchactsharmtheeconomyofthecountry. 5.He,peacebeonhim,said:TheApostleofAllah,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamilysaid:Indeed Allah,theBlessedandMostHigh,hasgivenmeandmycommunityagiftwhichHehadnotgiven toanyofthecommunities.ItisdignityfromAllahtous.So,hisCompanionssaid:OApostleof Allah,whatisthat?Hesaid:Itisbreakingthefastandshorteningtheprayersduringthe travel.[14] Indeedshorteningtheprayersandbreakingthefastduringthetravelareamongthefavorsof Allah,theGlorified,forthiscommunity.Thatisbecausethetravelersuffersfromtirednessduring thetravel.IfAllahmadeitobligatoryonthetravelertofastandcompletetheprayers,thenHe wouldaddtirednesstohistiredness. 6.He,peacebeonhim,said:AmancametotheProphet,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,and saidtohim:WhydoInotlikedeath?TheProphet,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,said: Haveyouaproperty?Themansaid:Yes.TheProphetsaid:Haveyouofferedit?Theman said:No.TheProphetsaid:Forthisreason,youdonotlikedeath.[15] Surely,ifthispersonhadofferedhispropertyforthehereafterandstrivenforit,hewouldhave

lovedittotaketherewardofwhathehaddone.However,hehaddonenothingtoapproachhim toAllah.So,hehateddeathandmeetingAllah,theMostHigh. 7.He,peacebeonhim,said:TheApostleofAllah,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,said: Indeedthewickedofmycommunityarethosewhoarehonoredfortheirwickedness.Indeed whomthepeoplehonortoavoidhiswickednessdoesnotbelongtome.[16] Surely,thewickedofthiscommunityarethosewhoarehonoredandrespectednotforavirtuein themorforkindnesstheydoforthepeople,buttoavoidtheirevilorforfearoftheiroppression. Thus,suchakindofpeopledonotbelongtoIslamthathasbroughtmercyandkindnessfor people. 8.He,peacebeonhim,said:TheApostleofAllah,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,said:The headofintellectafterthebeliefinAllah,theGreatandAlmighty,isshowinglovetopeople.[17] Howwonderfulandbeautifulthiswisdomis!Surely,showinglovetopeoplethroughmeeting theirneedsordoinggoodforthemorsavingthemfromoppressionresultsinspreadinglove amongpeopleandstrengtheningthelinksamongthem.ThiswhatIslamwantstoestablishits society. 9.He,peacebeonhim,said:TheApostleofAllah,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,said:O GroupofthereadersoftheKoran,fearAllah,theGreatandAlmighty,inrespectwithHisBook.I amresponsibleandyouareresponsible.Iamresponsibleforconveyingthemessage.Youwillbe askedaboutundertakingtheresponsibilityoftheBookofAllahandmysunna(practices).[18] Inthistradition(theProphet)summonsthereadersoftheKoranandallthemenofreligionto playanimportantroleinguidingpeopleandinformingthemofAllah'sordersandprohibitions. 10.He,peacebeonhim,said:TheApostleofAllah,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,said:Iand Aliwerecreatedfromthesamelight.[19] IndeedAllah'sApostle,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,andAli,peacebeonhim,werecreated fromthesamelightthathasilluminatedthehorizonsoftheuniverse.Theyarethesourceof thoughtandawarenessofthiscommunity.Theyarethepioneersofpeopleforallwhatthey becomehighthrough. 11.He,peacebeonhim,said:TheApostleofAllah,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,said: Allah'sangerandmyangerareintenseagainsthimwhoshedsmybloodandhurtsmeinrespect withmyfamily.[20] WoeuntothetraitorousgroupthatdidnotkeepthewilloftheApostleofAllah,mayAllahbless himandhisfamily,inrespectwithhisfamilyandhisprogeny!Thatisbecausethisgroupkilled them,cutofftheirlimbs,tooktheirwomenandchildrenasprisoners,andviolatedtheir sacredness. 12.He,peacebeonhim,said:TheApostleofAllah,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,said:My (grand)fatherAbrahamandAliwillbegatheredtogether.Acallerwillcall:OMohammed,the best(grand)fatherisyour(grand)fatherandthebestbotherisyourbrother.[21] Indeed,blessedisthatpurefatherhoodofAbraham,thefriendoftheMerciful(Allah),andthat truthfulbrotherhoodoftheImam,theCommanderoftheFaithful,towardsthegreatApostle, mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily.Onthedaywhenthepeoplewillbegatheredtogetheronthe

landofthetruthandjustice,acallerwillcallAbrahamandAlitoshowtheiroutstandingmerits andtheirhighrankwithAllah. 13.He,peacebeonhim,said:TheApostleofAllah,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,saidtoAli: Wereitnotforyou,thebelieverswouldnotbeknownafterme.[22] TheImam,theCommanderoftheFaithful,peacebeonhim,isthecriteriaoffaith,thetruth,and justice.NoonebelievesinhimexceptthosewhobelieveintheirLord,theirhomeland,andtheir community.Noonedisbelievesinhimexceptthosewhodisbelieveinjusticeandtheinterestof theircommunity,turnawayfrompraisingAllah,andtakehiscommunicationsasmockery. 14.He,peacebeonhim,said:TheApostleofAllah,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,said:My daughterFatimawillberaisedfromthedead.Bloodstainedclotheswillbewithhere.Shewill clingtothepillarofthethroneandsay:OAlmighty,judgebetweenmeandthekillerofmyson(i. e.alHusayn).BytheLordoftheKaaba,He(Allah)willgiveajudgmentinfavorofmy daughter.[23] TheProphet,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,announcedseveraltimesthemurderofhisgreat grandson,ImamHusayn,peacebeonhim,amongthepeople.Inthistradition,heannouncesthat hispart,theMistressoftheWomenoftheWorld,FatimatheChaste,peacebeonher,willraise ontheDayofJudgmentwithherson'sshirtstainedwithhispureblood.ShewillrequesttheJust Judge(Allah)tojudgebetweenherandhiskiller.Woeuntohimagainstwhomthepurefamilywill bringsuitonthedaywhentheliarswillbelosing. 15.He,peacebeonhim,said:TheApostleofAllah,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,said: IndeedAllahcreatedtheprogenyofMohammed,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,fromAli's back.[24] Surely,blessedisthatprogenythroughwhomAllahstrengthenedthewordoftruth,through whomHeilluminatedtheway,throughwhomHemadecleartheaim,andwhomHemadeguides toHisobedienceandleaderstoHisway. 16.He,peacebeonhim,said:TheApostleofAllah,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,said: Whoeverperformshisritualablutionproperly,performshisprayerswell,paysthezakat(alms)of hisproperty,stopshisanger,preventshistongue,doeshisfavor,asks(Allah)toforgivehimhis sins,andisloyaltothemembersofmyHousemeetsthefactsofbeliefandthedoorsofParadise areopenforhim.[25] IndeedthesedeedsapproachtheservanttohisCreator.Thepersonreachesthefactofbeliefand isworthyofthegardensthroughthem. 17.He,peacebeonhim,said:TheApostleofAllah,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,said:Bear twostrange(things):acceptthewordofwisdomfromthefoolandforgivethewordoffoolishness fromthewiseman.[26] Itisstrangethatthefoolsaysawiseword.Ifhesaysit,wemustputitintoeffectregardlessof him.Itisalsostrangethatthewisemansaysafoolishword,forheiswiseandperfect.However,if hesaysit,wemustnotblamehimforit. 18.He,peacebeonhim,said:TheApostleofAllah,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,said:(The peopleare)ungratefulfortwoblessings:securityandgoodhealth.[27]

Surely,thepeopleareungratefulforthesetwoblessingswhilelifeisnotgoodwithoutthem. Moreover,theydonotthankAllahforthem. 19.He,peacebeonhim,said:TheApostleofAllah,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,said:If twokinds(ofpeople)frommycommunityarerighteous,mycommunityisrighteous.Whenthey arecorrupt,mycommunityiscorrupt.Itwassaid:OApostleofAllah,whoarethey?Hesaid:the juristsandtherulers.[28] Surely,socialrighteousnessdependsontherighteousnessofthesetwokindsofpeople.When theyarerighteous,thecommunityishappyandachievesitsaims.Whentheydeviatefromthe lawsofthetruthandjustice,thecommunitywillsufferfromaquickdeclineinallfields. 20.He,peacebeonhim,said:TheApostleofAllah,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,said:The smellofthegardenisfoundfromthewalkoffivehundredyears.However,neitherthe disobedientonenorthecuckoldfindsit.Itwassaid:OApostleofAllah,whoisthecuckold?He said:Hewhosewifecommitsadulteryandheknows(that).[29] Indeedthepersonwhodisobeyshisparentsandthecuckoldwhohasnohonorarenotworthyof Paradisethatistheabodeoftheprophetsandtherighteous.Rathertheyarenotworthyof anythingexceptthattheyareshackledintheFire. 21.He,peacebeonhim,said:TheApostleofAllah,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,said: Thereisnogoodinlivelihoodexceptfortwomen:anobeyedscholarandanawarelistener.[30] Surely,goodinthisworldisforthescholarwhomthepeopleobeywhenheordersthemtofollow noblevaluesandhighideals.Whenthescholarfindssuchakindofpeople,heissuccessfulin conveyinghismessageandachievinghisaims.Goodinlifeisalsoforthelistenerwhoisawareof thenobleobjectivesinthemessageoftherighteousandputsthemintopractice. 22.He,peacebeonhim,said:TheApostleofAllah,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,said: Whoeverhelpsthepoorandtreatsthepeoplewithjusticeisatruebeliever.[31] Indeed,tohelpthepoormateriallyandspirituallyindicatesstrongperfectfaith.Totreatthe peoplewithjusticealsoindicatesthatthepersonisnobleandisfreefromselfishnessandall psychologicaldiseases.ThisistherealityoffaithandessenceofIslam. 23.He,peacebeonhim,said:TheApostleofAllah,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,said:The parentsareungratefulfortheirsonwhenthesonisrighteousasthesonisungratefulfor them.[32] Surely,ungratefulnessisnotconfinedtothesonwhenheisungratefulforhisparents.Rather,it includestheparentswhentheytreattheirsonillegally.Thus,theycommitasinwhentheytreat himinsuchaway. 24.He,peacebeonhim,said:TheApostleofAllah,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,said:The believerdoesnotspendanexpensemorelovablewithAllah,theGreatandAlmighty,thansaying thetruthduringconsentandanger.[33] Howwonderfulthiswisdomis!ItistheruleofIslamthatorderspeopletopreferthetruthand justicetoanythingelse. 25.He,peacebeonhim,said:TheApostleofAllah,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,said:Two kindsofmycommunityhavenoshareinIslam.(Theyare):theextremistsandthefatalists.[34]

Asfortheextremists,theclaimthattheImam,theCommanderoftheFaithful,peacebeonhim, isAllah,theExalted,orthesonofAllah.TheShiitessaythattheydonotbelongtothem.Rather, theShiitessaythattheyareunbelieversandaretreatedlikethem. Insatirizingthem,SayyidalHimyarisaid: (They)arethepeoplewhohavegonetoofarinlovingAli. Woeuntothem! Theysay:He(Ali)isthesonofAllah.GreatisourCreator. Hehasneithersonnorfather.[35] Asforthefatalists,theysaythatallgoodandevilarefromAllah.(Thathappens)throughhis determinationandwill.[36]TheyhavenoshareinIslam. 26.He,peacebeonhim,said:TheApostleofAllah,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,said: WhoeverhasthreequalitiesoroneofthemwillbeintheshadeofthethroneofAllah,theGreat andAlmighty,ontheDayofJudgment,thedaywhentherewillbenoshadeexceptHisshade. (Thesequalitiesare):Heshouldtreatpeoplewithjustice.Heshoulddonothingtillheknowsthat (hisdeed)pleasesAllahorangersHim.HeshouldfindnofaultwithhisMoslembrothertillhe freeshimselffromthatfault.Forwhenhefreesitfromafault,hefindsanotherfaultinit.Itis enoughforthepersonthathissouldivertshimfromthepeople.[37] Thistraditionsummonsthepersonstocleavetohighmoralstandardsandgoodbehaviortowards people.Itwarnshimofmentioningthefaultsofpeople. 27.He,peacebeonhimsaid:TheApostleofAllah,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,said:Lying isgoodinthree(cases):thetrickduringwar,yourpromisetoyourwife,andmakingpeace between(two)people.Truthfulnessisbadinthree(cases):talebearing,yourtellingtheperson abouthiswifewithwhathehates,andyouraccusingthepersonoflying(whenhetells)about good.Sittingwiththree(kindsofpeople)deadenstheheart:sittingwiththelow,conversation withwomen,andsittingwiththerich.[38] TheProphet,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,permittedtellingliesinthesecasesbecauseof theintereststhatresultfromthem.Thescholarssaid:Tellingliesisnottheperfectcauseof ugliness.Ratheritisanecessityforit.So,whentheintereststhatremoveitsuglinessarefound, thepersonispermittedtoit.Truthfulnessisalsouglyinthesecasesbecauseofevilthatarises fromit. 28.He,peacebeonhim,said:TheApostleofAllah,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,said: EveryeyewillweepontheDayofJudgmentexceptthreeeyes:theeyethatweepsoutofthe fearofAllah,theeyethatblinksatwhatAllahhasprohibited,andtheeyethatstaysawakeat nightforAllah.[39] 29.He,peacebeonhim,said:TheApostleofAllah,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,said:The quickestgoodinrewardisbenefactionandthequickestevilinpunishmentisoppression.Itis enoughfaultforthepersonthathelooksatwhatthepeoplehavewhilehehasit,thathe disgracesthepeoplewithwhathecannotleave,andthathehurtshisfriendwiththatwhichdoes notconcernhim.[40] Thistraditionurgespeopletodogood,tobecarefulofevilandaggressionagainstpeople,andto

censurethepersonwholooksforthefaultsofpeopleanddoesnotlookforhisownfaults. 30.He,peacebeonhim,said:TheApostleofAllah,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,said:No stayingupatnightbutforthree(cases):spendingthenightin(reciting)theKoranorinseeking knowledgeorindirectingthebridetoherhusband.[41] 31.He,peacebeonhim,said:TheApostleofAllah,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,said: Whoeverdoesnothavethree(traits)doesnotbelongtomenordoeshebelongtoAllah,the GreatandAlmighty.Itwassaid:OApostleofAllah,whatarethey?Hesaid:clemencythrough whichhedrivesbacktheignoranceoftheignorant,goodmannersthroughhelivesamongthe people,andpietythatpreventshimfromdisobeyingAllah,theGreatandAlmighty.[42] ThistraditionsummonstheMoslempersontobuildhischaracteraccordingtonoblefoundations suchasclemency,goodmanners,andrefrainingfromwhatAllahhasprohibited. 32.He,peacebeonhim,said:TheApostleofAllah,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,said: Three(groupsofpeople)havetherighttointercedewithAllah,theGreatandAlmighty:the prophets,thescholars,andthemartyrs.[43] 33.He,peacebenohim,said:TheApostleofAllahblesshimandhisfamily,said:Beliefis appreciationwithheart,acknowledgmentwithtongue,andactionwithlimbs.[44]Beliefisnota wordoneverybody'slips.Rather,itisanaffairsettledinthedepthoftheheartandinnerself.It motivatesmantoactoutofconvictionandloyalty. 34.He,peacebeonhim,said:TheApostleofAllah,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,saidtoAbu Dharr:OAbuDharr,bewareofbegging,foritispresentabasementandquickenspoverty.There willbealongreckoningconcerningitontheDayofJudgment.OAbuDharr,youwillliveby yourself,diebyyourself,andenterParadisebyyourself.SomeIraqiswillbehappybecauseofyou. Theywillwashandprepareyouforburial.Donotbegwiththepalmofyourhand.Whenathing comes,thenacceptit.Thenhe,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,saidtohisCompanions:ShallI tellyouaboutyourwickedones? Yes,OApostleofAllah. Thosewhogoaboutwithslander,sowdivisionamongthefriends,andfindfaultwiththe innocent.[45] TheProphet,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,advisedAbuDharrtoclingtoabstinenceandself esteem.He,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,recognizedfrombehindtheunseenthatthisgreat reformerwouldsufferfromseverepunishmentsandpersecutionsbecauseofcarryingouthis immortalreformativemessage.Thus,AbuDharrwasindignantwiththeUmayyadswhoturned awayfromtherightsofthecommunityandpossessedaloneitswealth.So,theyinherited successivelythepropertyofAllahandenslavedHisservants.Thus,AbuDharrdefendedtherights oftheoppressedandthepersecutedandshowedtheirsufferings.So,theUmayyadswereunable tobearhim.Accordingly,theybanishedhimtoalRabadhaandimposedahousearrest.Helived atthatbarrenarea.Thenthisgreatrevolutionistdiedofhunger.Hewasbanishedfromthehome ofAllahandofHisApostle.However,theUmayyadspossessedthegoldofthelandandthe wealthofthecommunity.Theyspentthemontheirpleasures. AbuDharrsacrificedhislifeforachievingsocialjustice,findingequalopportunitiesforthepeople,

removingpovertyandoppression,andreturningthegovernmentoftheKoranandthejusticeof Islamtothem. 35.He,peacebeonhim,said:TheApostleofAllah,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,said:O Ali,four(persons)whosesupplicationisnotrefusedare:thejustImam,thefather(whoinvokes Allah)forhisson,themanwhoinvokes(Allah)forhisabsentbrother,andtheoppressedoneto Allah,theGreatandAlmighty,says:ByMyGreatnessandMight,Iwillsupportyouevenaftera while.[46] 36.He,peacebeonhim,said:TheApostleofAllah,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,saidtoAli: OAli,indeed,Allah,theGreatandAlmighty,lookedthoroughlyoverthepeopleoftheearthand chosemefromthem.ThenHelookedoverthemasecondtimeandchoseyoufromthemafter me.ThenHelookedoverthemathirdtimeandchosefromthemtheImamsfromyourchildren. ThenHelookedoverthemaforthtimeandchoseFatimafromthewomenoftheworld.[47] Surely,Allah,theMostHigh,choseHisgreatProphetandhistestamentarytrustees,thepure Imams,fromHiscreatures.HemadethemkeepersforHisknowledge,storeforHiswisdom,pillars forHismonotheism,signpost(ofknowledge)inHisearth,andguidesforHispleasureand obedience.MayAllahblessthemall. 37.He,peacebeonhim,said:TheApostleofAllah,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,said: Whoeverhasfour(attributes)isinAllah'sgreatlight:theprotectionofhisaffairisthatthereis nogodbutAllahandthatIamtheApostleofAllah.Whenamisfortunehitshim,hesays:toAllah webelongandtoHimisourreturn.Whenhegainsgood,hesays:praisebelongstoAllah.When hecommitsasin,hesays:IaskAllah'sforgivenessandturntoHiminrepentance.[48] 38.He,peacebeonhim,reportedontheauthorityofhisgrandfathersontheauthorityofthe ApostleofAllah,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,whosaid:Whoeverhasfour(traits),Allah spreadsHisprotectionoverhimandmakeshimenterthegardenthroughHismercy:good mannersthroughwhichhelivesamongpeople,leniencytowardsthegrieved,pietyforthe parents,andkindnesstotheslave.[49] Thistraditionsummonsthepeopletocleavetogoodmanners,goodbehavioramongthepeople, andleniencyandmercytowardstheafflicted(withdisaster)andtheunfortunate. 39.He,peacebeonhimreportedontheauthorityofhisgrandfathersontheauthorityofthe ApostleofAllah,whosaid:Four(acts)deadentheheart:sinaftersin,muchtalkwiththewomen, disputingwiththefool,(Yousayandhesays,heneverreturnstogood),andsittingwiththedead. Itwassaidtohim:Whoarethedead?Hesaid:Alltheextravagant.[50] TheProphet,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,warned(hiscommunity)oftheseaffairs,forthey deadentheconscienceandstiffentheheart.However,Islamhastakengreatcareofman's conscience.MeanwhileIslamwantsmantobeaware,free,educated,andmerciful. 40.He,peacebeonhim,reportedontheauthorityofhisgrandfathersontheauthorityofthe ApostleofAllah,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,whosaidinhistestamentarybequesttothe Imam,theCommanderoftheFaithful,peacebeonhim:OAli,actthroughfour:youryouth beforeyouroldage,yourhealthbeforeyourillness,yourrichesbeforeyourpoverty,andyourlife beforeyourdeath.[51]

TheProphet,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,summoned(hiscommunity)todogoodandto seizetheopportunitytodowhatapproachestheservanttohisCreatorbeforeitistoolate,so manlosestheblessingswhichAllahhaspreparedforhimintheeternalabode. 41.He,peacebeonhim,reportedontheauthorityofhisgrandfathersontheauthorityofthe ApostleofAllah,peacebeonhim,whosaid:Amongthesignsofunhappinessare:theimpudence oftheeye,thecrueltyoftheheart,theintensityofgreedinessinseekinglivelihood,andthe persistenceofthesin.[52] TheProphet,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,warned(thecommunity)ofthesethingsthat makemanfarfromhisLordandthrowhimintogreatevil. 42.He,peacebeonhim,reportedontheauthorityofhisgrandfathersontheauthorityofthe ApostleofAllah,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,whosaidonhispulpit:Indeedthebest namesare:AbdAllah,AbdalRahman,Haritha,andHammam.Theworstnamesare:Derar, Murah,Harb,andZalim.[53] TheProphet,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,orderedtheMoslemstocalltheirchildrenwith blessednamesandpreventedthemfromcallingthemwithevilnames. 43.He,peacebeonhim,reportedontheauthorityofhisgrandfathersontheauthorityofthe authorityoftheApostleofAllah,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,whosaid:Theservantwill beaskedaboutfour(things)ontheDayofJudgmentbeforehislegsdisappear:inwhatheusedup hisage,inwhatheworeouthisyouth,fromwhereheearnedhismoneyandinwhathespentit, andourlove,we,themembersoftheHouse(ahlalBayt).[54] IndeedAllah,theExalted,willaskmanontheDayofJudgmentaboutalltheaffairsofhislifein thisworld.Hewillaskhimaboutwhetherhehaduseduphisageintheobedienceandpleasureof Allahtorewardhimorhehaduseditupincommittingsinsandoppressingthecreaturesto punishhim.Hewillespeciallyaskhimaboutinwhathehadwornouthisyouth.Hewillaskhim aboutwhetherhehadlawfullyearnedhismoneytorewardhimorhehadunlawfullyearneditto punishhim.HewillalsoaskhimabouthisloveforthemembersoftheHouse(ahlalBayt),peace beonthem,fortheyarethesourceoflightandgoodintheearth.Ifhe(man)lovesthem,hewill besuccessful;otherwisehewillbeunsuccessful. 44.He,peacebeonhim,reportedontheauthorityofhisgrandfathers,whosaidthattheApostle ofAllah,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,addressedthepeopleonthelastFridayofthemonth ofShaban.HethankedAllah,praisedHim,andthensaid: OPeople,indeed,amonthwillshadeyou.Initthereisanight(that)isbetterthanathousand months.ItisthemonthofRamadan.Allahhasimposedthefastinginit(onyou).Hehasmade performingaprayerwillinglyinanightofitasperformingprayerswillinglyinseventynightsin monthsotherthanit.Hehasmade(thereward)ofhimwhodoeswillinglygoodandkindnessas therewardofhimwhocarriesoutacommandmentoftheCommandmentsofAllah.Whoever carriesoutacommandmentoftheCommandmentsofAllahislikehimwhocarriesoutseventy commandmentsin(months)otherthanit.Itisthemonthofpatience.Therewardofpatienceis thegarden.Itisthemonthofhelp.ItisthemonthinwhichAllahincreasesthelivelihoodofthe believer.Whoeverbreaksthebeliever'sfast,withthat,haswithAllah,theGreatandAlmighty,

releasingaslaveandforgivinghispastsins. Itwassaidtohim:OApostleofAllah,notallofusareabletobreakthebeliever'sfast.Hesaid: IndeedAllah,theBlessed,isgenerous.Hegivesthisrewardtothoseofyouwhohavenothingto breaksomeone'sfastexceptmilkmixedwithwateroradrinkoffreshwaterorfewdates. Whoeverhelpshisslaveinit,Allahwillcommutehispunishment.Itisthemonthwhosebeginning ismercy,whosemiddleisforgiveness,andwhoseendisanswerandreleasingfromfire.Inityou areinneedoffourqualities:TwoqualitiesthroughwhichyoupleaseAllah.Twoqualitiesare necessaryforyou.Asforthetwo(qualities)throughwhichyoupleaseAllah,theyare:Testifythat thereisnogodbutAllah,andthatIamtheApostleofAllah.Asforthetwo(qualities)thatare necessaryforyou,theyare:InitaskAllahforyourneedsandParadise.InitaskAllahforgood healthandseekrefugewithHimfromtheFire.[55] Surely,themonthofRamadanhasholinessandsacrednesswithAllah.Thus,Allahhaspreferredit totheothermonths.InittheApostlesummonedthepeopletoobey(Allah)andtodogoodand kindnesstothepoor.Hedistinguisheditverymuchfromtheothermonths. 45.He,peacebeonhim,reportedontheauthorityofhisgrandfathersontheauthorityofthe ApostleofAllah,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,whosaidtoAliinhistestamentarybequest: OAli,four(things)areinvain:eatingafterfullness,thelampinthemoon,plantinginthesalt ground,anddoingafavorforthepeoplewhoarenotworthyofit.[56] 46.He,peacebeonhim,reportedontheauthorityofhisgrandfathersontheauthorityofthe ApostleofAllah,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,whosaid:Isummon(mycommunityto follow)five(practices)tilldeath:Iwilleatwiththeslavesatthefoot(ofthemountain).Iwillride thedonkeywithsaddle.Iwillmilktheshegoatwithmyhand.Iwillgreettheboyssoastobea practice(sunna)afterme.[57] TheseaffairswereamongthehighmoralsthroughwhichtheProphet,mayAllahblesshimandhis family,becametheLordofalltheprophetsandmadethepeoplebelieveinIslam. 47.He,peacebeonhim,reportedontheauthorityofhisgrandfathersontheauthorityofthe ApostleofAllah,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,whosaid:Whoeversellsandbuysshould refrainfromfivequalities;otherwiseheshouldrefrainfromsellingandbuying:usury,swearing (byAllah),concealingthedefect,praisingwhenhesells,dispraisingwhenhebuys.[58] Inthelightofthistradition,thejuristshavegivenreligiousopinionsintheChapteronSaleas follows: 1.Thesellerandthebuyershouldunderstandtheaffairsofdealingstoavoidtheusurious dealingsthatareamongthegreatprohibitionsinIslam. 2.Theyshouldavoidswearing(byAllah)duringthedealing.Iftheyaretruthful,itishatefulfor themtodothat.Iftheyareliars,theycommitasinandaprohibition. 3.Theyshouldnotconcealthedefectwhetherinthecostorinthegoods.Whenconcealment occursandthenitisdiscovered,thedeceivedonehastherighttorepudiatethedealing. 4.Thesellershouldavoidpraisinghiscommodity. 5.Thebuyershouldavoiddispraisingwhathehasboughtwhenitissound. 48.He,peacebeonhim,reportedontheauthorityofhisgrandfathers,whosaidthatamancame

totheApostleofAllah,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,andaskedhim: OApostleofAllah,whatisknowledge? Listening. Thenwhat? Listeningtoit. Thenwhat? Memorizingit. Thenwhat? Puttingitintopractice. Thenwhat? Proclaimingit.[59] 49.He,peacebeonhim,reportedontheauthorityofhisgrandfathersontheauthorityofthe ApostleofAllah,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,saidtohisCompanions:Feelshamebefore Allahverymuch.Theysaid:Whatshallwedo?Hesaid:Ifyouwanttodo(that),thennooneof youshouldspendthenightbutheisinfearofHim.Heshouldkeeptheheadandwhatithas containedandtheabdomenandwhatithasincluded.Heshouldrecallthegraveanddeath. Whoeverlikesthehereaftershouldleavetheembellishmentoftheworld.[60] IndeedmancanaccomplishshamethroughfearinghisLord,holdingbackhistonguefromtelling lies,preventinghiseyesfromlookingattheunlawful,andrecallingthegraveandthefright therein.Whenmandoesthat,hefeelsshamebeforeAllah. 50.He,peacebeonhim,said:TheApostleofAllah,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,wasasked aboutthebestservants.So,hesaid:Whentheydogood,theyarecheerful(aboutit).Whenthey misbehave,theyaskAllah'sforgiveness.Whentheyaregiven,theythank.Whentheyaretested, theyarepatient.Whentheyareangered,theyforgive.[61] 51.He,peacebeonhim,reportedontheauthorityofhisgrandfathers,whosaidthattheProphet, mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,saidtoAliinhiscommandment: OAli,therearesixqualitiesinfornication:threeofthemareintheworld,andtheothersarein thehereafter.Asforthoseintheworld,theytakeawayglory,hastenruin,andstoplivelihood.As forthoseinthehereafter,(theywillleadto)evilreckoning,thewrathoftheMerciful(Allah),and immortalityintheFire.[62] Indeedfornicationisasocialcatastrophethatdestroymorals.Thus,Islamhasintenselyforbidden itandthreatenedthosewhocommititwithvariouskindsoftormentinthehereafter. 52.He,peacebeonhim,reportedontheauthorityofhisgrandfathersontheauthorityofthe ApostleofAllah,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,whosaid:Monopolyisinsixthings:Wheat, barley,dates,raisins,(cooking)fat,and(animal)oil.[63] Monopolyisamongthefactorsthatparalyzetheeconomicmovementinthecountryandspread povertyandneedamongthepeople.Islamhasseverelyforbiddenmonopoly,andorderedthe rulersoftheMoslemstopricecommoditiessoasnottoharmthepeople. 53.He,peacebeonhim,reportedontheauthorityofhisgrandfathersontheauthorityofthe ApostleofAllah,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,whosaid:Illgottenpropertyisthepriceof

thedeadanimal,ofthedog,andofwine.(Itis)theprostitutionrate,thebriberyingovernment, andthewageofthemagician.[64] Islamhasforbiddenspendingmoneyontheseaffairs,fortheyruinmoralsandspreadcorruption intheearth. 54.He,peacebeonhim,reportedontheauthorityofhisgrandfatherontheauthorityofthe ApostleofAllah,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,whosaid:Allahandeveryprophetwith accepted(prayers)havecursedsix(persons):theonewhoincreasestheBookofAllah,theone whoaccusesthedeterminationofAllahoflying,theonewholeavesmypractices(sunna),theone whoregardsaslawfulwhatAllahhasprohibitedconcerningthemembersofmyHouse(ahlal Bayt),theonewhodominatesthroughtyrannytodegradethosewhomAllahhasconsolidated,to strengthenhimwhomAllahhaslowered,andtopossessalonethebootytheMoslemsgain withoutfightingandregardsitaslawful.[65] 55.He,peacebeonhim,reportedontheauthorityofhisgrandfathersontheauthorityofthe ApostleofAllah,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,whosaidtoAli:OAli,seventhingsofthe sheepareprohibited:blood,thepenis,thebladder,thespinalcord,theglands,thespleen,and thegallbladder.[66] Islamhasforbiddenthesepartstopreservepublichealthandtoguardsocietyagainstdiseases. Modernmedicinehasprovedthattheyharmpublichealth.Thus,itadvisespeopletorefrainfrom eatingthem. 56.He,peacebeonhim,reportedontheauthorityofhisgrandfathersontheauthorityofthe ApostleofAllah,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,whosaidtoAli:OAli,indeed,Allahhas givenmesevenqualitiesconcerningyou:YouandIarethefirsttowhomthegravewillsplitopen. Youwillbethefirsttostopwithmeonthepath.YouwillbethefirsttobeclothedwhenIwillbe clothedandtolivewhenIwilllive.Youwillbethefirsttodwellwithmeinthehighestgardens. Youwillbethefirsttodrinkwithmefromthepuredrinkthatissealed(toothers),whosesealing ismusk.[67] 57.He,peacebeonhim,reportedontheauthorityofhisgrandfathersontheauthorityofthe ApostlesofAllah,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,whosaid:Allah,theGreatandAlmighty,is notworshippedwithathingbetterthanreason.Thebelieverisnotwisetilltenqualitiescome togetherinhim:goodfromhimishoped,evilfromhimissafe,regardslittlegoodfromotherthan himasmuch,regardshisowngoodaslittle,isnottiredofseekingknowledgethroughouthislife, isnotfedupwiththosewhorequestneedsfrom,humblenessismorelovableforhimthanhigh rank,povertyismorelovableforhimthanriches,hisportionoftheworldisfood,thetenth (quality),whatisthetenth(quality)?Whenheseessomeone,hesays:heisbetterandmorepious thanme.Peoplearetwomenonemanisbetterandmorepiousthanhim,theotherismoreevil andlowerthanhim.So,ifheseestheonewhoisbetterandmorepiousthanhim,heshould behavehumblytowardshimtofollowhim.Ifheseestheonewhoismoreevilandlowerthan him,heshouldsay:perhapsthegoodofthis(person)ishidden,andhisevilhidden.May(Allah) makehisfinalresultgood.Ifhedoesthat,hisglorybecomeshighandheisthelordofthepeople ofhistime.[68]

Thistraditions,liketheotherProphetictraditions,urges(people)toreformtheirsoulsandto educatethemwithgoodmannersanddeedstobethesourceofguidanceforpeople. 58.He,peacebeonhim,reportedontheauthorityofhisgrandfathersontheauthorityofthe ApostleofAllah,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,whosaid:Ten(persons)arecursedbecause ofwine:theonewhoplantsit,theonewhoguardsit,theonewhopressesit,theonewhogives it,theonewhodrinksit,theonewhocarriesit,theonetowhomitiscarried,theonewhosellsit, theonewhobuysit,andtheonewhotakesitsprice.[69] Islamhasstrictlyprohibitedalltheabovementionedcasesofwine.Thatisbecausewineisamong thesocialcatastrophesthatharmpublichealthandcorruptvaluesandmorals. 59.He,peacebeonhim,reportedontheauthorityofhisgrandfathersontheauthorityofthe ApostleofAllah,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,whosaid:Blessingistenparts:tenpartsare intradeandonepartisintheskins(i.e.sheep).[70] 60.He,peacebeonhim,said:TheApostleofAllah,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,said: Islamhasbeenbuiltontenparts:TestifyingthatthereisnogodbutAllahitisthereligion,the prayeritisthereligiousduty,fastingitisthegarden,zakat(alms)itispurity,thehajjitisthe Islamiclaw,jihad(armedstruggle)itisinvasion,enjoining(people)todogooddeedsitisthe fulfillment,forbidding(them)fromdoingbaddeedsitistheproof,unityitisfamiliarity,and infallibilityitisobedience.[71] 61.He,peacebeonhim,reportedontheauthorityofhisgrandfathersontheauthorityofthe ApostleofAllah,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,whosaid:WhenyouaskAllah,thenyouask Himwiththepalmofthehand.Whenyouaskhimforprotection,thendonotaskhimwiththe outsideofthehand.[72] 62.He,peacebeonhim,reportedontheauthorityofhisgrandfathersontheauthorityofthe ApostleofAllah,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,whosaid:Ifmycommunitydoesfifteen qualities,thetribulationwillafflictit:iftheystealpropertiessuccessively,regardthedepositof bootyandzakat(alms)asloss,themenobeytheirwivesanddisobeytheirsmothers,treatshis friendwithkindnessandturnsawayfromhisbrother,thevoicesbecomeloudinthemosques,a manishonoredoutoffearofhisevil,theleaderofthepeopleisthelowestofthem,silkisworn, wineisdrunk,femalesingersandstringedinstrumentsareadopted,andthelast(generation)of thiscommunitycursestheearlier(generation)ofit,afterthat,theymustlookforwardtothree qualities:redwind,transformation,andhumiliation.[73] TheProphet,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,warned(hiscommunity)oftheseaffairs,forthey ruinnationsandpeoples.IftheIslamiccommunitycommitsthem,thenAllahwillpunishit. 63.He,peacebeonhim,reportedontheauthorityofhisgrandfathersontheauthorityofthe ApostleofAllah,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,whosaid:Whoeverspendsthenighttired fromearningthelawfulspendsthenightforgiven.[74] Islamhasalsourgedthecommunitytoearnitslivelihoodlawfully.Ithasregardedsuchakindof livelihoodasjihadandhonorforitsowner.Whoeverstrivestoearn(thelivelihood)ofhisfamily spendsthenightforgiven. 64.He,peacebeonhim,said:TheApostleofAllah,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,wasasked

aboutthebestcreatures.So,he,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,said:Whentheydogood, theyarecheerful.Whentheyaregiven,theyaregrateful.Whentheyaretested,theyarepatient. Whentheyareangered,theyforgive.[75] Whoeverhasthesequalitiesisthebestofallthepeopleandthemosthonorablethanthem.In otherwordshepossessesthereinofhissoulandhisreasoncontrolshisdesire. 65.He,peacebeonhimsaid,said:TheApostleofAllah,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,said: Youareunabletoencompassthepeoplewithyourmoney,soencompassthemwithyour ethics.[76] Howhighthiswisdomis!Itmakespeopleloveeachotherandunifiestheirfeelingsand sentiments.Thepowerofmoneyisunabletoachievethat.However,moralsarethestrongest factorinbuildingsocietyonsoundbases. 66.He,peacebeonhim,said:TheApostleofAllah,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,passedby agroupofpeopleraisingstones,sohesaid:Whatisthis?Withthatweknowthestrongestof us,theysaid.ShallItellyouaboutthestrongestofyou?askedtheProphet,mayAllahblesshim andhisfamily.Yes,theysaid.He,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,said:Thestrongestofyou ishewhosecontententershiminneithersinnorfalsehoodwhenheispleased,hewhose discontentdoesnotpreventhimfromsayingthetruthwhenheisdispleased,whohedoesnot takeotherthanhisrightwhenheispowerful.[77] Islamtakescareofonlythestrengthofconsciencetowardsthetruth.Asfortheboastofthe musclesisamongthecustomsofthepreIslamictimes.However,Islamhasforbiddenthem. 67.He,peacebeonhim,said:TheApostleofAllah,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,said: Sittingwiththepeopleofreligionisthehonorofhereandthehereafter.[78] Sociologyhasproventhatmanhasaneffectontheenvironment.Meanwhiletheenvironment hasaneffectonhim.Thus,itisnaturalthattherighteoushaveaneffectonthosewhomakes friendswiththem.Theyprotectthemfrompracticingevilhabitsandmakethemlovedoinggood. So,withthat,theyobtainthehonorofhereandhereafter. 68.He,peacebeonhim,said:[TheApostleofAllah,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,said:] Indeedthisreligionisstrong.So,godeeplyintoitgradually.DonotmaketheservantsofAllah hateworshippingAllah.[79] 69.He,peacebeonhim,reportedontheauthorityofhisgrandfathersontheauthorityofthe ApostleofAllah,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,whosaid:Whoeverwantstoseekaccess throughme(toAllah)andthattherewillbeahandforhim,throughwhichIintercedeforhim (withAllah)ontheDayofJudgment,thenheshouldkeepincontactwiththemembersofmy familyandmakethemhappy.[80] 70.He,peacebeonhim,reportedontheauthorityofhisgrandfathersontheauthorityofthe ApostleofAllah,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,whosaidtoAli:OAli,Iamthecityof knowledgeandyouarethegate.Hewhoclaimsthathecanreachthecitynotthroughthegate tellslies.[81] 71.He,peacebeonhim,reportedontheauthorityofUmmSalamaontheauthorityofthe ApostleofAllah,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,whosaid:Thehajjisthejihadofeveryweak

(person).[82] 72.He,peacebeonhim,said:[TheApostleofAllah,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,said:] WhomeverAllahmovesfromtheabasementofsinstothegloryof(religious)devotion,thenHe (Allah)makeshimrichwithoutmoney,strongwithoutatribe,andentertainshimwithoutaclose friend.WhoeverfearsAllah,Allahmakeseverythingafraidofhim.WhoeverdoesnotfearAllah, Allahmakeshimafraidofeverything.Whoeverissatisfiedwiththelittlelivelihoodoftheproperty ofAllah,He(Allah)issatisfiedwithhislittledeed.[83] 73.He,peacebeonhim,reportedontheauthorityofhisgrandfathersontheauthorityofthe ApostleofAllah,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,whosaid:IndeedIandtwelvemembers frommyfamily,ofwhomAliisthefirst,arethestakesthroughwhichAllahpreventstheearth anditspeoplefromsinking.Ifthetwelvemembersfrommyfamilydepart,theearthandits peoplewillsink.[84] 74.He,peacebeonhim,said:TheApostleofAllah,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,said: Twelvechiefsarefrommyfamily.Theynarratetraditions.Amongthemwillbetheonewhowill undertake(bringabout)thetruth(alQa'mbialHaqq).[85] WiththisweendourtalkaboutthetraditionsImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim,reportedonthe authorityofhisgrandfather,theProphet,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily. HisTraditionsontheAuthorityoftheImam,theCommanderoftheFaithful Ontheauthorityofhisgrandfathers,ImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim,reportedagroupofthe maximsofhisgrandfather,Imam(Ali),theCommanderoftheFaithful,peacebeonhim.The followingaresomeofthem: 1.He,peacebeonhim,said:AmanfromthepeopleofBasrahroseandsaidtoImam(Ali),the CommanderoftheFaithful,peacebeonhim: OCommanderoftheFaithful,tellusaboutthebrothers(i.e.friends). TheImam,peacebeonhim,answeredhim:Thebrothersareoftwokinds:thereliablebrothers andthelaughingbrothers.Asforthereliablebrothers,theyarethehand,thewing,thefamily, andtheproperty.Ifyouhaveareliablebrother,thensacrificeforhimyourpropertyandyour body,besinceretothosewhoaresinceretohim,makeanenemyofthosewhomakeanenemy ofhim,concealhissecretanddefect,andshowhisgood(deeds).OQuestioner,knowthatthey arelessthanredsulfur.Asforlaughingbrothers,youobtainyourpleasurefromthem.Donot stopthatfromthem.Donotrequestwhatisbeyondthatfromthemostlowlyofthem.Givethem whattheygiveyousuchascheerfulnessandsweetwords.[86] Asforthelaughingbrothersatthistime,theyaretheoverwhelmingmajority.Ambitions, interests,anddesiresmovethem.Asfortheaspectsoftheirfriendship,theyarecheerfulnessand smoothwords,asImamAlisaid. 2.He,peacebeonhim,said:TheCommanderoftheFaithful,peacebeonhim,said:The temptationsarethree(kinds):theloveofwomenitistheswordoftheSatan,drinkingwineitis

thebrainoftheSatan,theloveofthedirhamandthedinaritisthearrowoftheSatan.Whoever loveswomendoesnotmakeuseofhislivelihood.Whoeverlikesdrinking(wine)isdeprivedof Paradise.Howeverlovesthedirhamandthedinaristheslaveofthedinar.He,peacebeonhim, added:Jesus,sonofMarry,said:Theailmentofreligionisinthedinar.The(religious)scholaris thedoctorofreligion.Whenyouseethedoctorperformtheailmentagainsthimself,thenaccuse him.Knowthatheisnotloyaltootherthanhim.[87] 3.He,peacebeonhim,inAli'slettertherearethreequalities:Theirownerwillneverdietillhe seestheirevilresults:oppression,estrangingbloodrelatives,andfalseoaththroughwhich(the person)fightswithAllah.Linkingbloodrelativesisthequickestobedienceinreward.Perhapsthe peoplearesinners.However,theylinkeachother.Thus,theirpropertiesgrow.Theytreateach otherwithkindness.So,theirlivesincrease.Falseoathandestrangingbloodrelativesmake housesemptyoftheirpeople.Theydisturbbloodrelatives.Disturbingbloodrelativesstops birth.[88] ThisparagraphoftheletterofImamAli,theCommanderoftheFaithful,peacebeonhim,isfull ofcommandmentsonkindness,religiousdevotion,andwhatdoesgeneralgoodformaninthis life. 4.He,peacebeonhim,said:TheCommanderoftheFaithful,peacebeonhim,said:Religion dependsonfour(persons):Thescholarwhoproclaimsandusesit.Therichonewhodoesnot refrainfromgrantinghisfavortothepeopleofthereligionofAllah.Thepooronewhodoesnot sellhislifeinthehereafterforhislifeinthisworld.Theignorantonewhodoesnotabstainfrom seekingknowledge.Ifthescholarconcealshisknowledge,therichonerefrainsfromgrantinghis money,thepooronesellshislifeinthehereafterforhislifeinthisworld,andtheignorantone abstainsfromseekingknowledge,thentheworldmovesbackward.So,manymosquesandthe differentbodiesofacertaingroupofpeopleshouldnottemptyou.Itwassaid:Howwill(we)live atthattime?He,peacebeonhimsaid:Associatewiththemapparentlyandopposethem internally.Thepersonwillhavewhatheearns.Hewillbewiththosewhomheloves. Nevertheless,waitfortheeasefromAllah,theGreatandAlmighty.[89] Indeedsuchkindsofpeopleareabletoreformtheworldwhentheyshouldertheirresponsibilities andcarryouttheirreligiousduties.However,iftheydeviatefromthat,lifewillmovebackward andallthehighvaluesinitdecline. 5.He,peacebeonhim,said:TheCommanderoftheFaithful,peacebeonhim,wasquestioned: Howmuchisbetweentruthandfalsehood.He,peacebeonhim,replied:Fourfingers.Heput hishandonhiseyesandears,andthenhesaid:Whatyoureyesseeistrue.Mostofwhatyour earshearisfalse.[90] 6.He,peacebeonhim,reportedontheauthorityofhisgrandfathersontheauthorityofthe CommanderoftheFaithful,peacebeonhim,whosaid:TheApostleofAllah,mayAllahblesshim andhisfamily,mentionedtenqualitiesconcerningme.Eachismorelovableformethanwhatthe sunrisesover.Hesaidtome:Youaremybrotherhereandinthehereafter.Youaretheclosestof allthecreaturestomeinthestanding.Youaremyhelperandsuccessorandinheritoraboutmy familyandproperty.Youarethecarrierofmystandardhereandinthehereafter.Yourfriendis

mine.MyfriendisAllah's.Yourenemyismine.MyenemyisAllah's.[91]Allah,singledoutImam (Ali),theCommanderoftheFaithful,peacebeonhim,withmanyoutstandingmerits.Hegranted himmanyfavors.TheProphet,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,mentionedsomeofthemin thistradition. 7.He,peacebeonhim,said:[TheCommanderoftheFaithful,peacebeonhim,said:]Thepious havesigns.Theyareknownwiththem:truthfultalk,payingthedeposit,fulfillingthepromise, littlepride,miserliness,considerationforbloodrelatives,havingpityontheweak,littlesleeping withwomen,doingfavors,goodmanners,vastclemency,adoptingknowledgethatbring(them) closertoAllah,theGreatandAlmighty.Agoodfinalstateandagoodlyreturnshallbe theirs.[92] 8.He,peacebeonhimsaid:[TheCommanderoftheFaithful,peacebeonhimsaid:]Indeed ambitionscontroltheheartsoftheignorant.Desirestakethemassecurity.Tricksclingto them.[93] Thistraditionpicturestheconditionoftheignorant.Itincludestheirqualitiesofwhichare: ambitionscontroltheirfeelingsandsentiments.Desirestaketheirheartsassecurity.Tricks convincethemeasily,fortheyhavelittleexperienceandknowledge. 9.He,peacebeonhim,said:[TheCommanderoftheFaithful,peacebeonhimsaid:]Allgood hasbeengatheredinthreequalities:thinking,silence,andspeech.So,everythinkingthathasno viewpointisinattention.Everysilencethathasnoideaisheedlessness.Everyspeechthathasno praise(ofAllah)isnonsense.Therefore,agoodfinalstateshallbeforhimwhosethinkingisa viewpoint,silenceisanidea,andspeechispraise(ofAllah),whoweepsoverhissin,ofwhoseevil peoplearesafe.[94] ThesearethequalitiesofthosewhoknowtheirLordandturntoHiminrepentance.Theyare appropriateforthemembersoftheHouse(ahlalBayt),peacebeonthem,andthosewhofollow them. 10.He,peacebeonhim,said:TheCommanderoftheFaithful,peacebeonhim,said:We,the membersoftheHouse(ahlalBayt),arethetreeoftheProphet,stayingplaceof(Divine) Message,descendingplaceofangels,sourcesofknowledge.[95] 11.He,peacebeonhim,said:[TheCommander,peacebeonhim,said:]Theonewhoactswith oppression,theonewhosupportshim,andtheonewhoissatisfiedwithhimarethree partners.[96] HisNarrationfromhisGrandfatheralHusayn He(ImamalBaqir),peacebeonhim,reportedontheauthorityofhisfatherontheauthorityof hisgrandfatherImamHusayn,peacebeonhim,whosaid:[IheardmygrandfatherAllah'sApostle, mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,say:] ActaccordingtoAllah'sobligationstobethemostpiousofallpeople.BesatisfiedwithAllah's apportionmenttobetherichestofallpeople.RefrainfromwhatAllahhasforbiddentobea

believer.BeagoodfriendofhimwhomakesfriendswithyoutobeaMoslem.[97] HisNarrationfromhisFather HereportedontheauthorityofhisfatherAlib.alHusayn,peacebeonhim,whosaid:Hewhose eyesshedtearsforthemurderofalHusayn,Allahwillsettlehimatthehighestplaceinthe garden.Thebelieverwhoseeyesarefilledwithtearsforthepersecutionourenemypracticed againstus,Allahwillsettlehimintheseatofhonor.Thebelieverwhosuffersfrompersecutionfor usandthenhiseyesshedtearsforus,AllahwillnotpunishhimontheDayofJudgmentandmake willhimsafefromthewrathoftheFire.[98] HisNarrationfromJabiralAnsari He,peacebeonhim,reportedagroupoftraditionsandeventsontheauthorityofJabirb.Abd Allah.Amongthemare: 1.He,peacebeonhim,reportedontheauthorityofJabir,whosaid:Indeed,whenAllah's Apostle,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,stoppedatalSafa(ahillinMeccaneartheKaaba),he exclaimedthreetimes:AllahisGreat,andthenhesaid:ThereisnogodbutAllah.HeisOne. ThereisnopartnerwithHim.SupremepowerandpraisebelongtoHim.Hehaspoweroverall things.He(theProphet)didthatthreetime.HedidthelikeofthatatalMarwah(ahillnearthe Kaaba).[99] 2.He,peacebeonhim,reportedontheauthorityofJabir,whosaid:Indeed,theProphet,may Allahblesshimandhisfamily,worearingonhisrightfinger.[100] 3.He,peacebeonhim,askedJabiraboutwhathadhappenedbetweenAliandA'isha.So,Jabir said:OnedayIwenttoA'ishaandaskedheraboutheropinionconcerningAli.Shebowedher head.Thensheraiseditandcomposed: Whengoldisrubbedagainstatouchstone itsadulterationappearswithoutdoubt. Corruptionisinus,andAli,thepurifiedgold, islikethetouchstoneamongus.[101] HisNarrationfromUmar He,peacebeonhim,reportedontheauthorityofUmarb.alKhattab,whosaid:[Iheardthe Prophet,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,say:]EverymeansandlineagewillbreakontheDay ofJudgmentexceptmymeansandlineage.[102]

HisNarrationfromb.Abbas He,peacebeonhim,reportedontheauthorityofAbdAllahb.Abbas,whosaid:[Alilookedat thefacesofthepeople,andthenhesaid:]IndeedIamthebrotherofAllah'sApostle,mayAllah blesshimandhisfamily,andhishelper.YouknowthatIwasthefirsttobelieveinAllahandhis Apostle.ThenyouenteredIslamonebyoneafterme.IamthecousinofAllah'sApostlemayAllah blesshimandhisfamily,hisbrother,andhispartnerinhislineage.(Iam)thefatherofhis (grand)sons,andhissoninlaw(beingmarriedtohis)daughter,themistressofhischildrenandof thewomenofthegarden.YouknowthatwhenwewentoutwithAllah'sApostleandcameback, helovedandtrustedmemorethanyou.Iwasthemostintenseofyouindefeatingtheenemyand affectingtheequipment.YouknowwhenhesentmetoBara'a.HemadetheMoslemsassociate witheachotherasbrothers.Hechosenobodyotherthanme.Thenhesaidtome:Youaremy brotherandIamyourbrotherinthislifeandthehereafter.Hetookthepeopleoutofthe mosqueandleftme.Thenhesaidtome:YourpositiontomeisasAaronwithMoses,exceptthat therewillbenoprophetafterme.[103] HisNarrationfromZaydb.Arqam He,peacebeonhim,reportedontheauthorityofZaydb.Arqam,whosaid:[Weweresitting beforetheProphet,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily.He,peacebeonhim,said:]ShallIshow youhimwhomifyouaskforadviceyouwillnotgoastraynorwillyouperish?Yes,OAllah's Apostle,theysaid.Hesaid:This.HepointedtoAlib.Ab~Talib.Thenhesaid:Associatewith himasbrothers,helphim,believehim,andbeloyaltohim.IndeedGabrielhastoldmeabout whatIhavesaidtoyou.[104] HisNarrationFromAb~Dharr He,peacebeonhim,reportedagroupofsayingsofthegreatreformer,Companion(ofthe Prophet),Ab~Dharr.Amongthemarethefollowing: Oyouwhoseekknowledge,donotletyourfamilyandyourmoneydivertyoufromyoursoul.On thedaywhenyouleavethem,youwillbeliketheguest.(Youwill)spendthenightamongthem, thenyouwillleavethemtootherthanthem.Hereandhereafterarelikethehousefromwhich youmovetootherthanit.Thereisnothingbetweendeathandraisingfromthedeadexcepta shortsleep,thenyouwillwakeup.OYouwhoseekknowledge,indeed,theheartwithout knowledgeisliketheruinedhouse.[105] Thesearesomeofthetraditionswhichhavebeenreportedonhisauthority.Theyconcernthe rulesofconduct,morals,andtheoutstandingmeritsofthepurefamilythatisequaltotheHoly

Book. TheExegesisoftheHolyKoran AmongthescienceswhichImamAbuJafar(alBaqir),peacebeonhim,presentedduringhis lectureswastheexegesisoftheHolyKoran.Indeedhedevotedatimeofhistimestoit.He discussedallofitsaffairs.Thescholarsofexegesis,thoughtheyhaddifferentopinionsandtrends, studiedunderhim.Thus,hewasthemostbrilliantexplainerinIslam.Amonghisstudiesonthe Koranarethefollowing: TheVirtueofRecitingtheKoran ImamAbuJafar(alBaqir),peacebeonhim,urged(thecommunity)torecitetheHolyBook,forit istheabundantsourcethatguidespeopletorighteousness,enlivenstheirhearts,andsupplies themwithabilitiesoflightandawareness.He,peacebeonhim,reportedwhathisgrandfather Allah'sApostle,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,saidconcerningthevirtueofrecitingthe Koran.He,peacebeonhim,said:[Allah'sApostle,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,said:] Whoeverrecitestenversesonanightisnotwrittenamongtheheedless.Whoeverrecitesfifty versesiswrittenamongthosewhopraise(Allah).Whoeverrecitesahundredversesiswritten amongtheobedient.Whoeverrecitestwohundredversesiswrittenamongthehumble.Whoever recitesthreehundredversesiswrittenamongthesuccessful.Whoeverrecitesfivehundred versesiswrittenamongthestrivers.Whoeverrecitesathousandverses,ahundredweightofgold iswrittenforhim.[106] TraditionssimilartothishavebeenreportedontheauthorityoftheImamsofthemembersofthe House(ahlalBayt),peacebeonthem.TheyurgeMoslemstorecitetheKoranandtoconsider carefullyitsversesandtounderstandtheirsecrets.WithoutdoubttheversesoftheKoran developintellect,educatesouls,protectthemfromdeviation,andguidethemtotherightpath. RepetitionofRecitingtheKoran AsforrepeatingandrecitingtheKoranwithagoodvoice,itpenetratesthedepthoftheheartand innerself.Itreactswithsentiments,fortheKoranhasmaximsandsciencesnecessaryforlife. TheImamsofthemembersoftheHouse(ahlalBayt),peacebeonthem,tookcareofrecitingthe HolyKoran.Thus,ImamAbuJafar(alBaqir),peacebeonhim,wasthebestofallthepeoplein recitingtheKoranwithagoodvoice.[107] AbuBas~rreported:IsaidtoAbuJafar(alBaqir):WhenIrecitetheKoranloudly,Satancomes tomeandsays:withthis(recitation)youwanttopleaseyourfamilyandthepeople.Imamal

Baqir,peacebeonhim,said:RecitetheKoraninanintermediaterecitation.Letyourfamilylisten (tothat).ReadtheKoranwithagoodvoice.IndeedAllahlikesrecitingtheKoranwithagood voice.[108] TheKoranfaraboveFalsehood TheHolyKoranisthegreatmiracleofIslam.(Thisis)aBook,whoseversesaremadedecisive, thenaretheymadeplain,fromOneWise,Allaware.(ThisBook),thereisnodoubtinit,isa guidetothosewhoguard(againstevil).Thereisnocontradictioninitsrulesnoristhereany incompatibilityinitsverses.AndifitwerefromanyotherthanAllah,theywouldhavefoundinit manyadiscrepancy.SurelythisKoranguidestothatwhichismostupright.Falsehoodshall notcometoitfrombeforeitnorfrombehindit.ImamAbuJafar(alBaqir),peacebeonhim, explainedthisverse,saying:FalsehooddoesnotcometoitfrombeforetheTorahnorbeforethe BibleandtheZabur(David'spsalms).NorfrombehinditmeansthatnoBookwillcomeafteritto abrogateit.InanarrationfromalSadiq,peacebeonhim:Thereisnofalsehoodinwhatthe Koranhastoldaboutthepastnoristherefalsehoodinwhatithastoldaboutwhatwillhappenin thefuture. TheImamdispraisedthosewhodistorttheKoran ImamAbuJafar(alBaqir),peacebeonhim,dispraisedthosewhodistortAllah'sBook.Itisthey whointerpretitsversesaccordingtotheirowndesires.Thus,he,peacebeonhim,wrotealetter toSadalKhayr:AmongtheirneglectingtheBookisthattheyhaverectifieditslettersand distorteditspenallaw.IndeedtheyseetheKoranbuttheydonotconformtoit.Theignorant admirememorizingthenarration.Thereligiousscholarsaresadwhentheyleavethecare.[109] FigurativeUsageintheKoran FigurativeusagesarefamousinthelanguageofArabs.Theyarefamousinmanymatterssuchas figurativepredication,figurativeword.Amongthemisthechapteronallusions.Itissaidthat allusionsaremoreeloquentthandirectexpressions.Theseexpressionsareamongtheniceusage andbeautiesofthislanguage.TheHolyKoranhasalargegroupoffigurativeusage.Amongthem isthefollowingWordsofAllah,theExalted:Hesaid:OIblis!whatpreventedyouthatyoushould doobeisancetohimwhomIcreatedwithMytwohands?Themeaningofthewordhandisthe specialorgan.However,thisisimpossibleforAllah,theMostHigh.Thatisbecausethehandisin needofabody,whilethisisrationallyimpossibleforAllah,theExalted.Mohammedb.Moslem askedImamAbuJafar(alBaqir)aboutthat.So,he,peacebeonhim,replied:Thewordhand

(yad)inthespeechofArabsmeanspowerandblessing.Allah,theExalted,said:Andremember OurservantDauwdwithhands.Hesaid:AndtheskyWebuiltitwithhands.Itissaid:Soandso hasmanyhandswithme,favorsandkindness.Hehasawhitehandwithme,meaning blessing.[110] Thismeansthatthewordhand(yad)isnotusedinitsrealmeaning.Ratheritisusedinotherthan it,eitherfigurativelyortruly.ThatisbecauseitincludesallthesemeaningstheImammentioned. TheBasmalahisPartoftheSurasoftheKoran ImamAbuJafar(alBaqir),peacebeonhim,andalltheImamsofthemembersoftheHouse(ahl alBayt),peacebeonthem,believedthatthebasmalah(i.e.,intheNameofAllah,theMost Gracious,theMostMerciful)ispartofthechaptersoftheHolyKoran.AlargemassoftheMoslem scholarsandreadersfollowedtheminthat.[111]Yahyab.Ab~UmranalHamadaniwrotealetter toImamAbuJafar(alBaqir),peacebeonhim.Intheletterhementioned:MayIbeyour ransom,whatisyouropinionofaman(who)startedhisprayerswith:IntheNameofAllah,the MostGracious,theMostMerciful,inthemotheroftheBook(i.e.,thefirstsuraoftheHoly Koran),andwhenhereachedtoasuraotherthanthemotheroftheBook,heleftit(the basmalah)?TheAbbasid(man)said:Thereisnoharminthat.So,theImam,peacebeonhim, repliedtohimwithaletterinwhichhementioned:He(i.e.,themanwholeftthebasmalah) shouldrepeatittwiceinspiteofhim(theAbbasidman).[112]Thetraditionsofthetwoparties (SunnaandShia)haveunanimouslyagreedonthatthebasmalahispartofthesurasoftheHoly Koran.Thosewhodenythatareirregular. TheKoranwasrevealedinSevenLetters ThecommentatorshavemadeknownthattheKoranwasrevealedinsevenletters.Theyclaimed thatImamAbuJafar(alBaqir),peacebeonhim,said:TheKoranwasrevealedinseven letters.[113]TheideasinthisconnectionaresomanythatAbuHatamhasmentionedthatthey arethirtyfive.[114] Itisnecessaryforustogiveabriefideaaboutthemeaningsofthesevenletterstoknowwhether theyaretrulyattributedtoImamMohammedalBaqir,peacebeonhim,ornot. TheSevenLetters Therearevariousviewsaboutthemeaningsofthesevenletters.Thefollowingaresomeofthem: 1.Thesevenlettersare:promise,threat,order,prohibition,stories,controversy,andproverbs. IbnAtiyaweakenedthisidea.Hesaid:Thesearenotcalledletters.[115]

2.Theyarethedifferingwordsthathaveclosemeaningssuchasaqbilandhalum(come!come on!),ajjilandasri(bequick).AlTabarichosethismeaning.[116]However,thismeaningisuntrue. Thatisbecauseman,accordingtothismeaning,hastherighttoreadtheKoraninvariousways. So,thiswillleadtoabigdifferencesuchasaddingaverseoromittingit.Thatisbecausethe differingwordsbringaboutdifferingsentences,asalQurtubisaid.[117] 3.TheyarethesevenchapterswhichtheKoranbrought:theprevention,theorder,lawful,the unlawful,theclearlydefined(verses),theambiguous(verses),andtheproverbs.[118]These chaptersarenotcalledletters.Besidesthepreventionandtheunlawfulareonechapter.Theyare thereforenotsevenchapters. 4.TheyaretheclassicaldialectsfromthedialectsoftheArab.TheyaredifferingintheKoran.So, someoftheKoranwasrevealedinthedialectofQuraysh;someofitinthedialectofHudhayl; someofitinthedialectofHawzan;someofitinthedialectoftheYemen;someofitinthedialect ofKinana;someofitinthedialectofTam~m;someofitinthedialectofThaq~f.Thisideais ascribedtoalBayqahi,alAbhari,andtheauthorofalQamus.However,Umaropposedthisidea whenhesaidthattheKoranwasrevealedinthedialectofMadar.[119] 5.Theyaresevenrecitations.Ourmaster,theProfessor,opposedthatwhenhesaidthatthe famousrecitationsaremorethanseven.[120] Thesearesomeoftheopinions.Ourmaster,theProfessor,numberedtenopinions.However,he disprovedthemandprovedthattheydidnotleadtoanyresult.AbuShamawroteabookon thesemeaningsandrefutedmostofthem. TheImamdeniedtheSevenLetters ImamAbuJafar(alBaqir),peacebeonhim,deniedthesevenletters.Whatwasattributedtohim thathereportedthemisincorrect.Inthe(book)alSah~h,Zararareportedontheauthorityofthe Imam,whosaid:IndeedtheKoranisone.TheOne(Allah)revealedit.However,thereporters havebroughtaboutthesedifferences.[121]ItwasreportedontheauthorityoftheImamal Sadiq,peacebeonhim,thathedeniedthat.AlFudaylb.Yasaraskedhim:Surely,thepeoplesay: TheKoranwasrevealedinsevenletters.So,alSadiq,peacebeonhim,said:Theenemiesof Allahhavetoldlies.However,theKoranwasrevealedinoneletterfromtheOneandOnly.[122] TheMethodofExegesis ThetrendsofthecommentatorsoftheHolyKoranaredifferent.Inthattheyfolloweddiffering methods.Amongthemare: TheExegesisthroughthetransmittedSayings

BythatwemeaninterpretingtheKoranthroughthetraditionsreportedontheauthorityofthe Prophet,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,andtheImamsofguidance.MostShiite commentatorsfollowedthismethod.AmongthemwerealQummi,alAskari,andthelike.Their proofwasthatthemembersoftheHouse(ahlalBayt),peacebeonthem,wereprofessionalin therealknowledgeoftheKoran.Thoseotherthanthemhadnoshareinthat.ImamAbuJafar(al Baqir),peacebeonhim,referredtothatwhenhesaid:Noonecanclaimthathehasthedeep andthesurface(knowledge)oftheKoranexceptthetestamentarytrusteesofauthority.[123]It isthereforethetestamentarytrusteesoftheauthoritywhohadthedeepandsurfaceknowledge oftheBook.Theproofshaveunanimouslyagreedthatitisincumbentontheexplainerstoreferto themoninterpretingtheKoran.ShaykhalTusisaid:InterpretingtheKoranisnotpermitted exceptthroughtheauthentictraditionsfromtheProphet,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,and theImamswhosewordsweresimilartothoseoftheProphet,mayAllahblesshimandhis family.[124] TheExegesisthroughtheOpinion Bythatwemeanfollowingthehypotheticalrationalconsiderationsthatbelongtothe approbation.[125]TheMutaziliteandtheBataniancommentatorsadoptedthat.Theydidnot followthetraditionsreportedonthetestamentarytrusteesofAllah'sApostle,mayAllahblesshim andhisfamily,intheirexegesis.Rather,theydependedontherationalapprobation.ImamAbu Jafar(alBaqir),peacebeonhim,preventedthemfromthat.Qattada,thefamousjurist,cameto theImam.So,theImamsaidtohim: AreyouthejuristofthepeopleofBasrah? Yes,suchtheyclaim. IhaveheardthatyouinterprettheKoran. Yes. So,theImamblamedhimforthat,saying: OQattada,Ifyouinterpretaccordingtoyourownopinion,thenyouwillbeperishedandperish (thepeople).Ifyouinterpretitaccordingtotheopinionsofthemen,thenyouwillbeperished andperish(thepeople).Qattada,woeuntoyou!ThosewhohavebeenaddressedintheKoran knowit.[126] ImamAbuJafar(alBaqir),peacebeonhim,confinedtheknowledgeoftheHolyBooktothe membersoftheHouse(ahlalBayt),peacebeonthem.Thatisbecausetheyknewtheclearly defined(verses),theambiguous(verses),theabrogating(verses),andtheabrogated(verses).The peopleotherthanthemhadnotsuchknowledge.ItwasreportedontheauthorityoftheImams, peacebeonhim,whosaid:Thereisnothingfartherfromthemindofthementhantheexegesis oftheKoran.Thebeginningoftheverseisonathinganditsendisonotherthing.Itisacoherent speechwithvariousmeanings.[127]

AsforfollowingthesurfaceoftheBookisnotnumberedoftheexegesisthroughtheopinion whichisforbidden.Sometraditionalistsopposeditsproof.Theycleavedtoproofswhichthe fundamentalistsrefuted.[128] ImamalBaqir'sExegesis ImamAbuJafar(alBaqir),peacebeonhim,wroteabookontheexegesisoftheHolyKoran. Mohammedb.IshaqalNad~mmentionedthebookinhisbookalFihrastwhenhementionedthe bookswrittenontheexegesisoftheHolyKoran.Hesaid:AbualJarudZyadb.alMunzir,the headoftheJarudiya,reportedthebookofalBaqirMohammedb.Alib.alHusayn.SayydHasan alSadrsaid:AgroupofthereliableShiitesreportedthebookfromhimfromthedaysofhis righteousness.AmongthemwasAbuBas~rYahyab.alQasimalAsadi.Alib.Ibrah~mb.Hashim alQummimentioneditinhisbookalTafs~rontheauthorityofAbuBas~r.[129]Thenarrators said:Jabirb.Yaz~dalJufiwroteabookontheexegesisoftheHolyKoran.Helearntthe exegesisfromtheImam.[130] ExamplesofalBaqir'sExegesis TheexplainersreportedmanyversesoftheHolyKoraninterpretedbytheImam.Thefollowing aresomeofthem: 1.TheWordsofAllah,theExalted,:Theseshallberewardedwiththeghurfa(house)because theywerepatient.[131]AlBaqir,peacebeonhim,said:Theghurfa(house)isthegarden.Itisa rewardforthem,fortheywerepatienttowardspovertyintheworld.[132] 2.TheWordsofAllah,theMostHigh:AndtowhomsoeverMywrathisdueheshallperish indeed.[133]AbuJafar(alBaqir),peacebeonhim,wasaskedaboutthewrathofAllah.So,he peacebeonhim,replied:HisdismissalandHispunishment.[134] 3.TheWordsofAllah,theExalted,AndmostsurelyIammostForgivingtohimwhorepentsand believesanddoesgoods,thencontinuestofollowtherightdirection.[135]TheImam,peacebe onhim,interpretedfollowingtherightdirectionasfollowingtheImamsofthemembersofthe House(ahlalBayt).Thenhesaid:ByAllah,ifapersonworshipsAllahthroughouthislifebetween thecorner(oftheKaaba)andthestandingplace(ofAbraham)anddoesnotfollowus,Allahwill throwhimdownonhisfaceintothefire.[136] 4.TheWordsofAllah,theExalted:OApostle,deliverwhathasbeenrevealedtoyoufromyour Lord.[137]He,peacebeonhim,said:BythatAllahmeantwhatHerevealedtotheApostle,may Allahblesshimandhisfamily,concerningtheoutstandingmeritsofAli.[138]He,peacebeon him,reportedthatAllahrevealedtoHisApostletoappointAlisuccessor.However,hewasafraid thatthatwouldbedifficultforagroupofhisCompanions.So,Allah,theMostHigh,revealedthis versetoencouragehimtocarryoutHisorder.[139]

5.TheWordsofAllah,theExalted:LeaveMeandhimwhomIcreatedalone.[140]Thisverse wasrevealedconcerningalWal~db.alMugh~raalMakhzumi,whoaccusedtheProphet,may Allahblesshimandhisfamily,ofmagic.ThepeoplecalledalWal~dthealone.Thus,theverse wasrevealedtothreatenhim.Mohammedb.MoslemreportedontheauthorityofAbuJafar(al Baqir),whosaid:Thealoneistheillegitimatechild.Zararasaid:AbuJafar(alBaqir)wastold thatoneoftheHashimitessaidinhisoration:Iamthesonofthealone.So,theImamsaid:Woe untohim!Ifheknewwhothealonewas,hewouldnotboastofhim.Thus,wesaidtohim:Who ishe?Hesaid:Theunfatheredchild.[141] 6.TheWordsofAllah,theExalted:TheangelsandGabrieldescendinitbythepermissionof theirLord.[142]He,peacebeonhim,said:Theangelsandtherecordersdescendtothelower world.Theyrecordtheaffairsthathitpeoplewithinayear.ThatisuptoAllah'swill.Allahmakes topassawayandestablisheswhatHepleases,andwithHimisthemotheroftheBook.[143] 7.TheWordsofAllah,theExalted:So,theyshallbethrowndownintoit,theyandtheyerring ones.[144]Themeaningoftheverseisthattheerringonesandtheatheistpowerswillbe thrownalltogetherintothefire.ImamAbuJafar(alBaqir),peacebeonhim,said:Theversewas revealedconcerningthepeoplewhodescribedjustthingswiththeirtongues,andthentheydid otherthanthem.[145] 8.TheWordsofAllah,theExalted:AndtheydidnotdoUsanyharm,buttheymadetheirown soulssufferloss.[146]Interpretingthisverse,theImam,peacebeonhim,said:Allahisnot oppressed,forHeisGreatandPowerful.However,HemixeduswithHimself.So,Heregardedthe oppressionagainstusasoppressionagainstHimandourauthorityasHisauthority.So,Hesaid: OnlyAllahisyourauthorityandHisapostleandthosewhobelieve.HemeanttheImamsfrom us.InanotherplaceHesaid:AndtheydidnotdoUsanyharm,buttheymadetheirownsouls sufferloss.[147] 9.TheWordsofAllah,theExalted:So,askthepeopleofthereminderifyoudonotknow.[148] Mohammedb.Moslemsaid:IsaidtoImamAbuJafar(alBaqir):Someofusclaimthatthisverse concernstheJewsandtheChristians.Hesaid:Thereforetheysummonyoutotheir religion.Thenhe,peacebeonhim,pointedtohischestandsaid:Wearethepeopleofthe reminderandwearethepeoplewhoarequestioned.[149] 10.TheWordsofAllah,theExalted:Arethosewhoknowandthosewhodonotknowalike?Only themenofunderstandingaremindful.[150]He,peacebeonhim,said:Itiswewhoknowand ourenemyishewhodoesnotknow.Ourfollowersarethemenofunderstanding.[151] 11.TheWordsofAllah,theExalted:Nay!theseareclearcommunicationsinthebreastsofthose whoaregrantedknowledge.[152]ImamAbuJafar(alBaqir)saidthatthosewhoaregranted knowledgeconcernstheImamsofthemembersoftheHouse(ahlalBayt),peacebeon them.[153]AbuBas~rreportedthatImamAbuJafar(alBaqir)recitedthisverseandpointed withhishandtohischest.[154] 12.TheWordsofAllah,theExalted:(Remember)thedaywhenWewillcalleverypeoplewith theirImam.[155]Jabirb.Yaz~dalJufireportedontheauthorityofImamAbuJafar(alBaqir), peacebeonhim,whosaid:Whenthisversewasrevealed,theMoslemssaid:OAllah'sApostle,

areyounottheImamofallpeople?He,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,said:Iamthe ApostleofAllahforallpeople.However,therewillbeImamsoverthepeople.Theywillbefrom myHousehold.TheywillassumetheImamoverthepeople.However,thepeoplewillaccuse themoflying.TheImamsofunbeliefandmisguidanceandtheirfollowerswilloppressthem.So, whoeversupports,follows,andbelievesthemwillbelongtome,bewithme,andmeetme. Whoeveroppressesthem,accusesthemoflyingwillnotbelongtomenorwillhebewithme. Moreover,Iwilldisownmyselfofhim.[156] 13.TheWordsofAllah,theExalted:ThenWegavetheBookforaninheritancetothosewhom WechosefromamongOurservants,butofthemishewhomakeshissoulsufferaloss,andof themishewhotakesamiddlecourse,andofthemishewhoisforemostindeedsofgoodnessby Allah'spermission.[157]SalimaskedImamAbuJafar(alBaqir)aboutthisverse.So,he,peacebe onhim,said:HewhoisforemostindeedsofgoodnessistheImam.Hewhotakesamiddle courseishewhoknowstheImam.Hewhomakeshissoulsufferalossishewhodoesnotknow theImam.[158]Zyadb.alMunzirreportedontheauthorityoftheImam,peacebeonhim,who said:Asforhimwhomakeshissoulsufferalossishewhodoesagooddeedandanotherbad one.Asforhimwhotakesamiddlecourseishewhoworships(Allah)verymuch.Asforthosewho areforemostindeedsofgoodnessareAli,alHasan,alHusayn,andthosewhodiedmartyrsfrom thefamilyofMohammed,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily.[159] 14.TheWordsofAllah,theExalted:Surelyinthisaresignsforthosewhoexamine.[160]He, peacebeonhim,said:TheCommanderoftheFaithfulsaid:Allah'sApostle,mayAllahblesshim andhisfamily,wastheonewhoexamined.I,afterhim,andtheImamsfrommyprogenyarethe oneswhoexamine.[161] 15.TheWordsofAllah,theExalted:Andthatiftheyshouldkeeptothe(right)way,Wewould certainlygivethemtodrinkofabundantwater.[162]He(alBaqir),peacebeonhim,said:By thatAllahmeantthatiftheyshouldkeeptotheauthorityofAlib.Ab~Talib,theCommanderof theFaithful,peacebeonhim,andthetestamentarytrusteesofauthorityfromhissons,andobey theirordersandprohibitions,Hewouldcertainlygivethemtodrinkofabundantwater,namely Hewouldfilltheirheartswithbelief.The(right)wayisthebeliefintheauthorityofAliandthe testamentarytrustees.[163] 16.TheWordsofAllah,theExalted:Say:Allahissufficientasawitnessbetweenmeandyouand whoeverhasknowledgeoftheBook.[164]Bar~db.MuawiyaaskedImamAbuJafar(alBaqir), peacebeonhim,aboutthosewhomtheWordsofAllahtheExalted:Andwhoeverhas knowledgeoftheBookconcern.So,he,peacebeonhim,said:Hemeantus.Aliwasthefirstof us,themostmeritoriousofus,andthebestofusaftertheProphet,mayAllahblesshimandhis family.[165] 17.TheWordsofAllah,theExalted:ButindeedWehavegiventoAbraham'schildrentheBook andthewisdom,andWehavegiventhemagrandkingdom.[166]Bar~dalAjaliaskedImam AbuJafar(alBaqir),peacebeonhim,aboutthisverse.So,he,peacebeonhimsaid:Hemade Abraham'schildrenApostles,Prophets,andImams.Whydotheyacceptthatinthefamilyof AbrahamandrefusetoacceptitinthefamilyofMohammed,mayAllahblesshimandhis

family?Bar~dsaid:WhatisthemeaningofAndWehavegiventhemagrandkingdom?The Imamreplied:llahmadethemImams.WhoeverobeysthemobeysAllah.Whoeverdisobeys themdisobeysAllah.Thatisthegrandkingdom.[167] 18.TheWordsofAllah,theExalted:AndIbreathedintohimofMyspirit.[168]TheImam,peace beonhim,wasaskedaboutthespirit.So,hesaid:Itisthepower.[169] 19.TheWordsofAllah,theExalted:Wereitnotforthathehadseenthemanifestevidenceofhis Lord.[170]TheImam,peacebeonhim,saidtoJabiralJufi:WhatdotheIraqijuristssay concerningthisverse?Jabirreplied:He(Joseph)sawJacobbitinghisthumb.Thus,theImam, peacebeonhim,said:[Myfatherrelatedtomeontheauthorityofmygrandfather,Alib.Ab~ Talib,whosaid:]AsforthemanifestevidencewhichJosephsawwhenshemadeforhimandhe madeforherwasthatshewenttoanidolcrownedwithpearlsandcorunduminthehouseto coveritwithawhitegarmentsothatitwouldnotseeherorshefeltshameofit.So,Josephasked her:Whatisthis?Shereplied:Itismylord.Ifeelshameofitwhenitseeinthismanner.So, Josephsaid:Doyoufeelshameofanidolthatdoesnotavailnordoesitharmnordoesitsee? ThenwhydoInotfeelshameofmyLordWhohasthepowerovereverysoul?ByAllah,youwill neverobtainthatfromme.Thatisthemanifestevidence.[171] ThesearesomeoftheverseswhichImamAbuJafar(alBaqir),peacebeonhim,interpreted. WiththisweendourtalkabouthisexegesisoftheHolyKoran. Theology ImamAbuJafar(alBaqir)researchedmanytheologicalmattersduringhislectures.Hewasasked aboutthemostcomplicatedmattersinthisscience.Heansweredthem.Worthmentioning,the timeoftheImamwasthemostsensitiveofallthetimes.ThatisbecausetheIslamicconquer includedmostareasoftheworldandthepeoplesoftheearth.Thatmovedawaveofspiteinthe soulsoftheenemiesofIslam,fromthehelplesspeoplesandotherthanthem.Thus,they launchedapropagatingcampaignagainsttheIslamicthought.Theyproclaimeddoubtsand imaginationsamongthechildrenoftheMoslems.MeanwhiletheUmayyadgovernments encouragedantiIslamthoughts.NoonehasmentionedthattheUmayyadrulersresistedthese thoughtsandpreventedthemfromspreadingamongtheMoslems.Inthemeantimenobodywas readytosavetheMoslemsfromthesethoughtsexceptImamAbuJafar(alBaqir),peacebeon him,whorefutedthemwithstrongproofs.Wewillmentionthatindetailwhenwetalkaboutthe timeoftheImam. However,thefollowingaresomeofthetheologicalresearcheswhichtheImamdid: Monotheism ImamAbuJafar(alBaqir),peacebeonhim,studiedthemostimportantmattersofmonotheism.

Heuncoveredthem.Herefutedthedoubtsandimaginationswhichwereraisedaboutthem. Amongwhathestudiedare: 1.AllahisnotattainedthroughReasonTheunquestionablethingisthatmanisunabletoknow withallhisintellectualtherealityofAllah,forreasonhaslimitedimaginations.AlShafiisaid: Indeedreasonhasalimitedendastheeyehas. Allthingswhichmansensesarefoundatacertainplaceandtime.Reasoncannotimaginebeings withoutaplaceorthingswithouttime.Thus,reasonisunabletoattaintherealityofAllah,for neithertimenorplacecanencompassit.Inotherwords,Allahcreatedthetimeandtheplace. Besidesreasonisunabletounderstandtherealityofmanythingsintheuniverse.Amongthemis theunseenrealitywhichreasonhasnotunderstoodyet. Theconceptualizationoftheheart,thoughithasvastimagination,isunabletoattaintheessence ofAllah.Theeyeisunabletoattainit,too.ImamAbuJafar(alBaqir),peacebeonhim,stated thatwhenhewasaskedaboutthesewordsofAllah,theExalted:TheeyesattainHimnot,butHe attainstheeyes.[172]He,peacebeonhim:Theconceptualizationofheartsarekeenerand sharperthantheperceptionsoftheeyes.Throughtheconceptualizationoftheheartyoucan perceivecountrieslikeSind,Hind(India)andothercitieswhichyouhavenevervisited,although youhavenotseenthemwithyoureyes.HowcanyoureyesseeHimwhentheconceptualization ofyourheartcannotattainHim?[173] Indeedtheeyeshallcomebackconfusedandfatiguedwhenittriestoperceivetheessenceof Allah,theMostHigh,theCreatorofthecosmos,andgiveroflife.IbnAb~alHadd~~dsaid: OMiracleofthecosmos,thinkinghasbecomeunsoundconcerningYou. WhenevermythinkingmovestowardYouaspanofthehand,itescapesforamile. Youhaveperplexedmenofunderstandingandconfusedintellect.[174] ThereisnothingremoterthanattainingtheessenceofAllah,theExalted,forreasonisunableto attainit.Thus,AbdalRahmanb.Ab~alNajranaskedAbuJafar(alBaqir),peacebeonhim, aboutAllah,theMostHigh.Hesaid:ShouldIthinkofanything(tounderstandAllah)?TheImam, peacebeonhim,replied:Yes,butyouhavetoimagineathingwhichthemindcannotcontain andwhichiswithoutlimit.Heisunlikewhatevercomesintoyourmind.NothingresemblesHim norcananythoughtreachHim.HowcanHebeperceivedwhenHeistotallydifferentfrom whateverisconceivedandisthereverseofwhateverisimagined.(BecauseAllahcannotbe limitedthroughthelimitationsofthemindorthesenses.)Certainly,thethingwhichcannotbe encompassedbythemindandwhichiswithoutlimitsisthatwhichshouldbeimagined.[175] 2.TheEternityoftheNecessaryBeingAsfortheEternityoftheNecessaryBeing,itisamongthe keenesttheologicalandphilosophicalstudies.AmanaskedImamAbuJafar(alBaqir),peacebe onhim:TellmefromwhenyourLordhasbeeninexistence?TheImamreplied:WoeuntoYou! Thequestionwhenandhowlongarisesonlyinrespectofthingsthat(previously)werenon existant.Verily,mylord,theBlessedandExalted,hasalwaysbeenEverliving,withouttimeor modality.ComingintoexistencedoesnotapplytoHimWhoexistseternallynordoeshowHe existsapplytoHisexistencenordoeswhereHeexistsapplytohim,forHeisneitherinathing noronathing.HedidnotinventaplaceforHislocation,norwasthereanyenhancementinHis

mightafterHehadcreatedtheuniverse,norhadHebeenweakbeforeitscreation,norwasHe alonebeforeHisactofcreation,nordoesHeresembleanythingthatcanberemembered,norwas Hewithoutdominionbeforecreatingtheuniverse,norwillHebebereftofdominionafterthe universepassesaway.HeisEverliving,Selfsubsisting,theAlmightyLordwithoutthecategoryof life.HewastheAlmightyLordbeforecreatingthings,andHeistheAbsoluteLordafterthe creationoftheuniverse.Noneofthecategoriesofhoworwhereorwhenorhowmuchnor anylimitapplytohisexistence.HeisnotrecognizedbyresemblancewithanythingnordoesHe becomedecrepitduetoHisendlessexistence.NothingcanstrikeaweinHim.Rather,allthings areawestruckbyfearingHim.Hewasinexistencebeforetheappearanceoflifeassuch.Neither isHeinexistencesuchascanbedescribed,norcanitbeconfinedtoanystateandcondition.He doesnotrestanywherenordoesHeabideataplacethatisintheneighborhoodofanotherplace. However,HeisknownasLiving,theLordwhosemightanddominionwillneverend.Hehas createdofHisownwillwhateverandwheneverHedesired.Hecanneitherbeconfined,nor fractioned,norcanHebedestroyed.HeistheFirstwithoutanymodalityandtheLastwithoutany space.AndallthingsareperishableexceptHisface.Hisarethecreationandthecommand. BlessedbeAllah,theLordofallbeings. OQuestioner,woeuntoyou!Surely,myLordcanneverbeencompassedbytheimagination. Doubtscannotdescenduponhim.NorcanHebeaffected(byanything).NorisHeanybody's neighbor.NorcaneventshappentoHim.HecanneitherbequestionedaboutanythingnorisHe ashamedofanything.SlumberseizeHimnot,neithersleep.ToHimbelongallthatisinthe heavensandtheearthandallthatisbetweenthem,andallthatisunderneaththesoil.[176] ThiswonderfulparagraphofthespeechofthegreatImamhasencompassedtheeternityofthe NecessaryBeingandHisUnity.IthasdeemedHimfarabovecomparisonwithHiscreatureswhich genusandspecieslimit,andwhichareinneedofthecauseintheirexistenceandnonexistence. Moreover,theyareinneedoftimeandplace.Allahisfaraboveallthat,forHeisthefirstandthe last,outwardandinward,andHeknowsallthings.AresearcheraskedtheImam:WhoisAllah? Hereplied:TheOneandOnly.Itwassaidtohim:HowisHe?Heanswered:HeisaPowerful King.Itwassaidtohim:WhereisHe?Hereplied:Heiswatching.So,theresearchersaid:I amnotaskingyouaboutthis.Hesaid:ThesearetheattributesofAllah.Otherthanthemare theattributesofcreatures. TheywantedtoknowtheessenceofAllahthroughtheirsensesandreason.Theydidnotknow thatHewasfarabovewhatreasonattainsandwhatconceptualizationperceives.Thereisnogod butHe,theEverliving,theSelfsubsisting. However,inthisspeech,theImam,peacebeonhim,discussedthemostimportanttheological matterswhichnooneoftheMoslemtheologiansandphilosopherhaddiscussedbeforehim excepthisgrandfatherImamAli,theCommanderoftheFaithful,peacebeonhim.Asfor encompassingandexplainingthespeechoftheImam,peacebeonhim,itneedsadetailedstudy. TheMoslemphilosophershavetakencareofthepointswhichtheImamhasmentionedinhis speech.Theyhaveproducedevidenceinsupportofthem.[177] 3.TalkingabouttheEssenceofAllahisforbiddenImamAbuJafar(alBaqir),peacebeonhim,

preventedMoslemsfromtalkingabouttheessenceofAllah,theMostHigh.Thatisbecausethat dependsonadeepphilosophywhichthereasonofthesimplepeopleisunabletounderstand.In otherwordstheyhavelittleknowledge.Thus,theyfallintothetricksoftheSatan.Thentheygo outofbeliefandcomeintopolytheism.InthisconnectiontheImam,peacebeonhim,said:Talk aboutallthings,butdonottalkabouttheessenceofAllah.[178] He,peacebeonhim,said:TalkaboutthecreationofAllah,butdonottalkaboutAllahHimself, forthatincreasestheownerofthetalknothingexceptperplexity.[179] IndeedtalkingabouttheessenceofAllahincreasesmannothingexceptperplexityandthrowing destructivemannersanddoubts.AsforthinkingofthecreationofAllahandconsideringcarefully theuniverse,theywillleadmantobeliefinAllah.Thatisbecausethecreationofallcreature indicatestheGreatCreator.Darwinsaid:Itseemsthatallthecreaturesthatliveintheearth belongtooneeternalshape.TheCreatorhasbreathedlifeintothem.[180]Itisfalsetosaythat chancehascreatedalltheseworlds.Itisimpossibleforchancetofindawellwovenregulation thatdependsonknowledge.Whydoeschancenotcreatetheplaneandmodernsetswhich thinkingandsciencehavefound? 4.TheKnowledgeofAllahTheknowledgeofAllahhasencompassedallthings.Theknowledgeof Allahisthesamebeforeandafterthecreationofthings.ThatisbecauseHehascreatedthem.He knowswhatsoulsandheartshave.Mohammedb.MoslemreportedontheauthorityofAbuJafar (alBaqir),peacebeonhim,whosaid:Allah,theGreatandAlmighty,wastherewhennothing elseexisted.Hehasbeeneternallyknowingwhatevercomeintobeing.AndHisknowledgeofa thingbeforeitcomesintobeingisexactlythesameasitisafteritsbeing.[181] 5.TheEssenceofMonotheismJabirb.Yaz~dalJufiaskedImamAbuJafar(alBaqir),peacebe onhim,toteachhimsomethingofmonotheism.So,he,peacebeonhim,said:IndeedAllah, whosenamesareblessedandWhoisExaltedinthetranscendenceofHisEssence,istheOne(the onlyOne).HeisuniqueinOneness,andHeattributedOnenesstoHimselfwhenHewasalone. Then,HemadeHisUnityevidentlyknowntoHiscreatures.Thus,AllahisOne,Unique,Self dependent,andAllholy.AllthingsworshipHimandturntoHiminrepentance.AndHis knowledgeembracesallthings.[182] 6.TheAttributesofAllahSurely,theattributesoftheWiseCreatorareexactlythesameasHis Essence.Thereisnonumberamongthem,asithasbeenprovedintheology.SomeIraqisdeviated fromtherightpath.So,theyproclaimedthatAllah,theMostHigh,heardwithotherthanwithHe saw,andsawwithotherthanwithHeheard.InthatHeissimilartoHiscreatures.Mohammedb. MoslemtoldImamAbuJafar(alBaqir),peacebeon,aboutthat.So,theImamsaid:Theyhave toldlies,becomeatheists,andlikened(AllahtoHiscreatures).FarisAllahabovethat.IndeedHe isAllHearing,AllSeeing.HehearswithwhatHesees,andseeswithwhatHehears. ThenMohammedb.Salimsaid:TheyclaimthatHeseesaccordingtowhattheythink.So,the Imam,peacebeonhim,refutedtheirclaims,saying:BeAllahExalted,theonewhohasthe attributeofthecreatureperceive,butAllahisnotsuch.[183] 7.DoubtandUnbeliefSurely,thedoubtandunbeliefinAllah,theCreatoroftheskiesandthe earth,havebadfinalresults.Amongthemisthatnodeedisacceptedfromtheonewhodoubts

AllahandtheonewhodisbelievesinHim.TheirdeedswillnotavailthemontheDayofJudgment. Forthisreason,theImam,peacebeonhim,said:Thedeedwithdoubtandunbeliefis useless.[184] WiththisweendourtalkaboutthewordsofImamAbuJafar(alBaqir),peacebeonhim,on monotheism. [1]SafinatalBihar,vol.2. [2]AqidatalShia,p.123. [3]AlManaqib,vol.3,p.331. [4]AlImamZayd,p.22. [5]UyyunalAkhbarwaFununalAthar,p.213. [6]NasikhalTawarikh,vol.2,p.219. [7]Ibid,p.217. [8]Ibid. [9]AlamalWara,p.270. [10]AlKhisal,p.4. [11]Ibid,p.5. [12]Ibid,p.10. [13]Ibid,p.11. [14]Ibid,p.14. [15]Ibid. [16]Ibid,p.15. [17]Ibid,p.17. [18]UsulalKafi,vol.2,p.616. [19]AlKhisal,p.31. [20]IbnalMaghazili,ManaqibAlib.AbiTalib,p.40. [21]Ibid,p.42. [22]Ibid,p.44. [23]Ibid,p.64. [24]YanabialMawadda,p.266. [25]IbnalMaghazili,ManaqibAlib.AbiTalib,p.40. [26]AlKhisal,p.34. [27]Ibid,p.35. [28]Ibid,p.36. [29]Ibid. [30]Ibid,p.41. [31]Ibid,p.47. [32]Ibid,p.58. [33]Ibid,p.60. [34]Ibid,p.71.

[35]AlAqdalFarid,vol.5,p.277. [36]SafinatalBihar,vol.2,p.409. [37]AlKhisal,p.78. [38]Ibid,p.84. [39]Ibid,p.94. [40]Ibid,p.106. [41]Ibid,p.108. [42]Ibid,p.138. [43]Ibid,p.147. [44]Ibid,p.164. [45]Ibid,p.167. [46]Ibid,p.180. [47]Ibid,p.188. [48]Ibid,p.203. [49]Ibid,p.205. [50]Ibid,208. [51]Ibid,p.217. [52]Ibid,p.221. [53]Ibid,p.228. [54]Ibid,p.231. [55]Ibid,p.236. [56]Ibid,p.240. [57]Ibid,p.247. [58]Ibid,p.260. [59]Ibid,p.262. [60]Ibid,p.267. [61]Ibid,288. [62]Ibid,p.292. [63]Ibid,p.300. [64]Ibid. [65]Ibid,p.308. [66]Ibid,310. [67]Ibid,p.311. [68]Ibid,p.403. [69]Ibid,p.414. [70]Ibid,p.415. [71]Ibid,p.416. [72]AlBayanwaalTabiyyin,vol.2,p.263. [73]Ibid,p.262. [74]AlSaduq,p.257.

[75]Ibid,p.9. [76]Ibid,p.11. [77]Ibid,p.18. [78]Ibid,p.54. [79]UsulalKafi. [80]WasilatalMalfiAdManaqibalAl,p.61. [81]IbnalMaghazili,alManaqib,p.85. [82]SiyarAlamalNubala,vol.4,p.242. [83]AlSiratalSawi,p. [84]AlKarajiki,alIstinsar,alaalAimmaalAthar,p.8. [85]Ibid. [86]AlKhisal,p.49. [87]Ibid,p.109. [88]Ibid,p.119. [89]Ibid,p.180. [90]Ibid,p.215. [91]Ibid,p.398. [92]Ibid,p.454. [93]UsulalKafi,vol.1,p.23. [94]AlKhisal,p.95. [95]UsulalKafi,vol.1,p.220. [96]AlKhisal,p.103. [97]AlSaduq,alAmali,p.178. [98]KamilalZiyarat,p.108. [99]TarikhDimashq,vol.51,pp.3738. [100]IllalalSharai,p.158. [101]AlSiratalSawi,p.119. [102]IbnSad,alTabaqat,vol.8,p.463. [103]AlKhawarizmi,alManaqib,p.226. [104]AlMaghazili,p.245. [105]NasikhalTawarikh,vol.2,p.204. [106]AlBayanfiTafsiralQuran,p.25. [107]UsulalKafi. [108]AlBayanfiTafsiralQuran,p.210. [109]AlWafi,p.274. [110]NasikhalTawarikh,vol.1,p.434. [111]TafsiralAlusi,vol.1,p.39. [112]FurualKafi,vol.3,p.312. [113]GhayatalNihayafiTabaqatalQurra,vol.2,p.202. [114]AlQurtubi,Tafsir,vol.1,p.9.

[115]NazraAmmafiTarikhalFiqhalIslami,p.67. [116]AlTabari,Tafsir,vol.1,p.15. [117]AlQurtubi,Tafsir,vol.1,p.36. [118]AlBayanfiTafsiralQuran,p.183. [119]Ibid,p.185. [120]Ibid,p.191. [121]UsulalKafi. [122]Ibid. [123]AlWafi,vol.2,p.130. [124]AlTibyan,vol.1,p.4. [125]AlAnsari,FaraidalUsul. [126]AlBayanfiTafsiralQuran,p.267. [127]FaraidalUsul,p.28. [128]Ibid. [129]AlShaykhalTusi,alFihrast,p.98. [130]AlNjashi. [131]Koran,alFurqan,70. [132]AlBidayawaalNihaya,vol.9,p.301. [133]Koran,Taha,82. [134]AlFusulalMuhimma,p.227. [135]Koran,Taha,83. [136]MajjmaalBayan(Beirut),vol.7,p.23. [137]Koran,alMaida,67. [138]KhasaisalWahialMubin,p.30. [139]MajjmaalBayan,vol.4,p.223. [140]Koran,alMuddathir,11. [141]MajjmaalBayan,vol.11,p.378. [142]Koran,alQadr,4. [143]DaaimalIslam,vol.1,p.334. [144]Koran,alShuara,94. [145]UsulalKafi,vol.1,p.47. [146]Koran,alBaqara,57. [147]UsulalKafi,vol.1,p.146. [148]Koran,alAnbiya,7. [149]UsulalKafi,vol.1,p.211. [150]Koran,alZumar,9. [151]UsulalKafi,vol.1,p.212. [152]Koran,alAnkabut,49. [153]MajjmaalBayan,vol.7,p.288. [154]UsulalKafi,vol.1,p.212.

[155]Koran,alIsra,17. [156]UsulalKafi,vol.1,p.215. [157]Koran,Fatir,32. [158]UsulalKafi,vol.1,p.214. [159]MajjmaalBayan,vol.7,p.409. [160]Koran,alHijr,75. [161]UsulalKafi,vol.1,p.219. [162]Koran,alJinn,16. [163]UsulalKafi,vol.1,p.220. [164]Koran,alRad,43. [165]UsulalKafi,vol.1,p.229. [166]Koran,alNisa,54. [167]UsulalKafi,vol.1,p.206. [168]Koran,alHijr,29. [169]TafsiralBurhan,p.55. [170]Koran,Yousif,24. [171]AlBidayawaalNihaya,vol.9,p.310. [172]Koran,alAnam,103. [173]ThetraditionhasbeenascribedtoImamalJawad. [174]SharhNahjjalBalagha,vol.13,p.51. [175]UsulalKafi,vol.1,p.82. [176]Ibid,pp.8889. [177]ThegreatMoslemPhilosopher,SadralDinalShirazi, hasdiscussedthatobjectivelyinhisbook alShawahidalRabawiya. [178]UsulalKafi,vol.1,p.92. [179]Ibid. [180]AlNishuwaalIrtiqa,p.47. [181]UsulalKafi,vol.1,p.107. [182]Ibid,p.123. [183]Ibid,p.108. [184]JamialSaadat,vol.1,p.117. TheImamate TheImamateisabreathofAllah'sspirit.ItisafavorofHisfavors.Hehasbestoweditonmanto

leadhimtobeliefandgoodandtoguidehimtotherightpath.TheShiitesbelievethatitisamong thefundamentalsofthereligionandthepillarsofIslam.Thatisbecauseitisthestrongbaseon whichIslamicsocialjusticedepends.ImamAbuJafar(alBaqir),peacebeonhim,talkedabout manydimensionsoftheImamate.Thefollowingaresomeofthem: TheCriticalNeedfortheImam TheImamateisanecessityofIslamiclife.Theaffairsofsocietyarenotrighteouswithoutit. Moslemshaveunanimouslyagreedthatitisobligatoryandnecessary.Jabirb.Yaz~dalJufiasked ImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim,abouttheneedfortheProphetandtheImam.Thus,he,peace beonhim,said:Theworldremainsrighteous.ThatisbecauseAllah,theGreatandAlmighty, doesnotpunishthepeopleoftheearthaslongastheProphetortheImamisamongthem.Allah, theGreatandAlmighty,said:Allahdoesnotpunishthemaslongasyouareamongthem.The Prophet,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,said:Thestarsaresafetyforthepeopleofthesky, andthemembersofmyfamilyaresafetyforthepeopleoftheearth.Ifthestarswentaway,what thepeopleoftheskyhatewouldhitthem.IfthemembersofmyHousewentaway,whatthe peopleoftheearthhatewouldafflictthem.BythemembersofhisHouse,hemeanttheImams whoseobedienceAllah,theGreatandAlmighty,joinedtoHisobediencewhenHesaid:OYou whobelieve,obeyAllahandobeytheApostleandthoseinauthorityamongyou.Theywere infallibleandpurified.Thedidnotcommitsinsnordidtheydisobey(Allah).Theyweresupported, successful,andguided(torighteousness).ThroughthemAllahgivespeople.Throughthemthe countryisprosperous.Throughthemraincomesdownfromthesky.Throughthemtheblessings oftheearthcomesforth.Throughthemthepeopleofsinsaregiventimeandarenotpunished andtorturedquickly.Gabrieldidnotseparatehimselffromthem(theProphet'sHousehold)nor didtheyseparatethemselvesfromhim.TheydidnotseparatethemselvesfromtheKorannordid itseparateitselffromthem.Allah'sblessingsbeonthemall.[1] ThespeechoftheImam,peacebeonhim,isfullofthewordsconcerningtheneedforthe Imamate,foritleadstheworldtorighteousnessandreformsthedeviationfromreligion.The ImampraisedthepureImamsfromthemembersoftheHouse(ahlalBayt),peacebeonthem. Heunderlinedthattheyweresafetyforthepeopleoftheearth,andthatthroughthemthe tribulationisdrivenaway,raincomesdownfromthesky,andtheblessingsoftheearthcome forth. ToknowtheImamisobligatory ThetraditionsreportedontheauthorityoftheProphet,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,and ontheauthorityofthecustodiansofthesciencesofthepureImamshaveagreedthattoknow theImamofthetimeisobligatory,andthatwhoeverdiesanddoesnothimislikethosewhodied

beforeIslam,astheProphetictraditionstated.Inthisrespect,manytraditionswerereportedon theauthorityofImamAbuJafar(alBaqir),peacebeonhim.Thefollowingaresomeofthem: 1.Jabirb.Yaz~dalJufireported.Hesaid:[IheardAbuJafar(alBaqir),peacebeonhim,say:] Surely,hewhoknowsAllah,theGreatandAlmighty,andworshipsHimisthepersonwhoknows AllahandrecognizesHisImamfromamongus,ahlalBayt,andhewhodoesnotknowAllah,the GreatandAlmighty,anddoesnotrecognizetheImamfromus,ahlalBayt,knowsandworships otherthanAllah.[2] 2.Mohammedb.Moslemreported.Hesaid:[IheardAbuJafar(alBaqir),peacebeonhim,say:] EveryonewhoisobedienttoAllah,theGreatandAlmighty,inworshipinwhichheexertseffort, butdoesnothaveanImam(appointed)byAllah,hisdeedsareunacceptable,andheisastrayand bewildered.Allahdetestshisdeeds.Suchapersonislikeasheepwhichhasstrayedawayfromits flockanditsshepherd,andwhichrunsinthisandthatdirectionthewholeday.Whenthenight descendsonit,itseessomeflockofsheepwithashepherd.Itgoestowardsitandisdeceived.It passesthatnightwiththatflockintheirrestingplace.Whentheshepherdherdstheflock,that sheeprefusestorecognizetheflockandtheshepherd.Itrunsinbewildermentseekingits shepherdanditsflock.Thenitseesanotherflockofsheepwithitsshepherd.Againthesheep turnstowardsitandisdeceivedbythesecondflock.Theshepherdshouts:Joinyourshepherd andyourflock.Youarelostfrom,andbewilderover,yourshepherdandyourflock.So,thesheep runsawayinfear,bewildermentandloss,havingnoshepherdtoguideittoapastureorbackto itsownplace.Beinglikethis,awolftakesadvantageofitsbeinglost,andeatsit.Thusisit,by Allah,OMohammed,hewhowakesupinthiscommunitywithouthavinganImam(appointed)by Allah,theGreatandAlmighty,whoismanifestandjust,wakesupastrayandlost.Ifsuchaperson diesinthiscondition,hediesthedeathofunbeliefandhypocrisy.OMohammed,knowunjust ImamsandtheirfollowershavebeenexpelledfromthereligionofAllah.Theyaremisguidedand theymisguide.So,thedeedswhichtheyperformareasasheswhereonthewindblowstrong uponatempestuousday.Theyhavenopoweroverwhattheyhaveearnedthatisthefar error.[3] IndeedtheImamsofthemembersoftheHouse(ahlalBayt),peacebeonthem,mustbeknown. ThatisbecausetheywerethecustodiansoftherevelationandthetrusteesoftheApostleof Allah,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,andhissuccessorsoverhiscommunity.Theywereunlike theUmayyadandtheAbbasidkingswhocommittedallsinsandspreadoppressionand corruptionintheearth. ToobeytheImamisobligatory ToobeytheImamisareligiousobligation.Allah,theMostHigh,hasmentionedthatintheKoran: ObeyAllahandobeytheapostleandthoseinauthorityamongyou.[4]Manytraditionshave mentionedthat.ZararareportedontheauthorityofAbuJafar(alBaqir),peacebeonhim,who said:Theapexofthething,theheightofit,thekeytoit,thegatetoeverythingandthegood

pleasureof(Allah),theMostMerciful,theBlessed,istoobeytheImamafterknowinghim.Then hesaid:Surely,Allah,theBlessed,theMostHigh,says:WhoeverobeystheApostle,surelyobeys Allah.AndwhoeverturnshisbackWehavenotsentyoutobeawatcheroverthem.[5] TheRightoftheImamagainstPeople TheImamhasarightagainstpeople.MeanwhilepeoplehavearightagainsttheImam.ImamAbu Jafar(alBaqir),peacebeonhim,talkedaboutthatwhenAbuHamzaaskedhim: WhatistheImam'srightagainstpeople? Hisrightagainstthemistolistenandobey(him).Whatistheirrightagainstthem? Hedividesamongthemequallyandtreatsthesubjectswithjustice.[6] IndeedtherightoftheImamagainstpeopleisthattheyshouldlistentohimandcarryouthis orders,forhestrivestoachievetheirhappinessandrighteousness.Asfortheirrightagainsthimis thatheshoulddivideequallythepropertiesofAllahamongthem.Heshouldnotpreferonegroup ofpeopletotheother.HeshouldtreatthemwithjusticethatistheshadeofAllahintheearth. TheDignityoftheImam Surely,theImamhasadignityandhighpositionwithAllah.NooneofAllah'sservantsisableto obtainsuchadignityandhighposition.ImamAbuJafar(alBaqir),peacebeonhim,talkedabout that.He,peacebeonhim,saidtoJabirb.Yaz~dalJufi: Surely,AllahtookAbrahamasaservantbeforeHetookhimasaprophet.Hetookhimasa prophetbeforeHetookhimasanapostle.HetookhimasanaapostlebeforeHetookhimasa friend.HetookhimasafriendbeforeHetookhimasanImam.WhenHegatheredthesethings forhim,Hesaidtohim:OAbraham,IamgoingtoappointyouasanImamoverthepeople.' AbrahamregardedtheImamateasgreat,sohesaid:Andofmyoffspring.He(Allah)said:My covenantdoesnotincludetheunjust.[7] ThemeaningofthistraditionisthattheImamateisthehighestrankwithAllah.Theprophetsand theapostleswereunabletoobtainit.However,AllahsingledoutHisfriendAbrahamwithit.He alsosingledoutthepureImamsfromthemembersoftheHouse(ahlalBayt),whowerethe custodiansoftherevelation,thedoorsofguidanceandmercyforthiscommunity. AcceptingtheLeadershipoftheImamsofahlalBayt Surely,acceptingtheleadershipofthepureImamsispartofIslamandproofforbelief.The Apostle,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,proclaimedthisholyreligiousobligationamonghis community.Hemadeitincumbentonthecommunitytoadoptit.Hetookmorecareofitthan

anyotherreligiousobligation.ImamAbuJafar(alBaqir),peacebeonhim,said: Islamhasbeenbuiltonfive(pillars):theprayers,zakat(alms),fasting,thehajj,andacceptingthe leadership(ofmyfamily).Hedidnotproclaimathingmorethanheproclaimedtheleadership(of hisfamily).However,peoplehaveadoptedfour(pillars)andleftthis(leadership).[8] ItisincumbentonallMoslemstofollowthegoodImamswhoarethesourceoflightintheearth. InotherwordsMoslemsmustfollowthelegalpreceptsandtherulesofmoralswhichhave reportedontheirauthority. AlBaqirpraisedtheImams ImamAbuJafar(alBaqir),peacebeonhim,praisedthegoodImamsinmanyofhistraditions.He talkedabouttheirhighrank.Thefollowingaresomeofhistraditions: 1.He,peacebeonhim,said:WearethecustodiansofAllah'saffairs,treasurersofAllah's knowledge,andinheritorsofAllah'srevelation.ItiswewhoknowAllah'sBookbyheart.Our obedienceisanobligation.Lovetowardsusisbelief,andspitetowardsusisunbelief.Hewho lovesusisinthegarden,andhewhohatesusisinthefire.[9] 2.He,peacebeonhim,said:WearethefriendsofAllah,weareAllah'schoice,wearethe trusteesofAllah,wearethestoreoftheinheritanceoftheprophets,wearetheproofsofAllah, wearethestrongropeofAllah,wearetherightpathofAllah.Allah,theExaltedsaid:And(know) thatthisisMypath,therightone,thereforefollowit,andfollownot(other)ways.WeareAllah's mercyforthebelievers.WithusAllahstarted(Islam),andwithusAllahwillend(it).Whoever cleavestousissafe.Whoeverdisobeysusgoesastray.Wearethenoblehonoredleaders. Whoeverknowsus,recognizesourright,andobeysourorderisfromusandbelongstous.[10] 3.He,peacebeonhim,said:WearethetreasurersofAllah'sknowledge,wearethecustodians ofAllah'saffairs.WithusHestartedIslam,andwithusHewillendit.Fromus,youlearn(Islam). ByHimWhosplitopentheseedandcreatedthebreath,Allahhasnever(put)Hisknowledgein anyoneexceptus,and(noone)attainswhatAllahhasexceptthroughus.[11] 4.He,peacebeonhim,said:WearethepeopleoftheHouseofmercy,thetreeofProphethood, thesourceofwisdom,theplaceofangels,andthelandingplaceoftherevelation.[12] 5.He,peacebeonhim,said:ByAllah,weareAllah'streasurersinHisheavenandonHisearth. Wearethetreasurers,notofgoldnorofsilver,butofHisknowledge.[13] 6.He,peacebeonhim,said:WearethetreasurersofAllah'sknowledge.Wearetheexpanders ofAllah'srevelation,andwearethestrongProofforthosewhoareunderheavenandonthe earth.[14] ManytraditionswerereportedontheauthorityoftheProphet,mayAllahblesshimandhis family,concerningtheoutstandingmeritswhichAllahgrantedtothepureImams.TheProphet, mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,regardedthemasthefountainsofwisdom,andtheinheritors ofthesciencesofprophets.Hesingledthemoutwithallnobledeeds.Thisistrue.Thereisno doubtinit.Whoeverstudiestheirwaysoflifefullofguidance,righteousness,andnobledeeds

believesthattheywerethelordsofcreation,thetrusteesoftheProphet,mayAllahblesshimand hisfamily,andthecustodiansofhissciences.Thereisnoexaggerationordeviationfromthetruth inthisopinion.AllahendowedHisprophetswithknowledge,wisdom,andsoundjudgments. However,theywerenotbetterthanthemembersoftheHouse(ahlalBayt),peacebeonthem. ThatisbecausetheywereloyaltoAllah.ForthesakeofHisobedienceandreligion,theymade sacrificeswhichnoreformerintheearthhasmade. TheNumberoftheImams ImamAbuJafar(alBaqir),peacebeonhim,mentionedthenumberofthepureImams,whowere thesuccessorsoftheProphet,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,overhiscommunity,his testamentarytrustees,andthecustodiansofhissciences.Thefollowingaresomeofwhatwas reportedonhisauthority: 1.ZararareportedontheauthorityofAbuJafar(alBaqir),peacebeonhim,whosaid:The Imamsaretwelve.AmongthemalHasanandalHusayn,andthentheImamsfromalHusayn's children.[15] 2.AbuBas~rreportedontheauthorityofImamAbuJafar(alBaqir),peacebeonhim,whosaid: WearetwelveImams.[16] 3.AbuBas~rreportedthattheImamsaid:TherewillbenineImamsafteralHusayn.Theninthof themwillbetheirQa'im(i.e.,theonewhowillundertaketheofficeoftheImamate).[17] ThegreatProphet,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,announcedthat.Inthisconnection,many traditionswerereportedonhisauthority.Salman,thePersian,reported.Hesaid:Wewerewith Allah'sApostle,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily.AlHusaynb.Aliwas(sitting)onhisthigh.He gazedathisface,andthenhesaid:OAbuAbdAllah,youarealordofourlords.YouareanImam, thesonofanImam,andbrotherofanImam,fatherofImamswhoseninthwillbetheirQa'im,the mostknowledgeableofthem,thewisestofthem,andthemostmeritoriousofthem.[18] AbdAllahb.Umarreported.Hesaid:IheardAllah'sApostle,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily, say:Therewillbetwelvesuccessorsafterme.[19]ShaykhAbuAbdAllah,Ahmedb.Ayyash, commentedonthistradition,saying:Thisstipulatednumberwasnotofthosewhocameafter Allah'sApostle,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,norwasitoftheUmayyadsuccessors,fortheir numberwasovertwelve,norwasitofthosewhocameafterthem,fortheirnumberwasmore thanthem.NosectofthiscommunityhasclaimedthisnumberforitsImamsexcepttheImami (Shiites).Thisindicatesthatthenumbertheyhavementionediscorrect.[20] ImamAli,theCommanderoftheFaithful,peacebeonhim,numberedtheImamsandmentioned theirnamesonebyonetillheendedatalQa'im(theonewhowillundertaketheofficeofthe Imamate).[21]Thus,thepoetcomposed: IndeedtheImamsarenineandthree, asitwasreportedfromalHadi(theonewhoguides), thebringerofgoodnews,thewarner.

Thereisneitherincreasenordecreaseinthem, asitwassaid(theirnumber)asthenumberofthemonths. Prophethoodwasconfinedtopeople, andtheImamatewasalsoconfinedtopeople.[22] ThepoetAbdAllahb.AyyubalKhuraybiaddressedImamalJawadafterhisfather'sdeath, saying: OYouwhoisthesonofthemurderedone, OYouwhoisthesonoftherootsofthesoil, Mayhisoriginandrootsbegood. OYouwhoisthesonoftheeightImams, whowentwestward,andfatherofthethree(Imams), whowenteastward, Indeedyouaretheeastandthewest, TheBookhascometoconfirmthat.[23] ItissurethatthesuccessorsoftheProphet,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,weretwelve. Manysuccessivetraditionswerenarratedconcerningthem.TheywerethegoodImamsfromthe membersoftheHouse(ahlalBayt),peacebeonthem.Theyrepresentedtheguidanceand reputationoftheProphet,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily. TheSufferingsoftheImams ImamAbuJafar(alBaqir),peacebeonhim,talkedtoHamranaboutthetyrantswhoinflicted tribulationsandmisfortunesonthepureImams.HetoldhimthatiftheImams,peacebeonthem, hadaskedAllahtodispelthosetribulationsandmisfortunes,Hewouldhaverespondedtothem. However,theyhadnotaskedhimtoobtainthatnoblerankwithHim.He,peacebeonhim,said: OHamran,Allah,theGreatandAlmighty,testedtheImams.Thetyrantssupportedeachother againstthem.So,iftheyhadaskedAllahtodrivethatawayfromthemandinsistedonremoving thetyrantsandtheirkingdom,Hewouldhaveansweredthem.Thentheperiodofthekingdomof thetyrantswouldhaveended.OHamran,thatwhichhadhitthemwasnotbecauseofasinthey hadcommittednorwasapunishmentfordisobediencetowardsAllah.However,theywantedto obtainranksanddignityfromAllah.Therefore,donotbelievethatconcerningthem.[24] AlBaqirurgedReportersandTraditionaliststoproclaim theGloriousDeedsoftheImams He,peacebeonhim,urgedreportersandtraditionaliststospreadtheremarkabledeedsand outstandingmeritsoftheImamsofthemembersoftheHouse(ahlalBayt),peacebeonthem, fortheyarethegoodexampletothiscommunity.Sa~dalIskafisaid:IsaidtoAbuJafar(al

Baqir):Isitdowntonarrateandmentionyourright(toauthority)andyouroutstanding merits.So,theImam,peacebeonhim,thankedhimforhisefforts,andthensaidtohim:Iwish thattherewasanarratorlikeyouateverythirtycubits.[25] TheKnowledgeoftheImams Sincethebeginningoftheirhistorytillthisdayofpeople,theShiiteshavebelievedthatAllah endowedtheImamsofthemembersoftheHouse(ahlalBayt),peacebeonthem,with knowledge,wisdom,andsoundjudgments,asHeendowedHisprophetsandapostleswiththat. ThatisAllah'sfavor.HegivesittowhoeverHewills. ThehistoriansandthenarratorshaveunanimouslyagreedonthattheImams,peacebeonthem, hadgreatscientificabilitieswhichnooneofthepeoplehad,andthattheyexceededallthe scholarsinabilitiesandgenus.Theirisnoblameforthisclaim,fortherearemanyproofsforit. ImamAli,theCommanderoftheFaithful,peacebeonhim,wasthelordandleaderofthisfamily. DidhenotsayonthepulpitofKufa:Questionmebeforeyoulose.Questionmeabouttheways ofthesky,forIammoreknowledgeableinthemthanthewaysoftheearth?Thatmeansthathis knowledgeandsciencesexceededtheaffairsofthisplanet,onwhichmanlives,totheaffairsof thespace,thegalaxies,andotherplanets.Moreover,thismeansthathisknowledgeencompassed themysteriesoftheuniverseandtheobscurethingsinnature. DidthisgreatFigurenotsay:Ifthecushion(onwhichajudgesits)wasfoldedforme(tositon),I couldgivejudgmentstothepeopleoftheTorahbytheirTorah,tothepeopleoftheGospelsby theirGospels,tothepeopleofthePsalmsbytheirPsalms,andtothepeopleoftheFurqan(i.e., theKoran)bytheirFurqan.ThisindicatesclearlythatImamAlihadcomprehensiveknowledgeof alllawsandreligion.BesideshehadknowledgeofthelegalpreceptsinthoseDivineBooks. IsAlinottheownerofNahjjalBalagha,whichistherichestworldbookpeoplehaveeverknown aftertheHolyKoran.Thisistheleaderofthepurefamily.Hewasthegateofthecityof knowledgeoftheProphet,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily.Hewashistestamentarytrustee(of authority),forheexceededallthescholarsoftheworldintalentsandsciences.Allthepure Imams,peacebeonthem,hadsuchvastknowledge.AmongthemwasImamAlib.Musaal Kazim,peacebeonhim.AlMa'mundesignatedhimashissuccessor.Thenhesummonedallthe scholarsoftheworldtocometoKhurasantotesttheImam.Hewantedthemtodebatewithhim toshowhisfeebleness.ThenhewouldbeabletodestroytheShiitedoctrineandtorefutethe ShiiteswhothoughtthattheImamwasthemostmeritoriousofthepeopleofhistimeandthe mostknowledgeableofthem.WhenthescholarsmetinKhurasan,alMa'mungavethemalotof giftsandsummonedthemtocarryouthistask.Alib.Isapreparedmanyquestionsforthemto asktheImam.HesaidthattheImamwasquestionedabouttwentyfourthousandproblems.The problemswereaboutvarioussciencessuchasastronomy,stars,medicine,physics,philosophy, theology,andthelike.However,theImamansweredthem.So,thescholarswhomettheImam believedinhisImamate.ThenAlib.Isasaid:DonotbelievethosewhosaythatAllahhas

createdapersonbetterthanAlib.Musa.[26] ImamMohammedalJawad,Alib.Musa'sson,assumedtheofficeoftheImamateafterhis father'sdeath.Hewastwentyyearsofage.AlMa'munrespectedandglorifiedhim.TheAbbasids werejealousofhim.So,theytalkedtoalMa'munabouthisaffair.However,alMa'munmade themknowhisImamate.HetoldthemthatAllahendowedtheImamwithknowledgeandmerits anddistinguishedhimfromallcreatures.However,theAbbasidsdidnotbelievethat.So,he orderedthemtotesttheImam.Thus,theyhurriedtoYahyab.Aktham,whowasthenthe outstandingjudgeinBaghdad.TheyaskedhimtoexaminetheImam,peacebeonhim.He compiledwiththeirrequest.TheyheldasciencemeetingintheAbbasidPalace.Eminentscholars attendedthemeeting.ThenYahyab.Akthamcameandaskedthemaboutthemostcomplicated problems.However,theImam,peacebeonhim,branchedthoseproblemsandaskedYahya whichbranchhewanted.Thus,YahyawasastonishedattheImam.Feeblenessappearedonhis face.So,heaskedtheImamtoanswerthosebranchedproblems.TheImam,peacebeonhim, answeredthem,andthemeetingwasover.Allthosewhoattendedthemeetingweresatisfied withhisscientificabilities.Allthehistoriansreportedtheevent.Forexample,b.Hajarreportedit inhisbookalSawaiqalMuhriqa'.HowdoexplainthesescientificabilitiesofImamalJawad whenhewassoyoung? However,theknowledgeoftheImams,peacebeonthem,wasexactlyasthatoftheprophets. ImamAbuJafar(alBaqir),peacebeonhim,mentionedthat.Hesaidtooneofhisfollowers: WhatdotheShiitesthinkofAli,Moses,andJesus? MayIberansomforyou,aboutwhatareyouaskingme? Iamaskingyouaboutknowledge. ByAllah,heisthemostknowledgeableofthem. Dotheynotsay:IndeedAlihadexactlythesameknowledgeAllah'sApostle,mayAllahbless himandhisfamily,had? However,theydonotpreferanyapostletoUlialAzm(ArchProphets). DebatewiththemonAllah'sBook. Atwhichplaceofit? Allah,theExalted,saidtoMoses:AndWeordainedforhiminthetabletsadmonitionofevery kind.[27]HesaidtoJesus:AndthatImaymakecleartoyoupartofwhatyoudifferin.[28] However,HesaidtoMohammed:Andbringyouasawitnessagainstthese.[29]Healsosaidin thesameverse:AndWehaverevealedtheBooktoyouexplainingeverythingclearly.[30] ThetraditionalistshaveunanimouslyagreedthattheImamstooktheirknowledgefromtheir grandfather,theApostle,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily.Theprophet,mayAllahblesshim andhisfamily,bequeathedhissciencestohistestamentarytrustee(ofauthority)andthegateof thecityofhisknowledge,ImamAli,theCommanderoftheFaithful,peacebeonhim.Thenthe pureImamsfromhischildreninheritedthemafterhim. AlBaqirpredictedEvents

ThehistoriansandthenarratorshaveunanimouslyagreedthattheImamsofthemembersofthe House(ahlalBayt),peacebeonthem,predictedmanybloodyfightsandevents.Thenthey occurredonthearenaoflife,astheImamspredicted.ImamAli,theCommanderoftheFaithful, peacebeonhim,predictedthatMuawiyawouldexposethegreatCompanion,Hajrb.Adi,to variouskindsofpersecutions.Thus,Hajrsufferedfromthosepersecutions.He,peacebeonhim, predictedthatthegovernmentofMarwanb.alHakamwouldlastforashorttime.He,peacebe onhim,said:Indeedhe(Marwan)willcarrythestandardofhiserrorwhenhistemplesbecome white.Hewillhaveauthority(lasts)asthedoglicksitsnose.[31]He,peacebeonhim,predicted thegovernmentoftheAbbasids.AlMubarradreported:WhenAlib.AbdAllahb.alAbbaswas born,hisfatherbroughthimtoImamAli,peacebeonhim.TheImamsaidtoAbdAllah:What haveyounamedhim?Isitpossibleformetonamehimbeforeyounamehim?'askedAbdAllah. So,theImamsaid:Ihavenamedhimwithmynameandgivenhimmykunya.Hewillhave authority.[32]He,peacebeonhim,predictedthemurderofhisson,thelordofmartyrs,Imam Husayn,peacebeonhim.AlAsbaghreported:WecamewithAli,peacebeonhim.Wepassed bytheplaceofthegraveofalHusayn,peacebeonhim.So,Alisaid:Theircamelswillkneel downhere.Theirbaggagewillbeinthisplace.Theirbloodwillbeshedoverthere.Youngmen fromthefamilyofMohammed,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,willbekilledonthisground. Theskyandtheearthwillweepoverthem.[33]He,peacebeonhim,alsopredictedman's technologicalinventionsthatwillhappenintheendofthetime. ThesepredictionswerenotconfinedtoonlyImamAli,theCommanderoftheFaithful,peacebe onhim.RathertheyincludedalltheImamsfromthemembersoftheHouse(ahlalBayt),peace beonthem.Forexample,ImamalSadiq,peacebeonhim,saidtoalMansuralDawan~qi:The boysfromyourchildrenwillplaywithit(i.e.,thecaliphate).[34]He,peacebeonhim,saidtohis cousin,AbdAllahb.alHasan:Youwillnotassumethecaliphate.RatheralSaffahwillundertake it.Allthesepredictionstookplace. IbnKhaldunrecognizedthesepredictionsoftheImamsofthemembersoftheHouse(ahlalBayt), peacebeonthem.Hesaid:Ifthemiraclehappensforotherthanthem(theImams),thenwhat doyouthinkofthose(theImams)whohadknowledge,religion,signsfromprophethood,and goodbranchestestifytheirnobleorigin?Islamiclawhasdecidedthatpeopleareunabletoseethe unseenexceptthosewhomAllahmakeseeinsleeporspiritualoffice.Jafar(alSadiq)andthelike fromthemembersoftheHouse(ahlalBayt)predictedmanyofthose(unseenevents).They, Allahknowsbetter,dependedonthespiritualauthorityinpredictingthat.Theywerethemost appropriateofallthepeopleforthesenobleranksandthegivenmiracles.[35] AsfortheeventswhichImamAbuJafar(alBaqir)foresaw,theyareasfollow: 1.HeforesawthegovernmentoftheAbbasids.AbuBas~rsaid:IwaswithMohammed(al Baqir)b.AliwhenalMansurandDawudb.Sulaymancametohim.Thatwasbeforethe governmentoftheAbbasids.DawudcametotheImamandgreetedhim.TheImam,peacebeon him,saidtohim:Whatprevented(alMansur)alDawan~qifromcoming?Dawudb.Sulayman apologized(totheImamonbehalfofhim).Thenhesaid:Hehasturnedaway(fromyou).The

Imam,peacebeonhim,toldDawudaboutalMansur'sfuture,saying:Inthefuturethismanwill bearuleroverthecreation.Hewillpersecutethemen.Hewillgovernovertheeastandwest(of theearth).Hislifewillbelong.Noonewillgatherpropertiesashewilldo. DawudhurriedtoalMansur.HebroughthimthegoodwordsoftheImam.So,alMansurwalked quicklytowardtheImamtounderstandhiswordsconcerninghim.HeapologizedtotheImamfor beingsorude.Hesaid:Nothinghaspreventedmefromsittingwithyoubuttheesteemfor you.ThenheaskedtheImamaboutwhathehadtoldDawud.Thus,theImam,peacebeonhim, said: Thatwillhappen. AlMansuraskedtheImamformoreexplanations,saying: Willwerulebeforeyourule? Yes. Willoneofmychildrenruleafterme? Yes. WhichwillbelongertheUmayyadperiodorours? Yourswillbelonger.Yourboyswillplaywithgovernmentastheydowiththefootball.Myfather hadtoldmeaboutthat. AlMansurwentawayhappy.Hewassurethathewouldassumeauthority.Healways rememberedtheImam'swords.Whenhebecamecaliph,headmiredtheImam'sprediction.[36] (AlMansur)alDawan~qisaid:MybrotherAbualAbbasandIescapedfromtheUmayyads.We passedbytheMosqueoftheProphet,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily.Mohammed(alBaqir) b.Aliwassittingthere.He,peacebeonhim,saidtoamansittingbesidehim:Thosetwo (persons)willundertakeauthority.Hepointedwithhishandtous.Themancameandtoldus abouttheImam'swords.So,wewenttotheImamandsaidtohim:OsonofAllah'sApostle,what youhavesaid?He,peacebeonhim,said:Youwillshortlyassumethisauthority.However,you willmistreatmyprogeny.Thenwoeuntoyou![37]ThathappenedastheImam,peacebeon him,predicted.WhenalMansurbecamecaliph,hemistreatedthedescendantsofAllah'sApostle, mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily.Hepunishedthemseverely.Duringthetimeofthistyrant,the descendantsofAllah'sApostle,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,sufferedfromvariouskindsof persecutiontoanextentthattheydidnotsufferfromsuchpersecutionduringthetimeofthe Umayyad.Generallyspeaking,throughouthisdays,theysufferedfromdisasters,pains,and tortures. 2.ImamAbuJafar(alBaqir),peacebeonhim,predictedthattheBlackStonewouldbeputinto theGreatMosqueinKufa.[38]ThathappenedduringthedaysoftheKarmatnians.Theytookit fromtheKaabaandputitintotheMosqueofKufa.Theythoughtthatthehajjwoulddependon it.So,itwouldbeperformedintheMosqueofKufa.Thus,theBlackStoneremainedtherefor abouttwentyyears,andthenitwasbroughtbacktoitsplace. 3.He,peacebeonhim,foretoldthatNafib.alAzraqwouldinvadeMedina(Yathrib),andthathe wouldpermithissoldierstoprofaneit.ImamalSadiq,peacebeonhim,said:Myfatherwasata generalmeeting.Hebowedhishead,andthenheraiseditandsaid:OPeople,amanalongwith

fourthousand(soldiers)willenteryourcity.Theywillfightagainstyouwiththeswordforthree successivedays.Theywillkillyourfighters.Youwillbeunabletofacethattribulation.Thatwill happeninthenextyear.Therefore,beonthealert.Know,whatIhavetoldyouwillsurely happen.However,thepeopleofMedinapaidnoattentiontotheImam'swords.Theysaid:That willneverhappen.InthenextyearAbuJafar(alBaqir)tookhisfamilyalongwithagroupofthe HashimitesandwentoutofMedina.ThenNafib.alAzraqcame.Hewasaccompaniedbyfour thousand(soldiers).HeenteredMedinaandpermittedhis(soldiers)toprofaneitforthreedays. So,theykilledmanypeople.[39]Thus,thepeopleofMediaunderstoodtheImam'struthful prediction. 4.He,peacebeonhim,foresawthathisbrotherZaydwoulddieamartyr.Zaydb.Hazimreported. Hesaid:IwaswithAbuJafar(alBaqir),peacebeonhim.Zaydpassedbyus.So,AbuJafar(al Baqir)saidtome:Haveyounotseenthis?Hewillrevolt(againstthegovernment)inKufa.Hewill bekilled.Hisheadwillbesentabout.[40]Fewdaysafterthat,ZaydwaskilledinKufaandhis headwassentabouttocountriesandcities. 5.He,peacebeonhim,foretoldthatthehouseofHishamb.AbdalMalikwouldbedemolished. ItwasthelargesthouseinMedina(Yathrib).Hebuiltitofoilstones.TheImam,peacebeonhim, said:ByAllah,thehousewillbedemolished.Theoilstoneswillberare.AbuHazimsaid:WhenI heardthat,Iwasastonishedatit.ThenIsaid:WhowilldemolishthehousewhichHisham,the CommanderoftheFaithful,hasbuilt?ThenHishamdied.So,alWal~dassumedtheCaliphate afterhim.Heorderedthehousetobedemolished,andthenheorderedtheoilstonestobe movedfromit.So,theybecamerareinMedina(Yathrib).[41] 6.AlFudaylreported.Hesaid:IaskedAbuJafar(alBaqir):Wehaveheardthatthefamilyof Jafar(alSadiq)willhaveonestandardandthefamilyofalAbbaswillhavetwostandards.Doyou haveknowledgeofthat?TheImam,peacebeonhim,said: AsforthefamilyofJafar,theywillhavenothingnorwillmyfamily.AsforthefamilyofalAbbas, theywillundertakeagreatkingdom.Inittheywillmakefriendswiththestrangersandabandon therelatives.Theirauthoritywillberude.Therewillbenomercyinit.Whentheyfeelsafefrom Allah'spunishment,Hewilldestroythenall.Thennohousewillgatherthemtogethernorwillan earhearthem.ThatisduetotheWordsofAllah,theGreatandAlmighty:Untilwhentheearth putsonitsgoldenornament.[42] ThesearesomeoftheImam'spredictions.TheyindicatethattheImam,peacebeonhim,had vastknowledge,andthatheencompassedtheseaffairswhichAllah,theExalted,hadgiventothe prophetsandtheirtrustees.Itisnaturalthatthepersonisinneedoffixedbeliefandsteadfast convictiontoacceptthisphenomenonconcerningtheImams,peacebeonthem.ImamAbuJafar (alBaqir),peacebeonhim,mentionedthatwhenhesaid:Indeedourspeechisdifficultand regardedasdifficult.(Noone)acceptsitexceptacloseangelorasentprophetoraservantwhose heartAllahtestsforbelief.[43] ThesearesomeofthetheologicalresearchestheImam,peacebeonhim,carriedoutandsomeof theunseenheforesaw.Hehasotherresearchesinthisrespect.Wewillmentionthemwhenwe talkabouthistime.

Jurisprudence AsforthejurisprudenceofthemembersoftheHouse(ahlalBayt),peacebeonthem,mostofit wastakenfromthetwoImamsalBaqirandhissonalSadiq,peacebeonthem.TheImami jurisprudenceencyclopediassuchasalHada'iq,alJawahir,andMustamsakalUrwatalWithqa arefullofthetraditionsreportedontheirauthority.Imamijuristsdependonthemwhenthey concludelegalpreceptsandgivereligiousopinions.Asfortraditionsintheencyclopediassuchas Wasa'ilalShia,alTahdhib,ManLaYahdarahualFaqih,andthelikemostofthemweretaken fromthem.TheseencyclopediasareregardedasimportantreferencesforIslamicjurisprudence, fortheywonderfulandrichintraditions. ImamalBaqirandhissonalSadiq,peacebeonthem,didtheirbesttoproclaimIslamic jurisprudence.TheytookcareofitatthetimewhentheMoslemcommunitywasabsorbedinthe politicalevents.Moreover,thegovernmentsatthosetimesneglectedcompletelyreligiousaffairs. Thus,Moslemcommunitieswereunabletounderstandtheirreligiousaffairs.Dr.AliHasansaid: Whenwestudiedthehistoricaltexts,wehaveconcludedmanyexamplesofthisphenomenon(i. e.neglectingreligiousaffairs)thatincludedrulers,scholars,andpeopleinthefirstcentury.By thatwemeanthattheyhadnoknowledgeofreligiousaffairsandwereirresoluteinthemevenin worship.Amongthatiswhenb.AbbasdeliveredasermononthepulpitofBasrahintheendof (themonth)ofRamadan.Hesaid:Takeoutthealmsofyourfasting.However,thepeopledidnot knowthat.Thus,hesaid:IsthereanybodyfromMedinahere?Lethimstanduptoteachhis bothers,fortheydonotknowanythingabouttheobligatoryzakatfitir.[44]Thisprovesthatthe peopleintheMoslemcountriesdidnotknowindetailtheirreligiousaffairs.Moreover,the Syriansdidnotknoweventhenumberoftheobligatoryritualprayers.So,theyaskedthe Companions(oftheProphet)aboutit.[45]Umarb.AbdalAz~zdidnotknowthetimesofthe prayers.Somescholarsdidnotknow.either.Theythoughtthattherewasacertainyearforthat. However,thegovernmentopposedthat.Forthisreason,ithasbeenmentionedinthetradition: Rulerswillcomeintherestoftime.Theywilldeadentheprayers.Therefore,performtheprayers attheirlimitedtimes.Theearlyhistorianswereunabletoexplainthisconditionforus,forthey foundimposedwaysbeforethem.ThatwastheUmayyadshadchangedthetimesoftheprayers accordingtotheiropinions. Indeed,duringthetimeoftheUmayyads,whopaidnoattentiontoreligiousaffairs,thepeople hadlittleknowledgeofjurisprudenceandreligiousaffairs.Nooneknewthesereligiousaffairs exceptthepeopleofMedina.[46][47] ImamalBaqirandImamalSadiqplayedanimportantroleinproclaimingjurisprudenceand explainingtherulesofAllah'slaw.TheyofferedagreatservicefortheMoslemworld.Wereitnot forthem,Moslemswouldlosetheirgreatreligiouswealth. However,duringthosetimes,noonewasmoreknowledgeablethanthetwoImams,peacebeon them,intheaffairsoftheIslamiclawandthepreceptsofreligion.So,thechildrenofthe

Companions(oftheProphet)andofthenextgeneration,andtheheadsoftheIslamicdoctrines likeAbuHanifaandMalikhurriedtothetwoImamstolearnsciencesfromthem.Alargegroupof juristslikeZararab.Ayun,Mohammedb.Moslem,andAbanb.TaghlubstudiedunderImam AbuJafar(alBaqir),peacebeonhim.ThankstothemtheImam'straditionswerewritten.Besides theygavereligiousopinionstotheMoslems.WiththatImamAbuJafar(alBaqir),peacebeon him,wasabletorenewIslamandpreservethereligiouswealth. Worthmentioning,theShiiteswerethefirsttowritedownjurisprudence.MustafaAbdalRazaq said:ItisnaturalthattheShiiteswerethefirsttorecordjurisprudence,fortheirbeliefinthe infallibilityoftheirImamsurgedthemtowritedowntheirjudgmentsandreligiousopinions.[48] WiththattheShiitestookpartinpreservingtheIslamicheritage.Itisnecessaryforustoconsider carefullythejurisprudenceofthemembersoftheHouse(ahlalBayt),peacebeonthem.Thatis becausetheytookitfromthegreatProphet,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily. ItsCharacteristics ThejurisprudenceofthemembersoftheHouse(ahlalBayt),peacebeonthem,haswonderful characteristics.TheyhaveputitinthetopofIslamicandnonIslamicjurisprudence.Thefollowing aresomeofthem: 1.ItsConnectionbytheProphet(mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily) TheimportantcharacteristicofthejurisprudenceofthemembersoftheHouse(ahlalBayt), peacebeonthem,isthatitisdirectlyconnectedbytheProphet,mayAllahblesshimandhis family.ThatisbecausethewaytotheProphet,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,werethe ImamsofthemembersoftheHouse(ahlalBayt),peacebeonthem,fromwhomAllahtookaway uncleanliness,whomHepurifiedthoroughly,andwhomtheProphet,mayAllahblesshimandhis family,regardedaslifeboats,safetyforpeople,andequaltotheHolyKoran,accordingtothe successivetraditionsreportedonhisauthority. Withoutdoubt,they,peacebeonthem,weretheclosestofallthepeopletoAllah'sApostle,may Allahblesshimandhisfamily,andthemostknowledgeableoftheminhislawanditsrules.So, theirnarration,ifitisreportedontheirauthorityinacorrectway,isthemostcorrectofall narrationsandthenearestofthemtoreality.ThisurgedtheImamijuriststorelyonlyonthe narrationsoftheImamsinconcludinglegalprecepts.ThatisbecausetheImams'narrationshave reliableoriginalproofsonwhichjurisprudencedepends.ImamAbuJafar(alBaqir),peacebeon him,talkedaboutthenarrationsoftheImams,peacebeonthem.Hesaidthatthetraditionsdid notbelongtothem.Rather,theybelongedtotheProphet,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily.He, peacebeonhim,said:Ifwetalkedaccordingtoouropinions,thenwewouldgoastrayasthose whohadgoneastraybeforeus.However,wetalkaccordingtotheproofwhichAllahexplainedto

Hisprophet,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,sothelatterexplainedittous.[49]Hewasasked aboutthetraditionwhichhementionedanddidnotattributeto(acertainauthority).So,he, peacebeonhim,said:WhenImentionatraditionanddonotascribeit(toacertainaauthority), thenmyauthorityconcerningitismyfatherZaynalAbidnontheauthorityofhisfatheral Husayn,themartyr,ontheauthorityofhisfatherAlib.Ab~Talib,ontheauthorityofAllah's Apostle,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,ontheauthorityofGabrielontheauthorityof Allah.[50]Isthereanauthoritybrighterormorecorrectthanthisauthority?CantheMoslem whoseeksAllah'spleasureandthehereafterfindawaysaferthanthiswaytoAllah? 2.ItsFlexibility ThejurisprudenceofthemembersoftheHouse(ahlalBayt),peacebeonthem,goesalongwith life,keepsabreastwithdevelopment,doesnotdeviatefromthenaturaldisposition,andmeetsall needsoflife.PraisebelongstoAllah.Initthereisneithersinnornarrownessnorharmnor mischief.Rather,itcontainsgeneralinterestsandbalancedrules.Allofthejuristshaveadmiredit. Theyhavetestifiedthatitisrichindeepgenusandcreativelegislation. IndeedthejurisprudenceofthemembersoftheHouse(ahlalBayt),peacebeonthem,helps researchersfindthelegislativepowerthatleadspeopletoculturalscientificdevelopment.Itisa proofforabsolutejusticeandpuretruth,forithassolutionsforalltheproblemsofsociety. 3.IthasopenedaDoortoIjtihad ThejurisprudenceofthemembersoftheHouse(ahlalBayt),peacebeonthem,isdistinguished fromtherestofIslamicjurisprudencebyopeningadoortoIjtihad(concludingreligiousopinions). ThatprovestheoriginalityofthejurisprudenceofthemembersoftheHouse(ahlalBayt),its reactionwithlife,anditscontinuoussolutionstoman'saffairsingeneral.Inotherwordsitgives solutionstonewdiscoveriesandinventionswhichpeoplefaceatthistime,suchasartificial vaccinationandtransplantingorgans.ThegreatMoslemscholarsofalAzharhavefeltthatthey areinneedofopeningadoortoIjtihad.Thus,theyhavesupportedtheShiitesinthisrespect. AhmedAminsaid:TheMoslemshaveshowedtheirfeeblenesswhentheyhavebelievedin closingthedoortoIjtihad.Thatisbecausetherewillbenoqualifiedmujtahid(onewhogives religiousopinions)amongthepeople.Thisistheopinionofsomeofthosewhoimitate(others), fortheirconfidenceinthemselvesisweak,andtheymistrustthepeople.[51] SayyidRasheedRidasaid:WethinkthatthereisnoadvantageinleavingIjtihad.Asfortheharms ofleavingIjtihad,theyaremany.Allthathasresultedfromneglectingintellect,stoppingtheway ofknowledge,andrefrainingfromexploitingthinking.IndeedtheMoslemshaveneglectedall knowledgewhentheyhaveabandonedIjtihad.So,theyhavecometowhatwesee.[52] IndeedIslam,praisebetoAllah,blamesintellectforinactivity.Itsummonsmantoenterthefields

ofthinkingandknowledge.ItisnotanactofwisdomtoclosethedoortoIjtihadtoimpose imitation(onpeople).Ijtihadispossible.Itdependsonlogicandproof.Asforclosingthedoorto Ijtihad,itwasatacertaintime.Thegovernmentsstandingatthosetimesimposedit(onpeople), astheresearcherssaid. 4.ItresortstotheJudgmentofReason TheImamijurists,unlikethejuristsoftheotherIslamicdoctrines,haveregardedreasonasoneof thefourfundamentals(necessaryfor)concludingreligiousprecepts.Theyhaveglorifiedittothe extentthattheyhaveregardeditasAllah'sinwardmessenger,amongthethingswithwhich (Allah),theMercifulisworshipped,andthroughsteadfastnessisobtained.Itisnatural(forjurists) toresorttothejudgmentofreasonwhentheyhavenotraditionconcerningtheproblem.Indeed reasonoccupiesalargeareainthescienceoffundamentalsonwhichIjtihaddepends.Moslem juristsrelyonthissciencetoconcludereligiousopinions.Inthelightofthejudgmentofreason theyhavedecidedthatthepremiseoftheobligationisobligatory,andthattheordertocarryout acertainthingcallsforforbiddingtheoppositething.Theyhavedecidedthattheabsolute conjectureisaproofaccordingtothejudgment(ofreason),notaccordingtothediscovery.When theyfacetwooppositetraditions,theyresorttothejudgmentofreason.Whenreasonconfirms oneofthem,theyadoptit.Moreover,reasondecidesotherproblems.Thisurgesustoboastof thevitalityandoriginalityofImamijurisprudence. WiththisweendourtalkaboutthecharacteristicsofImamijurisprudence. JurisprudentialProblems IcannotmentionallthejurisprudentialproblemsreportedontheauthorityofImamAbuJafar (alBaqir),peacebeonhim.Surely,thatneedswritingavastjuristencyclopedia.Thatisbecause allthechaptersandresearchesofjurisprudencehavebeennarratedonhisauthority.However,I willmentionabriefstudyonsomeoftheproblemswhichhavebeenreportedonhisauthority. Theyareasfollows: TheRulesofFightinginIslam ImamAbuJafar(alBaqir),peacebeonhim,talkedabouttherulesoffightinginIslamwhenone ofhisfollowersaskedhimaboutthebattlesofImamAli,theCommanderoftheFaithful,peace beonhim.So,hesaidtohim: AllahsentMohammed,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,withfiveswords:threeofthemwill notbesheathedtillwarcomestoanend.Warwillnotcometoanendtillthesunrisesinthe

West.WhenthesunrisesintheWest,allthepeoplewillbebelieversonthatday.Thensuch beliefwillnotavailthepersonwhohadnotbelieved(inAllah)beforeorhadnotdonegoodwith hisbelief.Theforbiddensword,andthesheathedswordwhosedrawingisforotherthanus,and whosebelongstous. Asforthethreeunsheathedswords,theyare:thefirstswordisagainsttheArabpolytheists. Allah,theGreatandAlmighty,said:So,whenthesacredmonthshavepassedaway,thenslaythe idolaterswhereveryoufindthem,andtakethemcaptivesandbesiegethemandlieinwaitfor themineveryambush.[53]However,iftheyrepentandkeepupprayerandpaythepoorrate, thentheyareyourbrethreninreligion.[54]Nothingisacceptedfromthesepeopleexceptkilling orembracingIslam.Theirpropertiesareregardedaswarbooty,andtheirfamiliesaretakenas prisoners.Allah'sApostle,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,practicedthatwhenhetookthem asprisoners,forgavethem,andacceptedransomfromthem. ThesecondswordisagainstthenonMoslemsubjects.Allah,theGlorified,said:Andyouspeak tomengoodwords.[55]ThisversewasrevealedconcerningthenonMoslemsubjects.However, thisversewasabrogatedbythesewordsofAllah:FightthosewhodonotbelieveinAllah,norin thelatterday,nordotheyprohibitwhatAllahandHisApostlehaveprohibited,norfollowthe religionoftruth,outofthosewhohavebeengiventheBook,untiltheypaythejizya(tax)in acknowledgmentofsuperiorityandtheyareinastateofsubjection.[56]Nothingisaccepted fromthenonMoslemsubjectswholiveinthelandofIslamexceptjizyaorbeingkilled.Moreover, theirpropertyisregardedaswarbooty,andtheirfamiliesaretakenasprisoners.However,when theyaccepttopayjizya(tax),thenitisforbiddenforustotakethemasprisonersandtoregard theirpropertyaswarbooty.Furthermore,itislawfulforustomarryfromtheirwomen.Itis lawfulforustotakeasprisonersthosewhoareatthewarareaandtoregardtheirpropertiesas warbooty.Itisunlawfulforustomarryfromtheirwomen.Nothingisacceptedfromthemexcept adoptingIslamandpayingjizyaorkilling. ThethirdswordisagainstnonArabpolytheistssuchastheTurkish,theDaylam,andtheKhazar. Allah,theGreatandAlmighty,said:So,whenyoumeetinbattlethosewhodisbelieve,thensmite thenecksuntilwhenyouhaveovercomethem,thenmake(them)prisoners,andafterwards eithersetthemfreeasafavororletthemransom(themselves)untilthewarterminates.[57] AsforHiswords:Andafterwardseithersetthemfree.Hemeansaftertakingthemasprisoners. Orletthemransom(themselves).HemeanstheransombetweenthemandthepeopleofIslam. NothingisacceptedfromthesepeopleexceptkillingorenteringIslam. Asfortheforbiddensword,itistheswordagainstthepeopleofaggressionandinterpretation. Allahsaid:Andiftwopartiesofthebelieversquarrel,thenmakepeacebetweenthem.However, ifoneofthemaggressesagainsttheother,thenfightthatwhichhasaggresseduntilitreturnsto Allah'scommand.[58]Whenthisversewasrevealed,Allah'sApostle,mayAllahblesshimandhis family,said:Indeedoneofyouwillfighton(thebasisof)interpretationasIfight(onthebasis)of revelation.So,theProphet,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,wasasked:Whoishe?Thus,he said:Theonewhomendedthesandals(i.e.,theCommanderoftheFaithful).Ammarb.Yasir said:IfoughtbesideAllah'sApostle,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily.Icarriedthisstandard

threetimes.[59]Thisisthefourthtime.ByAllah,iftheyfoughtagainstusandreachedalSaafat atHajr[60],wewouldknowthatwewererightandtheywerewrong.TheCommanderofthe Faithful,peacebeonhim,treatedtheminthismannerasAllah'sApostle,mayAllahblesshimand hisfamily,treatedthepeopleofMecca.ThatwasonthedaywhenheconqueredMecca.Indeed hedidnottaketheirfamiliesasprisoners.Thenhe(Allah'sApostle)said:Whoevercloseshisdoor issafe.Whoeverlaysdownhisweaponsissafe.SuchsaidtheCommanderoftheFaithful,peace beonhim,attheBattleofBasrah.Hecommandedhisfighters,saying:Donottaketheirchildren asprisoners.Donotkillthewounded.Donotchasethosewhoescape.Whocloseshisdoorand laysdownhisweaponsissafe. Andthesheathedsword:Asforthesheathedsword,itistheswordthroughwhichthe punishmentisinflicted(forwrongdoing).Allah,theGreatandAlmighty,said:Thesoulforthesoul andtheeyefortheeye.[61]Thebloodheirsdrawthissword,andwedecideitsrule. AllahsentMohammed,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,tocarrytheseswords.So,whoever deniesthemoroneofthem,denieswhatAllah,theBlessedandExalted,hasrevealedtoHis Apostle,Mohammed.[62] WipingthetwoLightLeatherBoots(khuffayn)withWater ThejuristsoftheMoslemdoctrineshavepermittedthetwolightleatherboots(khuffayn)tobe wipedwithwaterduringperformingtheablution.Theyhavenotconsideredthetouchingofthe handontheoutwardpartofthetwofeet.[63]AsfortheImamsofthemembersoftheHouse(ahl alBayt),peacebeonthem,theyconsideredthewipinganddidnotpermitotherthanit.AlRab~~ said:IaskedAbuIshaqaboutthewiping.So,hesaid:Isawthepeoplewipe(thetwolight leatherboots)withwater.ThenImetaHashmitecalledMohammedb.Alib.alHusayn.Ihad neverseenamanlikehim.Thus,Iaskedhimaboutwiping(thetwolightleatherboots)with water.Hepreventedmefromthat,andthenhesaid:TheCommanderoftheFaithful,peacebe onhim,hadnotwiped(thetwolightleatherboots)withwater.Hesaid:TheBookhadcome beforewipingthetwolightleatherboots(withwater).[64] ThegreatBookhasprovedtouchingtheoutwardofthetwofeet.Allah,theMostHigh,said:O Youwhobelieve,whenyouriseuptoprayer,washyourfacesandyourhandsasfarasthe elbows,andrubyourheadsandyourfeettotheankles.Theverseclearlydenotestheopinionof themembersoftheHouse(ahlalBayt),peacebeonthem. TouchingtheVestibuleoftheVulvadoesnotinvalidateWudu AlShafiibelievedthattouchingthevestibuleofthevulvawasamongthethingsthatinvalidated wudu.Inthathecleavedtowhathadbeenreportedontheauthorityofb.Umar,Sadb.Abu Waqas,AbuHurayra,A'isha,andSa~db.alMusayyab,whosaid:Touchingthevestibuleof

vulvaisamongthethingsthatinvalidatewudu.AsforImamAbuJafar(alBaqir),peacebeon him,andalltheImamsofthemembersoftheHouse(ahlalBayt),peacebeonthem,didnot believeinthat.ZararareportedontheauthorityofAbuJafar(alBaqir),peacebeonhim,who said:Neitherthekissnortouchingthewoman'sbodynortouchingthevestibuleofthevulva invalidateswudu.[65]Besidesinvalidatingritualpurityrequestsaproof. RaisingtheVoiceduringthequietPrayer TheJuristsoftheMoslemdoctrinesbelievedthatraisingthevoiceintentionallyduringthequiet prayerorloweringitduringtheloudprayerwasnotamongthethingsthatinvalidatedtheprayer. AsforthejuristsofthedoctrineofthemembersoftheHouse(ahlalBayt),peacebeonthem, theybelievethatitisamongthethingsthatinvalidatetheprayer.Zararareportedonthe authorityofImamAbuJafar(alBaqir),peacebeonhim,whenhewasaskedaboutthemanwho performedthequietprayersloudlyandtheloudprayerquietly.Thus,he,peacebeonhim,said: Ifhedidthatintentionally,thenheinvalidatedhisprayer.So,hemustrepeatit.Ifhedidthat whenhewasforgetfulorheedlessordidnotknow(that),thennothingwasagainsthim.Thus,his prayerwasperfect.[66] AskingAllahtoblessMohammedandhisFamilyinTashahhud MostMoslemjuristsbelievethatitisobligatorytoaskAllahtoblesstheProphet,mayAllahbless himandhisfamily,intashahhud(i.e.,IbearwitnessthatthereisnogodapartfromAllah,Whois uniqueandwithoutpartners.IalsobearwitnessthatMohammedisHisservantandHisApostle. OAllah,blessMohammedandhisfamily.)JabiralJufireportedontheauthorityofImamAbu Jafar(alBaqir),peacebeonhim,whosaid:Allah'sApostle,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily, said:HewhoperformsaprayeranddoesnotaskAllahtoblessmeandmyfamily,hisprayeris notacceptedfromhim.[67] ThesearesomeofthejurisprudentialproblemswhichImamAbuJafar(alBaqir),peacebeon him,stated.Mostchaptersofjurisprudenceinthefundamentalsandbranchesweretakenfrom him,aswehavealreadymentioned. ScienceofFundamentals AmongthescienceswhichImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim,splitopenwasthescienceof fundamentals(IlmalUsul).ItisamongthegreatestIslamicsciencesafterjurisprudence.Thatis becauseIjtihad(concludingreligiousopinions)dependsonit.Themujtahid(onewhoiscapableof concludingreligiousopinions)isunabletohavethetalentofIjtihadwithoutstudyingthechapters

ofthisscience.[68]TheresearchersandthescholarshaveunanimouslyagreedthatImamAbu Jafar(alBaqir),peacebeonhim,wasthefirsttoestablishthisscience.SayyidHasanalSadrsaid: ImamAbuJafar,Mohammedb.AlialBaqir,peacebeonhim,wasthefirsttoopenthechapters ofthisscienceandtosplitopenitsproblems.ThenhissonAbuAbdAllah,peacebeonhim,came afterhimtocontinueit.Thentheydictateditsrulesandproblemstoagroupoftheirstudents. ThenthelatergenerationsregulateditschaptersinbookssuchasUsulAlalRasul,alFusulal MuhimafiUsulalA'imma,andalUsulalAs~lah.Thereliablenarratorsreportedallthese chaptersontheauthorityofthemembersoftheHouse(ahlalBayt),peacebeonthem.[69] ThefollowingaresomeofthefundamentalswhichImamAbuJafaralBaqir,peacebeonhim, establishedorreportedontheauthorityofhispuregrandfathers,andtowhichMoslemjurists resorttogivereligiousopinionswhentheyfindnotraditionconcerningthelegalprecept.Though mostofthemarejurisprudentialrules,thescholarsofthesefundamentalshavementionedthem indetailinthescienceoffundamentals(IlmalUsul).However,wewillmentionthemhere. PresumptionofContinuity(Istishab) Itisoneofthefourfundamentalstowhichthedoubterresortsduringanaction.Thereasonfor hisdoubtiseitherthatthetext(tradition)doesnotexistorthetextisgeneralorthetexts (traditions)arecontradictory.Thetextsareinvalidwhentheyareequal,namelytheyarenot superiortoeachother.Presumptionofcontinuityhappenswhenconvictionprecedesdoubt.The Imam,peacebeonhim,saidthatpresumptionofcontinuitywasevidence.Thatwaswhenhewas askedaboutthedoubtsintheprayer.Somejurisprudenceencyclopediashavementionedthese problems.AmongthemisWasa'ilalShia. TheRuleofPassing(QaidatalTajawiz) Thisrulemeansthatthedoubtoccursinthesubsequentact.[70]Forexample,thepersonmay doubthisrecitationafterhehasboweddown.Concerningthisrule,manytraditionswere narratedontheauthorityofImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim,andhissonImamalSadiq,peacebe onhim.Theydenotethatthepersonshouldpaynoattentiontothisdoubtandtogoonwithhis praying. TheRuleofFinishing(QaidatalFaragh) Thisrulemeansthattheactiscorrectatthetimeofdoubt.[71]Thisrulewasreportedonthe authorityofMohammedb.MoslemontheauthorityofImamAbuJafar(alBaqir),peacebeon him,whosaid:Ifyoudoubtallthatwhichyouhavealreadycompleted,thenletitasitis.[72]A

truetraditionwhichMohammedb.MoslemreportedontheauthorityofalBaqir,peacebeon him,alsoprovedthat.Inthistraditionithasbeenmentioned:Ifdoubtoccursafterthetimeof theprayerhaspassed,oneshouldignorethedoubtandnotrepeat(theprayer)[73]Inthelightof thisreliabletruetradition,theImamiShiiteshavegivenareligiousopinion.Thisreligiousopinion saysthatoneshouldpaynoattentiontothedoubtthatoccursintheactsoftheprayerwhichhe hascompleted. TheRuleofRemovingHarm AmongtheimportantrulesinIslamiclawistheruleofremovingharm.ShaykhalAnsarisaid:It meansremovingthelegalpreceptthatleadstoharm.Thejuristshavementionedmanylegal preceptsregardingthisrule.ImamAbuJafar(alBaqir),peacebeonhim,underlinedthisrule whenhe,peacebeonhim,saidtoZarara:Samrab.Jundub[74]hadadatepalminthehouseofa manfromtheAnsar.Theman'shousewasfacingthegateofthegarden.Samraenteredtheman's housewithoutpermission.Thus,themanspoketoSamratoaskhispermissionbeforeentering. However,Samrarefusedthat.So,themancametotheProphet,mayAllahblesshimandhis family,andtoldhimaboutthat.ThenAllah'sApostle,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,sentfor Samraandorderedhimtoasktheman'spermission.However,Samrarefusedthat.So,the Prophet,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,askedhimtosellthedatepalmatagoodprice.Still, Samrarefusedtosellit.ThenAllah'sApostle,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,saidtohim:You shallhaveadatepalminthegarden.Nevertheless,Samrarefusedthat.So,Allah'sApostle,may Allahblesshimandhisfamily,saidtothe(Ansari)man:Goanduprootthedatepalmandthrowit athim[75],forthereisnoharm.[76]Thefundamentalistshavementionedthemeaningofthis ruleandexplaineditswordsandthepreceptsthatresultfromit. TheRemedyofContradiction Manycontradictorytraditionsonthesamematterhavebeenreportedontheauthorityofthe ImamsofthemembersoftheHouse(ahlalBayt),peacebeonthem.Itwasimpossibleforthem tosaysuchcontradictorytraditions.Therearetworeasonsforthiscontradiction.Thefirstisthat theysaidsuchcontradictorytraditionsforprecautionarydissimulation(taqiya).Forthetyrantsof thattimesparednoefforttooppressthepureImams.Theypunishedthemandtheirfollowers severely.Theyorderedtheirspiestokeepaneyeonthemtopreventthemfromcontacting people.Thus,thepureImamsledacriticallife.Theywerequestionedaboutacertainproblem. However,theydoubtedthequestioner.Meanwhiletheywereafraidofthosewhoattendedtheir assembly.So,theygavereligiousopinionsaccordingtotheopinionofthepeopletoavoid punishment.Wewilltalkindetailaboutthismatterinthechaptersthatfollow.Theotherreason forthiscontradictionisthatoneofthetwotraditionswasfabricatedandattributedtothem.

Noteworthy,manytraditionswerefabricatedduringthosetimes.Wewillmentionthatwhenwe talkabouttheproblemsofthetimeoftheImam.Itwasdifficultforthepiousnarratorsto distinguishthetruetraditionsfromthefabricatedones.TheywenttoImamAbuJafar(alBaqir), peacebeonhim,andaskedhimaboutthat.So,he,peacebeonhim,offeredremediesforthat. Amongthemarethefollowing: 1.Publicity(alShuhra) Bypublicitywemeanthenarrationnotthereligiousopinion.Ifoneofthetwocontradictory traditionsisfamousamongthenarrators,thenitshouldbeputintoeffect.Asfortheirregular raretradition,itshouldbeignored.TheImam,peacebeonhim,saidtoZarara:OZarara,putinto practicethetraditionthatisfamousamongyourcompanions.Leavetheirregularrareone.[77] Thismeansthatoneshouldleavetheirregular,raretradition,andshouldrelyonthetraditionthat isfamousamongthereporters. 2.TheTraditionshouldbeharmoniouswiththeBookandtheSunna ImamAbuJafar(alBaqir),peacebeonhim,suggestedasecondwaytoknowthecontradictory traditions.ThiswayisthatoneshouldcomparethetwocontradictorytraditionswiththeBook andthesunna(theProphet'spractices).Ifoneofthetwocontradictorytraditionsisharmonious withtheBookandthesunna,thenoneshouldputitintoeffectandleavetheother.AlBaqir, peacebeonhim,saidtooneofhiscompanions:Donotbelieve(thetraditions)whichare reportedonourauthorityexceptthosethatareinharmonywithAllah'sBookandthesunnaofHis Apostle. 3.PreferringtheTraditionthroughtheQualitiesofNarrators Thethirdwaytoknowtheauthentictraditionisthatoneshouldcheckthenarratorsqualitiessuch astrustandjustice.Thus,thenarrationofthequalifiednarratorshouldbeputintoeffect.Imam AbuJafar(alBaqir),peacebeonhim,saidtoZarara:Putintoeffectthenarrationofthenarrator whoismorejustandreliablewithyouthantheother. Thisnarrationdenotesthatthetruthfulnessandjusticeofthereporterisamongthenecessary waystocheckthetwocontradictorytraditions.Withthisweendourtalkaboutthefundamental ruleswhichImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim,explainedduringhisresearchesandlectures. EconomicResearches

ImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim,presentedduringhislecturesandhisbehaviorthemost importanteconomicresearch.Thefollowingaresomeofthem: 1.TheNecessityofImprovingLivelihood ImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim,urgedtheMoslemcommunitytostrivehardtoseekalivelihood. Thus,manisabletoaffordhisfamilyaluxuriouslife.Meanwhileheisabletoavoidpovertyand unhappiness.Inthisconnection,theImam,peacebeonhim,said:Whoeverstriveshardtoseek livelihood,becomestranquil,hisprovisionbecomeslight,andhisfamilyleadsalifeofeaseand comfort. He,peacebeonhim,said:Throughwidemoralslivelihoodisgood. Indeed,ifmanstriveshardtoseeklivelihood,heisabletosecureaneconomiclifefullofwelfare, blessings,tranquillity,andstability. 2.WarningfromLaziness ImamAbuJafar(alBaqir),peacebeonhim,warnedtheMoslemscommunityfromlaziness.That isbecauselazinessparalyzeseconomiclife,freezesman'sabilities,andspreadscorruptioninthe earth.He,peacebeonhim,said:Lazinessdamagesthereligionandtheworld.[78] Lazinessdamagesthereligion,foritpreventsmanfrommentioningtheLord'snameandHis obligationsandHisduties.Rather,thelazypersonneglectsreligiousobligations.So,whichharmis greaterthanthisharm?Lazinessdamagestheworld,forthelazypersonalwaysinclinesto inactivityandwishesforamiserablelifefullofneedsandpoverty.Hedoesnotenterthefieldsof workthatsecureforhimwelfareandhappiness. ImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim,warnedoneofhischildrenfromlaziness.Hesaidtohim: Bewareoflazinessandboredom,fortheyarethekeyforallevilthings.Whoeverislazy,doesnot carryoutaright(work).Whoeveristired,isimpatienttowardaright(work).[79] Surely,Islamwantsmantowork,produce,respectpeople'srights,associatewiththem,and performtheobligationsimposedonhim.However,whenthepersonisafflictedbythediseaseof laziness,heneglectsAllah'sandpeople'srights. 3.AlBaqirdetestedthosewholeftWork ImamAbuJafaralBaqir,peacebeonhim,detestedthosewholeftwork.Hethoughtthatleaving workwouldweakenproduction,increaseunemployed,andspreadeconomiccrisesinthecountry. He,peacebeonhim,said:Ihatethejoblesspersonwholiesonhisbackandsays:OAllah,give

me.HeasksAllahtodohimafavor,whilethesmallantcomesoutofitssocietytoseekits livelihood.[80] 4.WorkisObediencetoAllah ImamAbuJafar(alBaqir),peacebeonhim,thoughtthatworkwasobediencetoAllah.So,he himselfcultivatedhisownland.Mohammedb.alMunzirsaid:Iwentouttooneofthesuburbs ofMedina.ThereImetAbuJafar(alBaqir)Mohammedb.Ali,peacebeonhim.Hewasawell builtmanandheleaningontwoservantboys.Eithertheywereblackslavesofhisortheywere retainersofhis.So,Isaidtomyself:GlorybelongstoAllah.Hereisavenerableleader(shaykh)of Qurayshoutatthistimeandintheseconditionsseekingworldly(advantage).Imustwarnhim.So, Iapproachedhimandgreetedhim.Hereturnedmygreetingwithanger.Thesweatwaspouring downhim.Isaidtohim:MayAllahmakeyourighteous,doesavenerableleaderofQurayshgo outatthishourforworldly(advantage)?Whatwouldyoudoifdeathcameuponyouatthis hour? However,theImamansweredhimwithIslamicwords:LetdeathcomeuponmewhenIam obedienttoAllah,thegreatandAlmighty.Iworktopreventmysoulandmyfamilyfromyouand thepeople.IfeardeathwhenitcomesuponmeandIamdisobedienttoAllah. So,Mohammedfeltshame.HewasunabletoanswertheImam.Thus,hesaidtohim:Youare right.MayAllahhavemercyonyou.Iwantedtowarnyou,butyouhavewarnedme. IndeedworkisobediencetoAllah,astheImamsaid.Forworkpreventsthesoulandthefamily fromaskingpeopleforalms. WiththisweendourtalkabouttheeconomicresearcheswhichtheImam,peacebeonhim,did. Wealsoendourtalkaboutthescienceswhichhepresentedinhisresearchduringhislectures. KnowledgeandScholars ImamAbuJafar(alBaqir),peacebeonhim,talkedverymuchabouttheimportanceof knowledge.HeurgedMoslemstoseekknowledge,foritisthefirstpillaronwhichthelivesof nationsandpeoplesdepend.He,peacebeonhim,praisedthevirtueofscholars,fortheyarethe sourceofcultureandguidanceforthecommunity.Thefollowingaresomeofwhathasbeen reportedonhisauthorityinthisrespect: 1.TheVirtueofKnowledge ImamAbuJafar(alBaqir),peacebeonhim,glorifiedknowledge.HesummonedMoslemstocling toit.Heurgedthemtoseekit.Helaudedthosewhosoughtit.Hesaid:Learn,forlearningis

protection.Seekingknowledgeisworship,studyingitisglorification(ofAllah),lookingforitis jihad,teachingit(toothers)isalms,andgivingittothosewhoareappropriateforitisproximity (toAllah).Knowledgeisthesignpostofthegarden.Itisanintimateinlonesomeness,a companioninexile,afriendinestrangement,aguidetoease,ahelpagainstaffliction,adornment withfriends,andaweaponagainstenemies.ByitAllahpromotessomepeopletomakethem Imams(leaders)forgood.So,(people)followtheirexampleandreporttheirworks.Allwetand drythings,thewhalesandverminofthesee,andtheanimalsandlivestockofthelandask(Allah) toblessthem.[81] Nowordsglorifyknowledge,praisescholars,andembraceitsfruitsandadvantagesasthese goldenwordsdo.Thus,theyareworthyofwritingintheinstitutesanduniversitiesofknowledge. 2.TheVirtueoftheScholar ImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim,laudedthevirtueofthescholar.Heexplainedhissocialrank,and theplentifulrewardwhichAllahhaspreparedforhim.Thefollowingaresomeofthesayings whichhavebeenreportedonhisauthority: A.He,peacebeonhim,said:Thescholarofwhoseknowledge(people)makeuseisbetterthan seventythousandworshipers.[82] B.He,peacebeonhim,said:Whoeverteachesadoorofguidance,willhavethesamerewardof thosewhoputitintopractice.Nothingoftherewardsofthose(whoputguidanceintopractice) willbedecreased.Whoeverteachesadooroferror,willhavethesameburdensofthosewhoput inintoeffect.Nothingoftheburdensofthose(whoputerrorintoeffect)willbedecreased.[83] C.He,peacebeonhim,said:Theservantwhogoesearlyinthemorningtoseekknowledgegoes intomercythoroughly.[84] 3.AssociatingwithScholarsandthePious ImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim,urgedMoslemstoassociatewithscholarsandthepioustomake useoftheirguidanceandbehavior.He,peacebeonhim,said:Indeedassociationwithhim whomItrustismorereliablewithmethanayear'swork.[85] 4.DiscussingKnowledge ImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim,summonedMoslemstodiscussknowledgewitheachother,for thatopensnewdoorstoknowledgeandscience.He,peacebeonhim,said:Discussing knowledgeisstudying,andstudyingisagoodprayer.[86]

5.RulesfortheStudent ImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim,suggestedwonderfulrulesforthestudent.He,peacebeonhim, said:Whenyousitwithascholar,thenlistentohimmorethanspeakingtohim.Learngood listeningasyoulearngoodspeech.Donotinterrupt(thescholar)whileheisbusytalking.[87] 6.ProclaimingKnowledge ImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim,summonedscholarstoproclaimandspreadknowledge.So,no onewillbeignorant.He,peacebeonhim,said:Thezakat(alms)ofknowledgeisthatyouteachit totheservantsofAllah.[88]He,peacebeonhim,alsosaid:Whoeverlearnsknowledgewill havethesamerewardofhimwhoteachesit,andwillbebetterthanhim.Learnknowledgefrom scholars.Thenteachittoyourbrothersasthescholarshavetaughtittoyou.[89] 7.TheImamurgedMoslemstolearn ImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim,urgedMoslemstolearn(knowledge)andtoaskscholarsaboutit. He,peacebeonhim,said:Knowledgeisatreasureandthekeyisthequestion.Then,mayAllah havemercyonyou,ask(scholars).Indeedfourpersonswillberewardedoutofknowledge:the questioner,thespeaker,thelistener,andtheonewholovesthem.[90] 8.UnderstandingtheReligion ImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim,summonedMoslemstounderstanddeeplythereligionandto knowthelawfulandtheunlawful.He,peacebeonhim,said:Allperfectionisinunderstanding deeplythereligion,patiencetowardsmisfortune,andtakinglivelihoodintoaccount.[91] Surely,understandingthereligiondeeplymaintainsman'sbalanceandbehavior.Itpreventsman fromcommittinguglythings.Inthemeantimeitpreventshimfromdeviatingfromthereligion. 9.PuttingKnowledgeintoeffect ImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim,urgedscholarstoputtheirknowledgeintopractice.He,peacebe onhim,said:Whenyouhearknowledge,thenputitintoeffect.Letyourheartsbewide.Forthe personwiththeheartthatdoesnotencompasshisabundantknowledgemakesSatanpowerful overhim.IfSatandisputedwithyou,thendisputewithhimthroughwhatyouknow.Surely,the

deceptionofSatanisweak.IbnAbuLaylaaskedhim:Whatisthethingwhichweknow?So,he, peacebeonhim,replied:DisputewithSatanthroughthemanifeststrengthofAllah,theGreat andAlmighty.[92] 10.ActioncoupledwithknowingAllahisaccepted KnowingAllahisaconditioninacceptinganact.So,theonewhoactsanddoesnotknowAllah nordoesheknowthedutywhichheperforms,thenhisactionisuseless.ImamalBaqir,peacebe onhim,said:Noactisacceptedexceptthroughknowing(Allah).Noknowledge(ofAllah)is acceptedexceptthroughanact.Whoeverknows(Allah)hisknowledgeleadshimtotheact.He whodoesnotknow(Allah),hisactionisinvalid.[93] 11.TheImamdispraisedBoastingofSeekingKnowledge. ImamAbuJafar(alBaqir),peacebeonhim,dispraisedthosewhoboastedofseekingknowledge. HeurgedthescholarstodotheirbesttoseeknearnesstoAllahandtowishforthehereafter throughseekingknowledge.He,peacebeonhim,said:Hewhoseeksknowledgetoviewiththe scholarsforgloryortodisputewiththefoolishortoknowtheprominentfigures,thenheshall occupyhisplaceintheFire.Indeedleadershipisinappropriateforanyoneexceptthosewhoare appropriateforit.[94] Surely,thesecorruptambitionsinvalidatetherewardwhichAllahhaspreparedforthereligious scholar,whoisthepropagatorofAllahintheearth.Therefore,ifthereligiousscholarwants successinthisworldandhappinessinthenextworld,thenheshouldseekknowledgetoplease Allah. 12.GivingReligiousOpinionswithoutKnowledge Severaltraditionsongivingreligiousopinionswithoutknowledgewerereportedontheauthority ofImamAbuJafar(alBaqir),peacebeonhim,forsuchopinionsmisleadpeople.Thefollowing aresomeofthem: A.ImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim,said:Whoevergivespeoplereligiousopinionswithouthaving knowledgeandguidance,theangelsoftheMerciful(Allah)andtheangelsoftormentwillcurse him,andhewillshoulderthesinsofthosewhoputhisreligiousopinionsintoeffect.[95] B.He,peacebeonhim,said:Saywhatyouknow.Whenyoudonotknow,say:Allahknowsbest. IfthepersonsinglesoutaversefromtheKoran(tomisinterpretit),hefallsdownasfarasthesky isfromtheearth.[96] C.ZararaaskedImamAbuJafar(alBaqir),peacebeonhim:WhatisAllah'srightagainstthe

servants?TheImam,peacebeonhim,replied:Theyshouldsaywhattheyknowandrefrainfrom sayingwhattheydonotknow.[97] D.He,peacebeonhim,said:Ifthescholarisaskedaboutacertainthingandhedoesnotknow thatthing,heshouldsay:Allahknowsmore.Otherthanthescholarhasnorighttosaythat.[98] 13.TheQualitiesoftheScholar Inmanyofhistraditions,ImamAbuJafar(alBaqir),peacebeonhim,talkedaboutthequalities ofscholars.Thefollowingaresomeofthem: A.He,peacebeonhim,said:Theservantwhoenviesthosewhoaresuperiortohimandscorns thosewhoareinferiortohimisnotascholar.[99] Indeedtheservantisascholarwhenhissoulisfreefromenvy,whichisamongthegreatest psychologicalcatastrophes.Itisenvythatthrowspeopleintothetribulation,foritbringsabout misfortunes.However,theservantisnotascholarwhenhescornsthosewhoareinferiortohim. Thismeansthathedoesnotmakeuseofknowledge,whichsummonshimtorespectpeopleand treatthemwithhighmorals.Surely,theProphet,mayAllahblesshim,wassenttocompletehigh moralstandards.So,whenthescholarfollowsbadmanners,hedeviatesfromthelawsandmorals oftheProphet,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily. B.He,peacebeonhim,said:Thetruejuristishewhorenouncesthisworld,wishesforthe hereafter,andcleavestothesunna(practices)oftheProphet,mayAllahblesshimandhis family.[100] C.He,peacebeonhim,said:Ifyouseethescholarlovetherich,thenheloves(thelifein)the world.IfyouseehimassociatewiththeSultan(ruler)withoutanecessity,thenheisathief.[101] Whenthescholarlovestherich,hewishesfortheirpropertiesandtomakeuseofthem.Thisis notamongthemoralsofthescholarswhomAllahhascommandedtowishforwhatHehas,not forwhattheothershave.AsforassociationwiththeSultanwithoutanecessity,itprovesthatthe scholarisnottrueandthatheisathief,astheImamsaid.MahmudalWarraqsatirizedthe religiousscholarswhomadefriendswiththeSultan,saying: TheyrodetheirhorsesandwentingroupstotheCaliph'shouse. Theyarrivedthereintheearlymorningandstayedtilleveningtoobtainhighranks. Whentheygottheniceconditiontheyrequested, (When)theCaliphbecamegladwithwhattheleafcontained, (When)theyharmedthosewhowereinferiortothemthroughoppressionandviolentconduct, theybroketheCaliph'spromisethroughthe oppressionoffearfulways. Theysoldtruthfulnessfortreasonandboughtcarrionforsafety. Theyhoardfatandweakenedthoseabsurddeposits. Thegravesofthepeoplebecamenarrow.Andtheirhighpalacesbecamewide. Fromthepossessorsofpoliteness,knowledge,andwiseopinions

totheanalogyofAbuHanifaareinagreementonthegatheringofthetradition. Whenthefascinatingworldcharmsaperson,thepersondoesnotmakeuseofknowledge.[102] HeforgetsAllahandtakesshelterintheworldthroughweakmeans. AbualAtahiyaalsosatirizedthem: Theylookedforthevanitiesoftheworld andforgotthegrandsonoftheProphet.[103] WiththisweendourtalkaboutthetraditionsreportedontheauthorityoftheImam,peacebeon him.Theyconcernthevirtueofknowledge.Theypraisescholars.Moreover,theyareaboutthe highmoralstandardswhichscholarsshouldfollowtobeanexampletothecommunity. TraditionsonFaith Inhistraditions,ImamAbuJafar(alBaqir),peacebeonhim,analyzedtheessenceandranksof faith.InthemhetalkedaboutthequalitiesofthepiousandAllah'sfavorsforthem.Thefollowing aresomeofthetraditionswhichhavebeenreportedonhisauthority: 1.TheEssenceofFaith ImamAbuJafar(alBaqir),peacebeonhim,limitedtheessenceoffaithwhenhesaid:Faithis steadfastinthehearts,andcertitudeisnotions.Thencertitudepassesthroughtheheart,soit becomes(asstrong)asthelumpsofiron.Anditgoesoutoftheheart,soitbecomes(asworn)as thewornrag.[104] Indeed,whenfaithsettlesinthedepthofheartsandinnerselves,theybecomeasstrongasthe lumpsofiron.So,theybeardifficultiesandhardships.Suchsteadfastbeliefwasthemost prominentqualityofprophets,thegreat,andtherighteous,whosacrificedtheirlivesfortheir doctrinesandopinions. However,whencertitudecomesoutoftheheart,itbecomesasoldastheoldrag.Thus,the personloseshiswillandbecomesemptyoffeelingsandsentiments. 2.TheRanksofFaith ImamAbuJafar(alBaqir),peacebeonhim,talkedabouttheranksoffaith,saying:Indeedthe believershavevariousranks:oneofthemhasone(rank);oneofthemhastwo(ranks);oneof themhasthree(ranks);oneofthemhasfour(ranks);oneofthemhasfive(ranks);oneofthem hassix(ranks).Ifyouimposetwo(ranks)onthepossessoroftheone(rank),hecannotbearthem. Ifyouimposethree(ranks)onthepossessorofthetwo(ranks),hewillnotbearthem.Ifyou imposefour(ranks)onthepossessorofthethree(ranks),hewillnotbearthem.Ifyouimposefive

(ranks)onthepossessorofthefour(ranks),hewillnotbearthem.Ifyouimposesix(ranks)onthe possessorofthefive(ranks),hewillnotbearthem.Ifyouimposeseven(ranks)onthepossessor ofthesix(ranks),hewillnotbearthem.Sucharetheranks(offaith).[105] Surely,theranksoffaith(inAllah)andknowledgeofHimvary.Thus,Allah,theExalted,informed someofHisprophetsofthesecretsoftheuniverseandexistence,andtheeventsthatoccurredin theworld.However,Hedidnotinformsomeotherprophetsofthat,fortheywereunabletobear that.ImamAli,theCommanderoftheFaithful,peacebeonhim,wasthegateofthecityofthe knowledgeoftheProphet,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,andthestoreofhissecretsand maxims.HeinformedMaythamalTammar,acompanionofhis,ofthemisfortunesthatwould happenatthetimeoftheUmayyads.Heinformedhimofmanysecretsandtheeventsthatwould occurattherestoftime.However,hedidnotinformAbdAllahb.Abbas,thegreatscholarofthe community,ofthat.Forhe,peacebeonhim,wassurethatAbdAllahwasunabletobearthat. Thetyrantsexposedtheprophetsandtherighteoustomanytribulations.Thesetribulationswere variousaccordingtotheirvariousranksoffaith.Thegreatestofthemintribulationwasthe ProphetMohammed,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily.ForthetyrantsofQurayshhurthimto theextentthatnocommunityhadhurttheprophetsofAllahbefore.Moreover,he,mayAllah blesshimandhisfamily,washurtafterhisdeath.ThatwaswhenthemembersofhisHousewere liabletoterriblepersecutions.Onlyfiftyyearspassedafterhisdeath.Nevertheless,theheadsof hisgrandsonswereonthespears.Hisgranddaughtersweretakenasprisonersandmovedfrom onecountrytoanother.So,whichtribulationisgreaterthanthis? 3.TheQualitiesofthePious Inagroupofhistraditions,ImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim,talkedaboutthehighqualitiesofthe pious.Thefollowingaresomeofthetraditionswhichwerereportedonhisauthority: A.He,peacebeonhim,said:Thepiousaretheeasiestofthepeopleoftheworldinprovision, andmostoftheminhelp.Whenyouforget,theyremindyou.Whenyoumentionyour(need), theyhelpyou.TheybelieveintherightofAllah.TheyundertaketheaffairsofAllah.[106] Thesearethequalitiesoftheuniqueoneswhoarethestrengthandidealsofpeople,wholead themtothewayofguidance. B.He,peacebeonhim,said:Whenthebelieverispleased,hispleasuredoesnotmakehimenter sinandfalsehood.Whenheisindignant,hiswrathdoesnotdrivehimoutofsayingthetruth. Whenthebelieverisstrong,hisstrengthdoesnottakehimouttoexceedwhatisright.[107] Thebelievershouldhavestrongacharacterandbehavior.Moreover,heshouldfollowthetruthin allcircumstances. C.He,peacebeonhim,said:Richesandglorywanderabouttheheart.Whentheyreachthe placewherethetrust(inAllah)is,theysettleinit.[108] AlYafiicomposedpoetryaboutthiswisdom,saying: Richesandglorywanderaboutthebeliever'sheart.

Whentheyfindthetrust(inAllah)inthecavityoftheheart,theyresideinit. So,theslaveissubmissivetoAllah. Whenthey(richesandglory)donotfindit(trustinAllah),theydepart.[109] D.ThedifferencebetweenfaithandIslam:ImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim,talkedaboutthe differencebetweenfaithandIslam.Hesaid:Faithisintheheart.Islamregulatesmarriage, inheritance,etc.Itpreventsbloodfrombeingshed.FaithisthepartnerofIslam,whileIslamisnot thepartneroffaith.[110]FaithsettlesintheheartsofthepiousandofthosewhoturntoAllah, theMostHigh,inrepentance.ThroughfaiththeyfearAllahandareafraidofHispunishment.So, theyleavenoobligationnordotheycommitanysin.AsforIslam,itisthewordofmonotheism. Whenitentersthedepthoftheheart,theMoslembecomesabeliever.Tothismeaningtheholy verserefers:Thedwellersofthedesertsay:Webelieve.Say:Youdonotbelieve,butsaywe submit;andfaithhasnotenteredyourheartsyet.[111]Inanothertradition,alBaqir,peacebe onhim,mentionedthedifferencebetweenfaithandIslam.He,peacebeonhim,said:Faithis acknowledgmentandaction;Islamisacknowledgmentwithoutaction.[112] F.Allah'sgiftforthebelievers:AllahgrantedthebelieversmanyofHisfavors.ImamalBaqir, peacebeonhim,talkedaboutthesefavorsofAllah,saying:IndeedAllahhasgiventhebelievers threequalities:gloryinhisreligionintheworld,successinthehereafter,anddignityinthehearts ofpeople.[113] ThesearesomeoftheImam'straditionsconcerningtheessenceoffaith. WiththeShiites ImamAbuJafar(alBaqir),peacebeonhim,andalltheImamsofthemembersoftheHouse(ahl alBayt),peacebeonthem,tookgreatcareoftheirShiites.Theywantedthemtofollowtheir guidanceandbehavior.Theywantedthemtobepiousintheirearnings.Moreover,theywanted themtocleavetotheaffairsoftheirreligiontobeanexampletoallMoslems.FortheShiites havebrightIslamicabilities.Withtheseabilitiestheyareabletoilluminatethewaytothe perplexed,andtoshowthegreatpositionofthemembersoftheHouse(ahlalBayt),peacebeon them.ItwasreportedontheauthorityofImamalSadiq,peacebeonhim,whosaidtooneofhis Shiites:Beanadornmentforus.Donotbeadisgraceforus.So,peoplesay:MayAllahhave mercyonJafarb.Mohammed.ForhehaseducatedhisShiites.ImamMusab.Jafar,peacebeon him,knewthatoneofhisShiitesmisbehavedandcommittedwhatAllahprohibited.So,he,peace beonhim,gavehimthiswonderfulpieceofadvice:Thegood(thing)fromeveryoneisgood,and fromyouisbetter.Theugly(thing)fromeveryoneisugly,andfromyouisuglier,foryoufollowus, andwearethemembersoftheHouse(ahlalBayt).[114] AsforImamAbuJafar(alBaqir),peacebeonhim,hetookgreatcareofhisfollowers(Shiites). Heeducatedthem.Hegavethemhighpiecesofadviceandnobleteachings.Heaskedthemto followhisteachingsandpiecesofadvice.Thefollowingaresomeofhiscommandments:

1.HisCommandmentstohisShiites ItisincumbentonthosewhoadoptthedoctrineofthemembersoftheHouse(ahlalBayt),peace beonthem,tofollowtheseimmortalcommandments.Theyshouldputintoeffecttheirbright itemstobeanexampletopeople.Thisisthetextofhiscommandments: OPeopleofourShiites,listenandunderstandourcommandmentsandourcovenanttoour followers.Betruthfulinyourtalk.Fulfillyouroathtoyourfriendsandyourenemies.Helpeach otherwithyourproperties.Loveeachotherwithyourhearts.Givealmstoyourpoor.Come togetherinyouraffairs.Donotcheatnorbetrayanyone.Donothavedoubtsaftercertitude.Do notescapeoutofcowardiceafterintrepidity.Donotturnawayfromthepeoplewhomyoulove. Yourdesireshouldnotbefortheloveofotherthanyounorshouldyourlovebeforotherthan younorshouldyouractbeforotherthanyourlordnorshouldyourfaithandpurposebeforother thanyourProphet.AskforthehelpofAllah,bepatient.IndeedtheearthbelongstoAllah.He givesittoHisservantswhomHewants.Andthefinalresultisforthepious. He,peacebeonhim,added: Indeed,ourShiites,thefriendsofAllahandthefriendsofHisApostle,arethosewhotellthe truthwhentheyspeak.Theyfulfill(thepromise)whentheypromise.Theypay(thedeposit)when theyaredeposited.Theyendurewithjusticewhentheyareforcedtoendure.Theygivewhen theyareaskedfortheobligation.Anddojusticewhentheyareasked(todoit).OurShiitesare thosewhoseearsdonotpassovertheirknowledge.OurShiitesarethosewhodonotpraise thosewhofindfaultwithus,nordotheymakefriendswiththosewhohateus,nordothey associatewiththosewhobetrayus.WhenourShiitesmeetabeliever,theyhonorhim.When theymeetanignorantperson,theyleavehim.OurShiitesarethosewhodonotgrowlasthedog does,noraretheygreedyasthecrowis,nordotheyaskanyone(foralms)excepttheirbrothers eveniftheydieofhunger.OurShiitesarethosewhobelieveinourdoctrine,separatethemselves fromtheirbelovedonesforus,approachthestrangerswholoveus,andturnawayfromthe strangerswhohateus. OneofthosewhoweresittingwiththeImamadmiredthesewordsconcerningtheShiites.Thus, heaskedtheImam: Wherearesuchasthese(people)? TheImamreplied: Theyareintheendsofthelands.Itistheywhoselivelihoodiseasy,whoaredelighted.When theyarepresent,nooneknowsthem.Whentheyareaway,noonemissesthem.Whenthey becomeill,noonevisitsthem.Whentheypropose(marriage),noonemarriesthem.Whenthey enteraway,theydonotdeviatefrom(it).Whentheignorantonesaddressthem,theysay: peace.AndtheypassthenightprostratingthemselvesbeforetheirLordandstanding. OneofthosewhoweresittingwiththeImamblamedtheShiiteswhowerecontemporarytothe Imam,saying: OhsonofAllah'sApostle,whataboutthosewhofollowyouwiththeirtongueswhiletheirhearts

arecontrarytothat? Thus,theImamreplied: Thetribulationwillbringaboutdroughtsagainstthemtodestroythemutterly,spitestoruin themcompletely,anddisuniontokillthem.ByHimWhosupportedusatthehandsofHisangels, nooneexceptAllahwillkillthemattheirhands.Therefore,cleavetoacknowledgmentwhenyou speak(topeople).Leavequarreling,foritdividesyou.Beware,He(Allah)willraiseyoufromthe deadbeforethefixedtime.So,yourbloodwillappear,yoursoulswillgo,thosewhowillcome afteryouwilldispraiseyou,andyouwillbeanexampletothebeholders.Indeedthebestofthe peopleinactionistheonewholeavesthepeopleoftheworldsuchasthefather,thefriend,and theadviserandassociateswithhisbrothersinAllaheveniftheyareAbyssiniansorNegroes.No oneofthebelieverswillberaisedaNegrofromthedead.Rathertheywillbeaswhiteashail. Theywillbewashedwiththewaterofthegardens.TheywillwinimmortalParadise.Theywillsit withthecloseangels,andaccompanytheprophets.NoservantismorehonorablewithAllahthan theservantwhoisrenderedhomelessforAllahtillhemeetsAllah.SuchareourShiiteswhoare thewarnersintheearth.Theyarelamps,signs,andlightforthosewhoseekwhattheyseek.They aretheleadersofthepeopleofobediencetoAllah.Theybearwitnessagainstthosewhooppose theirsummons.Theyaretranquillityforthosewhocometothem.Theyarekindtothosewho followthem.Theyaregenerous,forgiving,andmerciful.So,sucharetheirattributesintheTorah, theBible,andtheHolyKoran. ThelearnedmanisfromourShiiteswhenhekeepshistongue,obeyshisleaders,showsenmity towardshisenemieswithhisheart,knowstheirdefects,doesnotshowthemwhatisinhisheart, looksattheirbaddeedswithhisowneye,andhearstheiroffenseswithhisownear.Thosewho hatehisenemiesarehisfriends.Andthosewholovehisenemiesarehisenemies. So,oneofthosewhowerepresentaskedtheImam:Maymyfatherandmotherberansomfor you,whatistherewardoftheonewhomyouhavedescribedwhenhewalkspeacefully,getsup peacefully,andspendsthenightprotected?Whatishisrankandhisreward? Thus,theImam,peacebeonhim,said:TheSkycommandedhimtobeprotected,theEarth commandedhimtobehonored,andtheLightcommandedhimtobebelieved. So,itwassaidtotheImam: Whatishisattributeintheworld? He,peacebeonhim,replied:Whenheisasked(foralms),hegives.Whenheisinvited,he accepts.Whenheseeks(something),heobtains(it).Andwhenhesupportsanoppressedperson, hestrengthenshim.[115] IthinkthatnocommandmentswerereportedontheauthorityoftheImamsofthepioussuch thesecommandmentsthatraisemantotheleveloftherighteousandthepious.Forthey summonmantocleavetohighmoralstandardsandtorefrainfrombadmanners.IfMoslemsput themintoeffect,theywouldbethelordsofnationsandleadersofpeople. IndeedthesecommandmentsareamongthetreasuresofIslam.Theycontaintheaspectsand essenceofIslam.TheydenotethatIslamhasgood,mercy,andguidanceforallpeople.So,the Moslemmustfollowthemthroughouthislife.

2.TheEarlyShiites ImamAbuJafar(alBaqir),peacebeonhim,praisedtheforemostShiites.Hementionedtheir highmoralstandardsandtheirhighgoodqualities.He,peacebeonhim,said: OurfriendsandShiiteswerethebestoftheirperiod.TheImamofthemosqueinthedistrictwas fromamongthem.Thecallertoprayers(mu'azin)inthedirectiontotheKaaba(Qibla)wasfrom amongthem.Thepossessorofthedepositwasfromamongthem.Thepossessorofthetrustwas fromamongthem.Thereligiousscholarwhomthepeopleaskedabouttheirreligiousaffairswas fromamongthem.[116] ThesecommandmentsshowthequalitiesoftheearlyShiites,suchasasceticism,piety,religious devotion,andcleavingtothereligion.So,thepeopletrustedthem.Theyprayedbehindthem. Moreover,theyregardedthemascustodiansovertheirpropertiesandreligion.Generally speaking,theearlyShiiteswerefamousforpietyandrighteousness.ItwasreportedthataShiite stoodbeforethejudgeasawitness.However,thejudgerefusedtoaccepttheShiite'stestimony, forhebelongedtotheRafida.So,theShiiteburstintotears.Thus,thejudgewasastonishedat him.HethoughtthattheShiiteweptforhisrefusedtestimony.Heaskedhimaboutthat.So,the Shiitesreplied:Youhavedeviatedfromthetruth.Youhaveascribedmetothissect.Noone joinsitexcepttheprophetsandtherighteous. 3.TheAttributesoftheShiites Inmanyofhistraditions,ImamAbuJafar(alBaqir),peacebeonhim,mentionedthehigh qualitieswhichthosewhobelieveinthedoctrineofthemembersoftheHouse(ahlalBayt), peacebeonthem,shouldfollow.Thefollowingaresomeofthetraditionsreportedonhis authority: 1.He,peacebeonhim,said:OurShiitesfearAllahandobeyHim.Theyarehumbleandpious. Theypaythetrust.TheypraiseAllahverymuch.Theyperformtheprayersandthefasting.They obeytheparents.Theytakecareofthepoorneighbors,theneedy,thedebtors,andtheorphans. Theyaretruthfulintalking.TheyrecitetheKoran.Theyholdbacktheirtonguesfrom(speaking against)peopleexceptgood.Thus,theyarethecustodiansoftheirtribesoverallthings.[117] NoonehassuchqualitiesexcepttherighteousandthepiouswhofearAllah,andareafraidofHis punishment. 2.He,peacebeonhim,said:TheShiitesofAli,peacebeonhim,sacrificetheirlivesforour authority.Theyloveeachother,fortheyloveus.Theyvisiteachothertoenlivenouraffair.When theybecomeangry,theydonotdowrong.Whentheyarepleased,theydonotgotoofar(in pleasure).Theyareablessingforhimwhoistheirneighborthem.Andtheyarepeaceforhimwho associateswiththem.[118]

TheShiiteswhohavesuchqualitiesareblessingandmercyforthosewhoaretheirneighbor. Theyareasafetyandapeaceforthosewhoassociatewiththem.Fortheydonothingexcept goodforallpeople. 3.He,peacebeonhim,spoketoAbualMuqdamaboutthehighmoralstandardsoftheShiitesof ImamAli,theCommanderoftheFaithful,peacebeonhim.He,peacebeonhim,said:OAbual Muqdam,theShiitesofAliarepale,thin,andwithered.Theirlipsarefaded,theirabdomensare slim,theircolorsarechangeable,andtheirfacesareyellow.Whenitbecomesdark,theyusethe groundasabedandreceivetheearthwiththeirforeheads.Theirprostrationismuch,theirtears aremany,theirsupplicationsaremany,andtheirweepingisplentiful.Thepeoplebecomehappy andtheybecomesad.[119] ThesearetheattributesoftheShiitesofwhomwereAmmarb.Yasir,AbuDharr,Hijrb.Adi, MaythamalTammar,andthelike. 4.AlBaqir'sCommandmentstoShiites ImamAbuJafar(alBaqir),peacebeonhim,suppliedShiiteswithexcellentcommandmentsand valuableteachings.Thefollowingaresomeofthem: A.Jabirb.Yaz~dalJufireported.Hesaid:WewentinagrouptoAbuJafar,peacebeonhim. Weendedourritualprayers.Beforewesawhimoff,wehadsaidtohim:OSonofAllah'sApostle, mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,commandus.Hepeacebeonhim,said:Yourstrongone shouldhelpyourweakone.Yourrichoneshouldbekindtoyourpoorone.Themanshouldbe loyaltohisbrotherasheisloyaltohimself.Keepoursecrets.Donotforcethepeopletofollow us.Considercarefullyouraffairandwhathasbeenmentionedonourauthority.Ifyoufinditin agreementwiththeKoran,thenputitintoeffect.IfyoufinditcontrarytotheKoran,thenleaveit. Ifyoudoubttheaffair,thenstopandaskustoexplainittoyou.[120] AlBaqir,peacebeonhim,commandedtheShiitestoclingtohighmoralstandards.Heguided themtowhatreformedtheirlifeinthislifeandthehereafter.Healsocommandedthemto comparethetraditionsreportedontheauthorityoftheImamswiththeKoran.So,theywereable toputintoeffectthetraditionsthatwereinharmonywiththeKoran.Meanwhile,theywereable toleavethetraditionsthatwerecontrarytotheKoran.Heorderedthemtodothatbecausemany traditionswerefabricated.Thosewhowereindifferenttoreligionfabricatedthesetraditionsto defamethemembersoftheHouse(ahlalBayt),peacebeonthem,andtodistorttheirprecepts. B.He,peacebeonhim,said:Clingtopiety,hardwork,andtruthfultalk.Paythetrusttohimwho trustsyou,whetherheisrighteousorasinner.IfthemurdererofAlib.Ab~Talibgaveatrustto me,Iwouldpaythetrusttohim.[121] Aretherecommandmentshigherandnoblerthanthesevaluablecommandmentsthatleadman togoodbehavioramongpeople? C.He,peacebeonhim,sentoneofhiscompanionstosomeofhisShiites,andorderedhimtotell themthefollowing:

He,peacebeonhim,said:RecitemygreetingstomyShiites.OrderthemtofearAllah,the Great.Theirrichoneshouldvisittheirpoorone.Theirsoundoneshouldvisittheirillone.Their livingoneshouldattendthefuneraloftheirdeadone.Theyshouldmeeteachotherintheir houses.Indeedtheirmeetingeachotherenlivensouraffair. MayAllahhavemercyontheonewhoenlivensouraffairandputsintoeffectthebestofit.Say tothem:WewillsufficenothingforthemwithAllahexceptthroughthegooddeed.Theywillnot obtainourintercessionbutthroughpietyandhardwork.Indeedthemostintenseofallpeoplein regretontheDayofJudgmentistheonewhodescribesacertaindeed,andthenhedoesother thanit.[122] AlBaqir,peacebeonhim,advisedShiitestodoallkindsofgood,tosupporteachother,andto refrainfromdiscordanddivision. D.He,peacebeonhim,said:MayAllahhavemercyontheservantwhomakespeopleloveus, anddoesnotmakethemhateus.ByAllah,iftheyreportwhatwesayonourauthorityiftheydo notdistortitnordotheychangeitagainstusaccordingtotheiropinions,noonewillcommenton it.However,theoneofthemwhohearstheword,andthenheaddsten(words)toitandexplains itaccordingtohisownopinion.Therefore,mayAllahhavemercyontheservantwhohearssome ofourhiddensecret,andthenheburiesitinhisheart.ByAllah,Allahwillnotbringtogetherour followersandourenemiesinonehouse.[123] Inthistradition,alBaqir,peacebeonhim,warnsShiitesfromdistortingorchangingthe traditionsofthemembersoftheHouse(ahlalBayt),peacebeonthem.Forthatwillharmand defamethem. 5.LoveforAhlalBayt Inagroupofhistraditions,ImamAbuJafar(alBaqir),peacebeonhim,spoketosomeofhis companionsabouttheloveforthemembersoftheHouse(ahlalBayt),peacebeonthem.He denotedthatagreatrewardfromAllahwouldresultfromtheloveforthem.Thefollowingare someofhistraditionsonthat: A.SomeofhisShiitesfromKhurasancametohim.He,peacebeonhim,lookedatamanofthem. Hesawthattheman'sfeetsplitopen.So,he,peacebeonhim,askedhim:Whatisthis?OSon ofAllah'sApostle,theremotedistance(hasbroughtitabout).ByAllah,nothinghasbroughtme fromwhereIcameexcepttheloveforyou,ahlalBayt,repliedtheman. Becheerful!ByAllah,youwillberaisedfromthedeadwithus,saidtheImam,peacebeonhim. TheKhurasanimanwassohappythatheasked: OSonofAllah'sApostle,willIberaisedfromthedeadwithyou? TheImam,peacebeonhim,replied:Yes.Theservantwholovesus,Allahwillraisehimfromthe deadwithus.Religionisnothingexceptlove(forus).Surely,Allah,theBlessedandExalted,saidin HisBook:Say:IfyouloveAllah,thenfollowme,Allahwillloveyouandforgiveyouyour sins.[124]

B.ZiyadalAswadcametoImamAbuJafar(alBaqir),peacebeonhim.Hecametohimfroma remotedistanceandafaroffplace.Hewalkedsomuchthathisfeetsplitopen.So,ImamAbu Jafar(alBaqir),peacebeonhim,askedhim:Ziyad,whatisthis? Mymaster,Icameonthebackofaweakyoungcamel.So,Iwalkedalltheroad.Ihadnothingto buyacamel.IaddedathingtoathingsothatIhaveboughtthisyoungcamel,Ziyadreplied. ImamAbuJafar,peacebeonhim,feltpityforhim.Heweptforhim.ThenZiyadsaidtohim:May Allahmakemeransomforyou.ByAllah,Ihaveextremelycommittedsins.PerhapsIsaid:Ihave perished!Then,Iremembermyloveforyou,ahlalBayt.WiththatIwishforforgiveness.So,the Imamturnedtohim,andthenhesaidtohimwithkindnessandaffection: GlorybelongstoAllah.Religionisnothingbutlove(forus).IndeedAllah,theBlessedandExalted saidinHisBook:Allahhasendearedthefaithtoyouandhasmadeitseemlyinyourhearts.[125] Hesaid:IfyouloveAllah,thenfollowme,Allahwillloveyou.[126]Hesaid:Theylovethosewho havefledtothem.[127]AmanfromthedesertcametotheProphet,mayAllahblesshimandhis family,andsaidtohim:OAllah'sApostle,IlovethosewhopraybutIdonotpray.Ilovethose whofastbutIdonotfast.So,Allah'sApostlesaidtohim:Youarewiththosewhomyoulove. Whomdoyouseek?ByAllah,Ifsomethingoccurredtopeople,theywouldnotresorttoanyone exceptus.AndwewouldnotresorttoanyoneexceptourProphet.Youarewithus.Becheerful, becheerful!ByAllah,Allahwillnotmakeyouequaltootherthanyou.[128] C.He,peacebeonhim,said:Surely,thegardenlongsforanditslightbecomesintenseforthe comingofthefamilyofMohammed,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,andtheirfollowers (Shiites).IfaservantworshippedAllahbetweentherukn(thecorneroftheKaaba)andthe maqam(thestandingplaceofAbraham)totheextentthathisbodilymemberscutoff,Allah wouldnotaccepthisworshipunlessheadoptsourauthorityandlovesus.[129] D.He,peacebeonhim,saidtoagroupofhisShiites:Theoneofyouwhobecomeshappywhen hissoulreacheshere.Hepointedtohismouthwithhishand.Theangelofdeathcomesdownto himandsaystohim:Asforwhatyouwishfor,ithasbeengiventoyou.Asforwhatyoufear,you aresafefromit.Hewillopenthedoorofhisabodeinthegardenandsaytohim:Lookatyour abodeinthegarden!ThoseareAllah'sApostle,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,Ali,alHasan, andalHusayn.Theyareyourfriends.ThisiswhatthewordsofAllah,theGreatandAlmighty, confirm:Thosewhobelieveandguard(againstevil),theyshallhavegoodnewsinthisworld'slife andinthehereafter.[130][131]Inthisconnection,manytraditionswerereportedonthe authorityoftheProphet,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,andthepureImams.Thebooksof traditionshavementionedthem. 6.WhyhaveShiitesbeencalledrafida? AbuBas~rrelated.Hesaid:[IsaidtoAbuJafar:] MayIberansomforyou.Wehavebeengivenaname.Throughthename,therulershave regardedaslawfulourblood,ourproperties,andourtorture.He,peacebeonhim,asked:

Whatisit? TheRafida He,peacebeonhim,answered:Allahhasgivenyouthisname.[132] ThisnamehasbecomeasignpostfortheShiiteswhosparenoefforttospreadsocialreformin theearth.However,thosewhohavenomoralsfindfaultwiththem.TheShiitesboastofit,forit hasbecomeaprooffortheirloveofthemembersoftheHouse(ahlalBayt),peacebeonthem, fromwhomAllahhastakenawayuncleanlinessandwhomHehaspurifiedcompletely.Imamal Shafiiboastedofthisnamewhenhesaid: IftheloveforthefamilyofMohammedisrafd, thenletjinnandmen(thaqalan)testifythatIamrafidi. 7.AlBaqir'sSupplicationforhisShiites ImamAbuJafar,peacebeonhim,wasveryloyaltohisfollowers(Shiites).So,hesupplicatedfor themwiththissupplication: OhNear,notslow!OhMostMercifulofallmerciful!MakeprotectionformyShiitesagainstthe Fire.Bepleasedwiththem.Forgivethemtheirsins.Makeeasytheiraffairs.Concealtheirdefects. ForgivethemthecardinalsinsthatarebetweenYouandthem.OhYouWhoisnotafraidof oppression!OhYouWhoslumberdoesnotovertake,norsleep!Relievemyworry,andremovemy grief![133] He,peacebeonhim,recitedthefollowingsupplicationforhisShiites: OAllah,IfIhavepleasureandlove(withyou),thenforgivemeandthosewhofollowmefrommy brothersandmyShiites.Makegoodthatwhichisinmyloins.ByYourmercy,ohMostMercifulof themerciful.[134] TheLivesandMaximsoftheProphets ImamAbuJafar(alBaqir),peacebeonhim,talkedverymuchaboutthelivesandmaximsofthe prophets.Thespecialistsinthesesubjectshavereportedmanytraditionsonhisauthority.The followingaresomeofthem: 1.PartofAllah'sRevelationtoAdam TheImam,peacebeonhim,toldhiscompanionsaboutthemaximsandhighmoralstandards AllahrevealedtoAdam.He,peacebeonhimsaid:Allah,theBlessedandExalted,revealedto Adam:Iwillgatherallgoodforyouinfourwords:oneofthemisforMe;oneisforyou;oneis betweenMeandyou;oneisbetweenyouandpeople.AsfortheonethatisforMe,itisthatyou

shouldworshipMe,andthatyoushouldnotbeapolytheist.Asfortheonethatisforyou,itis thatIrewardyouforyouractatthetimewhenyouareinneedofthereward.Asfortheonethat isbetweenMeandyou,isthatyoushouldpraytoMe,andIshallansweryou.Asfortheonethat isbetweenyouandpeople,itisthatyoushouldsatisfypeoplewithwhatyousatisfyyourself. [135] 2.Solomon'sMaxim AlBaqir,peacebeonhim,toldhiscompanionsaboutthewonderfulmaximofSolomon,sonof David.He,peacebeonhim,said:Solomon,sonofDavid,said:Wehavebeengivenwhathas beengiventopeopleandwhathasnotbeengiventothem.Wehavebeentaughtwhathasbeen taughttopeopleandwhathasnotbeentaughttothem.However,wehavefoundnothingbetter thanfearingAllahduringabsenceandpresence,economizingduringrichesandpoverty,theword oftruthduringpleasureandanger,andsupplicatingtoAllah,theGreatandAlmightyinall circumstances.[136] Thismaximhasgatheredgoodtraits.ForitsummonspeopletofearAllah,toeconomizetheir dailybread.Itpreventsthemfromwastingtheirproperty.Moreover,itsummonsthemtosaythe truth,topreferittoallthings,andtorelyonAllah,theMostHigh,inwhosehandisthefateof people. 3.AMaximintheTorah AlBaqir,peacebeonhim,toldhiscompanionsaboutamaximintheTorah.He,peacebeonhim, said:IthasbeenwrittenintheTorah:OMoses,Ihavecreatedyou,chosenyou,strengthened you,commandedyoutoobeyMe,andforbiddenyoufromdisobeyingMe.IfyouobeyMe,Iwill helpyoutoobeyMe.Ifyoudisobey,IwillnothelpyoutodisobeyMe.OMoses,Myfavoragainst youisthatyoushouldobeyMe.MyproofisagainstyouwhenyoudisobeyMe.[137] 4.WhywasNoahcalledtheGratefulServant? Mohammedb.MoslemreportedontheauthorityofAbuJafar(alBaqir),peacebeonhim,who said:Noahwascalledthegratefulservantbecausehesaidduringmorningandevening:OAllah, theblessingandhealthinreligionandtheworldarefromYou.Youareunique,thereisnopartner withYou.IpraiseandthankYouforthemtillYoubepleased(withme).[138] 5.Noah'sPrayeragainsthisPeople

SudayraskedImamAbuJafar(alBaqir),peacebeonhim,aboutNoah'ssupplicationagainsthis people.Heasked:DoyouknowwhyNoahinvokedAllahagainsthispeoplewhenhesaid:My Lord,leavenotuponthelandanydwellerfromamongtheunbelievers.ForsureifYouleave them,theywillleadastrayYourservants,andwillnotbegetany,butimmoral,ungrateful (children)Didhehaveknowledgeofthem? TheImam,peacebeonhim,replied:Allahrevealedtohimthatnooneofhispeoplewould believe(inAllah)exceptthosewhohadbelieved(inHim)before.So,Noahrecitedthisprayer againstthem.[139] 6.IsmaelwasthefirsttospeakArabic ImamAbuJafar(alBaqir),peacebeonhim,toldhiscompanionsthatIsmael,Allah'sProphet,was thefirsttospeakArabic.He,peacebeonhim,said:IsmaelwasthefirsttospeakArabic.Hewas tenyearsold.[140] 7.Allahwhispered(words)toMoses ImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim,relatedtohiscompanionsthatAllah,theMostHigh,whispered (words)toMoses.He,peacebeonhim,said:IthasbeenwrittenintheTorahthatAllah,the GreatandAlmighty,whispered(words)toMoses,sonofImran:OMoses,fearMeduringyour secretaffairs,Iwillconcealyourdefects.PraiseMeduringyourlonesomenessandyourdelightful pleasures,Iwillremindyouduringyourheedlessness.Restrainyourangerfromthoseoverwhom Ihavemadeyouking,Iwillrestrainmyangerfromyou.Concealmyhiddensecretsinyourheart. HumorwithMyenemyandyourenemyfromamongMycreatures.DonotmakethemcurseMe whenyoumanifestMyhiddensecrets.So,youmakeMyenemyandyourenemytakepartin cursingMe.[141] 8.AlBaqirdeniedthattheProphetwasIlliterate Alib.Asbatreported.Hesaid:IsaidtoAbuJafar:ThepeopleclaimthattheProphetcould neitherreadnorwrite.So,he,peacebeonhim,deniedthatandsaid:Howwillthatbe?Allah, theExalted,said:ItisHe(Allah)WhoraisedamongtheilliteratesanApostlefromamong themselves,whorecitestothemHiscommunicationsandpurifiesthem,andteachesthemthe BookandtheWisdom,althoughtheywerebeforecertainlyinclearerror.Howdidheteachthem theBookandtheWisdomwhilehecouldneitherreadnorwrite? ThenAlib.AsbataskedtheImam:WhywashecalledalNabialUmmi?

TheImamreplied:BecausehewasascribedtoMecca.ThatisaccordingtothewordsofAllah,the GreatandAlmighty:ThatyoumaywarnUmmalQuraandthosearoundher.UmmalQura meansMecca.So,hewascalledUmmi.[142] 9.NoahandIblis ImamAbuJafar(alBaqir),peacebeonhim,reportedthataconversationtookplacebetween Allah'sProphet,Noah,peacebeonhim,andIblis.ThatwaswhenNoahinvokedAllahagainsthis people.Theconversationisasfollows: Iblis:ONoah,youhavedonemeafavor.Now,Iwanttorewardyouforit. Noah:ByAllah,Ihatetodoyouafavor.Whatisit? Iblis:Yes.YouhadinvokedAllahagainstyourpeople,soHehaddrownedthem.Thus,noonehas remainedformetodeludehim.IamatresttillAllahcreatesanothergeneration.Then,Iwill deludethem. Noah:Whatisthereward? Iblis:Mentionmeduringthreesituations.ForIamveryclosetotheservantduringthem.Mention mewhenyoubecomeangry.Mentionmewhenyoujudgebetweentwopersons.Andmention mewhenyouarewithawomanandthereisnoonewithyou.[143] Indeed,Ibliscomestomanduringthesethreesituations.Itisthesesituationsthatmakeman commitsinsanddisobeyAllah.MayAllahprotectusfromtheseevilsituations. 10.TheDeathofSolomon ImamAbuJafar(alBaqir),peacebeonhim,narratedtoAbuBas~rthedeathofAllah'sProphet, Solomon.He,peacebeonhim,said:Solomon,sonofDavid,commandedthejinn(unseen creatures)tobuildaglassdomeforhim.Hewasleaningonhisstaffandwatchingthejinn'swork. Hehappenedtoturnaround.Suddenly,hesawamaninthedome.Heaskedtheman:Whoare you?Itiswhodoesnotacceptbribesnorfearthekings.Iamtheangelofdeath,repliedthe man.Then,theAngelofDeathmadeSolomondie.Solomonwasstillleaningonhisrodinthe dome.Thejinnwentonworkingandlookingathim.ThenAllah,theGreatandAlmighty, commandedthewoodwormtoeatSolomon'srod.Whenhefelldown,thejinncametoknow plainlythatiftheyhadknowntheunseen,theywouldnothavetarriedinabasingtorment.[144] 11.Jacob'smeetingwithJoseph ImamAbuJafar(alBaqir),peacebeonhim,reportedastoryaboutJacob'smeetingwithJoseph. He,peacebeonhim,said:Jacobsaidtohissons:Onthisdayofyours,youandallyourfamily

shouldgotoJoseph.JacobandJoseph'saunt,themotherofYamin,werewiththem.Then,they headedforEgyptwithhappiness.Ittookthemninedaystogetthere.WhentheymetJosephin theKing'shouse,Josephembracedhisfather,kissedhim,andwept.Then,heseatedhisfather andhisauntontheking'sthrone.Then,heenteredhisroom.Hedarkenedtheeyelidswithkohl, perfumedhimself,woretheroyaluniform,andwentout.Whentheysawhim,theyboweddown forhim.Then,theythankedAllahforthat.Throughoutthosetwentyyears,Josephdidnotdarken theeyelidswithkohlnordidheperfumedhimself.HedidthatwhenAllahgatheredhimwithhis fatherandhisbrothers.[145] 12.ThePeriodofJacob'sLifeinEgypt Mohammedb.MoslemaskedImamAbuJafar(alBaqir),peacebeonhim,abouttheperiodof Jacob'slifeinEgypt.So,theImam,peacebeonhim,replied:JacoblivedwithJosephinEgyptfor twoyears.Then,Mohammedb.MoslemaskedtheImam:WhowastheproofofAllahinthe earthJacoborJoseph?TheImam,peacebeonhim,replied:Jacobwastheproof,andJoseph wastheking.WhenJacobdied,JosephputhiminacoffinandcarriedhimtothelandofSham.He buriedhimatJerusalem.Then,JosephbecametheproofafterJacob.Moreover,Mohammed askedtheImam:WasJosephanapostleandaprophet?TheImamreplied:Yes.Doyounothear thesewordsofAllah,theGreatandAlmighty:Indeed,Josephhadbroughtyoutheclearproofs before.[146] ThisissomeofwhatwasreportedontheauthorityofalBaqir,peacebeonhim,concerningthe conditionsandlivesoftheprophets. [1]IllalalSharaiya,pp.123124. [2]UsulalKafi,vol.1,p.181. [3]Ibid,pp.183184. [4]Koran,alNisa,59. [5]UsulalKafi,vol.1,p.185. [6]Ibid,p.405. [7]Ibid,p.175. [8]Ibid,p.183. [9]ManaqibAlAbiTalib,vol.2,p.336. [10]YyunalMujizat,p.34. [11]AlamalWara,p.270. [12]RoudatalWaizin,p.270 [13]UsulalKafi,vol.1,p.192. [14]Ibid. [15]AlKarajiki,alIstinsar,p.17. [16]Ibid.

[17]AlKhisal,p.388. [18]IbnHamdun(died401A.H.),MuqtadabalAthar. [19]Ibid. [20]Ibid. [21]AlSaffar,BasairalDarajat,p.108. [22]GhayatalIkhtisar,p.131. [23]MuqtadabalAthar. [24]NasikhalTawarikh,vol.2,p.202. [25]AlKashi,Rijal,p.187. [26]YyunAkhbaralRida. [27]Koran,alAraf,145. [28]Koran,alZukhruf,63. [29]Koran,alNahl,p.89. [30]NazariyatalImamaladaalIthnaAshariya,p.147. [31]IbnSad,alTabaqat,vol.5,p.30. [32]TahdhibalTahdhib,vol.7,p.358. [33]AlRiyadalNadira,vol.2,p.222. [34]IthbatalWasiya,p.182. [35]AlMuqaddama,pp.232234. [36]JamiKaramatalAuliya,vol.1,p.97. [37]DalailalImama,p.96. [38]AlMaqrizi,IttiazalHunafa,p.245. [39]NuralAbbsar,p.130. [40]Ibid,p.131. [41]DalailalImama,p.110. [42]IthbatalHudat,vol.5,p.310. [43]AlamalWara. [44]IbnHazm,alAhkamfiUsulalAhkam,vol.2,p.131. [45]AbuDauwd,vol.1,p.142.AlNisai,vol.1,p.42. [46]IbnSad,alTabaqat,vol.1,p.47. [47]NazraAmafiTarikhalFiqhalIslami,p.110. [48]TamhidLiTarikhalFalsafaalIslamiya,p.202. [49]AlamalWara,p.270. [50]Ibid. [51]YoumalIslam,p.189. [52]AlWihdaalIslamiya,p.99. [53]Koran,alTouba,5. [54]Ibid,11. [55]Koran,alBaqara,83. [56]Koran,alTouba,30.

[57]Koran,Mohammed,4. [58]Koran,alHujurat,4. [59]ThegreatCompanion(oftheProphet),Ammar b.Yasir,carriedthestandardduringthree(battles). TheyweretheBattleofBadr,theBattleofUhd,and theBattleofHunayn.AbuSufyan,theleaderofthe Umayyads,headedthosebattles. [60]HajrisatownintheYemen.Itisalsothenameof allthelandofBahrain. [61]Koran,alMaida,47. [62]TuhafalUqul,pp.288290. [63]AlKhilaf,vol.1,p.18. [64]RoudatalWaizin,p.243. [65]AlKhilaf,vol.1,p.23. [66]Ibid,p.130. [67]Ibid,p.131. [68]KifayatalUsul. [69]AlShiawaFununalIslam,p.95. [70]HaqaiqalUsul,vol.2,p.547. [71]Ibid. [72]MustamsakalIrwatalWithqa,vol.7,p.350. [73]Ibid,p.349. [74]Sammrab.Jundub,thelyingcompanion,wasamongMuawiya'shirelings.Hehelpedhimto spreadoppression andterrorism.Zyyadb.Ab~happointedhimgovernorover Basrah.Hekilledmanyinnocentpeople.Thehistorianssaid thathekilledeightthousandpeople.InalTabari,Tar~kh,vol.6, p.632,AbaSawaralAdawisaid:"Sammrakilledintheearly morningfortysevenmenfrommypeople.Theywerefrom thosewhocollectedtheKoran."Wehavetalkedindetailabout hiscrimesinourbookHayatalImamalHasan,vol.2,p.186191.' [75]AlHadhdha'reportedontheauthorityofImamAbuJafar,peacebeonhim,whosaid:" Sammra,Idonotseeyoubut harmful.Go,soandso.Uprootitandthrowitathisface." [76]IdahalKifaya,vol.3,p.439. [77]AbiJumhuralIhsai,GhawalialLiam. [78]TuhafalUqul. [79]Ibid. [80]AlAmalwaHuqquqalAmilfialIslam,p.139. [81]IbnHamdun,alTadhkira,p.26.

[82]JamiBayanalIlmwaFadlah,vol.1,p.32. [83]UsulalKafi,vol.1,p.34. [84]NasikhalTawarikh,vol.2,p.205. [85]UsulalKafi,vol.1,p.34. [86]Ibid,p.41. [87]NasikhalTawarikh,vol.2,p.205. [88]UsulalKafi,vol.1,p.41. [89]NasikhalTawarikh,vol.2,p.205. [90]AlKhisal,p.223. [91]UsulalKafi,vol.1,p.32. [92]Ibid,p.45. [93]TuhafalUqul,p.294. [94]UsulalKafi,vol.1,p.47. [95]Ibid,p.42. [96]Ibid. [97]Ibid. [98]TuhafalUqul,p.297. [99]Ibid,p.294. [100]UsulalKafi,vol.1,p.70. [101]AbiZahra,alImamalSadiq,p.24. [102]JamiBayanalIlmwaFadla,vol.1,p.201. [103]Ibid. [104]HulyatalAuliya,vol.3,p.180. [105]UsulalKafi. [106]ShadharatalDhahab,vol.1,p.149. [107]AlKhisal,p.101. [108]SafwatalSafwa,vol.2,p.61. [109]MirratalJinan,vol.1,p.248. [110]TuhafalUqul,p.297. [111]Koran,alHujurat,14. [112]TuhafalUqul,p.297. [113]AlKhisal,p.133. [114]HayatalImamMusabinJafar. [115]YyunalAkhbarwaFununalAthar,pp.223225. [116]DaaimalIslam,vol.1,p.71. [117]TuhafalUqul,p.295. [118]Ibid,p.300. [119]AlKhisal,p.413. [120]DiyaalAmilin,vol.3. [121]TuhafalUqul,p.299.

[122]YyunalAkhbarwaFununalAthar,p.223. [123]Ibid. [124]Ibid,p.226. [125]Koran,alHujurat,7. [126]Koran,AlUmran,31. [127]Koran,alHashr,9. [128]YyunalAkhbarwaFununalAthar,p.226. [129]Ibid,p.227. [130]Koran,Younis,6364. [131]YyunalAkhbarwaFununalAthar,p.227. [132]AlBarqi,alMahasin,p.119. [133]MuhajjalDaawat,p.18. [134]AlKafami,Musbah,p.161. [135]AlSaduq,alAmali,p.544. [136]AlKhisal,p.219. [137]AlSaduq,alAmali,p.274. [138]IlalalSharai,p.29. [139]Ibid,31. [140]AlBayanwaalTabiyyin,vol.3,p.290. [141]AlSaduq,alAmali,p.226. [142]IlalalSharai,p.125. [143]AlKhisal,p.128. [144]IlalalSharai,p74. [145]MajjmaalBayanfiTafsiralQuran,vol.6,p.264. [146]Ibid,p.166. ChapterVII:KuthayrAzzahandALKumayt Thetwofamouspoets,KuthayrAzzahandalKumaytalAsadi,hadcloserelationshipswithImam AbuJafar(alBaqir),peacebeonhim.FortheybelievedinhisImamate.Theyregardedobedience tohimasobligatory.Thus,theydevotedthemselvestohim.So,theywerefamousforthat.We willmentionsomeoftheiraffairsandtheircloserelationshipwiththeImam,peacebeonhim. KuthayrAzzah

AsforKuthayrAzzah,hewasAbuHamzahalKhuzaialMadani.HewasamongtheArablovers. HefellinlovewithAzzah,daughterofJam~l.Hehadmanystorieswithher.Thebiographers havementionedthem.IbnIshaqsaid:KuthayrwasthebestMoslempoetinpoetictalents.[1] HisObediencetotheMembersoftheHouse(ahlalBayt),peacebeonthem. KuthayrwasveryobedienttothemembersoftheHouse(ahlalBayt),peacebeonthem.He devotedhislifetothem.HedidnothidehisobediencetothemfromtheUmayyads.AbdalMalik b.MarwanaskedhimtoswearbyImamAli,theCommanderoftheFaithful,peacebeonhim,to tellhimabouttheonewhowasmorethanhiminlove.So,Kuthayrreplied:Ifyouaskmeto swearbyyou,Iwilltellyou.Marwandidthat.So,Kuthayrtoldhimabouttheloveofsome lovers.[2] HisObediencetoalBaqir KuthayrlovedImamAbuJafar(alBaqir),peacebeonhim,verymuch.Heobeyedhimand believedinhisImamate.Thehistorianssaid:AmansawKuthayrriding(hishorse).Meanwhile themansawImamAbuJafar,peacebeonhim,waking.So,heblamedKuthayr,saying:Whyare youriding(yourhorse)andAbuJafariswaking?' Heorderedmetodothat.Ipreferhisobediencetohisdisobedience.So,Ihaveridden(the horse),[3]repliedKuthayr. ThisanswerprovesKuthayr'sgoodmannersandperfectfaith.ForobediencetotheImamwas obligatory.Thus,hehadnowaytodisobeyhim. KuthayrpraisedtheSonsofMarwan KuthayrpraisedthesonsofMarwanverymuch.Thus,theyglorifiedandhonoredhim.[4]He composedpoemstopraisethem.ThepoemshavebeenmentionedinhisDivan.However,hewas notseriousinpraisingthem.Hedidnotbelievedinwhathesaid.Rather,hepraisedthemtoget theirmoneyandgifts.Hemockedthem.Helikenedthemtosnakesandscorpions.Thehistorians reportedthathecametoImamAbuJafar,peacebeonhim.Thus,theImam,peacebeonhim askedhim:Areyoufromourfollowers?WhydoyoupraiseMarwan'shousehold? Kuthayranswered:Imockthem.Ilikenthemtosnakesandscorpions.Haveyounotheardmy poemconcerningAbdalAz~zb.Marwan. AbdalMalikunderstoodthat,sohesaidtohisbrotherAbdalAz~z:Hedidnotpraiseyou. Rather,helikenedyoutosnakes.AbdalAz~zreportedthattome.SoIsaidtohim:ByAllah,I willlikenhimtothesnake.Thenhewillnotdenythat.ThenIcomposedapoemconcerninghim.

WhenIreadthepoembeforeAbdalAz~z,hegavememanygifts.Forhedidnotunderstand whatIsaid.[5] Accordingly,KuthayrwasnotseriouswhenhepraisedthesonsofMarwan.Hedidnotbelievein whathesaid.Rather,hemockedthem.Moreover,hedeceivedthemtotakemoneyfromthem. Fortheytookthemoneyillegally.Kuthayrhadnowaytotakemoneyexceptthroughthisway. HisDeath Kuthayrdiedintheyear105A.H.HediedonthesamedaywhenUkrimadied.(Thepeople) prayedoverthematoneplace.Thenthepeoplesaid:Themostknowledgeableofpeoplein jurisprudenceandpoetryhasdied.[6]Thenthepeopleescortedthedeceasedtotheirfinal restingplace.AmongthemwasImamAbuJafar,peacebeonhim. FabricatedNarration Somehistorianshavementionedanarration,butwethinkthatthenarrationisamongthe fabricatednarrations.ThehistoriansreportedthenarrationontheauthorityofYaz~db.Urwa, whosaid:Thewomenprevailedatthefuneral.TheyweptoverhimandmentionedAzzah duringtheirweeping.So,Mohammedb.Ali(AbuJafar)said:Openthewayformetogotothe coffin.So,wepushedthewomenawayfromthecoffin.AbuJafarhitthewomenwithhissleeve. Thenhesaid:OgirlfriendsofJoseph,goaway!ThusoneofthewomencametotheImamand saidtohim:OSonoftheApostleofAllah,youareright.WearethegirlfriendsofJoseph.We werebetterthanyoutowardshim.'AbuJafarsaidtooneofhisretainers:Keephertillwecome back.'WhentheyhadburiedKuthayr,heorderedthewomantobebrought.He,peacebeonhim saidtoher:Wereyouwhosaidthatyouwerebetterthanus?''Yes,sonoftheApostleofAllah, willyoumakemesafefromyouranger?'askedthewoman.Youaresafefrommyanger.So, explainthat,'repliedtheImam.So,thewomanexplained:OSonoftheApostleofAllah,we summonedJosephtopleasuressuchasfood,drink,andenjoyment.However,you,men,threw himintothewell,soldhimforlowprices,andimprisonedhiminprison.Therefore,whoaremore mercifulforhimyouorwe?'TheImamadmiredthewoman.Thus,hesaidtoher:Whata generouswomanyouare!Youovercomeallwomen.Haveyouahusband?'Ihaveamanwhose husbandisI,'shereplied.Thewomanwentaway.Amanfromthepeople,whoknewthewoman, said:ThisisZaynabalAnsariya,thedaughterofMuayqib.'[7] Criticisms 1.WhydidthewomengatheredaroundKuthayr'scorpse?WhywasitdifficultfortheImamto

reachhim?Whydidheorderthewomentobepushedaway?Thisnarrationisincorrect.For womenwerenotpermittedtotakepartinsuchceremonies.Rather,shewasorderednottoleave herhouse. 2.TheImamwasrudewiththeladieswhogatheredaroundthecorpse.Thismakesthefabrication ofthisnarrationsure.ThatisbecausetheImam,peacebeonhim,wastheidealexampleforhigh mannersandnoblemorals.So,hewasfaraboveobscenewords. 3.AconversationtookplacebetweentheImamandtheAnsarilady.Heaskedherwhethershe hadahusband.Thisalsomakesussureofthefabricationofthenarration.Isthisappropriatefor theHolinessoftheImam.Accordingly,thisnarrationisimaginary.Withthiswewillendourtalk aboutthebiographyofKuthayrAzzah.[8] AlKumaytAlAsadi AlFarazdaqsaid:AlKumaytwasthepoetofthefirstandthelast.[9]UkrimaalDabbisaid: Wereitnotforhispoetry,therewouldbenotranslatorforthelanguagenorwouldtherebea tongueforexplanation.[10] Hewastheforemostthinkerandwriteroftheperiod.Heplayedanimportantroleindeveloping ArabcultureandIslamicscientificmovement.Thefollowingaresomebrightsidesofhislife. HisBirthandhisEarlyLife AlKumaytwasbornintheyear60A.H.ItwastheyearwhentheMoslemcommunitywas bereavedofImamHusayn,theLordofmartyrs,peacebeonhim.[11]So,thattragedyimpressed him.Itreactedonhisfeelingsandsentiments.Thatappearedinhispoetrythroughwhichelegized ImamalHusayn,peacebeonhim. Asforhisearlylife,itwasinKufa,thecapitaloftheShiites,andtheplaceofrevoltsagainstthe Umayyads.HewasbroughtupontheloveforthemembersoftheHouse(ahlalBayt),peacebe onthem.So,theloveforthemwasamonghiselements. HisTalents AlKumaytwasamongtheuniqueinhistory.HewasamongtheprominentfigureintheArab nation.Hewasendowedwithnobletalentsandhighqualities.Ahistoriannumberedhisqualities asten.Thehistoriansaid:AlKumaythadtenqualities,ofwhichnopoethad.Hewastheorator ofAsad's(tribe).HewasthejuristoftheShiites.HewasamemorizeroftheHolyKoran.Hewas steadfast.Hewasawriterwithgoodcalligraphy.Hewasagenealogist.Hewasdisputatious.He wasthefirsttodebate(withothers)onShiism.Hewasabowman.NoonefromAsad'ssonswas

betterthanhiminsharpshooting.Hewasapiousbraveknight.Moreover,hewasfamousfor openShiism.[12] HisPoetry Asforhispoetry,itisamongthemasterpiecesofArabliterature.Itisthemostwonderfulofall thatArabpoetshavecomposed.Inhispoetry,hedidnotinclinetojokingandimpudence.With thatheseparatedhimselffromthepoetsofUmayyaandtheAbbasidperiods.Fortheyusedtheir intellectualtalentsinamusement,futility,andcorruptmanners. AsforalKumayt,hedevotedhispoetrytohismastersfromtheHashimites.Thus,proclaimed theirnobledeedsandtheiroutstandingmeritsthroughwonderfulArabpoetry. Thehistorianssaid:AlKumaytdidnotannouncehispoetrytillhewassatisfiedwithitorsureof it.Forthisreasonhispoetryhasbecomemasterpiecesshowingcreation,art,andthinking.Asfor (hispoemscalled)alHashimiyat,theyaregreaterthanlimitationandevaluation.Hehasinserted inthemtheevidenceforhisdoctrine,whichisindisputableandundoubted.(Hispoemscalled) wereamongtheculturalmeansatthosetimes.Fortheyarerichinthinkingandliterature.They werereportedintheclubsandtheassemblies.So,thepeoplememorizedthem. AlKumaytandalFarazdaq ThehistoriansreportedthatalKumaytcomposedhis(poemscalled)alHashimiyat.However,he concealedthem.Hedidnotannouncethemamongthepeople.Forhewantedtoasktheadviceof alFarazadb.Ghalib,thegreatArabpoet,aboutthem.So,hewenttohim.Whenhemethim,he saidtohim: OAbuFiras,youarethechiefof(thetribeof)Madarandtheirpoet.Iamyournephew,al Kumaytb.ZaydalAsadi. Youaretruthful.Youaremynephew.Whatisyourneed,alFarazdaqasked. Ihavecomposedpoetry.Iwanttosubmitittoyou.Ifitisgood,ordermetoannounceit.Ifitis bad,ordermetoconcealit.Andyouwillbethefirsttoconcealitforme,answeredalKumayt. So,alFarazdaqadmiredhispoliteness.Thenhesaidhim: Asforyourreason,itisgood.Ihopethatyourpoetryisasequalasyourreason.Recitetome whatyouhavewritten. Thus,alKumaytrecitedhimhiswonderful(poem),saying: Iamdelighted.Iamnotdelightedforthebeautifulwomen AlFarazdaqinterruptedhim,saying:Mynephew,forwhatyouaredelighted? Iamnotdelightedforplay.Doestheoldmanplay?repliedalKumayt. Yes,mynephew,play.Youareatthetimeofplay,saidAlFarazdaq. Neitherahousenorthetraceofthehousedivertme.

Nordoesafingerdyedwithhennamakemedelighted,saidalKumayt. AlFarazdaqadmiredthispoetry.Thenheasked:Mynephew,whathasmadeyoudelighted? Nordotheantelopesthatpassmeontherighthandintheevening(delightme). (Iamnotdelighted)whetherasoundedhorned(antelope)oraonebrokenhorned(antelope) passes,saidalKumayt. Yes.Donotbepessimistic,saidAlFarazdaq. However,thepeopleofoutstandingmerits,piety,thebestofthechildrenofEve(hasdelighted me).Thegoodaresought,saidalKumayt. ThishighwonderfulpoetrymovedAlFarazdaq,sohesaid: Woeuntoyou!Whoarethey? AlKumaytsaid:(Iamdelightedat)thewhitegroup(theHashimites).ThroughloveforthemI seeknearnesstoAllah. AlKumaytcontrolledthefeelingsandsentimentsofAlFarazdaq. Relieveme!Woeuntoyou!Whoarethey?shoutedAlFarazdaq. So,alKumaytsaid:(Theyare)theHashimites,thefamilyoftheProphet.Iamsatisfiedwiththem. Ialwaysbecomeangryforthem.Ihavemademysoulobedienttothemoutoflove(forthem).I receivethemwithpleasure. ThispoetrycontrolledthefeelingsofAlFarazdaq.So,hesaid: Mynephew,announce,andthenannounce(yourpoetry).ByAllah,youarebetterinpoetrythan thosewhopassedawayandthosewhoarestillalive.[13] TheCharacteristicsofhisPoetry ThepoetryofalKumaytisdistinguishedbythereligiousvaluesthroughwhichhesincerely expressedhisfeelingstowardshismasters,theHashimites.Forheshowedsincereaffectionand loveforthem.Theunquestionableproofsimposedthatonhim. Asforthecharacteristicsofhispoetry,thefollowingaresomeofthem: 1.HispoetryconcerningtheHashimitesisnotmeresentiment.Rather,itdependsondisputeand satisfaction.ShawqiDayfsaid:Thus,alKumayt'spoetrydoesnotexpressonlyfeelings.Rather,it alsoexpressesthoughts.Moreover,itexpressestheabilityoftheArabreasontodisputeandto convince.[14]Perhaps,itexpressesthoughtsmorethanitexpressessentiments.[15]Theseare twolinesofhiswonderfulpoems.Theyrepresentthistrend: Theysaid: Wehaveinheritedit(thecaliphate)fromfatherandmother. Neithermothernorfatherhadgivenittothembywill. Theythinkfoolishlytheyhaveobligatoryrightonthepeople. However,therightoftheHashimitesismoreobligatory.[16] WiththesetwolinesalKumaytcondemnedthepersonswhousurpedillegallythecaliphate.For theysingledoutarightforthemandimposedtherightonthepeople.Theyclaimedthatthey

belongedtoQuraysh,thefamilyoftheProphet,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily.So,they seizedthecaliphate.However,thefamilyoftheProphet,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily, satisfiedperfectlythiscondition.Fortheywerethenearestpeopletohim.Afterthesetwolines, alKumaytpraisedthegreatProphet,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily.Thenhementionedthe rightofthemembersoftheHouse(ahlalBayt),peacebeonthem,tothecaliphate.Hesaid: They(theUmayyads)said: He(theProphet)isnotinherited. Wereitforhissuccessors,Bakil,Arhab,Akk,Lakhm,alSikun, Himyar,Kinda,alHayyan,andTaghlubwouldequallytakepartinit(thecaliphate).[17] Withthesetwolines,alKumaytwantedtorefutetheUmayyads,whosaidthatnoonewould inherittheProphet,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily.TheExplainerofthepoemscalledal Hashimiyatsaid:Ifthiswastrue,theabovementionedtribeswouldequallytakepartinthe caliphate.Thus,thecaliphatewouldnotbeconfinedtoQuraysh.Thisislogicalthinking.Through theseproofs,alKumaytbecameajurist.Hecomposedhispoetryastheknowledgeablejuristdid. Forhewasknowledgeableindiscussingandprovingtheproblems,asDr.YousifKhulayfsaid.[18] 2.AlKumaytquotedsomeversesfromtheKoranwhenhepraisedtheHashimites.Addressingthe Hashimites,hesaid: WehavefoundaverseconcerningyouintheversesbeginningwithHaM~~m. Thepiousandthenonpiousfromushaveexplainedit. InotherthantheversesbeginningwithHaM~~m,therearesuccessiveversesconcerningyou. Theyareassignposts(ofknowledge)forthepossessoroftiringdoubt.[19] Inthefirstline,alKumaytmeanttheseWordsofAllah,theExalted:SayIdemandnot,ofyouany rewardforit(thetoilsofpreaching),excepttheloveofmyrelations.[20] Inthesecondline,hemeanttheseWordsofAllah,theMostHigh:PeopleoftheHouse,surely, Allahintendstokeepofffromyoueverykindofuncleanliness,andtopurifywithathorough purification.[21]Andgivetothenearofkinhisdue.[22]Andknowthatwhateverthingyou acquireinwar,afifthofitisforAllahandfortheApostleandforthenearofkin.[23] AlKumaytconfirmedtheoutstandingmeritsofhismasters,theHashimites,withversesfromthe HolyKoran.Forfalsehoodshallnotcometoitfrombeforeitnorfrombehindit. 3.AlKumayt'spoetryonpraisingthemembersoftheHouse(ahlalBayt),peacebeonthem,is truthfulinlanguage,andstronginsentiment.Itisfreefromworldlypleasures.Itisfullofpureof purefaith.AlKumaytcomposedsuchkindofpoetrytoseekAllah'spleasureandthehereafter. Thefollowingwordsofhisprovethat: (Iamdelightedat)thewhitegroup(theHashimites).ThroughtheloveforthemIseeknearness toAllah. AlKumayt'sloveforthemembersoftheHouse(ahlalBayt)wassincere.Forhefoundnoother meanstoseeknearnesstoAllahexceptthesincereloveforthem. 4.AlKumaytcomposedpoetryontheHashimites.Inthispoetry,hedidnotdependonthe laudabledeedsandtheoutstandingmeritsheheard.Rather,hedependedonhisown observations.Forhewascontemporarywiththem.So,herecognizedtheiridealsthatspread

throughouttheworld.Thus,headoredthem.Hewaslikethosewhoadoredandadmiredvirtue. AlKumayt'spoetrywasalivepicture.ItshowedtherealstateofthemembersoftheHouse(ahl alBayt),peacebeonthem.ForAllahKeptofffromthemeverykindofuncleanliness,and purifiedthemwithathoroughpurification.Thesearesomecharacteristicsofthepoetry.Asforits techniques,theyrequireelaboration.However,wehavepreferredshortnesstoelaborationin mostofthisresearch. HisfirmDoctrine AlKumaythadfirmfaithinhisdoctrine.Hebasedhisdoctrineonunquestionableideas.So,he wasthepoetoftheShiitedoctrine.HeexpressedtheShiiteideasandfundamentals.The narratorsmentionedthathewasthefirsttosplitopenthedoortothepleasforShiitesinhis poemscalledalHashimiyat.Hewastheirtongue.Hedefendedthem.Heofferedpleasonbehalf ofthem.HispoemscalledalHashimiyatpicturedtheculturalandtheideologicalsidesofthe Shiitedoctrine.TheyencompassedclearlytheaffairsoftheImamate,whichwasregardedas amongthebasicelementsintheShiitedoctrine. AlKumaytandImamalBaqir AlKumaytdevotedhimselftoImamAbuJafar,peacebeonhim.So,hewashisspecialpoet.He recitedtohimsomeofhispoemscalledalHashimiyat,whichhewroteaboutthemembersofthe House(ahlalBayt),peacebeonthem.TheyimpressedtheImam,peacebeonhim.So,theImam thankedhimforthat.HeaskedAllahtoforgivealKumaytandtobepleasedwithhim. AlKumaytthoughttherewasnooneworthofobedienceandrespectexcepthismaster,Imam AbuJafar,peacebeonhim.Hecametohimandsaid: Therepassedawaythoseinwhoseprotection(thepeople)lived. Noonehasremainedexceptthegloating(overother'smisfortune)andtheenvious. Onlyone(person)hasremainedintheearth.Itishewhoiswanted. Itisyouwhoisthatone(person).[24] HislongingforseeingtheImam. AlKumaytlivedinKufa.HelongedverymuchforseeingtheImam.So,hetraveledtoMedina (Yathrib).WhenhestoodbeforetheImam,herecitedtohimhispoem.Inhispoem,alKumayt describedhislongingforhim.Inithesaid: Longingforyouhasaffectedme. So,Icoveredmanyplacestoseeyou.

OYouwhoarethebestone, toyouismyobedienceandhumbleness. Youaremyhope. Thus,thepersonstrivestocometohishope. YouarethefollowersofAllah. Youhavepicturesinmyeyesandinmyears. Youorder(peopletodogooddeeds)andforbid (themfromdoingevildeeds). YouarenottiredofaskingAllahforgood. Yourespondtotheonewhoasksyou.[25] TheselinesshowhisgreatobediencetotheImamandhislongingforhim. AlKumaytelegizedalHusayn AlKumaytwasbornintheyearwhenImamHusayn,thefatherofthefree,peacebeonhim,was killed.Whenhegrewupandunderstoodlife,heknewthatthefearsofthatimmortaltragedy perplexedthepeople.Thus,theyrecalledintheirassembliestheburdensomemisfortunesof ImamHusayn,peacebeonhim.So,thosedisastersmovedthefeelingsandsentimentsofal Kumayt.Theyfilledhissoulwithstormypains.HissoulmeltedforImamHusayn.Thus,heelegized himwithmanypoems.ThenarratorssaidthathecomposedapoemtobewailalHusayn.Thenhe wenttoImamAbuJafartoreciteitbeforehim.Whenhecametohim,hesaidtohim: OSonoftheApostleofAllah,Ihavewrittensomelinesofpoetryaboutyou.Doyoupermitmeto recitethem? Thesearethewhitedays.[26]Recitingpoetryduringthemisabominable,repliedImamAbu Jafar. Theyareespeciallyonyou,explainedalKumayt. Recitewhatyouhave,saidtheImam. Thus,alKumaytrecited: Thetimemademesmile,anditmademeweep. Thetimehaschanges. Nine(persons)werebetrayedinKarbala'. WhentheImamheardthiselegizingabouthisgrandfather,heburstintotears.Hisson,Imam JafaralSadiq,peacebeonhim,andtheAlidwomenburstintotearstoo. AlKumaytwentonreciting,saying: Six(persons)withwhomnoonecompeted. TheyarethesonsofAq~l,thebestofknights, andAli,theirgoodlord. ImamAbuJafar,peacebeonhim,wentonweeping.ThenhetoldalKumaytabouttheabundant rewardAllahhadpreparedforthosewhomentionedthemembersoftheHouse(ahlalBayt),

peacebeonthem,andhadmercyonthem. ThenalKumaytwenton: Whowasdelightedatwhatafflictedyou? Orwhowasgloatingoveritoneday? Afterthatglory,youhavebecomelowly. Then,Icannotrepeloppressionwhenitcoversme. So,theImam,peacebeonhim,tookalKumaytbythehandandinvokedAllahforhim,saying: OAllah,forgivealKumaythispastandpresentsins! Finally,alKumaytasked: WhenwilltheTruthriseamongyou? WhenwillyourMahdi,thesecond,rise? So,theImamturnedtohim.HetoldhimaboutImamalMahdi,mayAllahquickenhisappearance. Hesaid:HeistheawaitedImam.Hewillfilltheearthwithjusticeandfairnessasitwasfilledwith oppressionandtyranny.Whenwillheappear?askedalKumayt.TheImam,peacebeonhim, replied:Allah'sApostle,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,wasaskedaboutthat.So,he answered:HeisliketheHour(ofResurrection),whichwillunexpectedlycometoyou.'[27] APoemofhisPoemscalledalHashimiyat AlKumaytrecitedoneofhispoemscalledalHashimiyatbeforeImamAbuJafar,peacebeon him.ItisthemostwonderfulofArabpoetry.Itclearlydescribeshispersonalimpressionsofthe membersoftheHouse(ahlalBayt),peacebeonthem.Forheobservedtheirnobledeedsand ideals.Inthispoemhesaid: Myheartdoesnotyearnforyouth,nordoesityearnfornightdreamsnordoesitlongfor beautifulwomenwhosecheeksareaswhiteasthewhiteantelope. However,myhiddenandmanifestloveisforthe Hashimites, whoarethebestofallpeople,whoareneartogenerosity, whoarefarfromoppression, whoarerightwhenthepeoplearewrong, whohasestablishedtherulesofIslam, whoarethesufficientdefenderswhenthewarbreaksout, whoaretherainwhendroughthitsthepeople, whoaretheshelterfortheorphans'mothers, whoarethesufficientleadersinallconditions, whoarethedoctorsofthedoubters, whoareabletotakevengeance. Theyarelikethecamelsthatcarrywaterforthepeople. Theyareliketheseasthatquenchthirst.

Theyaregood,righteous,truthful,andliberal. Theirfacesarebight.Theirgrandfathersaregenerous. Theirlineageisclear. Theyareknowledgeablechiefs. Theirhonorisshining. Theyarenoblechiefs. Theyareclement.Theyarejustinbehavior.Theyskillfulinthecriticalaffairs. Theyarethebestofallthepeopleinspeechandbravery. Inthebeginningofhispoem,alKumaytmentionedthatheloved,andthatlovecontrolledhis feelingsandsentiments.Forwhomisthisstronglove?Surely,itisnotforthebeautifulwomen, whocharmthepeoplewiththeirbeauty.Ratheritisforthosewhoarethebestofallpeoplein importanceandthehighestoftheminposition.ItisfortheHashimites,inwhomalltheelements ofhonorandglorycametogether.Theywerethebestofallpeopleintalentsandcleverness.Al Kumaytconfinedhisobedienceandlovetothem.Hedidnotdependonfeelingsandsentiments whenhelovedhismasters,theHashimites.Rather,hefoundthemawonderfulexample,ofwhich noonehadinthehistoryofmankind.Hesaw,observed,andfelttheoutstandingmeritsthat promotedthemtothehighestheight,namelytheheightofthinkingandleadershipinIslam. AlKumaytadoredhismasters,forheobservedthefollowingoutstandingmerits: 1.Theywerethesourcesofgenerosityandliberality.Theygavegenerouslyallwhattheyhadto refreshthedeprivedandtosavethepoor. 2.Theywerethesourceofjustice.Theydidnotprefercloserelativestocommonpeople.Rather, thepeoplewereequalwiththem.Theydidnotknowpatronageandtheotherconsiderations, whichpeopleputintoeffectoutoftheirsentimentsanddesires. 3.Theywerethebravestofallcreatures.Frightdidnotpassthroughtheirsouls.Theytookpartin manybattles.Theyshowedextremecourage,ofwhichnoonesawthroughouthistory.For example,ImamAli,theCommanderoftheFaithful,peacebeonhim,isknownforhisbravery. ImamHusayn,peacebeonhim,showeduniquecourageattheBattleofAshura.Allthe membersoftheProphet'sfamilyhadsuchanoutstandingmerit.Theyhadcourage,ofwhichno oneofthepeoplehad. 4.Theyweretheshelteroftheorphansandthedeprivedpeoplewhendroughthitthem.The peoplefoundnoonetohavemercyonthemexceptthemembersoftheHouse(ahlalBayt), peacebeonthem. 5.Theywerethecustodiansovertheaffairsofthepeople.Inotherwords,thepeopleconsulted themwhentheyfacedwithdifficultaffairs.Theyalsoresortedtothemwhencrisesandevents struckthem.TherewasnoonewhocouldsolvesuchdifficultiesexceptthemembersoftheHouse (ahlalBayt),peacebeonthem.Theyhadexcellentreasonandcorrectopinions.So,theywere abletosolvethedifficultiesandcrisesofthepeople. 6.Theywerewiseandskillfulincuringpsychologicaldiseases.Thus,theycouldremovedthe germsofdeviationfromthetruth.Theystudiedtheessenceofman.So,theyknewwhyhe inclinedtogreediness,caprice,anddeviationfromthetruth.Thentheygavehimexcellent

directionstocurehispsychologicaldiseases.Youfindintheirwordswonderfulmaximsand preaching.Theysaidthemtoreformandeducatethepeople. 7.Theywerethenoblechiefs,whocreatedwisdomtoenlightenpeople.Thus,thethirsty(for wisdom)resortedtothem.Thosewhowantedlifedependedontheirgenerosityandliberality. 8.Theyweretheseasthatquenchedthethirstofthosewhowereabouttoperish.Theywerethe sourceofhappinessandgoodforman. 9.Theywerethebestofallpeopleingoodness,truthfulness,generosity,handsomeness,noble grandfathers,importance,andlineage. 10.Theyweremoreimportantthanthepeople,morejustthanthem,andmoreskillfulthanthem inthecriticalaffairs. 11.Throughouthistory,theyexceededthepeopleintruthfultalk,genuinethinking,andfruitful ideas. Aftertheselines,alKumaytwentonmentioningthelaudableandtheoutstandingmeritsofhis masters,theHashimites,whomheadored.Hesaid: (Theyare)beneficiary,givers,feederswithoutmiserliness. (Theyare)helpers,veryobliging,veryforgiving,clementtowardthearmythatdevoursallthings. Theyareabletotakevengeanceandleaveit, eveniftheyareangeredwithuglywords. Theyuntietheirgarmentsonthedayofdisturbance. TheyaregenerousAbtahis.Theyareasmanifestasthestars. TheyareGhalibisHashimites.TheyhaveknowledgefromtheAllKnowing(Allah). Theyarehonestintheirpositions.Thus,theyraisetheirheadshigh. Whenwarburns,andtheknightwalkstowardtheknight, theyarethelionsinwar. Theyarethelionsofwar,therainofdrought,cheerful,andeloquent. Theyarenotprattlingintheassemblynoraretheysilentoutofconfutation. Theyarechiefs.Theydefendthewomenwhenthebattleislikethebattles(ofArabs). Theyhavethesenseofhonor.Theyarecourageousatthebattle. Theyarenotunarmedinthebattlesnoraretheysluggish. Theyputintoeffectthemostreliableaffairoutoftheirpiety. Theywerethefirsttorespondtothemessage(oftheProphet). Theyperformthepilgrimage(toMecca). Intheselines,alKumaytpresentedtheidealqualitiesofthemembersoftheHouse(ahlalBayt), peacebeonthem.Theyareasfollows: 1.Theyearnedmoney.Theygenerouslygavethismoney.Theywantedneitherrewardneither thankfulness. 2.Whentheywerewronged,theywereabletotakevengeance.However,theyleftvengeance. FortheypreferredwhatAllahhastovengeance.Theuglywordsoftheirenemiesdidnotanger them. 3.Theywerefullofclemency.So,theywerepatienttowardeverydisturbance.

4.TheywerethechiefsofQuraysh.Theyweregenerous.So,theywerelikethestarsorthe signpostswhichthestrayingfollow. 5.TheybelongedtoGhalibb.Fihr,thelordoftheArabs.So,theybelongedtoHashim.Theygot knowledge,ofwhichnoonegot.Allah,theMostHigh,endowedthemwiththatknowledge. 6.Theywerehonestintheirpositions.Theywerefreefromsins,mistakes,anddefects.So,they raisedtheirhead. 7.Theyshowedextremecouragewhenthebattlestarted.So,theyreceiveddeathwithsmiling lips. 8.Theywerenottalkativeintheassemblies.Theytalkedwhentherewasanecessitytotalk.They keptsilentwhensilencewasnecessary,namelywithoutconfutation. 9.TheyprotectedtheirfamiliesfromoppressionduringthemostcriticalbattlesoftheArabs. 10.Theywereboldduringthebattles.Theywerethelionsofthebattles.Theylightedthefireof thebattles.Theythrewthemselvesintoit.Theywereneitherarmlessnorweretheyslowinthe battles.Rather,theyweresignposts,leaders,andchiefs. 11.Finally,alKumaytgaveaperfectpictureofthecharacterofthemembersoftheHouse(ahlal Bayt),peacebeonthem.Hementionedthattheydependedonthemostreliableaffairs,andthat theyrefrainedfromdoubts.Fortheywereverypious.Thenhementionedthattheywerethefirst torespondtothetruemessage,whichthegreatProphet,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily, announced.ForImamAli,theCommanderoftheFaithful,peacebeonhim,wasthefirstto believeinIslam.HewasthefirsttodefendtheProphet,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,and hismessage. AfterpraisingtheAlids,alKumaytsatirizedtheirenemies,theUmayyads.Hesaid: They(theAlids)areleaders.However,theyarenotlikethosewhotreatpeopleastheytreatthe animals. TheyarenotlikeAbdalMalik,alWal~d,Sulayman,andHisham,whoseopinionstowardstheir subjectsarelikethoseoftheshepherdtowardtheirsheepinthedarkness. Thus,whenthey(thecaliphs)die,theirreputationdies,too. Whentheylive,theydonottreatpeoplewithjustice. ThisisthestrongestandthemosttruthfulsatireoftheUmayyads.Intheselines,alKumayt unveiledtheUmayyadpoliticians,whoregardedthepeopleassheep.Theydidnotbelieveinthe rightsofthepeople.Rathertheyexposedthemtopainfultortures.ThenalKumaytmentioned thattheUmayyadkingswouldhavenoreputation.Fortheyviolatedalltherightsofthepeople. Theydidnotestablishjustice.Thus,thepeoplewouldnotmentionthemwithgood.Rather,they wouldmentiontheiroppression,tyranny,andseverepunishments. ThenalKumaytwentonpraisingtheHashimites,saying: Theyareneartoeverygoodness.Theyfarfromeverydefect. Theyarethemostmercifulofallthepeople.Theyarethemostclementofthem. Theyhavelentahelpinghandtopeople.Theyhaveheldbackthehandof oppressionandignorancefromthem. Theyhaveputintoeffectmoderation,andgoneonit.

Nobledeedsandancientlineagebelongtothem. Theyarethefamilyoftheonewithtruthfultalk,AbualQasim,thebranchofthenoblechiefs. TheselinespicturethehighidealsofthemembersoftheHouse(ahlalBayt),peacebeonthem. Fortheywereneartoeverygoodnessandfarfromeveryuglydeed.Theyfulfilledallpromises. Theyhadmercyonthepeople.Theywerethemostclementofallthepeople.Theseoutstanding qualitiesandothershavemadepeopleinclinetothem,adorethem,andadmirethem. Inhiswonderfulpoem,alKumaytwentonpraisingthegreatProphet,mayAllahblesshimandhis family,saying: Hewasthemostperfecthumanbeingfromhisbirthtillhisdeath. Hebelongedtothenoblestlineage. HeimmigratedfromMeccatoMedina(Yathrib),andresidedthere. Thedelusionsoftheworlddidnotdeceivehim. HeguidedustoParadise,sohesavedusfromtheFire. Throughhim,Allahremovedignorancefrompeople. AfterpraisingtheProphet,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,alKumaytpraisedthegreatmartyr, JafaralTayyar,thecousinoftheProphet,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily.Healsopraisedthe immortalmartyr,Hamza,theuncleoftheProphet,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,saying: Theonewhoisadornedbytwowings(i.e,Jafar),andthesonofHala(i.e,Hamza),thelionof Allah,thebravedefender,arefromthem(theHashimites). Thereisnocousinlikethisnoristhereanunclelikethis,whoisthelordofuncles. ThenalKumaytpraisedthelordofthetrustees,thegateofthecityoftheknowledgeofthe Prophet,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,ImamAli,theCommanderoftheFaithful,peacebe onhim,saying: AlTajwabi(i.e.,AbdalRahmanb.Muljim)ruinedthethroneofthecommunity through(murdering)thetrustee(i.e.,ImamAli). He(ImamAli)waschaste,glorious,good,andskillfulinsolvingtheaffairs. Hewasthetrustee(ofauthority),theruler,andtheknight. Hesometimesfoughtagainstthepolytheists,andsometimeswiththeKharijites. ThenalKumaytmentionedImamHusayn,thelordofmartyrs,andtheplantofsweetbasilof Allah'sApostle,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily.Hesaid: Thetrusteeofthetrustee,theownerofthesoundplan,whoruinedtheenemiesonthedayofthe enmity. ThenalKumaytmentionedthetragedyofImamHusayn,peacebeonhim.Forthattragedyhas saddenedthesouls.Hesaid: ManylowpeoplekilledhimatalTaf(aplacenearKufa). WhenImamAbuJafarheardthisline,heburstintotears.ThenhesaidtoalKumayt,asAllah's Apostle,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,saidtoHassan:TheHolySpiritsupportsyouaslong asyoudefend,themembersoftheHouse(ahlalBayt).[28] ThenalKumaytmentionedAbualFadlalAbbas,thesonoftheCommanderoftheFaithful, peacebeonhim.Forhesacrificedhissoulforhisbrother,ImamHusayn,thelordofthefree,

peacebeonhim.Hesaid: AndAbualFadl,indeed,theirprettyremembrance,isthecureofselvesfromillnesses.[29] Finally,alKumaytsaid: Allahhasmadepuremylove(fortheHashimites). WhenalKumaythadfinishedrecitinghiswonderfulpoem,ImamAbuJafarturnedtothe directionoftheKaaba.HeinvokedAllahforalKumayt,saying: OAllah,havemercyonalKumayt,andforgivehim(hissins). TheImamrepeatedthissupplicationthreetimes.ThenhesaidtoalKumayt:OKumayt,takethis onehundredthousand(dirhams).Ihavecollecteditfromhousehold.However,alKumayt refusedtoacceptthemoney.HesaidthathewantedarewardfromAllah,theExalted.Thenhe askedtheImam,peacebeonhim,forashirt.So,theImamgavehimashirt.[30] AlKumaytsawofftheImam.ThenhewenttoAbdAllahb.alHasan.Herecitedtohimhis wonderfulpoem.So,AbdAllahadmiredthepoem,andthenhesaidtoalKumayt:OAbual Mustahal,Ihaveacountryestate.Ihavebeengivenfourthousanddinarsforit.Thisisthe contractofit.Iaskedsomewitnessestotestifytothat. ThenAbdAllahgavethecontracttoalKumayt.However,thelatterrefusedtoacceptit,saying: Maymyfatherandmotherberansomforyou,Ihadcomposedpoetryconcerningotherthan you.Ihadwantedtheworldforit.ByAllah,whatIhavesaidregardingyouisforthesakeofAllah. So,IwilltakeneithermoneynorrewardsforwhatIdoforAllah. ThenAbdAllahinsistedonthat.So,alKumayttookthecontractandwentaway.Somedays passed.ThenhecametoAbdAllahandsaidtohim: Ihaveaneed. Whatisit?Iwillfulfillallyourneeds. Everyneed? Yes. Acceptthiscontract.Andreturnthecountryestate. AlKumaytgaveAbdAllahthecontract.So,thelatteracceptedit.ThenAbdAllahb.Muawiyab. AbdAllahb.Jafarrose.Hetookabagandgaveittofourofhisretainers.Heenteredthehouses oftheHashimites,saying: OHashimites,thisisalKumayt.Hesayspoetryaboutyouwhilethepeoplehavekeptsilent towardsyouroutstandingmerits.HehasexposedhisbloodtotheUmayyads.Thenrewardhim forthat. Thus,theAlidsputdirhamsanddinarsintothebag.Moreover,theAlidladiestookofftheir ornamentsandputthemintothebag.So,AbdAllahcollectedonehundredthousanddirhams. ThenhebroughtittoalKumaytandsaidtohim: OAbualMustahal,wehavebroughtyouasmallreward.Weareinthestateofourenemy.We havecollectedthissumofmoney.Theornamentsofthewomenarewithit.Makeuseofitagainst yourtime. However,alKumaytrefusedtoacceptthemoney,saying: Maymyfatherandmotherberansomforyou.WhenIpraiseyou,IwantnothingexceptAllah

andHisApostle.Iwilltakenorewardfromtheworld.Returnthemoneytoitspeople. AbdAllahsparednothingtoconvincealKumayttoacceptthemoney.However,thelatterrefused toacceptit.[31] HisPoemcalledalLamiya AlKumaytrecitedbeforeImamAbuJafar,peacebeonhim,hispoemcalledalLamiya.Thispoem movedthefeelingsandsentimentsoftheImam.For,inthispoem,alKumaytmentionedthe painfulpoliticaleventsatthattime.Healsomentionedthepersecutionsfromwhichthemembers oftheHouse(ahlalBayt),peacebeonthem,suffered.Inthebeginningofthepoem,hesaid: Doestheonewhocommitssins,followshiscaprice,paysnoattentiontowisdom,consider carefullythefinalresults?Doestheonewhoseheartevilandmistreatmentcontrolunderstand thetruth? Doesthecommunitywakeforitsownaffair,risefromitslullandslumber,soittakesoffthe garmentoflazinessandcowardice,andremovestheoppressionandtyrannythathavebefallen it? Thesilence(ofthepeople)towardsoppressionhasbecomelong.Ifthisoppressionwaschanged, theirsilencewouldbebetterforthem. Intheselines,alKumaytsummonedtheMoslemstoendtheirsilence.Hewarnedthemfromlull andlaziness.ThenheencouragedthemtorevoltagainsttheUmayyads,whopersecutedthe people. Inthiswonderfulpoem,alKumaytsaid: The(religious)preceptshavebeencanceled. Itseamsthatwefollowareligionotherthanourreligion. Ourwordsarethoseoftheleadingprophets. However,ourdeedsarethoseofthepeople wholivedbeforeIslam. Wearesatisfiedwiththeworld, fromwhichwedonotwanttoseparateoursouls. Yet,init,wedieandarekilled. Weclingtoit.Itislikeashieldofwhichweareafraid. Inthefirstline,alKumaytmentionedthattheUmayyadsstoppedthereligiouspreceptsandthe Islamicfundamentals.Thus,itseemedthattheMoslemsfollowedareligionotherthanthe religionofIslam. Inthesecondline,hedispraisedtheUmayyadrulers.Fortheirwordswereoftherighteous.Still, theirdeedswerecontrarytotheirwords.Rather,theirdeedswereofthepeoplewholivedbefore Islam. Inthelasttwolines,heascribedthatstateoftheMoslemstotheirlovefortheworld.So,theydid notrevoltagainsttheUmayyadgovernment.ThenalKumaytsaid:

Thepeopleareneglected.Theyarelikethecamelsthatgrazewithoutadriver. OPoliticians,answerwhatweaskyouabout.Bymylife,thereareeloquentonesamongyou. AreyouthepeopleoftheBook?Doyourulethepeopleaccordingtoit? Inthefirstline,alKumaytsaidthattheUmayyadsneglectedtheaffairsofthepeople.So,the peoplebecameliketheneglectedcamels,whichhadnodrivertotakecareofthem.Inthelast twolines,heaskedthosepoliticiansiftheywerethepeopleoftheBook,andiftheyruledthe peopleaccordingtoit.Iftheywereso,thenwhydidtheydeviatefromthereligion?Whydidthey neglectitsteachings?ThenalKumaytwentonaskingtheUmayyadsaboutthatnegligence.He ascribedoppressionandtyrannytothem.Henumberedtheirbadqualities.Thenhesummoned theMoslemstorevoltagainstthem.ThenhementionedImamHusayn,thefatherofthefree, peacebeonhim,saying: TheirswordsselectedalHusaynandhiscompanions,astheonewhoselectedplants. TheirhorseswerecoveredwithbloodfromthefamilyofMohammed. TheProphetofAllahwasabsentfromamongthem.Hisabsencewasamisfortunethatbefell people. AlKumayt'swordsandsentimentsweretruthfulwhenheelegizedalHusayn,peacebeonhim. HislinesmovedImamAbuJafar,peacebeonhim,verymuch.ThenalKumaytsaid: Thefightershithim(alHusayn)throughthebowofotherthanthem. Thefirst(Hisham)gaveerrortothelast. Inthisline,alKumaytsaidthatthemembersoftheHouse(ahlalBayt),peacebeonthem,were liabletomanydisasters.Thepreviouspeoplewereresponsibleforsuchdisasters.Fortheyhelped theUmayyadsseizetheauthorityandruleovertheMoslems.WhenImamAbuJafarheardthis line,hewasfullofsadness.So,heraisedhishandstowardsthesky.ThenheinvokedAllahforal Kumayt,saying:OAllah,forgivealKumayt.[32] Withthis,wewillendourtalkaboutalKumayt'spoemcalledLamiya.Inthispoemitwas mentionedthatheelegizedImamAbuJafar,peacebeonhim.Inithesaid: IwilldiefortheTruth,asAbuJafardied. Surely,alKumaytcomposedthislineafterthedeathofAbuJafar,peacebeonhim.Thentheline hasbeenaddedtohispoemcalledalLamiya. HisPoemcalledalAyniya ThefollowingisanotherwonderfulpoemofhispoemscalledalHashimiyats.AlKumaytcameto ImamAbuJafar,peacebeonhim,torecitethispoembeforehim.Hesaidtohim:Ihavewritten poetry.IfIrevealit,Iwillbekilled.Ifconcealit,IamafraidofAllah,theMostHigh.Thenhe recitedfortheImam,peacebeonhim,thiswonderfulpoem: Sleeplessnesshasdismissedsleepfromyoureye. Andacarebringstearsfromit. Thecarehascontrolledtheheart.Itmovestheillnessandsadness(intheheart),whichhasbeen

preventedfromhappiness. ThatisforthemissingofthechiefsfromQuraysh. Intheselines,alKumaytdescribedhiscontinuouscares.Fortheymadehimsleepless.Theymade himknownothingexceptsadnessandsorrow.Forhealwaysthoughtaboutthedisastersand misfortunesthatbefellhisAlidmasters.Thosedisastersandmisfortunesburnthisheart.They filledhimwithsorrowandsadness. InhispoemcalledalAyniya,alKumaytdescribedhismaster,ImamAli,theCommanderofthe Faithful,peacebeonhim.Hesaid: WiththeMostMerciful(Allah),he(theProphet)disclosesalMathani(SuratalFatiha). AbuHasan(ImamAli)wasachosenoneforhim. Hiscousinwhodegradedhisowncaprice. HehastenedtopleasehisCreator. TheProphetchosehim,irrespectiveofthosewhorefusedtomentionhisoutstandingmerits. HeannouncedhisauthorityonthedayofGhadirKhum. However,themenpledgedallegiancetoeachother. Theyforgothisrightandwrongedhim. Intheselines,alKumaytmentionedImamAli,thecommanderofthefaithful,peacebeonhim. HementionedthattheImam,peacebeonhim,supportedtheProphet,mayAllahblesshimand hisfamily,whenheannouncedhisbrightmessage.TheImamprotectedhimfromtheoppressive aggressors.FromthathewantednothingexceptAllah'spleasureandthehereafter.TheImam, peacebeonhim,hadoutstandingspiritualabilities.So,theProphet,mayAllahblesshimandhis family,chosehim.Hemadehimhishelperandthesuccessorafterhim.Heannouncedthatinthe generalmeetingheheldatGhadirKhum.HeannouncedhisImamateandhissuccession(to authority)afterhim.Inthisconnection,theProphet,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,said: WhoeverIamthemasterof,thisman,Aliishismaster.OAllah,befriendwhoeverbefriends,be hostiletowhoeveropposeshim,supportwhoeversupportshimanddesertwhoeverdeserts him.[33]Thus,AllahandHisApostlepledgedallegiancetoImamAli,theCommanderofthe Faithful,andthefirstleaderoftheIslamicMessage.However,thepeoplepaidnoattentiontothis homage.TheyignoredtheirpledgeofallegiancetotheImamandforgothishighrank.So,they heldameetingundertheshelter(saqifa).Historybookshavementionedindetailthisevent. ThenalKumaytwentonrecitinghiswonderfulpoem,saying: Evenyouareafraidoftheswordandthewhip,saytotheUmayyadswherevertheyare: FieonthetimewhenIamcowardlyandobedienttoyou. MayAllahmakehungryhimwhomyouhavesatisfied. MayHemakefullhimwhomyouhavemadehungrythroughyourtyranny.[34] Intheselines,alKumaytmentionedtheUmayyads.HeinvokedAllahagainsttheirhirelings.He askedAllahtostarvethemandtodeprivethemofHismercy.Fortheywerefullofthemoneyand giftsoftheUmayyds.MeanwhileheinvokedAllahforthosewhomtheUmayyadswronged.He askedHimtoenrichthemandtomakethemleadahappylife.ThenalKumaytmentionedthe Hashimites.Hesaidthattheyweretheleadersofthecommunity.So,theywouldletthe

communityliveincomfort. Thehistorianssaid:WhenImamAbuJafar,peacebeonhim,heardthispoem,headmiredit. Thenhesaid:OAllah,besufficienttoalKumayt.' TheImamrepeatedthissupplicationthreetimes.So,AllahsavedalKumaytfromtheprisonofthe Umayyads.[35] HisfirmStruggle AlKumaytstruggledfirmlyforhisbeliefsandfundamentals.Inthemostcriticalcircumstances,he proclaimedthelaudabledeedsandoutstandingmeritsofthemembersoftheHouse(ahlalBayt), peacebeonthem.Hesummonedthepeopletosupportthem.Inthemeantimehesummoned themtorevoltagainstthetyrannicalUmayyads.Heplayedanimportantroleinshakingand overthrowingtheUmayyadentity.Thefollowingissomeofhiseffortsinthisconnection: 1.HispraisingahlalBayt AlKumaytpraisedthemembersoftheHouse(ahlalBayt),peacebeonthem,verymuch.He numberedtheirnobledeedsandtheiroutstandingqualitiesinhispoemscalledalHashimyat, whicharethemostvaluablemasterpiecesinArabliterature.Worthmentioning,hispoemsplayed aneffectiveroleinenlighteningtheMoslems.ThemadethemdetesttheUmayyads. AlKumaytpraisedthemembersoftheHouse(ahlalBayt),peacebeonthem.However,the Umayydsofficiallypreventedthepeoplefrompraisingthem.Rather,theyforcedthepeopleto cursethemonthepulpits.Theyorderedtheteacherstomaketheirpupilsdetestthem.They formedcommitteestomaketraditionstodefamethem.Moreover,theypunishedseverelythose whomentionedtheirlaudabledeeds.So,alKumaytendangeredhimselfwhenhepraisedthe membersoftheHouse(ahlalBayt),peacebeonthem.Forheresistedthedesiresofthe authority.Besides,heopposeditspolicies. 2.HisdispraisingtheUmayyds AlKumaytplayedadangerousroleinopposingtheUmayyds.Forhedispraisedtheirkings.He numberedtheirbaddeeds.Inhispoetry,hepicturedthemastheworstcreatures.Thepeople memorizedwhathecomposedaboutthem.So,theyturnedawayfromtheUmayyads.Theywere indignantwiththem.Thus,hisdispraisewasamongthefactorsthatoverthrewtheUmayyd government.Amonghiswordsonthemare: Evenyouareafraidoftheswordandthewhip,saytotheUmayyadswherevertheyare: FieonthetimewhenIamcowardlyandobedienttoyou.

MayAllahmakehungryhimwhomyouhavesatisfied. MayHemakefullhimwhomyouhavemadehungrythroughyourtyranny. HerecitedtheselinesbeforeImamAbuJafar,peacebeonhim.So,theImamaskedAllahto forgivealKumaytandtobepleasedwithhim.[36]AlKumaytalsodispraisedHishamb.Abdal Malik.Hesaid: Ourwordsarethoseoftheleadingprophets. However,ourdeedsarethoseofthepeople wholivedbeforeIslam.[37] AlKumaytalsodispraisedthesupportersandthehirelingsoftheUmayyads.Forexample,he dispraisedalHak~mb.AyyashalKalbi.HepridedhimselfofdispraisingtheUmayyads. So,hissonalMustahalhastenedtohimandblamedhimforboastingoftheUmayyads,saying: Father,youdispraisedanddefamedalKalbi.ThenyouboastedoftheUmayyads.Yetyouhave regardedthemasunbelievers.WouldyouboastofAliandtheHashimites,whomyoufollow? So,alKumaytreplied: Mylittleson,alKalbihasdevotedhimselftotheUmayyads,theenemiesofAli.IfImentioned Ali,alKalbiwouldleavementioningmyname,andhewoulddispraisehim.Thus,Iwouldexpose Alitodispraise. Thus,alKalbirefrainedfromansweringalKumayt.However,heletsorrowandsadnesshurt him.[38] 3.HismovingTribalismbetweentheYemenisandtheNazaris AlKumaytplayedadangerousroleindestroyingtheUmayyadstate.Hesparednoefforttostirup discordbetweentheYemenisandtheNazaris,themostimportantoftheArabtribesinnumber andinfluenceandsupportingtheUmayyadgovernment.Inhispoems,alKumaytdispraisedthe Yemenis.Henumberedtheirdefects.AlMasudireportedthereasonalKumaytdispraisedthe Yemenis.HesaidthatalKumaytvisitedAbdAllahb.alHasan.Thelatteraskedtheformerto composepoetrytosowdivisionamongtheArabstooverthrowtheUmayyadstate.So,alKumayt acceptedthat.Thenhecomposedwonderfulpoems.Inthem,heglorifiedtheYemenis,and mentionedtheirlaudabledeeds.MeanwhilehedispraisedtheQahtanis. Hispoetryhadgreateffectsonthehearts.Thus,itmovedmaliceandhatredbetweenthetwo tribes.DibilalKhuzai,thePoetofthemembersoftheHouse(ahlalBayt),peacebeonthem, supportedtheQahtanis.IthinkthattherewasasecretagreementbetweenalKumaytandDibil. FortheywereamongthepoetsofthemembersoftheHouse(ahlalBayt),peacebeonthem. So,eachtribementioneditsownlaudabledeeds.Meanwhiletheydefamedeachother.Thus, enmitytookplacebetweenthem.Thentheenmityincludedthepeopleofthevillagesandthe desert.Accordingly,theirheartswerefullofmaliceandhatred.Discordsoccurredbetweenthe twofamilies.Marwanb.MohammedalJudi,thelastUmayyadking,sidedwiththeNazaris.The YemenisdeviatedfromtheUmayyads.ThentheyjoinedtheAbbasids.WiththattheUmayyad

statecollapsed.[39]AhmedAminsaid:AshorttimeafteralKumayt,theUmayyadstatewas overthrown.[40] HisArrest AlKumaytsatirizedtheYemenis.Hissatirebecamefamous.Thepeopletalkedaboutitintheir assembliesandclubs.Khalidb.AbdAllahalQasri,thegovernorofKufaheardofit.Hesidedwith theYemenis.Hesaid:ByAllah,IwillkillalKumayt.Thehistorianssaid:Khalidb.AbdAllahal Qasriboughtaverybeautifulslavegirl.HemadehermemorizealKumayt'spoemscalledal Hashimiyat.Aftershehadmemorizedthem,hegaveherasagifttoHishamb.AbdalMalik.He wrotetohimaboutalKumayt'sstoriesandsatireagainsttheUmayyads.HesenthimalKumayt's poem,inwhichhesaid: OLord,victoryissoughtthroughYou. OLord,relianceisonYou. Itisalongpoem.InitalKumaytelegizedZaydb.Ali,thegreatmartyr,andhissonalHusaynb. Zayd,theimmortalmartyr.Init,healsopraisedtheHashimites.WhenHishamreceivedthepoem andreadit,hebecameveryangry.HewroteKhalidaletter,inwhichheorderedhimtocutoffal Kumayt'stongueandhand.So,Khalidb.AbdAllahalQasriorderedthepolicetoarrestal Kumayt.Thepolicearrestedhimandimprisonedhim.Heremainedinprisonforsomedays. Duringthemhesufferedfrompersecutions.[41] HisEscapefromPrison AlKumaytremainedinprison.Hewasafraidandworried.Caresandtroublescontrolledhim.He didnotknowthetimeofhisexecution.Thehistorianssaid:AlKumaythadaclosefriendcalled Abanb.alWal~dalAjali.TheUmayyadshadappointedAbangovernoroverWasit.WhenAban heardofalKumayt'snews,hewrotehimaletter.Intheletter,hesaid:Youwillbeexecuted. Sendforyourwife.Putonherclothes,andorderhertostayinprison.'Hegavethelettertohis retainerandorderedhimtogoquicklytoalKumayt.AlKumaytdidthatandescapedfrom prison.[42] AlKumaytreceivedForgiveness TheauthoritiessoughtforalKumayteverywhere,butcouldnotfindhim.Forhehidhimselffrom them.AlKumaytintendedtopraiseHishamandtheUmayyadstosavehimselffromthem.Hehad senthisnephew,Ward,toImamAbuJafar,peacebeonhim,toaskhispermissionbeforehedid that.Thus,theImam,peacebeonhim,permittedhim.ThenWardcamebacktohisuncleand

toldhimabouttheImam'spleasures.[43]So,alKumaytandagroupoftheAsadisheadedfor Damascus.Whentheyarrivedinit,theywenttoagroupofthechiefsofQuraysh.Theytoldthem aboutthematter.Theyacceptedthat,andthentheyexceptalKumaytwenttoUnbisab.Sa~d b.alAs.Theysaidtohim: OAbuKhalid,Allahhasgivenyouthisnobledeed.ThisisalKumaytb.Zayd,thepoetofMadar. TheCommanderoftheFaithful(i.e.,Hisham)orderedhimtobekilled.However,heescaped.He hascometoyouandus. Unbisarespondedtothem.HewenttoMoslimab.Hishamandsaidtohim:OAbuShakir,Ihave broughtyouanobledeedthroughwhichyoureachthepleiades.Whatisit?askedMoslima. Theytoldhimaboutthematter.So,MoslimaprotectedalKumayt.[44]Thatbecamefamous. WhenHishamheardofit,hesummonedhissonMoslimaandaskedhim:Whyhaveyou protectedalKumaytwithoutanorderfromtheCommanderoftheFaithful? Ihavebeenwaitingforthecalmnessofhisanger,repliedMoslima. Bringhimimmediately,Hishamcommanded. Moslimalefttheassemblyofhisfather.HewenttoalKumaytandsaidtohim:OAbual Mustahal,theCommanderoftheFaithfulhascommandedmetobringyoutohim. AbuShakir,doyouwanttosubmitmetohim?askedalKumayt. No,repliedMoslima. Moslimapavedthewaytohissalvation.Hesaidtohim:Muawiyab.Hishamhasrecentlydied. He(Hisham)isverysadforhim.Whenthenightcomes,sitbyhisgrave.Iwillsendyouhis children.Whenhesummonsyou,askthemtotietheirclothestoyourclothes.Askthemtosay: Thismanhassoughtprotectionwiththegraveofourfather.Weareworthyofprotecting him.ThenMoslimaleftalKumaytandwentaway.Whenitgotdark,alKumaytheadedforthe graveandsatbyit.WhenHishamentereduponmorning,hecametothegraveofhisson.Thenhe asked:Whoisthatoverthere?Perhaps,heisaseekerofprotectionwiththegrave,they replied.EveryoneisgivenprotectionexceptalKumayt,Hishamsaid.Itwassaidtohim:Heisal Kumayt.Heorderedhimtobebrought.Hewasbrought.Thechildrenhadtiedtheirclothestohis clothes.WhenHishamlookedatthem,heburstintotears.Thenthechildrensaid:OCommander oftheFaithful,hehassoughtprotectionwiththegraveofourfather.Myfatherhasdied.Forgive alKumaytforhimandus.So,Hishamwept. ThenalKumaytpraisedHishamwithsomelinesofpoetry.SoHishamsaid:Poetryshouldbelike theselines.Iampleasedwithyou AlKumaytthankedhimforthat.HeaskedhimtopreventKhalidb.AbdAllahalQasrifrom pursuinghim.Hishamacceptedthat.Thenheorderedfortythousanddirhamsandthirtygarments tobegiventoalKumayt.ThenhewrotetoKhalidtoreleasealKumayt'swifeandtogiveher twentythousanddirhamsandthirtygarments.So,Khaliddidthat.[45] AlKumaytcouldovercometheeventswithhiscleverness,hiseloquentwords,andhisstrong character.Heshowedneitherweaknessnorfearbeforethetyrannicalruler,Hisham.Ratherhe showedsoldwillandfirmdetermination.Hewasnotsatisfiedwithsafetyandsalvation.Rather, heaskedHishamtopreventKhalid,thegovernorofKufa,frompursuinghim.

AdmonitionandApology AlKumaytcametoImamAbuJafar,peacebeonhim.TheImamwelcomedhim,satbesidehim, smiledathim,andblamedhiminafriendlymanner,saying: OalKumayt,isityouwhosaid: NowIhavejoinedtheUmayyads? Thus,alKumaytapologizedtotheImamforthat.Heansweredastheknowledgeablejuristdid: Yes,Ihavesaidthat.Idonotwanttheworldthroughthesewords.ForIhaverecognizedyour outstandingmerits. ImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim,waspleasedwithalKumayt.Thenhesaidtohim:Ifyousaid thatoutofprecautionarydissimulation,therewouldbenoharmonyou.Forprecautionary dissimulationislawful.[46]ThatoccurredforheaskednopermissionfromtheImamtopraisethe Umayyads.AlKumaytsincerelylovedthemembersoftheHouse(ahlalBayt),peacebeonthem. Hewasobedienttothem.Manytribulationsbefellhimforthem.Namely,hewasliabletothe wrathandadversitiesoftheUmayyads.Heendedpartofhislifetimeinprison.Therehewasfull offright.FromthathewantednothingexceptAllah'spleasureandthehereafter. ToParadise AlKumaytwasabraveman.HedefendedtherightsofthemembersoftheHouse(ahlalBayt), peacebeonthem.Thus,Allahwilledtogranthimmartyrdomatthehandofthemostwicked onesofHiscreatures.Thatwasasfollows:KhalidalQasri,whopunishedalKumaytseverely,was removedfromtheoffice.ThenYousifb.AmrwasappointedruleroverIraq.So,alKumaytwent tohimtopraisehimwithapoem.MeanwhilehedispraisedKhalidalQasri.However,Yousif's guardssidedwithhim.So,theystabbedalKumaytintheabdomenwiththeirswords.[47]He wentoutofYousif'sroom.Hefainted,andthenherecovered.Hewasheardsay:OAllah, Mohammed'sfamily!OAllah,Mohammed'sfamily![48]Thenhepassedaway. [1]AlDarajatalRafiafiTabaqatalShia,p.587. [2]WafayatalAyan,vol.3,p.266. [3]AlMurtada,alAmali,vol.1,p.283. [4]AlAlam,vol.6,p.72. [5]AkhbarShuaraalShia,p.62. [6]WafayatalAyan,vol.1.p.269. [7]AlDarajatalRafia,p.590. [8]AlAghani,vol.8,p.25. [9]Ibid,vol.15,p.115.

[10]RoudatalJinan,vol.6,p.59. [11]AlGhadir,vol.2,p.211. [12]KhazanatalAdab,vol.1,p.99. [13]AlAghani,vol.15,p.124. [14]AlTatawirwaalTajjdid,p.241. [15]Ibid,p.240. [16]AlHashimiyat,pp.4142. [17]Ibid,p.42. [18]HayatalShirfialKufa,p.713. [19]AlHashimiyat,p.40. [20]Koran,alShura,23. [21]Koran,alAhzab,p.33. [22]Koran,alIsra,26. [23]Koran,alAnfal,41. [24]RoudatalJinan,vol.6,p.56. [25]TasisalShialiUlumalIslam,189. [26]Thedaysofbrightnightsarethethirteenth,the fourteenth,andthefifteenth.Theirnightsarecalled brightbecausethemoonshinesthroughoutthem. [27]AlGhadir,vol.2,p.200. [28]QasasalArab,vol.2,p.269.MurujjalDhahab,vol.2,p.195. [29]MaqatilalTalibiyyin,p.84. [30]AyanalShia,1/4/515516. [31]MurujjalDhahab,vol.2,p.195. [32]AlMarzbani,AkhbarShuraalShia,p.72. [33]TheTraditionofalGhadirisrepeatedlynarrated bysuccessivenarrators.AllMoslemshaveunanimously onitsnarration.All(thebookscalled)alSihahhave mentionedit. [34]AlHashimiyat,pp.8182. [35]AkhbarShuaraalShia,pp.7273. [36]MujamalShuara,p.348. [37]Ibid. [38]AlAghani,vol.15,p.129. [39]HayatalImamMusab.Jafar,p.1,p.315. [40]DuhaalIslam,vol.3,p.206. [41]AlAghani,vol.15,p.114. [42]MuqaddamatalHashimiyat,p.17. [43]Ibid. [44]AlGhadir,vol.2,p.206.

[45]AlAghani,vol.15,pp.115119. [46]Ibid,p.126. [47]Ibid,p.121. [48]Ibid,p.130. ChapterVIII:InsignificantKings ImamalBaqirwascontemporarywithUmayyadkings.Theresearchaboutthosekingsisregarded asamongtherequirementsoftheformalresearchaccordingtomodernstudies.Forsucha researchpicturespolitical,social,andintellectuallifethen.Thattimewasverysensitive,forthe believerssufferedmanypersecutions. ImamAbuJafar,peacebeonhim,wasstillyoungwhentheUmayyaddynastydeclined.Thatwas duringthetimeofYaz~d,sonofMuawiya.Yaz~dsparednoefforttoabasetheMoslems.He forcedthemtoobey,andthenhepersecutedthem.So,duringhisdays,theIslamicworldwasfull ofdisastersandtragedies. ThentheMarwanidynastysucceededtheUmayyaddynasty.Nowwewillmentionthelivesofthe Marwanikings,withwhomImamAbuJafarwascontemporary.Wewillhonestlymentiontheir policy.ThefirstoftheMarwanikingswas: MarwanbinalHakam MarwanbinalHakamwasthefirsttoassumetheIslamiccaliphate,thecenterofJusticeinIslam. HehadcommittedevildeedsagainstIslam.Allthenarratorsmentionedthathehadnogood quality.Hewasinappropriateforthisreligiousoffice.RatherhewastheenemyofAllah,ofHis Apostle,andoftheMoslems.Wewillbrieflymentionsomeofhisaffairs. 1.TheProphetcursedhim TheProphet,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,cursedMarwanb.alHakamwhenhe(Marwan) wasintheloinsofhisfather.ThatisaccordingtothenarrationofA'isha,whosaid:However, Allah'sApostlecursedthefatherofMarwanwhenMarwanwasinhisloins.[1]WhenAbdAllah b.alZubarcircumambulatedtheKaba,hesaid:BytheLordofthisBuilding,Allah'sApostle,may Allahblesshimandhisfamily,cursedalHakamandhisson.[2] Thereporterssaid:[ThepeopleofMedinabroughttheirnewbornbabiestotheProphet,may

Allahblesshimandhisfamily.WhenMarwanwasborn,hewasbroughttotheProphet.So,he, mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,said:]Itisthecursedone,thesonofthecursedone.[3]Al Hakamb.Ab~alAspassedbytheProphet,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily.ThentheProphet said:Mycommunitywillfacegrieffromtheoneinthelionsofthat(person).[4]Throughthe unseen,theProphet,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,knewthatMarwanwouldendangerhis community.So,hecursedhim,andwarnedtheMoslemsofkeepingincontactwithhim. 2.HisfatherwasbanishedfromMedina AlHakamwasthemostspitefulpersontowardsAllah'sApostle,Allahblesshimandhisfamily, andthemostharmfulofthemtowardshim.InotherwordshehurttheProphetasAbuLahab did.[5]HemockedtheProphet,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily.Hepassedfrombehindhim, slanderedhim,imitatedhim,andfrownedathim.WhentheProphetperformedtheprayer,al Hakamstoodbehindhimandpointedtohimwithhisfingers.[6]TheProphet,mayAllahblesshim andhisfamily,sawhim,soheinvokedAllahagainsthim,saying:OAllah,makehimshake!So, alHakamshookathisplace.[7]TheProphet,Allahblesshimandhisfamily,wasverydispleased withalHakam,soheorderedhimtobebanishedfromMedina.Hesaid:Thiscursedperson shouldnotlivewithmeatthesameplacenorshouldhissons.So,alHakamwasbanishedfrom MedinatoTaif,whereheandthemembersofhisfamilyremained.Theysufferedlulland abasement.Povertyandhungerstrokethem.WhenAllah'sApostle,mayAllahblesshimandhis family,died,UthmanhurriedtoAbuBakrandaskedhimtoreturnalHakamandhisfamilyto Medina.However,AbuBakrrefusedthat,saying:IwillnotshelterthepersonswhomAllah's Apostle,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,dismissed.WhenUmarbecamecaliph,Uthman talkedtohimaboutthem.However,UmarrefusedthatandsaidasAbuBakrdid.WhenUthman becamecaliph,hebroughtthembacktoMedina.[8]Then,heenrichedthem,andmadethemhis ministers. 3.DuringtheDaysofUthman WhenUthmanbecamecaliphovertheaffairsoftheMoslems,heapproachedMarwanb.al Hakam.Hemadehimhisministerandhisprivateadviser.Thus,Marwanmanagedtheaffairsof thestatewhileUthmanhadneitherwillnorchoice. UthmangavemuchmoneytoMarwan,soZaydb.Arqam,thetreasurer,wasindignantwiththat. HegavethekeystoUthmanandwept.So,Uthmanaskedhim:WhydoyouweepwhenIhelp mywombrelatives? IweepbecauseyouhavetakenthismoneyinreturnforwhatyouspentinthewayofAllah duringthelifetimeofAllah'sApostle,Allahblesshimandhisfamily.Onehundreddirhamsis enoughforMarwan.So,Uthmansaid:OSonofArqam,givemethekeys.Wewillfindaperson

otherthanyou.[9]ThenUthmangaveMarwanonehundredthousandouncesofgoldor silver.[10] ThesegiftsmadetheMoslemsdispleasedwithUthman.So,theyoverthrewhisgovernment. HisInclinationsandhisQualities AsfortheinclinationsandqualitiesofMarwan,theyareasfollows: A.Hewasenvious.Malikb.HubayraalSukunisaidtoalHusaynb.Numayr:ByAllah,ifMarwan becomescaliph,hewillenvyyouforyourwhipandyoursandalsandthetreeunderwhichyou sit.[11] B.Hewasshallowinideaandopinion.ItwashewhocausedUthman'sdeath.Thehistorianssaid: TherevolutionistssurroundedUthman.Theyaskedhimtoresignfromofficeortodismissthe Umayyads.ThenMarwancameouttothem.Hesaidtothem:Maythefacesbedistortedoutof abasement!Haveyoucometoplunderus?Thesewordsmovedsentimentsandlightedthefireof thewarandcausedthedeathofUthman.IfMarwanhadhadreason,hewouldhavenotspoken totherevolutionistsinsuchamanner. C.Hewasungrateful.ThetwoImams(alHasanandalHusayn,peacebeonthem)didhimmany favors.TheysavedhimfromdeathattheBattleoftheCamel.TheyintercededforhimwithImam Ali,theCommanderofthefaithful,peacebeonhim.TheImamacceptedtheirintercessionfor him.However,Marwanmistreatedthem.Forexample,hepreventedthepeoplefromburying ImamalHasan,peacebeonhim,besidesAllah'sApostle,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily.Al Wal~dsummonedImamHusayntopledgeallegiancetoYaz~d.MarwanadvisedalWal~dtokill theImamifhehadrefusedtopledgeallegiancetoYaz~d.Thehistorianssaidthatherejoiced whenYaz~dkilledImamalHusaynpeacebeonhim. D.Hewasperfidious.Hebrokehispromises.HepledgedallegiancetoImamAli,theCommander oftheFaithful,peacebeonhim,thenhedesertedhim.HebrokehispledgeofallegiancetoImam Aliandrevoltedagainsthim.AlHasanandalHusaynsaidtotheirfather,ImamAli:Marwanwill pledgeallegiancetoyou.However,theImam,peacebeonhim,said:Iamnotinneedofhis pledgeofallegiance.ItisaJewishhand.Ifhepledgedallegiancetomewithhishand,hewould desertwithhisforefinger. E.Hesupportedfalsehoodanderror.HejoinedthepartyofA'isha,thenhepledgedallegianceto Muawiya.Hewascalledkhaytbatil(thethreadoffalsehood).[12] Thisshamefulsurnamewasgiventohischildrenafterhim.InthisconnectionYahyab.Sa~d composedpoetrytosatirizeAbdalMalikb.Marwan,whokilledAmrub.Sa~dalAshraq.[13] MarwanwasfondofcursingtheCommanderofthefaithful. MarwanwasfondofcursingImamAli,theCommanderofthefaithful,peacebeonhim.He

cursedhimonthepulpiteveryFridaywhenhewasthegovernorofMedina.ImamalHasan, peacebeonhim,knewofthat,however,hekeptsilent.Hedidnotenterthemosquebutduring thetimeoftheiqama.Marwanwasdispleasedwiththat,sohesentpersonstocurseImamal Hasanandhisfatherinhishouse.[14] WedonotwonderthatMarwancursedImamAli,theCommanderofthefaithful,thepioneerof justiceandwisdomintheearth.FornoonecursedandhatedImamAliexceptthosewhowere likeMarwan,whopaidnoattentiontohonorandhumanity. HisCaliphate Marwanbecamecaliphintheyear64A.H.[15]ThatwaswhenMuawiyab.Yaz~dabdicatedthe caliphate,forhewantedtosavehisreligionfromthesuccessionheinheritedillegallyfromhis father,Yaz~d.HeabdicatedthatauthoritytheUmayyadbasedonthesword,andwastingthe propertiesoftheMoslems.Heexposedhisfatherandhisgrandfatherinthesermoninwhichhe declaredhisabdicationfromtheauthority.Inhissermonhesaid: Indeed,mygrandfather,Muawiya,usurpedillegallytheauthorityfromtheonewhowasmore appropriateforit.Forhe(ImamAli)wasacloserelativetoAllah'sApostle,mayAllahblesshim andhisfamily.Hewasthebestofalltheemigrants(muhajirin)inposition.Hewasthefirstto believeinhim.HewasthecousinofAllah'sApostle,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily.Hewashis soninlaw,beingmarriedtohisdaughter.TheProphetmadehimahusbandforher,forhe(Imam Ali)choseher.Hemadeherawifeforhim(Ali),forshechosehim.So,theyweretherestof Allah'sApostle,thelastoftheprophets,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily.So,mygrandfather committedwhatyouhaveknown.Youhavecommittedwithhimwhatyouhaveknown.[16]Then, mygrandfatherdied.Heisinhisgravefullofsins.Then,myfatherassumedthecaliphate.Hewas inappropriateforit.Hefollowedhiscaprice.Then,hedied.Now,heisinhisgravefullofsins. Muawiyab.Yaz~dwept,andthenhesaid:Wehaveknownhis(Yaz~d's)evilfinalresult.Forhe killedthefamilyofAllah'sApostle,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily.Heviolatedthesacredcity (Mecca),anddestroyedtheKaba.[17] Withthissermon,Muawiyab.Yaz~druinedtheauthorityofthefamilyofAbuSufyan.The historianssaidthatherenouncedhisfather.ForhewasthenoblestUmayyadcaliphinhistory. Marwanwouldnotdreamofthecaliphate.ForhedecidedtopledgeallegiancetoAbdAllahb.al Zubayr.However,UbaydAllahb.Zyyadpreventedhimfromthat.[18]AlHusaynnominatedhim forthecaliphate.Hesaidthathesawalamphanginginthesky,thatwhoeverassumedthe caliphatewouldtakethelamp,andthatnoonewouldtakeitexceptMarwan.[19]Then,hetold theSyriansaboutthat,sotheyrespondedtohim.Then,Ruhb.ZinbaaddressedtheSyrians, saying: OPeopleofSyria,thisisMarwanb.alHakam.HeistheShaykhofQuraysh.Heistheavengerof thebloodofUthman.HefoughtagainstAlib.Ab~TalibattheBattleoftheCamelandofSiff~n. So,pledgeallegiancetothegreatone.[20]

So,themobcompetedwitheachothertopledgeallegiancetoMarwan.Thus,Marwanbecame thefirstcaliphoftheMarwanistate,whichexposedtheMoslemstooppressionandpoverty. HisDeath Marwan'scaliphatedidnotlastlong.Itwasasshortasthedoglicksitsnose,asImamAli,the Commanderofthefaithful,peacebeonhim,said.[21]Asforthecauseofhisdeath,some referenceshaveascribedittohiswife.[22]Whenhedied,aperiodoftreason,falsehood,and errorended. AbdalMalikbinMarwan Hewasrecognizedascaliphduringthelifetimeofhisfather.Whenhisfatherdied,thepeopleof EgyptandSyriarenewedthepledgeofallegiancetohim.[23]Thehistorianssaid:Hehadaffected worshipandhadbeeninclinedtoasceticismbeforehebecamecaliph.Whenhebecamecaliph,he closedtheHolyKoranandsaid:Thisisaseparationbetweenyouandme.[24]Hewastruthful whenhesaidthat.ForheseparatedhimselffromAllah'sBookandthesunna(practices)ofHis Apostle.Moreover,hecommitteddeedscontrarytoIslamandtheKoran.Wewillmentionsome ofhisaffairs. HisQualities AbdalMalikbinMarwanhadnonobleinclinationnorhadheagoodquality.Hewaslikehis father.Thehistorianssaidthathehadtheworstqualities.Amonghisqualitiesarethefollowing: 1.Tyranny AbdalMalikwasatyrannicalking.Concerninghim,alMansursaid:AbdalMalikwastyrannical. Hepaidnoattentiontowhathedid.[25]Hewasamurderer.Heknewneithermercynorjustice. Afterhehadkilledb.alZubayr,hemadeaspeech.Inthespeechhesaid:Ifanyoneaskedmeto fearAllah,Iwillbeheadhim.[26]HerefrainedfrommentioningthenameofAllah.Hewasthe firsttopreventthepeoplefromspeakinginthepresenceofthecaliphs.[27] 2.Perfidy

AbdalMalikwasperfidious.Hebrokehispromises.Forexample,hepromisedtohandoverthe caliphatetoAmrub.Sa~dalAshdaq.However,hebrokethat.Rather,hekilled'Amru.Thenhe threwhisheadathiscompanions.[28]Hedidnotconformtothecloserelationsbetweenhimand 'Amru.Hewasfullofloveforauthority.Somepoetscomposedpoemstodescribehisperfidy.[29] AbdalMalikwasafraidofalAshdaq.Forthelatterintendedtooverthrowthegovernmentofthe Marwanis.However,Allahpunishedhim,forhewastyrannical.Moreover,heterrifiedthe Moslemsandshedtheirblood. 3.CrueltyandUselessness AbdalMalikwascruelanduseless.Hisheartwasemptyofmercyandkindness.Thehistorians said:Heshedbloodunjustly.Headmittedthat.UmmalDarda'saidtohim:Iheardthatyou drankwineaftertheworship. ByAllah,yes.Moreover,Idrankblood.[30] HefilledthehousesoftheMoslemswithterrorismandsadness.Afterhehadkilledb.alZubayr, hedeliveredaspeech.Inthespeechheshowedhiscrueltyandhisevilintention,saying:Iwill curetheillnessesofthiscommunitywiththesword.Thus,itwillbestraight.[31] 4.Miserliness AbdalMalikwasverymiserly,sohewascalledRashahalHijarah(theoozeofthestone).[32] Duringthedaysofhisgovernment,thecommunitysufferedfromhungerandpoverty.Thus,he wasemptyofidealsandnoblequalities. AbdalMaliktransferredtheHajjtoJerusalem. BinalZubayrkeptincontactwiththeSyriansandprovokedthemagainstAbdalMalik.Thelatter wasafraidofthat,sohepreventedtheSyriansfromperformingthehajj.Thus,theSyriansasked him:Whydopreventusfromperformingthehajj?IsitnotareligiousdutyAllahhasimposedon us?Hereplied:IbnShahabalZahrireportedontheauthorityofAllah'sApostle,mayAllahbless himandhisfamily,whosaid:TheMoslemshouldnotmakethepilgrimage(toanyplace)except tothreemosques.TheyaretheSacredMosque(inMecca),mymosque(inMedina),andthe MosqueofJerusalem. WiththatAbdalMalikdivertedtheSyriansfrommakingthepilgrimagetotheSacredHouseof Allah.HetransferredthehajjtoJerusalem.ForhemadeuseoftheRockinit.Hereportedabout theRock:Allah'sApostle,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,puthisfootontheRockwhenhe ascendedtothesky.HereplaceditwiththeKaba.Hebuiltadomeoverit.Heappointed

custodiansoverit.Thenheorderedthepeopletocircumambulateitastheycircumambulatedthe Kaba.[33] AbdalMalikdisparagedhisPredecessors. AbdalMalikdisparagedhisPredecessors,namelytheUmayyadrulers.Hedisparagedtheminthe speechhemadeinMedina.Inthespeechhesaid:ByAllah,IamnottheweakCaliph,namely Uthman.IamnottheflatteringCaliph,namelyMuawiya.IamnottheidiotCaliph,namely Yaz~d.IbnAb~alHadd~dcommentedonthesewords,saying:Theywerehispredecessors andleaders.Throughthem,heoccupiedthatrank.Heassumedthatleadership,fortheypreferred him(toothers).Haditnotbeenforthepreviouscustom,themobilizedarmies,andthestanding creatures,hewouldhavebeenthefarthestofAllah'screaturesfromthatrank.Hewouldhave beenthenearestofthemtotheplaceofdestructionifhehaddesiredthathonor.[34] AbdalMalikappointedalHajjajasGovernor. AbdalMalikmadethemostgrievousfaultwhenheappointedalHajjajb.YousifalThaqafias governor.AlHajjajistheworstpersonmankindhaseverknownthroughouthistory.However, AbdalMalikentrustedtheaffairsoftheMoslemstohim.Hegrantedhimwiderangepowers.He madehimbehaveaccordingtohisdesiresandinclinations,whichfollowednotingexceptthe thinkingofviolenceanddespotism.Thissinfulcriminal(alHajjaj)wenttoofarinpunishing, forcing,andabasingthepeople.Hemadethemsubmittooppressionandinjustice.Hecreatedin thecountry,underhisinfluence,anatmosphereofcrisesthepeoplehadneverseen.Wewill mentionwhatwassaidabouthim,someofhischaracteristics,andhisdeedsthroughwhichhe blackenedhistory.Thatisasfollows: TheProphet'sprophecy TheProphet,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,predictedthathiscommunitywouldbe oppressedbyalHajjaj.Asma',daughterofAbuBakrreported.Shesaid:[IheardAllah'sApostle, mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,say:]Allahwillfillacornerofthecornersofthefirewiththe hypocriteofThaq~f(i.e.,alHajjaj).For,he(alHajjaj)willthrowstonesattheKaba.MayAllah cursehim.[35] TheProphecyoftheCommanderoftheFaithful

Imam(Ali),theCommanderofthefaithful,thegateofthecityofknowledgeoftheProphet,may Allahblesshimandhisfamily,toldtheMoslemsabouttheoppressionofalHajjaj.Thehistorians said:Imam(Ali),peacebeonhim,invokedAllahagainsttheKufans.Thatwaswhenthey desertedhimandmutiniedagainsthim.He,peacebeonhim,said:OAllah,Itrustedthem(the Kufans),buttheyhavedesertedme.Iadvisedthem,buttheycheatedme.OAllah,empowerthe youngmanofThaq~f(alHajjaj)overthem.(Make)himruleovertheirbloodandpropertieswith theruleofthePreIslamictimes.[36] So,AllahempoweredalHajjajoftheKufans.Thus,alHajjajpersecutedthemandforcedthemto submittoabasementandslavery. Hab~bb.Thabitreported.Hesaid:[TheCommanderofthefaithfulsaidtoaman:]Youwillnot dietillyouseetheYoungmanofThaq~f.WhoistheyoungmanofThaq~f?He,peacebeon him,said:OntheDayofJudgment,itwillbesaidtohim(alHajjaj):Sitdowninacornerofthe cornersofthefire.Hewillrulefortwentyyearsortwentyandsomeyears.Hewillcommitallsins todisobeyAllah.Iftherewillbeonlyonesin,andtherewillbeadoorbetweenhimandthesin,he willbreakthedoortocommitthesin.Hewillkillthepersonswhoobey[37]himwiththeones whodisobeyhim.[38] TheIndignantwithalHajjaj ThescholarsandthegoodonesoftheMoslemswereindignantwithalHajjaj.Thefollowingis someoftheirwordsabouthim: 1.Umarb.AbdalAz~z Umarb.AbdalAz~zwasindignantwithalHajjaj.Concerninghim,hesaid:Ifeverycommunity broughtitseviloneandwebroughtalHajjaj,wewouldovercomeit.[39] 2.Aism Aismsaid:alHajjajviolatedallthethingsAllahforbade.[40] 3.AlQasim AlQasimb.Mukhaymirasaid:alHajjajviolatedtherulesofIslamonebyone.[41] 4.Zadhan

ZadhanwasindignantwitalHajjaj.So,hesaid:alHajjajwasemptyofhisreligion.[42] 5.Tawus Tawussaid:IwonderathimwhocallsalHajjajabeliever.[43] OtherwordssimilartotheseshowthatalHajjajwasevil,andthathewasamongtheatrocitiesof history. SomeofalHajjaj'sCharacteristics AlHajjajwasdistinguishedbyallabominablequalitiesandevilinclinations.Forhissoulwasfullof evilandmalicetowardspeople.Thefollowingissomeofhischaracteristics A.AlHajjajwascreatedforcrimeandmistreatingthepeople.Heknewneitherkindnessnorgood. Whenhewantedtomakethepilgrimage(toMecca),heappointedoverIraqapersoncalled Ahmed.Then,headdressedthepeople,saying:IhaveappointedAhmedoveryou.Ihave orderedhimtotreatyoucontrarytothecommandmentsofAllah'sApostle,mayAllahblesshim andhisfamily,totheAnsar.He(Allah'sApostle)ordered(hisdeputy)toacceptfromtheirgood onesandtoforgivetheirevilones.Asforme,Ihaveorderedhimnottoacceptfromyourgood onesandnottoforgiveyourevilones.[44] B.Amongthemostprominentqualitiesofthistyrannicalpersonwasbloodshed.AlDimyarisaid: AlHajjajwasimpatienttowardsbloodshed.Hetold(thePeople)thatthebestofhispleasures wasbloodshed,andcommittingthingsotherthanhimwereunableto.[45]Hewenttofarin murderingthepeopleillegally.Hekilledonehundredandtwentythousandpersons.[46]Itwas saidthathekilledonehundredandthirtythousandpersons.[47]Heofficiallyadmittedbloodshed illegallywhenhesaid:ByAllah,Ithinkthatthereisnooneonthesurfaceoftheearthbolder thanmeinsheddingblood.[48]AbdalMalikblamedhimforthat.However,hedidnotpay attentiontohim.[49]AlHajjajmurderedthereciters(oftheKoran)andtheworshipers.Forthey supportedtherevoltofb.alAshath.AmongthepersonshekilledwasSa~db.Jubayr,whowas oneofthedevoutscholarsofKufa. WhenalHasanalBasriheardofthemurderofSa~db.Jubayr,hesaid:ByAllah,Sa~db.Jubayr diedwhilepeopleallovertheearthwereinneedofhisknowledge.[50] C.Amonghisqualitiesisthathehadbadmanners.Heshowedneithercheerfulnessnorgentle mannerstowardshisassociates.[51]Hewassorudethatpeopleweredispleasedwithhim. Generallyspeaking,heindulgedincrimeandsin.Thesearesomeofthefeaturesofhischaracter andofhisqualities.

HisUnbelief AgroupofthemainMoslemfiguresdecidedalHajjaj'sunbelief.AmongthemwereSa~db. Jubayr,alNakhai,Mujahid,Aismb.Ab~alNajud,alShabi,andthelike.[52]Theproofforhis unbeliefisthatheunlawfullyshedthebloodoftheMoslems,andthathespreadfearand terrorismamongthepeople.IfhewasaMoslem,hewouldnotdothat.Somedeclarationswere reportedonhisauthority.Thedeclarationssupplyproofforhisunbelief.Someofthemareas follows: DisdainingtheProphet AlHajjajdisdainedthegreatProphet,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily.HepreferredAbdal Malikb.Marwantohim.AddressingAllah,theExalted,beforethepeople,hesaid:Whichis betterYourApostleorYourcaliph(AbdalMalik)?[53]Moreover,hepunishedandmockedthe peoplewhovisitedthegraveoftheProphet,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily.Inthis connection,hesaid:Woetothem!Theyvisitsticksanddecayedbones.Willtheynotvisitthe palaceoftheCommanderofthefaithful,AbdalMalik?DotheynotknowthattheCaliphisbetter thantheProphet?[54]AlDaynwaricommentedonthesewordsofalHajjaj,saying:They regardedalHajjajasunbelieverbecauseofthesewords.Forinthem,heaccusedAllah'sApostle, mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,oflying.However,authentictraditionswerereportedonthe authorityoftheProphet,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,whosaid:Allah,theGreatand Almighty,forbadetheearthfromeatingthebodiesofprophets.[55] AlHajjaj'sdeclarationsanddeedssupplyproofsforhisunbeliefanddesertionofthereligion.They showthathehadnorelationwithAllah.IfhehadrespectedAllahandbelievedinthehereafter, hewouldnothavedonesuchdeeds,whichmadehimfarfromAllahandbrandhimandthe Umayyadswithinfamy. SomeofalHajjaj'sCrimes Theruleofthiswickedpersonwasfullofcrimesandoffenses.Thefollowingissomeofthem: HepunishedtheSh~aseverely. ThistyrannicalandsinfulpersonseverelypunishedthefollowersofthemembersoftheHouse (ahlalBayt),peacebeonthem.Hespreadmurderamongthemandfilledtheirhouseswith sadness.AbdalMalikwrotetohim:ProtectmefromthebloodoftheBanuAbdalMutalib.For

theirbloodwillnotendthewar.IsawthattheBanuHarabweredeprivedoftheirgovernment whentheykilledalHusaynb.Ali.[56] However,alHajjajwentonpursuingthefollowersoftheAlids.Thus,hekilledthemandshed theirblood.So,thepeoplepreferredunbelieftofollowingAli.[57]Thehistorianssaid:Thebest meanstoapproachalHajjajwastoslanderImamAli,theCommanderofthefaithful,peacebeon him.Somemeanpeoplecametohimandsaidtohim:OEmir,ourparentsoppresseduswhen theycalledusAli.Wearepoor.WeareinneedoftheEmir. AlHajjajwaspleasedwiththis,sohesaid:Asyouhaveentreatedme,Iwillappointoversoand so.[58] However,duringthetimeofthiscriminalperson,theSh~iteswereliabletoswordsandspears. Hepunishedthemseverelyandkilledthemeverywhere.Moreover,heimprisonedthemindark prisons.Hespreadamongthemanatmosphereofterrorism.TheSh~'iteshadneverseensuchan atmosphereevenatthedaysZyyad,thetyrannical,andhissonUbaydAllah. ThecriticalConditionsofKufa Duringthedaysofthistyrant,Kufawasinacriticalperiod.Forhekilledthepeopleoutofdoubts andaccusations.Hepunishedtheinnocenttofrightentheevildoers.Hekilledthosewhowere obedienttohimalongwiththedisobedient.HedeliveredaseveresermoninKufa.Hedidnot praiseAllahnordidhelaudedhimnorheblessedtheProphet,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily. Amonghiswordsarethefollowing: OPeopleofIraq,OPeopleofdivision,hypocrisy,andapostasy,theCommanderofthefaithful (AbdalMalik)hasappointedmeasagovernoroveryou.Hehasgivenmeawhipandasword. Thewhiphasdroppedandtheswordhasremained.[59]Thenhesaid:ByAllah,Icansee ambitiouseyes,longnecks,andripenheads.So,itistimetoharvestthem.Indeed,itisIwhowill cutthemoff.ItisasifIlookatflowingbloodbetweentheturbansandthebeards.[60] Thiscriminalpersoncarriedouthisthreats.Hedrewhisswordandcutofftheheads.Hespread matchlessfearandterrorism.So,AbualAsadisaidtohim:ByAllah,thepeopleshowednofear ofanyEmirastheyhaveshownofyou.[61]Thepeopleweresoafraidthattheythoughtoftheir soulsandbeganshakingoffear,assomeofthemsaid.[62] TheIraqiswereliabletoacriticaltribulationduringthetimeofalHajjaj.Forhesubjectedthemto painfultorture. HeattackedtheKabawithCatapults Amongthecrimesofthistyrannicalpersonisthatheledahugearmytofightagainstb.alZubayr. Thus,hebesiegedtheSacredHouseforsixmonthsandseventeennights.HeorderedtheHoly Kabatobeattackedwithcatapults.So,itwasattackedfromthemountainofAbuQays.[63]

ThesiegelastedtillAbdAllahb.alZubayrwaskilled.ThenheorderedAbdAllah'sheadtobecut ofandsenttoAbdalMalik.ThenAbdalMalikordered(hismen)toraisetheheadandwalkall overthecountry.[64]AlHajjajdidnotrespecttheSacredHouseofAllah.Foreverypersonwho entersthisHouseissafe.However,heviolatedthesacrednessoftheHouse.Yaz~db.Muawiya hadalsoviolateditssacrednessbefore. HisPrisons Thistyrannicalpersonorderedrooflessprisonstobebuilt.Suchprisonsdidnotprotectthe prisonersfromheatorcold.Heorderedtheprisonerstobetorturedseverely.Heorderedthemto bedrawnonthebrokenPersianreedstobleedtheirbodies.Thehistorianssaid:Fiftythousand menandthirtywomendiedinhisprisonsoutoftorture.Heimprisonedmenandwomeninhis prisons.[65]Besides,thirtythreeinnocentpersonswereinhisprisons.[66]Hesaidtothe prisoners:GoawayintoitandspeaknottoMe.[67]Helikenedtheprisonerstothepeopleof thefire.HealsolikenedhimselftoAllah,theExalted,toshowhismightandhaughtiness. OneoftherecitersoftheKoranreported:AlHajjajreadtheSuraofHud:Surely,heisnotagood amalun.Hewasunabletoreadexactlythewordamalun(deed).Then,hesaid:Bringmea reciteroftheKoran.So,theybroughtme.AlHajjajlefthisassembly.Iwasimprisoned.AlHajjaj forgotme.Aftersixmonths,hevisitedtheprison.Whenhecametome,heaskedme:Whyhave youbeenimprisoned?Ianswered:MayAllahmaketheEmirrighteous,becauseofthesonof Noah.So,hesmiledatme.Thenhereleasedme. HisDeath Allahdestroyedthiswickedcriminal,whofilledthecountrywithdisasters.Cankerattackedhis stomach.Allahempoweredbittercoldoverhim.Hewassurroundedbyfire.However,hedidnot feelthefire.Painsfrequentlyattackedhim.Then,hecomplainedofhisconditiontoalHasanal Basri.Thus,alHasansaidtohim:Ihadpreventedyoufromtorturingtherighteous.However, youwentonthat.So,alHajjajsaidtohim:OHasan,IdonotaskyoutoaskAllahtorelieveme. Rather,IaskyoutoaskHimtomakemedieandnottoprolongmytorture.[68]Thiscriminal personsufferedfromtheagonyofdeathtillheperished.[69]Thenhisevilsoulwenttothefire. Whenhedied,oppressionwasover.WhenalHasanalBasriheardofhisdeath,hesaid:OAllah, Youhavemadehimdie.So,makehispracticesdiealso.[70] TheMoslemswereveryhappytohearhisdeath.Thentheybegancursinghim. AbdalMalikandalAkhtal

AlAkhtalwasthepoetandspokesmanoftheUmayyads.Hedrankwine.YetAbdalMalikloved himverymuch. AbdalMalikaskedalAkhtaltobeMoslem.So,thelattersaid:Makewinelawfulforme. AbrogatethefastingofRamadanforme,thenIwillbeMoslem.Thus,AbdalMaliksaidtohim: IfyoubecomeMoslemandfallshortofperforminganythingofIslam,Iwillcutoffyourneck. Still,hewentondrinkingwine.AbdalMalikspentalotofmoneyonhimtoobtainhispraise.[71] AlAkhtalpraisedAbdalMalikonmanyoccasions.Hence,AbdalMalikthankedhimforthat.Al AkhtalcametoAbdalMalikwearingagoldnecklaceandcross.Nevertheless,AbdalMalikcalled himthepoetoftheCommanderofthefaithful,thepoetoftheUmayyads,andthepoetofthe Arabs.[72] ImamalBaqirandAbdalMalik TheMoslemsatthattimewereafflictedbyafatalist.ThefatalistcorruptedtheMoslems'religion. Theywereunabletorefutehisviews.AbdalMalikthoughtthattherewasnoonetorefutethe fatalistexceptImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim.So,hewrotealettertohisgovernoroverMedina. Intheletter,heorderedtheImamtobebroughttoDamascus.ThegovernorofMedinasubmitted AbdalMalik'slettertoImamalBaqir.However,theImamtoldhimthathewasunabletogo Damascus,forhewasanoldman.Yet,theImamsenthissonJafaralSadiqtocarryoutthistask. Then,ImamalSadiqwenttoDamascus.Whenhearrivedthere,AbdalMaliksaidtohim:This fatalisthastiredus.Iwanttogatheryouwithhim,forhehasdefeatedeveryone.ThenAbdal Malikorderedthefatalisttobebrought.Whenthefatalistcame,theImamaskedhimtoreciteal Fatiha.Thefatalistbecameastonished.Then,hereadalFatiha.Whenhecametothesewordsof Him,theExalted:YoudoweserveandYoudowebeseechforhelp,theImamaskedhim: Whomdoyouaskforhelp?Ifyouareafatalist,thenwhatisyourneedofknowledge?The fatalistwasunabletoanswertheImam.[73]Then,ImamalSadiqwentonrefutingtheviewsof thefatalist. AbdalMalikorderedImamalBaqirtobearrested. AbdalMalikorderedhisgovernorofMedina(Yathrib)toarrestImamalBaqirandsendhimto Damascus.However,hisgovernorhesitatedaboutansweringhim.Hethoughtthatitwasanactof wisdomtoclosewhatAbdalMalikhadordered.So,heansweredhimasfollows:Thisletterof mineisnotdisobediencetoyounorisitrefusaltocarryoutyourorder.However,Ithinkitis betterformetoconsultyouintheletter.Iwanttoadviseyou.Ifeelpityforyou.Youwantthe man(ImamalBaqir).Yet,thereisnooneonthesurfaceoftheearthnowadaysbetterthanhimin chastity,asceticism,andpiety.Herecites(theKoran)inhisprayerniche.Hence,birdsandanimals gatheraroundhim.Fortheyadmirehisvoice.Hisrecitation(oftheKoran)isverymuchlikethe

flutesofDavid'sfamily.Heisthemostknowledgeableofallthepeople.Heisthemostmercifulof them.Heisthemostoutstandingoftheminworshipping.Thus,Idonotencouragethe CommanderoftheFaithfultoarresthim.ForAllahdoesnotchangewhatisinapeopletillthey changewhatisinthemselves.ThislettershowsthebrightqualitiesofImamAbuJafaralBaqir, peacebeonhim.Amonghisqualitiesintheletterareasfollows: 1.ImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim,wasthemostchasteofallthepeopleoftheworld. 2.Hewasthemostasceticofallthepeopleoftheworld. 3.HewasthemostpiousofallthepeopleinrefrainingfromwhatAllahforbade. 4.HewasthemostoutstandingreciteroftheKoran. 5.Hewasthemostknowledgeofallthepeopleinthepreceptsofreligion,theaffairsofIslamic law,andallsciences. 6.Hewasthemostmercifulofallthepeopletowardsthepoor. 7.HewasthemostobedientofallthepeopletoAllah. TheSh~ahavebelievedintheImams,fortheyhadalltheabovementionedqualities.So,the Sh~adonotexaggerateabouttheImamsnordotheydeviatefromthetruelogic. WhenAbdalMalikreceivedtheabovementionedletter,hechangedhismind.Then,hecanceled thearrestofImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim.Hethoughtthathisgovernor'sviewwasright.[74] ImamalBaqirfreedIslamicmoney. ImamAbuJafar(alBaqir),peacebeonhim,offeredanexcellentservicetotheIslamicworld.For hefreedIslamicmoneyfromthedominationoftheRomanempire,whereIslamicmoneywas madeandhadtheRomansymbol.ImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim,madeIslamicmoney independentwithanIslamicsymbol.Thus,hecutofftherelationshipbetweenIslamicmoneyand theRomans.ThereasonforthatwasthatAbdalMaliklookedatabookembroideredinEgypt. HeorderedthebooktobetranslatedintoArabicThebookwastranslated.TheChristiansymbol (Father,Son,andtheSpirit)waswrittenonthebook.AbdalMalikdeniedthat.So,hewroteto hisgovernorofEgypt,AbdalAz~zb.Marwan,toabolishthat.Moreover,heorderedhimto forcetheembroidererstoembroiderbooks,clothes,andthelike,withtheIslamicmotto:Allah bearswitnessthatthereisnogodbutHe.HealsowrotetohisgovernorsallovertheIslamic countiestoabolishthebookswithRomanmottoesandsymbolsintheircountries.Heordered themtopunishthosewhohadsuchbooksandclothes.Theembroidererswrotethatontheir booksandclothes.SuchbooksandclothesspreadthroughouttheIslamiccountries.Then,they werecarriedtoRome.So,theRomanEmperorbecameveryangry.Thus,hewrotetoAbdal Malik,saying:BooksandclotheshadbeenembroideredwiththeRomanmottoesandsymbols beforeyouabolishedthem.Ifyourpredecessorswereright,thenyouarewrong.Iftheywere wrong,thenyouareright.Chooseoneofthesetwoviews.Ihavesentyouagiftappropriatefor yourposition.Iwouldbegratefultoyouifyouwouldadoptthepreviousembroidery. AbdalMalikreadtheletter.Thenhetoldthemessengerthathehadnoanswertotheletter.He

alsorefusedtoacceptthegift.So,themessengerwentbacktotheRomanEmperorandtoldhim aboutAbdalMalik'swords.Hence,theEmperorwroteagaintoAbdalMalikanddoubledthe giftforhim.Intheletterheaskedhimtoreturnthepreviousmottoesandsymbols.However, AbdalMalikrefusedtoreceivetheletterandthegift.Heinsistedonhisview.Themessenger wentbacktotheRomanEmperorandtoldhimaboutwhathadhappened.Accordingly,the Emperorwroteathreateningletter.Theletterreadasfollows:Youhavedisparagedmyletter andmygift.Youhavenothelpedmewithmyneed.Ithoughtthatyouhadregardedthegiftas small.So,Ihaddoubleditforyou.However,youwentonyourview.So,Iincreaseditthreetimes. IswearbyJesusChristtoorderyoutoreturntheoldfashionedmoney;otherwiseIwillordered thedinarsandthedirhamstobeengravedtoabuseyourProphet.Youknowthatthedinarsand thedirhamshadbeenmintedinmycountry.NooneofthemhadbeenmintedduringIslam. Whenyoureadtheletter,preventyourheadfromsweating.Iwantyoutoacceptmygiftandto changethestyle(ofmoney)intothepreviousone.Thatwillbeasagifttoshowlovetowardsme. So,therelationshipbetweenyouandmewillcontinue. WhenAbdalMalikreadtheEmperor'smessage,hebecameperplexed.Inthisconnection,he said:IthinkthatIamthemostunluckybabyborninIslam,forIwillmakethisunbeliever(the RomanEmperor)curseAllah'sApostle,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily.Thisdishonorwill remaintotheendoftheworld.TheRomanEmperorhasthreatenedmetomintmoney.Such moneywillbepassedaroundtheworld. AbdalMalikgatheredthepeople.Heaskedthemabouttheaffair.However,noonewasableto givehimadecisiveanswer.Then,Ruhb.Zinbasaidtohim:Youthepersonwhoisabletosolve thisaffair.Youwanttoleavehimintentionally.AbdalMalikblamedhimforthat,saying:Woe untoyou!Whoishe? HeisalBaqir,whoisfromthemembersoftheHouseoftheProphet,mayAllahblesshimandhis family,repliedRuhb.Zinba So,AbdalMaliksubmittedtoRuhb.Zinba.Hebelievedhisview.HeknewthatheignoredImam alBaqir,peacebeonhim.Immediately,hewrotetohisgovernorofMedina(Yathrib).Heordered himtosendtheImamtohim.Moreover,heorderedhimtotreattheImamkindlyandtogivehim fourhundredthousanddirhams.Whenthegovernorreceivedtheletter,hecarriedoutAbdal Malik'sorders.Thus,ImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim,wenttoDamascus.Whenhearrivedthere, AbdalMalikreceivedhimwarmly.ThenhetoldhimabouttheRomanEmperor'sthreats.Thus, ImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim,said:Donotregardthisaffairasgreat.Itnothingfortwo reasons.ThefirstisthatAllah,theGreatandAlmighty,willnotallowtheRomanEmperortocarry outhisthreatconcerningAllah'sApostle,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily.Theotheristhat thereisasolutionforthisaffair. So,AbdalMalikaskedtheImam:Whatisthesolution? ImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim,answered:Atthishour,summonsomemakers.Orderthemto makecoinsofdirhamsanddinars.ThenorderthemtoengravetheSuraofalTawh~dinoneface andthenameofAllah'sApostle,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,intheotherface.Thenorder themtomentiontheyearandcountryofminting.Orderthemtomakeadirhamoftenweights

andadinarofsevenweights. AbdalMalikacceptedthat.HeorderedthecoinstobemintedasImamalBaqir,peacebeon him,described.WhentheRomanEmperorfoundoutaboutthis,hekeptsilent.Thus,allhis effortswereinvain.Accordingly,MoslemspassedthecoinsImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim, designedtillthetimeoftheAbbas~ds.[75] IbnKuthayrsaid:ImamZaynalAbidn,peacebeonhim,suggestedthecoins.[76] However,theIslamicworldthankedImamAbuJafar(alBaqir)forfreeingitsmoneyfromthe dominationoftheRomans. TheDeathofAbdalMalik ThenAbdalMalikbecameill.Hewasneithersafenorcalm.Hisabominabledeedscametohim. ForheoppressedtheMoslemsandshedtheirbloodforhisgovernment.Thenhehithisheadwith hishand,saying:IwishIearnedmydailybreaddaybyday.IwishIworshippedandobeyedAllah, theGreatandAlmighty.[77] Beforehisdeath,AbdalMalikappointedhissonalWal~dascaliph.Headvisedhimtotreatal Hajjajwell.Inthisrespect,hesaidtohim:Wal~d,takecareofalHajjaj.Itwashewhopavedthe wayforyoutositinthepulpits.Heisyourswordandyourhandagainstyourenemies.Donot listentothewordsoftheoneswhoslanderhim.Youareinneedofhimwhileheisinnoneedof you.WhenIdie,summonthepeopletopledgeallegiancetoyou.Useyourswordagainstthe personswhorefusetopledgeallegiancetoyou.[78] TheseenjoinmentsshowtheevilintentionofAbdalMalikevenatthelasthourofhislifetime. ForheadvisedhissuccessortotakecareofalHajjaj,whofilledthecountrywithsadness.Then,he advisedhimtokillthepersonswhowouldrefusetopledgeallegiance.ThenAbdalMalikdied aftertheseenjoinments.HisdeathwasonWednesday,thefifteenthofShawal,intheyear86A. H.[79]AlHasanalBasriwasaskedaboutAbdalMalik.So,hesaid:WhatshallIsayaboutaman ofwhosebaddeedswasalHajjaj.[80] AlWal~dbinAbdalMalik AlWal~dbecamecaliphafterthedeathofhisfather,AbdalMalik.Thehistorianssaid:Al Wal~dhadnonoblequality.Hewasinappropriateforthecaliphate.Rather,hewasanoppressive tyrant.[81]HecommittedgrammaticalmistakesinArabic.Hemadeaspeechinthemosqueofthe Prophet.Hesaid:YaahlualMadina(OPeopleofMadina).However,hehadtosay:Yaahlaal Madina. Onedayhemadeaspeechandsaid:YalaytuhakanatalQadiya(Owouldthatithadmadean end(ofme).However,hehadtosay:YalaytahakanatalQadiya.[82]Thus,hisfatherblamed himforhisgrammaticalmistakes,saying:NoonewillbecomearuleroverArabsexcepttheone

whospeakstheirlanguagewell.So,alWal~dgatheredthegrammariansandremainedina houseforsixmonth.Thenhecameoutofthehousewhilehewasmoreignorantingrammarthan hehadbeenbefore.[83] Umarb.AbdalAz~zdispraisedthegovernmentofalWal~d,saying:AlWal~dwasoneofthe personswhofilledtheearthwithoppression.[84]Thehistorianssaid:AlWal~dmarriedand divorcemanywomen.Thus,hemarriedsixtythreewomen.Besides.Hemarriedmanyslave women.[85] AlWal~dbuiltthebigmosqueofDamascus,knownastheUmayyadmosque.Hespentsixmillion golddinarsonthemosque.[86]HewidenedthemosqueoftheProphet,mayAllahblesshimand hisfamily,thenhedecorateditwithmosaic.Thus,themosqueincludedtheroomsofthe Prophet'swivesandallthehousesaroundit.[87] DuringthetimeofalWal~d,alHajjajkilledSa~db.Jubayr.ThemurderofSa~dwasoneofthe dangerouseventsthatterrifiedtheIslamicworld. Theperiodofhiscaliphatewasnineyearsandsevenyears.HediedatD~rMarwan.Hewasforty fiveyearsold.[88] SulaymanbinAbdalMalik Hebecamecaliphafterthedeathofhisbrother,alWal~d.ThatwasinthemonthofJamadial Akhira,intheyear96A.H.HepunishedseverelythefamilyofalHajjaj.Then,heorderedAbdal Malikb.alMuhalabtotorturethem.[89]Heremovedfromtheofficeallthegovernorsofal Hajjaj.Ononeday,hereleasedeightyoneprisonersfromhis(alHajjaj's)prison.Then,heordered themtogototheirfamilies.Hefoundintheprisonthirtythousandinnocentmenandthirty thousandinnocentwomen.[90] Sulaymanwasunjustincollectinglandtaxes.So,hewrotealettertohisgovernorofEgypt,Usama b.ZaydalTanwakhi:Milkthemilktillitcease,andmilkthebloodtillitterminates.ThenUsama cametohimbringinghimwhathehadcollectedoflandtaxes,andsaidtohim:Ididnotcometo youtillIexhaustedthesubjects.IdidmybestforthatHowever,Ithinkyouhavetobekindto themandtohavemercyonthem.Decreasetheirlandtaxestotheextentthatyouareableto developyourcountry.Dothat,foryouwillgetmuchmorelandtaxesinthenextyear.However, Sulaymanshoutedathim,saying:Mayyourmotherloseyou.Milkthemilktillitcease.Whenit ceases,thenmilktheblood.[91]ThesewordsshowthatSulaymanhadneithermercynor affectionforhissubjects.So,hedeadenedtheeconomicmovement,andspreadpovertyinthe country. HisDeath Thehistorianssaid:Sulaymanwasselfconceited.Heworehisexcellentclothesandsaid:Iama

youngking.Iamgrand,generous,andagiver.Oneofhisslavegirlsappearedbeforehim.Thus, hesaidtoher:HowdoyouseetheCommanderofthefaithful?Iseehimthewishofthesoul andthedelightoftheeye.However,thepoetsaid,repliedtheslavegirl. Whatdidthepoetsay?heasked. Hesaid: Ifyouremained(alive),youwouldbethebestenjoyment. However,manwillnotremain. Allahknowsbest,wedonotdoubtyou. However,youaremortal. Sulayman,thereisnodefectinyourappearance. Butyouaremortal. TheselinesofpoetryshookSulayman.So,histyrannyandselfconceitvanished.Thehistorians said:Sulaymandiedafterashorttime.[92]Theperiodofhiscaliphatewastwoyears,five months,andfivedays.HediedonFriday,thetwentiethofthemonthofSafar,intheyear99A. H.[93] UmarbinAbdalAz~z ImamAbuJafar(alBaqir),peacebeonhimsaid:Umarb.AbdalAz~zwasthemostglorious oneoftheUmayyadhouse.Hewasthemasteroftheirkings.Hewasthehighbornoneofthe Umayyads.[94]HebecamecaliphaccordingtothepledgeofallegianceofSulaymanb.Abdal Maliktohim.ThatwasoneFriday,thetenthofthemonthofSafar,intheyear99A.H.[95]During hisshortcaliphate,thepeoplefeltsecurityandwelfare.Forheremovedfromthemthe oppressionandtyrannyoftheMarwanis.Hewasskillful,forexperienceseducatedhim.Hehad balancedreason.HefollowedawisepolicywithMoslems.TheMoslemshadneverseensucha policybefore.HedidtheAlwidsmanyfavors.Peoplementionhisfavorsthroughouthistory.The followingissomeofhisfavors: HepreventedthePeoplefromCursing ImamAli. Fromitsearlydays,theUmayyadgovernmentorderedthepeopletocurseImamAli,the CommanderoftheFaithful,peacebeonhim.TheUmayyadsthoughtthatcursingImamAliwould helptheirgovernmenttocontinue.FortheprinciplesofImamAliandhislaudabledeeds,suchas politicalandsocialjustice,wouldurgethepeopletomutinyagainsttheiroppressivetyrannical policy. Withhisawarenessandhisgenusthinking,Umarb.AbdalAz~zrealizedthatthepolicyhis fathersfollowedagainstImamAli,peacebeonhim,wasnotwise.Forsuchapolicycausedthe

Umayyadsmanydifficultiesandthroughthemintogreatevil.Thus,Umardecidedtoremovethis error.HeorderedhisgovernorsallovertheIslamiccountriestopreventpeoplefromcursing ImamAli,theCommanderoftheFaithful,peacebeonhim.Thenheorderedthemtoreplacethe cursingoftheImamwith:SurelyAllahenjoinsthedoingofjusticeandthedoingofgood(to others)andthegivingtotherelatives. UmarhimselfjustifiedthereasonforabandoningthepracticesofhisfatherswhodefamedImam Ali,peacebeonhim.Inthisconnection,hesaid:Whenmyfathermadeaspeechanddefamed Ali,hestammered.So,Isaidtohim:Father,whydoyoustammerinyourspeechwhenyoucome tothenameofAli?Haveyouknownthat?heasked.Yes,Ireplied.Thus,heexplained:My littleson,ifthepeoplearoundusknewAliasweknowhim,theywouldscatteredfromusand followedhis(Ali's)sons.[96]Accordingly,UmarabolishedthecursingofImamAli,peacebeon him.Allthepeopleadmiredthislaudabledeed.Theyalwayspraisedhim.Theymentionedhis uniquebraveryinopposinghispredecessors.Thegreatpoet,KuthayrAzzah,cametohimand recitedthefollowinglinesofpoetry: Youhavebecomecaliph,butyouhavenotcursedAli. Youarenotafraidofanycreature. Youhavenotfollowedthewordsofacriminal. Youhavespokenwiththeplaintruth. Rather,youhaveexplainedtheversesofguidancewithyourspeech. Youaretruthfulindoingyourfavors. So,everyMoslemissatisfied(withyou).[97] KuthayrhadnotpraisedanUmayyadkingwithsuchawonderfulpoem.Forthispoemraised UmartotheleveloftheuniqueImmortalpersons.Kuthayrstartedhispoemwiththelaudable deedofUmar,whopreventedthepeoplefromcursingImamAli,theCommanderoftheFaithful, peacebeonhim.Then,hementionedhispolicybasedonkindnesstothesubjects.Moreover,the MoslemslovedthepolicyofUmar.So,theywerereadytosacrificetheirsoulsforhimtoprolong hislifetime. Umarcommentedtheselinesofpoetry,saying:Therefore,wehavebecomesuccessful.[98]He wassuccessful,forhepleasedhisconscience.Hedidnotbetrayedthecommunitythroughcursing theleaderofitsmessageanditsmatchlesshero,ImamAli,theCommanderoftheFaithful,peace beonhim. AlShar~falRad~praisedandlaudedUmarb.AbdalAz~z: OSonofAbdalAz~z,iftheeyeweptforanUmayyadyoungman,itwouldweep foryou. However,Iwanttosay:Youaregood thoughyourhousewasnotgood. Youhavefreedusfromcursing. So,ifrewardwaspossible,Iwould rewardyou.[99] Intheselinesofpoetry,alShar~falRad~thankedUmarb.AbdalAz~zforpreventingthe

peoplefromcursingImamAli,theCommanderoftheFaithful,peacebeonhim. HegavetheAl~dstheirRights. Fromitsearlydays,theUmayyadgovernmentsparednoefforttodeprivethemembersofthe House(ahlalBayt),peacebeonthem,oftheirright.Itspreadpovertyamongtheirhouses.Thus, theAl~dssufferedfrompoverty.However,whenUmarb.AbdalAz~zbecamecaliph,hegave themtheirfullrights.HewrotetohisgovernorofMedina(Yathrib)todividetenthousanddinars amongthem.Hisgovernoraskedhim:AlihasmanychildrenfromQuraysh,amongwhichofhis childrenshallIdividethemoney?ThenUmarwrotetohim:Whenthisletterofminecomesto you,dividetenthousanddinarsamongthechildrenofAlifromFatima,mayAllahbepleasedwith her.Fortheyhadbeendeprivedoftheirownrights.[100]Thiswasthefirstgifttobegiventothe Al~dsduringthedaysoftheUmayyads. HereturnedFadak Umarb.AbdalAz~zachievedagenerousinitiativewhenhereturnedFadak(countryestate)to theAl~ds.Noteworthy,thefamilyoftheProphet,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,was deprivedofFadak,forithadbeenconfiscatedformanygenerations.HisreturningFadakhasbeen reportedinmanyways.Thefollowingissomeofthem: 1.Umarb.AbdalAz~zvisitedMedina,thecityoftheProphet,mayAllahblesshimandhis family.Heorderedhiscallertocall:Whoeverhasacomplaintshouldattend!So,ImamAbu Jafar(alBaqir),peacebeonhim,cametoUmar,whostoodforhimandreceivedhimwarmly. Thus,theImam,peacebeonhim,saidtohim:Theworldisamarket.Thepeoplebuyfromit whatbenefitsandharmsthem.Howmanyapeopleboughtwhatharmedthem.However,death cametothembeforetheyhadentereduponmorning.So,theylefttheworldblamed.Fortheydid nottakewhatwouldavailtheminthehereafter.Then,whattheyhadgatheredhasbeendivided amongthosewhowillnotthankthem,andtheyhavecometotheOneWhowillnotexcusethem. ByAllah,wehadbetterconsidercarefullytheirbaddeedstorefrainfrom(doing)them.Therefore, fearAllah.Puttwo(things)inyourself:Lookatwhatyoulovetobewithyouwhenwillyoumeet yourLord,forHewillputitbeforeyou.Lookatwhatyouhatetobewithyouwhenyoumeetyour Lord,sothrowitbehindyou.Donotwishfortheunsalablecommodityofthosewhohadbeen beforeyou.Then,youhopethatHewillforgiveyou.Openthedoors.Makeeasytheveil.Treatthe oppressedwithjustice.Punishtheoppressive.Whoeverhasthree(qualities),hisbeliefinAllahis perfect:Whenheissatisfied,hissatisfactiondoesnotenterhimintofalsehood.Whenhe becomesangry,hisangerdoesnottakeoutofthetruth.Whenheispowerful,hedoesnottake whatdoesnotbelongtohim.ImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim,preachedtoUmarwiththese valuablewords.Headvisedhimtofollowhighstandardmoralsandgooddeeds.However,the

Imam,peacebeonhim,didnotmentionthecomplaintofthemembersoftheHouse(ahlalBayt), peacebeonthem,concerningFadakandthelike. WhenUmarheardthesewordsoftheImam,peacebeonhim,heorderedapenandapieceof papertobebroughttohim.Then,hewrotethefollowing:IntheNameofAllah,theMost Gracious,theMostMerciful.ThisiswhatUmarb.AbdalAz~zhasansweredtothecomplaintof Mohammedb.Alib.alHusaynb.Alib.Ab~TalibconcerningFadak. 2.WhenUmarb.AbdalAz~zbecamecaliph,hesummonedQurayshandtheprominentfigures ofthepeople.Then,hesaidtothem:IndeedFadakwasinthehandofAllah'sApostle,mayAllah blesshimandhisfamily.HeputitwhereAllahhadtaughthim.ThenAbuBakrcontrolledit.Then Umar(b.alKhattab)controlledit.ThenMarwancontrolledit.Thenithascometome.However, itdoesnotbelongtomyproperty.Icallyoutowitnessthat(itisnotmyproperty),andthatIhave returneditasitwasatthetimeofAllah'sApostle,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily.[101] ThisnarrationshowsthatUmardidnotreturnFadaktotheAl~ds.Rather,heputitwhereAllah's Apostle,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,hadputit.ItiswellknownthatAllah'sApostle allottedittohisdaughterFatima,themistressofthewomenoftheworld,peacebeonher.Thus, FatimaownedFadakduringthelifetimeofherfather,Allah'sApostle,mayAllahblesshimandhis family.However,thepeopleconfiscatedittosupporttheirpoliticalinterests. 3.WhenUmarb.AbdalAz~zreturnedFadaktotheAl~ds,theUmayyadsharboredmalice againsthim.Thus,theysaidtohim:Youhaveharboredmaliceagainstthedeedofthetwo Shaykhs(i.e.,AbuBakrandUmar).Youhaveslanderedthem.Youhaveascribedthemto oppressionandusurpation.ThenUmarb.AbdalAz~zsaid:Ithasbecomecorrecttomeand toyouthatFatima,daughterofAllah'sApostle,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,demandedof Fadak,foritwasinherhand.ShedidnottellliestoAllah'sApostle,mayAllahblesshimandhis family.Ali,UmmAyman,andUmmSalamatestifiedthat.Fatimaistruthfulwithmeinwhatshe said,theshedidnotsupplyproofofthat.SheisthemistressofthewomenofHeaven.TodayIwill returnFadaktoitsinheritors.WiththatIwanttoapproachtoAllah'sApostle,mayAllahblesshim andhisfamily.IhopethatFatima,alHasan,andalHusaynwillintercede(withAllah)formeon theDayofJudgment.IfIhadbeenintheplaceofAbuBakrandFatimaclaimedthat,Iwouldhave believedhercomplaint.Then,UmarhandedoverFadaktoImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim.[102] ThesearesomeofthenarrationswhichhavebeenmentionedconcerninghowUmarb.Abdal Az~zreturnedFadaktotheAl~ds.Heopposedhispredecessor,whoharboredmalicetowards themembersoftheHouse(ahlalBayt),peacebeonthem. UmarbinAbdalAz~z andImamalBaqir TherewereseveralmeetingsbetweenImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim,andUmarb.Abdal Az~z.Thefollowingissomeofthem:

ImamalBaqirpredictedofUmar'sCaliphate. ImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim,foretoldofthecaliphateofUmarbinAbdalAz~z.Thatwas beforeUmarbecamecaliph.AbuBas~rsaid:IwaswithImamAbuJafar(alBaqir),peacebeon him,inthemosque.Then,Umarb.AbdalAz~zentered.Thus,theImamsaid:Thatyoungman willbeacaliphHewillshowjustice.However,theImamslanderedUmar'scaliphate,forthere wasapersonmoreappropriateforthecaliphatethanUmar.[103] 2.UmarhonoredImamalBaqir WhenUmarbecamecaliph,hehonoredImamAbuJafar(alBaqir),peacebeonhim.Hesent Fununb.AbdAllahb.Uttbab.MasudhewasoneoftheKufanworshiperstoImamalBaqirto askhimtogotoDamascus.TheImam,peacebeonhim,respondedtohimandwentto Damascus.WhentheImamarrivedinDamascus,Umarreceivedhimwarmly.Conversationstook placebetweenthem.TheImamvisitedUmarforseveraldays.Whenhewantedtoreturnto Medina(Yathrib),hewenttoUmar'spalacetoseehimoff.Heintroducedhimselftothe chamberlain,whotoldUmaroftheImam.Thechamberlaincameandcalledout:WhereisAbu Jafar?Heispermittedtoenter.However,theImamdidnotenter.Forhethoughtthe chamberlaindidnotmeanhim.So,thechamberlainreturnedtoUmarandtoldhimthatthe Imamwasnotpresent.Whatdidyousay?askedUmar.WhereisAbuJafar?thechamberlain replied.Goandcall:WhereisMohammedb.Ali?Umarorderedthechamberlain.Thelatter didthat.Thus,theImamroseandentered.HetalkedtoUmar,thenhesaidtohim:Iwanttosee youoff.Preachtome,UmaraskedtheImam. Thus,theImam,peacebeonhim,said:FearAllah.Regardtheoldmanasfather,theyoungman asbrother,andthemanasbrother. UmaradmiredthesecommandmentsoftheImam.Inthisconnection,hesaid:ByAllah,you havegathered(goodcommandments)forme.IfIputthemintoeffectandAllahhelpsmewith that,goodwilllastforme,Allahwilling.Then,theImamleftUmar.Whenhewantedtotravel, Umar'smessengercametohimandsaid:Umarwantstocometoyou.TheImamwaitedtill Umarcame.WhenUmarcame,hesatbeforetheImamtohonorhim.Then,theImamsawhim off.[104] 3.UmarexchangedletterswithImamalBaqir. TheUmayyadsecretagentstoldUmarthatImamAbuJafar(alBaqir),peacebeonhim,waslike therestofhisfathers,whoraisedthebanneroftruthandjusticeintheearth.Umarwantedto testtheImam.Hewrotetohim.So,theImamansweredhimwithaletterinwhichweresermons

andpiecesofadvice.Then,Umarsaid:Bringmehis(alBaqir's)lettertoSulayman.Theletter wasbroughttohim.Initwaslaudandpraise.UmarsentthelettertohisgovernorofMedina (Yathrib).HeorderedhimtoshowthelettertotheImamalongwithhislettertoUmar. Moreover,heorderedhimtorecordwhattheImam,peacebeonhim,wouldsayinthisrespect. ThegovernorsubmittedthetwoletterstotheImam.So,theImamsaid:Sulaymanwas tyrannical.Iwrotetohimwhatiswrittentotyrants.Yourleadershowedanaffair.So,Iwroteto himwhatisappropriateforhim.ThegovernorwrotethesewordsoftheImamtoUmar.When Umarreadthem,headmiredtheImam.Thus,hesaid:Allahalwaysdoesfavorsforthemembers ofthisHouse.[105] ThesearesomeoftheImam'smeetingswithUmar.TheyshowthatUmarhadgeniusthinking whenhehonoredandrespectedtheImam. BaselessAccusation SeveralbaselessaccusationsweremadeagainstUmar.Hewasaccusedofnotknowingthetimes oftheobligatoryprayers.Dr.AliHasanreportedthisclaimontheauthorityofsome references.[106]Thisclaimisuntrue.ForUmarwaspious.Hesatwithreligiousscholarsand jurists.Surely,heknewthetimesoftheobligatoryprayers. Criticisms Umarfacedsomecriticisms.Thefollowingissomeofthem: 1.Herecognizedthecountryestates,whichthecaliphsandthepreviousonesfromhishouse, controlled.Withoutdoubt,thesecountryestateswereillegallytaken. 2.HisgovernorsoftheIslamiccitiessparednoefforttooppressthepeopleandtodeprivethem oftheirproperties.AddressingUmar,KaabalAsharisaid: Youmaintainyourfollowers. However,thegovernorsofyourland arewolvesinthecountry. Theywillnotrespondtowhatyousummontillyoucutoffneckswiththesword.[107] WhileUmarwasaddressingthepeoplefromthepulpit,apersoninterruptedhim,saying: ThosewhomyouappointedoverthecountrieshaveleftyourBookandregardedaslawfulthe forbidden.[108] 3.Headoptedthegivingofthechiefs.Hedidnotchangethat.However,Islamicprinciplesrefuse that.FortheyforcetheMoslemrulertotreatallMoslemswithjustice. 4.HeincreasedthegivingoftheSyrianstotendinars.However,hedidnotdothesamewiththe Iraqis.[109]ThereisnojustificationforthisdiscriminationintreatmentthatopposesIslam. ThesearesomeofthecriticismthatfacethepolicyofUmar.Theyareregardedasmanyforhim.

Forheadoptedjusticeinhispolicy,asthebiographerssaid. HisDeath IllnessesattackedUmarb.AbdalAz~z.Thehistorianssaid:Umarrefusedtotakeany medicine.Itwassaidtohim:Youmusttakemedicine.Ifmyhealingwasinrubbingmyear,I wouldnotrubit.ThebestOnetoWhomIwillgoismyLord,hereplied.[110]Somereferences mentionedthattheUmayyadsgavehimpoisontodrink.Fortheyknewthathisdaywould becomelong.Thus,theywouldlosegovernment.Theythoughtthattherewouldbean appropriatepersonforthecaliphate.Accordingly,theykilledhimquickly.[111] UmardiedatD~rSaman,inthemonthofRajab,intheyear101.[112]Umarleftbehindhim goodbehavior.Allpeopleadmiresuchbehavior. Yaz~dbinAbdalMalik Yaz~dbinAbdalMalikbecamecaliphaccordingtothepledgeofallegianceofhisbother, Sulayman,tohim.HeruledthepeoplewiththepolicyofUmarforfortydays.However,the Umayyadsfoundthatdifficultforthem.Theybroughthimfortyoldmen.Theyborewitness beforehimthatthecaliphswouldfaceneitherreckoningnorpunishment.[113]So,Yaz~d abandonedthepolicyofUmar.Heruledthepeoplewithviolenceandtyranny.Heremovedthe governorsofUmarfromtheiroffices.Then,hewroteadecreetohisgovernors.Thedecreeread asfollows:UmarbinAbdalAz~zwasselfconceited.Leavewhatyouhaveknownfromhis time.Returnthepeoplewillinglyorunwillinglytotheirpreviousclasses.[114]So,oppressionand tyrannyprevailedalloverthecountry.Noteworthy,Yaz~db.AbdalMalikwasignorant.He harboredhatredagainstreligiousscholars.Hedisdainedthem.HecalledalHasanalBasrithe ignorantshaykh.[115] Yaz~dwasexcessiveinplayingandimpudence.HefellinlovewithHabbaba.Oneday,hedrank wineandsaid:Letmefly.Towhomwillyouleavethecommunity?Habbabaaskedhim.To you,hereplied.[116]ShewentwithhimtoJordan.Hethrewagrapeather.Thegrapeentered hermouth.Shechokedandbecameill.Thenshedied.Hedidnotburyher.However,hekissed her.Helookedatherandwept.Thepeoplespoketohimconcerningher.So,hepermittedthem toburyher.Then,hereturnedtohishousesad.[117]AlMasudisaid:Yaz~dsatbythegraveof Habbaba,saying: Thesoulwillleaveyouandyourloveoutofdespairnotoutofpatience.[118] ItwassaidthatYaz~ddugthegraveofHabbabatoseeher.[119]Inthisconnection,hehadmany shamefulattitudes.Iwillnotmentionthem.Hediedintheyear105. HishambinAbdalMalik

HishambecamecaliphonthedaywhenhisbrotherYaz~ddied.ThatwasonFriday,thetwenty fifthofthemonthShawwal,intheyear105.HewascalledtheAhwaloftheUmayyads.He harboredmaliceagainstthehighbornfigures.Hewasamiser.Thus,hesaid:Addthedirhamto thedirhamtomakemoney.[120]HecollectedmoneyofwhichnoCaliphhadcollected.[121]He said:Thecaliphateneedsmoneyasthepatientneedsmedicine.[122]Heenteredfruitgarden. Hiscompanionsbeganeatingfruit.So,heorderedhisretainertouprootthefruittreesandto growolivetreesinsteadofthemtopreventeverypersonfromeatingfruit.[123]Hehadagreen outergarment.HeworethegarmentwhenhewasEmir,thenheworeitwhenhebecame caliph.[124]AlYaqubisaid:Hishamwasmiserly,rude,oppressive,cruel,merciless,and impudent.[125]HedetestedtheAl~ds.ItwashewhokilledZaydb.Ali.ImamAbuJafar(al Baqir),peacebeonhim,sufferedfrommanypersecutionsduringhistime.Thefollowingissome ofthem: ImamalBaqirinDamascus Hisham,thetyrannical,orderedhisgovernorofMedina(Yathrib)tosendImamalBaqir,peacebe onhim,toDamascus.Inthisconnection,thehistorianshavementionedtonarrations: Thefirstnarration:ImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim,arrivedinDamascus.Hishamknewofhis arrival.Thus,heorderedhisretinuestoscoldtheImam.Then,theImam,peacebeonhim,came toHisham.Hegreetedthepeople,butdidnotgreetHishamascaliph.So,Hishamwasenraged. HewalkedtowardstheImam,peacebeonhim,andsaidtohim:OMohammedb.Ali,youhave dividedtheMoslems.Youhavesummoned(thepeople)foryourself.Youhaveclaimedthatyou aretheImamoutoffoolishnessandthepaucityofknowledge. Hishamkeptsilent.However,hishirelingsbegandefamingtheImamandmockinghim. So,ImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim,said:OPeople,wheredoyougo?Wheretheywantto(lead) you?WithusAllahguidedthefirstofyou.WithusHewillterminatethelastofyou.Youhave earlyreign.Butwehavelaterreign.Therewillbenoreignafterourreign.Forwearethepeople ofthefinalresult.Thefinalresultwillbeforthepious.[126] ThentheImam,peacebeonhim,wentout.Hefilledtheirsoulswithsadnessandsorrow.Forthey wereunabletorefutehisrationalwords. ImamalBaqirmadeaSpeechinDamascus. TheSyrianscrowdedaroundImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim.Theysaid:ThatisthesonofAbu Turab(i.e.,ImamAli).Theyshowedmaliceandenmitytowardshim.However,theImam,peace beonhim,decidedtoguidethemtotherightpath.Hewantedthemtoknowthemembersofthe

House(ahlalBayt),peacebeonthem.Heroseamongthemtomakeaspeech.HepraisedAllah andlaudedHim.HeblessedAllah'sApostle,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,thenhesaid:The peopleofdiscord,theprogenyofhypocrisy,andthefoodofthefirekeptawayfromtheluminous Moon,theaboundingSea,thepiercingMetro,theMetroofthebelievers,andtherightPath. BeforeWealterfacesthenturnthemontheirbacks,orcursethemasWecursedtheviolatorsof theSabbath,andcommandofAllahshallbeexecuted.Then,afteraspeechofhis,hesaid:Do youmockthebrotherofAllah'sApostle,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily?(HemeantImamAli, theCommanderoftheFaithful,peacebeonhim.)DoyouslandertheCommanderofreligion? Whichofthewaysdoyoufollowafterhim?Whichsadnessdoyoupayafterhim?Howfar!By Allah,he(ImamAli)becameprominentwithpriority(inIslam).Hewonwiththeoutstanding qualities.Hedominatedthepurpose.Heovercametheperfidy.So,theeyesfadedawayfromhim. Thenecksyieldedtohim.Hewasthebranchofthehighprogeny.[127] WethinkthattheseareextractsfromImamalBaqir'sspeech.However,theyshowedthe laudabledeedsandoutstandingqualitiesofthemembersoftheHouse(ahlalBayt),peacebeon them,tothatsocietythatharboredmaliceagainstthem. ImamalBaqirwasarrested. TheoutstandingmeritsofImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim,spreadamongtheSyrians.Hence, Hishamorderedhimtobeimprisoned.However,theprisonersgatheredaroundtheImam.They begantolearnhissciencesandhisexcellentmorals.Theprisonmanagerwasafraidofthediscord. So,hetoldHishamaboutthat.Thus,HishamorderedtheImamtobereleasedandtobereturned tohishomeland.[128] Thesecondnarration:Lutb.YahyaalAsadireportedthisnarrationontheauthorityofAmmarab. ZaydalWaqidi,whosaid:Oneyear,Hishamb.AbdalMalikmadeapilgrimage(toMecca).In theyearImamMohammedb.AlialBaqirandhissonImamJafaralSadiq,peacebeonthem, alsomadeapilgrimage.Therewasagatheringofpeople.Muslimab.AbdalMalikwasamong them.Beforethatgathering,ImamJafaralSadiq,peacebeonhim,said:PraisebelongstoAllah WhoappointedMohammedasprophetwiththeTruth.Hehashonoreduswithhim.Wearethe chosenonesofAllahoverHiscreatures.WearethebestofHisservants.Whoeverfollowsusis happy.Whoeveropposesanddisobeysusisunhappy. Hence,Muslimab.AbdalMalikhurriedtohisbrotherHishamandtoldhimaboutthewordsof ImamJafaralSadiq,peacebeonhim.However,Hishamkeptthatsecret.Hedidnotmistreatthe twoImamsinSaudiArabia(Hijaz).ThenhecamebacktoDamascus.Whenhearrivedthere,he wrotetohisgovernorofMedina(Yathrib)tosendthetwoImamstoDamascus.Whenthey arrivedinDamascus,AbdalMalikpreventedthemfrommeetingthepeopleforthreedays.For hewantedtodisdainthem.Ontheforthday,hepermittedthemtomeetthepeople.His assemblywasfulloftheUmayyadsandallhisretinues.Hisassociatesinstalledatargetwhichthe Umayyadswereshootingat.

ImamalSadiq,peacebeonhim,said:Whenweentered,myfatherwasbeforemeandIwas behindhim.Hishamcalledout:Mohammed,shootwiththeoldestonesofyourpeople.My fathersaid:Iamoldenoughtoshoot.Ithinkyouhavetoforgiveme.Hishamcriedout:ByHim WhosupporteduswithHisreligionandHisProphetMohammed,myAllahblesshimandhis family,Iwillnotforgiveyou.HishamthoughtthatImamalBaqirwouldfailinshooting.So,he wouldbeabletodegradehimbeforetheSyrians.Thus,heorderedanUmayyadoldmantohand theImamhisbowandarrow.TheImamtookthem.Heshotanarrowatthetargetandhititinthe center.Hedidthatninetimes.Hishambecameangry.Hedidnotcontrolhimself.Thus,hesaid:O AbuJafar,youarethebestarcherofallArabsandnonArabsinshooting.Butyousaythatyou havebecomeanoldman.Then,HishamfeltregretforpraisingtheImam.Hebowedhishead. ImamalBaqirwasstanding.Whenhisstandingbecamelong,hebecameangry.Whenhebecame angry,helookedatthesky.WhenHishamsawtheangeroftheImam,heroseforhim,embraced him,andsathimonhisright,turnedtohim,andsaidtohim:QurayshwillgoonrulingArabsand nonArabsaslongastheyhavethelikeofyou.Howgoodyouare!Whotaughtyouthisarchery. Howlongdidittakeyoutolearnit?DoesJafarshootasyoudo? AbuJafar(alBaqir),peacebeonhim,said:Weinheritperfectionfromeachother. Hishamburstwithanger.Hebowedhishead.Thenheraisedhisheadandbegansaying:Arewe notthechildrenofAbdManaf?Areourlineageandyoursnotone? ImamalBaqiransweredHisham'sclaims,saying:Weareso.However,Allahsingledusoutwith HishiddensecretandHispureknowledge.Hesinglednooneoutexceptus. ThenHishamasked:Mohammed,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,belongedtothetreeof AbdManaf.Hesenthimtoallpeople,thewhite,theblack,andthered.Howhaveyouinherited whatotherthanyouhasnotinherited?AllahsentHisApostletoallpeople.ForAllah,theGreat andAlmighty,said:AndAllah'sistheheritageoftheheavensandtheearth.So,fromwherehave youinheritedthisknowledge?TherewillbenoprophetafterMohammed.Moreover,youarenot prophets. ImamalBaqiransweredhimwiththestrongestproof,saying:FromthewordsofHim,the Exalted,toHisProphet:Donotmoveyourtonguewithittomakehastewithit.Allah,theMost High,orderedtheProphettosingleusoutwithit.ThenthesewordsofHim:Andthataretaining earmightretainit.Hence,Allah'sApostle,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,said:OAli,Iasked Allahtomakeityourear.Forthisreason,Alisaid:Allah'sApostle,mayAllahblesshimandhis family,taughtmeathousanddoorsofknowledgeandheopenedfromeach(ofthese)doorsa thousand(more)doors.TheProphet,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,singledhimoutwith knowledge,asAllahsingledhisProphetoutwithit.Thus,weinheritedknowledgewiththe exceptionofourpeople. Hishambecamedispleased.So,heturnedangrilytotheImamalBaqir,andsaidtohim:Aliknew theunseenworld.AllahdidnottellanyoneofHisunseenknowledge.WhydidAlisaythat? ImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim,answeredhimthroughthebrilliantlifeofImamAli,the CommanderoftheFaithful,peacebeonhim.Inthisconnection,hesaid:AllahsentdownaBook toHisProphet.BetweenthetwocoversoftheBookiswhatwasandwhatwillbetilltheDayof

Judgment.InthewordsofHim,theExalted:WehaverevealedtheBooktoyouexplainingclearly everything.InthewordsofHim,theExalted:AndWehaverecordedeverythinginaclear writing.InthewordsofHim,theExalted:WehavenotneglectedanythingintheBook.Allah commandedHisProphettoteachAlihissecretknowledge.Thus,theProphetorderedAlito collecttheKoranafterhim,andtowashhim.TheProphetsaidtohiscompanions:Itisforbidden formycompanionsandmypeopletolookatmyintimatepartsexceptmybrotherAli.Heisfrom me,andIamfromhim.Whatisformeisforhim.Whatis(incumbent)onmeis(incumbent)on him.Hewillpaymydebtandfulfillmypromises.Thenhesaidtohiscompanions:Aliwillfights on(thebasisof)theinterpretationoftheKoranasIfought(onthebasis)ofitsrevelation.Noone hadtheperfectandgeneralinterpretationoftheKoranexceptAli.So,Allah'sApostle,mayAllah blesshimandhisfamily,said:ThebestoneofyouingivingjudgmentsisAli.Namely,heisyour judge.Umarb.alKhattabsaid:HaditnotbeenforAli,Umarwouldhaveperished. Hishambowedishead.HehadnowaytoanswerImamalBaqir.Hence,hesaidtohim:Askyou need. TheImam,peacebeonhim,said:IleftmyfamilylonelywhenIwentout. Hishamsaid:MayAllahremovetheirlonesomenessthroughyourreturningtothem.Donotstay anymore.Gofromthisdayofyours.[129] ThisnarrationdoesnotmentionthearrestofImamalBaqirinDamascus.Besides,thefirst narrationhasneglectedallwhathasbeenmentionedinthesecondnarration. ImamalBaqirandaPriest ImamAbuJafar(alBaqir),peacebeonhim,wasinSyria.Hemetapriest.Thepriestwasoneof themainChristianscholars.Adebatetookplacebetweenthem.Thepriestrecognizedhisinability todebatewiththeImam.Thedebatereadasfollows:AbuBas~rsaid:[AbuJafar(alBaqir),peace beonhim,said:]IwenttoSyria.WhileIwasgoingtooneoftheUmayyadcaliphs,Isawsome peoplewalking.Iaskedthem:Whereareyougoing?Wearegoingtoamatchlessscholar.Hewill tellusabouttheinterestofouraffair,theyreplied.Ifollowedthemtilltheyenteredalarge building.Inthebuildingweremanypeople.Afterashorttime,anoldmancameout.Theoldman wasleaningontwopersons.Hiseyebrowsfelloverhistwoeyes.Hetiedthem.Whenhesat down,helookedatmeandbeganaskingme: Areyoufromusorfromtheblessedcommunity? Iamfromtheblessedcommunity. Areyoufromitsscholarsorfromitsignorantones? Iamnotfromitsignorantones. Areyouwhosaythatyouwillgotothegardenandeatanddrinkanddonotdischargefeces? Yes. Supplyproofofthat. Yes.Thatisthefetus.Initsmother,iteatsfromherfood,drinksfromherdrink,butdoesnot

dischargefeces. Didyounotsaythatyouarenotfromitsscholars? Isaid:Iamnotfromitsignorantones. Tellmeaboutthehourthatisneitherfromdaynorfromnight. Thishourisfromthesunrise.Wedonotnumberitfromournightnorfromourday.Atitthe sickdie. ThepriestwasoutofbreathThen,hewentonaskingtheImam: Didyounotsaythatyouarenotfromitsscholars? Isaid:Iamnotfromitsignorantones. ByAllah,Iwillaskyouaboutadifficultquestion. Givemewhatyouhave. Tellmeaboutthetwomenwhowerebornatonehouranddiedatonehour.Oneofthemlived foronehundredandfiftyyears.Theotherlivedforfiftyyears. TheywereUzayrandUzayrah.Oneofthemlivedforfiftyyears.ThenAllahmadehimdiefor onehundredyears.Itwassaidtohim:Howlonghaveyoutarried?Hesaid:Ihavetarriedaday orapartofaday.Theotherlivedforahundredandfiftyyears.Thentheybothdied. Then,thepriestcriedoutamonghiscompanions:ByAllah,Iwillnotspeaktoyou.Youwillnot seemyfacefortwelvemonths.[130]ThepriestthoughtthathewouldrefuteImamAbuJafar (alBaqir),peacebeonhim.Then,theImam,peacebeonhim,lefttheassembly.Hence,the Syrianstalkedabouthisoutstandingmeritsandhisscientificabilities. HishamorderedtheShopstobeclosed intheFaceofImamalBaqir. Hisham,thetyrannical,orderedImamAbuJafar(alBaqir),peacebeonhim,toleaveDamascus. ForhewasafraidthatthepeoplewouldadmiretheImam.Accordingly,thepublicopinionwould beagainsttheUmayyads.Hence,heorderedthecitymarketsandtradeshopstobeshutinthe faceoftheImam.HeorderedtheirownersnottosellanycommoditytotheImam.Forhewanted tohurtanddestroytheImam,peacebeonhim.ThecaravanoftheImam,peacebeonhim, walked.Hungerandthirstexhaustedit.Itpassedsomecities.Thepeopleofthecitieshurriedto closetheirstoresinthefaceoftheImam.WhentheImamunderstoodthat,hewentupona mountainthere.Then,heshoutedout,saying:OPeopleofthecitywhosepeopleareoppressive, IamtheabidingoneofAllah.Allah,theExalted,says:WhatremainswithAllahisbetterforyouif youarebeliever.AndIamnotakeeperoveryou.WhentheImamfinishedthesewords,anold manfromthecitysaidtohispeople:Opeople,byAllah,thisistheprayerof(Prophet)Jethro (Shuayb).ByAllah,ifyoudonotgotomarketforthisman(ImamalBaqir),youwillbepunished fromoveryourheadsandfromunderyourfeet.Believemethistimeandobeyme.ForIaman adviserforyou.So,thepeopleofthecityrespondedtotheoldman'ssummons,forheadvised them.Then,theyhurriedtoopentheirstores.Thus,ImamalBaqirboughtwhathewanted.[131]

Accordingly,Hisham'strickagainsttheImam,peacebeonhim,failed.Heheardofthefailureof hisplot.However,hewentonplottingagainsttheImam.Atlast,hegavetheImampoisonto drink.Wewillmentionthatattheendofthebook.Withthiswewillendourtalkaboutthekings whomImamAbuJafar(alBaqir),peacebeonhim,coincided. [1]AlQurtubi,Tafsir,vol.16,p.197. [2]KanzalUmmal,vol.6,p.90. [3]AlHakim,Mustadrak,vol.4,p.479. [4]AsadalGhaba,vol.2,p.34. [5]IbnHisham,Sira,vol.2,p.25. [6]AnsabalAshraf,vol.1,p.27. [7]AlFaiq,vol.2,p.305. [8]AnsabalAshraf,vol.5,p.67. [9]SharhNahjjalBalagha,vol.1,p.67. [10]AlSiraalHalabiya,vol.2,p.87. [11]IbnalAthir,Tarikh,vol.3,p.337. [12]AsadalGhaba,p.348. [13]AnsabalAshraf,vol.5,p.144. [14]TathiralJinan,p.142. [15]IbnalAthir,vol.3,p.328. [16]JawahiralMatalibfiManaqibalImamAlib.AbiTalib,p.133. [17]AlNijumalJahira,vol.1,p.164. [18]MurujjalDhahab,vol.3,p.31. [19]IbnalAthir,Tarikh,vol.3,p.327. [20]AlYaqubi,Tarikh,vol.3,p.3. [21]IbnAbialHaddid,SharhNahjjalBalagha,vol.2,p.53. [22]AlYaqubi,Tarikh,vol.3,p.4. [23]IbnKuthayr,Tarikh,vol.8,p.260 [24]Ibid. [25]AlMaqrizi,alNizawaalTakhasum,p.8. [26]AlSiyuti,TarikhalKhulafa,p.219. [27]Ibid,p.218. [28]AlYaqubi,Tarikh,vol.3,p.16. [29]AlSiyuti,TarikhalKhulafa,p.218. [30]AlTabari,Tarikh. [31]IbnKuthayr,Tarikh,vol.9,p.64. [32]AlQudai,Tarikh,p.72. [33]AlYaqubi,Tarikh,vol.2,p.311. [34]IbnAbialHaddid,SharhNahjjalBalagha,vol.15,p.257. [35]AlImamawaalSiyasa,vol.2,p.45.

[36]NihayatalIrab,vol.21,p.334. [37]Ibid. [38]InalKamilithasbeenmentioned:Hewillkillthosewhodisobeyhimthroughthosewho obeyhim. [39]NihayatalIrab,vol.21,p.334. [40]IbnKuthayr,Tarikh,vol.9,p.132. [41]TahdhibalTahdhib,vol.2,p.311. [42]Ibid. [43]Ibid. [44]MurujjalDhahab,vol.3,p.86. [45]AlDimyari,HayatalHayawan,vol.1,p.86. [46]TahdhibalTahdhib,vol.2,p.211. [47]AlDimyari,HayatalHayawan,vol.1,p.170. [48]IbnSad,Tabaqat,vol.6,p.66. [49]MurujjalDhahab,vol.3,p.74. [50]AlDimyari,HayatalHayawan,vol.1,p.171. [51]MurujjalDhahab,vol.3,p.81. [52]TahdhibalTahdhib,vol.2,p.211. [53]AlMaqrizi,alNizawaalTakhasum,p.27. [54]IbnAbialHaddid,SharhNahjjalBalagha,vol.15,p.242. [55]AlDimyari,HayatalHayawan,vol.1,p.170. [56]AlAqdalFarid,vol.3,p.149. [57]IbnAbialHaddid,SharhNahjjalBalagha. [58]HayatalImamalHusaynbinAli,vol.2,p.336. [59]AlYaqubi,Tarikh,vol.3,p.68. [60]MurujjalDhahab,vol.3,p.68. [61]IbnSad,Tabaqat,vol.6,p.66. [62]Ibid. [63]IbnAsakir,Tahdhib,vol.4,p.50. [64]AlSiyuti,TarikhalKhulafa,p.84. [65]AlDimyari,HayatalHayawan,vol.1,p.170. [66]MujamalBuldan,vol.5,p.349. [67]TahdhibalTahdhib,vol.2,p.212. [68]WafayatalAyan,vol.6,p.347. [69]HediedinthemonthofRamadan.ItwassaidthathediedinthemonthofShawal,intheyear 95A.H.Atthattime,hewasfiftythreeorfouryearsofage.WafayatalAyan,vol.1,p.437. [70]TahdhibalTahdhib,vol.2,p.213. [71]AlAkhtal,Diwan,p.98. [72]AlAghani,vol.8,p.287. [73]AlAyyashi,Tafsir,vol.1,p.23.

[74]AlDurralNazim,p.188. [75]AlDimyari,HayatalHayawan,vol.1,pp.6364. [76]AlBidayawaalNihaya,vol.9,p.68. [77]Ibid. [78]AlSiyuti,TarikhalKhulafa,p.220. [79]AlBidayawaalNihaya,vol.9,p.68. [80]AbialFida,Tarikh,vol.1,p.209. [81]AlSiyuti,TarikhalKhulafa,p.223. [82]IbnalAthir,Tarikh,vol.4,p.138. [83]Ibid. [84]AlSiyuti,TarikhalKhulafa,p.223. [85]AlAnafafiMaathiralKhilafa,vol.1,p.133. [86]AlZargali,alAlam,vol.9,p.141. [87]AlAnafafiMaathiralKhilafa,vol.1,p.133. [88]IbnalAthir,Tarikh,vol.4,p.138. [89]Ibid. [90]IbnAsakir,Tarikh,vol.5,p.80. [91]AlJahshyari,p.32. [92]MurujjalDhahab,vol.3,p.113. [93]IbnalAthir,Tarikh,vol.4,p.151. [94]AlSiyuti,TarikhalKhulafa,p.230. [95]NihayatalIrab,vol.21,p.355. [96]IbnalAthir,Tarikh,vol.44,p.154. [97]AlAghani,vol.8,p.148. [98]IbnalAthir,Tarikh,vol.4,p.654. [99]IbnAbialHaddid,SharhNahjjalBalagha,vol.1,p.357. [100]AlManaqib,vol.4,pp.207208. [101]IbnalAthir,Tarikh,vol.4,p.164. [102]SafinatalBihar,vol.2,p.272. [103]Ibid,p.172. [104]TarikhDimashaq,vol.51,p.38. [105]AlYaqubi,Tarikh,vol.2,48. [106]NazraAmmafiTarikhalFiqhalIslami,p.110. [107]HayatalImamMusab.Jafar,vol.1,p.305. [108]Ibid. [109]AlYaqubi,Tarikh,vol.2,48. [110]IbnalAthir,Tarikh,vol.4,p.161. [111]AlInafafiMaathiralKhilafa,vol.1,p.142. [112]IbnalAthir,Tarikh,vol.4,p.161. [113]IbnKuthayr,Tarikh,vol.4,p.232.

[114]AlAqdalFarid,vol.3,p.180. [115]AlTabaqatalKubra,vol.5,p.95. [116]IbnalAthir,Tarikh,vol.4,p.191. [117]Ibid. [118]MurujjalDhahab,vol.3,p.191. [119]AlInafafiMaathiralKhilafa,vol.1,p.146. [120]AlBukhla,p.150. [121]AkhbaralDuwal,vol2,p.200. [122]AnsabalAshraf. [123]AlBukhala,p.105. [124]AlAdabalSultaniya. [125]AlYaqubi,Tarikh,vol.2,393. [126]BiharalAnwar,vol.11,p.75. [127]AlManaqib,pp.203204. [128]BiharalAnwar,vol.11,p.75. [129]DiyaalAmilin,vol.2. [130]AlDurralNazim,p.190. [131]AlManaqib,vol.4,p.690.AlBihar,vol.11,p.75. ChapterIX:TheTimeOfImamALBaqir AsforthetalkaboutthetimeofImamAbuJafar(alBaqir),peacebeonhim,andmentioningthe mostprominenteventsthatoccurredduringit,theyarenumbered,accordingtomodernstudies, amongmethodicalresearchesofwhichtheresearcherisinneed.Forstudyingacertaintimehasa strongeffectondiscoveringthebehaviorofthepersononwhomtheresearchisdone,andon understandinghisculturalandsocialqualities. ThetimeofImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim,wasthemostcriticalandsensitiveofalltheIslamic times.FormanyIslamicsectsgrewduringit.Theywereamongthemostdangerousintellectual andsocialphenomenaatthattime.Besidesthepoliticalpartiesattackedeachothertotheextent thattheystoppedIslamfromspreadinganddeviateditfromitswaytoanotherwaywithoutaray oflightandawareness. However,wewilltalkaboutalltheaspectsoflifeatthattime.Wewillleavenoneofthem.Thatis asfollows: TheIslamicSects

AtthattimemanyIslamicsectsgrew.Someofthemgrew,astheresearcherssaid,accordingto thecommandandsupportoftheUmayyadgovernment.Therewereseveralreasonsforthat.The mostimportantoneofthemwasthattheUmayyadgovernmentwantedthesesectstosupportit andtojustifyitsattitudeanditstendencies.Wewillbrieflymentionsomeofthesesects.Wewill behonesttothetruthasfaraspossible. TheMutazilites TheMutazilitesplayedadangerousroleinthehistoryoftheintellectualandsociallifeatthat time.TheyleftfarrangeeffectsontheintellectualIslamiclife.Amongthemwasthefoundationof theideologicalbasesonwhichSunnitheologystood.[1]ColdZiharthoughtthattheMutazilites werethefirsttoenterandmaintaintherationaltendency.[2]Itisnecessaryforustogiveabrief ideaaboutthehistoryoftheMutazilites,theirbeliefs,andtheattitudeofImamalBaqir,peace beonhim,towardstheirleaders. TheHistoryoftheMutazilites ZahdiJarAllahthoughtthatthetheologicalschooloftheMutazilitesstartedinthebeginningof thesecondhistoryA.H.ThatwasinthecityofBasrah,whichwasthecenterofknowledgeand literatureintheIslamicstate.[3]However,thisschool,asapoliticalmovement,wasfounded beforethisdate.ThatwaswhenthepeoplepledgedallegiancetoImamAli,theCommanderof theFaithful,peacebeonhim.So,agroupofpeopleretiredfrompledgingallegiancetohim. AmongthemwereSadb.Ab~Waqqas,AbdAllahb.Umar,Usamab.Zayd,andMohammedb. MuslimaalAnsari.Hence,theywerecalledtheMutazilites(theoneswhoretiredfrom).Theyalso didnotsupportImamAliintheBattleoftheCamelandSiff~n.Moreover,alAhnafb.Qays retiredfromthewar.Then,hesaidtohispeople:Itisbetterforyoutoretirefromthe discord.[4]Therefore,theMutazilitesappearedasapoliticalthoughtatthattime.Asfortheir theologicalschool,itappearedinthelastyearsofthefirstcenturyA.H. TheMutazilitesandPolicy TheMutaziliteshadreligioustendenciesandtheologicalmethods.Theysupportedtherule standingatthosetimes.Theirleaderssupportedtheauthoritiesandjustifiedtheirpolitical behavior.ThoughtheleadersoftheMutazilitesaffectedasceticismandworship,theyfollowed thegovernmentsstandingatthosetimes.ThereasonforthatisthattheyadoptedtheImamateof themafdul(thelessexcellent).Theysaidthatitwaspermittedtopreferhimtothefadil(themost

excellent).TheyembracedthisviewtojustifythecaliphateoftheUmayyadsandthelike,who assumedtheleadershipofgovernmentthoughtherewerepersonsmoreknowledgeablethan themintheaffairsofreligionandthepreceptsofIslamiclaw.Withthattheyobtainedthe absolutesupportandrespectoftheUmayyads.AftertheendoftheUmayyadgovernment,they joinedtheAbbasidgovernment.AlMansuralDawaniqiturnedawayfromthereligiousscholars. Hewascrueltowardsthem.Heshowedenmitytowardsthemandknowledge.However,he admiredAmrub.Ubayd,thespiritualleaderoftheMutazilites.TheAbbasidkingsalsorespected andhonoredAhmedb.Ab~Dawud,thesecondleaderoftheMutazilites.Concerninghimal Mutasimsaid:ByAllah,weadornwiththelikeofthis(Ahmed),rejoiceathisnearness.Heis loyaltous.[5]AlMutasimvisitedAhmedwhenhebecameill.Buthevisitednoneofhisbrothers andhisrelatives.WhenhewasaskedabouthisvisittoAhmed,hereplied:Ofcourse,Ivisitthis person.Forherewardsmeandthanksme.Hehasavailedmeinmyreligionandmyworld.[6] TheItalianorientalist,Nilino,andtheorientalist,Nisboh,thoughtthatthestartoftheitizal (retirement)wasfromapoliticalorigin.[7] AhmedAmnsaid:Surely,theboldnessoftheMutazilitesincriticizingthemenwasastrong supportfortheUmayyads.Forcriticizingandanalyzingtheopponentsandusingreasonin judgmentforthemoragainstthemremove,atleast,thethoughtofglorifyingAli,whichwas spreadamongthemassesofthepeople.[8] However,theUmayyadandtheAbbasidgovernmentsrespectedandhonoredtheMutazilites becauseoftheirsupporttothem. TheMutazilitesandtheChristians ItisnotlogicaltosaythatthebeliefsoftheChristianshadaneffectontheMutazilites,andthat thebeliefsoftheMutazilitesweresimilartothatoftheChristianswhofollowedGreek philosophy.Daybubelievedinthat.Inthisconnection,hesaid:Thereareseparateproofsforthat agroupoftheearlyMoslems,whobelievedinpreference,studiedunderChristianteachers.[9] Dr.NumanalQadiinclinedtothat.Inthisrespect,hesaid:AnIraqiChristianwasthefirsttotalk aboutfate.TheChristianbecameMoslem,andthenhereturnedtohisreligion.MabidalJahni andGhaylanalDimashqilearnedfromhim.[10]WhatDr.alQadihasmentionedisnotaproof forwhathebelievedin.FortheImamsofthemembersoftheHouse(ahlalBayt),peacebeon them,werethefirsttotalkaboutfate.Theyexplaineditandsuppliedproofofwhattheybelieved in.SupposethatanIraqiChristianwasthefirsttospeakaboutdoom,thisdoesnotmeanthatthe ChristianhadideologicaleffectsontheMutazilites.Tosaythetruth,theChristianshadnoeffects onthereligiousandthephilosophicalviewsoftheMutazilites. TheFundamentalDoctrines

AsforthegeneralideologicalfundamentalsinwhichtheMutazilitesbelieved,theywerefive basicfundamentals.WhoeveradoptedthemwasaMutazilite.Whoeverdeniedoneofthemor increasedthemwasnotaMutazilite.[11]Theyareasfollows: 1.OnenessofAllah. Thestrongestoneofthefiveprinciples,onwhichtheMutazilitesagreed,istawh~d,orbeliefin theonenessanduniquenessofAllah.TheysaidthatAllahwasnotsimilartoHiscreatures.They thoughtAllahwasneitherbodynoraccidentnoressence,andthatneithertimenorspace encompassedhim.TheyrefusedeverythingopposingtheOnenessofAllah,theExalted,andHis eternity.TheydeniedthatAllahhadattributesotherthanhimself.[12]Inthisrespect,theysaid: TheexistenceofeternalattributesoutsidetheSelf(ofAllah)leadstotheexistenceofaneternal thingotherthanHimself.Thisrequiresmultiplicity.ThisisimpossibleforHim,theExalted.[13] Moreover,theyinterpretedtheversesthatshowsapparentlytheincarnationofAllah.Among theseversesis:ThehandofAllahisontheirhands.Theysimplifiedtheexplanation,and suppliedwonderfulreliableproofsofit. 2.DivineJustice Thisistheseconddoctrineofthefundamentaldoctrinesoftheirfaith.ItisDivineJustice.Allahis notintheleastunjusttotheservants.Hedoesnotwrongthem.Theyhadmanytheological studiesaboutThejusticeofAllah,theExalted.Amongthemarethenegationoffate,provingthe freedom,will,andpreferenceofman.Itismanwhofindshisactsaccordingtohisfreedomand hispreference.ThatisbecauseAllahisjustandbeyondallinjustices.Allahdoesnotpunisha personwhomheforcestoperformacertainact.Forwhoeverforcesapersontoperformacertain actandpunisheshimisunjust.Hence,Allahisfaraboveinjustice.ForHe,theExalted,said:Allah isnotintheleastunjusttotheservants.Allahdoesnotwrongthem. Thereforerewardandpunishmentfollowtheact.Theydonotfollowanythingelse. IntheDivineJustice,theMutazilitesdiscussedthethingsthatarerationallygoodorbad.The believedthatAllahwasjust,andthatHedidonlygoodthingstoHisservants.Thisurgedthemto discusstheacts.Inthisconnection,theyasked:Aretheactsgoodinthemselves?Ordothey acquiretheirgoodnessanduglinessthroughanorderfromAllah?Theybelievedthatgoodness anduglinesswereinthethingsthemselves.ThethingisnotgoodthroughanorderfromHim. Rather,Heorderedittobeperformedforitsgoodness.Besidesthethingisnotuglythroughan orderfromHim.Rather,heforbidsitbecauseofitsugliness.Forthisreason,theMutazilites glorifiedreason,andopenedthewaybeforeitsmaturityandpromotion,assomeofthe researcherssaid.[14]

3.PromiseandThreat Thisisthethirddoctrineoftheirfundamentaldoctrines.ItmeansthatAllahistruthful(in fulfilling)HispromiseandthreatontheDayofJudgment.NothingwillchangeHiswords.The peopleofthegardenwillbedriventothegardenthroughtheirdeeds.Thepeopleofthefirewill bedriventothefirethroughtheirdeeds,too.Accordingtothis,theydeniedtheintercession(with Allah)foranybodyontheDayofResurrection.[15]Moreover,theydeniedtheversesandthe traditionsaboutit. 4.RankbetweentwoRanks Thisdoctrinemeansthatthepersonwhocommitsthemajorsinisneitherbelievernorunbeliever. Rather,heisasinner.Hence,theyregardedtransgressionasathirdindependentrankfrombelief andunbelief.Theyregardeditbetweenthem.Wasilb.Ata'decidedthatwhenhesaid:Beliefis goodqualities.Whentheycometogether,thepersoniscalledbeliever.Itisthenameofpraise. Thesinnerhasnotgatheredgoodqualities.Heisnotworthyofthenameofpraise.Therefore,he isneitherbelievernorunbeliever.Thatisbecausetheshahadaandallgooddeedsarefoundin him.Thereisnowaytodenythem.However,ifheleavestheworldandinsistsonthemajorsin withoutrepentance,hewillbeamongthosewhowillbeimmortalinthefire.[16]Amrub. UbaydfollowedWasilinthat.AlHasanalBasrialsofollowedtheminthat.Noteworthy,hehad insistedonthatthepersonwhocommittedamajorsinwasasinnerbeliever.[17] 5.EnjoiningGoodandForbiddingEvil Thisisthefifthdoctrineoftheirfundamentaldoctrines.Theythoughtthatitwasincumbenton everyMoslemtoenjoingoodandtoforbidevilwiththesword.Theycalledthatjihad(armed struggle).Iftheywereunabletocarrythatoutwiththesword,theyhadtouseotherthanit.They hadnodifferenceinresistingboththeunbelieversandthesinners.[18]However,theMutazilites didnotusethisdoctrineagainsttheUmayyadswhodeviatedfromIslamandabasedtheMoslems andforcedthemtofollowwhattheyhated. ThesearethefundamentalsdoctrinesoftheMutazilites.Theyhavemanyimportantscientific branches.Theyhavebeenmentionedinthetheologicalbooks. TheSh~aandtheMutazilites SomeorientalistssaidthattheSh~aquotedmanyoftheirtheologicalbeliefsfromthe

Mutazilites,andthattheyconstitutedintellectualunity.AmongthemisColdzihr,whosaid:Itizal orretirementhasbeenfirmlyestablishedinthebooksoftheSh~atillthisdayofours.So,itisa grievousmistake,whetherfromtheviewpointofreligioushistoryorliteraryhistory,tosaythatno materialtracehasremainedforitizalorretirementafterthedecisivevictorywhichtheAsharite beliefswon.TheSh~ahavemanyideologicalbookstowhichtheyresortandtofollowtheir examples.Theyarestandingproofthatrefutesthisclaim.WemayregardtheSh~iteideological booksasthebooksoftheMutazilites.[19] AmongthosewhoheldthisviewisAdamMitiz,whosaid:TheSh~ahadnoprivatetheological doctrineintheforthcenturyA.H.Hence,theyquotedthefundamentalsandstylesoftheology fromtheMutazilites.IbnBabawayhalQummi,thegreatestSh~itescholarintheforthcentury A.H.,followedinhisbookIlalalSharaiythemethodoftheMutazilites.Asforthefaithand doctrine,theSh~aaretheinheritorsoftheMutazilites.[20]Thisviewhasnoscientific originality.However,theSh~ahavenotreliedonanyIslamicsect.FortheImamsofthemembers oftheHouse(ahlalBayt),peacebeonthem,suppliedthemwithrichabilitiesabouttheological studiesandthelike.Theywerethefirsttoopenthedoortothisscience.Besidestheywerethe foremosttodiscusstheresearchesofDivineoneness,andthelike.Forexample,NahjjalBalaghof ImamAli,theCommanderoftheFaithful,peacebeonhim,isfullofwonderfulsermonsthat praisetheGreatnessoftheCreatorandconsiderHimtooexaltedfortheattributesofcreatures. AlSah~faalSajjadiyahofthegreatImamZaynalAbidn,peacebeonhim,isrichinthese researches.ManytraditionswerereportedontheauthorityoftheImamsofguidance,peacebe onthem.Inthetraditions,theImamrefutedatheistsandthelike.Allthatsuppliesproofthatthe Sh~awerethefirsttostudytheology.So,howdotheyrelyontheMutazilites?ShaykhalMuf~d said:NoSh~itetheologianjuristhastakentheologyfromtheMutazilites.[21] Dr.UrfanAbdalHam~dsaid:AsforthescholarsoftheSh~ainthepastandpresent,they deniedtheclaimofquotationandimitationandrefutedthosewhobelievedinthem.Inmy opinion,thatisnaturallogicalandnecessarymatterforthosewhobelieveintheImamidoctrine, whichsaysthatthegeneralskeletonoftheSh~iteteachingsstandsonthetraditionsreportedon theauthorityoftheinfallibleImam.So,thetextofthedoctrinerequiresdismissingevery possibilityoftheoutsideeffects.Rather,itdeniesthem.FortheSh~itedoctrineisanintellectual unitystandingbyitselfandistakenfromtheteachingsoftheImam.[22] GenerallyacceptedMatters TheSh~aandtheMutazilitesagreedonsomemattersfromthefivefundamentaldoctrinessuch asDivineJustice.ImamKashifalGhita'said:WhatmakestheMutazilitessimilartotheSh~ais theirview:AmongtheattributesofHim,theExalted,isjusticewhichtheAsharitesdeny.Onthis standsthematterofrationalgoodnessanduglinessinwhichtheImamisandtheMutazilites believe,andwhichtheAsharitesalsodeny.Forthisreason,thetwopartiesarecalledtheadliyah (theoneswhobelieveinDivineJustice).[23]

GenerallyunacceptedMatters TheSh~adisagreedradicallywiththeMutazilitesonmanymatters.Thefollowingissomeof them: 1.TheImamateoftheMafdul TheMutazilitessaidthatitwaspermittedtofollowtheImamateofthemafdul(theless excellent)andtopreferhimtothefadil(themostexcellent).However,theSh~arefusedthat thoroughly,andregardeditasdisobediencetothinkinganddeviationfromtheKoran,which refusestomakethemequal.Allah,theExalted,said:Arethosewhoknowandthosewhodonot knowequal?TheSh~athinkthatallthecrisisfromwhichthecommunitysufferedresultedfrom preferringthemafdul(thelessexcellent)tothefadil(themostexcellent).However,theProphet, mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,nominatedthebestoneofhisfamilyandhiscompanions, ImamAli,theCommanderoftheFaithful,peacebeonhim,tobehissuccessor.Hetookthe pledgeofallegiancetohimatGhad~rKhum.However,thepoliticalambitionsmovedthepeople toremovehimfromthecaliphateandtonominateapersonotherthanhim.Thisledtobad effectsonthecommunitythroughouthistory. However,thissensitivepointisamongthebasicdifferencesbetweentheSh~aandthe Mutazilites. 2.Intercession. TheMutazilitessaidthatnoneofthefriendsofAllahhadtherighttointercedewithhimforany person.Allahwillrewardmanduetohisact.Ifhisactsweregood,hewouldgetgood.Ifthey wereevil,hewouldgetevil.Theintercessionofanybodywouldnotavailhim.TheSh~aopposed that.TheythoughtthatthefriendsofAllah,suchasthepureImams,willhavetherightto intercedewithAllahontheDayofJudgment.Thatistoshowtheiroutstandingqualitiesandtheir excellentpositionwithAllah.IftheyhadnorighttointercedewithAllah,thenwhatwould distinguishthemfromotherpeopleonthatday? ThesearesomeofthedifferencesbetweentheSh~aandtheMutazilites.Violentdebates occurredbetweentheleadingfiguresoftheSh~aandoftheMutazilites. ImamalBaqirandtheLeaders

oftheMutazilites ThemainleadersoftheMutazilitesmetImamAbuJafar(alBaqir),peacebeonhim.They debatedwithhim.Theyareasfollows: 1.AlHasanalBasri AlHasanalBasriwenttoMedina(Yathrib).HemetImamAbuJafar(alBaqir),peacebeonhim, andsaidtohim: IhavecometoaskyouaboutcertainmattersfromtheBookofAllah. AreyounotthejuristofthepeopleofBasrah? Itmaybesaidso. IsthereapersoninBasrahtolearnfrom? No. DoallthepeopleofBasrahlearnfromyou? Yes. Youhaveassumedagreataffair.Ihaveheardsomethingconcerningyou.Idonotknowwhether itisrightorwrong. Whatisit? Theysaidthatyousaid:Allahcreatedtheservantsandentrustedtheiraffairstothem. AlHasanalBasribowedhishead.HewasunabletoanswertheImam.So,theImamaskedhim: DoyouknowhimtowhomAllahsaidinHisBook:Youaresafe.Istherefearforhimafterthe wordsfromHim? No. Iwillpresentaverseforyou.Iwillendaddressingyou.Ithinkthatyouwillgiveitanother meaning.Ifyoudidthat,youwoulddestroyyourselfandothers. Whatisit? DoyouknowwhatAllahmeantwhenhesaid:AndWemadebetweenthemandthetowns whichWehadblessed(other)townstobeeasilyseen,andWeapportionedthejourneytherein: Travelthroughthemnightsanddays,secure.[24]Iheardthatyougavethepeoplealegalopinion whenyousaid:ItisMecca. Yes,repliedalHasanalBasri. TheImamsuppliedproofofexplainingtheverse.So,alHasanwasunabletoanswerhim.Then, theImampreventedhimfromembracingauthorization.Hetoldhimthatauthorizationwas invalid.[25] 2.ImamalBaqirrefutedalHasan alBasri.

UthmanalAmacametoImamAbuJafar(alBaqir),peacebeonhim,andsaidtohim:[AlHasan alBasrisaid:]Thefirewillhurtthestomachsofthepersonswhoconcealknowledge.TheImam deniedthatandsaid:Therefore,thebelieverofthefamilyofPharaohwillperish.Allahpraised himforthat.KnowledgehasbeenconcealedsinceAllah,theGreatandAlmighty,sentNoah.Let alHasangototherightandleft.ByAllah,hewillnotfindknowledgeinanywhereexcepthere. Hepointedtohisholychest.[26] 3.ImamalBaqirandAmrubinUbayd Amrub.UbaydwasthespiritualleaderoftheMutazilites.AlMansuralDawaniqirespectedand honoredhim.[27]HecametovisitImamAbuJafar(alBaqir),peacebeonhim,totesthimwith questions.Hesaid:MayIbeyourransom,whatisthemeaningofthewordsofHim,theExalted: DonotthosewhodisbelieverealizethattheheavensandtheearthwererataqandWemade themfitq?[28]Whatisthisrataqandthisfitq?Theheavenwasrataq(means)thatnoraincame downfromit,answeredImamAbuJafar,peacebeonhim,andtheearthwasfitq(means)that noplantscameoutofit. Amrustopped.Hecouldnotfindanyopposition.Hewentawaybutthencameback. MayIbeyourransom,hesaid,tellmeofthewordsofHim,theMostHigh:Onwhomsoever Myangeralights,hefall(todisaster.)[29]WhatistheangerofAllah? TheangerofAllahisHispunishment,repliedAbuJafar,peacebeonhim,Whoeverthinksthat anythingchangesAllahisanunbeliever.[30] TheMurji'a TheMurji'aappearedontheIslamicarenaduringUmayyadera.Theyplayedadangerousrolein formulatingthepoliticaleventsatthosetimes.TheysupportedanddefendedtheUmayyad government.Itisnecessaryforustogiveanoutlineaboutthemandtoexplaintheattitudeof ImamAbuJafar(alBaqir),peacebeonhim,towardsthem.Thatisasfollows: 1.TheMeaningoftheMurji'a TheresearchersdifferedoverthemeaningoftheMurji'a.Fortheydifferedoverunderstanding thewordfromwhichtheMurji'awasderived.Thefollowingissomeoftheirviews: A.Someofthemthoughtthatthewordmurji'awasderivedfromtheverbarja'a,whichmeanshe gives(someone)timeanddelays(him).TheywerecalledtheMurji'a,fortheypostponedtheaffair ofthosewhodisagreedonthecaliphatetotheDayofJudgment.Theydidnotjudgeanyof them.[31]

B.SomeofthemthoughtthattheMurji'awasderivedfromtheverbarja'a,meaninghope.For theydidnotdecidethattheonewhocommittedamajorsinwouldbefromthepeopleofthefire orfromthepeopleofthegarden.Rather,theypostponedthedecisionconcerninghimtotheDay ofJudgment.Withthattheygavehopeforforgiveness.Inotherwords,theyhopedthatAllah wouldforgiveeveryMoslem.[32] C.ItwassaidthattheywerecalledtheMurji'a,fortheythoughtthattheheartandthetongue confirmedfaith,andthattheydelayedact.[33]TheythoughtthatAllahwouldsavethebelievers becauseoftheirheartyfaith,thoughtheydidnotprayandfast.Withthistheyadvancedfaithand postponedact.AhmedAmnfavoredthefirstview.[34]Yankilsonfavoredthesecondview.[35] TheGrowthoftheMurji'a WefirmlybelievethattheUmayyadsorderedthissecttoformed.Thentheyspreaditsbeliefs amongthepeople.ForthissectregardedaslegalthecaliphateoftheUmayyads.Meanwhile,it saidthatAllahwoulddecideontheDayofJudgmentthegrievouseventswhichtheUmayyads made,andthatnoonehadtherighttocriticizetheiracts. TheMurji'awasformedforpoliticalreasons.ThemainleadersoftheMurji'aobeyedtheUmayyad andtheAbbasidkings.AlMa'mu~nsaid:AlIrja~'orpostponementisthereligionofthe kings.[36]ThissectdidnotopposetheuglydeedsoftheUmayyadkings.So,itdeviatedfromthe trueIslam. ShawqiDayfsaid:TheviewsoftheMurji'aservedtheUmayyadhouse.TheSh~aandother piouspeoplethoughtthatthishousedeviatedfromreligion.So,theythoughtthattheMoslems hadtoreplaceitwiththeAlidHouse.TheMurji'adisagreedwiththeSh~aonthisopinion.For theydidnotwanttopreferMoslemtoMoslem.Theydidnotwanttojudgeanypersonwithpiety orwithoutpiety.ItwasenoughfortheMoslemtobeMoslem.Noonehadtherighttojudgehis act.[37] Ukhuda~bakhshsaid:TheMurji'amadeanagreementwiththeUmayyadgovernmentfor livelihood.[38] TheMurji'awasamongthehirelingsoftherulingauthoritiesatthattime.Theyplayedapositive roleinsupportingtheUmayyadandjustifyingitspolicystandingonoppressionandtyranny. TheSh~aandtheMurji'a TherewasanintensedisagreementbetweentheSh~aandtheMurji'a.Fortheydifferedoverthe successionaftertheProphet,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily.TheSh~athoughtthatImam Ali,theCommanderoftheFaithful,peacebeonhim,wasthedirectsuccessoraftertheProphet. BesidestheythoughtthattheUmayyadgovernmentwasillegal,andthattheMoslemshadto destroyit.However,theMurji'athoughtthattheUmayyadgovernmentwaslegal,andthatno

onehadtherighttorevoltagainstit.Therewasastrongconflictbetweenthetwosects.Forthe Sh~avexedtheMurji'awhentheymentionedAli,peacebeonhim,intheirclubsand assemblies.Inthisconnection,aSh~itepoetsaid: IfyouarepleasedtoseetheMurji'adiewiththeirillnessbeforetheirdeath, thenrenewmentioningAli'snamebeforethem,andblesstheProphet,andthemembersofhis house.[39] TheSh~acriticizedtheMurji'aforpreferringthecaliphstoImamAli,theCommanderofthe Faithful,peacebeonhim.Theyregardedthemasnarrowminded. Muharibb.DitharalHadhli,mainleaderoftheMurji'a,triedtorefutetheSh~ainapoem.[40] Mansu~ralNimri,aSh~itepoet,answeredhiminapoem,too.[41] TheSh~acriticizedandmockedtheMurji'aforpostponingImamAli,theCommanderofthe Faithful,peacebeonhim,andmakingequalbetweenhimandUthmanandMua~wiyaandthe Kharijites.AlSayyidalHimyarirefutedtheirviewsinapoem.[42] Grimar'sClaims GrimarthoughtthattherewererelationshipsbetweentheprinciplesoftheMurji'aandthe teachingsoftheeasternchurch.HetriedtoshowthatthroughthebeliefsoftheMurji'a,which saidthatthesinnerswouldnotbeabidinginthefire.Thisisinwhatthefathersoftheeastern churchopposethewesternchurch.HealsothoughtthecalmbeliefoftheMurji'aagreedwiththe teachingsYohannaalDimashqi,whowasbusydoingreligiousstudieswhentheMurji'aappeared, andwhowasveryfamousinthecapitaloftheUmayyadcaliphs.Moreover,Grimarunderlined thatthebeliefsoftheMurji'ahadclosetieswiththereligiousphilosophyoftheeastern church.[43] Asforthisview,itisveryweak.ForthetheologicalstudiesprosperedinearlytimeinIslam.No studyofthemwastakenfromChristianityorthelike.Dr.YousifKhulayfsaid:Ithinkthattheirja' orpostponement,suchasasceticism,wasnotChristianingrowthandtendency.Rather,itwas Islamicingrowthandtendency.ThisdoesnotmeanthatChristianityhadnoeffectonitand supplieditwithsomeofitstrends.However,ithasclearIslamicqualities.[44] TheDefinitionofFaith TheMurji'abelievedthatfaithwascertitudebytheheart,andthatwordsanddeedswerenot important.Ifmanbelieved(inAllah)withhisheart,thenhewasabelievingMoslem.Thatdidnot dependonhisprayers,hisfasting,andhispilgrimage(toMecca).Thesereligiousdutieswerenot important.WiththattheyopposedtheMutazilites,whothoughttheonewhocommittedamajor sinwasneitherabelievernorunbeliever.Rather,hewasinarankbetweenthetworanks.They alsoopposedtheKharijites,whosaidthattheonewhocommittedamajorsinwasanunbeliever.

Inthisconnection,thesewordsofthemarefamous:Nosinharmsbelief.Noobedienceavails unbelief.[45]So,theysaidthattheChristiansandtheJewswereunbelievers.Theytookcareof themanddidnotwanttohurttheirfeelings.FortheUmayyadpalacewasfulloftheChristians andtheJewswhooccupiedhighofficesintheUmayyadstate.[46] ImamalBaqirandAmrualMasir Amrub.QaysalMasirbelievedintheirja'orpostponement.Heandacompanionsofhiswentto ImamAbuJafar(alBaqir),peacebeonhim.HesaidtotheImam:Wedonotdismissour followersfromfaithbecauseofsins.TheImamrefutedhiscorruptclaims,saying:OSonofQays, Allah'sApostle,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,said:Thebelieverdoesnotcommitfornication nordoeshesteal.Youandyoufriendgowhereveryouwish.[47]TheMurji'alimitedfaithinthis waythatopposedthetraditionsreportedontheauthorityoftheProphet,mayAllahblesshim andhisfamily.ForthepersonwhobelievesinAllahandthehereafterdoesnotcommit fornicationnordoeshesteal.Ratheritistheunbelieverwhocommitssuchsins.Faithprevents thesoulfromcommittingsin.Therefore,whoevercommitssinshasnofaith. AbuHan~faandtheIrja' SomesourcesmentionedthatAbuHan~fabelievedintheirja'orpostponement,andthathis religiousschoolstoodonit.[48]Mohammedb.Amrusaid:[IheardAbuMishirsay:]AbuHan~ wastheheadoftheMurji'a.Amrb.Sumaydsaid:[Iheardmygrandfathersay:IsaidtoAbu Yousif:] WasAbuHan~fromtheMurji'a? Yes. WasheaJahami? Yes. Whydidyoukeepsilent? AbuHan~wasateacher.Weacceptedhisgoodwordsandlefthisuglywords.[49] ThisaccusationcausedAbuHan~famanyslanders.Somerulingcircleslaunchedabitter slanderouscampaign.However,wearenotsureofsuchanaccusation. TheKharijites ThesectofKharijiteswereoneoftheoldestrevolutionarysectsthatappearedonthearenaofthe politicallifeinIslam.ItappearedwhenMuawiyawasdefeatedandwasabouttoescape.Hence, heresortedtoraisingcopiesoftheKoranaskingImamAlitouseitasareferee.AstheKharijites

hadnopoliticalandsocialawarenesstheyhurriedtotheImamandaskedhimtoacceptthat.The Imamtoldthemthatitwasamilitarytrick,thattheUmayyadsdidnotbelieveintheKoran,and thattheydidnotrespectAllah.However,theKharijitesdisobeyedhim.Theyunanimouslyagreed onthattheywouldremovehimorstopthewaroperations.Thentheydrewtheirswordsinhis face.Meanwhile,thevanguardsoftheImam'sarmyheadedbythegreatcommander,Malikal Ashtar,wasabouttowinvictoryandcaptureMuawiyab.Ab~Sufyan.So,adiscordwasaboutto occuramongthearmyoftheImam.Thus,theImamrespondedtothemandorderedthebattleto bestopped.Then,thedocumentofarbitrationwaswrittenbetweenthetwosides.Noteworthy, thedocumentdidnotstatethatAliwastheCommanderoftheFaithful.Afterwards,thestupid Kharijitesunderstoodthattheyfollowedaplainerror,andthattheUmayyadsdeceivedthem whentheyraisedcopiesoftheKoran.Hence,therefusedthearbitration.Theyweresodispleased withitthattheyaskedtheImamtoannouncehisrepentanceandtogoonthebattle.However, theImamrefusedtoacceptthisweakviewfromthem.Hewasnotreadytoviolatethetruceand toannouncehisrepentance.Rather,itwastheywhocommittedsuchasinwhentheydisobeyed theImamandshouted:NoonehastherighttoruleexceptAllah. Thesewordsweretheirofficialmotto.WhenImamAli,peacebeonhim,heardthesewords,he said:Theyaretruewords,buttheywanttoachievefalsehoodthroughthem.However,therule wasfortheswordnotforAllah.Theyillegallyspreadkillingamongthepeople.Theyalsospread corruptionintheearth.ImamAlisparednoefforttoconvincethemoftheircorrupt,butallhis effortswereinvein.Theyinsistedonaggressionanderror.TheImamwasforcedtofightagainst them.Thus,theBattleofalNahrwantookplace.MostoftheKharijiteswerekilledatthatbattle. Shameanddishonoraccompaniedthem.Theirbloodwasshedwhiletheywereinplainerror. Moslemswereindignantwiththem.Thepoetssatirizedthem.AmongthemwasalKumayt.[50] Theirbloodwasshed,fortheyfoughtagainstthetruthandwantedtoenlivenfalsehood.Thisis whatSayyidHaydershowedinhispoems.[51] ImamAli,theCommanderoftheFaithful,peacebeonhim,uprootedthemattheBattleofal Nahrwan.Hekilledtheirmainleaders.However,someofthemescaped.Hence,theybeganto proclaimtheirbeliefsthatsummonedthepeopletomutinyagainstthestandingrule.Theyled manybloodyrevolutionsintheIslamiccountries.Manypeoplewerekilledduringthose revolutions.Thehistorianshavementionedthemindetails. TheirReligiousViews TheKharijitesstoodaloneintheirviewsthatdeviatedfromAllah'sbookandtheSunnaofhis Prophet.Thefollowingissomeoftheirviews: 1.TheyregardedasunbelieversImamAli,peacebeonhim,Muawiya,thetwoarbitrators(Amru b.alAsandAbuMusaalAshari),andtheCompanionsoftheCamel(A'isha,Talha,andal Zubayr). 2.Theyregardedasunbelieversthosewhocommittedmajorsins.Theydecidedthatsuchsinners

wouldbeimmortalinthefire. 3.TheysaidthatitwaspermittedforthenonQurayshipersonstobecaliphs.Withthatthey opposedalltheSunniswhounanimouslyagreedonthatthecaliphshouldbefromQuraysh.They (theKharijites),saidthattheImamshouldnotbeappointedthroughnominationanddesignation. WiththattheyopposedtheSh~awhobelievedinthenomination(oftheImam).Moreover,they saidthatitwaspossiblefortheworldtoremainwithoutanImam.Iftheworldwasinneedofan Imam,thentheslave,thefree,theEgyptian,andthelikehadtherighttobecaliph.[52]Theyhad otherviewsthebooksofthesectsandthelikehavementionedthem. ImamalBaqirandNafi NafialAzraq,oneofthemainleadersoftheKharijites,cametoImamAbuJafar(alBaqir),peace beonhim,andquestionedhimaboutsomereligiousmatters.Whenhehadfinishedhisquestions, theImamsaidtohim:Saytotheserebels(theKharijites),withwhatdidyouregardedaslawful theseparationfromtheCommanderoftheFaithful,peacebeonhim?Hadyounotshedyour bloodbeforehimtoobeyhimandtoapproachAllahthroughsupportinghim?Theywillsayto you:He(ImamAli)hadappointedanarbitratorinthereligionofAllah.Saytothem:Allahhad alsochosentwopersonsfromhiscreatures(tobearbitrators).ThatwaswhenHesaid:Andifyou fearabreachbetweenthetwo(themanandthewoman),thenappointanarbitratorfromhis familyandanarbitratorfromherfamily.Iftheybothdesireanagreement,Allahwilleffect harmonybetweenthem.[53]Allah'sApostle,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,appointedSadb. MaadhasanarbitratorbetweenhimselfandtheBanuQurayza.So,Saddecidedbetweenthem accordingtothewordsofAllah,theGreatandAlmighty.DidyounotknowthattheCommander oftheFaithfulorderedthetwoarbitratorstodecideaccordingtotheKoranandnottoexceedit? HestipulatedthatheshouldrefusethejudgmentscontrarytotheKoran.TheKharijitesasked ImamAli:Whomhaveappointedasanarbitratoroveryou?Hereplied:Ihavenotappointeda creatureasanarbitrator(overme).Rather,IhaveappointedtheBookofAllahasanarbitrator. NafiadmiredthewordsofImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim.Thenhesaid:Ihaveneverheard suchwordsbefore.Theyaretrue,Allahwilling.[54] ImamAbuJafar(alBaqir),peacebeonhim,hadotherdebateswiththeKharijitesonThe OnenessofAllah.Wewillmentionthemwhenwetalkabouttheatheistviewsthatinvadedthe Moslemcountriesatthattime. TheSh~a IwanttobesinceretothetruthwhenIwilltalkabouttheSh~a.IalsowanttobeneutralwhenI willspeakoftheirbeliefs.FortheSh~ahassuffereduntilnowfrombaselessaccusations.Thatis asfollows:

TheMeaningoftheSh~a InArabictheSh~ameansthefollowersorthesupporters.Thenthisname(theSh~a)has includedallthosewhofollowandsupportImamAli,peacebeonhim,andthemembersofhis house.So,thisnameconcernedthem.[55]ShaykhalMuf~dsaid:InArabic,Shiismmeansto followandobeysincerelythefollowedone.Allah,theGreatandAlmightysaid:Theonewhowas ofhisfollowers(Sh~a)askedhimforhelpagainsttheonewhowasofhisenemies.[56]So,He distinguishedbetweenthemaccordingtofollowingandenmity.ThereasonforShiism(following) tooneofthemisobedienceasitisinthisclearverse.Whenthedefinitearticletheisaddedtothe wordsh~a,thenthewordreferstothefollowersoftheCommanderoftheFaithful,theblessings ofAllahbeonhimandhisfamily.[57] ThewordSh~areferstothosewhobelieveintheImamateoftheCommanderoftheFaithfuland hissuccessionaftertheProphet,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily.Theyhaveunanimously agreedonthattheProphet,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,entrustedsuccessiontothe CommanderoftheFaithful,peacebeonhim. TheBeginningofShiism WefirmlybelievethatitwastheProphet,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,whostartedShiism. ThatwaswhenheaddressedImamAli,saying:OAli,youandyourfollowers(Sh~a)willcome tomeverythirstyatthe(sacred)waters(ofHeaven).[58] ImamKashifalGhita'said:TheleaderoftheIslamiclaw(theProphet)wasthefirsttoplantthe seedofShiisminthefieldofIslam.NamelytheseedofShiismwasputalongsidetheseedof Islam.[59] AlNoubakhtisaid:TheSh~awasthefirstofthesects.ItwasthesectofAlib.Ab~Talib.Itwas calledtheSh~aofAliatthetimeoftheProphet,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,andafter him.They(theSh~a)wereknownfortheirobediencetohimandtheirbeliefinhisImamate.[60] ShaykhMohammedalHusaynalMudafarsaid:Shiismstartedonthedaywhenthegreatsavor, Mohammed,theblessingofAllahbeonhim,calledatthetopofhisvoice:Thereisnogodbut Allah.WhenthesewordsofHim:Tellyourcloserelatives,camedowntotheProphet,hegathered theBanuHashimandaskedthem:Whichofyouwillbemybrother,myinheritor,mytrustee,and mysuccessoramongyouafterme?Noneofthemanswered.So,theProphetsaid:Thisismy brother,mytrustee,myhelper,myinheritor,andmysuccessoramongyouafterme.Listentohim andobeyhim.ThesummonsoftheleaderofthemessagetofollowAbualHasan(ImamAli)was sidebysidewiththesummonstothetwofoldtestimony.ThenAbuDharralGhifariwasamong thefollowers(Sh~ites)ofAli,peacebeonhim. InKhitatalSham[61],MohammedKurdAlisaid:Agroupofthemaincompanionswereknown

fortheirfollowingAliatthetimeofAllah'sApostle.AmongthemwasSalmamalFarsi,whosaid: WepledgedallegiancetoAllah'sApostle,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,tobesinceretothe MoslemsandtofollowandobeyAlib.Ab~Talib,peacebeonhim.AmongthemwasAbuSa~d alKhudari,whosaid:He(theProphet)orderedthepeople(toperform)five(duties).However, theyperformedfour(duties),andleftone(duty).Whenhewasaskedaboutthefour(duties),he replied:(Theyare)theprayers,zakat(alms),fastingthemonthofRamadan,andthepilgrimage(to Mecca).Thenhewasaskedabouttheone(duty)whichtheyleft,heanswered:(Itwas)the successionofAlib.Ab~Talib(toauthority).[62] ShiismstartedatthetimeofthegreatProphet,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily.Thus,itwas hewhoputitsfundamentals.ThatwaswhenhenominatedtheCommanderoftheFaithful,peace beonhim,assuccessorafterhim.Therearemanyproofsforthat.Thefollowingissomeofthem: 1.TheProphet,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,wastheleaderofamessageandsummons.He cametofreeandsavealltheworld.HesparednoefforttocarryoutthemessageofhisLord.He plungedintofears.Hewasengagedinbattles.Hesufferedfrommanypersecutionsfromwhichno socialreformerintheearthsuffered.So,wasitpossibleforhimtoleavetheauthoritiesinchaos afterhim?Wasitpossibleforhimtoignoretheaffairsofthesuccessiononwhichthefateofhis communitydepended?Surely,theProphet,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,tookcareofthe successionafterhim.Hence,hedesignatedtheCommanderoftheFaithful,peacebeonhim,as successorafterhim.Withthathewantedtoprotectedhiscommunityfromdivisionanddiscord. Hewantedtopreserveitsinterests.Moreover,hewantedhiscommunitytogoonconveyinghis brilliantmessagetoallthepeople. 2.Theleadershipofthecommunitywasinneedofoutstandingqualities.Alltheseoutstanding qualitiescametogatherintheCommanderoftheFaithful,peacebeonhim.Hewasthemost knowledgeableofallthepeopleintheaffairsoftheIslammessage.Hewasthegateofthecityof knowledgeoftheProphet,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily.Hewasthemostknowledgeableof thecommunityingivinglegaldecisions.Hewasthemostasceticofallthepeople.Forhe renouncedallthepleasuresoflife,andhedivorcedhisworldthreetimes.Moreover,hewasthe mostjustofallthepeople.So,wasitpossiblefortheProphet,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily, toignorethisImamwhohadtheseoutstandingqualities? 3.ManytraditionswerereportedontheauthorityoftheProphet,mayAllahblesshimandhis family,concerningtheCommanderoftheFaithful,peacebeonhim.AlltheMoslemshave narratedthetraditionsandunderlinedthattheyareauthentic.Amongthesetraditionsare:the traditionofthegrilledbird,thetraditionofthehouse,thetraditionofalGhad~r,thetraditionof alThaqalayn,thetraditionoftheboat,andthelike.Allthesetraditionsandthelikehave mentionedtheoutstandingqualitiesofAbualHusayn(ImamAli),peacebeonhim.Whoever considerscarefullythesetraditionsunderstandswhytheProphet,mayAllahblesshimandhis family,appointedtheCommanderoftheFaithful,peacebeonhim,assuccessorafterhim. 4.ImamAli,peacebeonhim,refrainedfrompledgingallegiancetoAbuBakr.Themain Companions(oftheProphet)alsorefrainedfrompledgingallegiancetohim.Amongthemwere AbuDharr,Ammarb.Yasir,SalmanalFarisi,Khalidb.Sa~d,andthelike.Theytoldhimthat

ImamAliwastheworthierofhimofthepositionofAllah'sApostle,mayAllahblesshimandhis family.Khalidb.Sa~dsaidtoImamAli:Wewillpledgeallegiancetoyou.ByAllah,noneofthe peopleisworthierthanyouofthepositionofMohammed.[63] Fatimathechaste,daughterofAllah'sApostle,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,wasindignant withAbuBakr.ThatwaswhenheoccupiedtheofficeandpositionoftheCommanderofthe Faithful,peacebeonhim.Shemadeafamousspeech.Inthespeechshesummoned(the Moslems)torevoltagainstthegovernmentofAbuBakr.Forshe,peacebeonher,wassureof thatherfatherappointedImamAli,peacebeonhim,assuccessorafterhim.Thehistorianssaid thatFatimaaskedImamAlitoburyherinthedarknessofnight,andthatAbuBakrandUmar shouldnotattendherfuneral. 5.AlltheMoslemfiguresknewthatImamAli,peacebeonhim,wasthetestamentarytrusteeof theProphet,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily.AmongthemwereKhuzaymab.Thabit,theman withtwotestimonies,AbdalRahmanb.Juayl,AbdAllahb.AbuSufyanb.alHarthb.Abdal Mutalib,Hijrb.AdialKindi,alAshathb.QaysalKindi,alNumanb.Ajlan,alFadlb.Abbas,and Hassanb.Thabit.[64] TheFableofAbdAllahb.Saba SomespitefulpersonshaveattributedShiismtoAbdAllahb.Saba.Theysaid:ItwasAbdAllah b.SabawhofoundedShiism.Hecreateditsfundamentalsandpropagatedthem.Thefollowing issomeofthem: 1.AlMalti AlMaltiwasoneofthosewhobelievedinthisfable.Hesaid:AbdAllahb.Sabafounded Shiism.[65]Moreover,heaccusedalltheSh~itesectsofunbelief.However,hedidnotsupply anyproofofwhathementioned.Rather,heregardedhisviewasaxiomatic.However,hisviewis amongtheviewsthathavenoimportanceinthescientificstudies. 2.AlNashshar Dr.alNashsharwasoneofthosewhoharboredmaliceagainstthemembersoftheHouse(ahlal Bayt),peacebeonthem,andhatedtheirfollowers.Inthisconnection,hesaid:TheJewswere therealfoundersoftheexcessiveSh~itefaith.SomeoftheirscholarsadoptedIslam.Thenthey cametotheIslamicworld.TheymadeuseofremovingAlifromthecaliphatethroughtheideaof theinfallibleImamorthesealofthetrustees.Islamicbeliefbookshaveunanimouslyagreedon thatitwasAbdAllahb.Saba,whowasthefirsttosummon(thepeople)totheideaofholiness

whichwasascribedtoAli,wasaJewbeforeIslam.TheDr.added:Surely,thisideadidnot appearatthetimeofAbuBakrandUmar.Rather,itappearedduringthecaliphateofUthmanat thehandofAbdAllahb.Saba.Itwasamongthehiddentrendsthatintendedtodestroythe Islamicworld.[66] 3.ShaykhAbuZahra ShaykhAbuZahrawasamongthosewhobelievedinthisfable.Inthisrespecthesaid:The greatesttyrant,AbdAllahb.Saba,wasthefirsttosummon(thepeople)tobelieveinthe authorityandtrusteeshipofAliandthereturnoftheProphet,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily. TheSh~itedoctrinegrewduringthosediscords.[67] Theseviewsareamongthefarcesofhumanintellect.Theyhavebrandedtheirownerswith infamy.FortheyhaveslanderedthegreatestIslamicsectthattakecareoftherightsofthe persecuted,raisethebannerofhumandignity,andrecordslaudabledeedsforIslamand Moslems.ImamAli,theCommanderoftheFaithful,peacebeonhim,andtheleadingmembers ofhischildrenheadedthissect.ThemainMoslemfiguresjoinedthissect.Amongthemwere Ammarb.Yasir,AbuDharr,SalmanalFarsi,Hijrb.Ad~,andthelike.Theyenlightenthe intellectuallifeinIslam.So,whydothepeopleaccusetheSh~itesectofthatAbdAllahb.Saba wasthefirsttoformit?However,someresearcherssaidthatAbdAllahb.Sabawasabaseless, fabricated,imaginaryperson.[68] OneoftheorientalistsdoubtedintellectuallytheexistenceofAbdAllahb.Saba.Namelyhe doubtedhiseffectontheSh~itedoctrine.Inthisconnectionhesaid:However,themodern researchhasshownthatthisisananticipationfortheeventsandapicturewithwhichitwas actedinthepast.ThetraditionalistsofthesecondcenturyA.H.imagineditfromtheirprevailing circumstancesandideasatthattime. Afterstudyingthesourcescritically,FilhauzinFredLindersaid:Thenextgenerationfabricated theplotandthesummonsandascribedthemtoAbdAllahb.Saba. Kaitanisaid:TheArabscholarcouldnotimaginesuchaplotwithsuchthinkingandorganization. For,in35A.H.,hewasknownforhistribalregimestandingonthepaternalauthority.However,it reflectsclearlythecircumstancesofthefirstAbbasidage.[69] Dr.TahaHusaynsaid:ThetalkofAbdAllahb.Sabawasfabricated.Itwascreatedatthetime whentherewereargumentsbetweentheSh~aandotherIslamicsects.Theopponentsofthe Sh~iteswantedtoinsertaJewishelementinthefundamentalsofthisdoctrinetoplotagainst them(theSh~ites)andtodefamethem.[70] However,thefableofAbdAllahb.SabawasfabricatedtodefameandslandertheSh~a. Moreover,thereisnorelationbetweentheSh~aandAbdAllahb.Sabaandthepersonswho deviatedfromthetruth. TheSh~aandExcessiveness

TheSh~ahasbeenunjustlyaccusedofexcessivenesstowardstheirImams.However,theyare innocentofthisaccusation.Wemustmentionabrieftalkaboutthat. TheMeaningofExcessiveness Asforthemeaningofexcessiveness,itisthatthepureImams,peacebeonthem,areascribedto divinity.SomeoftheexcessivepersonssaidthatAli,peacebeonhim,wasthesonofAllah. Insatirizingthem,SayyidalHimyarisaid: (They)arethepeoplewhohavegonetoofarinlovingAli. Woeuntothem! Theysay:He(Ali)isthesonofAllah.GreatisourCreator. Hehasneithersonnorfather.[71] .AlMuf~db.Sa~dsaidtoImamAbuJafar(alBaqir),peacebeonhim,Confessthatyouknow theunseensothatImightcometoyoutoIraq.However,theImam,peacebeonhim,scolded anddismissedhim.Then,alMuf~dwenttoImamJafaralSadiq,peacebeonhim,andsaidto himashesaidtohisfather.Hence,theImamsaid:IseekprotectioninAllah.[72] TheSh~ahaverenouncedtheExcessive. TheSh~ahavedenouncedtheexcessive.TheydonotnumberedthemfromtheMoslemsects. Theyregardthemasunbelievers.ItwasreportedontheauthorityofImamalSadiq,peacebeon him,whosaidtoRazzam:Saytotheexcessiveones:TurntoAllahinrepentance.Foryouare sinners,unbelievers,andpolytheists.ConcerningAbdAllahb.Saba,he,peacebeonhim,said: MayAllahcurseAbdAllahb.Saba.HeaccusedtheCommanderoftheFaithfulofdivinity.By Allah,theCommanderoftheFaithfulworshippedAllahwillingly.Woeuntothosewhoascribe fabricationstous.WhenImentionAbdAllahb.Saba,everyhairinmybodystands.Hesaida greataffair.Whatiswrongwithhim.MayAllahcursehim.ByAllahAliwasarighteousservant. HedidnotgetthedignityfromAllahbutthroughtheobediencetoAllahandHisApostle.Allah's Apostle,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,didnotgetthedignityfromAllahbutthroughthe obediencetoHim.[73] Kath~ralNawasaid:[IheardAbuJafar(alBaqir),peacebeonhim,say:]AllahandHisApostle haverenouncedalMugh~rab.Sa~dandBananb.Saman.Fortheyhaveascribedfabricationsto us,theahlalBayt.[74] TheSh~itejuristshaveunanimouslyagreedonthattheexcessiveareimpure.Theytreatthemas theytreattheunbelievers.Forexample,theMoslemwomanisnotpermittedtomarryfromthem andtheMoslemmanisnotpermittedtomarryfromthem.

ImamShaykhMohammedalHusaynAlKashifalGhita'said:AsfortheSh~a,theyrenounce thosesects. AsfortheImamiSh~itesinAfghanistan,Iran,Iraq,India,Syria,andthelike,theyregardthe excessiveasunbelievers. TheSh~iteViewconcerningtheImams AsfortheSh~iteviewoftheImams,peacebeonthem,itismoderate.Thereisneither extremismnorexcessivenessinloveforthem.TheSh~abelievethattheImamsarethehonored servantsofAllah.TheysaynothingcontrarytoAllah'swords.TheyactaccordingHisorders.They arethepeopleoftheremembrance.Theyarethesuccessors.ThearetheabidingonesofAllahin Hisearth.TheyarethebestofHiscreatures.TheyarethecontainersofHisknowledge.Allah protectedandpurifiedthemcompletelyfromsins. TheirLeader,theCommanderoftheFaithful,peacebeonhim,describedthem,saying:Theyare thelifeofknowledgeanddeathofignorance.Theirclemencytellsyouoftheirknowledge,their outwardoftheirinward,andtheirsilenceoftheirwisethinking.Theydonotopposerightnordo theydifferwitheachotheroverit.TheyarethepillarsofIslamandasylumsofprotection.With themrighthasreturnedtoitspositionandwronghasleftitsplaceanditstongueisseveredfrom itsroot.Theyhaveunderstoodreligionattentivelyandcarefully,notbymereheresyorfrom narrators.Forthenarratorsofknowledgearemanybutitsunderstandersarefew.[75] ThepoetofIslam,alKumayt,describedthem,saying: However,myhiddenandmanifestloveisfortheHashimites, whoarethebestofallpeople,whoareneartogenerosity, whoarefarfromoppression whoarerightwhenthepeoplearewrong, whohasestablishedtherulesofIslam, whoarethesufficientdefenderswhenthewarbreaksout, whoaretherainwhendroughthitsthepeople, whoaretheshelterfortheorphans'mothers, whoarethesufficientleadersinallconditions.[76] TheLoveoftheSh~afortheImams TheheartsoftheSh~aarefullofloveforthemembersoftheHouse(ahlalBayt),peacebeon them.Theythinkthatsuchloveisamongtheimportantreligiousduties.Formanyversesand traditionsurgethemtodothat.Amongthemare:theVerseofLove,thetraditionofalThaqalayn, thetraditionoftheboat,andthelike.TheSh~ahasbelievedinsuchlovesincethebeginningof theirhistory.Forexample,AbualAswadalDu'aliansweredthosewhoblamedhimforhislovefor

themembersoftheHouse(ahlalBayt),peacebeonthem,saying: Doyoublamemefortheloveforthe ofMohammed? Mayastonebeinyourmouth! (Idonotworry)whetheryouleaveyour blameorincrease(it). Whoeverdoesnotclingtoloveforthem shouldconfessthelovefortheonewho isnotrightlyguided.[77] SomepeoplecriticizedAbualAswadforhisloveforthemembersoftheHouse.So,heanswered themwiththeselinesofpoetry: IloveverymuchMohammed,Abbas,Hamza,thetrustee(ImamAli),andJafar. TheyarethechildrenoftheuncleoftheProphet. Theyarethemostlovablewithmeofallthepeople.[78] SomepeopleblamedAbdAllahb.KuthayralSahmiforhisloveforthemembersoftheHouse. Theyregardedhisloveforthemassin.Hence,heansweredthemwiththeselinesofpoetry, saying: IsitregardedassinthatIlovethem? Rather,loveforthemisanexpiatorygift.[79] Harbb.alMudhirb.alJarudwassatisfiedwithlittlefoodofhisworld,forhewasasceticinthe world.HeannouncedhisvictorywhenhelovedthemembersoftheHouse,peacebeonthem.He said: MyloveisfortherelationsoftheProphetMohammed. Forhe(theProphet)didnotdemandofusanyrewardexcepttheloveofhisrelations.[80] TheSh~alovethemembersoftheHouse(ahlalBayt),peacebeonthem,becausetheyseek nearnesstoAllah,theExalted,throughit.Theyhopethattheywillbesafefromthetormenton theDayofResurrectionthroughthelovefortheProphet'srelations.SayyidalHimyarisaid: Iwanttobesafe(fromchastisement)ontheDayofJudgmentthroughlovefortheguideAbu Hasan(ImamAli).[81] AlFarazdaqthoughtthathisloveforthemembersoftheHouse(ahlalBayt),peacebeonthem, wasreligion,andthathatingthemwasunbelief.Hesaid: Heisfromthepeoplewhoseloveisreligion whosedetestisunbeliefandwhosenearness issalvationandprotection Whenthepeopleofpietyarenumbered,they (ahlalBayt)aretheirImams. Or(when)itsaid:Whoisthebestofthe peopleoftheearth?Itissaid:They(ahlalBayt)are. AlKumaytalsoshowedhisloveforthemembersoftheHouse,peacebeonthem,inmanyofhis poems.[82]

TheAspectsofLovefortheImams AsfortheaspectsoftheloveoftheSh~afortheImamsofthemembersoftheHouse(ahlal Bayt),peacebeonthem,theyareasfollows: 1.TheSh~atakethefundamentalsandbranchesofreligionfromtheImamsofthemembersof theHouse(ahlalBayt),peacebeonthem.Theythinkthatitisobligatorytofollowtheirwords anddeedsbecausetheyareoftheobligatorySunna.WiththattheSh~ahasmadetheir ideologicalframe,namelywithwhatwasreportedontheauthorityoftheImamsofthemembers oftheHouse(ahlalBayt),peacebeonthem.Inthelegislativematters,theydonotdependon theotherIslamicdoctrines.Thisisnotbecauseofpartialityorfanaticism.Howevertheauthentic traditions,whichwerereportedontheauthorityoftheProphet(mayAllahblesshimandhis family)urgedthemtodothat.Theyalsourgedthemtoconfinethemselvestothedoctrineofthe ImamsofthemembersoftheHouse(ahlalBayt),peacebeonthem. ImamSharafalD~nsaid:Wearenotpartialorfanaticwhenwefollowthefundamentals(ofa doctrine)otherthantheAsharitedoctrineandthebranches(ofadoctrine)otherthanthefour doctrines.Wedonotdoubtthereligiousopinions(ijtihad)oftheImamsofthedoctrines.(Wedo notdoubt)theirjustice,theirhonesty,andtheirgreatknowledgeanddeeds). However,thereligiousproofshaveforcedustofollowthedoctrinethedoctrineoftheImams fromthemembersoftheHouseofprophecy,theplaceofthe(prophetic)missionandangels,and thelandingplaceofinspirationandrevelation.So,wehavefollowedtheminthebranchesand beliefsofreligion,theprinciplesandrulesofjurisprudence,thesciencesoftheSunnaandthe Book,andthesciencesofethicsandbehaviorandmanners.Wehavefollowedtheproofsthat concerntheSunna(practices)oftheLordofprophetsandapostles,peacebeonhimandhis family. IftheproofspermittedustoopposetheImamsfromthefamilyofMohammed,mayAllahbless himandhisfamily,orifwewereabletogettheintentionofnearnesstoAllah,theGlorified,when wefollowadoctrineotherthantheirdoctrine,wewouldfollowthedoctrineoftheSunnis.[83] Thenheadded:Ithinkthatnoonedaretopreferthem(theImamsofthedoctrines)in knowledgeandactstoourImams,whoaretheImamsofthepurefamily,thelifeboatsofthe community,thedoorofitshitta,itssafetyagainstdiscordsinreligion,thesignpostsofits guidance,andthevaluableones(thiql)ofAllah'sApostle,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,who said:Donotprecedethemsoasnottoperish.Donotfallbehindthemsoasnottoperish.For theyaremoreknowledgeablethanyou.However,itwaspolicy.Iwishyouknewwhatitrequired atthebeginningofIslam. TheShaykhofalAzharconfirmedthisbrightpartofthespeechofImamSharafalD~nwhenhe said:Rather,itmightbesaidthatyourtwelveImamsarebettertobefollowedthanthefour Imams.ForallthetwelveImamsfollowedonedoctrine.Theypurifiedanddecidedit.However, thedifferencesamongthefour(Imams)arefamousinallchaptersofjurisprudence.So,itsways

arenotencompassedanddonewell.Itiswellknownthatwhatonepersonpurifiesisunequalto whattwelveImamspurify.[84] Itisnaturalthatthisaspect,towhichtheSh~ahavecleavedandwhichtheyhaveannouncedin allfields,hasneitherexcessivenorextremelove.Rather,itisrighteousandmoderate.[85] 2.AmongtheaspectsofloveoftheSh~afortheirImamsisthattheymarktheiranniversaries, praisetheiroutstandingmerits,spreadtheirhighmoralstandards,holdfuneralorations,andvisit theirgraves. TheSh~aandtheCompanions(oftheProphet) TheSh~ahavebeenaccusedofdefamingtheCompanions(oftheProphet).Thisisapure fabrication.FortheSh~arespecttheCompanionsoftheProphet,mayAllahblesshimandhis family,andlovethemverymuch.TheythinkthateveryMoslemshouldrespectthem.Forthey supportedIslamduringitsearlydays.Moreover,theyspreadIslamwiththeireffortsandarmed struggle.Hence,wemusttalkaboutthemandtheattitudeoftheSh~atowardsthem. TheDefinitionoftheCompanions TheCompanionswerethosewhoaccompaniedtheProphet,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily, believedinhim,anddiedforhisguidanceandreligion.TheCompanionwasnottheonewhosaw theProphet,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily.Forthisdefinitionwillincludeallthechildrenand theunbelieverswhosawtheProphet,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily.Thisdefinitionwillalso excludewhodidnotseetheProphetbecausethelosttheirsight. ThePositionoftheCompanions TheCompanionshipwiththeProphet,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,hasagreatposition withAllah,theExalted.However,itdidnotprotected(theCompanions)fromerrorsnordiditsave themfromthefire.Hence,thegooddeedistheonlyauthenticmeasurewithAllah.Whoever believes(inAllah)anddoesgood,thegardenwillbehisshelter.Whoeverdeviatesfromthetruth afterhehasknownguidance,thefirewillbehisshelter. ForAllah,theMostHigh,said:Andthatmanshallhavenothingbutwhathestrivesfor.Andthat hisstrivingshallsoonbeseen.So,hewhohasdoneanatom'sweightofgoodshallseeit.And hewhohasdoneanatom'sweightofevilshallseeit. Allah,theExalted,basedHisrewardongooddeedsandHispunishmentonevildeeds.Sothe CompanionsandtheothersareequalwithAllah.ThenearestonetoAllahistheonewhoobeys Him.ThefarthestonefromAllahistheonewhodisobeyshim.Thefollowingissomeviewsofthe

mainSh~itesconcerningtheCompanionsoftheProphet,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily: 1.SayyidAliKhan SayyidAliKhanalMadanisaid:WethinkthatthejusticeoftheCompanions(oftheProphet)is similartothatofothers.Theirmerecompanionship(withtheProphet)doesnotmakenecessary faithandjusticenordoesitsave(theCompanions)fromthepunishmentofthefireandthewrath oftheAlmighty(Allah).However,certainfaithandsincereheartshouldaccompaniedit.Whenwe knowthat(someCompanions)hadfaithandjusticeandtookcareofthebequestofAllah's Apostle,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,concerninghisfamily,anddiedforthat,wefollow them.ForweseeknearnesstoAllahthroughtheirlove.AmongthemwereAbuDharr,Ammar, andSalmanalFarisi.Whenweknowthatthecompanionretreatedfromhisfaithandshowed enmitytowardsthemembersoftheHouse(ahlalBayt),weshowenmitytowardshimand renounceforAllah.However,wekeepsilenttowardstheunknown(Companion).[86] Thisviewisveryreliable.WeloveandrespectthegoodCompanionstoseeknearnesstoAllah. WedetesttheCompanionswhodeviatedfromthetruthtoseeknearnesstoAllahWhohas orderedustokeepalooffromfalsehood. ImamSharfalD~n ImamSharafalD~nsaid:WhoeverconsidercarefullyourviewabouttheCompanions(ofthe Prophet)knowsthatitismoderate.Ourviewisnotasexcessiveasthatoftheexcessiveoneswho accusedalltheCompanionsofunbelief.Ourviewisnotasexcessiveasofthosewhohave regardedthemallasreliable.Theexcessiveonessaid:AlltheCompanions(oftheProphet)were unbelievers.TheSunnissaid:AlltheMoslemswhoheardandsawtheProphetswerejust. Asforus,wethinkthatthemerecompanionship(withtheProphet),thoughexcellentqualityis notenoughforjustice.Thus,theCompanionsweresimilartotheothermen.Therewerejustmen amongthem.Theyweretheirgreatfiguresandtheirscholars.Therewereaggressors,criminals, hypocrites,andunknownonesamongthem.Hence,weregardtheirjustonesasproofs,andthen wefollowtheminhereandinhereafter. SomeoftheCompanionsmutiniedagainstthetrusteeandbrotheroftheProphet,mayAllah blesshimandhisfamily,(i.e.,ImamAli).Amongthemwereb.Hind,b.alNabigha,b.alZarqa',b. Aqaba,b.Artat,andthelike.Wedonotrespectsuchcompanions.Besidestheirtraditionsare worthless.Wegivenoanswerabouttheunknown(Companions)tillweunderstandtheiraffairs. ThisisourviewconcerningthetraditionalistsfromtheCompanions.TheBookandtheSunnaare betweenus.Theyindicatethisview.Itisalsomentionedindetailintheprinciplesof jurisprudence. However,theMoslemmajority(jimhur),wenttoofaringlorifyingthosewhomtheyhavecalled

Companions.Hence,theyhavebecomeimmoderatewhentheyhaveregardedthestrongandthe weakonesfromtheCompanionsasproof.TheyhavefollowedeveryMoslemwhoheardfromthe Prophet,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,orsawhim.Theyrebukethosewhoopposethemin thisexcessiveness. TheyblameuswhenwerefusetoacceptthetraditionsofmanyCompanions.Thatisbecausewe openlycriticizesuchCompanionsorsaythattheyareunknown.(Wedothat)tocarryoutthe religiousdutythaturgesustopurifythereligiousmattersandtolookfortheauthentictraditions oftheProphet. Forthisreasontheydoubtus,accuseusofwhattheysay.Allthatisoutofignorance.Ifthey resortedtotheirreasonanddependedontherulesofscience,theywouldknowthattherewas noproofforthejusticeoftheCompanions.IftheyconsidercarefullytheHolyKoran,theywould finditfullofmentioningthehypocrites.ItissufficienttoreadtheSuraofalTawbaandal Ahzab.[87] TheviewofImamSharafalD~nrepresentsdeepthinkingandoriginalevidence.FortheSh~ado notbehaveemotionallytowardstheCompanions(oftheProphet).Rather,theyconsidercarefully theirdeeds.So,theyadmiretheCompanionswhocontributedinbuildingIslamandstoodfirm beforetheeventsthattroubledtheMoslemsverymuchafterthedeathoftheirProphet. Moreover,theSh~apaynoattentiontotheCompanionswhodeviatedfromIslamandshowed enmitytowardsAllahandHisApostle.AmongthemwerealHakam,Marwanb.alHakam,al Wal~db.Aqaba,Dh~alThidya,Thalabab.Hatib,andthelike. TheAttitudeofImamalBaqir towardstheCompanions AsforImamAbuJafar(alBaqir),peacebeonhim,hehonoredandrespectedthegood Companions(oftheProphet).Meanwhilehedisdainedthebadonesfromthem.Concerning slanderingthem,theImamreportedmanytraditionsontheauthorityoftheProphet,mayAllah blesshimandhisfamily.Healsomentionedthefabricatedtraditionsthatpraisedthem.Thatisas follows: 1.He,peacebeonhim,reportedontheauthorityofAbdAllahb.Ab~Nafi,ontheauthorityof AbuHurayra,ontheauthorityofAllah'sApostle,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,whosaid: OntheDayofJudgment,agroupofmycompanionswillcometome.However,theywillbe dismissedfrom(thesacred)waters(ofHeaven).So,Iwillsay:MyLord,theyaremycompanions. However,Hewillsay:Youdonotknowwhattheyhaddoneafteryou.Theyhadretreated(from theirreligion).[88] Traditionssimilartothisarenumerous.AmongthemiswhatAhmedreportedinhisMusnadon theauthorityofAbdAllahb.Masud,ontheauthorityoftheProphet,mayAllahblesshimandhis family,whosaidtohisCompanions:Iwillbebeforeyouat(theSacred)waters(ofHeaven).Iwill bedisputedforgroups(ofmycompanions).However,Iwillbeovercome.Hence,Iwillsay:OMy

Lord,theyaremycompanions.Thus,Hewillsay:Youdonotknowwhattheyhaddoneafter you.[89] AlTirmidhireportedontheauthorityoftheProphet,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,who said:Menfrommycompanionswillbetakentotherightandtotheleft.So,Iwillsay:OMyLord, theyaremycompanions.Thus,hewillsay:Youdonotknowwhattheyhaddoneafteryou.They retreated(fromtheirreligion)whenyouleftthem.Hence,IwillsayasthegoodServantsaid:If Youtorturethem,theyareYourservants.[90] 2.ImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim,toldsomemainCompanions(oftheProphet)aboutthe traditionswhichwerefabricatedatthetimeofMuawiya,whoentrustedsomecommitteesto fabricatetraditionstopraisesomecompanionsandtodefametheAlids.AbanaskedtheImamto mentionsomeofthefabricatedtraditions.Thus,theImam,peacebeonhim,mentionedsomeof themasfollow: ThetwolordsoftheoldmenofHeavenareAbuBakrandUmar.[91] TheangelstalktoUmar. TheAngelteachesUmar. TranquillitycomesoutofUmar'stongue. TheangelsfeelshameofUthman. ImamAbuJafar(alBaqir),peacebeonhim,mentionedmorethanonehundredfabricated traditions.Thepeopleregardedthemastruewhiletheywerefalse.[92] [1]AlFalsafaalIslamiya,p.170. [2]AlAqidawaalShariafialIslam,p.102. [3]AlMutazila,p.1. [4]FiraqalShia,p.5. [5]MurujjalDhahab. [6]TarikhBaghdad,vol.4,pp.148150. [7]DirasatfialFiraqwaalAqaidalIslamiya,p.106. [8]FajralIslam,p.295. [9]TarikhalFalsafafialIslam,p.49. [10]AlFiraqalIslamiyafialAsralUmawi,p.290. [11]AlFasl,vol.2,p.113. [12]AlMilalwaalNihal,vol.1,p.58. [13]Ibid. [14]AlFiraqalIslamiya,fialShiralUmawi,p.312. [15]AlMutazila,pp.5152. [16]AlMilalwaalNihal,p.59. [17]AlMurtada,alAmali,vol.1,pp.115116. [18]AlMaqalat,vol.3,p.278. [19]AlAqidawaalShariafialIslam,p.223. [20]DirasatfialFiraqwaalAqaidalIslamiya,p.115.

[21]AjwibatalMasailalSaghaiya,p.14. [22]DirasatfialFiraqwaalAqaidalIslamiya,p.115. [23]JannatalMawa,p.232. [24]Koran,Saba,19. [25]AlIhtijajj,vol.2,pp.6263. [26]AlTafsirwaalMufasrun,p.2,p.33. [27]WafayatalAyan,vol.1,p.548. [28]Koran,alAnbiya,30. [29]Koran,Taha,81. [30]RoudatalWaizin,vol.1,p.144. [31]AlFiraqalIslamiya,fialAsralUmawi,p.264. [32]NaqdalIlmwaalUlama,p.102. [33]TajjalArus,maddatrajaa. [34]FajralIslam,p.279. [35]AlFiraqalIslamiya,fialAsralUmawi,p.265. [36]Tayfur,TarikhBaghdad,p.86. [37]AlTatawirwaalTajjdidfialShiralUmawi,p.50. [38]Grimar,IslamicCivilization,p.19. [39]AlBayyanwaalTabiyyin,vol.2,p.149. [40]AlAghani,vol.7,p.10. [41]Ibid,pp.1011. [42]Ibid,p.15. [43]IslamicCivilization,p.65. [44]HayatalShirfialKufa,p.312. [45]AlMaqrizi,Khutat,vol.4,p.171. [46]AlFiraqalIslamiya,fialAsralUmawi,p.305. [47]AlAmini,TafsirFatihatalKitab,p.164. [48]MaqalatalIslamiyyin,vol.1,p.202. [49]TarikhBaghdad,vol.13,p.375. [50]TahdhibalKamal,vol.1,p.86. [51]ManaqibAlAbiTalib,vol.2,pp.371372. [52]AlMilalwaalNihal,vol.1,p.158. [53]Koran,alNisa,35. [54]RoudatalWaizin,vol.1,p.245. [55]TajjalArus,vol.5,p.405. [56]Koran,alQasas,15. [57]AwailalMaqalat,pp.24. [58]MajjmaalZawaid,vol.9,p.131. [59]AslalShiawaUsulaha,p.77. [60]FiraqalShia,p.15.

[61]KhutatalSham,vol.5,p.251. [62]TarikhalShia,p.9. [63]AlYaqubi,Tarikh,vol.2,p.105. [64]AlImamSharafalDin,alMurajaat,pp.331336. [65]AlTanbihwaalRaddalaAhlalAhwawaalBuda,p.25. [66]NashatalFikralFalsafifialIslam,p.18. [67]AlMadhahibalIslamiya,p.46. [68]AlSayyidalAskari,AbdAllahbinSaba,vol.1. [69]NazariyatalImamaladaalShiaalIthnaAshariya,pp.3738. [70]AliwaBanuh,pp.9899. [71]AlAqdalFarid. [72]IbnalAthir,Tarikh,vol.5,p.209. [73]AlImamalSadiqwaalMadhahibalArbaa,vol.1,p.235. [74]LisanalMizan,vol.6,p.76. [75]MohammedAbda,NahjjalBalagha,vol.2,p.259. [76]AlHashimiyat. [77]AbualAswad,Diwan,p.253. [78]Ibid,p.176. [79]AlBayanwaalTabiyyin,vol.3,p.360 [80]Ibid,p.365. [81]Ibid,p.360. [82]AlHashimiyat,p.37. [83]AlMurajaat,pp.4041. [84]Ibid,p.44. [85]HayatalImamMusabinJafar,vol.1,p.14. [86]AlDarajatalRafiafiTabaqatalShia,p.11. [87]AlMurajaat. [88]AlMarifawaalTarikh,vol.1,p.360. [89]Ahmed,Musnad,vol.5,p.231. [90]AlTurmidhi,Sahih,vol.2,p.68. [91]Thetraditionisfabricated,foritopposesthetraditionsuccessivelyreportedontheauthority oftheProphet,whosaidthatalHasanandalHusaynarethetwolordsoftheyouthofHeaven. ImamalJawadwasaskedaboutthistradition,sohesaid:ByAllahtheoldpeopleinthegarden arenotold.Rather,theyareyoung. [92]HayatalImamalHasan,vol.2,pp.168169. TheShitePoliticalThoughts

TheSh~ahaveadoptedpoliticalthoughtssincethebeginningoftheirhistory.Amongthemare politicaljustice,socialjustice,humanrights,abolishingracialdiscrimination,andthelike. TheSh~itepoliticalthoughtsdependonIslamwhichcametospreadpurejustice,todeveloplife, toeducatemanandtoprosperhislife.Now,wewilltalkbrieflyaboutsomeoftheSh~ite politicalthoughts.Theyareasfollows: EconomicWelfare TheSh~abelieveinthenecessityofpreparingeconomicwelfareforallpeople.Theyregard povertyasasocialdisaster.So,theythinkthatpovertyshouldberemovedfromthecommunity byallmeans.IslamurgesMoslemstodothat.Forthisreason,AbuDharr,thegreatMoslem leader,revoltedagainsttheUmayyadgovernmentthatdeprivedtheMoslemsoftheirwealthto spreadpovertyamongthem.InthisconnectionAbuDharrsaidhisimmortalwords:Iwonderat theonewhodoesnotfindhisdailybreadanddoesnotcomeoutdrawinghissword. TheUmayyadgovernmentwasunabletobearAbuDharr.Forheinflamedthefeelingsand sentimentsofthepeople.HeprovokedthepeopletorevoltagainsttheUmayyadgovernments. Hence,theUmayyadsbanishedhimtoalRabadha,adesertinSaudiArabia(alHijaz).Therehe sufferedfrompovertyandhunger.However,thegoldoftheearthwasinthehandsofthe Umayyads. AmongtheoriginalobjectivesoftherevoltofImamHusayn,peacebeonhim,wasthathewanted tosaveIslamiceconomyfromtheUmayyads.Noteworthy,theUmayyadsplayedwithIslamic wealth.Theyusedittosatisfytheirdesiresandtosupporttheirinfluenceandgovernment. However,Islamorderstherulerstotakecareofstateproperties.Itordersthemtospendsuch moneyondevelopingthepubliclifeoftheindividualandsociety.Moreover,itpreventsthem fromspendingmoneyontheprojectsthatharmtheMoslems. AbolishingRacialDiscrimination Islamhasabolishedracialdiscriminationsincethebeginningofitshistory.Ithasregardeditasa socialnecessityofwhichlifeisinneed.Forracialdiscriminationshowsthatthesocietyis backward.InthisconnectionthegreatProphet,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,said:AnArab isnotpreferredtoanonArabnorisawhite(person)preferredtoablack(person).Youallbelong toAdam,andAdambelongstoearth. InhispoliticalcommandmentstoMalikalAshtar,ImamAli,theCommanderofthefaithful,peace beonhim,said:Peoplearetwokinds.(Theyare)eitheryourbrotherinreligionorthelikeofyou increation.TheImam,peacebeonhim,carriedthesewordsofhiscompletelywhenhebecame

caliph.HedividedgiftsequallyamongtheArabsandthenonArabs.Hedidnotpreferredthe ArabstothenonArabs.So,thenonArabsfollowedhim,lovedhim,andsacrificedtheirsoulsfor him. SpreadingJustice Islamhastakencareofspreadingjusticeamongpeople.Forexample,thegreatProphet,may Allahblesshimandhisfamily,spreadalltheconceptsofjusticeamongthepeople.ImamAlialso didthatwhenhebecamecaliph.Hespearednoefforttoestablishpoliticalandsocialjustice.He treatedbothhisrelationsandotherswithjustice.Duringhistime,thepeopleconfirmedhisjust practices.Islamichistoryisfullofhisjustacts.Hence,politicalandsocialawarenesshasprospered throughouthistory. RevoltagainstOppression TherevoltagainstoppressionandtheoppressiveisamongthebasicprinciplesoftheSh~a.For thisreason,themainleadersofthisSh~itesectrevoltedagainsttheUmayyadandtheAbbasid governments.ImamAli,theCommanderoftheFaithful,peacebeonhim,wasthefirsttorevolt againstthem.Thenhissincerestudent,AbuDharralGhifari,theCompanionofAllah'sApostle, mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,revoltedagainstthem,too. WhenImamAli,theCommanderoftheFaithfulpeacebeonhim,becamecaliph,hisgovernment assumedthecrucialaffairsofthecommunity.Italsotookcareofjustice,fairness,andwelfare. Duringhisshorttermgovernment,theImamcreatedgenuineawarenessinthesoulsofhis followers.Suchawarenessmovedthemtorevoltagainstthetyrannicalrulers.So,Hijrb.Adi,the greatleader,andhiscompanionsrevoltedagainstMuawiyaHowever,thecentralgovernmentin KufawasunabletobeartheviolentattacksofHijrandhiscompanions.Henceitarrestedthem, andthenitsentthemtoSyria.There,attheMarjjofAdhra',theywereexecuted.Theydied martyrsfortheirgreatIslamicmessagethatcametospreadjusticeandtoestablishfairness amongtheMoslems. Then,ImamHusayn,peacebeonhim,thegrandsonofthegreatProphet,mayAllahblesshimand hisfamily,raisedtheflagoftherevoltagainstthetyrannicalrulerofhistime,Yaz~d,thegrandson ofAbuSufyan,themortalenemyofIslam. However,thegreatImam(alHusayn)diedmartyrforsocialreformanddistributingtheblessings oftheearthamongthepoor. Withhisimmortality,thefatherofthefree(ImamHusayn)haschangedthefaceofArabicand Islamichistory.HehasmadetheMoslemsrefusethelifeofabasementandleadthelifeofglory andhonor.Forthem,hehasopeneddoorstogloryandstruggle.Hence,hisgrandsonsandthe grandsonsofhisbrothershaveledmanyrevoltsagainstoppressionthroughoutIslamichistory.

TheyhaveraisedthemottoesofjusticeandfairnessamongMoslems. AlWardisaid:TheSh~awerethefirsttoholdtherevolutionaryIslamicviewsagainst oppression.Theessenceofrevoltliesintheirtheories.TheSh~abelieveintheImamate.This beliefmovethemtocriticizeandopposetherulingclassthroughouthistory.Italsomakethem thinkthateverygovernmentisusurpingandoppressiveexceptwhenaninfallibleImamassumeit. Hence,theSh~aalwaysrevolt(againstgovernments).[1] TheSh~aledmanyrevoltsduringtheUmayyadandAbbasidregimes.Fortheywantedtodestroy allkindsofoppressionandcorruptionthroughachievingsocialjusticeintheearth.So,theSh~a isthebestofallIslamicsectsanddoctrinesinstrivingforthewordoftruthandjusticeinthe earth. BoldnessandIntrepidity TheleadersoftheSh~awerefullofboldnessandintrepidity.So,theywerenotafraidofany government.Theydidnotsubmittoanytyrannicalruler.Rather,theyresistedbravelyallthe oppressiverulersthroughoutIslamichistory.Forexample,b.Marjana(UbaydAllahb.Zyyad) killedtheLordoftheyouthofHeaven(ImamHusayn),peacebeonhim.Herejoicedatmurdering him.Thenhecursedhimandhisfather(ImamAli)beforethepeople.AmongthepeoplewasAbd Allahb.Af~falAzidi,thecompanionofImamAli,peacebeonhim.Hewasblindthen.Thus,he stoodinfrontofb.Marjanaandshouted:OenemyofAllah,youaretheliarandyourfatherand the(man)whoappointedyouandhisfather.OIbnMarjana,youkillthesonsofProphetsandtake theplaceofmenoftruthonthepulpit. AnotherexampleofthebraveSh~iteleaderswasalKumaytb.ZaydalAsadi.Hewassogreata poetthatheresistedtheUmayyadsthroughhispoetry.Hecursedthemopenly.Hence,the Umayyadspersecutedhim.Theyimprisonedandtorturedhim.However,hewentonspreading hisbeliefsandprinciples. AmongthosewhosupportedthetruthanddisdainedtheUmayyadswasalFarazdaq.Thatwas whenhepraisedImamZaynalAbidn,peacebeonhim,anddispraisedHishamb.AbdalMalik, whoignoredthepositionoftheImamandsaidthathedidnotknowhim.AlFarazdaqsaidtohim: Thisishewhoseabilitythevalleyof(Mecca)recognizes,andwhomthe(Sacred)Houserecognizes (asdo)thesanctuaryandtheareaoutsidethesanctuary(alhill). ThisisthesonofthebestofAllah'sservants.Thisisthepurepiousman,thepureeminentman. Yourwords,Whoisthat?,donotharmhim.TheArabsandthenonArabsknowhimwhomyou deny. So,theUmayyadsimprisonedandtorturedhim. Hishamb.AbdalMalikdisdainedthegreatmartyr,Zaydb.Ali,peacebeonhim.So,thelatter revoltedagainsttheformer. DuringtheAbbasidera,apoetappeared.ThepoetwasoneofthebrilliantArabpoets.Hewas DibilalKhuzai.HesacrificedhislifeforAllah.HewasindignantwiththeAbbasidregime,which

wasasoppressiveastheUmayyad.HesatirizedalRash~d,alAmn,alMa'mun,alMutasim,and Ibrah~mb.alMahdi.Hesaid:Ihavecarriedmypieceofwoodonmyshoulderforfortyyears.I havefoundnonetohangmeonit. Indeed,thehistoryoftheSh~aisfullofheroicattitudes,revoltsagainstoppression,indigence withtyranny,andstrugglesfortherightsofthepersecuted.[2] TheSh~afacedTroubles Duringthosetimes,theSh~afacedmanytroublesandhardships.FortheUmayyadspunished andtorturedthemseverely.Theytreatedthemcruelly.Theypersecutedthemofficiallyduringthe Umayyadgovernment.ImamAbuJafar(alBaqir),peacebeonhim,reportedthetroublesand hardshipstheSh~afacedduringthetimeofMuawiya.Hesaid:OurSh~iteswerekilledin everycity.Thehandsandthelegswerecutoffoutofaccusation.Whoeverlovedandfollowedus wasimprisonedorhispropertywasplunderedorhishousewasdemolished.[3] TheKufanSh~itesfacedmuchmoretroublesandhardshipsthantheotherSh~ites.Thegreat poetAbdAllahb.Amir,knownasalAbli,describedhistroublesandhardshipsoutofhislovefor themembersoftheHouse(ahlalBayt),peacebeonhim.Hesaid: TheymademehomelesswhenIpraisedAli. Theythoughtthatsuchpraisewasadangerousillnessinme. ImamAbuJafar(alBaqir)wasasked:Whatisyoursituation? AllthepeoplearesafebecauseofAllah'sApostle,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamilywhileIam afraidbecauseofhim,AbuJafar,peacebeonhim,replied.[4] WhenalMugh~rahaddied,MuawiyaappointedZyyadb.Ab~hasgovernorovertheSh~a. Zyyaddeviatedfromhisreligion.Hence,hewasindignantwiththeSh~a.Thus,hecutoftheir handsandtheirlegsandknockedouttheireyes.Hepursuedthemeverywhereandhangedthem onthetrunksofthedatepalms.[5]Generallyspeaking,hecommittedthefollowingcrimesagainst theSh~a: 1.Hedemolishedtheirhouses. 2.Herefusedtoaccepttheirtestimony. 3.Heimprisonedthem. 4.Hemurderedthem. Thehistorianssaid:AlFadlb.DukaynbecameaSh~ite.Hissoncametohimweeping.Dukayn askedhisson:Whathasmadeyouweep?Father,thesonreplied,thepeoplesaythatyouhave becomeaSh~ite.[6] TheUmayyadspunishedseverelythosewhowereaccusedofShiism.Thehistorianssaid: Ibrah~mb.HirthimacametoMedina.OneoftheAl~dscameandgreetedhim.So,Ibrah~m saidtohim:Goawayfromme.IftheUmayyadssawyougreetingme,theywouldkillme.[7] Moreover,theUmayyadsorderedtheirgovernorstokillthebabieswhowerenamedAli.When Alib.Rabahheardofthat,hewasafraid.So,hesaid:MayAllahcursethosewhocalledmeAli.

Then,hecalledhimselfUlay.[8] PrecautionaryDissimulation TheUmayyadandAbbasidgovernmentswenttoofarintroublingandkillingtheSh~ites.Hence, theImamsofthemembersoftheHouse(ahlalBayt),peacebeonthem,legislatedprecautionary dissimulation,whichmeansConcealingthetruth,concealingthebeliefinit,hiding(beliefs)from thenonSh~a,andleavingsupportingthem.Forthatharmsreligionandtheworld.[9] TheImamslegislatedprecautionarydissimulationtopreventthebloodoftheSh~afrombeing shed.FortheUmayyadsandtheAbbasidsregardedsheddingtheirbloodaslawful. TheImamsorderedtheSh~atouseprecautionarydissimulationasabasicruleforpoliticaland socialbehavior.Haditnotbeenforthisrule,theUmayyadsandtheAbbasidswouldhave destroyedalltheSh~ites. TheImamsofthemembersoftheHouse(ahlalBayt),peacebeonthem,stronglyorderedtheir followers(Sh~ites)toconcealtheirbeliefsandloveforthem.Fortheyfearedfortheirlives.In thisconnection,ImamAbuJafar(alBaqir),peacebeonhim,said:Taqiyaorprecautionary dissimulationismyreligionandthereligionofmyfathers.Hewhohasnotaqiyahasnofaith.[10] ThiswiseplanprotectedthedoctrineofthemembersoftheHouse(ahlalBayt),peacebeon them.Haditnotforit,theUmayyadsandtheAbbasidswouldhaveremovedthetracesoftheir doctrine.Inthisconnection,ShaykhalTusisaid:NosectwastroubledastheSh~a.They sufferedfromfearallthetime.So,theycleavedtoprecautionarydissimulation(taqiya).[11] TheSh~awerepoliticallyawarewhentheyresortedtoprecautionarydissimulation.Withthat theywereabletoprotecttheirbeliefsfromtheirstrongmaliciousopponents. TheUnityoftheSh~a SomeauthorssaidthattheSh~aweredistinguishedbyageneralunityatthetimeofImamAbu Jafar(alBaqir),peacebeonhim.Therewasnoideologicaldifferencesamongthemduringthe timeoftheImam.Rather,thesedifferencestookplaceafterhisdeath.[12]However,the Kaysaniya,whobelievedintheImamateofMohammedb.alHanafiya,appearedduringthedays ofImamAbuJafar(alBaqir),peacebeonhim.AsfortheZayd~s,theIsmail~s,andtheWaqifiya, theyappearedafterhisdeath. WiththiswewillendourtalkabouttheSh~aandalltheIslamicsects.Asforthetalkaboutthe qualitiesoftheSh~aindetail,wehavepreparedacertainstudyaboutthat.MayAllahgrantus successtopublishitassoonaspossible,Allahwilling. ScientificLife

TheArabsbeforeIslambelongedtonumeroustribes.Theymovedfromoneplacetoanother seekingrainpastures.Themajorityofthemledapoordesertlife. WhenIslamcame,theirlifechanged.TheylefttheBedouinlifeandfollowedthecivilizedlife. Mostoftheirsituationsthenchanged,too.TheirtribalfeelingschangedintoIslamicbrotherhood, whichhadnofanaticismnortribalcustoms. WhentheMoslemsbecamestable,theybeganspreadingcultureandknowledgeamongthe people.Thatisbecausecultureandknowledgewerenecessaryfordevelopingthesociety.The Umayyadspaidnoattentiontoscientificlife.However,twoschoolswereestablishedinMedina (Yathrib),thehomelandofcultureandknowledge.Theyareasfollows: TheSchooloftheNextGeneration ThisschooltookcareofIslamicsciences.Asforitsmembers,theywereSa~db.alMusayyab, Urwab.alZubayr,alQasimb.Mohammedb.Ab~Bakr,AbuBakrb.AbdalRahmanb.alHarith b.Hisham,Sulaymanb.Yasar,UbaydAllahb.Uttbab.Masud,Kharijab.Zayd.[13] Itisnecessaryforustotalkbrieflyabouttheabovementionedgreatfigures.Theyareasfollows: 1.Sa~db.alMusayyab HisrealnameisSa~db.alMusayyabb.HaznalQarashialMakhzumi.Hewasborntwoyears afterthecaliphateofUmar.[14]Wewillmentionsomeofhisaffairs: HisScientificPosition Hewasoneofthemainscholarsofhistime.Qattadasaid:Ihaveneverseenapersonmore knowledgeablethanSa~db.alMusayyabinthelawfulandtheunlawful.[15]Mohammedb. Sa~dreportedontheauthorityofMakhul,whosaid:Itraveledalloverthelandseeking knowledge.However,IhavenotfoundapersonmoreknowledgeablethanSa~db.al Musayyab.[16]IbnalMadanisaid:Idonotthinkthatthereisapersonamongthenext generationmoreknowledgeablethanSa~db.alMusayyab.[17]AlLaythreportedonthe authorityofYahyab.Sa~d,whosaid:Sa~db.alMusayyabwascalledtheNarratorofUmar. Hememorizedhis(Umar's)judgmentsmorethanthepeopledid.[18] Wordssimilartothesehavebeenmentioned.TheyshowedthatSa~db.alMusayyabhadahigh scientificposition,andthathewasoneoftheexcellentscholarsofhistime. Sa~db.alMusayyabreportedmanytraditionsontheauthorityofImamZaynalAbidn.He learnedfromhimmanymattersconcerningthelawfulandtheunlawful.

HisReliability Thebiographersdifferedoverhis(Sa~d's)reliability.Someofthemsaidthathewasreliable dependingonthetraditionsconcerninghim.Theothersslanderedhimandsaidthathewas unreliable.Ourmaster,professoralKhu'iinclinedtostopconcerninghisaffair.Forthechainof authoritiesaboutpraisinganddispraisinghimisincomplete.[19] Umarb.Maymunreportedontheauthorityofhisfather,whosaid:IcametoMedina.Iasked aboutthemostknowledgeableofallthepeopleofMedina.Then,IhadbeenguidedtoSa~db. alMusayyab.[20]ThismeansthattheUmayyadgovernmentorderedMaymuntogotoSa~db. alMusayyab,andthatittookcareofthelatter. AbuIshaqsaid:Atthattime,thepersoncametoaskaboutreligiousopinions.However,the peoplesenthimfromoneassemblytoanothertillhereachedtheassemblyofSa~db.al Musayyab.Fortheyhatedtogivereligiousopinions.[21] Sa~db.alMusayyabwasfondoflovepoetry.HereciteditinthemosqueofAllah'sApostle,may Allahblesshimandhisfamily.[22] HisDeath Sa~db.alMusayyabdiedinMedina(Yathrib),intheyear94A.H.Itwassaidthathediedinthe year93A.H.ThatwasduringthecaliphateofalWal~d.Whenhedied,hewas75yearsof age.[23] UrwabinalZubayr HisrealnameisUrwab.alZubayrb.alAwamalMadani.Hewasoneofthesevenjuristsof Medina.HewasthemostknowledgeableofallthepeopleinthetraditionsofA'isha.He understoodallofhernarrationsandtraditions.[24]Forshewashisaunt.Hewaspresentwithhis fatheralZubayr,whofoughtagainstImamAli,theCommanderofthefaithful,peacebeonhim, (attheBattleoftheCamel).Urwawas13yearsold.So,theImamregardedhimasyoung.[25] AbdalMalikb.MarwanpraisedUrwaverymuch.Concerninghim,hesaid:Whoeverispleased tolookatamanfromthepeopleofthegarden,hemustlookatUrwab.alZubayr.[26] Urwasaid:Ifyouseethepersondoingagooddeed,knowthathehasothergooddeeds.When youseehimdoinganevildeed,knowthathehasotherevildeeds.[27] HisDeath Hediedintheyear91or92A.H.[28] 3.UbaydAllahbinAbdAllah

HisrealnameisUbaydAllahb.AbdAllahb.Uttbab.MasudalHadhli.Hewasgiventhekunya ofAbuAbdAllahalMadani.AlAjalisaid:UbaydAllahb.AbdAllahwasblind.Hewasoneof thejuristsofMedina.Hebelongedtothenextgeneration.Hewasreliable,righteous,and knowledgeable.HewastheteacherofUmarb.AbdalAz~z.[29]Hewasfondoflove poetry.[30]Hediedintheyear99A.H.[31] 4.AbdalRahman b.alHarithalMakhzumi HewasgiventhekunyaofAbualHarithalMadani.Hereported(traditions)ontheauthorityofa groupof(people).AmongthemwereZaydb.Alib.alHusayn,alHasanalBasri,Hak~mb. Hak~m,andthelike.AlNisa'isaid:Heisnotreliable.However,b.Sadsaid:Heisreliable. Ahmedsaid:Heisneglected.Alib.alMadaniregardedhimasaweak(traditionalist).Hediedat thebeginningofthecaliphateofAbuJafaralMansur.[32] 5.SulaymanbinYasaralHilali HewasgiventhekunyaofAbuAyyubalMadani.HereportedtraditionsontheauthorityofUmm SalamaandA'isha.HewasoneofthescholarsofthepeopleafterSa~db.alMusayyab.Hedied intheyear107A.H.Whenhedied,hewas73yearsofage.[33] 6.KharijabinZaydb.Thabit alAnsarialNajjari HewasgiventhekunyaofAbuZaydalMadani.Hereportedontheauthorityofagroup(of people).Agroupof(people)reportedonhisauthority. IbnSadsaid:Kharijawasreliable.Hereportedmanytraditions.[34]AlDhahabididnotmention himwiththememorizersofthetraditions. 7.AlQasimbinMohammed binAbuBakr HewasgiventhekunyaofAbuMohammed.Hereportedontheauthorityofhisfatherandhis aunt,A'isha,andtheAbadila.Agroupofpeoplereportedonhisauthority. AlBukharisaid:Hisfatherwaskilled,soheremainedanorphanunderthecareofA'isha.He added:He(alQasim)wasthebestofthepeopleofhistime.

AbualZanadsaid:Ihaveneverseen(aperson)moreknowledgeablethanhimintheSunna,nor haveIseen(aperson)clevererthanhim.[35] ImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim,marriedhis(alQasim's)daughter,andshebornhimImamAbu AbdAllahalSadiq,peacebeonhim. ShaykhalTusisometimesnumberedhimasoneofthecompanionsofalSajjad,andhe sometimesnumberedhimasoneofthecompanionsofalBaqir,peacebeonhim. AlQasimdiedintheyear102A.H.[36] WiththiswewillendourtalkaboutthesevenjuristswhoformedaschoolcalledtheSchoolofthe NextGeneration. TheSchooloftheAhlalBayt ItwasthefirstideologicalschooltobeestablishedinIslam.Itsparednoefforttodevelopthelife oftheMoslems.ItwasnotconfinedtoIslamiclegislation.Rather,ittookcareofknowledgeand sciencessuchasphilosophy,wisdom,medicine,chemistry,theology,policy,administration, economy,andthelike. Thisschoolplayedanimportantroleinrecordingsciences.Noteworthy,thefirstandthesecond Caliphprevented(theMoslems)fromrecordingtraditions.Fortheyclaimedthatsuchanact wouldhaveaneffectontheBookofAllah.However,thisclaimisbaseless. SayyidHusaynalSadrsaidthattheSh~awerethefirsttotakecareofjurisprudence.He mentionedsomeoftheSh~iteauthors.AmongthemisAlib.AbuRafi'.Hewasoneofthemain Sh~itesatthetimeofImamAli,theCommanderoftheFaithful,peacebeonhim.Hewasthe secretaryoftheImam.Hewroteabookonthetechniquesofjurisprudence. AmongtheauthorswasSal~mb.QaysalHilalialKufi.HewasoneofthecompanionsofImam Ali,peacebeonhim.HislifecoincidedwiththetimeofalHajjaj,namelyduringtheperiodofthe Umayyadgovernment.AlHjjaj,thecriminal,triedtokillhim.So,hesoughtprotectionwithAban b.Ayyash.Whendeathcametohim,hegavehisbooktoAban.ItwasthefirstSh~itebookto appear.Abanb.Ayyashreportedthebook.[37] However,theschooloftheahlalBayt,peacebeonthem,tookcareofallsciences.Itwasnot confinedtoacertainscience.ImamAli,theCommanderoftheFaithful,peacebeonhim,wasthe firsttoestablishit.Then,thepureImamsfromhischildrentookcareofit.Then,ImamalBaqir, peacebeonhim,tookcareofit.ManyscholarscametoImamalBaqirtostudyunderhim. Reliablescholarsreportedmanysciencesonhisauthority.Wewillmentionthatwhenwetalk aboutthecompanionsandreportersofImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim. WehavementionedthisschoolindetailinourbookTheLifeofImamMusabinJafar.Ithas beenalsopublishedinAyanalSh~aandthealAdwa'Magazine. PublicCulturalLife

AsforthepublicculturallifeatthetimeofImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim,itwasveryshallow. TherewasnomeasureforthemoralsandidealswhichIslamhadbrought.Rather,thepeople returnedtotheircustomsbeforeIslam.Theyviedinfathersandlineagewitheachother.This phenomenoncanbeeasilyseeninthepoetryofthattime.Thepoetsviedinlineagewitheach other.So,theysatirizedeachother.AnexampleofthisisalFarazdaqandJar~r.Theirpoetryis fullofsatire. AlKumayt,thepoetoftheAlids,seizedthisopportunity.Hepraisedlaudabledeedsofhispeople fromMadar.HepreferredhispeopletotheQahtaniyy~n.Withthathecouldcreateadiscord amongthetribes.So,heplayedanimportantroleinoverthrowingtheUmayyadgovernment.[38] DibilalKhuzaidefendedtheQahtaniyy~n.IthinkthatalKumaytandDibilagreedwithon anotheronthattosowtheseedsofdiscordamongthetribestoweakenthem.Dibilcomposeda poemofsixhundredlinesasananswertoalKumayt'spoem.[39] TheNazariyaviedinglorywiththeYemaniya.Hence,tribalismmovedboththepeopleofthe citiesandthepeopleofthedeserttotheextentthatthecountrywasfullofdiscords.[40] However,thegeneralstyleoftheliteratureofthattimewasboastingandsatire.Itrepresented neitherawarenessnorseriousnessinthethoughts.Ithadnosummonstogood.Rather,it summonedthepeopletofollowharmfuldiscords. PoliticalLife Asforthepoliticallifeatthattime,itwasverydisorderly.Discordsandtroublesprevailedthe people.Fearfuleventsoccurred.Therewasnosecurity.Theheartsofthepeoplewerefullof terror.Thepeoplewererestlessoutofthebloodyrevolts.Thousandsofpeoplewerethevictims ofthoserevolts.FortheUmayyadsfollowedanevilpolicy.Theywereindifferenttotheinterests oftheMoslems.Rather,theydidtheirbesttoachievetheiraimsanddesires.Now,wewilltalk aboutsomeoftheaspectsofthepoliticallifeatthattime. PoliticalParties Atthattimenumerouspartieswereformed.Thepartiesfollowedvarioustrends.Violentstruggles tookplaceamongthem.Theyusedallpoliticalwaystoholdthereinsofgovernment.Hence,they paidnoattentiontotheinterestsofthecommunity.Thefollowingissomeoftheseparties. 1.TheUmayyadParty Itwastherulingpartyatthattime.Ittookthereinsofgovernmentthroughvariouskindsof

deceptionandmisleadingtactics.ThepopularforceskilledUthman.However,theUmayyads usedhisbloodasamottotoachievetheirpoliticalobjectives.Theyprovokedallpeopletoavenge thebloodoftheirleader,Uthman.Theyforgotthattheyhaddesertedhim.Theyhadnot supportedhimwhentherevolutionistsbesiegedhishouseandaskedhimtoestablishsocial justice.Hewasbesiegedfordays.TheUmayyadsheardofthat.However,theydidnotdefend him.Then,therevolutionistskilledUthman.Afterwards,theUmayyadssummonedthepeopleto avengehisblood.Theyusedhisbloodasmeanstoassumetheauthorityandtoplunderthe wealthofthecountry.Whentheyundertooktheauthority,theyadoptedallillegalpoliticalways. Thefollowingissomeofthem: A.They(theUmayyads)deceivedtheSyrians.Theytoldthemthattheywerethenearestpeople toAllah'sApostle,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily.So,theSyriansbelievedthem.However,the SyriansknewthedeceptionoftheUmayyadswhentheAbbasidstookthereinofgovernment. Somepoetscomposedpoemsconcerningthat.[41] B.TheUmayyadsformedcommitteesandorderedthemtofabricatetraditionsandtoascribe themtothegreatProphet,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily.Theyorderedthefabricatorstosay thattheUmayyadswerethelordsofallthecreatures,andthattheywerethenearestofallthe peopletoAllah,theExalted.So,theyspentalotofmoneyonthefabricatorswhosupportedtheir government. C.Theyusedthepoetsasmeanstopraiseandlaudthem.Theygavethemmanygiftsandspenta lotofmoneyonthem.Forpoetrywasstrongmassmediaatthattime. ThehistorianssaidthatMohammedb.Marwangavealotofmoneytohispoet,AbualAbbasthe blind.So,thelatterdidnotaskanybodyformoneyafterthedeathoftheformer.[42] ThepoetAshaRab~apraisedandlaudedAbdalMalikb.Marwan.So,AbdalMalikspentalot ofmoneyonhim.[43] ThepoetAd~b.alRaqqapraisedandlaudedalWal~db.AbdalMalik.So,alWal~dgavehim manygiftsandspentalotofmoneyonhim. ThepoetalAhwaspraisedandlaudedYaz~db.Muawiya.[44]Hence,Yaz~dgavehimmanygifts andspentalotofmoneyonhim.ThepoetforgotthatYaz~ddrankwine,playedwiththe monkeys,killedImamalHusaynpeacebeonhim,andattackedMedina,thecityofAllah's Apostle,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily. However,theUmayyadsusedthepoetstosupporttheirpolicyandtoimposetheirgovernment onthepeople. 2.TheZubayriParty ThispartythoughtthatalZubayr'sfamily,headedbyAbdAllahb.alZubayr,wasthemost appropriateofallthepeopleforgovernment.FortheyweretherelationsoftheProphet,may Allahblesshimandhisfamily.AlZubayr'smotherSafiyawastheauntoftheProphet,mayAllah blesshimandhisfamily.BesidesalZubayrwasoneofthesixcandidatesoftheconsultative

committeewhichUmarb.alKhattabnominated. Themainpropagatorandsupporterofthispartywasb.QaysalRuqayyat,agreatpoet.He praisedandlaudedMasabb.alZubayr.[45]Hesummonedthepeopletorevoltagainstthe Umayyads.[46] AmongthecombatantpoetsofthispartywasalNabighaalJudi.HepraisedandlaudedAbd Allahb.alZubayr.Heboastedofhisjustice.HelikenedhimtoAbuBakr,Umar,andUthman.So, hethoughtthatAbdAllahwasappropriateforthecaliphate. However,thispartydidnotlastforalongtime.ForalHajjajdestroyeditwhenhekilledAbdAllah b.alZubayr. 3.TheKharijites TheKharijitesbelievedinrevoltingagainstalltherulersintheIslamiccountries,fortherulersdid notbelieveintheirprinciplesandthoughts.Inthepreviouschapters,wehavementionedsomeof theirprinciples.Asfortheirpropagators,theyweremany.AmongthemwasalTirimmah.He praisedandlaudedthem.[47] Theyhadotherpoets.Theyglorifiedtheirprinciples,andurgedtheirpeopletorevoltagainstthe governmentsthen. 4.TheShia ThemainMoslemfiguresjoinedthisparty.AmongthemwereSalmanalFarisi,Ammarb.Yasir, AbuDharr,andKhuzaymab.ThabitalAnsari,calledthemanoftwotestimoniesbecausethe Prophetmadehistestimonyequaltotwomen.Theyplayedanimportantroleinspreadingand defendingIslam.Theyfirmlybelievedinthesuccessionofthemembersofthehouse(ahlalBayt), peacebeonthem,toauthorityaftertheProphet,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily. Thatisbecausethemembersofthehouse(ahlalBayt),peacebeonthem,werethefamilyofthe Prophet,lifeboats,andsafetyforthecreatures,astheProphet,mayAllahblesshimandhis family,said.Besidestheyhadcountlesstalentsandoutstandingmerits. AtthetimeofImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim,alKumaytalAsadiwasthespokesmanofthe membersofthehouse(ahlalBayt),peacebeonthem.Hesupportedanddefendedthem.Inthat hedependedontheHolyKoran,saying. WehavefoundaverseconcerningyouintheversesbeginningwithHaM~m. Thepiousandthenonpiousfromushaveexplainedit. InotherthantheversesbeginningwithHaM~m,therearesuccessiveversesconcerningyou. Theyareassignposts(ofknowledge)forthepossessoroftiringdoubt. AlKumaytreferredtotheversesthatconcernedthemembersofthehouse(ahlalBayt),peace beonthem.However,thepeoplegavethemanothermeaning.

AlKumaytdefendedtheSh~ainhispoemcalledalHashimiyat.TheSh~ausedalKumayt's poemsasproofsfortheirbeliefs.AlKumayt'spoemsareamongthemostwonderfulideological wealthinIslam.IntheSh~itepoliticalpoetry,thepoetspraisedthemembersofthehouse(ahl alBayt),peacebeonthem,notformoney.Rather,theypraisedthemtoshowloyaltytothe truth. WiththiswewillendourtalkaboutthepoliticalpartiesatthetimeofImamAbuJafar(alBaqir), peacebeonhim.Therewereviolentstrugglesamongtheparties.Historyandliteraturebooks havementionedthestruggles. DiscordsandDisorders TheMoslemcommunitysufferedfromdiscordsanddisturbances.Moreover,thebadUmayyad politiciansspreadfearandterrorallovertheIslamiccountries. ThefamouspoetalHarithb.AbdAllahdescribedthosediscordsanddisorders.[48]Anotherpoet calledalAbbasb.alWal~ddescribedthem,too.[49]Hesaidthatthediscordswerelikethe mountains.AllthosediscordsanddisordersresultedfromtheUmayyadpolicybasedontyranny, oppression,andpunishingthepeopleseverely.So,thepeoplerevoltedagainstgovernmentand overthrewit. PlayandLuxury TheUmayyadskingindulgedinplayandluxury.Theywerefondofimpudenceandpleasures.So, theyspentthewealthoftheMoslemsontheirpleasures.Inadditiontothattherichparticipated withtheUmayyadsinpleasuresandimpudence.Theyusedallkindsofluxury.Withthatthey deviatedfromthelifeoftheMoslemsduringthelifetimeoftheProphet,mayAllahblesshimand hisfamily.Thepeopleatthattimerenouncedworldlypleasures.A'ishawasaskedabouther garmentduringthedaysoftheProphet,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,andsheanswered: ByAllah,itwasnotsilknorcottonnorflax.Rather,itwas(madeof)thehairofcamels.[50] However,thislifechangedcompletelyduringthetimeoftheUmayyads.Theyoungmenofthe BanuMarwanworeembellishedclothing.[51]Marwanb.Abanb.Uthmanworesevenshirts,one wasshorterthantheother.Onthem,heworeaonethousanddirhamAdanicloak.[52]Duringhis ruleoverMedina,Umarb.AbdalAz~zworeafourhundreddirhamgarment.However,hesaid: Howhoarseandthick(thisgarment)is![53] Harunb.Salihreportedontheauthorityofhisfather,whosaid:Wegavemanydirhamstothe washermantowashourclotheswithsudsoftheclothesofUmarb.AbdalAz~z,foritwasfull ofperfume.[54] TheclothesofthewomenofMedina(Yathrib)changed.Theyworesilkclothes,andthelike.[55] Menalsoworecoloredclothes.[56]

ExcessiveDowries Amongtheaspectsoftheluxuryatthattimewasexcessivedowries.AbdAllahb.AbdalRahman b.Ab~Bakr,thehusbandofA'isha,daughterofTalha,died.So,Masabb.alZubayrmarriedher andgaveheronemilliondirhamsasadowry.[57] Thehistorianstalkedaboutherluxurysaying:WhenA'ishawenttomakethepilgrimage(to Mecca),sixtymuleswithhowdahsandluggageaccompaniedher. Urwab.alZubayrsaidtoher:OA'isha,OPossessorofsixtymules,suchdoyoumakethe pilgrimage(toMecca)everyyear?[58] Excessivedowriesweresignsofluxuryatthattime.However,theUmayyadsandthelikewere knownforthat. LuxuriousWomen Therulinggroupbecamesorichthatitswomenwereluxurious.Thehistoriansreported:Atika, daughterofYaz~db.Muawiya,askedAbdalMaliktopermithertomakethepilgrimage(to Mecca).Hesaidtoher:Increaseyourneedsandseekthehelpof(yourfolkwomen),forA'isha daughterofTalhawillmakethepilgrimage(toMecca).Shedidthat.Whenshewasontheroad betweenMeccaandMedina,aprocessioncameandseparatedhergroup.Shesaid:Ithinkthat sheisA'isha.Sheaskedabouther.Theysaid:Thatishertreasurer.Thenalargerprocession cameandseparatedhergroup.Shesaid:ThatisA'isha.No,theyrepliedthatishermaid.Then otherprocessionsfollowed.Thenaprocessionofthreehundredcamelscame.Hawdasanddomes wereonthem.So,Atikasaid:WhatwithAllahisbetterandmorelasting.[59] Thehistoriansreportedotherexamplesofluxuriouswomen.AmongthemisthatMasabgave eightypearlstoA'ishaasagift.Whenheenteredtogivethemtoher,hefoundhersleeping.He wokeher.Whenshesawthegift,shepaidnoattentiontoit.Thenshesaid:Sleepismorelovable withme(thanthegift).[60] Singing SingingwasfamousduringtheUmayyadtime.Medina(Yathrib)tookcareofsinging.The Umayyadgovernmentintentionallyencouragedsinginginthecitytodegradeitsholypositionin thesoulsoftheMoslems. AbualFarajsaid:NeitherthescholarnortheworshiperofMedinadeniedsinging.[61] Malikb.Anas,thejuristofMedina,hadknowledgeofsinging.Husaynb.DahmanalAshqar reported.Hesaid:IwasinMedina.Iwaslonelyinthestreet.So,Ibegansinging:ORabab,what

iswrongwithyourfamily?Theyarefrowning.Itseemsthattheyareangry.However,Ihearda mansaying:OSinner,youdonotsingwell.Youhavepreventedthesingerstress.Youhave announcedtheatrocity.Thenhebegansinging.So,Iaskedhim:MayAllahmakeyourighteous. Fromwherehaveyoulearnedthissinging?Hereplied:WhenIwasaboy,Ifollowedthesingers andlearnedfromthem.Mothersaidtome:Mylittleson,ifthesingerhasanuglyface,noonewill listentohissinging.So,leavesingingandseekjurisprudence.Fortheuglyfaceisnotnecessaryfor jurisprudence.Hence,Ileftthesingersandfollowedthejurists.ThenIsaidtohim.Repeat (singing).Hesaid:No,doyouwanttosaythatyouhavelearnedsingingfromMalikb.Anas? However,IhadnotknownthatthemanwasMalikb.Anas.[62] Dahman,thesinger,witnessedbeforethejudgeforamanfromMedinaagainstanIraqi.The judgeacceptedDahman'stestimony.TheIraqimansaidtothejudge:HeisDahman,thesinger. Iknowhim,repliedthejudge,IfIdidnotknowhim,Iwouldask(thepeople)abouthim.The Iraqimancontinued:Hesings.Heteachesslavegirlssinging.MayAllahforgiveyouandus.We allsing,saidthejudge.[63] InthismannersingingspreadinMedina,whichwasthecapitalofIslam.Withoutdoubt,itwasthe UmayyadgovernmentthatencouragedsingingtodegradetheholypositionofMedina,whichwas thecapitaloftheProphet,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily. TheUmayyadgovernmentencouragedsingingandspentmoneyonsingers.Thehistorians reported.Theysaid:Mibid,Malikb.AbualSamh,andb.A'ishacametoYaz~db.AbdalMalik. Heorderedonethousanddinarstobegiventoeachofthem.[64] AlWal~db.Yaz~dspentgenerouslyonthesingers.HegaveMibidtwelvethousanddinars.The hesummonedallthesingersofSaudiArabia(Hijaz)andgavethemmanygifts.[65] Singingbecamefamous.TheUmayyadkingapproachedsingers.Theyspentgenerouslyonthem. So,thepeoplepracticedsinging. Thehistoriansreported:WhenalWal~db.Yaz~dbecamecaliph,hesentforAtradfrom Medina.Atradwashandsome.Hesangbeautifully.So,alWal~dtorehisclothesandthrew himselfintothepondofwine.Hewasstillinit.Thenhewasbroughtoutofit.Helookedlikea deadperson.Whenherecovered,hesaidtoAtrad:ItisasifthatIsawyoureturningtoMedina standingbeforeitsassembliesandsaying:TheCommanderoftheFaithfulsummonedme.I enteredhishouse.Heaskedmetosing.WhenIsang,hetorehisclothesandthrewhimselfinto thepondofwine.ByAllah,ifyourlipsmentionedathingofwhathadhappenedandIheardof that,Iwouldbeheadyou.Then,hegaveonethousanddinarstoAtrad,whotookitandwent away.[66] Thehistoriansreportedmanyexamplesofthis.Theseexamplesshowtheimpudenceofthe Umayyads.TheyshowthattheUmayyadsdeviatedfromIslam,whichorderedthemtorefrain fromthelifeofplayandimpudence. FabricatedTraditions

TheMoslemssufferedfrommanyhardshipsandmisfortunes.Amongthemwasfabricating traditions.Somepeoplehadnorelationshipwithreligion.Theyfabricatedtraditionstodistort IslamandtodiverttheMoslemsfromthepreceptsoftheirreligionandtheteachingsoftheir Prophets. Muawiyab.AbuSufyanwasthefirsttoformcommitteestofabricatetraditionsandascribethem tothegreatProphet,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily.So,thecommitteesfabricatedtraditions andproclaimedthemamongthepeople.Thenthenarratorsmemorizedthefabricatedtraditions. Iftheyhadknownthatthetraditionswerefabricated,theywouldhaveabandonedthem. Inthisconnection,alMada'inisaid:Manyfabricatedtraditionsappeared.Slandersspread.The jurists,thejudges,andthegovernorsfollowedthat.Thehypocritereaders(oftheKoran)andthe deprivedones,whoshowedhumilityandasceticism,werethemostdangerousofallthepeoplein that.Theyfabricatedtraditionstoenjoythefavoroftheirrulers,toapproachtheirassemblies, andtogetmoneyandcountryestatesandhouses.Thenthose(fabricated)narrationsand traditionsreachedthereligiousoneswhoregardedlyingandslanderasunlawful.Theyaccepted thenarrationsandthetraditionsandreportedthem.Theythoughtthatthenarrationsandthe traditionswereauthentic.Iftheyhadknownthatthenarrationsandthetraditionswere fabricated,thewouldnothavereportedthemnorwouldhavetheybelievedinthem.[67] MuawiyaandtheUmayyadsorderedthenarrationandthetraditionstobefabricatedtodegrade theProphet'spurefamilywhoseloveAllahmadeobligatoryintheBook.Theyentrustedthe committeestocreatenarrationsandtraditionsconcerningtheCompanions(oftheProphet).For theywantedtodefametheHashimites. Thetraditionalistb.Arafa,knownasNaftawayh,said:(Thecommittees)fabricatedmost traditionsconcerningtheCompanions(oftheProphet)duringthedaysoftheUmayyads.Forthey (thecommitteeswantedtoenjoythefavoroftheUmayyads.Withthetraditionsthey(the Umayyads)thoughtthattheywoulddegradetheHashimites.[68] MuawiyaalsoentrustedthecommitteestofabricatetraditionstodispraiseImamAli,peacebe onhim,anddefamehim. IbnAbualHadd~dsaid:OurShaykh,AbuJafaralIskafimentionedthatMuawiyaappointeda groupoftheCompanions(oftheProphet)andagroupofthenextgenerationtofabricate traditionsconcerningAlitoslanderhimandtorenouncehim.Hegavethemmoneyforthat.So, theyfabricatedwhatpleasedhim.AmongthemwereAbuHurayra,Amrub.alAs,andal Mugh~rab.Shuba.AmongthenextgenerationwasUrwab.alZubayr.[69] Concerningthefabricatedtraditions,ImamAbuJafar(alBaqir),peacebeonhim,said:They narratedugly(traditions)concerningAli,alHasan,andalHusayn,peacebeonhim.Allahknew thattheyreportednothingexceptlyingandfalsehood.[70] Fabricatedtraditionsspreadwidely.ThetraditionalistAsimb.Nab~lsaid:Therighteousperson didnotlieinathingexceptintraditions.Waq~said:ThoughZiyadb.AbdAllahwashonestin thetradition,hewasaliar.Yaz~db.Harunsaid:ThetraditionalistsofKufawereliarsin traditions.TheSufyaniyyinwerealsoliars.[71]MoslemreportedthattheProphet,mayAllah blesshimandhisfamily,ordereddogstobekilledexcepthuntingandcattledogs.[72]

ExploitingalZahri TheUmayyadsexploitedthetraditionalistalZahri.So,hefabricatedtraditionstodefendand supporttheUmayyadgovernment.Amonghisfabricatedtraditionsisthathereportedonthe authorityoftheProphet,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,thathesaid:Luggageisnottiedbut tothree(mosques):thismosqueofmine,theKaba,andJerusalem. AlZahriregardedJerusalemastheKaba.HefabricatedthistraditionwhentheUmayyads preventedtheSyriansmakingthepilgrimage(toMecca).FortheUmayyadswantedtopreventthe SyriansfrommeetingtheSaudiswhomb.alZubayrruled.Hence,theSyriansmadethepilgrimage toJerusaleminsteadofMecca.[73] FabricatedNarrationagainstImamAbuJafar AmongthefabricatednarrationsagainstImamAbuJafar(alBaqir),peacebeonhim,iswhatAbu alBakhtarireported.Hesaid:AbuHan~facametoImamAbuJafar(alBaqir),peacebeonhim. TheImamsaidtohim:'Thesunna(practices)ofmygrandfatherhasbecomeobliterated.Youhave enlivenedit.Youarethehelperofeverygrievedperson.Theperplexedonesfollowyou.You guidethemtotheplainpath.So,mayAllahhelpyouandgrantyousuccesstoparticipatethe righteousintheway.[74] ThisisoneofthefabricatednarrationsofAbualBakhtari.Inhisbiography,itwasmentionedthat hewasthemostdangerousofallthecreaturesintellinglies. FabricatorsagainstAbuJafar ImamAbuJafar(alBaqir),peacebeonhim,wastroubledbyagroupoffabricators.Forthey fabricatedtraditionsandnarrationsascribedthemtohim.Thefollowingissomeofthem: 1.BayanbinSamanalHindi BayanbelongedtotheBanuTam~m.[75]Hefabricatedtraditionsandattributedthemtothe Allah'sApostle,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily. ImamAbuJafar(alBaqir)andhissonImamalSadiq,peacebeonthem,askedtheirfollowersto renounceBayan,forhefabricatedtraditionsandascribedthemtotheImams,peacebeon them.[76] ZararareportedontheauthorityofImamAbuJafar,peacebeonhim,whosaid:MayAllahcurse

Bayan,forhefabricated(traditions)andattributedthemtomyfather.Ibearwitnessthatmy fatherAlib.alHusaynwasarighteousservant.[77] AfterthedeathofAbuHashim,Bayanclaimedprophecy.ThenhewrotetoAbuJafartofollow himandrecognizehisprophecy.[78] ItwasattributedtohimthathebelievedinthedivinityofAli,alHasan,alHusayn,Mohammedb. alHanafiya,andAbuHashim.Amonghisfabricationisthathesaid:Allah,theExalted,willperish excepthisface.[79]Thenhewaskilledbecauseofhisfabrications.[80] 2.HamzaalBarbari Hamzab.AmmaraalBarbarifabricatedtraditionsandascribedthemtoImamAbuJafar(al Baqir),peacebeonhim.So,theImam,peacebeonhim,renouncedhim. Hamzawasanunbeliever.Hesaid:WhoeverknowstheImam,lethimdowhateverhewants.For hedoesnotcommitasin.[81]HesaidthatMohammedb.alHanafiyawasAllah,theGreatand Almighty.So,Khalidb.AbdAllahalQasrikilledhim.[82] 3.AlMugh~rabinSa~d AlMugh~rabinSa~dalBajalialKuficreatedheresiesandeventsinIslam.Wewillmention someofhisaffairs: HisHeresies AlMugh~racreatedheresiesandabominabledeeds.Thefollowingissomeofthem: A.Hebelievedinincarnation.Hesaid:Allahisintheshapeofaman.ThereisacrownonHis head.Hispartsareasequalasthealphabet.Hehasanabdomen.Hehasaheartfullof wisdom.[83]ThenheclassifiedthepartsofAllahaccordingtothealphabet.[84]Thenhesaid: WhenAllahwantedtocreate(thecreatures),Hetalkedwithhisname.So,HeflewandfellonHis crown.ThenhewrotethedeedsofthecreatureswithHisownfingers.WhenHesawthesins,He oozedsweat.TwoseesformedfromHissweat.Onewasfreshtheotherwassalty.Hecreatedthe unbelieversfromthesaltyseaandthebelieversfromthefreshsea.[85] B.Hewasajuggler.Amonghisjuggleryisthathewenttothecemetery.Hespokeandsawthings likelocustsonthegraves.[86] C.HewasskillfulincreatingandinsertingtraditionsinthebooksofthemembersoftheHouse (ahlalBayt),peacebeonthem.HeinsertedexcessivenessinthebooksofImamAbuJafar(al Baqir),peacebeonhim.[87] ImamAbuAbdAllahalSadiqsaidtohiscompanions:Donotacceptthetraditionsreportedon

ourauthorityexceptthetraditionsthatagreeswiththeKoranandtheSunna.Youmustcompare themwithourprevioustraditions,foralMugh~rab.Sa~dhasinsertedfabricatedtraditionsin thebooksofthecompanionsofmyfather.FearAllah.Donotacceptthetraditionsthatdisagree withthewordsofourLordandtheSunnaofourProphet. Hishamb.alHakamreportedontheauthorityofImamalSadiq,peacebeonhim,whosaid:Al Mugh~rab.Sa~dintentionallyfabricatedliesagainstmyfather.Hetookthebooksofthe companionsofmyfather.ThecompanionsofalMugh~raconcealedthemselvesamongthe companionsofmyfather.TheytookthebooksandgavethemtoalMugh~rab.Sa~d.He insertedunbeliefinthem.Thenheattributedthemtomyfather.Thenhegavethemtohis companions.ThenheorderedthemtospreadthebooksamongtheSh~a. TheSh~awereunabletobearalMugh~rab.Sa~d.So,AbuHurayraalAjalihurriedtoImam AbuJafar(alBaqir),peacebeonhim.HetoldhimthattheSh~awereindignantwiththe fabricationsandheresiesofalMugh~rab.Sa~d.[88] ImamalBaqirrenouncedhim ItwasnaturalforImamAbuJa'far(alBaqir),peacebeonhim,torenouncealMugh~rab.Sa~d. ForthelatterdisbelievedinAllah.Moreover,hedeviatedfromhumanqualities. Kath~ralNawareportedontheauthorityofImamAbuJafaralBaqir,peacebeonhim,whosaid: AllahandHisApostlerenouncedalMugh~rab.Sa~d,andBananb.Sman,fortheyfabricated liesagainstthemembersoftheHouse(ahlalBayt),peacebeonthem.[89] ImamAbuAbdAllahalSadiqwassoindignantwithalMugh~rab.Sa~dthathesaid:MayAllah cursealMugh~rab.Sa~d.MayAllahcursetheJewishwomanwithwhomalMugh~rab.Sa~d sat.Forhelearnedfromhermagic,jugglery,andfalsethings.AlMugh~rafabricatedliesagainst myfather,soAllahdeprivedhimoffaith.Ifsomepeoplefabricateliesagainstme,Allahwillmake themtastetheheatoftheiron.ByAllah,wearemereservants.Allahcreatedandchoseus.We doneitherharmnorbenefit.IfAllahhasmercyonus,thatisoutofHismercy.IfHetorturesus, thatisoutofoursins.Wewilldie.Wewillbeburied.Wewillberaisedfromthedeadand reckoned.MayAllahcursethem(thefabricators).TheyhurtAllah.TheyhurtAllah'sApostleinhis grave.TheyhurttheCommanderoftheFaithful,Fatima,alHasan,andalHusayn.Now,theyhurt me. TheRevoltofalMugh~rab.Sa~d AlMugh~rab.Sa~dannouncedhisrevoltinKufa.Khalidb.AbdAllahalQasriheardofthat.So, hesentaphalanxtoarrestalMugh~rab.Sa~d.[90]Thenheorderedhimandhiscompanionsto beburnt.[91]

UnbeliefandPolytheism UnbeliefandPolytheismappearedduringtheUmayyadtime.Spitefulpersonsbroughtthattothe Moslemcountriestodestroythem.TheUmayyadgovernmentrefrainedfrompunishing unbelieversandpolytheists.Hence,theyspreadamongtheMoslems.Accordingly,ImamAbu JafaralBaqirandhissonImamalSadiq,peacebeonthem,resistedunbeliefandpolytheism. OnedaywhileImamAbuJafar(alBaqir),peacebeonhim,wassittingintheyardoftheKaba,a mancameandquestionedhim: DidyouseeAllahwhenyouworshippedHim? IdonotworshipthethingwhichIdonotsee. HowdidyouseeHim? NoeyesseeHimwiththefacultyofsight. However,theheartsseeHimthroughthe realitiesofbelief.Allahcannotbeknown throughcorrespondence(i.e.,Hecannotbe knownasmaterialthingsareknownthrough sense),norcanHebeperceivedthroughthe senses,norisHelikeanyperson.Heisreferred tobyHismiraculoustokensandknown throughHissigns.Thereisnotyrannyor oppressioninHisdominion.SuchisAllah. ThereisnogodexceptHe. ImamAbuJafar(alBaqir),peacebeonhim,refutedtheviewsoftheman.TheImam,peacebe onhim,supportedhisanswerwiththebightdimensionsofmonotheism.Themanwasastonished withthewordsoftheImam,peacebeonhim.So,hesaid:Allahknowsverywellwheretoplace Hismessage.[92] ThetalkaboutAllah'sattributes,whethertheyaresimpleorcompound,becamewidespread. Hence,ImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim,prevented(theMoslems)fromdiscussingthem. ImamalBaqirandaSyrianScholar Mohammedb.AtiyanarratedthataSyrianscholarcametoImamAbuJafar(alBaqir),peacebe onhim,andsaidtohim:Ihaveaquestion.Ihadaskedthescholarsaboutthequestion.However, theywereunabletoanswerit. Whatisit?askedtheImam. MyquestionisaboutthefirstthingAllahcreated.Some(people)answeredmewithself determining.Someofthemansweredmewiththepen.Someofthemansweredmewiththe spirit,repliedtheSyrianscholar.

ImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim,explained:Thepeopledidnotreachthecorrectanswer.Iwill tellyou:Allah,theBlessedandExalted,wasandtherewasnothingotherthanhim.Hewas Almighty,andnoonewasbeforeHismight.ThatisbecauseofthesewordsofHim,theExalted: GlorybetoyourLord,theLordofmight,abovewhattheydescribe. Thecreatorwasbeforethecreature.Ifthethingwascreatedfromthething,thatwouldnever end.Therefore,Allahwaseternal.TherewasnothingotherthanHim.ThenHecreatedwater. ThenHecreatedallthingsfromwater. TheSyrianscholarasked:OAbuJafar,whatisthemeaningofthewordsofHim,theExalted:Do notthosewhodisbelieverealizethattheheavensandtheearthwererataqandwemadethem fitq?whatisrataqandthisfitq? Theearthwasrataq(means)thatnoraincamedownfromit,answeredAbuJafar,peacebeon him,andthattheearthwasfitq(means)thatnoplantscameoutofit. TheSyrianscholarstopped.Hecouldnotfindanyopposition.So,Said:Itestifythatyouareone ofthechildrenofprophets,andyourknowledgeistheirs.[93] Thehistorianssaid:Jahmb.SafwanwantedtodebatewithsomeoftheSamaniya[94]onsome theologicalmatters.Theysaidtohim:'Wewilldebatewithyou.Ifyoudefeatus,wewillfollow yourreligion.Ifwedefeatyou,youshallfollowourreligion. (TheSamaniyawerethefirsttoquestion): DoyounotsaythatyouhaveaGod? Yes. HaveyouseenyourGod? No. HaveyouheardHiswords? No. HaveyousmeltHim? No. HowdoyouknowthatyouhaveGod? Jahmreplied: Doyounotsaythatyouhavespirit? Yes. Haveyouseenyourspirit? No. Haveyouhearditswords? No. SuchisAllah.NoonecanseeHim,hearHiswords,andsmellhim.Theeyescannotseehim.Heis notinaplaceotherthanaplace.[95] Besides,therewerestrongdebatesbetweentheMoslemsandtheChristiansatthattime. YohannaalDimashqiwasthethinkeroftheChristians.Hewroteatreatisetoanswerthe Moslems.HewasthefriendofYaz~db.Muawiya.HissonSirgonwasinchargeofthefinancial affairsinDamascus.[96]

However,theUmayyadgovernmentwasindifferenttothisideologicaldebates.So,maypeople triedtodoubtIslamicideologicalprinciples. ViolentRevolts TheUmayyadsfollowedanoppressivepolicyagainsttheMoslems.Theypersecutedthemand deprivedthemoftheirmaterialandspiritualrights.Hence,theMoslemsledviolentrevolts againsttheUmayyadgovernmenttooverthrowit. ThefollowingissomerevoltsthatoccurredatthetimeofImamAbuJafar(alBaqir),peacebeon him: TheRevoltofMedina Yaz~db.Muawiyawenttoofarinoppressionandtyranny.Hecommittedallgravesins.He violatedthesacrednessofAllah'sApostle,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily.Forhekilledal Husayn,theprophet'sgrandson.Moreover,heorderedtherestofthefamilyoftheProphet,may Allahblesshimandhisfamily,tobetakenasprisoners.ThatwasatthetragedyofKarbala'. Inthisconnection,AbdAllahb.Hanzala,aleaderoftherevolt,said:ByAllah,werevolted againstYaz~dbecausewewereafraidthatstoneswouldbethrownatusfromthesky.ByAllah,if therehadbeensomepeoplewithme,IwouldhavefoughtagainstYaz~dbravelytopleaseAllah. ForYaz~dmarriedmothersandtheirdaughters.Hedrankwineandforgottoperformthe prayers.[97] AlMundhir,aleaderoftherevolt,said:Yaz~dgavemeahundredthousand(dinars).However,I willtellyouabouthim:ByAllah,hedrinkswine.ByAllah,hegetssointoxicatedthatheforgetsto performtheprayers.[98] Forthesereasons,thepeopleofMedinadecidedtobreaktheirpledgeofallegiancetoYaz~d. Then,theydismissedtheirgovernor.TheypursuedtheUmayyads. Marwanb.alHakamthoughtthatthepeopleofMedinawouldattackhiswomen.So,hehurried toAbdAllahb.Umarandaskedhimtoprotecthiswomenfromtherevolutionists.However,the latterrefusedtoacceptthat.ThenhewenttoImamZaynalAbidn,peacebeonhim.TheImam, peacebeonhim,respondedtohim.HeforgotthemistreatmentofMarwantowardsthe membersoftheHouse(ahlalBayt),peacebeonthem.HespentonthewomenofMarwan.Then MarwanfledMedina(Yathrib),forhewasafraidoftherevolutionists.[99] Thenthetyrannicalruler,Yaz~db.Muawiya,sentalargearmytooccupyMedina(Yathrib).He entrustedthearmytoMoslemb.Aqaba,whosaid:ByAllah,Iwilldestroy(Medina.) Moslemb.AqabaadvancedagainstMedina.Aftersomebloodybattles,hewasabletooccupyit. WhenhisarmyenteredMedina,itbegankillingtheinnocentpeople,thechildren,andtheold menandwomen. Duringthosebloodybattles,MedinalosteightyCompanionsofAllah'sApostle,mayAllahbless himandhisfamily.Thus,nooneofthosewhoparticipatedattheBattleofBadrremainedalive. MedinaalsolostsevenhundredpersonsofQurayshandoftheAnsar(supporters).Moreover,it

losttenthousandpersonsofcommonpeople.[100] ThenMoslemb.AqabaorderedthepeopleofMedinatopledgeallegiancetoYaz~db.Muawiya. Hesaidtothem:YouaretheslavesofYaz~d.Hewillbehavewithyouhoweverhewishes. Whoeverrefusesthat,Iwillbeheadhim.[101] Thehistorianssaid:ImamZaynalAbidnhurriedtothegraveofhisgrandfather,Allah'sApostle, mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,toseekprotectionwithit.However,hewasarrestedand broughttoMoslemb.Aqaba.WhenMoslemb.AqabasawtheImam,heshookalloveroutof thesolemnityoftheImam.[102]Hestoodupforhim.Then,hesaidtohim:Askmeforyour needs.So,theImamintercedewithhimforthosewhoweresentencedtodeath.Moslemb. AqabarespondedtotheImam.WhentheImamleft,Moslemwasaskedabouthisattitude towardshim:Youhadabusedthisyoungmanandhisfathers.So,whydidyouhonorhim?' Becausehefilledmyheartwithfear,repliedMoslem.[103] TheRevoltoftheRepentant TheShiaofKufawrotemanyletterstoImamHusayn,theLordofmartyrs,peacebeonhim.In theirletters,theypledgedallegiancetohim.Theyaskedhimtocometothem.WhentheImam cametothem,theydesertedhim.Afterwards,theShiaofKufarepentedofthesinthey committedagainsttheImam.Theythoughtthattherewouldbenopenancefortheirsinexcept therevoltagainsttheUmayyadgovernment,avengingthebloodofImamHusayn,peacebeon him,andmurderingthecriminalswhokilledhim. TheleaderoftheRepentantwasSulaymanb.SirtalKhuzai.TheShiaelectedhimasageneral leaderfortherevolt.Theaskedhimtodrawpoliticalandmilitaryplansandtoexchangeletters withtheShiainsideandoutsideIraq. TheRepentantcollectedmoneyanddonations.Meanwhile,theykepttheirrevoltsecret.When Yaz~db.Muawiyahaddied,theRepentantannouncedtheirviolentrevolt.Thatwasintheyear 65A.H.Theirnumberwasfourhundredpersons.Theirmottowas:Letusavengethebloodofal Husayn. ThisaffectivemottowasusedforthefirsttimeinKufa.Itshookthepositionofthosewho committedthemosthorriblecrimeinthehistoryofmankind. TheRepentantheadedforAynalWarda.ThentheSyriansadvancedagainstthem.Thetwo partiesmet.Violentbattlestookplacebetweenthem.TheRepentantshowedextremecourage. Someoftheirleadersdiedmartyrsatthosebattles. AmongthemwereSulaymanb.SirtalKhuzai,alMusayyabb.Nujayya,AbdAllahb.Sad,andthe like. TheRepentantwereunabletofightagainsttheSyrians.So,theywithdrewfromthebattlefield andreturnedtoKufaatnight.However,theSyriansdidnotpursuethem. WiththattherevoltoftheRepentantended.ThoughtheRepentantwereunabletooverthrow theUmayyadgovernment,theyfilledtheheartsoftheUmayyadswithfear.Meanwhile,they

gladdenedthemembersofthehouse(ahlalBayt),peacebeonthem. TheRevoltofalMukhtar AlMukhtarwasthemostbrilliantfigureinArabandIslamichistory.Hewasthemostprominent politicianindrawingplans.Hehadmuchknowledgeofpsychologyandmassmedia.Hence,he movedthefeelingsofthepeopleandenlightenedtheirintellectthroughsermonsandpoetry. Moreover,hemadeuseofacting,demonstrations,andrumors.[104] HewasamongthemainfiguresoftheShia.Hewasamongtheswordsofthefamilyofthe Prophet,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily.Someorientalistssaid:AlMukhtarwasloyalto movement.Hesupportedhisfollowers.HetreatedArabsandnonArabswithjustice.Hence,Islam spreadamongnonArabs.[105]WilhawzindoubtedthatalMukhtarwantedtoavengetheblood ofalHusayntoholdthereinsofgovernment.[106] ThepeopleaccusedalMukhtarofclaimingprophecy,andthelike.Theyaccusedhimofthat becausehewantedtoavengethebloodofImamHusayn,peacebeonhim,tooverthrowthe Umayyadgovernment,andtotreatArabsandnonArabswithjustice.Hedidhisbesttofollowthe policyofImamAli,theCommanderoftheFaithful,peacebeonhim,ineconomyandsociety. AlMukhtarwaspious.Heconformedtotheteachingsofreligion.Thehistorianssaid:Duringhis shorttermgovernment,alMukhtarfastedverymuchtoshowthankfulnesstoAllah,theExalted. ForAllahgrantedhimsuccesstosupportthepurefamily(oftheProphet)andtodestroythe Umayyads. AlMukhtarscaredtheMurderers AlMukhtarterrifiedthosewhokilledImamHusayn,peacebeonhim.So,someofthemescaped toAbdalMalikb.MarwantoprotectthemfromalMukhtar.[107] AbdalMalikb.alHajjajalTaghlubiescapedtoAbdalMalikandsaidtohim:Ihaveescapedto youfromIraq. AbdalMalikshoutedathim,saying:Youarealiar.Youhavenotescapedtous.However,you haveescapedfromthebloodofalHusayn.Youhavefearedforyourblood.So,youhavesought protectionwithus.[108] Someofthemurderersescapedtob.alZubayrandjoinedhisarmy.Fortheywereafraidofal Mukhtar. However,alMukhtarspreadscareandterrorinthehousesofthosewhokilledImamHusayn, peacebeonhim.Hefilledtheheartsofthemurdererswithterror.Amongthosewhowereafraid ofalMukhtarwasAsma'b.Kharija,oneofthosewhokilledImamHusayn,peacebeonhim. AlMukhtarsaid:Ablackfirewillcomedownfromthesky.ThefirewillburnthehouseofAsma'. Whenthelatterheardthewordsoftheformer,hefledKufa.

AlMukhtarkilledtheMurderers AlMukhtarexecutedquicklythosewhoparticipatedinmurderingtheLordoftheyouthof Heaven,ImamHusayn,peacebeonhim.Hekilledthewickedcriminal,b.Marjana.Healsokilled Umarb.SadandhissonHafs.Then,hesenttheirheadstoMedina(Yathrib)asagifttothe membersoftheHouse(ahlalBayt),peacebeonthem.Hence,themembersoftheHouse(ahlal Bayt),peacebeonthem,becameglad.ImamAbuAbdAllahalSadiq,peacebeonhim,reported theirrejoicing,saying:NoHashimitewomancombedherhairtillalMukhtarsentustheheadsof thosewhokilledalHusayn.[109]ImamAbuJafar(alBaqir),peacebeonhim,praisedandlauded alMukhtar.AddressingalHakamb.alMukhtar,theImamsaid:MayAllahhavemercyonyour father.Hetookourrightfromallthepeople. AlMukhtarsentImamZaynalAbidntwentythousanddinars.TheImamaccepteditandrebuilt thehousesoftheBanuAq~l,whichtheUmayyadsdemolished.[110] TheRevoltofIbnalZubayr Asforb.alZubayr,hedidnotintendtomakehappythecommunityandtoachieveitsinterests. Rather,hewantedthefamilyofalZubayrtotakethereinsofgovernment.However,thefamilyof alZubayrthoughtofnothingexcepttheirinterests.TheproofforthatiswhatAbdAllahb.Umar saidtohiswifewhensheaskedhimtopledgeallegiancetob.alZubayr.Hesaidtoher:Haveyou notseenthemuleswhichMuawiyausedtomakethepilgrimage(toMecca)?Surely,b.alZubayr wantsnothingexceptthem.[111] Indeedb.alZubayrwantednothingexceptholdingthereinsofauthority.Throughhisrevolt,he didnotwanttopleaseAllahortoachievetheinterestsofthecommunity.Totakethereinsof government,heusedallmeanssuchasshowingasceticismandworship.Hedidthattodeceive thesimplepeople.ConcerninghimImamAli,theCommanderoftheFaithful,peacebeonhim, said:Heinstalledthesnareofreligiontochoosetheworld.[112]Now,wewillmentionsome qualitiesofb.alZubayr: HisMiserliness Themostprominentqualityofb.alZubayrwasmiserliness.Thisqualitywasthemostimportant reasonfortheoverthrowingofhisgovernment. Thehistoriansreportedmanyexamplesofhismiserliness.AmongthemisthatthepoetAbdAllah b.alZubayralAsadicametohimandaskedhimforsomemoney.Hesaidtohim:OCommander oftheFaithful,thereisbloodrelationbetweenyouandme.AbdAllahthoughtthatb.alZubayr

wouldfeelpityforhimandbestowuponhim.Thus,b.alZubayrreplied:Yes,youareright. However,ifyouthinkofsucharelation,thenallthepeoplebelongtoonefatherandone mother. WhenAbdAllahalAsadiunderstoodthatthiswaywasuseless,hesaidtob.alZubayr:O CommanderoftheFaithful,Ihaveusedupmymoney. BinalZubayrdidnotfeelshameofAbdAllah.So,hesaidtohim:Thatdoesnotconcernme. AbdAllahalAsadiwentonbeggingb.alZubayr,saying:OCommanderoftheFaithful,myshe camelhasbecometired. However,b.alZubayrscoldedhim,andthenhesaidtohim:Takeyourshecamelandgobackto yourhomeland,Najd. AbdAllahalAsadiwasunabletobearthewordsofb.alZubayr.Hence,hesaidtohim:O CommanderoftheFaithful,Ihaveunwillinglycometoyou.MayAllahcursetheshecamelthat hasbroughtmetoyou. IbnalZubayrshoutedathim,saying:MayAllahcurseitsrider,too. ThenAbdAllahalAsadiwentout,saying: IseethattheneedsaretroubleswithAbuKhab~b.[113] (He)isfromalAyas[114]orfromthefamilyofHarb. (He)hasablazeasthehorsehas. Isaidtomycompanions:BringmemyshecameltoleaveMeccaatnight. However,IcameatDhatiRqin[115]tob.alKahiliya[116],whoisfromMaad.[117] IbnalZubayrsaid:Myabdomenisaspanofthehand.Alittlethingoftheworldisenoughfor it.[118]Thesewordsofhimmadethepeoplemockhim. IbnalZubayrwasverymiserly.Itwassaidthathegavethepoorfromthepublictreasury.Yet,he feltthathegavethemfromthemoneyofhisfather.[119]Hismiserlinessmadehimlosehisbattle withAbdalMalikb.Marwan.[120] HisEnmitytowardstheAl~ds Thesoulofb.alZubayrwasfullofhatredanddetesttowardsthemembersoftheHouse(ahlal Bayt),peacebeonthem.Heharboredmaliceagainstthemtotheextentthathedidnotblessthe Prophet,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,inhissermon.Hewasaskedaboutthat,andhesaid: He(theProphet)hasanevilfamily.Theybecomehappyandraisetheirheadswhentheyhearhis name.[121] IbnalZubayrdidhisbesttohurtthefamilyofAllah'sApostle,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily. HeforgotthattheProphet'sfamilywasthesourceofawarenessandcultureofthiscommunity. HeforgotthatthegreatProphetdidhispeoplemanyfavors.ItwastheProphetwhosavedb.al Zubayr'speoplefromthepoordesertlife.Itwashewhobuiltgloryandgovernmentforthem. Moreover,itwashewhomadethemthelordsofpeoplesandnations. IbnalZubayrorderedtheAl~dstopledgeallegiancetohim.However,theyrefusedthat.They

saidtohim:Wewillnotpledgeallegiancetoyoutillthecommunitygathers.So,heorderedhis mentoarrestthem.Hence,hismenarrestedtheAl~dsatZamzam.Then,b.alZubayrsaidto them:Ifyoudonotpledgeallegiancetome,Iwillkillandburnyou.Heappointedtimeforthat. IbnalHanafiyaaskedhisfollowerstowritetoalMukhtar,thegovernorofKufa,tohelpthem.He wrotetohimandtoldhimthatb.alZubayrwouldpunishthemseverely. Immediately,alMukhtarrespondedtothem.HeappointedAbuAbdAllahalJadalioveramilitary phalanx.ThemembersofthephalanxhurriedtoMecca.Theyenteredit.Theyraisedbannersand shouted:LetusavengethebloodofalHusayn.TheyarrivedattheSacredMosque. IbnalZubayrhadorderedwoodtobeputatthedooroftheprison.Hehadorderedthewoodto beburntwhentheappointedtimewouldend.Onlytwodaysoftheappointedtimeremained. Thenthemembersofthemilitaryphalanxcouldbreakthedooroftheprisonandreleasedthe Hashimites.Theyaskedb.alHanafiyatopermitthemtofightagainstb.alZubayr.However,b.al Hanafiyarefusedtoacceptthat.Then,hesaidtothem:Icannotviolatethesacrednessofthe SacredMosque.Moreover,hepreventedthemfromattackingb.alZubayr.[122]Inadditionto that,hetreatedb.alZubayrwell. Concerningthereleaseofb.alHanafiyafromtheprisonofb.alZubayr,thepoetKuthayrb.Abd alRahmansaid: WhoeverseesthisShaykh(b.alHanafiya)in prisonatMinaknowsthatheisjust.[123] IbnalZubayrwasthemortalenemyofthefamilyoftheProphet,mayAllahblesshimandhis family.Heintendedtodestroythemall.However,Allah,theExalted,destroyedhisgovernment. TheFailureofhisRevolt Itwasnaturalfortherevoltofb.alZubayrtofail.AbdalMalikb.Marwanmentionedthereasons forthefailureofb.alZubayar'srevolt,saying:IbnalZubayrwasmiserly,stubborn,andself conceited.[124] However,theUmayyadarmies,headedbyalHajjajb.YousifalThaqafi,attackedb.alZubayr.The lattersoughtprotectionwiththeSacredHouseofAllah.Heaskedthemtogranthimsecurityover hislife.However,theUmayyadarmiespaidnoattentiontothesacrednessoftheHouse.Forthe attackeditwithfire. IbnalZubayrwasunabletoresisttheUmayyadarmies.Hence,mostofhiscompanionsaskedal Hajjajtograntthemsecurityovertheirlives.AlHajjajdidthat.Thus,AbdAllahb.alZubayrand fewofhiscompanionsremainedfightingagainsttheUmayyadarmies.[125] Somehistorianssaid:IbnalZubayrwassureofhisclosedeath.Hewasunabletodefendhimself. So,hebeganeatingmuskfordays.HeknewthatalHajjajwouldkillhim.Hence,hewantedthe musktocomeoutofhisbody.Then,alHajjajarrestedandkilledhim.Themuskcameoutofhis body.AlHajjajsmeltit.So,heorderedacatoradogtobekilledbesidehim.Forhewanted concealthemuskthatcameoutofthebodyofb.alZubayr.

Thecorpseofb.alZubayrremainedintheopenair.ForalHajjajdidnotorderedittobeburied. Then,AbdalMalikb.Marwanorderedittobeburied. EconomicLife AsfortheeconomiclifeatthetimeofImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim,itwasparalyzedand disorderly.Forthewealthofthecommunitywasconfinedtothemembersofgovernmentand theirhirelings.Theyspentitgenerouslyontheirdesiresandpleasures.Meanwhile,theydeprived thecommunityofit.So,theymadethecommunityleadapoorlife.Thepricesweresohighthat thepeoplewereunabletobuytheirnecessaryneedssuchasfoodandclothes.Thepoets describedthispoorlifeintheirpoems.AmongthemwerealAsadi[126]andalNumayri.[127] InhispoemalNumayridescribedtheoppressivegovernorswhodidtheirbesttopersecutethe community.[128] However,theUmayyadkingsdidnotpunishtheirgovernorsfortheiroppressionandtyranny towardsthesubjects.Rather,theyletthembehavefreely.Thisledtodiscordsanddisorderly politicalsituations.Accordingly,thepeopleinKhurasanrevoltedagainsttheUmayyadsand overthrewtheirgovernment. AsforImamAbuJafar(alBaqir),peacebeonhim,hewitnessedallthesufferingsofthepeople. Hefeltpityforthem,forhewastheirspiritualleader.However,hewasunabletochangetheir miserableeconomiclife. [1]WazalSalatin,p.293. [2]HayatalImamMusabinJafar,vol.2,p.182. [3]HayatalImamalHasan,vol.2,p.357. [4]MizanalItidal,vol.4,p.160. [5]HayatalImamalHasan,vol.2,p.356. [6]TarikhBaghdad,vol.12,p.351. [7]Ibid,vol.6,p.127. [8]TahdhibalTahdhib,vol.7,p.319. [9]AlMufid,SharhAqaidalSaduq,p.66. [10]WasailalShia. [11]TalkhisalShafi,vol.1,p.59. [12]FiraqalShia,p.84. [13]AbialFida,Tarikh. [14]TahdhibalTahdhib,vol.4,p.87. [15]Ibid,pp.8587. [16]Ibid. [17]Ibid. [18]Ibid.

[19]MujamRijalalHadith,vol.8,p.140. [20]TahdhibalTahdhib,vol.4,p.84. [21]AlamalMuwaqqiin,vol.1,p.18. [22]AlAghani,vol.3,p.93. [23]TahdhibalTahdhib,vol.4,p.86. [24]Ibid,vol.7,p.182. [25]Ibid. [26]ShadharatalDhahab,vol.1,p.104. [27]TahdhibalTahdhib,vol.7,p.183. [28]Ibid,p.184. [29]Ibid,p.23. [30]AlAghani,vol.8,p.16. [31]TahdhibalTahdhib,vol.7,p.24. [32]Ibid,vol.6,p.155. [33]Ibid,vol.4,p.229. [34]Ibid,vol.8,p.334. [35]MujamRijalalHadith,vol.14,p.48. [36]TahdhibalTahdhib,vol.8,p.335. [37]TasisalShialiUlumalIslam. [38]MurujjalDhahab,vol.2,p.196. [39]Ibid,p.197. [40]Ibid. [41]Ibid,p.73 [42]AlAghani,vol.15,pp.5963. [43]Ibid,vol.11,p.271. [44]Ibid,vol.15,pp.5963. [45]IbnQaysalRuqayyat,Diwan,p.176. [46]AlAghani,vol.5,p.78. [47]AlTirimmah,Diwan,p.157. [48]HayatalImamMusabinJafar,vol.1,pp.319320. [49]IbnalAthir,Tarikh,vol.5,p.105. [50]AlAqdalFarid,vol.1,p.105. [51]AlAghani,vol.1,p.310. [52]Ibid,vol.17,p.89. [53]IbnSad,Tabaqat,vol.5,p.246. [54]AlAghani,vol.9,p.262. [55]IbnSad,Tabaqat,vol.8,p.352. [56]AlAghani,vol.6,p.13. [57]Ibid,vol.10,p.60. [58]Ibid.

[59]Ibid. [60]Ibid,p.57. [61]Ibid,vol.3,p.276. [62]Ibid,vol.4,p.222. [63]Ibid,vol.6,p.21. [64]Ibid,vol.5,p.109. [65]Ibid,p.161. [66]Ibid,vol.3,p.307. [67]AlNahjj,vol.3,p.16. [68]AlNasaihalKafiya,p.74. [69]IbnAbialHaddid,SharhNahjjalBalagha,vol.4,p.63. [70]SalimbinQays,p.45. [71]NazraAmmafiTarikhalFiqhalIslami,p.128. [72]Moslem,Sahih,KitabalSayd. [73]NazraAmmafiTarikhalFiqhalIslami,p.129. [74]IbnalBazzaz,ManaqibalImamAbiHanifa,vol.1,p.31. [75]LisanalMizan,vol.2,p.69. [76]AlKashi,Rijal,p.223. [77]MujamRijalalHadith,vol.3,p.364. [78]FiraqalShia,p.31. [79]IbnalAthir,Tarikh,vol.4,p.231. [80]FiraqalShia,p.31. [81]Ibid,p.25. [82]Ibid. [83]IbnalAthir,Tarikh,vol.4,p.230. [84]AlHuralIn,p.168. [85]MizanalItidal,vol.4,p.162. [86]IbnalAthir,Tarikh,vol.4,p.230. [87]AlKashi,Rijal,p.224. [88]IbnQutayba,UyyunalAkhbar,vol.2,p.151. [89]LisanalMizan,vol.6,p.76. [90]IbnalAthir,Tarikh,vol.4,p.230. [91]Ibid. [92]TarikhDimashq,vol.51,p.45.ZahralAdab,vol.1,p.116. [93]BiharalAnwar. [94]AtribefromIndia.Itbelievesinreincarnation. [95]IbnHanbal,alRaddalaalJahamiyawaalZandaqa,p.11. [96]AlFiraqalIslamiyafialAsralUmawi,p.286. [97]IbnSad,Tabaqat. [98]AlTabari,Tarikh,vol.4,p.368.

[99]IbnalAthir,Tarikh,vol.3,p.311. [100]AlTabari,Tarikh,vol.7,pp.512. [101]AlYaqubi,Tarikh,vol.2,p.232. [102]InUyyunalAkhbarwaFununalAthar(p.166),itwasmentionedthatMarwanb.alHakam wassittingbesideMoslemb.Aqaba.HeheardhimcursingImamZaynalAbidin.So,heinvoked himtokilltheImam.Thus,heforgottheImamsfavors. [103]MurujjalDhahab,vol.3,p.18. [104]AlMukhtar,p.43. [105]DairatalMaarifalIslamiya,vol.3,p.237. [106]AlKhawarijjwaalShia,p.237. [107]HayatalImamalHusayn,vol.3,p.455. [108]IbnQutayba,UyyunalAkhbar,vol.1,p.103. [109]AlKashi,Rijal. [110]SafinatalBihar,vol.1,p.435. [111]HayatalImamalHusayn,vol.2,p.310. [112]SharhNahjjalBalagha,vol.7,p.24. [113]AbuKhabibwasthekunyaofAbdAllahb.alZubayr. [114]AlAyaswerethesonsofUmayyab.AbdShams. [115]DhatiIrqinwasoneofthetimesofthehajj. ItwasthetimeoftheIraqis. [116]IbnalKahiliyawasb.alZubayr.Thepoetgibedhimwiththat. [117]AlSiyuti,TarikhalKhulafa,p.213. [118]AlAgani,vol.1,p.22. [119]AlYaqubi,Tarikh,vol.3,p.9. [120]AlFakhri,p.105. [121]AlYaqubi,Tarikh,vol.3,p.8. [122]IbnalAthir,Tarikh,vol.4,pp.374375. [123]AlAghani,vol.8,p.31. [124]Ibid. [125]IbnalAthir,Tarikh,vol.4,p.29. [126]AlJahiz,HayatalHayawan,vol.5,p.297298. [127]Hewasanoppressivegovernor. [128]HayatalImamMusabinJafar,vol.1,p.304. ChapterX:HisCompanionsandTheReportersOfHisTraditions

ImamAbuJafar(alBaqir)tookgreatcareofspreadingknowledgeamongthepeople.Hespared noefforttoeducatehiscompanions.Hetaughtthemjurisprudenceandsciences.So,they becameprominentjurisprudentsintheIslamicworld.ImamalBaqiraskedhisson,ImamJafaral Sadiq,tospendmoneyonthemtodevotethemselvestorecordthetraditionstheyheardfrom him.ImamJafaralSadiq,peacebeonhim,laudedhisfatherscompanions.Addressinghis companions,hesaid:ByAllah,myfatherscompanionswerebetterthanyou.Theywereleaves withoutthornswhileyouarethornswithoutleaves.[1] WewillmentionalBaqirsCompanionsandgiveabriefstudyabouteachofthem.Theyareas follows: 1.AbanbinTaghlub AbanbinTaghlubalRib~alKufiwasamongthemostbrilliantMoslemscholars.Hewasamong themostprominentMoslemjurisprudents.Wewilltalkaboutsomeofhisaffairs: HisBirthandhisearlyLife HewasborninKufa,butourbookshavenotmentionedtheyearofhisbirth.HegrewupinKufa, thecapitaloftheShiites.Hewasobedienttothemembersofthehouse(ahlalBayt),peacebeon them,andlovedthemverymuch. HisScientificPosition Hewasamongthemostprominentandbrilliantscholarsofhistime.Hereportedtraditionsonthe authorityofImamAlib.alHusayn,AbuJafar,andAbuAbdAllah,peacebeonthem.Hehad priorityandimportancewiththem.ImamAbuJafarsaidtohim:SitdownintheMosqueof Medina.Givereligiousopinionstothepeople.Iliketoseepersonssimilartoyouamongmy Shiites.[2] AbanwastheforemostinalltechniquesofsciencesoftheKoran,jurisprudence,tradition, literature,language,andgrammar.[3] HisObediencetotheahlalBayt AbanwasveryobedienttothemembersoftheHouse(ahlalBayt),peacebeonthem.Helearned theirsciencesandmoralsandproclaimedthemamongthepeople.Thatwasatthetimewhenthe loveforthemwasamongthemostintensedisasters.FortheUmayyadssparednoefforttopunish

thosewholovedthemembersoftheHouse(ahlalBayt),peacebeonthem,andproclaimedtheir outstandingmerits.However,Abanhabituatedhimselftothat.So,hesufferedpersecutionsfor them.HisloveforahlalBaytwasbasedonreasonandproof,notonsentiments.Hethoughtthat theoutstandingmeritsandhighpositionsoftheCompanions(oftheProphet)wereconditionalon theobediencetothemembersoftheHouse(ahlalBayt),peacebeonthem.AbdalRahmanb. alHajjajreported.Hesaid:WewereattheassemblyofAbanb.Taghlub.Suddenly,ayoungman cameandsaidtohim: OAbuSa~d,tellme.HowmanyoftheCompanionsoftheProphet,mayAllahblesshimandhis family,followedAlib.Ab~Talib? Abanunderstoodtheyoungmanspurpose.So,heaskedhim: DoyouwanttoknowtheoutstandingmeritsofAlithroughtheCompanionsoftheProphet,may Allahblesshimandhisfamily,whofollowed? Yes,theyoungmanreplied. AbanansweredhimwiththeansweroftheonewhowasawareoftherightofImamAli,the Commanderofthefaithful,peacebeonhim.Hesaid: ByAllahwehavenotknowntheiroutstandingmeritsbutthroughobediencetohim.[4] Abanpassedbysomepeople.Thepeopleblamedhim,forhereportedontheauthorityofImam Jafar,peacebeonhim.So,hemockedatthem,saying: WhydoyoublamemeformyreportingontheauthorityofthemanwhomIaskedaboutevery thing,andhesaid:AllahsApostle,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,said.? HisReliability Abanwasverypious.Hedevotedhimselftothereligion.AlAjalisaid:Abanwasreliable.[5] Ahmedb.Hanbal,b.Na~mandAbuHatamregardedhimasreliable.Theproofforhisreliability isthattheImams,peacebeonthem,praisedhim.Sal~mb.AbuHabbareported.Hesaid:Iwas withAbuAbdAllah,peacebeonhim.BeforeIsawhimoff,Ihadsaidtohim:Iwantyoutosupply me.So,hesaid:GotoAbanb.Taghlub.Forhehasheardmanytraditionsfromme.Whathe narratestoyou,thennarrateitonmyauthority.[6] Safwanb.YahyareportedontheauthorityofAbanb.UthmanontheauthorityofAbuAbdAllah, peacebeonhim,whosaid:Abanb.Taghlubreceivedthirtythousandtraditionsonmyauthority, thenreportthemonmyauthority.[7] Abanb.Mohammedb.Abanreported.Hesaid:[Iheardmyfathersay]MyfatherandIcameto AbuAbdAllah,peacebeonhim.WhenAbuAbdAllahsawmyfather,heorderedacushiontobe broughtforhim.Thecushionwasbroughtforhim.Thenheshookhandwithhimandembraced himandgreetedhim.[8] WhenAbancametoMedina,thepeoplegatheredabouthim,andtheprayingplaceofthe Prophet,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,wasemptiedforhim.[9] AlDhahabisaid:AbanwasasteadfastShiite.However,hewastruthful.Histruthfulnessisforus.

Hisheresyisforhim.[10]SomepeopledefamedhimforhisloveforthemembersoftheHouse (ahlalBayt),peacebeonthem.AlJawzanisaid:Abanwasdeviated(fromthetruth).Hisdoctrine wasdispraised.[11]SuchagroupofpeopleregardedtheloveforthemembersoftheHouse(ahl alBayt),peacebeonthem,asdeviationfromthetruth.Withoutdoubt,theloveforthemembers oftheHouse(ahlalBayt),peacebeonthem,ispartofIslam.WhoeverdeniesthemdeniesIslam. WhoeverlovesthembelievesinIslam. HisBooks Asforhisbooks,theyshowhiswideknowledgeandsciences.Thefollowingaresomeofthem: 1.Tafs~rGhar~balQuran.Hementionedsomeexamplesfrompoetryconcerningit.ThenAbd alRahmanb.MohammedalAzdialKufigatheredinonebookthebookofAban,ofMohammed b.alSaiyibalKalbi,andofb.Rawaqb.Atiyab.alHarth. 2.AlFadail.[12] 3.AlUsoolfialRuwaiyaalaMadhhabalSh~a.[13] HisDeath Abandiedintheyear264A.H.[14]Thisisamistake.Forhediedintheyear141A.H.WhenImam alSadiq,peacebeonhim,heardofhisdeath,hebecameverysad.Hepraisedhim,saying:By Allah,thedeathofAbanb.Taghlubhashurtmyheart.[15]AbualBiladsaid:ThedeathofAban wasadisasterforallShiiteseverywhere.[16] IndeedAbanwasthemostknowledgeableoftheMoslemmainfiguresinthereligion.So,his deathwasamongtheheaviestdisastersthathitIslam. 2.AbanbinAb~AyyashFayruz ShaykhalTusinumberedhimasoneofthecompanionsofImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim.He saidthatAbanwasaweaknarratorwhobelongedtothenextgeneration.[17]IbnalGhadairi said:AbanbinAb~Ayyashwasanarratorwhobelongedtothenextgeneration.Hereportedon theauthorityofAnasb.Malik.HereportedontheauthorityofAlib.alHusayn,peacebeonhim. Hewasweak.Noonepaysattentiontohim.[18]Alargegroupofthetraditionistsregardedhim asweak. Yaz~db.Harunsaid:[Shubasaid:]Ifb.Ayyashdidnotnarratefalsetraditions,Iwouldgivemy garmentstothepoorasalms.[19]Shubasaid:Todrinkfrommydonkeysurineismorelovable withmethantosay:Abanrelatestome.[20] Manymaintraditionistsdispraisedandrefusedhistraditions.

HisDeath AbanbinAb~AyyashFayruzdiedintheyear128A.H.Itwassaidthathediedinayearother thanthis.[21] 3.IbrahimbinalAzraq IbrahimbinalAzraqwasfromKufa.Hesoldfood.AbuJafaralTusinumberedhimasoneofthe menofImamAbuJafaralBaqir,peacebeonhim.[22]IbrahimwasanunknownImami(Shiite). 4.IbrahimbinAb~alBilad AlNajashisaid:IbrahimbinAb~alBilad:therealnameofAb~alBiladisYahyab.Sal~m.Itwas saidthathewasthesonofSulayman,theretainerofb.AbdAllahb.Atfan.Hewasgiventhe kunyaofAbuYahya.AbualBiladwasblind.Hereportedpoetry.Hereported(traditions)onthe authorityofAbuJafar(alBaqir),peacebeonhim,andAbuAbdAllah(alSadiq).[23] 5.IbrahimbinJam~l HewasthebrotherofTarbalalKufi.ShaykhalTusinumberedhimasoneofthecompanionsof ImamAbuJafar(alBaqir),peacebeonhim.SodidalBarqi.[24] 6.IbrahimbinHanan HewascalledalAsadialKufi.HelivedinWasit.ShaykhalTusiandalBarqinumberedhimasone ofthecompanionsofImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim.[25] 7.IbrahimbinSalihalAnmati InhisbookalRijal,ShaykhalTusinumberedhimasoneofthecompanionsofImamalBaqir, peacebeonhim.IbrahimwrotebooksonthedoctrineoftheImamiShiites.[26] 8.IbrahimbinAbdAllah

HewascalledalAhmari.HereportedtraditionsontheauthorityofImamalBaqirandAbuAbd Allah(alSadiq),peacebeonthem.Sayfb.Umayrareportedtraditionsonhisauthority.[27]He wasunknown. 9.IbrahimbinUbayd HewasgiventhekunyaofAbuGhurataalAnsari.ShaykhalTusinumberedhimasoneofthe companionsofalBaqirandofalSadiq,peacebeonthem.[28]Apparently,hewasanImami Shiite.Hewasunknown.[29] 10.IbrahimbinUmar HewascalledalSananialYamani.AlNajashisaid:Ibrahimwasashaykh.Hewasamongour companions.Hewasreliable.HereportedontheauthorityofAbuJafar(alBaqir)andAbuAbd Allah(alSadiq),peacebeonthem.AbualAbbasandothersmentionedthat.Hehadabook. Hammadb.Isaandothersreportedthebook. IbnalGhadairiregardedIbrahimasaweaknarrator.However,ourProfessorsaid:Ibrahimis reliable,foralNajashiregardedhimasreliable,andalQummimentionedhiminhischainof authorities.[30] 11.IbrahimbinMohammed HewascalledalMadani.AlNajashisaid:IbrahimreportedontheauthorityofAbuJafar(al Baqir)andAbuAbdAllah(alSadiq),peacebeonthem.Hedevotedhislifetothem.Forthis reason,thenonShiaregardhimasaweaknarrator. SomeofourcompanionsnarratedontheauthorityofthenonShia:AlWaqidiplagiarizedthe booksofIbrahimb.Mohammedb.AbuYahya.[31]IbnHajarslanderedhim.Itwasreportedon theauthorityofb.AbuMaryam,whosaid:[IheardYahyasay:]Ibrahimhadthreequalities:He wasaliar.Hewasafatalist.HewasaRafidite.[32] AlShafiiregardedIbrahimasareliablenarrator,andreportedonhisauthority.Hesaid:Ibrahim wasfarabovelying.Hewasreliableintradition.[33] However,Ibrahimwasreliableandtruthful. 12.IbrahimbinMarthed

HewascalledalAzdi.HewasgiventhekunyaofAbuSufyan.Hewasoneofthecompanionsof ImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim.[34]HewasanImamiShiite.Hewasunknown. 13.IbrahimbinMaadh HewasamongthecompanionsofImamAbuJafar(alBaqir),peacebeonhim.Hereportedonhis authoritythetraditionoftheagreement(taaqid)amongthepeopleconcerningtheseWordsof Allah,theExalted:Surely(asfor)thosewhoreturnontheirbacksafterthatguidancehasbecome manifesttothem.[35] 14.Ibrahimb.Marad HewascalledalKufi.HewasamongthecompanionsofImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim.He reportedonhisauthorityandontheauthorityofAbuAbdAllah(alSadiq),peacebeonhim. Mansurb.HazimandHusaynb.MukhariqreportedontheauthorityofIbrahim.[36] 15.Ibrahimb.Na~m HewascalledalKinani.HewasgiventhekunyaofAbualSabah.Hewasamongthemain companionsofImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim.ImamAbuAbdAllah(alSadiq),peacebeonhim, saidtohim:Youareabalance!So,Ibrahimsaidtohim:MayIbearansomforyou,perhaps, thebalancehasapan.Hesaid:Youareabalancewithoutapan.[37]ShaykhalMuf~d numberedhimasoneofthemainjurists.[38] 16.AbyadbinAban Yousifb.AbdalRahmanmentionedhimamongthosewhonarratedontheauthorityofImamal Baqir,peacebeonhim.Wehavenotfoundhisbiography.[39] 17.AhmedbinAidhbinHab~b HewascalledalAhmasalBajali.Hewasareliableretainer.Hewasavinegarmonger.Hehada book.[40]ShaykhalTusinumberedhimasoneofthecompanionsofImamalBaqirandofImam alSadiq,peacebeonthem.[41]

18.AhmedbinUmran HewascalledalHalabi.ShaykhalTusinumberedhimasoneofthecompanionsofImamalBaqir, peacebeonhim.[42]AlWah~dmentionedthatAhmedbelongedtoahousefamousforpiety andrighteousness. 19.IshaqbinAbdAllah Hewasb.AbuTalhaalMadani.ShaykhalTusinumberedhimasoneofthecompanionsofImam Alib.alHusaynandofImamalBaqir,peacebeonthem.[43] 20.IshaqbinBash~r HewascalledalNabbal.ShaykhalTusinumberedhimasoneofthecompanionsofImamAbu JadaralBaqir,peacebeonhim.[44] 21.IshaqbinJafarb.Ali. HewasamongthecompanionsofImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim.[45]HewasanunknownImami Shiite. 22.IshaqbinNuh HewascalledalShami.ShaykhalTusinumberedhimasoneofthecompanionsofImamAbu JafaralBaqir,peacebeonhim.[46] 23.IshaqbinalFadl b.Yaqubb.alFadlb.AbdAllahb.alHarithb.Noufalb.alHarithb.AbdalMuttalib.Hereported ontheauthorityofAbuJafar(alBaqir)andAbuAbdAllah(alSadiq),peacebeonthem.[47] 24.IshaqbinYasar

HewastheretainerofQaysb.Makhzama(Makhrama).ShaykhalTusiandalBarqinumberedhim asoneofthecompanionsofImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim.[48]Apparently,hewasanunknown ImamiShiite 25.IshaqbinYaz~d HewascalledalTai.HewasgiventhekunyaofAbuYaqub.Hewasaretainer.Hewasoneofthe companionsofImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim.[49] 26.IshaqbinWasilalDabbi. ShaykhalTusinumberedhimasoneofthecompanionsofImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim.[50] 27.IshaqalQummi ShaykhalTusinumberedhimasoneofthecompanionsofImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim.[51] 28.Isra~lbinGhayyathalMakki. ShaykhalTusinumberedhimasoneofthecompanionsofImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim.[52] 29.Isma~lbinZyyadalBazzazalKufialAsadi. ShaykhalTusinumberedhimasoneofthecompanionsofImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim.He reportedonhisauthorityandontheauthorityofImamAbuAbdAllah(alSadiq),peacebeon him.[53] 30.Isma~lbinJabiralJufi. AlNajashisaid:Isma~lb.JabiralJufireportedontheauthorityofAbuJafar(alBaqir)andAbu AbdAllah(alSadiq),peacebeonthem.ItwashewhoreportedthetraditionofalAdan.Hehada book.[54]HereportedaboutonehundredtraditionsontheauthorityofImamalBaqirandof ImamalSadiq,peacebeonthem.[55]

Alargegroupofnarratorsreportedonhisauthority.AmongthemwereAbuAyyub,b.Sinan,b. Miskan,Abanb.AbdalMalik,Hurayz,alHasanb.Atiya,andthelike.[56] 31.Isma~lbinAbdAllah Hewasb.Jafarb.Ab~TalibalMadani.Hebelongedtothenextgeneration.Heheardhisfather. HewasoneofthecompanionsofImamalSajjadandofImamalBaqir,peacebeonthem.Hewas amongthosewhoreportedontheirauthority.[57] 32.Isma~lbinAbdalRahman HewascalledalJufialKufi.Hebelongedtothenextgeneration.Hereportedontheauthorityof ImamAbuJafar(alBaqir)andofImamAbuAbdAllah(alSadiq),peacebeonthem.Hewasa jurist.AlNajashisaid:Isma~lwasoneofourmaincompanions.Hisfatherandhisuncles,of whomIsma~lwasthemostprominent,livedinahouseinKufa.TheybelongedtoJuf.Theywere calledthebanu(sonsof)AbuSibra.[58] 33.Isma~lbinSulayman HewascalledalAzraq.HewasgiventhekunyaofAbuKhalid.ShaykhalTusinumberedhimas oneofthecompanionsofImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim.[59] 34.Isma~lalKatib HewasgiventhekunyaofAbuAhmed.HereportedontheauthorityofAbuJafar(alBaqir), peacebeonhim.HissonAhmedreportedonhisauthority.[60] 35.AslambinAyman HewascalledalTimimi,alManqari,alKufi.HewasamongthecompanionsofImamalBaqir, peacebeonhim.[61] 36.AslamalQauwas

HewascalledalMakki.ShaykhalTusinumberedhimasoneofthecompanionsofImamalBaqir andofImamalSadiq,peacebeonthem.[62] 37.UsaydbinalQasim HewasamongthecompanionsofImamalBaqir.ShaykhalTusinumberedhimasoneofthe companionsofImamalSadiq,peacebeonhim.AlToosisaid:UsaydbinalQasimwascalledal KinanialKufi.[63] 38.Isma~lbinAbdalKhaliq AlNajashisaid:Isma~lb.AbdalKhaliqb.AbdRabbab.AbuMaymunab.Yasarwasthe masterofthebanu(sonsof)Asad.Hewasoneofourmaincompanions.Hewasamongour jurists.HewasamongthehouseoftheShiites.Hisuncles(Shahab,AbdalRah~m,andWahab) andhisfather,AbdalKhaliq,wereallreliable.HereportedontheauthorityofAbuJafar(al Baqir)andofAbuAbdAllah(alSadiq),peacebeonthem.[64] 39.Isma~lbinAbdalAz~z HewasamongthecompanionsofImamAbuJafar(alBaqir),peacebeonhim.[65]Hecameto ImamalSadiq,peacebeonhim.TheImam,peacebeonhim,saidtohim:Bringmewaterto performwudu.HebroughthimwaterandbegantalkinghimselfintotheImam.So,theImam lookedathimandsaidtohim:OIsma~l,donotglorify.Rather,regardusascreatedservants andsayconcerninguswhateveryouwant. 40.Isma~lbinAbdalRahman Hewasb.AbuKar~maalSaddialKufi.[66]ShaykhalTusinumberedhimasoneofthe companionsofImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim.Isma~lexplainedtheKoran.[67] 41.Isma~lbinalFadl Hewasb.Yaqubb.alFadlb.AbdAllahb.alHarithb.Noufalb.alHarith.Hewasreliable.Hewas fromBasrah.HewasamongthecompanionsofImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim.[68]

42.AyunalRazi HewasgiventhekunyaofAbuMaadh.ShaykhalTusinumberedhimasoneofthecompanions ofImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim.[69]HewasanunknownImamiShiite. 43.AnasbinTaghlub HewasgiventhekunyaofAbuSa~d.HewascalledalBakrialHariri.Hewasoneofthe companionsofImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim.[70] 44.AnasbinAmru HewascalledalAzdi.HewasoneofthecompanionsofImamAbuJafar(alBaqir),peacebeon him.[71]HewasanunknownImamiShiite.[72] 45.AyyubbinBakr Hewasb.AbuAllajjalMousili.HewasoneofthecompanionsofImamalBaqir,peacebeon him.[73]HewasanunknownImamiShiite. 46.AyyubbinAbuTamima HewascalledKaysanalSijistanialAnbari(alAnzi)(alGhanawi)alBasri.HewasgiventheKunya ofAbuBakr.HewastheretainerofAmmarb.Yasir,whowasalsoaretainer.So,Ayyubwasthe retainerofaretainer.Heshavedhishaironceayear.Whenhishairbecomelong,hepartedit.He sawAnasb.Malik.HediedofplagueinBasrahintheyear131A.H.Hewasoneofthecompanions ofImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim.[74] 47.AyyubbinShahab Hewasb.ZaydalBarqialAzdi.HewastheirretainerfromKufa.Hewasoneofthecompanionsof ImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim.[75]HewasanunknownImamiShiite. 48.AyyubWashika

HewasoneofthecompanionsofImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim.[76]HewasanunknownImami Shiite. 49.BadrbinalKhal~l ThepeoplesurnamedhimalAsadi.TheygavehimthekunyaofAbualKhal~l.Hereportedonthe authorityofImamalBaqirandofImamalSadiq,peacebeonthem.[77]Thalabab.Maymun reportedonhisauthority. 50.BurdalIskafi ShaykhalTusinumberedhimasoneofthecompanionsofImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim.He reportedonhisauthorityandontheauthorityofImamAbuAbdAllah(alSadiq),peacebeon them.[78]Hehadabook.[79] 51.BurdalKhayyat HewasfromKufa.ShaykhalTusinumberedhimasoneofthecompanionsofImamalBaqir, peacebeonhim.[80]HereportedontheauthorityofImamalSadiq,peacebeonthem.The traditionistssaidthathedidnotreportfromhim.[81]Apparently,hewasanImamiShiite. 52.Bar~dalKhayyat AlBarqinumberedhimasoneofthecompanionsofImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim.[82] 53.Bar~dalKanasi [83] HereportedontheauthorityofImamAbuJafar,peacebeonhim.Hishamb.Salimreportedon hisauothority.[84] 54.Bar~dbinMuawiya

AlNajashisaid:Bar~dwasb.Muawiya.ThepeoplegavehimthekunyaofAbualQasim.They calledhimalBajali.HewasanArab.HereportedontheauthorityofAbuAbdAllah(alSadiq)and AbuJafar(alBaqir)peacebeonthem.HediedduringthelifetimeofAbuAbdAllah(alSadiq), peacebeonhim.Hewasoneofourmaincompanions.Hewasalsoajurist.Heoccupiedan importantpositionwiththeImams.Ahmedb.AlHusaynsaid:IsawBar~dsbook.Alib.Aqaba b.KhalidalAsadireportedthebookonhisauthority.[85] TheShiiteshaveunanimouslyagreedonBar~dstruthfulnessandhisknowledgeof jurisprudence.Jam~lb.Darrajjreported.Hesaid:[IheardAbuAbdAllah(alSadiq),peacebeon him,say:]Thestakesoftheearthandthesignpostsofthereligionarefour(persons).Theyare Mohammedb.Moslem,Bar~db.Muawiya,Laythb.alBakhtarialMuradi,andZararab.Ayun. Dauwdb.Sarhanreported.Hesaid:[IheardAbuAbdAllah(alSadiq),peacebeonhim,say:]I relatetraditionstomycompanions.Ipreventthemfromanalogy.Thentheyleaveme.They explainmytraditionscontrarytomyexplanations.Ihaveorderedagroupofthemtotalk. MeanwhileIhavepreventedanothergroupfromtalking.However,bothgroupsexplainmy traditionsaccordingtotheirexplanations.So,theydisobeyAllah,theMostHigh,andHisApostle. Ifmycompanionshadlistenedandobeyed,Iwouldhavesuppliedthemwithknowledgeasmy fatherdid.Myfatherscompanionswereanornamentbeforeandaftertheirdeath.Imean Zarara,Mohammedb.Moslem,LaythalMuradi,andBar~dalAjali.Itistheywhoarejustand truthful.[86]OthernarrationspraisedBar~d.TheyshowedhishighpositionwiththeImams, peacebeonthem.Othernarrationsslanderedhim.However,ourProfessorcontestedthechain oftheauthoritiesofthesenarrations.Heprovedthatsomepeoplehadfabricatedthem.[87] 55.BassambinAbdAllah ThepeoplecalledhimalSayrafi.HewasthechiefoftheAsadis.Hereportedontheauthorityof AbuJafar(alBaqir)andofAbuAbdAllah(alSadiq),peacebeonthem.Hehadabook.[88]Al Mansurkilledhim,forheobeyedthemembersoftheHouse(ahlalBayt),peacebeonthem. 56.BashsharalAslami HewasamongthecompanionsofImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim.[89]HewasanunknownImami Shiite. 57.BishrobinJafar ThepeoplesurnamedhimalJufi.TheygavehimthekunyaofAbualWal~d.Hewasoneofthe

companionsofImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim.Ahmedb.alHarithalAnmatireportedonhis authority.[90]HewasanunknownImamiShiite. 58.BishrbinKhatham HewasoneofthecompanionsofImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim.[91]HewasanunknownImami Shiite. 59.BishrbinAb~Aqaba ThepeoplecalledhimalMadaini.ShaykhalTusinumberedhimasoneofthecompanionsof ImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim.[92] 60.BishrbinAbdAllah ThepeoplesurnamedhimalKhathamialKufi.HewasoneofthecompanionsofImamalBaqir, peacebeonhim.[93] 61.BishrbinMaymun ThepeoplecalledhimalWabishi,alHamadani,alNabbal,andalKufi.Hewasthebrotherof Shajara.ShaykhalTusinumberedhimasoneofthecompanionsofImamalBaqir,peacebeon him.[94] 62.BishrbinYasar ShaykhalTusinumberedhimasoneofthecompanionsofImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim.[95] 63.BishrBayyaalZatti ShaykhalTusiandalBarqinumberedhimasoneofthecompanionsofImamalBaqir,peacebe onhim.[96]Apparently,hewasanunknownImamiShiite. 64.BishralRahhal

ShaykhalTusinumberedhimasoneofthecompanionsofImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim.[97] AlBarqialsonumberedhimasoneofthecompanionsofImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim.The peoplecalledalRahhal(traveler),forhetraveledfiftytimestoperformpilgrimages(toMecca) andtomakeraids(againsttheatheists).[98] 65.Bash~ralJufi ThepeoplegavehimthekunyaofAbualMustan~r.TheycalledhimalAzraq.Hesoldfood.He wasamongthecompanionsofImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim.[99]Apparently,hewasan unknownImamiShiite. 66.Bash~rAbuAbdalSamed Hewasb.BishralKufi.HereportedontheauthorityofAbuJafar(alBaqir)andAbuAbdAllah (alSadiq),peacebeonthem.Alib.alHasanb.Faddalmentionedhimamongthecompanionsof ImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim.[100] 67.Bash~rbinSulayman ThepeoplecalledhimalMadani.HewasamongthecompanionsofImamalBaqir,peacebeon him.[101] 68.BakrbinHab~b ThepeoplesurnamedhimalAhmasi,alBajali,alKufi.[102]TheygavehimthekunyaofAbu Maryam.[103]HereportedontheauthorityofImamalBaqirandofAbuAbdAllah(alSadiq), peacebeonthem. 69.BakrbinKhalid HewasfromKufa.HewasoneofthecompanionsofImamalBaqirandofImamalSadiq,peace beonthem.[104]

70.BakrbinSalih HewasoneofthecompanionsofImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim.[105]Apparently,hewasan unknownImamiShiite.[106] 71.BakrbinKarb HewascalledalSayrafi.HewasoneofthecompanionsofImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim. ShaykhalTusimentionedhimwithhisreporters.Healsonumberedhimasoneofthe companionsofImamalSadiq,peacebeonhim.[107] 72.BakkrawayhalKindi HewascalledalKufi.HereportedontheauthorityofImamalBaqir.Abanb.Uthmanreported ontheauthorityBakkrawayhalKindi.ShaykhalTusimentionedhimwiththecompanionsof ImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim..HealsonumberedhimasoneofthecompanionsofImamal Sadiq,peacebeonhim.[108]Apparently,hewasanunknownImamiShiite.[109] 73.BukayrbinAyun Hewasb.(sonof)SansanalShaybanialKufi.HereportedontheauthorityofImamalBaqir,and ofImamAbuAbdAllah(alSadiq),peacebeonthem.HewasgiventhekunyaofAbuAbdAllah. HewasalsocalledAbualJahm.Hehadsixsons.TheywereAbdAllah,alJahm,AbdalHam~d, AbdalAla,Umar,Zayd.HewasamongthemainreliableShiites.Whenhedied,AbuAbdAllah alSadiq,peacebeonhimsaid:AllahhasmadehimlivebetweenAllahsApostleandthe Commanderofthefaithful.[110] 74.BukayrbinJundub HewasfromKufa.HereportedontheauthorityofImamalBaqir,andofImamalSadiq,peacebe onthem.HewasamongthecompanionsofImamalBaqir.[111]Apparently,hewasanunknown ImamiShiite.[112] 75.BukayrbinHab~b

HewasfromKufa.HereportedontheauthorityofImamalBaqir,andofAbuAbdAllah(al Sadiq),peacebeonthem.HewasamongthecompanionsofImamalBaqir.[113]Apparently,he wasanunknownImamiShiite. 76.Tam~mbinZyyad HewasamongthecompanionsofImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim.[114]Apparently,hewasan unknownImamiShiite.[115] 77.ThabitbinAb~Thabit HisrealnameisAbdAllahalBajalialKufi.HewasgiventhekunyaofAbuSa~d.Hewasa retainer.HereportedontheauthorityofImamalBaqir,andofAbuAbdAllah(alSadiq),peace beonthem.HewasamongthecompanionsofImamalBaqir.[116] 78.ThabitbinD~nar HewasgiventhekunyaofAbuHamzaalThumali.[117]Hewaspiousandrighteous.HemetImam Alib.alHusayn,AbuJafar(alBaqir),andAbuAbdAllah(alSadiq),peacebeonthem.AlNajashi said:Hewasthebestofourcompanionsandthemostreliableoftheminnarrationand tradition.ItwasreportedontheauthorityofAbuAbdAllah(alSadiq),peacebeonhim,who said:AbuHamzaathistimeislikeSalmanathistime.[118]Hissupplicationwasaccepted.His sonsdiedmartyrswiththegreatrevolutionist,Zaydb.Ali,peacebeonhim.[119]Hediedinthe year150A.H.[120]Asforhisbooks,theyareasfollows: 1.KitabfiTafs~ralQuranalKar~m. (ABookontheExplanationoftheHolyKoran). 2.KitabalNawadir. (ABookontherarethings). 3.KitabalZuhd.[121] (ABookonAsceticism). 79.Thabitb.Zaida HewascalledalAkkli.[122]HewasamongthecompanionsofImamalBaqir,andofImamal Sadiq,peacebeonthem.[123]

80.ThabitbinHurmuz AlNajashisaid:AbualMuqdam,Thabitb.HurmuzalFarisialKufialHaddadreportedacopyon theauthorityofAlib.alHusayn,peacebeonhim.HissonUmarb.Thabitreportedthecopyon hisauthority.[124]ShaykhalTusinumberedhimasoneofthecompanionsofImamalBaqir, peacebeonhim,andofImamalSadiq,peacebeonhim.[125]Hereportedthevirtueofthe visitationofImamalHusayn,peacebeonhim,ontheauthorityofImamAbuJafaralBaqir, peacebeonhim.[126] ThabitSaidtoImamAbuJafar(alBaqir),peacebeonhim:ThenonShia(amma)saythatthe pledgeofallegiancetoAbuBakrpleasedAllah,theGlorified,whenthepeopleassembled,and thatAllahwouldnotdividethecommunityofMohammed,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily, afterhim.So,alBaqir,peacebeonhim,said:DotheynotreciteAllahsBook?DoesAllahnot say:AndMohammedisnomorethananApostle.Theapostleshavealreadypassedawaybefore him.Ifthenhediesoriskilled,willyouturnbackuponyourheels?Andwhoeverturnsbackupon hisheels,hewillbynomeansdoharmtoAllahintheleast.AndAllahwillrewardthegrateful.? Thabitsaid:Theyexplaintheverseinanotherway.So,alBaqir,peacebeonhim,said:Has Allahnottoldthemaboutthepastcommunities,whodisagreedwitheachotheraftertheclear proofshadcometothem?InthisconnectionHesaid:WegaveclearMiraclestoJesus,sonof Mary.AndWestrengthenedhimwiththeholyspirit.AndifAllahhadpleased,thoseafterthem wouldnothavefoughtonewithanotherafterclearargumentshadcometothem.However,they disagreed.So,thereweresomeofthemwhobelievedandotherswhodenied.AndifAllahhad pleasedtheywouldnothavefoughtwithoneanother.However,AllahbringsaboutwhatHe intends.[127]ThisisevidenceforthattheCompanionsofMohammeddisagreedafterhim.[128] Thabitreportedontheauthorityofhisfather,ontheauthorityofImamAbuJafar(alBaqir),on theauthorityofhisgrandfathers,peacebeonthem,ontheauthorityofAllahsApostle,mayAllah lesshimandhisfamily,whosaid:Thestarsoftheskyaresafetyforthepeopleofthesky.Ifthe starsoftheskywentaway,abominableeventswouldcometothepeopleofthesky.The membersofmyfamilyaresafetyforthepeopleoftheearth.Ifthemembersofmyfamilywent away,abominableeventswouldcometothepeopleoftheearth.[129]Somepeoplesaidthat ThabitwasaZaydi.However,theyhavenotsuppliedproofofthat. 81.ThuwayrbinAb~Fakhta AlNajashisaid:ThuwayrbinAb~FakhtawascalledAbualJahmalKufi.TherealnameofAb~ FakhtawasSa~db.Illaqa.Hereportedontheauthorityofhisfather.Hewastheretainerof UmmHani,daughterofAbuTalib.[130]ShaykhalTusinumberedhimasoneofthecompanionsof ImamAlib.alHusayn,peacebeonhim,andofImamImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim.[131]

Thuwayrreportedthefollowing:Iwentouttoperformthepilgrimage(toMecca).Amrub.Dharr alQadi(thejudge),b.QaysalMasir,alSaltb.Bahramaccompaniedme.Theysaidthatthey wrotefourthousandproblemstoaskAbuJafar(alBaqir),peacebeonthem.Thatmademesad. WhenweenteredMedina,weseparated.IwenttoAbuJafar(alBaqir),peacebeonhimandsaid tohim:MayIberansomforyou,b.Dharr,b.QaysalMasir,andalSaltaccompaniedme.Iheard themsay:Wehavewrittenfourthousandproblems.WewillaskAbuJafar(alBaqir)about them.Ibecamesad.So,AbuJafarsaid:Whatmadeyousad?Whentheycometome,letthem enter.Onthefollowingday,aretainerofAbuJafar,peacebeonhim,cameinandsaid:MayIbe ransomforyou,b.Dharralongwithagroupofpeopleareatthedoor.So,AbuJafarsaidtome: AbuJafarsaidtome:Thuwayr,goandaskthemtocome.So,Iwentandaskedthemtocome. Whentheyentered,theygreetedtheImamandsatdown.Theyweresilentforalongtime.So, AbuJafarspokefirsttothem.Still,theyweresilent.WhenAbuJafarknewthat,hesaidtohis slavegirlcalledJariya:Bringthefoodcloth.Shebroughtitandspreaditover.ThenAbuJafar said:PraisebelongstoAllah,Whohassetpreceptsforallthings.Forexample,thisfoodclothhas precepts.So,b.DharraskedAbuJafar:Whatareitsprecepts? Whenitisput,Allahshouldbementioned.Whenitisraised,Allahshouldbethanked,replied AbuJafar. ThentheImamaskedthemtohavethefood.Thenheorderedhisslavegirltobringhimwater. Shebroughthimajugofwater.So,hesaid:PraisebelongstoAllah,Whohassetpreceptsforall things.Forexample,thisjughasprecepts. Whatareitsprecepts?askedb.Dharr. OneshouldmentionAllahsnamebeforedrinking.HeshouldthankAllahafterdrinking.He shouldnotdrinkoutofitshandle,norshouldhedrinkoutofaholeinit,repliedtheImam. Whentheyhadfinishedeatingtheirfood,theImam,peacebeonhim,askedthemaboutthe traditions.However,theyweresilent.So,theImamaskedb.Dharr:Doyounottellusabout someofourtraditions? BinDharrreplied:Yes,sonofAllahsApostle,AllahsApostle,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily, said:Ileavebehindmeamongyoutwothings,ifyoucleavetothem,youwillnevergoastraythat istheBookofAllahandmyoffspringfrommyfamily. BinDharr,youwillmeetAllahsApostle,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily.Hewillaskabouthis family.Whatwillyousaytohim?askedImamAbuJafar(alBaqir),peacebeonhim. So,b.Dharrwept,andthenhesaid:AsfortheBookofAllah,wetoreit.Asforthemembersof theProphetsfamily,wekilledthem. AbuJafarsaid:BinDharr,withthatyouwilltellhimthetruth.OntheDayofJudgment,youwill beasked:Wherehadyoufinishedyourlifetime?Fromwherehadyouearnedyourmoney?On whathadyouspentit?HadyoulovedthemembersoftheHouse(ahlalBayt)? ThentheyleftthehouseoftheImam,peacebeonhim.TheImamorderedhisretainertofollow themtoheartheirwords.TheretainerreturnedandsaidtotheImam:[Iheardthemsaytob. Dharr:]Whydidwecomewithyou?Thenb.Dharransweredthem:Woeuntoyou!Keepsilent. IdidnotthinkthatAllahwouldaskaboutalBaqirsauthority.Iwasunabletoaskhim,forhe

knowsthereligiousrulesofthefoodclothandofthejug.[132] 82.JabirbinAbdAllah HewasthesonofAmrub.HuzamalAnsarialKhazraji.Hewasaprominentcompanionofal Baqir.HewasamongtheexcellentMoslems.HedevotedhislifetothemembersoftheHouse(ahl alBayt),peacebeonthem.HewasthelastsurvivalCompanionoftheProphet,mayAllahbless himandhisfamily.AbualZubayralMakkireportedonhisauthority.Hesaid:IaskedJabirb. AbdAllahaboutAlib.Ab~Talib.So,heraisedhiseyebrowsfromhiseyes,andthenhesaid:He wasthebestofallmankind.ByAllah,duringthelifetimeofAllahsApostle,weknewthe hypocritesthroughtheirdetesttowardshim.[133] JabirlovedtheCommanderofthefaithful,peacebeonhim,verymuch.So,heleantonhisrod andwalkedthroughthestreetsofMedina.Hesaid:Aliisthebestofallmankind.Whoever deniesthatisunbeliever.OPeopleofAnsar,educateyourchildrentoloveAli.[134] JabirwasveryobedienttothemembersoftheHouse(ahlalBayt),peacebeonthem.So,Imam alSadiq,peacebeonhim,reportedontheauthorityofhisgrandfathers.Hesaid:Allahrevealed thisverse:SayIdemandnot,ofyouanyrewardforit(thetoilsofpreaching)excepttheloveof myrelations.ThenAllahsApostle,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamilyroseandsaid:Arightfor mehasbeenimposedonyou.Willyoupayittome?Nooneansweredhim,sohewentaway.On thefollowingday,hestoodupandaskedthesamequestion.Nooneansweredhim,soheleft themandwentaway.Onthethirdday,healsoaskedthesamequestion.Thenheexplained:The rightisnotgoldnorsilvernorfoodnoradrink.Therefore,sayit,theydemanded.Allahhas revealedtheseWordsofHis:SayIdemandnot,ofyouanyrewardforit(thetoilsofpreaching) excepttheloveofmyrelations.Thisisthebestright,theysaidThenAbuAbdAllah(alSadiq), peacebeonhim,said:ByAllah,noonewasloyaltothisrightexceptsevenpersons.Theyare Salman,AbuDharr,Ammar,alMuqdadb.alAswad,Jabirb.AbdAllahalAnsari,theretainerof AllahsApostle(mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily),andZaydb.Arqam.[135] JabirtookpartineighteencampaignsheadedbytheProphet,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily. HetookpartintheBattleofSiffinheadedbytheCommanderofthefaithful,peacebeon him.[136]ItwashewhorecitedthegreetingsoftheProphet,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily, toImamalBaqir TheProphet,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,askedAllahtwentyfivetimestoforgive Jabir.[137]Jabirheldaseminarofknowledgeinthemosque.[138]Hediedattheageofninty four.[139] 83.JabirbinYaz~d HewascalledalJufi.Hewasamongthemainreligiousscholars.Hewasamongthegreatest

juristsofthemembersoftheHouse(ahlalBayt),peacebeonthem.HecametoImamAbuJafar (alBaqir),peacebeonhim.Helearntmanysciencesfromhim,sohebecameamongtheforemost Moslemreligiousscholars.WhenhereportedanythingontheauthorityofImamAbuJafar(al Baqir),peacebeonhim,hesaid:Thetrusteeofthetrustees(oftheApostle)andtheheirofthe knowledgeoftheprophets,Mohammedb.Ali(alBaqir),peacebeonhim,toldme.[140]Ibn ShahrashubnumberedhimasadoortothesciencesandsecretsofImamAbuJafar(alBaqir), peacebeonhim. ItwasreportedontheauthorityofImamalSadiq,peacebeonhim,whosaid:Hewascalled Jabirbecausehehelped(jabar)thebelieverswithhisknowledge.Heisaninexhaustiblesea.Heis thedoor(toknowledge)athistime.Heistheproofoverthecreatures.AbuJafar(alBaqir),peace beonhim,isamongAllahsproof. ItwassaidthatfourpersonsencompassedtheknowledgeofImams,peacebeonthem.They wereSalmanalFarisi,Jabirb.Yaz~d,SayyidalHimyari,andYounisb.AbdalRahman. HisReliability Shubaregardedhimasreliable.Hesaid:Jabirsaid:He(theImam)relatedtousorIheard(from him).So,hewasamongthemostreliablepeople.Zuhayrb.Muawiyasaid:He(Jabir)was amongthemosttruthfulpeople.[141]Wak~said:Jabirwasreliable.[142]SufyanalThawri saidtoShuba:IfyoutalkaboutJabir,wewillnottalkwithyouabouthim.[143]Sufyansaid: JabiralJufiisthemostpiouspersoninthetradition.[144] HisBooks Jabirwroteagroupofbooks.Thefollowingissomeofthem: 1.Tafs~ralQuranalKar~m.(TheInterpretationoftheHolyKoran). 2.KitabalNawadir.(TheBookofRareThings). 3.KitabalJamal.(TheBookoftheCamel). 4.KitabSiffin.(TheBookofSiffin). 5.KitabalNaharwan.(TheBookofalNaharwan). 6.KitabMaqtalalImamAmiralMuminin,peacebeonhim. (TheBookoftheMurderoftheCommanderoftheFaithful,peacebeonhim. 7.KitabMaqtalalHusayn,peacebeonhim. (TheBookoftheMurderofalHusayn,peacebeonhim. 8.RisalatalImamAbuJafarilaAhlalBasrah (TheMessageofImamAbuJafartothePeopleofBasrah).[145] Thesearesomeofhisbooks.HelearnedmostofthemfromImamAbuJafar,peacebeonhim. Unfortunately,wehavefoundnoneoftheminthepubliclibrariesinourcountry.

HisNarrationontheAuthorityofAbuJafar JabirreportedmanynarrationsontheauthorityofImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim.HeReported seventythousandtraditionsonhisauthority.[146]Thesetraditionsshowthecloserelationship betweenhimandtheImam.Theyshowthathedevotedhislifetohim. HisMentalDisorder Hishamb.AbdalMalikorderedhisGovernoroverKufatosendhimJabir.ImamAbuJafar,peace beonhim,orderedJabirtopretendinsanity.So,Jabirwentoutwearingacanecontainer.Thus, thepeoplesaid:Jabirhasbecomecrazy.TheGovernoraskedthepeopleaboutJabir.They testifiedthathehadbecomecrazy.TheGovernorinformedHishamofthat.So,Hishamdidnot mistreathim.ThenJabirrefrainfromtheprecautionaryinsanity.[147] HisDeath Jabirdiedintheyear167A.H.[148] [1]AlKashi. [2]MujamalAdab,vol.1,p.108. [3]MujamRijalalHadith,vol.1,p.20. [4]Ibid,pp.2122.TanqihalMaqal,vol.1,p.4. [5]TahdhibalTahdhib,vol.1,p.93. [6]MujamRijalalHadith,vol.1,p.23. [7]AlMujam,vol.1,p.22. [8]Ibid. [9]Ibid. [10]MizanalItidal,vol.1,p.5. [11]MujamRijalalHadith,vol.1,p.20. [12]IbnalNadim,Fihrast.AlTusi,Fihrast. [13]IbnalNadim,Fihrast. [14]TahdhibalTahdhib,vol.1,p.94.InMujamRijalalHadith,vol.1,p.23,Abandiedintheyear 141A.H.SeealsoalTusi,Fihrast. [15]MujamalUdaba,vol.1,p.108. [16]AlImamalSadiqwaalMadhahibalArbaa,vol.3,p.57. [17]AlTusi,Fihrast.

[18]MujamRijalalHadith. [19]TahdhibalTahdhib,vol.1,p.99. [20]Ibid. [21]MizanalItidal,vol.1,p.14. [22]AlFihrast. [23]MujamRijalalHadith,vol.1,p.58. [24]Ibid,p.79. [25]AlTusi,Fihrast. [26]AlTusi,Rijal. [27]Ibid. [28]Ibid.LisanalMizan,vol.1,p.87. [29]TanqihalMaqal,vol.1,p.25. [30]MujamRijalalHadith,vol.1,p.126. [31]Ibid,vol.3,p.136. [32]TahdhibalTahdhib,vol.1,p.158. [33]Ibid,p.159. [34]MujamRijalalHadith,vol.1,p.159. [35]Ibid,p.161.TanqihalMaqal,vol.1,p.34. [36]AlTusi,Rijal. [37]AlKashi. [38]AlRisalaalAdadiya. [39]TahdhibalKamal,vol.9,p.2. [40]AlNajashi. [41]AlTusi,Rijal. [42]Ibid. [43]Ibid. [44]Ibid. [45]Ibid. [46]Ibid. [47]Ibid. [48]Ibid. [49]Ibid. [50]Ibid. [51]Ibid. [52]Ibid. [53]Ibid.MujamRijalalHadith,vol.3,p.131. [54]MujamRijalalHadith,vol.3,p.112. [55]Ibid,p.117. [56]Ibid,p.119. [57]Ibid,p.147.

[58]TanqihalMaqal,vol.1,p.137. [59]AlTusi,Rijal. [60]MujamRijalalHadith,vol.3,p.202. [61]Ibid,p.87. [62]Ibid,p.208. [63]Ibid,p.208. [64]TanqihalMaqal,vol.1,p.136. [65]AlTusi,Rijal. [66]TanqihalMaqal,vol.1,p.137. [67]AlTusi,Rijal.TanqihalMaqal,vol.1,p.137. [68]Ibid.TanqihalMaqal,vol.1,p.141. [69]AlTusi,Rijal. [70]MujamRijalalHadith,vol.3,p.232. [71]Ibid. [72]TanqihalMaqal,vol.1,p.154. [73]AlTusi,Rijal.TanqihalMaqal,vol.1,p.158. [74]TanqihalMaqal,vol.1,p.158. [75]AlTusi,Rijal. [76]TanqihalMaqal,vol.1,p.160. [77]Ibid,p.161. [78]AlTusi,Rijal. [79]AlNajashi. [80]AlTusi,Rijal. [81]TanqihalMaqal,vol.1,p.164. [82]AlTusi,Rijal. [83]HewascalledalKanasi,forhelivedatKanasa,afamousdistrictinKufa. [84]AlTusi,Rijal. [85]AlNajashi. [86]MujamRijalalHadith,vol.3,pp.280284. [87]Ibid. [88]AlNajashi. [89]AlTusi,Rijal. [90]Ibid. [91]Ibid. [92]MujamRijalalHadith,vol.3,p.306. [93]AlTusi,Rijal.TanqihalMaqal,vol.1,p.173. [94]AlTusi,Rijal. [95]Ibid. [96]Ibid. [97]Ibid.

[98]TanqihalMaqal,vol.1,p.172. [99]AlTusi,Rijal. [100]Ibid. [101]Ibid.TanqihalMaqal,vol.1,p.137. [102]TanqihalMaqal,vol.1,p.177. [103]AlTusi,Rijal. [104]Ibid. [105]Ibid. [106]TanqihalMaqal,vol.1,p.137. [107]AlTusi,Rijal. [108]Ibid. [109]TanqihalMaqal,vol.1,p.181. [110]AlKashi. [111]AlTusi,Rijal. [112]TanqihalMaqal,vol.1,p.182. [113]AlTusi,Rijal. [114]Ibid. [115]TanqihalMaqal,vol.1,p.187. [116]AlTusi,Rijal. [117]TanqihalMaqal,vol.1,p.189. [118]AlNajashi. [119]AlKashi. [120]AlNajashi. [121]MujamRijalalHadith,vol.3,p.383. [122]TanqihalMaqal,vol.1,p.192. [123]AlTusi,Rijal. [124]AlNajashi. [125]AlTusi,Rijal. [126]KamilalZiyarat. [127]Koran,alBaqara,253. [128]TanqihalMaqal,vol.1,p.194. [129]Ibid. [130]AlNajashi. [131]AlTusi,Rijal. [132]MujamRijalalHadith,vol.3,p.410412. [133]TanqihalMaqal,vol.1,p.199. [134]MujamRijalalHadith,vol.4,p.15. [135]TanqihalMaqal,vol.1,p.200. [136]SafinatalBihar. [137]TahdhibalTahdhib,vol.2,p.43.AlIsaba,vol.1,p.214.

[138]Ibid.Ibid. [139]AlIsaba,vol.1,p.215. [140]MujamRijalalHadith,vol.4,p.20. [141]TahdhibalTahdhib,vol.2,p.47. [142]Ibid. [143]MizanalItidal,vol.1,p.382. [144]MujamRijalalHadith,vol.4,p.18. [145]Ibid. [146]MizanalItidal,vol.1,p.383. [147]MujamRijalalHadith,vol.4,p.22. [148]MizanalItidal,vol.1,p.384. 84.AlJarudbinalSari AlJarudbinalSari HewascalledalTimimialSadialHammanialKufi.[1]ShaykhalTusinumberedhimasoneofthe companionsofImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim,andofImamalSadiq,peacebeonhim.[2] 85.AlJarudbinalMundhir HewascalledalKindialNakhkhas.HewasfromKufa.ShaykhalTusinumberedhimasoneofthe companionsofImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim,andofImamalSadiq,peacebeonhim.AlNajashi said:AlJarudbinalMundhir,AbualMundhiralKindialNakhkhas,reportedontheauthorityof AbuAbdAllah(alSadiq).Hewasveryreliable.AbualAbbashasmentionedhimwithhis narrators.Hehasabook.[3] 86.AlJarrahalMadaini ShaykhalTusinumberedhimasoneofthecompanionsofImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim,andof ImamalSadiq,peacebeonhim.[4]AlNajashisaid:AlJarrahalMadainireportedonthe authorityofAbuAbdAllah(alSadiq).Hehasabook.[5]

87.JafaralAhmasi HewasamongthecompanionsofImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim.[6] 88.Jafarb.Ibrahim HewascalledalJufialJafari.HewasamongthecompanionsofImamalBaqir,peacebeon him.[7]HewasanunknownImamShiite.[8] 89.Jafarb.Ibrahim HewascalledalHadrami.AlBarqinumberedhimasoneofthecompanionsofImamAbuJafar (alBaqir),peacebeonhim.[9] 90.JafarbinalHak~m Hewasb.(sonof)AbbadalKufi.HewasamongthecompanionsofImamalBaqir,peacebeon him.[10] 91.JafarbinAmru Hewasb.(sonof)Thabit,AbualMuqdam,b.Hurmuz.HewascalledalHaddadalAjalialKufi.He wastheirretainer.HewasamongthecompanionsofImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim.[11]Hewas anunknownImamShiite. 92.Juda Hewasb.Ab~AbdAllah.ShaykhalTusinumberedhimasoneofthecompanionsofImamal Baqir,peacebeonhim.[12] 93.AlHasanbinAb~Sarra HewascalledalNilialAnsarialQarzi.[13]HewastheretainerofMohammedb.Kab.Hewasthe

cousinofMaadhalHarra.HehadasoncalledAbuJafaralRaddasialNahwi.AlBarqinumbered himasoneofthecompanionsofImamalBaqirandofalSadiq,peacebeonthem.[14]AlNajashi regardedhimasreliableinthebiographyofhisson. 94.AlHasanbinHubaysh HewasamongthecompanionsofImamAbuJafar(alBaqir),peacebeonhim.[15]AbuZaydal Sahhamreported.Hesaid:IwaswithAbuAbdAllah(alSadiq),peacebeonhim.AlHasanbin Hubayshpassed(byus).So,AbuAbdAllahsaidtome:Doyoulovethat(person)?Heisoneofmy fathercompanions.[16] 95.AlHasanbinalHasan HewasthesonofalHasanb.Alib.Ab~Talib,peacebeonhim.HewascalledalMadanialTabii. HewasthefullbrotherofAbdAllahandIbrahim,sonsofalHasan.TheirmotherwasFatima, daughterofalHusayn.HediedbeforehisbrotherAbdAllah.Hewasamongthecompanionsof ImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim.[17] 96.AlHasanbinZyyad HewascalledalSaq~l.HewasamongthecompanionsofImamAbuJafar(alBaqir),peacebeon him.AlSaduqsaid:HewasfromKufa.Hewasaretainer.HewasgiventhekunyaofAbual Walid.Younisb.AbdalRahmanreportedonhisauthority.[18] 97.AlHasanbinalSari HewascalledalKatibalKarkhi.HeandhisbrotherreportedontheauthorityofAbuAbdAllah (alSadiq),peacebeonhim.Hehasabook.AlHasanb.Mahbubreportedthebookonhis authority.ShaykhalTusinumberedhimasoneofthecompanionsofImamalBaqir,peacebeon him.[19] 98.AlHasanbinShahab HewasthesonofYaz~dalBariqialAzdialKufi.HereportedontheauthorityofalSadiq,peace beonhim,andofAbuAbdAllah(alSadiq),peacebeonhim.[20]

99.AlHasanbinSalih. HewasthesonofHayalHamadanialThawrialKufi.Heistheowneroftheessay.HewasZaydi. TheSalihiyaisascribedtohim.ShaykhalTusinumberedhimasoneofthecompanionsofImam alBaqir,peacebeonhim.AlKashimentionedhimwhenhementionedtheBashirisect,namely afterthebiographyofAbualDabbar.ItwasreportedontheauthorityofImamalSadiq,peacebe onhim,whosaid:IftheBashiriyawerearowbetweentheeastandwest,Allahwouldnot strengthenHisreligionwiththem.AlKashisaid:TheBashiriyawerethecompanionsofKath~r alNawa,alHasanb.Salihb.Hay,Salimb.Ab~Hafsa,alHakamb.Ayniya,Salamab.Kuhayl,and AbualMuqdamThabitalHaddad.Itwastheywhosummonedthepeopletosupportthe successionofAli,peacebeonhim.ThentheymixedAlissuccessionwiththesuccessionofAbu BakrandofUmar.Theysuppliedproofoftheirsuccession.TheydetestedUthman,Talha,al Zubayr,andAisha.TheybelievedinsupportingthesonsofAli,peacebeonhim.Theyregarded thatasenjoininggoodandforbiddingevil.TheysuppliedproofoftheImamateofthesonsofAli, peacebeonhim,whentheyrevoltedagainsttherulers.[21] 100.AlHasanbinAli HewascalledalAhmedialKufi.HereportedontheauthorityofImamalBaqirandofalSadiq, peacebeonthem.Unbusab.AmrureportedontheauthorityofalHasanb.Ali.[22] 101.AlHasanbinAmmar HewascalledalDahhan.HewasamongthecompanionsofImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim,and amongImamalSadiq,peacebeonhim.HereportedontheauthorityofImamAbuAbdAllah(al Sadiq).Mohammedb.AbdalRahmanb.HammadreportedontheauthorityofAlHasanbin Ammar.[23] 102.AlHasanbinAmmarah HewasfromKufa.HewasamongthecompanionsofImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim.[24]Shaykh alTusinumberedhimasoneofthecompanionsofImamalSajjad,peacebeonhim. 103.AlHasanb.Kuthayr

HewascalledalBajalialKufi.ShaykhalMuf~dreportedontheauthorityofalHasanb.Kuthayr, whosaid:IcomplainedtoAbuJafar,peacebeonhim,of(my)needandtheuselessnessof brothers.Shameonthebrotherwholooksafteryouwhenyouarerichandseparatesfromyou whenyouarepoor.Thenheorderedhisservantboytotakeoutaporchinwhichwereseven hundreddirhams.Spendthis,hetoldme,andwhenyouhaveusedit,tellme.[25] 104.AlHasanbinalMundhir. ShaykhalTusinumberedhimandhisbrotheralHasanastwoofthecompanionsofImamal Baqir,peacebeonhim.[26]Apparently,hewasanunknownImamiShiite. 105.AlHasanbinYousif ShaykhalTusinumberedhimasoneofthecompanionsofImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim.[27] Apparently,hewasanunknownImamiShiite. 106.AlHasanalJufi HewasfromKufa.HewasamongthecompanionsofImamAbuJafaralBaqir,peacebeon him.[28] 107.AlHasanalZayyat HewascalledalBasri.HereportedontheauthorityofImamAbuJafaralBaqir,peacebeonhim. AbdAllahb.Miskanreportedonhisauthority.Ourmaster,professoralKhuimentionedthe narrationsalHasanreportedontheauthorityofImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim.[29] 108.AlHusaynbinalAbtar HewasfromKufa.HewasamongthecompanionsofImamAbuJafaralBaqir,peacebeon him.[30]HewasanunknownImamiShiite. 109.AlHusaynbinAbualAla

HewascalledalKhaffafalZinji.HewasgiventhekunyaofAbuAlialAwar.Hewasamongthe companionsofImamAbuJafaralBaqir,peacebeonhim,andwasamongthecompanionsof ImamalSadiq,peacebeonhim.Hehasbooks.Oneofthemisnumberedamongthebooksofthe fundamentals(usul).HereportedontheauthorityofAbuAbdAllahalSadiq.Safwanb.Yahya reportedonhisauthority.[31] 110.AlHusaynbinThuwayr AlNajashisaid:AlHusaynbinThuwayrb.AbuFakhta,Sa~db.Hamran,wastheretainerof UmmHani,daughterofAbuTalib.HereportedontheauthorityofAbuJafarandofAbuAbd Allah,peacebeonthem.Hewasreliable.AbualAbbasandothersmentionedhim.Hehasabook onrarethings.[32] 111.AlHusaynbinHammad ShaykhalTusinumberedhimasoneofthecompanionsofImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim.[33] AlNajashisaid:AlHusaynb.Hammadb.MaymunalAbdiwastheirretainer.HewasfromKufa. Hehasabook.Dawudb.alHusaynandIbrahimb.Muhzimreportedthebook.[34] 112.AlHusaynbinAbdAllah HewascalledalRajani.[35]HewasamongthecompanionsofImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim.He reportedontheauthorityofImamAbuAbdAllah,peacebeonhim.AlHaythemb.Raqid reportedonhisauthority.[36] 113.AlHusaynbinUbaydAllah HewasthesonofUbaydAllahb.alAbbasb.AbdalMutalib.ShaykhalTusinumberedhimas oneofthecompanionsofImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim.HewasfromMedina.Hebelongedto thenextgeneration.Qaysb.alRab~reportedonhisauthority.[37] 114.AlHusaynbinMusab HewascalledalHamadanialKufi.ShaykhalTusinumberedhimasoneofthecompanionsof

ImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim.Hehasabook.[38]HewasanImamiShiite. 115.AlHusaynbinalMundhir HewasthesonofAbuTar~fa.HewasthecousinofMohammedb.Alib.alNuman(Mminal Taq).InthebiographyofMohammedb.Alib.alNuman,alNajashisaid:AlHusaynbinal MundhirreportedontheauthorityofAlib.alHusayn,AbuJafar(alBaqir),andAbuAbdAllah (alSadiq),peacebeonthem.[39]AlHusaynbinalMundhirreported.Hesaid:IwaswithAbu AbdAllah(alSadiq),peacebeonhim.Mutibsaidtome:RelieveAbuAbdAllah.So,he(Abu AbdAllah)said:Leavehim.HeisamongthechildrenoftheShiites.[40] 116.SafialAwar HewasfromKufa.HereportedontheauthorityofalBaqirandImamAbuAbdAllah(alSadiq), peacebeonthem.HewasamongthecompanionsImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim.[41] 117.HafsbinGhayyath HewascalledalNakhaialKufi.ShaykhalTusinumberedhimasoneofthecompanionsofImam alBaqir,peacebeonhim.[42]AlNajashisaid:HafsbinGhayyathb.TalaqalKufireportedonthe authorityofAbuAbdAllah,Jafarb.Mohammed(alSadiq),peacebeonhim.Harunappointed himjudgeovertheeasternpartofBaghdad.ThenheappointedhimjudgeoverKut.He(Hafsbin Ghayyath)diedinKut,intheyear164A.H.Hehasabook.Agroupofourcompanionstolduson theauthorityofAhmedb.Mohammedb.Sa~d,whosaid:IheardAbdAllahb.UsamaalKalbi say:IheardUmarb.Hafsb.Ghayyathsay:Myfatherhasabook.Thenhementionedthebook ofhisfatherontheauthorityofJafarb.Mohammed(alSadiq),peacebeonhim.Thebookhas aboutonehundredandseventytraditions.[43] 118.AlHakambinalSalt HewascalledalThaqafi.ShaykhalTusinumberedhimasoneofthecompanionsofImamal Baqir,peacebeonhim.AlBarqicalledhimalMadani.Healsonumberedhimasoneofthe companionsofImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim.[44] 119.AlHakambinAb~Na~m.

AlBarqinumberedhimasoneofthecompanionsofImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim.He(al Hakam)reportedontheauthorityofalBaqir.[45] 120.AlHakambinAbdalRahman HewasthesonofAbuNa~malBajali.HewasamongthecompanionsofImamalBaqir,peacebe onhim,andofImamalSadiq,peacebeonhim.[46] 121.AlHakambinUtayba HewascalledAbuMohammedalKindialKufi.ShaykhalTusinumberedhimasoneofthe companionsofImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim,andofImamalSadiq,peacebeonhim.The Shaykhaddedthathe(alHakam)belongedtotheBatariya.AbuMaryamalAnsarireportedon theauthorityofImamAbuJafar(alBaqir),peacebeonhim,whosaid:SaytoSalamab.Kuhayl andalHakamUtaybathattheywillfindnoauthenticknowledgeintheEastorintheWestexcept theknowledgeofthemembersoftheHouse(ahlalBayt),peacebeonthem. AbuBas~rreported.Hesaid:IaskedAbuJafar(alBaqir),peacebeonhim:Isthewitnessofan illegitimatechildpermitted?No,he,peacebeon,replied.I(AbuBas~r)said:AlHakambin Utaybasaysthatitispermitted.OAllah,donotforgivehimhissins,alBaqirprayed.Allah said:Itisremembranceforyouandyourpeople,alBaqiradded.LetalHakamgototheright andtotheleft.ByAllah,suchknowledgeisnotfoundexceptwiththemembersoftheHouse(ahl alBayt),peacebeonthem.Gabrielcamedowntothem. AbuBas~rreported.Hesaid:IheardAbuJafar(alBaqir)say:AlHakambinUtayba,Salama, Kath~ralNawa,AbualMuqdam,andalTammar(Salim)havegoneastray.Theyareamong thoseaboutwhomAllah,theGreatandAlmighty,said:Andsomeofthepeoplesay:Wehave believedinAllahandthehereafter.Andtheyarenotbelievers.[47] Zararareported.Hesaid:WhenIwasayoungman,IwenttoMedina.Ienteredthelargetentof AbuJafar(alBaqir),peacebeonhim.Isawsomepeoplesittinginthetent.Therewasnoonein frontoftheassembly.Isawamansittingontheside.Themanwastreatinghimselfbycupping.I wassurethatthemanwasAbuJafar.So,Iwalkedtowardshim.Igreetedhim.Hereturnedthe greetings.Isatinfrontofhim.Thecupperwasbehindhim.Thenheaskedme:Areyoufromthe sonsofAyun?Yes,IamZararab.Ayun,Ireplied.Ihaverecognizedyouwithresemblance, hesaid.HasHamranperformedthepilgrimage(toMecca)?heasked.No,hesendsyouhis greetings,Ireplied.Heisamongthetruebelievers.Hewillneverretreat(fromtheImamte). Whenyouseehim,sendhimmygreetings.Saytohim:WhyhaveyourelatedtoalHakambin Utayba.?Thetrustees(oftheApostle)aretraditionists.Donottellhimandthosethesameas himaboutsuchatradition.hesaid.[48]

ThisaccountshowsthattherewasnorelationshipbetweenalHakambinUtaybaandthe membersoftheHouse(ahlalBayt),peacebeonthem.Rather,itshowsthathedeviatedfrom them.IbnHajarregardedhimasreliable.Helaudedhim,andmentionedmanywordsinpraiseof him.[49] HisDeath AlHakambinUtaybadiedintheyear113A.H.[50]Itwassaidthathediedintheyear115A. H.[51] 122.AlHakambinAlya HewascalledalAsadi.HewastheGovernoroverBahrain.Heearnedalotofmoney.Hesentits onefifthtoImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim.TheImamacceptedthat.[52] 123.AlHakambinalQattat HewasfromKufa.IbnDauwdnumberedhimamongthecompanionsofImamalBaqirandal Sadiq.AlNajashisaid:Hewasreliable.Histraditionswerefew.Hehasabook.[53] 124.AlHakambinalMukhtar HewasthesonofAbuUbaydalThaqafi.HewasgiventhekunyaofAbuMohammed.Hewas reliable.HereportedontheauthorityofImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim,andofImamalSadiq, peacebeonhim.[54] 125.Hak~mbinHakam HewasthesonofAbbadb.HunayfalAnsari.HereportedontheauthorityofthepureImams: Alib.alHusayn,alBaqir,andalSadiq,peacebeonthem.[55] 126.Hak~mbinSuhayb HewascalledalKufialSayrafi.HewasthemasteroftheBanu(sonsof)Dabba.ShaykhalTusi

numberedhimasoneofthecompanionsofImamAlib.alHusayn,peacebeonhim,andofal Baqir,peacebeonhim.[56] 127.Hak~mbinMuawiya HewascalledalNumayri.ShaykhalTusinumberedhimasoneofthecompanionsofImamal Baqir,peacebeonhim.[57]HewasanunknownImamShiite. 128.HammadbinAb~Sulayman HewascalledalAsharialKufi.HewasamongthecompanionsofImamalBaqir,peacebeon him,andofalSadiq,peacebeonhim.[58]HewasanunknownImamShiite. 129.HammadbinAb~alAtarid HewasfromTay.HewascalledalKufi.HewasamongthecompanionsofImamalBaqir,peacebe onhim,andofalSadiq,peacebeonhim.[59] 130.HammadbinBash~r HewascalledalTanafisialKufi.HereportedontheauthorityofImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim, andofalSadiq,peacebeonhim.HewasamongthecompanionsofImamalBaqir,peacebeon him.[60] 131.HammadbinRash~d HewascalledalAzdialBazzaz.HewasgiventhekunyaofAbualAlaalKufi.Hewasamongthe companionsofImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim,andofalSadiq,peacebeonhim.Hediedinthe year159A.H.[61] 132.HammadbinalMugh~ra HewasamongthecompanionsofImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim.HewasanunknownImami Shiite.[62]

133.HamranbinAyun HewascalledalShaybani.HewasgiventhekunyaofAbualHasan.Itwassaidthathewasgiven thekunyaofAbuHamza.Hebelongedtothenextgeneration.Hewasamongthecompanionsof ImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim.Hewasamongthemainreligiousscholars,andamongthe outstandingnarrators.Hewasamongthosewhoknewthetruth,andamongthosewhodeclared thereligionofAllah.Wewillmentionsomeofhisaffairs: HisScientificRank. Hamranwasamongthemainreligiousscholars,whoconveyedthemessageofIslam,andknewit indetail.HelearnedhissciencesfromtheImamsofthemembersoftheHouse(ahlalBayt), peacebeonthem.HestudiedunderImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim.Thenhestudiedunder ImamalSadiq,peacebeonhim.Helearnedmanyofhissciences.ImamalSadiq,peacebeon him,suppliedproofofhiswideknowledgeandoutstandingmerits.Thenarratorssaidthata SyriancametoImamalSadiq,peacebeonhim,totesthim.TheImam,peacebeonhim,asked theSyrian: Whatisyourneed? Ihaveheardthatyouhaveknowledgeofallquestions,repliedtheSyrian. TheImamsmiledathim,andthenhesaidtohim: Inwhat?askedtheImam. IntheKoran,repliedtheSyrian. TheImamturnedtoHamranandsaidtohim: Taketheman. TheSyrianbecameangryandsaid:Iwantto(question)you,notHamran. TheImamsmiledathimandsaid: IfyouovercameHamran,thenyouwouldovercomeme. TheSyrianbeganquestioningHamran,whoansweredallhisquestions.ThentheImamaskedthe Syrian:WhatisyouropinionofHamran? Heisskillful.Hehasansweredallmyquestions.[63] ThisinitiativeofHamranshowshiswideknowledgeandsciences.AbuGhalibalRazisaid: HamranwasamongthegreatestShiitescholars.HewasamongthosewhomemorizedtheKoran byheart.Moreover,hewasanexcellentgrammarianandlinguist.[64] HisRankwiththeImams

HamranhadanhonorablerankwiththeImamsofguidance,peacebeonthem.Manytraditions werereportedontheirauthority.Inthetraditionstheypraisedandlaudedhim.Thefollowingare someofthesetraditions: 1.Bukayrb.Ayunreportedhesaid:Iwenttomakethepilgrimage(toMecca)forthefirsttimeI arrivedatMina.ThereIasked(thepeople)aboutthetentofAbuAbdAllah(alSadiq).Ientered thetent.Ifoundsomepeopleinit.Ilookedattheirfaces,butdidnotfindhimamongthem.He wasonthesideinthetent.Hewastreatinghimselfbycupping.Hesaid:Cometome.Thenhe said:OYoungman,areyoufromthechildrenofAyun?Isaid:Yes,mayAllahmakemeransom foryou.Hesaid:Whoareyou?Isaid:IamBukayrb.Ayun.Hesaidtome:WhatHamranhas done?Isaid:Hewillnotperformthehajjthisyear.Heislongingforyou.Hesendsyouhis greetings.Hereturnedthegreetings,andthenhesaid:Hamranisabeliever.Heisamongthe peopleofthegarden.ByAllah,hehasnodoubtabout(theImamate). 2.ZaydalShahhamreported.Hesaid:[AbuAbdAllah(alSadiq),peacebeonhim,saidtome:] Noonehasputmywordsintoeffect,obeyedmyorders,andfollowedmyexampleexcepttwo men,mayAllahhavemercyonthem.TheyareAbdAllahb.Ab~Yafoor,andHamranb.Ayun. TheyaretwosincerebelieversfromourShiites.Theirnamesarewithusinthebookofthe peopleoftherighthand(ashabalyemeen),whichAllahgavetoMohammed,mayAllahblesshim andhisfamily. 3.AbuKhalidalAkhrasreportedontheauthorityofHamran,whosaid:[IsaidtoAbuJafar(al Baqir),peacebeonhim:]MayIbeyourransom,IhaveswornthatIwillnotleaveMedinatillI knowwhatIam.He,peacebeonhim,said:OHamran,whatdoyouwant?I(Hamran)said:I wantyoutotellmewhatIam.He,peacebeonhim,said:Youareourfollower(shiite)inhere andhereafter.[65] AlKashireportedanothergroupoftraditionsthatshowthehighrankofHamranwiththeImams ofthemembersoftheHouse(ahlalBayt),peacebeonthem. HisintenseObediencetotheImams. HamranwasveryobedienttotheImams.Helovedthemfromthebottomofhisheart.The narratorssaid:WhenHamransatwithhiscompanions,hementionedtheoutstandingmeritsof themembersoftheHouse(ahlalBayt),peacebeonthem.Whenhiscompanionswantedtomix theoutstandingmeritsofthemembersoftheHouse(ahlalBayt),peacebeonthem,withother thanthem,heleftthemandwentaway.[66]Indeed,thisisthemaximumdegreeofobedience andlovefortheImam. 134.HamzabinHamran HewasthesonofHamzab.Hamranb.AyunalShaybanialKufi.ShaykhalTusinumberedhimas

oneofthecompanionsofImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim.AlBarqinumberedhimasoneofthe companionsofImamalSadiq,peacebeonhim.AlKashisaid:Hamranhasabook.[67] 135.HamzabinAta HewasfromKufa.HewasamongthecompanionsofImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim,andofthe companionsofImamalSadiq,peacebeonhim.HewasanunknownImamShiite.[68] 136.HamzabinAmmara HewascalledalBarbarialYaz~di.AlKashireportedontheauthorityofBar~db.Muawiyaal Ajali,whosaid:[Hamzab.AmaraalYaz~di,mayAllahcursehim,saidtohiscompanions:]Abu JafarcomestomeeverynightOneday,I(Bar~d)metAbuJafar,peacebeonhim,andtoldhim aboutwhatHamzahadsaid.AbuJafarsaid:Hamzatellslies.MayAllahcursehim.TheSatanis unabletoappearintheshapeofaprophetorthetrusteeofaprophet.[69]Traditionssimilarto thiswerementioned.ThetraditionsdispraiseHamzaandsummonMoslemstorenouncehim. 137.HamzaalTayyar ShaykhalTusinumberedhimasoneofthecompanionsofImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim.Al BarqinumberedhimasoneofthecompanionsofImamalSadiq,peacebeonhim.AlKashi reportedontheauthorityofHamzaalTayyar,whosaid:AbuAbdAllah(alSadiq),peacebeon him,askedmeabouttherecitationoftheKoran.I(Hamza)said:Iaminappropriateforthat.He (AbuAbdAllah)said:However,yourfatherwasappropriateforthat.Thenheaskedmeabout thereligiousduties.Isaid(Iaminappropriateforthat.)Hesaid:However,yourfatherwas appropriateforthat.Thenhe(AbuAbdAllah)said:IhadafriendfromQurash.Thefriendwasa scholar.HerecitedtheKoran.HeandyourfathermetinthehouseofAbuJafar,peacebeonhim. AbuJafarsaidtothem:Questioneachother.Theydidthat.TheQurayshimansaidtoAbuJafar: Ihaveunderstoodwhatyouwanted.Youwantedtotellmethattherewerepersonsthesameas thisoneamongyourcompanionsAbuJafarreplied:Yes,youareright.Whatisyouropinionof him.[70]ThisaccountshowsthatHamzahadoutstandingmeritsandwideknowledge.The Narratorssaid:ImamalSadiq,peacebeonhim,preventedsomeofhisShiitesfromdebating withothersontheologicalproblems.Fortheywerenotspecialistinsuchproblems.Hamzaheard ofthat.So,hehurriedtoImamalSadiq,peacebeonhim.Hesaidtohim:Ihaveheardthatyou debatingwiththepeopleontheologicalmatters.TheImamsaid:Wedonothateyourdebating withthem.[71]ThisnarrationshowsthatJafarhadexcellentabilitiesintheologicaldebates. Rather,hewasspecialistinthem.Thebiographerssaid:Hamzamademanytheologicaldebates

aboutthemembersoftheHouse(ahlalBayt),peacebeonthem. HamzawasveryobedienttothemembersofHouse(ahlalBayt),peacebeonthem.Hecameto ImamAbuAbdAllahalSadiq,peacebeonhim.TheImamtookhimbythehand.Thenhe numberedforhimtheImamswhoseobedienceAllahmadeobligatory.Whenhe,peacebeon him,cametohisfather,MohammedalBaqir,hestopped.So,Hamzasaidtohim:MayAllah makemeransomforyou,ifyousplitopenapomegranateandmadesomeofitlawfulandsome ofitunlawful,Iwouldtestifythatwhatyouprohibitedwasunlawful,andwhatyoumadelawful waslawful.TheImamwaspleasedwithHamzaswords.Hemadehimknowthathe(AbuAbd AllahalSadiq)wouldbetheImamafterhisfather,alBaqir.ThenhesaidtoHamza:Itissufficient fortobelieveinhis(alSadiqs)words.Iamlikethem(theImams).Ihavethesamerightsasthey have.Allah,theExalted,said:(Remember)thedaywhenWewillcalleverypeoplewiththeir Imam.IfyouwanttobeamongthemontheDayofJudgment,thenfollowhis(AbuAbdAllahs) words.[72] Hamza,mayAllahhavemercyonhim,hadfirmfaith.Hefaithfullydefendedthemembersof House(ahlalBayt),peacebeonthem.WhenImamalSadiq,peacebeonhim,heardofhisdeath, hesaid:MayAllahhavemercyonHamza.Hemaybepleasedwithhim.Hamzafaithfully defendedthemembersofHouse(ahlalBayt).[73] 138.KhazimalAshal HewasfromKufa.HewasamongthecompanionsofImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim.He reportedonhisauthority.HealsoreportedontheauthorityofAbdAllah(alSadiq),peacebeon him.[74]HewasanunknownImamiShiite. 139.KhalidbinAb~Kar~ma AlNajashireported:KhalidbinAb~Kar~mareportedontheauthorityofImamalBaqir,peace beonhim.IbnNuhmentionedhim.Hereportedacopyoftraditionsonhisauthority.Itwasthe copyofthetraditionsKhalidreportedontheauthorityofImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim.[75] 140.KhalidbinAwfa HewascalledAbualRab~alAnzialShami.ShaykhalTusinumberedhimasoneofthe companionsofImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim.[76] 141.KhalidbinBakkar

HewascalledAbualAlaalKhaffafalKufi.HewasamongthecompanionsofImamalBaqir, peacebeonhim.HewasanunknownImamiShiite.[77] 142.KhalidbinTuhman HewascalledAbualAlaalKhaffafalSilui.HewasamongthenonShia.Hehasacopyof traditions.HereportedthecopyontheauthorityofImamAbuJafar(alBaqir),peacebeonhim. ShaykhalTusinumberedhimasoneofthecompanionsofImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim.[78] 143.KhuthaymabinAbdalRahman HewascalledalJufi.HereportedontheauthorityofImamAbuJafar(alBaqir),peacebeonhim. Alib.Atyyareportedonhisauthority.He(Khuthayma)reportedontheauthorityofImamAbu AbdAllah(alSadiq),peacebeonhim.AlKhashshabreportedontheauthorityofsomeofour companions,ontheauthorityofKhuthayma.[79] 144.KhuthaymabinAb~Khuthayma MohammedbinYaqubalKulaynireportedontheauthorityofAbuBas~r,whosaid:Iwaswith AbuJafar(alBaqir),peacebeonhim.Salamsaidtohim:KhuthaymabinAb~Khuthayma,the onewhorelatestousonyourauthority,questionedyouabouttheMoslemandyousaidtohim: TheMoslemistheonewhofollowsourqibla(thedirectiontotheKaaba),testifiesour tashahhud,befriendswhoeverbefriendsus,andishostiletowhoeveropposesus.AbuJafarsaid: Yes,Khuthaymaistruthful.ThenI(AbuBas~r)said:Yousaid:FaithisinAllah.Certitudeisinthe BookofAllah.Allahshouldbeobeyed.He(AbuJafar)said:Kuthaymaistruthful.[80] 145.DawudalAbzari ShaykhalTusinumberedhimasoneofthecompanionsofImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim.He wasanunknownImamiShiite.[81] 146.DawudbinAb~Hind HewascalledalQushayrialSarkhasi.HewasgiventhekunyaofAbuBakr.TherealnameofAb~

HindisD~nar.HewasfromSarkhas.HediedontheroadtoMecca,intheyear139A.H.Hewas amongthecompanionsofImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim.[82] 147.DawudbinHab~b HewasgiventhekunyaofAbuGhaylan.HewasfromKufa.HereportedontheauthorityofImam AbuJafar(alBaqir),peacebeonhim,andofAbuAbdAllah(alSadiq),peacebeonhim.[83] 148.DawudbinHurra HewasthebrotherofIshaqb.Hurra.HereportedontheauthorityofImamalBaqir,peacebeon him,andofImamalSadiq,peacebeonhim.[84] 149.DawudbinZayd HewascalledalHamadanialKufi.ShaykhalTusinumberedhimasoneofthecompanionsof ImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim.[85] 150.DawudbinalDajjaji HewascalledalKufi.ShaykhalTusinumberedhimasoneofthecompanionsofImamalBaqir, peacebeonhim.[86] 151.DalhambinSalih HewascalledalKindialKufi.HewasamongthecompanionsofImamalBaqir,peacebeon him.[87] 152.RaibinMuslima HewasthesonofZyyadb.Ab~alJudalAshjai.Hewastheirretainer.HewasfromKufa.He reportedontheauthorityofImamAbuJafar(alBaqir),peacebeonhim,andofImamAbuAbd Allah(alSadiq),peacebeonhim.Hewasreliable.Hehasabook.[88]

153.AlRab~alAbsi HewasfromKufa.HewasamongthecompanionsofImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim.[89] 154.Rab~binSad HewascalledalJufi.HewasfromKufa.HereportedontheauthorityofImamAbuJafar(al Baqir),peacebeonhim.Hisgrandson,Ahmedb.alNadaralKhazaz,reportedonhis authority.[90] 155.Rab~abinAb~AbdalRahman. HewasknownasRab~atalRai.HewasfromMedina.Hewasajurist.HewasanonShiite.He wasamongthecompanionsofImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim.[91]AlKashireportedonthe authorityofZarara,whosaid:IcametoaseminarinMedina.AttheSeminarwereAbdAllahb. MohammedandRab~atalRai.AbdAllahsaid:OZararaaskRab~aaboutwhatyouhave differedover.So,I(Zarara)said:Speechcauseshatred.Thus,Rab~atalRaisaidto:OZarara, questionme.So,I(Zarara)questionedhim:WithwhatdidAllahsApostlehitthosewhodrank wine?Hehitthemwithpalmleafstalk,hereplied.ThenI(Zarara)asked:Nowadays,withwhat doesthejudgehitthosewhodrinkwine?Hehitsthemwiththewhip,heanswered.So,Abd Allahb.Mohammedsaid:GlorybelongstoAllah!AllahsApostle,mayAllahblesshimandhis familyhit(thosewhodrankwine)withpalmleafstalk.However,Umarhit(them)withthewhip. Therefore,wemustleavewhatAllahsApostle,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamilyhaddone,and putintoeffectwhatUmarhaddone. 156.Rab~abinNajidh HewasthesonofKuthayr.HewasgiventhekunyaofAbuSadiq.Hereportedontheauthorityof ImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim,andofImamAbuAbdAllah(alSadiq),peacebeonhim.Hewas amongthecompanionsofImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim.[92] 157.RazialAbzari HewasamongthecompanionsofImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim.HewasanunknownImam Shiite.[93]

158.Raz~nalAnmati HewasamongthecompanionsofImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim.HewasanunknownImam Shiite.[94] 159.RushdbinSad HewascalledalMasri.HewasamongthecompanionsofImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim.Al BarqinumberedhimasonofthecompanionsofImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim.Hesaid:Rushd wasanArab.[95] 160.Raf~d,theRetaineroftheBanuHubayra HewasamongthecompanionsofImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim.Hereportedonhisauthority, andontheauthorityofImamalSadiq,peacebeonhim.Heescapedfromhismaster.Forhis masterwantedtokillhim.ThenhesoughtrefugewithImamalSadiq,peacebeonhim.[96]The Imam,peacebeonhim,wrotealettertoRaf~dsmastertoforgiveRafeed.So,herespondedto theImamandforgaveRafeed. 161.RaqababinMasqala HewasamuftiinIraq.ItwasreportedthathecametoAbuJafar(alBaqir),peacebeonhim,and questionedhimaboutanumberofmatters.TheImamsaidtohim:Ithinkyouareamuftiinthe mosqueofIraq.Yes,repliedRaqaba.Whoareyou?askedtheImam.Iamthecousinof Sasaa,answeredRaqaba.Youarewelcome,cousinofSasaa,saidtheImam.[97] 162.ZaidabinQaddama HewasamongthecompanionsofImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim.Hereportedontheauthority ofImamAlib.alHusayn,peacebeonhim.HissonQaddamareportedonhisauthority.[98] 163.ZahrbinAbdAllah

HewascalledalAsadi.Hewasreliable.HereportedontheauthorityofImamAbuJafar(al Baqir),peacebeonhim,andofImamAbuAbdAllah(alSadiq),peacebeonhim.Hehasa book.[99] 164.ZararabinAyun HewasanoutstandingMoslem.Hewasasignpostofthereligion.Hewasamongthegreatest juristsandscholars.Wewilltakeaboutsomeaspectsofhisexcellentcharacter: HisLineage ZararawasaRoman.Hisfather,Ayunb.Sansan,wastheRomanslaveofapersonfromtheBanu (sonsof)Shayban.HelearnedtheKoran.So,hismasterreleasedhim.Heaskedhimtojoinhis (masters)lineage.However,Ayunrefusedthat.Hesaidtohismaster:Letmefollowmy lineage.SansanwasamonkinthecountryoftheRomans. AsforZarara,hisrealnameisAbdRabah.Zararawashisnickname.Hewasgiventhekunyawas AbualHasan.[100] HisScientificRank ZararawasthemostfamousofalltheMoslemscholarsinoutstandingqualities,piety,and cleavingtothereligion.Thehistorianssaidthathehadexcellentabilitiesinjurisprudence.Noone ofthescholarsofhistimehadsuchabilities.Hewasamongthefoundersofthejurisprudenceof themembersofHouse(ahlalBayt),peacebeonthem.Thejuristsrelyonhisnarrations.They preferthemtoothernarrations.Theyresorttothemwhentheywanttoconcludereligious precepts.Zararasnarrationsarenotconfinedtoacertainjurisprudentialchapter.Rather,they includeallthejurisprudentialchapterssuchasworshipanddealings. HisNarrationfromImamalBaqir ZararawasthemostprominentstudentofImamAbuJafar.Hereported1236traditionsonhis authority.Healsonarrated449traditionsontheauthorityofImamalSadiq,peacebeon him.[101] WhonarratedfromZarara?

Alargegroupofscholarsandjuristsnarratedonhisauthority.AmongthemwasAbuAyyub,Abu Bas~r,AbuJumayla,AbuZyyadalHindi,AbualSafaij,AbuAyniya,andthelike.[102] HisTalentswerepraised. Zararastalentsareoutstanding.Alargegroupofthinkersandscholarslaudedthem.The followingaresomeofthem. A.Jam~lDarrajj Jam~lb.DarrajjpraisedZararastalentsandabilities.Itwassaidtohim:Whoisthebestonein yourpresence?Whoistheadornmentofyouassembly?WewereaboutZararaastheyoung boyswerearoundtheteacher,hereplied.[103] Jam~lDarrajjwasamongtheprominentscholars.Hewasamongthenumberedjurists.He admittedthathewasnothingbeforeZarara.Rather,hewasthesameastheyoungboybeforehis teacher. B.AlNajashi AlNajashisaid:ZararabinAyunb.SansanwastheretaineroftheBanu(sonsof)AbdAllah.He wastheshaykhofourcompanionsathistime.Hewastheforemostofthem.Hewasareciterof theKoran.Hewasajurist,atheologian,andapoet.Theexcellentreligiousqualitiesgatheredin him.Hewastruthfulinwhathesaid.[104] C.AlKashisaid: TheShiitesagreedonthetruthfulnessoftheearlycompanionsofAbuJafarandofAbuAbd Allah,peacebeonthem.Theyreliedontheminjurisprudence.They(theShiites)said:Themost knowledgeableoftheearlypeopleinjurisprudencearesixpersons.TheyareZarara,Marufb. Kharbudh,Bar~d,AbuBas~ralAsadi,alFudaylb.Yasar,andMohammedb.MoslemalTaaifi. They(theShiites)said:Themostknowledgeableofthesixpersonsinjurisprudenceis Zarara.[105] D.IbnalNad~m

IbnalNad~msaid:ZararaisthegreatestShiiteinjurisprudence,traditions,theology,and Shiism.[106] ThesewordsshowthatZararahadoutstandingscientificabilities.Theseabilitiesmadehimoccupy thefirstpositioninknowledge. ImamalSadiqandZarara ImamalSadiq,peacebeonhim,respectedandadmiredZarara.ForZararawasamongthemain scholarsandjuristswhostudiedunderhis(alSadiqs)fatherandpreservedhisculturalscientific wealth.ManytraditionsreportedontheauthorityofImamalSadiq,peacebeonhim.Inthe traditions,theImampraisedandlaudedZarara.Thefollowingissomeofthetraditions: A.AlFadlb.AbdalMalikreported.Hesaid:[IheardAbuAbdAllah(alSadiq),peacebeonhim, say:]Themostlovablepeople,deadorliving,withmearefour(persons).TheyareBar~db. MuawiyaalAjali,Zarara,Mohammedb.Moslem,andalAhwal.[107] ThisnarrationshowsthesincereloveoftheImam,peacebeonthem,forthesefourpersons.For theyraisedthebannerofIslamandenlightenedthelifeofMoslemsthroughtheirsciencesand morals. B.Jam~lb.Darrajjreported.Hesaid:[IheardAbuAbdAllah(alSadiq),peacebeonhim,say:] Givegoodnewstothehumbleaboutthegarden.TheyareBar~db.MuawiyaalAjali,Abu Bas~r(laythb.alBakhtarialMuradi),Mohammedb.Moslem,andZarara.Theyarehighborn persons.TheyarethetrusteesofAllahoverHislawfulandunlawful.Wereitnotforthem,the traditionsoftheProphetwouldbeobliterated.[108] TheseMujahideenrenderedexcellentservicestoIslamandMoslems.Fortheypreservedthe traditionsoftheImamsofthemembersoftheHouse(ahlalBayt),peacebeonthem.Such traditionsrepresenttheguidanceandessenceofIslam. C.Dawudb.SarhanreportedontheauthorityofImamAbuAbdAllah(alSadiq),peacebeonhim, whosaid:Myfatherscompanionswereornamentsbeforeandaftertheirdeath.ImeanZarara, Mohammedb.Moslem,LaythalMuradi,andBar~dalAjali.Itistheywhoarejustand truthful.[109] ThesechosenpersonswereornamentsforthemembersoftheHouse(ahlalBayt),peacebeon them.Fortheyhadgoodbehaviorandhighmoralstandards.Theywereagoodexampleforthose whowantedtofollowthem.Aftertheirdeath,theyarealsoornamentsforthemembersofthe House(ahlalBayt),peacebeonhim.Fortheyhaveleftbehindthemscientificknowledge. D.Sulaymanb.KhalidalAqtareported:[IheardAbuAbdAllah(alSadiq),peacebeonhim,say:] NoonehasenlivenedourfameandourtraditionsexceptBar~db.MuawiyaalAjali,AbuBas~r (laythb.alBakhtarialMuradi),Mohammedb.Moslem,andZarara.Wereitnotforthem,noone wouldconclude(religiousprecepts).Theyarethepreserversofthereligion.Theyarethetrustees ofmyfatheroverthelawfulandunlawfulofAllah.Theyareclosetousintheworld.Theywillbe

closetousinthenextworld.[110] Thesejuristswerethepreserversofthereligion.Theyweresincerecustodiansoverthelawfuland theunlawfulofAllah.HaditnotbeenforthemthetraditionsoftheProphetandoftheImam wouldhavebeenextinguished.ItwastheywhomaintainedthetraditionsoftheImamswhenthey recordedthem.So,theirservicestoIslamarewonderful. E.Jam~lb.Darrajjreported.Hesaid:[IenteredthehouseofAbuAbdAallah(alSadiq),peacebe onhim.Heaskedme:]Haveyouseenthepersonwhohasjustleftthehouse?Yes,Ireplied, HeisamongourKufancompanions.He,peacebeonhim,said:MayAllahnothallowhissoul normayHehallowthosewhoarelikehim.Hementionedpersonswhommyfatherappointedas trusteesoverthelawfulandtheunlawfulofAllah.Hesaidthattheywerethecontainerofmy fathersknowledge,andthattheywerethestoreofmysecret.Asfortherealcompanionsofmy father,Allahremovesevilfromthepeopleoftheearththroughthem.Theyarethestarsofmy followers(Shiites),whethertheyaredeadorliving.Theyenlivenmyfathersreputation.Through them,Allahdisclosesallheresies.Theypurifythisreligionfromtheclaimsoftheliarsandthe interpretationoftheextremists. ThenImamAbuAbdAllah(alSadiq),peacebeonhim,wept.Jam~lb.Darrajjwasastonished.So, heaskedtheImam:Whoarethey? TheImam,peacebeonhim,answered:TheblessingandmercyofAllahbeonthem,whether theyaredeadorliving.TheyareBar~dalAjali,Zarara,AbuBas~r,andMohammedb.Moslem. Jam~l,youwillknowtheaffairofthisman,whodisparagedZarara.Hebelongstothecompanions ofAbualKhattab.[111] ThistraditionshowthatZararaandhislearnedcompanionswereofgreatimportance.Forthey werethestoreofthesecretoftheImamate.TheywerethetrusteesofImamAbuJafar(alBaqir), peacebeonhim,overthelawfulandthelawfulofAllah.Theydidtheirbesttobringthe communitytoAllah. F.ImamAbuAbdAllah(alSadiq),peacebeonhim,said:MayAllahhavemercyonZararab. Ayun.WereitnotforZararaandhiscompanions,myfatherstraditionswouldbe extinguished.[112] TraditionssimilartothesepraisedZararasoutstandingqualities.Theshowedhisrankand positionwiththeImamsofthemembersoftheHouse(ahlalBayt),peacebeonthem.They denotedthathewasintheirheartsandfeelingsoftheImamsofthemembersoftheHouse(ahl alBayt),peacebeonthem,fortheylovedhimverymuch. SlanderousTraditions Sometraditionshavebeenmentioned.ThetraditionsdamageZararasreputation.Surely,someof thetraditionsarefabricated,andsomeofthemweresaidbyImamAbuAbdAllah(alSadiq), peacebeonhim.TheImamsaidsuchtraditionsnottoshowmalicetowardshimnortodamage hisreputation.Rather,hesaidthemtosaveZararafromtheUmayyadgovernment.Thefollowing

aresomeofthesetraditions: A.AlDhahabireportedontheauthorityofb.alSammak,whosaid:Imadeapilgrimage(to Mecca).ThenZararab.AyunmetmeinQadisiya(acityinIraq).Hesaidtome:Ihaveagreat needwithyou.Whatisyourneed?Iasked.WhenyoumeetJafarb.Mohammed(alSadiq), sendhimmygreetings.AskhimtotellmewhetherIamfromthepeopleofthefireorfromthe peopleofthegarden,Zararareplied.However,Iblamedhimforthat.ThenZararasaidtome: TheImamknowsthat.ZararainsistedonthattillIrespondedtohim.WhenImetJafarb. Mohammed(alSadiq),ItoldhimaboutwhatZararahadsaid.So,hesaidtome:Zararaisamong thepeopleofthefire.Jafar(alSadiqs)wordsmovedme.So,Iaskedhim:Fromwherehaveyou knownthat?Hereplied:WhoeversaysthatIhavesuchknowledgeisamongthepeopleofthe fire.WhenIreturned,ImetZarara.ThenItoldhimthattheImamsaidtome:You(Zarara)are fromthepeopleofthefire.Thus,Zararasaid:He(alSadiq)weighedtoyoufromthebagofthe lime.[113]Whatisthebagofthelime?I(b.alSammak)asked.AlSadiqputprecautionary dissimulationintoeffect,Zararaexplained.[114]Thisnarrationisunacceptable.ForZarara opposedb.alSammakinbeliefs.BesidesZararawasamongtheMoslemthinkersandscholars.So, wasitimportantforhimtoasksuchinsignificantquestions?Noteworthy,manknowshisfinal resultaccordingtohisdeedsinthisworld. B.AlKashireportedontheauthorityofMasmaKard~nb.Sayyar,whosaid:[IheardAbuAbd Allah(alSadiq),peacebeonhim,say:MayAllahcurseBar~d!MayAllahcurseZarara![115] C.AlKashireportedontheauthorityofLaythalMuradi,whosaid:[[IheardAbuAbdAllah(al Sadiq),peacebeonhim,say:Zararawillnotdiebutastray.[116]Thisnarrationissimilartothe previousnarrations.ItiseitherfabricatedortheImamsaidittosaveZararaslifefromthe UmayyadgovernmentthatillegallyshedthebloodoftheShiitesofthemembersoftheHouse (ahlalBayt),peacebeonthem.AbdAllahb.Zararaconfirmedthisideawhenhesaid:[AbuAbd Allah(alSadiq),peacebeonhim,saidtome:]Sendmygreetingstoyoufather.Tellhim:I(al Sadiq)slanderyoutodefendyou.Thepeopleandtheenemytrytopersecuteandkillthepersons weloveandpraise.Theypraisethepersonswedispraise.Ifindfaultwithyou,foryouarefamous foryourloveforusandyourinclinationtous.Thepeopledispraiseyou,foryouloveusandincline tous.Iwanttofindfaultwithyoutomakethempraiseyourpositioninthereligion.Withthatwe areabletodrivetheirevilawayfromyou.Allah,theGreatandAlmighty,said:Asfortheboat,it belongedto(some)poormenwhoworkedontheriverandIwishedthatIwoulddamageit,and therewasbehindthemakingwhoseizedeveryboatbyforce.So,understandthisexample,may Allahhavemercyonyou.ByAllah,youarethemostlovablepersonwithme.[117] ZararaisImmortal Zararafacedmanydifficultiesandmisfortunesforhisfaithanddoctrine.Yethewasloyaltothe Imamsofguidance.Herecordedtheirsciencesandjurisprudence.Herelatedthattothescholars andjurists.HestrengthenedthemembersoftheHouse(ahlalBayt),peacebeonthem.Forhe

hadoutstandingmeritsandhighmoralstandrads. Thehistorianssaid:Zararabecameill.Hesufferedfromgreatpainsforseveraldays.Thenhe passedawaydelighted.ForrenderedmatchlessservicestoIslam.Hediedintheyear150A.H. ThatwasamonthbeforethedeathofImamalSadiq,peacebeonhim.So,theMoselmslosta signpostofknowledgeandculture.MayAllahbepleasewithhim.Peacebeonhimontheday whenhewasborn,onthedaywhenhedied,andonthedaywhenhewillberaisedfromthe dead. [1]TanqihalMaqal,vol.1,p.205. [2]AlTusi,Rijal. [3]AlNajashi. [4]AlTusi,Rijal. [5]AlNajashi. [6]AlTusi,Rijal. [7]Ibid. [8]TanqihalMaqal,vol.1,p.211. [9]AlBarqi,Rijal.MujamRijalalHadith,vol.4,p.47.InTanqihalMaqal,vol.1,p.211,Shaykhal TusinumberedJafarb.IbrahimalHadramiasoneofthecompanionsofImamalRida. [10]AlTusi,Rijal. [11]Ibid. [12]Ibid. [13]TanqihalMaqal,vol.1,p.266. [14]MujamRijalalHadith,vol.4,p.286. [15]AlBarqi,Rijal. [16]TanqihalMaqal,vol.1,p.271. [17]AlTusi,Rijal. [18]MujamRijalalHadith,vol.4,p.341. [19]Ibid,p.350.AlTusi,Rijal. [20]MujamRijalalHadith,vol.4,p.470. [21]Ibid,p.372. [22]Ibid,vol.5,p.15. [23]Ibid,p.77. [24]AlTusi,Rijal. [25]AlMufid,alIrshad.TanqihalMaqal,vol.1,p.303. [26]AlTusi,Rijal. [27]MujamRijalalHadith,vol.5,p.158. [28]Ibid,p.164. [29]Ibid,p.166. [30]AlTusi,Rijal. [31]MujamRijalalHadith,vol.5,p.185.TanqihalMaqal,vol.1,p.317.

[32]AlNajashi.AlTusi,Fihrast. [33]AlTusi,Rijal. [34]AlNajashi. [35]HewascalledalRajani,forhelivedatavalleycalledRajaninNajd(inSaudiArabia). [36]MujamRijalalHadith,vol.6,p.13. [37]Ibid,p.66.TanqihalMaqal,vol.1,p.333. [38]Ibid,p.93. [39]Ibid,p.96. [40]AlKashi,Rijal. [41]AlTusi,Rijal. [42]Ibid. [43]AlNajashi. [44]MujamRijalalHadith,vol.6,p.171. [45]Ibid,p.163.TanqihalMaqal,vol.1,p.356. [46]Ibid,p.172. [47]Ibid,pp.174175. [48]AlKahsi. [49]TahdhibalTahdhib,vol.2,p.433. [50]Ibid,p.434. [51]TanqihalMaqal,vol.1,p.358. [52]Ibid,p.359. [53]AlNajashi. [54]AlTusi,Rijal. [55]Ibid. [56]Ibid. [57]Ibid. [58]TanqihalMaqal,vol.1,p.362. [59]MujamRijalalHadith,vol.6,p.220. [60]AlTusi,Rijal. [61]Ibid. [62]TanqihalMaqal,vol.1,p.368.MujamRijalalHadith,vol.6,p.229. [63]TanqihalMaqal,vol.1,p.370. [64]Ibid. [65]AlKashi. [66]TanqihalMaqal,vol.1,p.371. [67]MujamRijalalHadith,vol.6,p.272. [68]TanqihalMaqal,vol.1,p.376. [69]AlKashi. [70]MujamRijalalHadith,vol.6,p.278. [71]TanqihalMaqal,vol.1,p.375.

[72]Ibid,p.374. [73]AlKashi. [74]AlTusi,Rijal. [75]AlNajashi. [76]AlTusi,Rijal. [77]AlTusi,Rijal.MujamRijalalHadith,vol.7,p.14. [78]Ibid.Ibid,p.30. [79]MujamRijalalHadith,vol.7,p.82.TanqihalMaqal,vol.1,p.404. [80]Ibid,p.83.Ibid. [81]AlTusi,Rijal,p.120. [82]Ibid. [83]Ibid. [84]MujamRijalalHadith,vol.7,p.100. [85]AlTusi,Rijal,p.120. [86]Ibid. [87]Ibid. [88]AlNajashi. [89]MujamRijalalHadith,vol.7,p.170. [90]Ibid,p.173. [91]AlTusi,Rijal. [92]Ibid. [93]Ibid. [94]Ibid. [95]MujamRijalalHadith,vol.7,p.190. [96]Ibid,p.200. [97]Ibid,p.202. [98]Ibid,p.215. [99]AlNajashi. [100]AlTusi,Rijal. [101]MujamRijalalHadith,vol.7,p.249. [102]Ibid,p.225. [103]Ibid. [104]AlNajashi. [105]AlKashi. [106]IbnalNadim,Fihrast. [107]AlKashi. [108]Ibid. [109]Ibid. [110]Ibid. [111]Ibid.

[112]Ibid. [113]MajjmaalBahrain,maddatnur. [114]AlKashi. [115]Ibid. [116]Ibid. [117]Ibid. 165.ZakariyabinAbdAllah ZakariyabinAbdAllah HewascalledalFayyad.HewasgiventhekunyaofAbuYahya.ShaykhalTusinumberedhimas oneofthecompanionsofImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim.Hereportedonhisauthority.Hesaid: [IheardAbuAbdAllah(alSadiq),peacebeonhim,say:]AfterAllahsApostle,somepeoplehave position(withus)asAaronhadwithMosesandhisfollowers,somearethesameasthosewho followedtheCalf.Hehasabook.Agroup(ofnarrators)reportedthebookonhisauthority.[1] 166.ZuhayralMadaini HewasamongthecompanionsofImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim.Hereportedonhisauthority andontheauthorityofImamalSadiq,peacebeonhim.Hammadb.Uthmanreportedonthe authorityofZuhayr.[2] 167.ZyyadalAhlam Hewasaretainer.HewasfromKufa.HewasamongthecompanionsofImamalBaqir,peacebe onhim.HereportedonhisauthorityandontheauthorityofImamalSadiq,peacebeonhim.It wasnarratedinalTahdhib:ImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim,sawZyyadinMecca.Zyyadsskin cracked.So,theImamsaidtohim:Fromwheredidyouenterintoihram?FromKufa,replied Zyyad.Why?theImam,peacebeonhim,asked.Ihaveheardfromsomeofyouthatthedistant ihram(thestateofritualconsecration)isgreatinreward,repliedZyyad.Whatyouhaveheardif false,explainedtheImam.[3]

168.ZyyadalAswad HewascalledalBan.HewasfromKufa.HewasamongthecompanionsofImamalBaqir,peace beonhim.HereportedonhisauthorityandontheauthorityofImamalSadiq,peacebeon him.[4]WehavementionedhiminPart1ofthisbook. 169.ZyyadbinAb~alHallal ShaykhalTusinumberedhimasoneofthecompanionsofImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim,andof ImamalSadiq,peacebeonhim.AlBarqisaid:HewasareliableKufan.AlNajashisaid:Hehas abook.[5] 170.ZyyadbinAb~Raja ShaykhalTusinumberedhimasoneofthecompanionsofImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim.He reportedonhisauthorityandontheauthorityofImamalSadiq,peacebeonhim.AlNajashisaid: HewasareliableKufan.[6] 171.ZyyadbinAb~Zyyad HewascalledalManqarialTimimi.HewasamongthecompanionsofImamalBaqir,peacebeon him.[7] 172.ZyyadbinalAswad HewascalledalNajjar.HewasamongthecompanionsofImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim.Hewas anunknownImamiShiite.[8] 173.ZyyadbinSawqa HewascalledalBajalialKufi.Hewasaretainer.Hebelongedtothenextgeneration.Hewas giventhekunyaofAbualHasan.HewastheretainerofJareerb.AbdAllah.ShaykhalTusi numberedhimasoneofthecompanionsofImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim.AlBarqialso numberedhimasoneofthecompanionsofImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim.He(Zyyad)reported

ontheauthorityofImamalSadiq,peacebeonhim.[9] 174.ZyyadbinSalih HewascalledalHamadanialKufi.HewasamongthecompanionsofImamalBaqir,peacebeon him.[10] 175.ZyyadbinIsa HewasgiventhekunyaofAbuUbayda.HewascalledalHadhdha.HewasfromKufa.Hewasa retainer.Hewasreliable.HereportedontheauthorityofImamAbuJafar(alSadiq),peacebeon him,andofAbuAbdAllah(alSadiq).AlAqiqialAlawisaid:AbuUbaydaalHadhdhahadagood positionwiththefamilyofMohammed,peacebeonhim.HeaccompaniedAbuJafar(alBaqir), peacebeonhim,toMecca.Hehasabook.Alib.Riabreportedthebook.ShaykhalTusi numberedhimasoneofthecompanionsofImamalBaqirandofalSadiq,peacebeonthem.In thebiographyofSalimbinAb~Hafs,alKashireportedontheauthorityofFudalalAwar,onthe authorityofAbuUbaydalHadhdhawhosaid:[IsaidtoAbuJafar(alBaqir)thatSalimb.Ab~ Hafsaaskedme:HaveyounotheardthatwhoeverdiesandhasnoImamdiesasthosebefore Islamdied?Yes,replied.WhoisyourImam?heaskedme.MyImamsarethefamilyof Mohammed,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,Ireplied.ByAllah,Ithinkyoudonotknowyour Imam,hesaid.AbuJafar(alBaqir),peacebeonhim,said:WoeuntoSalim!Doesheknowwhat therankoftheImamis?ItisgreaterandbetterthanwhatSalimandallthepeoplethink.Inthe biographyofZyyadb.Isa,alKashireported:WhenAbuUbayda,Zyyadb.Isa,died,AbuAbd Allah(alSadiq),peacebeonhim,saidtoalArqat:LetusgotoprayoverAbuUbaydAllah.He (alArqat)said:So,wesetoff.Whenwearrivedathisgrave,theImaminvokedAllahfor,saying: OAllah,relieveAbuUbayda!OAllah,lightenhisgrave!OAllah,addhimtoyourProphet!He (AbuAbdAllah)didnotprayoverhim.So,I(alArqat)askedhim:Aftertheburial,istherea prayeroverthedead?No,hereplied,onlysupplication. IbnIdrisreported:WhenAbuUbaydahaddied,hiswifecametoAbuAbdAllah(alSadiq),peace beonhim.Shewept,andshethensaidtohim:AbuUbaydadiedastranger!AbuAbdAllah, peacebeonhim,said:No!AbuUbaydaisnotastranger.Hebelongstous,themembersofthe House(ahlalBayt).[11] 176.ZyyadbinIsa HewasfromKufa.Hesoldfinecloth.HewasamongthecompanionsofImamalBaqir,peacebe onhim.[12]

177.ZyyadbinalMundhir HewasgiventhekunyaofAbualJarud.HewascalledalHamadani,alKharifi,alAma(theblind one).Hesaid:Iwasbornblind.Ihaveneverseentheworld.[13]Hereportedontheauthority ofImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim,andofAbuAbdAllah(alSadiq),peacebeonhim.Hehasan origin(book),andhehastheBookofalTafs~r.HelearnedthebookfromImamalBaqir.His doctrinewasZaydi.TheZaydiJarudisareascribedtohim.[14]Hehasbeendispraisedinmany traditions.AbuUsamareportedontheauthorityofAbuAbdAllah(alSadiq),peacebeonhim, whosaid:AbualJarudwillnotdiebutastray.AbuBas~rreportedontheauthorityofAbuAbd Allah(alSadiq),peacebeonhim,whosaid:Kath~ralNawa,SalimbinAb~Hafs,andAbual Jarudareliarsandunbelievers.MayAllahcursethem. ImamalKhuiregardedthistraditionasweak.HeregardedAbualJarudasreliable.ForAbual JarudhasbeenmentionedinthechainoftheauthoritiesofKamilalZyyarat.Hisauthor, Mohammedb.Jafarb.Qolwayh,testifiedthetruthfulnessofallthenarratorsofhisbook. Besides,inalRisalaalAdadiya,shaykhalMuf~dsaid:He(AbualJarud)wasamongthemain figures,fromwhom(thepeople)tookthelawful,theunlawful,religiousopinions,andlegal precepts,whomnooneslandersanddispraises. InhisTafs~r,Alib.Ibrahimtestifiedthetruthfulnessofallthosewhohavebeenmentionedinhis chainofauthorities.He(Zyyad)reportedontheauthorityofAbuJafar(alBaqir),peacebeon him.Kuthayrb.AbbasreportedonhisauthoritytheexplanationofthewordsofHim,theExalted: Whentheangelssaid:OMariam,surelyAllahgivesyougoodnewswithaWordfromHim(of one)whosenameistheMessih,IsasonofMariam. ImamalKhuiadded:[ThenShaykhalSaduqsaid:]Myfatherrelatedtousontheauthorityof Mohammedb.alHusaynb.Ab~alKhattab,ontheauthorityofalHusaynb.Mahbub,onthe authorityofAbualJarud,ontheauthorityofAbuJafar(alBaqir),ontheauthorityofJabirb.Abd AllahalAnsari,whosaid:IcometoFatima(theProphetsdaughter).Therewasatabletbetween herhands.Thenamesofthetrustees(oftheProphet)wereinthetablet(lawh).Shenumbered twelve(trustees).ThelastofthemwasalQaaim(theonewhowillrise),mayAllahquickenhis appearance.ThreeofthemwerewiththenameofMohammed.Fourofthemwerewiththename ofAli,peacebeonthem.[15] 178.Zyyad,theRetainerofAbuJafar ShaykhalTusinumberedhimasoneofthecompanionsofImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim.[16] 179.ZyyadalHashimi

Hewastheirretainer.HewasfromKufa.HewasamongthecompanionsofImamalBaqir,peace beonhim.[17] 180.ZayydalAjjra ShaykhalTusinumberedhimasoneofthecompanionsofImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim.He wasanunknownImamiShiite.[18] 181.ZayydbinSulayt ShaykhalTusinumberedhimasoneofthecompanionsofImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim.He wasanunknownImamiShiite.[19] 182.ZayydalShahham HewasgiventhekunyaofAbuUsama.HewascalledalAzdialKufi.ShaykhalTusinumberedhim asoneofthecompanionsofImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim,andofalSadiq,peacebeonhim.In alFihrast,theShaykhsaid:Zaydhasabook.ShaykhalMuf~dsaid:Zaydwasamongthe knowledgeablecompanionsofImamalSadiq,peacebeonhim.Hewasamongthemainfigures, fromwhom(thepeople)tookthelawful,theunlawful,religiousopinions,andlegalprecepts, whomnooneslandersanddispraises. Zaydreported:IcircumambulatedtheKaaba.IwashandinhandwithAbuAbdAllah(alSadiq), peacebeonhim.Histearswereflowingdownhischeeks.He,peacebeonhim,askedme:Doyou notknowwhatmyLordhaddoneforme?Heweptandsupplicated.Thenhesaidtome:O Shahham,Sudayr,andAbdalSalamb.AbdalRahmanwereinprison.IprovokedAllahforthem. So,Hereleasedthem.[20]ThisnarrationshowsthatZaydwasreliable,andthatwasofgreat importance.Othertraditionshavebeenmentionedabouthistruthfulnessandhisrelationship withtheImams. 183.ZayydbinQaddama ShaykhalTusinumberedhimasoneofthecompanionsofImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim.[21] 184.SalimbinAb~Hafsa

HewastheretainerofthesonofAjeelalKufi.HereportedontheauthorityofImamAlib.al Husayn,MohammedalBaqir,andJafaralSaqid,peacebeonthem.Hewasgiventhekunyaof AbualHasan,andAbuYounis.Hehasabook.[22]AlKashireportedsomeaccountsabouthim. TheaccountsshowthatSalimwasweak,andthathedeviatedfromthetruth.AlKashireported onZarara,whosaid:ImetSalimb.Ab~Hafsa.Hesaidtome:Zarara,woeuntoyou!AbuJafar saidtome:TellmeaboutthedatepalmsinIraq.Dotheygrowverticallyorhorizontally?They growvertically,Ireplied.Hesaid:Tellmeaboutyourdates.Aretheysweet?Heaskedmeabout datepalms:Howdotheygivedates?Itoldhimaboutthat.Heaskedmeaboutboats:Dothey runonwateroronland?Itoldhimthattheyranonwater,andthatpeoplepushthemwiththeir chests.ThenSalimsaidtome:ShallIfollowsuchanImamwhohasnoknowledgeofthese matters?Zararasaid:WhenIheardthesewordsofSalim,Ibecamesad.However,I circumambulatedtheKaab.ThereImetAbuJafar(alBaqir),peacebeonhim,andtoldhimabout Salimswords.WhenwepassedtheBlackStone,AbuJafarsaidtome:ForgetSalim.ByAllah,he willneverseegood.[23] Zaydb.Ali,peacebeonhim,saidtoSalimandhiscompanions:Whyhaveyourenounced Fatima?Youhavecutoffouraffair.MyAllahcutoffyouraffair.[24]Salimdisappearedall throughtheUmayyadrule.Heremainedinhishouse.WhenAbualAbbasalSaffahbecame caliph,Salimenteredintothestateofritualconsecration(ahrama)fromKufa.Hesaid:OBreaker oftheUmayyads,hereIamatyourservice(labbayk).Hewentonsayingthattillhemadehis camelkneel.Hediedintheyear138A.H.ThatwasduringthelifetimeofImamAbuAbdAllah(al Sadiq),peacebenohim.[25] 185.SalimalAshal HesoldcopiesoftheHolyKoran.ShaykhalTusinumberedhimasoneofthecompanionsofImam alBaqir,peacebeonhim.[26] 186.SalimalJafar HewasamongthecompanionsofImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim.[27] 187.SudayrbinHak~m HewasthesonofMuheebalSayrafi.HewasgiventhekunyaofAbualFadl.Hewasamongthe companionsofImamalSajjad,ImamalBaqir,andImamalSadiq,peacebeonthem.[28]Hewas inprison.So,ImamalSadiqaskedAllahtoreleasehim.Withhisauthenticchainofauthorities,al

SaduqreportedontheauthorityofHananb.Sudayr,ontheauthorityofhisfather,whosaid:I, myfather,mygrandfather,andmyuncleenteredabathroominMedina.Suddenly,wefounda manthere.ThemanaskedusWhereareyoufrom?FromIraq,wereplied.WhichIraq?asked theman.FromKufa,wereplied.Youarewelcome,peopleofKufa,themansaid.Whenwe wentoutofthebathroom,weasked(thepeople)abouttheman.Alib.alHusaynandhisson MohammedalBaqir,wastheanswer.[29]SometraditionsslanderedSudayr.However,the traditionsareweakandnotimportant.HehasbeenmentionedthechainofauthoritiesofKamil alZiyarat.Itwasreportedonhisauthority,ontheauthorityofImamAbuJafar(alBaqir),peace beonhim,inThawabmanZaraalHusayn,peacebeonhim.Ourmaster,professeralKhui, regardedhimastrustworthy. 188.SudayfalMakki HewasthesonofIsmailalMakki.HewastheretaineroftheBanu(sons)ofHashim.Shaykhal TusinumberedhimasoneofthecompanionsofImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim.[30]Shaykhal Muf~dreportedontheauthorityofHananb.Sudayr,ontheauthorityofSudayfalMakki,who said:[Mohammedb.Ali,peacebeonhim,relatedtome,ontheauthorityofJabirb.AbdAllah alAnsari,whosaid:]AllahsApostle,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,calledtheMuhajir~n andtheAnsar.Theycaewiththeirweapons.Thenhe,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,wentup onthepulpit.HepraisedAllahandlaudedhim.Thenhesaid:OMoslems,whoeverhatesus,the ahlalBayt,AllahwillraisehimfromthedeadasJewishontheDayofJudgment.[31] SudayfwasamongtheeminentShiites.HewasfirmindefendingthemembersoftheHouse(ahl alBayt),peacebeonthem.Hewasaninspiredpoet.Hewasamongtheprominentpoetsofhis time.HecomposedmostofhispoetryinpraisingtheImamsofthemembersoftheHouse(ahlal Bayt),peacebeonthem.HesatirizedtheUmayyads.Hewasliabletotheirpersecutions.So,he hidhimselffromthem.WhentheAbbasidsoverthrewtheUmayyads,SudayfhurriedtomeetAbu alAbbasalSaffah.Hearrivedathispalace.Thechamberlainaskedhimabouthisnametolethim enter.However,Sudayfrefusedthat.ThechamberlainwenttoalSaffahandsaidtohim: OCommanderofthefaithful,thereisaveiledHijaziblackmanridingahorse.Heaskspermission toseeyou,butherefusestotellmeabouthisname.Heswearsthathewillbeveiledtillhesees you. AlSaffahrecognizedSudayf.So,hesaidtohischamberlain:ThisisSudayf,myretainer.Lethim enter.Sudayfentered.HesawtheUmayyadssittingonchairs.TheyhadcometoaskalSaffahfor safetyovertheirsouls.Sudayfwasfullofangerwhenhesawthem.Hecomposedapoemto praisealSaffah.ThepoemmovedthefeelingsandsentimentsofalSaffah.Someofthe Umayyadsfeltthedanger.Theysaid:ByAllah,theblackman(Sudayf)haskilledus.Thenal SaffahcommandedtheKhurasanistohittheUmayyadsseverely.Thus,theUmayyadsfellonthe ground.Theyweregroaning.However,alSaffahcommandedhisretainerstospreadthefood cloth.AlSaffahatehisdinner,andthenhesaidtohisretinues:ThisisthemostdeliciousmealI

haveeverseen. ThenalltheUmayyadsdied.AlSaffahcommandedhisretainerstodrawtheirbodiesandthrow themintotheroads.So,thedogsatemostofthem.[32]Sudayflookedatthem.Hewasfullof happiness.Thenhecomposedsomelinesofpoetry.[33] SudayfurgedalSaffahtodestroyandkilltheUmayyads.HecametoalSaffah.Sulaymanb. Hishamb.AbdalMalikwaswithalSaffah.So,Sudayfwasfullofanger.Hecomposedapoemto provokealSaffahagainsttheUmayyads. OShaykh,youhavekilledme,shoutedSulayman.ThenalSaffahorderedhimtobekilled.Thus, Sulaymanwasbeheaded.[34]Then,SudayfcontinuedhisstruggletheUmayyads,whodestroyed thefamilyoftheProphet,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,andviolatedhissacredness.Al MansuralDawaniqipersecutedandkilledtheAlids.So,Sudayfshowedenmitytowardshim, satirizedhim,andtreatedhimashetreatedtheUmayyads.Accordingly,alMansurcommanded hispolicementokillSudayf.Thus,theykilledhim.HediedmartyrinthewayofAllah,forhe defendedthefamilyoftheProphet,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily. 189.SadbinAb~Amru HewascalledalJallabalKufi.ShaykhalTusinumberedhimasoneofthecompanionsofImamal BaqirandImamalSadiq,peacebeonthem.[35]Ahmedb.Dawudreportedonhisauthority.He wasamongthosewhoweptoverImamalHusayn,peacebeonhim.[36] 190.SadalHaddad ShaykhalTusinumberedhimasoneofthecompanionsofImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim.He addedthatSadwasunknown.[37] 191.SadbinalHasan HewascalledalKindi.HewasamongthecompanionsofImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim.Hewas unknown.[38] 192.SadbinTurayf HewascalledalHanzalialIskafi.HewastheretaineroftheBanu(sonsof)Tamimi.Hewasfrom Kufa.AlNajashisaid:SadreportedontheauthorityofalAsbaghb.Nabbata.Hereportedonthe authorityofAbuJafar(alBaqir)andofAbuAbdAllah(alSadiq),peacebeonthem.Hewasa

judge.HasabookincludingtheletterofAbuJafar(alBaqir)tohim.[39]Itwashewhosaidto AbuJafar(alBaqir),peacebeonhim:Isitandnarrate.Imentionyourright(toauthority),and youroutstandingmerits.Thus,theImam,peacebeonhim,saidtohim:Iwishthatthereisa narratorlikeyouoneverythirtycubits.[40]Ayyubb.AbdalRahman,Zaydb.alHasan,Abbad, andthelikereportedonhisauthority.[41] 193.SadbinAbdalMalik HewasanUmayyad.ImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim,calledhimSadalKhayr.Hewasamongthe sonsofAbdalAz~zb.Marwan.HecameweepingtoImamAbuJafar(alBaqir),peacebeon him.TheImamaskedhim:Whyareyouweeping,Sad?IamweepingbecauseIbelongtothe cursedtreeintheKoran,repliedSad.TheImam,peacebeonhim,said:Youdonotbelongto them.YouareanUmayyad.However,youbelongtous,theahlalBayt.Haveyounotheardthe wordsofAllah,theGreatandAlmighty,WhonarratedontheauthorityofAbraham:So,whoever followsmeisfromme.[42] 194.SukaynalJudi AlBarqinumberedhimasoneofthecompanionsofImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim.[43] 195.SukaynalMadani ShaykhalTusinumberedhimasoneofthecompanionsofImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim.[44] 196.SalambinAb~Umayra HewascalledalKhurasani.AlNajashisaid:Salamwasreliable.Hereportedontheauthorityof AbuJafar(alBaqir)andofAbuAbdAllah(alSadiq),peacebeonthem.HelivedinKufa.Hehasa book.AbdAllahb.Jublareportedthebookonhisauthority.[45] 197.SalambinSad HewascalledalAnsari.ShaykhalTusinumberedhimasoneofthecompanionsofImamalBaqir, peacebeonhim.[46]

198.SalambinalMustan~r HewascalledalJufialKufi.ShaykhalTusinumberedhimasoneofthecompanionsofImam ZaynalAbidn,ImamalBaqir,andImamalSadiqpeacebeonthem.AlBarqinumberedhimas oneofthecompanionsofImamalSajjad,andImamalBaqir,peacebeonthem.Hereportedon theauthorityofImamAbuJafar(alBaqir),peacebeonhim.AbuJafaralAhwalreportedhis authority.[47] 199.SalamalJufi ShaykhalTusinumberedhimasoneofthecompanionsofImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim.[48] AlBarqinumberedhimasoneofthecompanionsofImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim.Hereported ontheauthorityofAbdAllahb.MohammedalSanani,ontheauthorityofImamAbuJafar(al Baqir),peacebeonhim,ontheauthorityofAllahsApostle,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily, whosaid:MycommunitywillkillalHusaynafterme.[49] 200.SalamalMakki AlBarqinumberedhimasoneofthecompanionsofImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim.Hereported onhisauthority.[50] 201.SalambinBishr ShaykhalTusinumberedhimasoneofthecompanionsofImamAbuJafar(alBaqir),peacebeon him.[51] 202.SalmanbinKhalid HewascalledalTalhialQummi.HewasamongthecompanionsofImamalBaqir,peacebeon him.[52] 203.SalmanalKinani HereportedontheauthorityofImamAbuJafar(alBaqir),peacebeonhim.AbuKhalidal

Qammatreportedonhisauthority.[53] 204.SalamabinalAhtam ShaykhalTusinumberedhimasoneofthecompanionsofImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim,and ImamalSadiq,peacebeonhim.HewasanunknownImamiShiite.[54] 205.SulaymanbinKhalid HewasgiventhekunyaofAbualRab.HewascalledalHilali,alBajali,andalAqta.Hecameout inrevoltwithZayd,thegreatmartyr.Yousifb.Umarcutoffhishand.[55]ShaykhalMuf~dsaid: SulaymanbinKhalidwasamongtheshaykhsofImamAbuAbdAllah(alSadiq),peacebeonhim. Hewasamonghiscloseassociates,hisretinues,andhisrighteousreliablejurists.AlNajashisaid: Sulaymanwasareciter(oftheKoran).Hewasaneminentjurist.Hereportedontheauthorityof AbuAbdAllah(alSadiq)andofAbuJafar(alBaqir),peacebeonthem.Hediedduringthe lifetimeofImamAbuAbdAllah(alSadiq),peacebeonhim.So,theImammissedhim.Heinvoked (Allah)forhischildren.Heaskedhiscompanionstotreatthemwell.Sulaymanhasabook.Abd Allahb.Miskanreportedthebookonhisauthority.[56]Hewasamongthosewhonarratedthe designationontheauthorityofImamAbuJafar(alBaqir),peacebeonhim,concerningthe ImamateofhissonAbuAbdAllah(alSadiq),peacebeonhim.[57]Hehasmanytraditionsabout theImamate.AlKashinarratedthetraditions. 206.SalamabinMihriz. HewascalledalQulansialKufi.HereportedontheauthorityofImamAbuJafar(alBaqir),peace beonhim,andImamalSadiq,peacebeonhim.Jam~lb.Darrajandb.Ab~Umayrreportedon hisauthoritythedesignationofalSadiq,peacebeonhim,fortheImamateofImamalKazim, peacebeonhim.Sometraditionistsregardthatasconfirmationforhim.[58] 207.Sulayman,RetainerofTurbal ShyakhalTusinumberedhimasoneofthecompanionsofImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim.[59] AlNajashisaid:Sulayman,retainerofTurbal[60],reportedontheauthorityofImamalBaqir, peacebeonhim.IbnNuhmentionedthatSulaymanreportedraremattersontheauthorityofthe Imam,peacebeonhim.Abbadb.YaqubalAsadireportedonhisauthority.[61]

208.SulaymanbinHarun HewascalledalAjali,alAzdi,alNakhai.ShyakhalTusinumberedhimasoneofthecompanions ofImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim.[62] 209.SananbinSanan HiskunyawasAbuAbdAllah.HewasthemasterofQuraysh.Hewasamongthecompanionsof ImamalBaqir[63],peacebeonhim,andImamalSadiq,peacebeonhim.[64]HeandhissonAbd AllahcametoImamalSadiq,peacebeonhim.TheImam,peacebeonhim,saidtoAbdAllah: Takecareofyourfather.Foryourfatherisalwaysgood.[65] 210.SawrabinKulayb HisgrandfatherwasMuawiyaalAsadi.HewasamongthecompanionsofImamalBaqir,peace beonhim,andImamalSadiq,peacebeonhim.[66]Zayd,theMartyr,saidtohim:OSawra,how haveyouknownthatyourleader(i.e.,ImamalSadiq)isasyoumention?He(Sawra)said:[I said:]Youhavefoundtheexpert.He(Zayd)said:Giveme.So,I(Sawra)said:Wewentto yourbrother,Mohammedb.Ali,toquestionhim.Heusedtosay:Allah,theGreatandAlmighty saidinHisBook,andAllahsApostle,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,said.Whenyourbrother passedaway,wecametoyou.Youareoneofthosetowhomwecame.Youdidnotgiveus completeanswerstowhatwequestionedyouabout.Thenwecametoyournephew,Jafar.He saidtousashisfathersaid:Allah,theExaltedsaid,andAllahsApostle,mayAllahblesshimand hisfamily,said.So,Zaydsmiledatmeandsaid:ByAllah,youbelieveinhim,forthebooksofAli, theblessingsofAllahbeonhim,arewithhim.[67]ThisnarrationshowsSawrasgoodfaith. 211.SharjarabinMaymun HisgrandfatherwasAbuArakaalNabbal.Hewastrustworthy.Hereportedontheauthorityof ImamAbuJafar(alBaqir),peacebeonhim,andofImamAbuAbdAllah(alSadiq),peacebeon him.[68] 212.ShuraysalRabishi HewasfromKufa.HereportedontheauthorityofImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim,andofImam

alSadiq,peacebeonhim.HealsoreportedontheauthorityofJabir.Mohammedb.alFudayl reportedonhisauthority.[69] 213.ShuaybbinBakr b.AbdAllahb.SadalAsharialQummi.HereportedontheauthorityofImamalBaqir,peacebe onhim,andofImamalSadiq,peacebeonhim.[70] 214.ShuaybalHaddad AlBarqinumberedhimasoneofthecompanionsofImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim.Hewas Shuaybb.AyunalHaddad.[71] 215.ShahabbinAbdRabba AlNajashisaid:ShahabbinAbdRabbab.AbuMaymunawasthemasteroftheBanuNasrb. Quayn,fromtheBanuAsad.HereportedontheauthorityofAbuAbdAllah(alSadiq)andof ImamAbuJafar(alBaqir),peacebeonhim.Hewasrich.IbnBattamentionedthathe(Shahab) hadabook.ThebookwasrelatedtohimbyalSafa,ontheauthorityofAhmedb.Mohammedb. Isa,ontheauthorityofb.AbuUmayr.[72]AlKashireported,ontheauthorityofShahab,onthe authorityofImamalSadiq,peacebeonhim,whosaid:WhatwillyoudowhenMohammedb. Sulaymaninformsyouofmydeath?He(Shahab)said:OnedayIwasinBasrah.Mohammedb. Sulaymangavealetterandsaid:Jafarb.Mohammed(alSadiq)passedaway.Irememberedthe words(ofalSadiq)andburstintotears.[73]AlKashimentionedslanderousthingsconcerning Shahab.However,ourmaster,theProfessor,regardedthenarrationsasweak.[74] 216.ShimrbinHawshab HereportedontheauthorityofImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim.AbuHamzareportedonhis authoritytheexplanationofthesewordsofHim,theExalted:Andthereisnotoneofthe followersoftheBookbutmostcertainlybelievesinthisbeforehisdeath.Hereportedonthe authorityofImamJafarb.Mohammed(alSadiq),peacebeonhim.[75] 217.SalihbinSahl

HewascalledalHamadani.ShyakhalTusinumberedhimasoneofthecompanionsofImamal Baqir,peacebeonhim.[76]IbnalGhadairiSaid:Salihb.SahlalHamadanialKufiwasan extremistandaliar.Hefabricatedtraditions.HereportedontheauthorityofAbuAbdAllah(al Sadiq),peacebeonhim.ThereisnogoodinwhathereportedoftheImamorontheauthorityof otherthanhim.AlKashireportedontheauthorityofSalih,whosaid:Ibelievedinthedivinityof AbuAbdAllah(alSadiq),peacebeonhim.Icametohim.Helookedatme.Thenhesaid:OSalih, byAllah,wearecreatedservants.WehaveaLord.WeworshiptheLord.Ifwedidnotworship Him,Hewouldpunishus.[77]Ourmaster,theProfessor,regardedSalihasreliable.Hepaidno attentiontotheweakeningofb.alGhadairitohim.[78] 218.SalihbinAqaba b.KhalidalAsadi.ShyakhalTusinumberedhimasoneofthecompanionsofImamalBaqir, peacebeonhim.[79]AlNajashisaid:Salihhasabook.[80] 219.SalihbinMaythem HewascalledalKufi.ShyakhalTusinumberedhimasoneofthecompanionsofImamalBaqir, peacebeonhim,andofImamalSadiq,peacebeonhim.[81]ImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim, saidtohim:Iloveyouandyourfatherverymuch.[82]Hereportedagroupoflegalpreceptson theauthorityofImamAbuJafar(alBaqir).[83] 220.SamitBayyaalHarawi ShyakhalTusinumberedhimasoneofthecompanionsofImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim.[84] AlBarqialsonumberedhimasoneofthecompanionsofImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim. 221.SabahbinYahya HewascalledalMizanialKufi.Hewastrustworthy.HereportedontheauthorityofImamAbu Jafar(alBaqir),peacebeonhim,andofAbuAbdAllah(alSadiq),peacebeonhim.Hehasa book.Agroup(ofnarrators)reportedthebookonhisauthority.AmongthemwasAhmedb.al Nadar.[85] 222.AlSaltbinalHajjaj

HewasamongthecompanionsofImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim,andofImamalSadiq,peace beonhim.[86] 223.DuraysbinAbdalMalik HereportedontheauthorityofImamAlib.alHusayn,AbuJafar(alBaqir),andAbuAbdAllah (alSadiq),peacebeonthem.AbuJam~la,AbuKhalidalQammat,b.Bukayr,b.Raab,b.Miskan, Jafarb.Bash~r,Sayyaba,andthelikereportedonhisauthority.[87] 224.DuraysBayyaalGhazl ShyakhalTusinumberedhimasoneofthecompanionsofImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim.[88] 225.DuraysalKinani HereportedontheauthorityofImamAbuJafar(alBaqir),peacebeonhim.Alib.Riabreported onhisauthority.[89] 226.Tahir,theRetainerofAbuJafar ShyakhalTusiandalBarqinumberedhimasoneofthecompanionsofImamalBaqir,peacebe onhim.[90] 227.TarbalbinRaja HereportedontheauthorityofImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim.Alib.RiabandKhattab,Abu MohammedalHamadani,reportedonhisauthority.[91] 228.Zar~fbinNasih. Hesoldshrouds.ShyakhalTusinumberedhimasoneofthecompanionsofImamalBaqir,peace beonhim.[92]AlNajashisaid:HewasoriginallyfromKufa.However,helivedinBaghdad.He wasreliabletruthfulinhistraditions.Hehasbook.AmongthemisKitabalAayat.[93]

229.AsimbinUmar HewascalledalBajali.Zararareported:IwassittingbesideAbuJafar(alBaqir),peacebeon him.HewasfacingtheKaaba.He,peacebeonhim,saidtome:LookingattheKaabaisworship. AmancalledAsimb.UmarfromalBajali(tribe)cametotheImam.ThemansaidtoAbuJafar (alBaqir):[KabalAhbarsaid:]TheKaabaprostratesitself(inworship)toJerusaleminevery morning.So,AbuJafar(alBaqir),peacebeonhim,asked:WhatisyourviewaboutKabs words?He(Asim)said:Kabistruthful.So,AbuJafar(alBaqir),peacebeonhim,became angry.ThenhesaidtoAsim:YouandKabareliars.ThenZararaadded:AbuJafar(alBaqir) accusedonlyAsimoflying.[94] [1]AlTusi,Rijal. [2]Ibid. [3]TanqihalMaqal,vol.1,p.454. [4]MujamRijalalHadith,vol.7,p.300. [5]Ibid,p.302. [6]Ibid,p.303. [7]Ibid,p.304. [8]Ibid,p.306. [9]Ibid,p.308. [10]AlTusi,Rijal. [11]MujamRijalalHadith,vol.7,pp.212314. [12]AlTusi,Rijal. [13]AlNajashi. [14]AlTusi,Rijal. [15]MujamRijalalHadith,vol.7,pp.322326. [16]AlTusi,Rijal. [17]Ibid. [18]Ibid. [19]TanqihalMaqal,vol.1,p.465. [20]Ibid,pp.465466. [21]AlTusi,Rijal. [22]AlNajashi. [23]MujamRijalalHadith,vol.8,p.18. [24]TanqihalMaqal,vol.2,p.3. [25]AlNajashi. [26]AlTusi,Rijal,p.124. [27]Ibid.

[28]TanqihalMaqal,vol.1,p.8. [29]MujamRijalalHadith,vol.8,p.27. [30]AlTusi,Rijal,p.124. [31]ShaykhalMufid,alAmali. [32]MukhtasarAkhbaralKhulafa,p.10. [33]AlAqdalFarid,vol.3,p.207. [34]IbnalAthir,Tarikh,vol.4,p.332. [35]AlTusi,Rijal,p.124. [36]KamilalZiyarat,Chapter26. [37]AlTusi,Rijal,p.124. [38]Ibid. [39]AlNajashi. [40]MujamRijalalHadith,vol.8,p.70. [41]Ibid. [42]Ibid. [43]AlBarqi,Rijal. [44]AlTusi,Rijal,p.124. [45]AlNajashi. [46]AlTusi,Rijal,p.124. [47]MujamRijalalHadith,vol.8,p.175. [48]AlTusi,Rijal. [49]MujamRijalalHadith,vol.8,p.176. [50]AlBarqi,Rijal. [51]AlTusi,Rijal,p.124. [52]MujamRijalalHadith,vol.8,p.182.TanqihalMaqal,vol.2,p.45. [53]MujamRijalalHadith,vol.8,p.201. [54]AlTusi,Rijal,p.124. [55]AlNajashi.Itwassaidthathisfingerwascut,nothishand. [56]AlNajashi. [57]AlIrshad. [58]TanqihalMaqal,vol.2,p.51. [59]AlTusi,Rijal. [60]InMujamRijalalHadith,vol.8,p.282,ithasbeenmentionedthathisnameisSulaymanb. MaulaTurbal. [61]AlNajashi. [62]AlTusi,Rijal.AlBarqinumberedhimasoneofthecompanionsofalBaqirandalSadiq,peace beonthem. [63]AlTusi,Rijal. [64]Ibid.AlBarqi. [65]MujamRijalalHadith,vol.8,p.311.

[66]AlTusi,Rijal.AlBarqi,Rijal. [67]MujamRijalalHadith,vol.8,p.333. [68]AlNajashi.AlTusi,Rijal. [69]MujamRijalalHadith,vol.9,p.20. [70]Ibid,p.33. [71]AlBarqi,Rijal. [72]AlNajashi. [73]AlKashi. [74]MujamRijalalHadith,vol.9,p.46. [75]Ibid,p.49. [76]AlTusi,Rijal,p.127. [77]AlKashi. [78]MujamRijalalHadith,vol.9,p.76. [79]AlTusi,Rijal. [80]AlNajashi. [81]AlTusi,Rijal. [82]AlLlama,AlKhulasa. [83]MujamRijalalHadith,vol.9,p.89. [84]AlTusi,Rijal. [85]AlNajashi. [86]AlTusi,Rijal. [87]MujamRijalalHadith,vol.9,p.152. [88]AlTusi,Rijal. [89]MujamRijalalHadith,vol.9,p.157. [90]AlTusi,Rijal.AlBarqi,Rijal. [91]MujamRijalalHadith,vol.9,p.165. [92]AlTusi,Rijal. [93]AlNajashi. [94]MujamRijalalHadith,vol.9,p.191. 230.AmirbinAb~alAhwas AmirbinAb~alAhwas ShyakhalTusinumberedhimasoneofthecompanionsofImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim.[1]

231.AbbadalBasri HereportedontheauthorityofImamAbuJafar(alBaqir),peacebeonhim.Na~mb.Ibrhim reportedonhisauthority.HealsoreportedontheauthorityofImamAbuAbdAllah(alSadiq), peacebeonhim.AbdalRahmanb.alHajjaj,reportedonhisauthority.[2] 232.AbbadbinJurayh HewasamongthecompanionsofImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim.InPartII,b.Dawudascribed AbbadtothenarratorsofShaykhalTusi.However,allthecopiesareemptyofhisname.Abbad wasalsoattributedtothenarratorsofalNajashi.However,alNajashisbookisemptyofhis name.[3] 233.Abbadb.Suhayb ShaykhalTusinumberedhimasonofthecompanionsofImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim.The Shaykhsaid:Abbadb.SuhaybwasfromBasrah.HewasamongthenonShia.[4] 234.AbdalJabbarbinAyun HewascalledalShaybani.Hewasthebrotherofthegreatjurists,Zararab.Ayun,andHamranb. Ayun.ShaykhalTusinumberedhimasonofthecompanionsofImamalBaqir,peacebeon him.[5] 235.AbdalHam~dbinAb~Jafar HewascalledalFarraalFazari.HereportedontheauthorityofImamAbuJafar(alBaqir),peace beonhim.AlQasimb.Sulaymanreportedonhisauthority.[6] 236.AbdalHam~dbinAb~alDaylam HereportedontheauthorityofImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim,andImamalSadiq,peacebeon him.[7]

237.AbdalHam~dbinAwad HewascalledalTai.ShaykhalTusinumberedhimasonofthecompanionsofImamalBaqir, peacebeonhim.HealsonumberedhimasonofthecompanionsofImamalSadiq,andofal Kazim,peacebeonthem.[8] 238.AbdalHam~dalWasiti ShaykhalTusinumberedhimasonofthecompanionsofImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim.Healso numberedhimasonofthecompanionsofImamalSadiq,peacebeonhim.[9] 239.AbdalKhaliqbinAbdRabba HereportedontheauthorityofImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim,andImamalSadiq,peacebeon him.[10] 240.AbdalKhaliqbinArrad ShaykhalTusisaid:AbdalKhaliqbinArradreportedontheauthorityofImamalBaqir,peace beonhim,andImamalSadiq,peacebeonhim.[11] 241.AbdalRahman HisKunyawasAbuKhuthayma.HewasamongthecompanionsofImamalBaqir,peacebeon him.[12] 242.AbdalRahmanbinAyun HewascalledalShaybani.Hewasthebrotherofthegreatscholar,Zararab.Ayun.Hereported ontheauthorityofImamAbuJafar(alBaqir),peacebeonhim,andImamalSadiq,peacebeon him.Hereportedfewtraditions.Hehasabook,asalNajashimentioned.[13] 243.AbdalRahmanbinZara

ShaykhalTusinumberedhimasonofthecompanionsofImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim.Al BarqialsonumberedhimasonofthecompanionsofImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim.He(Abdal Khaliq)wasanunknownImamiShiite.[14] 244.AbdalRahmanbinSalim HewascalledalAshal,alKufi,alAttar.Hesoldcopies(oftheKoran).[15]Hereportedonthe authorityofImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim,andImamalSadiq,peacebeonhim.[16] 245.AbdalRahmanbinSulayman HewascalledalAshal,alAnsari.HewasamongthecompanionsofImamalBaqir,peacebeon him.[17] 246.AbdalRahmanbinAjlan HereportedontheauthorityofImamAbuJafar(alBaqir),peacebeonhim.IbnMiskanreported onhisauthority.[18] 247.AbdalRah~m HereportedontheauthorityofImamAbuJafar(alBaqir),peacebeonhim.IbnMiskanreported onhisauthority.[19] 248.AbdalRah~mbinRuh HewascalledalQaseeralAsadi.HereportedontheauthorityofImamalBaqir,andImamal Sadiqpeacebeonthem.[20] 249.AbdalRah~mbinSal~m HewascalledalAnsari.AlBarqinumberedhimasonofthecompanionsofImamalBaqir,peace

beonhim.[21] 250.AbdalSalambinKuthayr HewascalledalKufi.HereportedontheauthorityofImamalBaqir,andImamalSadiqpeacebe onthem,asShaykhalTusimentioned.[22] 251.AbdalAz~z HereportedontheauthorityofImamAbuJafar(alBaqir),andImamAbuAbdAllah(alSadiq), peacebeonthem.[23] 252.AbdalGhaffarbinQasim b.Qays,b.Qays,b.Fahd.HiskunyawasAbuMaryamalAnsari.Hereportedontheauthorityof ImamAbuJafar(alBaqir),andImamAbuAbdAllah(alSadiq),peacebeonthem.Hewas trustworthy.Hehasabook.Anumberofourcompanionsreportedthebook.[24] 253.AbdalKar~mbinAb~Yafur HereportedontheauthorityofImamAbuJafar(alBaqir).Hisbrother,AbdAllahbinAb~Yafur reportedonhisauthority.[25] 254.AbdalKar~mbinMahran ShaykhalTusinumberedhimasonofthecompanionsofImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim.[26] 255.AbdAllahbinBukayr HewascalledalHajjri.HewasamongthecompanionsofImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim.He reportedontheauthorityofMalab.Khunays.Alib.alHakamreportedonhisauthority.[27] 256.AbdAllahbinalJarud

HewascalledalKufi.HewasamongthecompanionsofImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim.[28]He reportedontheauthorityofImamAbuAbdAllah(alSadiq),peacebeonhim.Ribireportedon hisauthority.[29] 257.AbdAllahbinJurayh HewasamongthecompanionsofImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim.HewasamongthenonShia (aamah).[30] 258.AbdAllahbinalHasan b.ImamalHasanb.Imam(Ali),theCommanderofthefaithful,peacebeonhim.Hewasthethe chiefoftheTalibyyin.ShaykhalTusinumberedhimasonofthecompanionsofImamalBaqir, peacebeonhim.[31] 259.AbdAllahbinDhubyan HereportedontheauthorityofImamAbuJafar(alBaqir).Hananb.Sudayrreportedonhis authority.[32] 260.AbdAllahbinZara HewasamongthecompanionsofImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim.Hewasunknown,asShaykh alTusimentioned.[33] 261.AbdAllahbinSulayman HewascalledalSayrafi.HereportedontheauthorityofImamAbuJafar(alBaqir),andImam AbuAbdAllah(alSadiq),peacebeonthem,hisfather,Hamranb.Ayun,andAbdAllahb.Ab~ Jafar.Agroupofthenarratorsreportedonhisauthority.[34] 262.AbdAllahbinSulayman

HewascalledalKufi.HereportedontheauthorityofImamAbuJafar(alBaqir),andImamAbu AbdAllah(alSadiq),peacebeonthem.Rab~b.Mohammedreportedonhisauthority.[35] 263.AbdAllahbinShurayk HewascalledalAmiri.HiskunyawasAbualMuhajjal.HereportedontheauthorityofImamAli b.alHusayn,andImamAbuJafar(alBaqir).HewastrustworthywiththeImams.[36] 264.AbdbinSalih HewascalledalKhathami.HereportedontheauthorityofImamalBaqir,andImamalSadiq, peacebeonthem.ShaykhalTusinumberedhimasoneofthecompanionsofImamalSadiq, peacebeonhim.[37] 265.AbdAllahbinAbdalRahman HereportedontheauthorityofImamAbuJafar(alBaqir),peacebeonhim,AbuBas~r,Abu Bukayr,b.Miskan,Hurayz,andthelike.AbuAyyubalMadani,b.Faddal,Ahmedb.AbuDawud, andthelikereportedonhisauthority.[38] 266.AbdAllahbinAjjlan. HewascalledalKufi.ShaykhalTusiandalBarqinumberedhimasoneofthecompanionsof ImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim.BinShahrashubnumberedhimasoneofthecloseassociatesof ImamalSadiq,peacebeonhim.[39]AlKashireportedontheauthorityofZarara,onthe authorityofImamAbuJafar(alBaqir),peacebeonhim,whosaid:IsawasifIwasonthetopof amountain.Thepeoplewereascendingtomefromalldirections.Whentheybecamemany,they weretakenintothesky.Thentheyweredropped.Thatwasdonefivetimes.Noneofthepeople remainedwithmeexceptasmallgroup.AmongthegroupwereMaysarb.AbdalAz~zandAbd Allahb.Ajjlan.[40]ThisaccountshowsthatAbdAllahhadfirmfaith,andthathedidnot deviatedfromthetruth. 267.AbdAllahbinAta HereportedontheauthorityofImamAbuJafar(alBaqir),peacebeonhim.AbuMalikalJuhni,

Jam~lb.Darrajj,andthelikereportedonhisauthority.[41] 268.AbdAllahbinAta b.Ab~Rabah.HewasamongthecompanionsofImamAbuJafar(alBaqir),peacebeonhim,and ofImamAbuAbdAllah(alSadiq),peacebeonhim.[42] 269.AbdAllahbinAta. HewascalledalMakki.ShaykhalTusinumberedhimasoneofthecompanionsofImamalBaqir, peacebeonhim.[43]ShaykhalMuf~dreportedontheauthorityofAbdAllahbinAtaalMakki, whosaid:IhaveneverseenthescholarswithanyonesomuchyoungerthanthemasIsawthem withAbuAbdAllahJafarb.Mohammedb.Alib.alHusayn,peacebeonthem.Ihaveseenal Hakamb.Utayba,despiteofhiseminenceamongthepeople,conducthimselfbeforehimasifhe wasayoungboyconductinghimselfbeforehisteacher.WhenJabirb.Yaz~dalJufireported anythingonhisauthority,peacebeonhim,heusedtosay:Thetrusteeofthetrustees(ofthe Apostle)andtheheiroftheknowledgeoftheprophets,Mohammedb.Alib.alHusayn,peacebe onthem,toldme.[44]AlSaffarreportedontheauthorityofAbdAllahb.Ata,whosaid:Iwas inMecca.IlongedforMohammedb.Alib.alHusayn,peacebeonthem.So,Itraveledto Medina.WhenIarrivedthere,itbegantorain.So,Iwenttohishouseatmidnight.Isaidto myself:Ishouldnotknockthedoornow.Ihavetowaituntilmoring.WhileIwasthinkingofthat, Iheardhimsaytohiswomanservant:Openthedoorforb.Atta.Hehascaughtcoldthisnight. So,thewomanservantopenedthedoorandIentered.[45] 270.AbdAllahbinAmru HewasamongthecompanionsofImamAbuJafar(alBaqir),peacebeonhim.Hewasunknown, asShakhalTusisaid.[46] 271.AbdAllahbinGhalib AlNajashisaid:AbdAllahbinGhalibalAsadiwasgiventhekunyaofAbuAli.Hewasapoetand ajurist.HereportedontheauthorityofAbuJafar(alBaqir),AbuAbdAllah(alSadiq),andAbual Hasanpeacebeonthem.Hewasveryreliable.HisbrotherwasIshaqb.Ghalib.Hehasabook. Manynarratorsreportedthebook.[47]

272.AbdAllahbinKaysan HereportedontheauthorityofImamAbuJafar(alBaqir),andofImamAbuAbdAllah(alSadiq), peacebeonthem.Uthmanb.Yousireportedonhisauthority.[48] 273.AbdAllahbinMuhriz HewascalledalJufi.HereportedontheauthorityofImamalBaqirandofImamalSadiqpeace beonthem.AlNajashimentionedhiminthebiographyofhisbrother,Aqabab.Muhriz.[49] 274.AbdAllahb.Mohammed HiskunyawasAbuBakralHadrami.HewascalledalKufi.Hebelongedtothenextgeneration.He reportedontheauthorityofImamalBaqirandofImamalSadiqpeacebeonthem.[50]AlNajash reportedontheauthorityofAmrub.alYas,whosaid:AbualYasandIcametoAbuBakral Hadrami.Hewasabouttodie.Hesaid:Thisisnotanhouroflying.IheardJafarb.Mohammed (alSadiq)say:Thefirewillnottouchthepersonwhodiesandhebelievesinthisaffair(the Imamate).[51] 275.AbdAllahb.Mohammed HiskunyawasAbuBas~r.HewascalledalAsadialKufi.HewasamongthecompanionsofImam alBaqir,peacebeonhim,asShakhalTusisaid.[52]HeisnotAbuBas~ralAsadi,namelyLaythb. alBakhtarialMuradi,asprofessoralKhuistated.[53] 276.AbdAllahb.Mohammed HewascalledalJufi.ShakhalTusinumberedhimasoneofthecompanionsofImamZaynal Abidn,andhissonImamMohammedalBaqirpeacebeonthem.[54]AlBarqinumberedhimas oneofthecompanionsofImamalBaqirpeacebeonhim. 277.AbdAllahb.Mohammed HewascalledalSanani.HereportedontheauthorityofImamAbuJafar,peacebeonhim.Salam

alJufireportedonhisauthority.[55] 278.AbdAllahbinalMukhtar ShakhalTusiandalBarqinumberedhimasoneofthecompanionsofImamalBaqir,peacebeon them.[56] 279.AbdAllahbinalWal~d HewascalledalWassafi.ShakhalTusinumberedhimasoneofthecompanionsofImamalBaqir, andofImamalSadiqpeacebeonthem.[57] 280.AbdAllahalHashmi HereportedontheauthorityofImamAbuJafar(alBaqir),peacebeonhim,andImamAbuAbd Allah(alSadiq),peacebeonhim.HissonsSulaymanandIsareportedonhisauthority.[58] 281.AbdalMuminalAnsari HereportedontheauthorityofImamAbuJafar(alBaqir),peacebeonhim.AbuAyyubreported onhisauthority.HereportedontheauthorityofImamAbuAbdAllah(alSadiq),peacebeon him.Bakkarb.Kardamreportedonhisauthority.[59] 282.AbdalMuminbinalQasim HewascalledalAnsari.HereportedontheauthorityofImamAbuJafar(alBaqir)andImamAbu AbdAllah(alSadiq),peacebeonthem.Heandhisbrotherwerereliable.Hehasabook.Hedied intheyear140A.H.[60] 283.AbdalMuminbinalHaythem HewascalledalAnsari.HereportedontheauthorityofImamAbuJafar(alBaqir),peacebeon him.[61]

284.AbdalMalikbinAyun HewascalledalShaybani.Hewasthebrotherofthegreatjurist,Zararab.Ayun.ShakhalTusi numberedhimasoneofthecompanionsofImamalBaqir,peacebeonthem.[62]AlBarqialso numberedhimasoneofthecompanionsofImamalBaqir,peacebeonthem.AbdalMalikand hisbrotherswereamongthecloseassociatesofImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim.AlKashi reportedontheauthorityofRab~atalRai,whosaid:I(Rab~a)saidtoAbuAbdAllah(al Sadiq):WhoarethebrotherswhocometoyoufromIraq?Ihaveneverseenanyoneamongyour companionsbetterthanthem.He,peacebeonhim,said:Theyarethecompanionsofmy father.HemeantthesonsofAyun.[63] Zararab.Ayunreported:AbuAbdAllah(alSadiq),peacebeonhim,cametoMecca.Heasked meaboutAbdalMalikbinAyun.Hedied,Ireplied.Died!heexclaimed.Yes,Ianswered. Letsgotohisgravetopray(toAllah)forhim,hesuggested.Yes,Ireplied.TheImamprayedto Allahverymuchforhim.[64]Amonghisprayersare:OAllah,AbualDarisregardedusasamong yourbestcreatures.So,addhimtothefamilyofMohammed,mayYourblessingsbeonhim,on theDayofJudgment.[65] 285.AbdalMalikb.Utba HewascalledalHashimialLahbi.HereportedontheauthorityofImamAbuJafar(alBaqir), peacebeonhim,andImamalSadiq,peacebeonhim,asalKashistated.AlKashisaidthatthe bookascribedtoAbdalMalikdoesnotbelongtohim.Rather,itbelongstoAbdalMalikb.Utba alNakhaialSayrafi.[66] 286.AbdalMalikbinAta HewascalledalKufi.ShaykhalTusiandalBarqinumberedhimasoneofthecompanionsof ImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim.[67] 287.AbdalMalikbinAmru HewascalledalAhwalalKufi.HereportedontheauthorityofImamalBaqir,ImamalSadiq, peacebeonthem.[68]AlKashireportedontheauthorityofAbdalMalikb.Amru,whosaid: [ImamalSadiq,peacebeonhim,said:tome]I(alSadiq)praytoAllahforyoutotheextentthatI mentionyournameandyoursonsname.[69]

288.AbdalWahidbinalMukhtar HewascalledalAnsarialKufi.HewasamongthecompanionsofImamalBaqir,andofImamal Sadiqpeacebeonthem.[70] 289.UbaydbinKuthayr HewascalledalKufi.HereportedontheauthorityofImamalBaqir,andofImamAli,b.al Husayn,peacebeonthem.They(thenarrators)mentionedthatUbaydfabricatedtraditions,and thathehadabook.ThebookisknownasKitabalTakhr~jfiBanialShaysan.Mosttraditionsof thebookarefabricated.Thefewestofthemareauthentic.IbnalGhadairysaid:Ubaydbin Kuthayrb.AbdalWahidb.AbdAllahb.ShurakalAmirialWahidialKilabi,whosekunyaisAbu Sa~d,fabricatedtraditionsopenly.Hedidnotrefrainfromtellinglies.Hewasfamousfor that.[71] 290.UbaydAllahbinMohammed b.Umarb.Imam(Ali),theCommanderoftheFaithful,peacebeonhim.ShaykhalTusi numberedhimasoneofthecompanionsofImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim.[72] 291.UbaydAllahbinalWal~d HewascalledalWassafi.AlNajashisaid:UbaydAllahbinalWal~dalWassafiwasareliable Arab.HewasgiventhekunyaofAbuSa~d.HereportedontheauthorityofAbuJafar(alBaqir), andAbuAbdAllah(alSadiq),peacebeonthem.Thebiographershavementionedhim.Hehasa book.Agroup(ofthenarrators)reportedthebook.[73] 292.UbaydAllahalWassafi HereportedontheauthorityofImamAbuJafar(alBaqir),peacebeonthem.AbualHasanal Bajalireportedonhisauthority.[74] 293.Ubayda

HereportedontheauthorityofImamAbuJafar(alBaqir),peacebeonthem.Alib.Riab reportedonhisauthority.[75] 294.UbaydaalKhathami ShaykhalTusiandnumberedhimasoneofthecompanionsofImamalBaqir,peacebeon him.[76] 295.UbaydaalSaksaki ShaykhalTusinumberedhimasoneofthecompanionsofImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim.[77] 296.UthmanbinJubla HereportedontheauthorityofImamAbuJafar(alBaqir),peacebeonthem.Ismailb.Mahran reportedonhisauthority.[78] 297.UthmanbinZyyad HereportedontheauthorityofImamAbuJafar(alBaqir),peacebeonhim.Zakkarb.Farqad reportedonhisauthority.HealsoreportedontheauthorityofImamAbuAbdAllah(alSadiq), peacebeonhim.[79] 298.UthmanbinZyyad HewascalledalAhmasi.HereportedontheauthorityofImamalBaqirandofImamalSadiq, peacebeonthem.HeamongthecompanionsofImamalSadiq,peacebeonhim.[80] 299.Adhafar HereportedontheauthorityofImamAbuJafar(alBaqir),peacebeonhim.HissonMohammed reportedonhisauthority.HealsoreportedontheauthorityofImamAbuAbdAllah(alSadiq), peacebeonhim.AlHasanb.Atiyareportedonhisauthority.[81]

300.AdhafarbinAbdAllah ShakhalTusinumberedhimasoneofthecompanionsofImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim.[82] 301.UrwabinAbdAllah HereportedontheauthorityofImamAbuJafar(alBaqir),peacebeonhim.Amrub.Shimr reportedonhisauthority.[83] 302.AlAtta HereportedontheauthorityofImamAbuJafar(alBaqir),peacebeonhim,andofImamal Sadiq,peacebeonhim.Zyyadb.MohammedandMuammarb.Amrureportedonhis authority.[84] 303.AttabinYasar HereportedontheauthorityofImamAbuJafar(alBaqir),peacebeonhim.AbdalRahmanb. Zaydb.Aslamreportedontheauthorityofhisfather,ontheauthorityofAtta.[85] 304.Atiya HereportedontheauthorityofImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim.AbdalSamadb.Bash~r reportedonhisauthority.[86] 305.Atiya HewasthebrotherofAbualAuwam.HereportedontheauthorityofImamAbuJafar(alBaqir), peacebeonhim.AbdalSamadb.Bash~rreportedonhisauthority.[87] 306.AtiyabinDhakran HewasamongthecompanionsofImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim.Hewasunknown.[88]

307.AtiyabinMazar AlBarqinumberedhimasoneofthecompanionsofImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim.[89] 308.AtiyaalAwfi AlBarqinumberedhimasoneofthecompanionsofImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim.[90] 309.Aqaba HereportedontheauthorityofImamAbuJafar(alBaqir),peacebeonhim,andofImamAbu AbdAllah(alSadiq),peacebeonhim.Hisson,Abanb.Uthman,hissonSalih,Salihb.Aqaba, andthelikereportedonhisauthority.[91] [1]AlTusi,Rijal. [2]MujamRijalalHadith,vol.9,p.217. [3]Ibid,pp.218209. [4]AlTusi,Rijal. [5]Ibid. [6]Ibid. [7]Ibid. [8]Ibid. [9]Ibid. [10]Ibid. [11]Ibid. [12]Ibid. [13]AlNajashi. [14]AlTusi,Rijal.AlBarqi,Rijal. [15]AlNajashi. [16]AlTusi,Rijal. [17]MujamRijalalHadith,vol.9,p.343. [18]Ibid,p.351. [19]Ibid,vol.10,p.9. [20]AlTusi,Rijal. [21]AlBarqi,Rijal [22]AlTusi,Rijal.

[23]MujamRijalalHadith,vol.10,p.30. [24]AlNajashi. [25]MujamRijalalHadith,vol.10,p.65. [26]AlTusi,Rijal. [27]MujamRijalalHadith,vol.10,p.135. [28]AlTusi,Rijal. [29]MujamRijalalHadith,vol.10,p.136. [30]Ibid,p.141. [31]AlTusi,Rijal. [32]MujamRijalalHadith,vol.10,p.192. [33]AlTusi,Rijal. [34]MujamRijalalHadith,vol.10,p.207. [35]Ibid,p.210. [36]AlNajashi. [37]AlTusi,Rijal. [38]MujamRijalalHadith,vol.10,p.251. [39]AlManaqib. [40]AlKashi. [41]MujamRijalalHadith,vol.10,p.256. [42]Ibid,p.266. [43]AlTusi,Rijal. [44]AlMufid,alIrshad. [45]AlKashi,Rijal. [46]AlTusi,Rijal. [47]AlNajashi. [48]MujamRijalalHadith,vol.10,p.302. [49]AlNajashi. [50]AlTusi,Rijal. [51]AlKashi. [52]AlTusi,Rijal. [53]MujamRijalalHadith,vol.10,p.315. [54]AlTusi,Rijal. [55]MujamRijalalHadith,vol.10,p.333. [56]AlTusi,Rijal.AlBarqi,Rijal. [57]AlTusi,Rijal. [58]MujamRijalalHadith,vol.10,p.410. [59]Ibid,vol.11,p.10. [60]AlNajashi. [61]MujamRijalalHadith,vol.11,p.12. [62]AlTusi,Rijal.

[63]AlKashi,Rijal. [64]Ibid. [65]Ibid. [66]AlNajashi. [67]AlTusi,Rijal. [68]Ibid. [69]AlKashi. [70]AlTusi,Rijal. [71]MujamRijalalHadith,vol.11,p.62. [72]AlTusi,Rijal. [73]AlNajashi. [74]MujamRijalalHadith,vol.11,p.99. [75]Ibid. [76]AlTusi,Rijal. [77]Ibid. [78]MujamRijalalHadith,vol.11,p.114. [79]Ibid,p.116. [80]AlTusi,Rijal. [81]MujamRijalalHadith,vol.11,p.145. [82]AlTusi,Rijal. [83]MujamRijalalHadith,vol.11,p.149. [84]Ibid,p.154. [85]Ibid,p.156. [86]Ibid,p.157. [87]Ibid,p.158. [88]AlTusi,Rijal. [89]AlBarqi,Rijal. [90]Ibid. [91]MujamRijalalHadith,vol.11,p.161. 310.AqababinShayba AqababinShayba HewascalledalAsadi.HewasamongthecompanionsofImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim.[1]

311.AqababinQays HewasamongthecompanionsofImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim.Hewasunknown,asShaykh alTusistated.[2] 312.Ukrima HewasgiventhekunyaofAbuIshaq.HewasamongthecompanionsofImamalBaqir,peacebe onhim.[3] 313.AlAlabinalHasan AlBarqinumberedhimasoneofthecompanionsofImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim.Shaykhal TusinumberedhimasoneofthecompanionsofImamalSadiq,peacebeonhim.[4] 314.AlAlabinalHusayn ShaykhalTusinumberedhimasoneofthecompanionsofImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim.[5] 315.AlAlabinAbdalKar~m HewasamongthecompanionsofImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim.[6] 316.AlabinDarra HewascalledalAsadi.ShaykhalTusinumberedhimasoneofthecompanionsofImamalBaqir, peacebeonhim.[7]HewasthegovernorofBahrain.Heearnedsevenhundredthousanddinars, livestock,andslaves.HebroughtthatalltoImamAbuAbdAllahalSadiq,peacebeonhim,and saidtohim:TheUmayyadsappointedmeasgovernoroverBahrain.Ihaveearnedthisproperty.I knowthatAllah,theGreatandAlmighty,gavenothingofthispropertytotheUmayyads.Itisfor you.Givemeproperty,theImamsaidtoAla.AlagaveittotheImam.So,theImamsaidto him:Wehaveacceptedthepropertyfromyou.Wehavegrantedittoyou.Wehavemadeit lawfulforyou.WeguaranteethatAllahwillsendyoutothegarden.[8]TheImamguaranteedthe

AllahwouldenterAlathegarden,forhe(Ala)hadfirmfaith(inAllah),turnedinrepentanceto Allah,anddidnotregardaslawfulthepropertyoftheMoslems. 317.AlqamabinMohammed HewascalledalHadrami.HewasamongthecompanionsofImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim.He alsoreportedontheauthorityofImamalSadiq,peacebeonhim.[9]AlqamaandhisbrotherAbu BakrcametoZaydb.Ali,peacebeonhim.ForheheardthatZaydhadsaid:TheImamwho keepssilentisnotfromus.TheImamistheonewhodrawshisownsword.Thus,AbuBakrasked him:AbualHasan,tellmeaboutAlib.Ab~Talib,peacebeonhim.WasheanImamandhe keptsilent?OrwashenotanImamtillhecameoutanddrewhisownsword?Zaydkeptsilent anddidnotanswerhim.So,AbuBakrrepeatedthequestionthreetimes.However,Zaydsaid nothing.Then,AbuBakrsaid:PerhapsthereisanImamwhokeepssilent.So,whathasbrought youhere?[10] Thisspeechshowstheawarenessandstronginsightofitsowner.However,Zayd,thegreat martyr,didnotleavetheImamate.Heledarevolttodefendtherightsofthepersecuted.He revoltedagainsttheUmayyadstoestablishthegovernmentoftheKoranandtoenliventhe preceptsofIslam. 318.AlibinalAhmasi HewascalledalKufi.HereportedontheauthorityofImamAbuJafar(alBaqir),peacebeonhim. IbnAbuUmayrreportedonhisauthority.HewasamongthecompanionsofImamalSadiq,peace beonhim.[11] 319.AlibinAb~Hamza HewascalledalThumali.IbnShahrashubreportedonhisauthorityatraditionaboutthe knowledgeofImamAbuJafar(alBaqir),peacebeonhim.[12] 320.AlibinAb~alMugh~ra HewascalledalZubaydialAzraq.ShaykhalTusinumberedhimasoneofthecompanionsof ImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim.HealsonumberedhimasoneofthecompanionsofImamal Sadiq,peacebeonhim.[13]

321.AlibinHanzala HewascalledalAjalialKufi.ShaykhalTusinumberedhimasoneofthecompanionsofImamal Baqir,peacebeonhim.HealsonumberedhimasoneofthecompanionsofImamalSadiq,peace beonhim.[14] 322.AlibinSa~d b.Bukayr.HewasamongthecompanionsofImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim.Sammaareported onhisauthority.[15] 323.AlibinAbdalAz~z HewascalledalKufi.ShaykhalTusinumberedhimasoneofthecompanionsofImamalBaqir, peacebeonhim.HealsonumberedhimasoneofthecompanionsofImamalSadiq,peacebeon him.[16] 324.AlibinAbdAllah HewascalledalJurmi.HereportedontheauthorityofImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim,andof ImamalSadiq,peacebeonhim.[17] 325.AlibinAtiya ShaykhalTusinumberedhimasoneofthecompanionsofImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim.[18] AlBarqinumberedhimasoneofthecompanionsofImamalSadiq,peacebeonhim.[19] 326.AlibinAqaba HereportedontheauthorityofImamAbuJafar(alBaqir),ofImamAbuAbdAllah(alSadiq),and ofAbualHasanalAwual,peacebeonthem.HealsoreportedontheauthorityofAbuHamza, AbuKhalidalQammat,AbualKhattab,andthelike.[20] 327.AlibinMaymun

HewascalledalSaigh.ShaykhalTusinumberedhimasoneofthecompanionsofImamalBaqir, peacebeonhim.[21]AlNajashisaid:AlibinMaymunreportedontheauthorityofImamAbu AbdAllah(alSadiq),andofAbualHasan,peacebeonthem.Hehasabook.Agroup(ofthe narrators)reportedthebookonhisauthority.[22]HereportedontheauthorityofImamAbu AbdAllah(alSadiq),peacebeonthem,inThawabmanZaraalHusayn,peacebeonhim, RakibanawMashiyan.[23] 328.AmmarbinalAhwas HereportedontheauthorityofImamAbuJafar(alBaqir),peacebeonhim.Mansurb.Younis reportedonhisauthority.[24] 329.AmmarbinMarwan HereportedontheauthorityofImamAbuJafar(alBaqir),ofImamAbuAbdAllah(alSadiq),and ofImamAbualHasan,peacebeonthem.HealsoreportedontheauthorityofAbuBas~r,Jabir, andZaydalShahham,andthelike.Agroupofthenarratorsreportedonhisauthority.Among themwereAbualAbbas,b.AbuBas~r,b.Riab,andthelike.[25] 330.UmarbinAban HereportedontheauthorityofImamAbuJafar(alBaqir),andofImamAbuAbdAllah(alSadiq), peacebeonthem.HealsoreportedontheauthorityofAbuBas~r,AbuHamza,IsmailalJufi,and thelike.IbnFaddal,Thalabab.Maymun,Jafarb.Bash~r,andthelike,reportedonhis authority.[26] 331.UmarbinAban HewascalledalKalbi.HereportedontheauthorityofImamAbuJafar(alBaqir),andofImam AbuAbdAllah(alSadiq),peacebeonthem.HealsoreportedontheauthorityofAbanb. Taghlub,AbdalWasiti,AbdalRah~malQaseer,Mohammedb.Moslem,andthelike.[27]Al Najashisaid:UmarbinAbanhasabook.Agroup(ofthenarrators)reportedthebookonhis authority.[28]

332.UmarbinAb~Shayba HereportedontheauthorityofImamAbuJafar(alBaqir),peacebeonhim.Mansurb.Younis reportedonhisauthority.[29] 333.UmarbinThabit b.Hurmuz.HiskunyawasAbualMuqdam.HewascalledalHaddad.HewasthechiefoftheBanu Ijl.HereportedontheauthorityofImamAlib.alHusayn,ImamAbuJafar(alBaqir),andImam AbuAbdAllah(alSadiq),peacebeonthem.Heisaveryweak(narrator).[30] 334.UmarbinHanzala HewascalledalKufialAjali.HereportedontheauthorityofImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim.He wasamongthecompanionsofImamalSadiq,peacebeonhim.HesaidtoImamalSadiq,peace beonhim:IthinkIhavearankwithyou.Yes,theImamreplied.[31]ImamalSadiqsaidtohim: Umar,donotimpose(ourteachings)onourShiites.Bekindtothem,fortheydonotbearwhat youbear.[32] 335.UmarbinQays HereportedontheauthorityofImamAbuJafar(alBaqir),peacebeonhim.AlHusaynb.al Mundhirreportedonhisauthority.[33] 336.UmarbinQays HewascalledalMasir.HereportedontheauthorityofImamAbuJafar(alBaqir),peacebeon him.[34] 337.UmarbinMuammar b.Atab.Washika.HereportedontheauthorityofImamAbuJafar(alBaqir),peacebeonhim. Mohammedb.Sammaareportedonhisauthority.[35]

338.UmarbinHilal ShaykhalTusinumberedhimasoneofthecompanionsofImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim.Heis unknown.[36] 339.UmarbinYahya HewasamongthecompanionsofImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim.Heisunknown.[37] 340.AmrubinUbay ShaykhalTusinumberedhimasoneofthecompanionsofImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim.[38] 341.AmrubinAb~alMuqdam AlNajashisaid:AmrubinAb~alMuqdamThabitb.HurmuzalHaddad,thechiefoftheBanuIjl, reportedontheauthorityofImamAlib.alHusayn,AbuJafar(alBaqir),andAbuAbdAllah(al Sadiq),peacebeonthem.Hehasagoodbook.[39]AlKashireportedontheauthorityofaman fromQuraysh,whosaid:WewereintheyardoftheKaaba.AbuAbdAllah(alSadiq),peacebe onhim,wassitting.Itwassaidtohim:Howmanythepilgrimsare!Howfewthepilgrimsare! exclaimedalSadiq,peacebeonhim.ThenAmrubinAb~alMuqdampassed.So,alSadiq,peace beonhim,said:Heisamongthepilgrims.[40] 342.AmrubinJam~ HewascalledalAzdialBasri.HiskunyawasAbuUthman.HewasthejudgeofalRay.His traditionsareweak.ShaykhalTusinumberedhimasoneofthecompanionsofImamalBaqir, peacebeonhim,andofthecompanionsofImamalSadiq,peacebeonhim.[41] 343.AmrubinKhalid ShaykhalTusinumberedhimasoneofthecompanionsofImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim.[42] HereportedontheauthorityofImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim,AbuHamza,andthemartyr, Zaydb.Alib.alHusayn,peacebeonhim.[43]

344.AmrubinKhalid HiskunyawasAbuKhalid.HewascalledalWasiti.ShaykhalTusinumberedhimasoneofthe companionsofImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim.[44]HewasamongthemainchiefsoftheZaydis. Hesaid:WhileIwassittingwithAbuJafar(alBaqir),peacebeonhim,Zaydb.Alicame.When AbuJafar(alBaqir),peacebeonhim,lookedathim,hesaid:This(Zayd)isthemasterofmy family.Hewilldefendthem.[45]Amrub.KhalidreportedontheauthorityofZayd,whosaid aboutImamAbuJafar(alBaqir),peacebeonhim:Ateverytimethereisapersonfromus,ahl alBayt.ThemanisAllahsproofoverHiscreatures.TheproofofourtimeismynephewJafarb. Mohammed(alSadiq).Whoeverfollowshimdoesnotgoastray.Whoeveropposeshimgoes astray.[46]ThisnarrationshowsthatZayddidnotwanttheImamate. 345.AmrubinD~nar HewascalledalMakki.ShaykhalTusisaid:AmrubinD~naralMakkiwasamongtheImamsof thenextgeneration.Hewasoutstandingreliablescholar.[47]Qattada,b.Jurayh,andthelike reportedonhisauthority.ItwassaidtoMisad:Whoisthemostskillfuloneintradition?Amru binD~nar,heanswered.[48] 346.AmrubinRash~d HewascalledalMakki.HewasamongthecompanionsofImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim.[49] 347.AmrubinSa~d. HewascalledalThaqafi.HewasamongthecompanionsofImamalBaqirandofalSadiq,peace beonthem.[50]HesaidtoImamAbuAbdAllah(alSadiq),peacebeonhim:Idonotmeetyou exceptintheyears.So,adviseme.FearAllah.Betruthfulinspeech.Bepious.Beahardworker, theImam,peacebeonhim,advised.[51] 348.AmrubinShimr HewascalledalJufi.HewasanArab.Heisweakintradition.Hehasabook.ShaykhalTusi numberedhimasoneofthecompanionsofImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim.[52]

349.AmrubinAbdAbdAllah HewascalledalThaqafi.ShaykhalTusinumberedhimasoneofthecompanionsofImamal Baqir,peacebeonhim.[53] 350.AmrubinUthman HereportedontheauthorityofImamAbuJafar(alBaqir),andofImamAbuAbdAllah(alSadiq), peacebeonthem.HealsoreportedontheauthorityofAbuJameelah,AbuShibl,AbuAmru,and thelike.AbuIshaq,AbuAyyubalKhazaz,AbualAbbasalKufi,andthelikereportedonhis authority.[54] 351.AmrubinMuammar HiskunyawasAbuKhalid.HewasamongthecompanionsofImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim.[55] 352.Umran ShaykhalTusinumberedhimasoneofthecompanionsofImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim.Heis unknown.[56] 353.UmranbinAb~Khalid HewascalledalGhazari.ShaykhalTusinumberedhimasoneofthecompanionsofImamal Baqir,peacebeonhim.[57] 354.UmranbinAyun HereportedontheauthorityofImamAbuJafar(alBaqir),peacebeonhim.Bash~ral Nabbal.[58] 355.UnbabinMasab

ShaykhalTusinumberedhimasoneofthecompanionsofImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim.He alsonumberedhimasoneofthecompanionsofImamalSadiq,peacebeonhim.[59] 356.UnbaalAbid HereportedontheauthorityofImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim,andontheauthorityofImamal Sadiq,peacebeonhim.[60]IbnMahbub,Ibrahimb.Muzim,Ahmedb.alHusayn,andthelike.[61] 357.IsabinAb~Mansur HewascalledalQarashi.ShaykhalTusinumberedhimasoneofthecompanionsofImamal Baqir,peacebeonhim.HealsonumberedhimasoneofthecompanionsofImamalSadiq,peace beonhim.ShaykhalMuf~dsaid:IsabinAb~Mansurwasamongthemainjuristsandchiefs, fromwhom(thepeople)tookthelawful,theunlawful,religiousopinions,andlegalprecepts, whomnooneslandersanddispraises.AlKashireportedontheauthorityofIbrahimb.Ali,who said:WhenAbuAbdAllah(alSadiq),peacebeonhim,sawIsab.Ab~Mansur,hesaid: Whoeverwantstoseeapersonfromthepeopleofthegarden,lethimlookatthis(Isa).[62] 358.IsabinAyun HewascalledalShaybani.Hewasthebrotherofthegreatjurist,Zararab.Ayun.ShaykhalTusi numberedhimasoneofthecompanionsofImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim.[63] 359.IsabinBakr b.AbdAllahb.SadalAsharialQummi.HereportedontheauthorityofImamalBaqir,peacebe onhim,andofImamalSadiq,peacebeonhim.[64] 360.IsabinalDahhak HereportedontheauthorityofImamAbuJafar(alBaqir),peacebeonhim.Uthmanb.Isa reportedonhisauthority.[65] 361.IsabinalTahhan

ShaykhalTusinumberedhimasonofthecompanionsofImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim.[66] 362.GhalibAbualHadh~l HewascalledalKufi.Hewasapoet.HewasamongthecompanionsofImamalBaqir,andofal Sadiq,peacebeonhim.HereportedontheauthorityofImamAbuJafar(alBaqir),peacebeon him.Hammadb.Uthmanreportedonhisauthority.[67] 363.FaidalJammal HewascalledalKufi.HereportedontheauthorityofImamalBaqir,andofalSadiq,peacebeon him.[68] 364.FuratbinalAhnaf HewascalledalAbdi.ShaykhalTusinumberedhimasoneofthecompanionsofImamalBaqir, peacebeonhim.Hewasanextremist.IbnalGhadairisaid:Furatwasaliarandextremist.No onereliesonhim.[69] 365.Farwa HereportedontheauthorityofImamAbuJafar(alBaqir),peacebeonhim.FudaylalRassan reportedonhisauthority.[70] 366.AlFadlbinalZubayr HewascalledalRassan.ShaykhalTusinumberedhimasoneofthecompanionsofImamal Baqir,peacebeonhim.[71] 367.AlFadlbinUthman HewascalledalAwar,alMuradi,alKufi.ShaykhalTusinumberedhimasoneofthecompanions

ofImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim.ShaykhalMuf~dnumberedhimasoneofthemainjuristsand chiefs,fromwhom(thepeople)tookthelawful,theunlawful,religiousopinions,andlegal precepts,whomnooneslandersanddispraises.[72] 368.AlFadlalNawfali HereportedontheauthorityofImamAbuJafar(alBaqir),peacebeonhim.HissonAbdAllah reportedonhisauthority.[73] 369.AlFudal HereportedontheauthorityofImamAbuJafar(alBaqir),peacebeonhim.Younisreportedon hisauthority.[74] 370.AlFudalbinKhuthaym HereportedontheauthorityofImamAbuJafar(alBaqir),peacebeonhim.Alib.alHakam reportedonhisauthority.[75] 371.AlFudaylbinalZubayr HewascalledalRassan.ShaykhalTusinumberedhimasoneofthecompanionsofImamal Baqir,peacebeonhim.[76] 372.AlFudalbinSadan ShaykhalTusinumberedhimasoneofthecompanionsofImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim.[77] 373.AlFudalbinShurayh ShaykhalTusinumberedhimasoneofthecompanionsofImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim.[78] 374.AlFudalbinUthman

AlBarqinumberedhimasoneofthecompanionsofImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim.[79] 375.AlFudaylbinGhayyath ShaykhalTusinumberedhimasoneofthecompanionsofImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim.He addedthatalFudalwasunknown.[80] 376.AlFudaylbinYasar HewascalledalHindi.HiskunyawasAbualQasim.HewasanArabfromBasrah.ImamalSadiq saidtohim:ThesucklingoftheJewishandtheChristian(woman)isbetterthanthesucklingof thehostile(woman)Hehasabook.[81]InhisalRisalaalAdadiya,ShaykhalMuf~d numberedhimasoneofthemainjuristsandchiefs,fromwhom(thepeople)tookthelawful,the unlawful,religiousopinions,andlegalprecepts,whomnooneslandersanddispraises.AlKashi reportedontheauthorityofIbrahimb.AbdAllah,whosaid:WhenAbuAbdAllah(alSadiq), peacebeonhim,sawalFudaylb.Yasar,hesaid:Givegoodnewstothehumbleaboutthe graden.Whoeverwantstoseeapersonfromthepeopleofthegarden,lethimlookatthis(al Fudayl).[82] AlKashireportedontheauthorityofKhalafb.Hammad,ontheauthorityofaman,whosaid: WhenalFudaycametoAbuJafar(alBaqir),peacebeonhim,he(AbuJafar)said:Bravo! Bravo!Givegoodnewstothehumbleaboutthegarden.Welcometotheonewithwhomthe earthisintimate.[83]ThepureImamslaudedhimintraditions.Hediedduringthelifetimeof ImamalSadiq,peacebeonhim. 377.FitrbinKhalifa HiskunawasAbuBakralMakhzumi.Hebelongedtothenextgeneration.Hereportedonthe authorityofImamalBaqirandofImamalSadiq,peacebeonthem.AlMuthannareportedonhis authority.ImamAbuJafar(alBaqir),peacebeonhim,askedAllahtwicetohavemercyon him.[84] 378.FulayhbinAb~Bakr HewascalledalShaybani.ShaykhalTusinumberedhimasoneofthecompanionsofImamal Baqir,peacebeonhim.AlBarqinumberedhimasoneofthecompanionsofImamZaynal

Abidn,ImamalBaqir,andImamalSadiq,peacebeonthem.[85] 379.AlFaydbinalMukhtar AlNajashisaid:AlFaydbinalMukhtaralKufialNakhaireportedontheauthorityofImamAbu Jafar(alBaqir),ImamAbuAbdAllah(alSadiq)andImamAbualHasan,peacebeonthem.[86] ShaykhalTusisaid:AlFaydhasabook.[87]Hewasamongthosewhoreportedthedesignation oftheImamateofMusab.Jafar,peacebeonhim,ontheauthorityofhisfather. 380.AlQasimbinAbdalRahman HewascalledalAnsari.HereportedontheauthorityofImamAbuJafar(alBaqir),peacebeon him.AbdalRahmanb.alHajjajreportedonhisauthority.[88] 381.QasimbinAbdalMalik ShaykhalTusiandalBarqinumberedhimasoneofthecompanionsofImamalBaqir,peacebe onhim.[89] 382.QaddamabinZaida HereportedontheauthorityofImamAbuJafar(alBaqir),peacebeonhim.IbnKuthayrreported onhisauthority.[90] 383.QaysbinAb~Moslem HewascalledalAsharialKufi.AlBarqinumberedhimasoneofthecompanionsofImamal Baqir,peacebeonhim.AlKashireportedontheauthorityofQaysbinAb~Moslem,whosaid:I cametoAbuJafar(alBaqir),peacebeonhim,andcomplainedtohimofdebtandthelittleness ofmoney.So,hesaidtome:GototheProphet,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,andcomplain tohim,andthenreturntome.Iwent,didwhathehadorderedmeandreturned.So,hesaidto me:Lifttheprayermat.Takewhatisunderit.Iliftedit.Thereweredinarsunderit.Thus,Isaid tohim:MayIbeyourransom.ByAllah,IcomplainedtoyouandIdidnotwantyoutogiveme any(money)So,hesaid:Takeit.Donottellanybodyaboutyourneed.Fortheywillscornyou. However,Itookthemoney.Itwasthreehundreddinars.[91]

384.QaysbinalRab~ ShaykhalTusinumberedhimasoneofthecompanionsofImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim.Al Kashisaid:QayswasaTabari.Hehadlove(fortheImams).Hesaid:IaskedAbuIshaqalSubayi aboutrubbingthetwoshoes(intheritualablution).Hesaid:Iusedtotellpeopletorubthetwo shoes(intheritualablutioninsteadofrubbingthefeet)untilImetamanfromtheBanuHashim, whoselikeIhaveneverseenMohammedb.Alib.alHusayn,peacebeonhim.Iaskedhimabout therubbingandheforbademetodoit.Hesaid:TheCommanderoftheFaithful,peacebeon him,neverusedtorub(theshoes).Heusedtosay:TheBook(whichdoesnotmentionthe practice)comesbefore(theintroductionofthepracticeof)rubbingtheshoesAbuIshaqadded: Ihaveneverrubbedthemsinceheforbademetodoit.Qaysb.alRab~alsosaid:Ihavenever rubbedthemsinceIheardAbuIshaq.[92] 385.KamilbinalAla AlBarqinumberedhimasoneofthecompanionsofImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim.[93] 386.KamilalRasafi ShaykhalTusinumberedhimasoneofthecompanionsofImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim.He wasunknown.[94] 387.KamilSahibalSabiri HewascalledalKufi.ShaykhalTusinumberedhimasoneofthecompanionsofImamalBaqir, peacebeonhim.[95] 388.KamilalNajjar ShaykhalTusinumberedhimasoneofthecompanionsofImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim.[96] 389.KuthayrbinKalthem

HiskunyawasAbualHarthorAbualFadl.HewascalledalKufi.Hewasreliable.Hereportedon theauthorityofImamalBaqirandofImamalSadiq,peacebeonthem.[97] 390.Kath~ralNawa HewasaBatari.ShaykhalTusinumberedhimasoneofthecompanionsofImamalBaqir,peace beonhim.[98]Kath~ralNawadeviatedfromthetruth.Hefollowedfalsehood.ImamalSadiq, peacebeonhimrenouncedhimwhenhesaid:OAllah,IrenounceKath~ralNawahereandin thehereafter.[99]Manytraditionsdispraisedhim.Theyshowedthathehadnorelationshipwith Allah. 391.Kulaybb.Muawiya HewascalledalSaydawialAsadi.HewasgiventhekunyaofAbuMohammed.Hereportedon theauthorityofImamAbuJafar(alBaqir),andofAbuAbdAllah(alSadiq),peacebeonthem.He hasabook.Agroup(ofnarrators)reportedthebookonhisauthority.[100]Themembersofthe House(ahlalBayt),peacebeonthem,lovedhim.AmansaidtoAbuAbdAllah(alSadiq),peace beonhim:Doesthepersonlovethepersonanddoesnotseehim?TheImam,peacebeonhim, said:Thisistrue.IloveKulaybalSaydawianddonotseehim.[101]TheImamslaudedhimin traditionssimilartothisone. 392.AlKumaytbinZayd HewascalledalAsadi.HewasthegreatestpoetoftheShiites.Hedefendedtherightsofthe membersoftheHouse(ahlalBayt),peacebeonthem.Wehavealreadymentionedhim. 393.Kankar ShaykhalTusinumberedhimasoneofthecompanionsofImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim. KankarreportedontheauthorityofalBaqir.HiskunyawasAbuKhalid.[102]BinShahrashubsaid: TherealnameofAbuKhalidalQammatalKabuliisKankar.Itwassaidthathisrealnamewas Wardan.AlKashireportedontheauthorityofAbuBas~r,whosaid:[IheardAbuJafar(alBaqir), peacebeonhim,say:]AbuKhalidalKabuliservedMohammedb.alHanafiyaforatime.He thoughtthatMohammedwasanImam.However,oneday,heaskedMohammed:MayIbeyour ransom.IfIhaveholiness,love,anddevotion(toyou),IaskyoubyAllahsApostle,mayAllahbless himandhisfamily,andbytheCommanderoftheFaithful,peacebeonhim.Tellmeareyouthe

ImamwhoseobedienceAllahhasimposedonHiscreatures?Mohammedreplied:Youadjured mebeforetheGreat(Allah).TheImamoverme,you,andeveryMoslemisAlib.alHusayn,peace beonhim.WhenAbuKhalidheardwhatMohammedhadsaid,hecametoAlib.alHusayn.He askedpermission.TheImam,peacebeonhim,permittedhim.WhenAbuKhalidentered,the Imam,peacebeonhim,saidtohim:Welcome,Kankar.Whydoyounotvisitus?AbuKhalid prostratedhimselfforAllah,theExalted.Whenheraisedhishead,hesaid:Praisebelongsto AllahWhohasnotmademedietillIhaveknownmyImam.AbuKhalid,howhaveyouknown yourImam?askedAlib.alHusayn.AbuKhalidreplied:Youcalledmewiththenamewithwhich mymothercalledme.IservedMohammedb.alHanafiyaforatime.Ithoughtthathewasan Imam.ThenIaskedhimbyAllah,HisApostle,andtheCommanderoftheFaithful.So,heguided metoyou.Thus,IhaveknownthatyouaretheImamwhoseobedienceAllahhasimposedon everyMoslem.[103] 394.LaythbinAb~Sal~m ShaykhalTusiandalBarqinumberedhimasoneofthecompanionsofImamalBaqir,peacebe onhim.Hewasunknown.[104] 395.LaythbinalBakhtari HiskunyawasAbuBas~r.Hewasoneofthegreatestnarratorsinknowledge,jurisprudence,and piety.HewasamongthereporterswhopreservedthescientificwealthofImamAbuJafar(al Baqir),peacebeonhim.SulaymanbinKhalidalAqtasaid:[IheardAbuAbdAllah(alSadiq), peacebeonhim,say:]NoonehasenlivenedourfameandourtraditionsexceptBar~db. MuawiyaalAjali,AbuBas~r,laythalMuradi,Mohammedb.Moslem,andZarara.Wereitnot forthem,noonewouldconclude(religiousprecepts).Theyarethepreserversofthereligion. TheyarethetrusteesofmyfatheroverthelawfulandunlawfulofAllah.Theyareclosetousin theworld.Theywillbeclosetousinthenextworld.[105]Sometraditionsslanderhim.The traditionsareeitherfabricatedorweresaidtosavehimfromtheUmayyads,whoshedillegally thebloodoftheShiites.LaythwasamongthemainMoslemthinkers.Hewasamongthegreatest religiousscholarswhomaintainedthescientificwealthofthemembersoftheHouse(ahlalBayt), peacebeonthem. 396.MalikbinAyun HewascalledalJuhni.HewasamongthecompanionsofImamalBaqir,andofalSadiq,peacebe onhim.HepraisedImamalBaqir,saying:

WhenthepeopleseekforknowledgeoftheKoran,Quraysh relyonhim. IfsomeoneaskedwhereisthesonofthedaughteroftheProphet, youwouldgainthroughhimthewidebranches(ofknowledge). (Youarelike)starswhichshinefornighttravelers. (Youarelike)mountainswhichhaveinheritedvastknowledge.[106] AlArbalinarratedontheauthorityofMalikalJuhni,whosaid:IwassittingwithAbuJafar(al Baqir),peacebeonhim.Ilookedathim.ThenIsaidtomyself:Allahhasmadeyougreatand honorable.HehasmadeproofoverHiscreatures.TheImamturnedtomeandsaid:Malik,the affairisgreaterthanwhatyouthinkabout.[107]HehadmanymeetingswithImamalBaqirand ImamalSadiq,peacebeonthem.AlKashireportedthemeetings. 397.MalikbinAtiya HewascalledalAhmasi,alBajali,alKufi.ShaykhalTusiandnumberedhimasoneofthe companionsofImamZaynalAbidn,ImamalBaqir,andImamAbuAbdAllah(alSadiq),peacebe onthem.HereportedontheauthorityofImamalSadiq,peacebeonhim.Mohammedb.Sadaqa reportedonhisauthorityinFadlZiyaratalImamalHusayn,peacebeonhim.Maliksaidto ImamalSadiq,peacebeonhim:IamamanfromBujaila.IswearbyAllah,theGreatand Almightythatyouraremymasters.Somepeopleaskme:Whereareyoufrom?Ireply:Iam fromtheArabs,thenIamfromBujayla.DoIcommitasinwhenIdonotsaythatIamafollower totheBanuHashim?No,doyourheartandyourcapriceaffirmthatyouareamongour followers?theImam,peacebeonhim,asked.ByAllah,yes,Ireplied.Youdonotcommitasin whenyousaythatyouarefromtheArabs.ForyouarefromtheArabsinlineage,theImam explained.[108] 398.MohammedbinIbrahim HewascalledalKufialKhayyat.HereportedontheauthorityofImamalSadiq,andofalSadiq, peacebeonthem.[109] 399.MohammedbinAb~Sarrah HewascalledalKufi.ShaykhalTusiandalBarqinumberedhimasoneofthecompanionsof ImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim.[110] 400.MohammedbinAb~Mansur

ShaykhalTusiandnumberedhimasoneofthecompanionsofImamalBaqir,peacebeon him.[111] 401.MohammedbinIshaq HewascalledalMadani.Hewasabiographer.HewasnonShiite.ShaykhalTusinumberedhim asoneofthecompanionsofImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim.[112] 402.MohammedbinIsmail b.JafaralAlawi.HewascalledalKufi.ShaykhalTusinumberedhimasoneofthecompanionsof ImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim.[113] 403.MohammedbinalHasan b.Ab~Sarrah.HiskunyawasAbuJafar.HewastheretainerofalAnsari.HewascalledalRawasi. HewasoriginallyfromKufa.HeandhisfatherlivedattheNile.Heandhisfatherreportedonthe authorityofImamAbuJafarandofAbuAbdAllah,peacebeonthem.Hehasseveralbooks. Amongthemisthefollowing: 1.KitabalWaqf. 2.KitabalIbtila. 3.KitabalHamz. 4.KitabIrabalQuran. AlNajashireportedthesebooks.[114] 404.MohammedbinHam~d ShaykhalTusinumberedhimasoneofthecompanionsofImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim.[115] 405.MohammedbinRustam ShaykhalTusinumberedhimasoneofthecompanionsofImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim.He reportedontheauthorityofalAsbaghbinNabbata.[116]

406.MohammedbinZayd ShaykhalTusinumberedhimasoneofthecompanionsofImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim.He belongedtotheBatariya.[117] 407.MohammedbinSalim HereportedontheauthorityofImamAbuJafar(alBaqir),peacebeonhim,Abanb.Taghlub, Ahmedb.alNazar,andthelike.[118] 408.MohammedbinSulayman b.alFarra.ShaykhalTusinumberedhimasoneofthecompanionsofImamalBaqir,peacebeon him.[119] 409.MohammedbinSawqa HereportedontheauthorityofImamAbuJafar(alBaqir),peacebeonhim,andofImamAbu AbdAllah(alSadiq),peacebeonhim.AbuAyyubreportedonhisauthority.[120] 410.MohammedbinSahib AlBarqinumberedhimasoneofthecompanionsofImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim.[121] 411.MohammedbinAbdAllah HewascalledalTayyar.HewastheretainerofFazara.ShaykhalTusiandalBarqinumberedhim asoneofthecompanionsofImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim.AlKashireportedontheauthority ofMohammedb.AbdAllah,whosaid:IcametothedoorofAbuJafar(alBaqir),peacebeon him.Iaskedpermission.However,hedidnotpermittedme.Hepermittedotherthanme.So,I returnedtomyhouse.Iwassad.Ilaidonabedinthehouse.Iwassleepless.Isaidtomyself:Do theMurajeanotsaysuchandsuch?DotheQadariya(fatalists)notsaysuchandsuch?Dothe Harawriyanotsaysuchandsuch?DotheZaydiyanotsaysuchandsuch?WhileIwasthinking

(thesesects),thedoorwasknocked.So,Isaid:Whoisit?ThemessengerofAbuJafar,peacebe onhim,theknockersaid,AbuJafar(alBaqir,peacebeonhim,asksyoutocome.Itookmy clothesandwentwiththemessenger.Ientered(AbuJafarshouse).Whenhesawme,hesaid: Mohammed,(donotresortto)theMurajea,theQadariya,theHarawriya,andtheZaydiya. However,(resortto)us.Ipreventedyou(fromentering)becauseofsuchandsuch.Thus,I acceptedhiswords.[122] 412.MohammedbinAjlan ShaykhalTusinumberedhimasoneofthecompanionsofImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim.He reportedontheauthorityofMalikbinDamra,ontheauthorityofImam(Ali),theCommanderof theFaithful,peacebeonhim.Uthmanb.Isareportedonhisauthoritythevirtueoftheprayerin themosqueofKufa.[123] 413.MohammedbinAjlan HewascalledalMadani.ShaykhalTusinumberedhimasoneofthecompanionsofImamal Baqir,peacebeonhim.[124] 414.MohammedbinAttiya HereportedontheauthorityofImamAbuJafar(alBaqir),peacebeonhim,ImamalSadiq, peacebeonhim,andZarara.Mohammedb.Dauwdreportedonhisauthority.[125] 415.MohammedbinAli b.Ab~ShubaalHalabi.HiskunyawasAbuJafar.AlNajashisaid:Mohammedb.Aliisthemost eminentoneofourcompanions.Heisthemostknowledgeableoneofthem.Heisreliable.No oneisabletoslanderhimorhisbrothers,UbaydAllah,Umran,andAbdalAla.Hehasabook calledalTafs~r.Healsohasaclassifiedbookonthelawfulandtheunlawful.[126]ShaykhalTusi numberedhimasoneofthecompanionsofImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim.[127] 416.MohammedbinOn HewascalledalNusaybi.HereportedontheauthorityofImamAbuJafar(alBaqir),peacebeon

him.Mohammedb.alHusaynreportedonhisauthority.[128] 417.MohammedbinalFurat HeaskedImamAbuJafar(alBaqir),peacebeonhim,aboutthewordsofHimtheExalted:And yourturningoverandoveramongthosewhoprostratethemselves(beforeAllah).So,theImam replied:Hemeansintheloinsoftheprophets.He(Mohammedb.alFuratsaid:[Iheardthe CommanderoftheFaithfulsay:]Iamthesharerofthefire.[129] 418.MohammedbinalFadl HewascalledalHashimi.HiskunyawasAbualRab~.ShaykhalTusinumberedhimasoneofthe companionsofImamalBaqir,peacebeonhim.[130] 419.MohammedbinalFadl HereportedontheauthorityofImamalBaqir,andofalSadiq,peacebeonthem.AbuSulayman alHadhdhareportedonhisauthority.[131] 420.MohammedbinQays HereportedontheauthorityofImamAbuJafar(alBaqir),peacebeonhim.ShaykhalMuf~d numberedhimasoneofthemainfigures,fromwhom(thepeople)tookthelawful,theunlawful, religiousopinions,andlegalprecepts,whomnooneslandersanddispraises.Alib.Riab,Abu Ayyub,AbuAli,andthelikereportedonhisauthority.[132] 421.MohammedbinQays HewascalledAbuAbdAllahalBajali.HewasfromKufa.HewastrustworthyHereportedonthe authorityofImamalBaqir),andofalSadiq,peacebeonthem.Hehasabookcalledal Qadaya.[133]Hediedintheyear151A.H.[134] 422.MohammedbinMarwan

Hereportedontheauthorityof:ImamAbuJafar(alBaqir),peacebeonhim,ImamAbuAbd Allah(alSadiq),peacebeonhim,AbuYahya,b.AbuYafur,Abanb.Uthman,andthelike.Abu Jam~la,b.Miskan,Abanb.Uthman,andthelike,reportedonhisauthority.[135] 423.MohammedbinMarwan HewascalledalBasri.ShaykhalTusinumberedhimasoneofthecompanionsofImamalBaqir, peacebeonhim.[136] 424.MohammedbinMarwan HewascalledalKalbi.ShaykhalTusinumberedhimasoneofthecompanionsofImamalBaqir, peacebeonhim.[137]AlBarqialsonumberedhimasoneofthecompanionsofImamalBaqir, peacebeonhim.[138] [1]AlTusi,Rijal. [2]Ibid. [3]Ibid. [4]AlBarqi,Rijal.AlTusi,Rijal. [5]AlTusi,Rijal. [6]Ibid. [7]Ibid. [8]AlKashi. [9]AlTusi,Rijal. [10]AlKashi. [11]MujamRijalalHadith,vol.11,p.201. [12]Ibid,p.201. [13]AlTusi,Rijal. [14]Ibid. [15]MujamRijalalHadith,vol.12,p.43. [16]AlTusi,Rijal. [17]Ibid. [18]Ibid. [19]AlBarqi,Rijal. [20]MujamRijalalHadith,vol.12,p.103. [21]AlTusi,Rijal. [22]AlNajashi. [23]KamilalZiyarat.

[24]AlTusi,Rijal. [25]MujamRijalalHadith,vol.10,p.278. [26]Ibid,vol.13,p.12. [27]Ibid,vol.13,p.13. [28]AlNajashi. [29]MujamRijalalHadith,vol.13,p.68. [30]Ibid,p.27. [31]BasairalDarajat. [32]AlRouda. [33]MujamRijalalHadith,vol.13,p.57. [34]Ibid. [35]Ibid,p.65. [36]AlTusi,Rijal. [37]AlKhulasa. [38]AlTusi,Rijal. [39]AlNajashi. [40]AlKashi. [41]AlTusi,Rijal. [42]Ibid. [43]MujamRijalalHadith,vol.13,p.101. [44]AlTusi,Rijal. [45]AlKashi. [46]AlMajjlisi,alAmali,p.81. [47]AlTusi,Rijal. [48]TahdhibalTahdhib. [49]AlTusi,Rijal. [50]MujamRijalalHadith,vol.13,p.113. [51]AlRouda [52]AlTusi,Rijal. [53]Ibid. [54]MujamRijalalHadith,vol.13,p126. [55]Ibid,p.142. [56]AlTusi,Rijal. [57]Ibid. [58]MujamRijalalHadith,vol.13,p152. [59]AlTusi,Rijal. [60]MujamRijalalHadith,vol.13,p.182. [61]Ibid,182. [62]Ibid,p.194. [63]AlTusi,Rijal.

[64]MujamRijalalHadith,vol.13,p.200. [65]Ibid,p.212. [66]AlTusi,Rijal. [67]MujamRijalalHadith,vol.13,p.240. [68]AlTusi,Rijal. [69]MujamRijalalHadith,vol.13,p.275. [70]Ibid,p.283. [71]AlTusi,Rijal. [72]MujamRijalalHadith,vol.13,p.333. [73]Ibid,p.346. [74]Ibid,p.347. [75]Ibid,352. [76]AlTusi,Rijal. [77]Ibid. [78]Ibid. [79]AlBarqi,Rijal. [80]AlTusi,Rijal. [81]AlNajashi. [82]AlKashi. [83]Ibid. [84]AlTusi,Rijal. [85]Ibid. [86]AlNajashi. [87]AlTusi,Rijal. [88]MujamRijalalHadith,vol.14,p.26. [89]AlTusi,Rijal.AlBarqi,Rijal. [90]AlTusi,Rijal. [91]MujamRijalalHadith,vol.14,p.95. [92]AlKashi. [93]AlBarqi,Rijal. [94]AlTusi,Rijal. [95]Ibid. [96]Ibid. [97]AlNajashi. [98]AlTusi,Rijal. [99]AlKashi. [100]AlNajashi. [101]MujamRijalalHadith,vol.14,p.127. [102]AlTusi,Rijal. [103]MujamRijalalHadith,vol.14,pp.135137.

[104]AlTusi,Rijal.AlBarqi,Rijal. [105]AlKashi. [106]AlMufid,alIrshad. [107]KashifalGhumma. [108]MujamRijalalHadith,vol.14,p.677. [109]AlTusi,Rijal. [110]AlTusi,Rijal.AlBarqi,Rijal. [111]AlTusi,Rijal. [112]Ibid. [113]Ibid. [114]AlNajashi. [115]AlTusi,Rijal. [116]Ibid. [117]Ibid. [118]MujamRijalalHadith,vol.16,p.113. [119]AlTusi,Rijal. [120]MujamRijalalHadith,vol.16,p.183. [121]AlBarqi,Rijal. [122]MujamRijalalHadith,vol.16,p.287. [123]Ibid,p.314. [124]AlTusi,Rijal. [125]MujamRijalalHadith. [126]AlNajashi,Rijal. [127]AlTusi,Rijal. [128]MujamRijalalHadith,vol.16,p.97. [129]Ibid,p.140. [130]AlTusi,Rijal. [131]MujamRijalalHadith,vol.16,p.167. [132]Ibid,p.187. [133]AlNajashi. [134]AlKashi. [135]MujamRijalalHadith. [136]AlTusi,Rijal. [137]Ibid. [138]MujamRijalalHadith. 425.MohammedbinMoslem

MohammedbinMoslem b.Raba`h.HewascalledAbu`JafaralAwqasialTahha`n.HewastheretainerofThaqifal Awar.[1]Hewasamongthemainthinkers.HewasoneoftheIma`msofknowledgeinIslam.He wasoneofthegreatestjurists.HewasamongthetrusteesofAllahoverHislawfulandunlawful. HedevotedhislifetoIma`malBa`qirandalSa`diq,peacebeonthem.Henarratedmanysciences ontheirauthority.Hesaid:WhenIfacedacertainquestion,IaskedAbu`Jafar(alBa`qir),peace beonhim,aboutthequestion.Iaskedhimaboutthirtythousandtradition.Moreover,Iasked AbuÀbdAllah(alSa`diq),peacebeonhim,aboutsixteenthousandtraditions.[2] HonoringandGlorification AlargegroupoftraditionswasnarratedontheauthorityoftheIma`msofthemembersofthe House(ahlalBayt),peacebeonthem.Inthetraditions,theIma`mspraisedandlauded Mohammedb.Moslem.Thefollowingissomeofthetraditions: 1.AlKashireportedontheauthorityofAbdAllahb.Yafu`r,whosaid:IsaidtoAbuÀbdAllah (alSa`diq),peacebeonhim,Icannotmeetyouorcometoyoueveryhour.Mycompanions usuallycomeandquestionme.Iamunabletoanswerallwhattheyask.So,theIma`m,peacebe onhim,said:Whatpreventsyoufrom(resortingto)Mohammedb.MoslemalThaqafi?Forhe heardfrommyfather,andmyfatherglorifiedhim.[3]ThistraditionshowsthatMohammed outstandingscientificabilitiesandtalents.So,theMoslemsresortedtohimtotakereligious opinions. 2.AlKashireportedontheauthorityofMohammedb.Kha`lidalTayalisi,whosaid:Mohammed b.MoslemwasfromthepeopleofKu`fa.HecametoAbu`Jafar(alBa`qir),peacebeonhim.So, Abu`Jafarsaidtohim:Givegoodnewstothehumbleaboutthegarden.[4]Thistraditionshows thatMohammedisamongtheclosefriendsofAllah. 3.Jam~lb.Darra`jjreported.Hesaid:[IheardAbuÀbdAllah(alSa`diq),peacebeonhim,say:] Givegoodnewstothehumbleaboutthegarden.TheyareBar~db.Mua`wiyaalAjali,Abu` Bas~r(laythb.alBakhtarialMura`di),Mohammedb.Moslem,andZara`ra.Theyarefour highbornpersons.TheyarethetrusteesofAllahoverHislawfulandunlawful.Wereitnotfor them,thetraditionsoftheProphetwouldbeobliterated.[5] 4.Ima`mAbuÀbdAllah(alSa`diq),peacebeonhim,said:Fourpersonsarethemostlovableof allpeoplewithus,whethertheyaredeadorliving.TheyareBar~db.Mua`wiyaalAjali,Zara`ra b.Ayun,Mohammedb.Moslem,andAbu`JafaralAhwal.[6]Othertraditionspraise Mohammedsoutstandingmerits.Theyshowthathehadagreatpositionwiththemembersof theHouse(ahlalBayt),peacebeonthem.

HisScientificRank Mohammedb.Moslemwasoneofthemostbrilliantscholarsofhistimeinoutstandingmerits, jurisprudence,andknowledgeofthepreceptsofthereligion.InalRisa`laalAdadiya,Shaykhal Muf~dnumberedhimasoneofthemainfiguresandjurists,fromwhom(thepeople)tookthe lawful,theunlawful,religiousopinions,andlegalprecepts,whomnooneslandersanddispraises. Ima`mAbuÀbdAllahalSa`diq,peacebeonhim,askedtheMoslemscholarstoresortto Mohammedb.Moslem.MohammedaskedAbu`Jafar(alBa`qir),peacebeonhim,aboutthirty thousandtradition.Moreover,heaskedAbuÀbdAllah(alSa`diq),peacebeonhim,about sixteenthousandtraditions. MohammedbeforeShurayk,theJudge Thehistorianssaid:Mohammedb.MoslemandAbu`KuraybaalAzditestifiedbeforeShurayk, thejudge,whodeviatedfromthemembersoftheHouse(ahlalBayt),peacebeonthem.Shurayk lookedattheirfacescarefully.Then,hesaid:YouaretwoJa`farisFatimis.Idonotacceptyour testimony.Whentheyheardthat,theywept.Shuraykwasastonishedatthem,soheasked them:Whathasmadeyouweep? Theyreplied:Youhaveattributedustopeople.Thepeopledonotacceptustobeamongtheir brotherswhentheyseeourfoolishness.Youhaveascribedustoaman.Theman(i.e.,Ima`mal Sa`diq,peacebeonhim)whodoesnotacceptustobeamonghisShiites.Ifheacceptedus,we wouldbegratefultohim. Shuraykadmiredthem,sohesaid:Peopleshouldbelikeyou.Thenheacceptedtheirtestimony. Mohammedb.MoslemandAbu`KuraybamadethepilgrimagetotheSacredHouseofAllah.Then theymetIma`malSa`diq,peacebeonhim.Theytoldhimabouttheconversationthatoccurred betweenthemandShurayk.TheIma`m,peacebeonhim,wasdispleasedwithShurayk.So,he said:ShuraykwillhavenothingontheDayofJudgmentexceptashareoffire.[7] MohammedbinMoslemsolddates Mohammedb.MoslemwasoneoftherichinKu`fa.Ima`mAbu`Jafar(alBa`qir),peacebeon him,askedhimtoselldatestosavehislifefromtheUmayyads,whoillegallyshedthebloodofthe Shiites.Thus,Mohammedtookdatesandscales,andthenhesatatthedoorofthemosqueof Ku`fa.Somepeoplecameandsaidtohim:Youhaveexposedus!Mymaster,Abu`Jafar(al Ba`qir,peacebeonhim)askedmetodothat.So,Ihaveobeyedhisorder,hesaidtothem.They saidtohim:Ifyouinsistonbuyingandselling,thensitwithmillers.Herespondedtothem.So,

heboughtahandmillandsatwiththemillers.Withthishecouldsavehislife.[8] HisDeath Thisgreatfigurepassedawayintheyear150A.H.[9]Then,hiscompanionsburiedhim.They buriedintheearthjurisprudence,virtues,piety,anddevoutness. 426.MohammedbinMoslem HereportedontheauthorityofIma`mAbu`Jafar(alBa`qir),peacebeonhim.IbnUdhayna reportedonhisauthority.[10] 427.MohammedbinalMunkadir b.AbdAllahalTimimi.HiskunyawasAbuÀbdAllah.Hewasoneoftheeminentleaders.Ibn Hayyansaid:MohammedbinalMunkadrwasoneoftheskillfulreciters(oftheKoran).[11] Mohammedusedtosay:IdidnotusetothinkthatthelikeofAlib.alHusayn,peacebeonhim, couldleaveasuccessorbecauseoftheoutstandingmeritofAlib.alHusayn,peacebeonhim, untilIsawhisson,Mohammedb.Ali.Iwantedtoadvisehimbutheadvisedme. Mycompanionsaskedme:Whatdidhewarnyouof?Itoldthem:Iwentouttooneofthe suburbsofMedinaatatimewhenitwashot.ThereImetMohammedb.Ali,peacebeonhim.He wasawellbuiltmanandhewasleaningontwoservantsboys.Eithertheywereblackslavesofhis ortheywereretainersofhis.Isaidtomyself:Hereisavenerableleader(shaykh)ofQurayshout atthistimeandinthesecircumstancesseekingworldly(advantage).Imustwarnhim.So,I approachedhimandgreetedhim.Hereturnedmygreetingswithanger.Thesweatwaspouring downhim. Isaid:MayAllahremoveyou,avenerableleaderofQuraysh,outatthistimeandinthese circumstancesseekingworldly(advantage).Ifdeathcameuponyouwhileyouwereinthis condition(whatwouldyoudo?) Hemadethetwoservantboysletgoofhishandandheldhimselfup.Thenhesaid:ByAllah,if deathcameuponmewhileIwasinthiscondition,itwouldcomeuponmewhileIam(fulfilling)an actofobediencetoAllah,bywhichImakemyselfwithdrawfromyouandfromthe(restofthe) people.IwouldonlyfeardeathifitcameuponmewhileIwasperforminganactofdisobedience againstAllah. ThenI(Mohammed)replied:Youaretruthful.MayAllahhavemercyonyou,Iwantedtowarn andyouhavewarnedme.[12]

428.AlMustahalbinAta` ShaykhalTu`sinumberedhimasoneofthecompanionsofIma`malBa`qirandofalSa`diq, peacebeonthem.He(alMustahal)reportedontheirauthority.[13] 429.MasadabinZyya`d HewascalledalRibi.ShaykhalTu`sinumberedhimasoneofthecompanionsofIma`malBa`qir, peacebeonhim.[14]AlNaja`shisaid:MasadaistrustworthyHehasaclassifiedbookonthe lawfulandtheunlawful.[15] 430.MasadabinSadaqa ShaykhalTu`sinumberedhimasoneofthecompanionsofIma`malBa`qir,peacebeonhim.He addedthatMasadawasanonShiite.[16]AlNaja`shisaid:Masadareportedontheauthority of:AbuÀbdAllah(alSa`diq),peacebeonhim,andAbuàlHasan,peacebeonhim.Hehas books.AmongthemisKita`bKhutabalAmir.[17] 431.Mask~n ShaykhalTu`sinumberedhimasoneofthecompanionsofIma`malBa`qir,peacebeonhim.He addedthatMask~nwasreliable.[18] 432.Mask~nbinAbd ShaykhalTu`sinumberedhimasoneofthecompanionsofIma`malBa`qir,peacebeonhim.He wasanunknownIma`mShiite.[19] 433.MasmabinAbdalMalik HewasgiventhekunyaofAbu`Sayya`r.HewasfromKu`fa.ShaykhalTu`sinumberedhimasone ofthecompanionsofIma`malBa`qir,andofIma`malSa`diqpeacebeonthem.AlNaja`shisaid: Masmawasthechiefof(thetribeof)Bakrb.WaìlinBasrah.Hewasthemasterofthe Masmais.

MasmareportedonfewtraditionsontheauthorityofAbu`Jafar(alBa`qir),peacebeonhim. However,hereportedmanytraditionsontheauthorityofAbuÀbdAllah(alSa`diq).AbuÀbd Allah(alSa`diq),peacebeonhim,saidtohim:OAbu`Sayya`r,Iwillprepareyouforanimportant affair.[20] 434.Maru`fbinKhrbu`dh HewasfromKu`fa,so,hewascalledalKu`fi.HewasamongthecompanionsofIma`malBa`qir, peacebeonhim.HewasamongthemostprominentjuristsandwasoneofthetrusteesofAllah overHislawfulandunlawful.TheShiitesagreedonthecorrectnessofwhatisreportedonhis authority.Hewasamongtheworshiperswhoprolongedtheirprostrationduringtheirprayers.He studiedunderIma`mAbu`Jafar(alBa`qir),peacebeonhim,andhisson,Ima`malSa`diq,peace beonhim.Helearnedmanysciencesfromthemandfollowedtheirbehavior.Thus,hebecame oneoftheuniquepious,andofthepersonswhoturnedtoAllahinrepentance.[21] 435.MuammarbinRash~d HewascalledalKu`fi.ShaykhalTu`sinumberedhimasoneofthecompanionsofIma`malBa`qir, peacebeonhim.[22] 436.MuammarbinAta` b.WashikaalKu`fi.ShaykhalTu`sinumberedhimasoneofthecompanionsofIma`malBa`qir, peacebeonhim.HewasanunknownIma`mShiite.[23] 437.MuammarbinYahya`` b.Bassa`m.ShaykhalTu`sinumberedhimasoneofthecompanionsofIma`malBa`qir,peacebe onhim.[24] 438.MuammarbinYahya`` b.Sa`limalKhzza`z.AlBarqinumberedhimasoneofthecompanionsofIma`malBa`qir,peace beonhim.[25]

439.MuammarbinYahya`àlAjali HewasanArab.Hewasreliable.HereportedontheauthorityofIma`malBa`qir,andofalSa`diq, peacebeonthem.Hehasabook.Thalabab.Maymu`nreportedthebookonhisauthority.[26] 440.AlMugh~rabinSa~d HewastheretainerofBujayla.Hewasaliar.Manytraditionsdispraisedandcursedhim.He fabricatedtraditionsandascribedthemtoIma`malBa`qir,peacebeonhim.Ima`malSa`diq, peacebeonhim,said:MayAllahcursealMugh~ra.Hefabricatedtraditionsandattributedthem tomyfather.So,Allahwillmakehimtastetheheatoftheiron.[27]Wehavealreadytalkedabout hisfabrications. 441.AlMufaddalbinZayd ShaykhalTu`sinumberedhimasoneofthecompanionsofIma`malBa`qir,peacebeonhim.[28] HewasanunknownIma`mShiite. 442.AlMufaddalbinQays b.Rumma`na.ShaykhalTu`sinumberedhimasoneofthecompanionsofIma`malBa`qir,peace beonhim.[29]AlKashireportedoftraditionsthatpraisedandlaudedhim. 443.Muqa`tilbinSulayma`n HewascalledalKhurasanialBajali.ShaykhalTu`sinumberedhimasoneofthecompanionsof Ima`malBa`qir,peacebeonhim.[30]AlBarqisaid:Muqa`tilbinSulayma`nwasanon Shiite.[31] 444.MuqrinalSarra`jj ShaykhalTu`sinumberedhimasoneofthecompanionsofIma`malBa`qir,peacebeonhim.[32] 445.MundhirbinAb~Turayfa

HewascalledalBajalialKu`fi.ShaykhalTu`sinumberedhimasoneofthecompanionsofIma`m alBa`qir,peacebeonhim.[33]AlNaja`shisaid:MundhirbinAb~Turayfareportedonthe authorityofIma`mAlib.alHusayn,Ima`malBa`qir,andalSa`diq,peacebeonthem. 446.Mansu`rbinalMutamir HewascalledalSalamialKu`fi.Hebelongedtothenextgeneration.ShaykhalTu`sinumbered himasoneofthecompanionsofIma`malBa`qir,peacebeonhim.[34]Hewasamongthe followersofthegreatmartyr,Zaydb.Ali,peacebeonhim.Mansu`rwasnotinKu`fawhenZayd waskilled.Whenheheardofhismurder,hefastedforayear.ForhewantedAllahtoforgivehim. HecameoutinrevoltwithAbdAllahb.Mua`wiya.ThenhecameoutinrevoltwithMohammed b.AbdAllahb.alHasan.ThatwasduringthedaysofalMansu`ralDawa`niqi. 447.Mansu`rbinalWal~d HewascalledalSaq~l.ShaykhalTu`sinumberedhimasoneofthecompanionsofIma`mal Ba`qir,peacebeonhim.[35] 448.Mu`saàlAshari ShaykhalTu`sinumberedhimasoneofthecompanionsofIma`malBa`qir,peacebeonhim.[36] 449.Mu`sa`binAshyam ShaykhalTu`sinumberedhimasoneofthecompanionsofIma`malBa`qir,peacebeonhim.[37] Itwassaidthathewasanextremist.HewasamongthefollowersofAbuàlKhatta`b.AlKashi reportedontheauthorityofHana`nb.Sudayr,ontheauthorityofIma`mAbuÀbdAllah(al Sa`diq),peacebeonhim,whosaid:Somebodywillenterthefirewithhim,namelyAbuàl Khatta`b.ThentheIma`m,peacebeonhim,mentionedMu`sa`b.Ashyam.Hesaid:Mu`sa`bin Ashyamandhiscompanion,Hafsb.Maymu`n,cometomeeveryday.Theyquestionme.Itell themofthetruth.ThentheygotoAbuàlKhatta`b.Heteachesthemcontrarytomyview.Thus, theyfollowhisviewandleavemine.[38]ItwassaidthatMu`sa`retreatedfromhisextremism. 450.Mu`saàlKhayya`t

ShaykhalTu`sinumberedhimasoneofthecompanionsofIma`malBa`qir,peacebeonhim.He wasunknown.[39] 451.Mu`sa`binZyya`d ShaykhalTu`sinumberedhimasoneofthecompanionsofIma`malBa`qir,peacebeonhim.[40] 452.Mu`sa`binAbdAllah HewascalledalAsadi.ShaykhalTu`sinumberedhimasoneofthecompanionsofIma`mal Ba`qir,peacebeonhim.Hewasunknown.[41] 453.MuhzimbinAb~Burda HewascalledalAsadialKu`fi.ShaykhalTu`sinumberedhimasoneofthecompanionsofIma`m alBa`qir,Ima`malSa`diq,andIma`malKa`zim,peacebeonthem.[42] 454.MaysarbinAbdalAz~z HewascalledalNakhaialMadaìni.ShaykhalTu`sinumberedhimasoneofthecompanionsof Ima`malBa`qir,peacebeonhim.[43]AlKashisaid:MaysarwasareliableKufan.Maysar reportedontheauthorityofoneofthem(alBa`qiroralSa`diq,peacebeonthem),whosaid: Maysar,doyoukeepincontactwithyourrelatives?I(Maysar)replied:Yes.MayIbeyour ransom,whenIwasayoungman,I(worked)inthemarket.Mywagewastwodirhams.Igaveone dirhamtomypaternalauntandonedirhamtomymaternalaunt.So,theIma`m,peacebeon him,said:ByAllah,yourdeathcametwice.However,itwaspostponed.Maysarsaid:Ianda group(ofmycompanions)cametoAbu`Jafar(alBa`qir),peacebeonhim.Imentionedthe relationshipwithwombrelatives.So,Abu`Jafar,peacebeonhim,said:Maysar,yourdeath cametwice.However,Allahdelayedit,foryoukeepincontactwithyourrelatives.Maysar reportedontheauthorityofIma`malBa`qir,peacebeonhim,whosaid:Doyoutalkwitheach other?Yes,wedo,Ireplied.So,hepeacebeonhim,said:IwishIwaswithyou.ByAllah,I loveyou.ForyoufollowthereligionofAllahandofHisangels.So,supportuswithpietyandhard work.IsawasifIwasonthetopofamountain.Thepeoplewereascendingtomefromall directions.Whentheybecamemany,theyweretakenintothesky.Thentheyweredropped.That

wasdonefivetimes.Nooneofthepeopleremainedwithmeexceptalittlegroup.Amongthe groupwereMaysarb.AbdalAz~zandAbdAllahb.Ajjla`n.ThisaccountshowsthatMaysar hadfirmfaith,andthathewasveryobedienttothemembersoftheHouse(ahlalBayt),peacebe onhim.[44] 455.Maymu`nalBa`n HewascalledalKu`fi.HereportedontheauthorityofIma`malBa`qir,andofalSa`diq,peacebe onthem.[45] 456.Maymu`nalQadda`h HewasthechiefoftheBanuMakhzu`m.ShaykhalTu`sinumberedhimasoneofthecompanions ofIma`malBa`qir,peacebeonhim.[46] 457.NajmbinalHutaym HewascalledalAbdi.ShaykhalTu`sinumberedhimasoneofthecompanionsofIma`mal Ba`qir,peacebeonhim.[47] 458.NajmalTaì ShaykhalTu`sinumberedhimasoneofthecompanionsofIma`malBa`qir,peacebeonhim.He wasanunknownIma`miShiite.[48] 459.NujayhbinMoslem ShaykhalTu`sinumberedhimasoneofthecompanionsofIma`malBa`qir,peacebeonhim.He wasanunknownIma`miShiite.[49] 460.AlNadarbinQarwa`sh HewascalledalKhuzaìalKu`fi.ShaykhalTu`sinumberedhimasoneofthecompanionsof Ima`malBa`qir,peacebeonhim.AlNadardeviatedfromthemembersoftheHouse(ahlalBayt),

peacebeonthem.Thenarratorssaid:Ima`malBa`qir,peacebeonhim,wastalkingtohis companions.WhenalNadarcame,theIma`mscompanionsbecamedispleasedwithhim.The Ima`mtalkedtohiscompanionsforatime.Thenthemeetingwasconcluded.WhenalNadarleft theassembly,thecompanionssaidtotheIma`m:WehaveheardfromyouwhatalNadarhas heardTheIma`m,peacebeonhim,said:IfyouaskalNadaraboutwhatIhavesaidthisday,he willnotrememberit.SomeoftheIma`mscompanionsmetalNadar.Theyaskedhimaboutthe traditionsoftheIma`m,peacebeonhim.Thus,heanswered:Ididnotunderstandanyoneof them.[50] 461.Numa`nalAhmasi ShaykhalTu`sinumberedhimasoneofthecompanionsofIma`malBa`qir,peacebeonhim.[51] HewasanunknownIma`miShiite. 462.AlWardbinZaydalAsadi Hewasthebrotherofthegreatpoet,alKumaytb.Zayd.ShaykhalTu`sinumberedhimasoneof thecompanionsofIma`malBa`qir,peacebeonhim.ThenarratorssaidthatalWardobeyedand lovedthemembersoftheHouse(ahlalBayt),peacebeonthem,verymuch.[52] 463.AlWal~dbinBash~r ShaykhalTu`sinumberedhimasoneofthecompanionsofIma`malBa`qir,peacebeonhim.He addedthatalWal~dwasunknown.[53] 464.AlWal~dbinUrwaalHajri ShaykhalTu`sinumberedhimasoneofthecompanionsofIma`malBa`qir,peacebeonhim.[54] 465.AlWal~dbinalQa`sim ShaykhalTu`sinumberedhimasoneofthecompanionsofIma`malBa`qir,peacebeonhim.[55] Hewasunknown. 466.Ha`ru`nalJabali

ShaykhalTu`sinumberedhimasoneofthecompanionsofIma`malBa`qir,peacebeonhim.He addedthatHa`ru`nwasunknown.[56] 467.Ha`ru`nbinHamza HewascalledalGhanawi,alSayrafi,alKu`fi.ShaykhalTu`sinumberedhimasoneofthe companionsofIma`malBa`qir,peacebeonhim.[57]AlNaja`shisaid:Ha`ru`nwastrustworthy. HereportedontheauthorityofIma`mAbuÀbdAllah(alSa`diq),peacebeonhim.Hehasa book.Agroup(ofthenarrators)reportedthebookonhisauthority.[58] 468.Ha`shimbinAb~Ha`shim ShaykhalTu`sinumberedhimasoneofthecompanionsofIma`malBa`qir,peacebeonhim.He addedthatHa`shimunknown.[59] 469.Ha`shimalRahaì ShaykhalTu`sinumberedhimasoneofthecompanionsofIma`malBa`qir,peacebeonhim.He saidthatHa`shimwasunknown.[60] 470.Yahya``binAb~alAlaàlRazzaì ShaykhalTu`sinumberedhimasoneofthecompanionsofIma`malBa`qir,peacebeonhim.He hasabook,asithasbeenmentionedinalFihrast.[61] 471.Yahya``binAb~Qa`simalHadhdha` ShaykhalTu`sinumberedhimasoneofthecompanionsofIma`malBa`qir,peacebeonhim.[62] 472.Yhaya`binalSa`biq ShaykhalTu`sinumberedhimasoneofthecompanionsofIma`malBa`qir,peacebeonhim.He

wasunknown.[63] 473.Yaz~dAbu`Kha`lidalKana`si ShaykhalTu`sinumberedhimasoneofthecompanionsofIma`malBa`qir,peacebeonhim.[64] 474.Yaz~dbinAbdalMalikalJufi ShaykhalTu`sinumberedhimasoneofthecompanionsofIma`malBa`qir,peacebeonhim.[65] Apparently,hewasanunknownIma`miShiite. 475.Yaz~dbinAbdalMalikalNawfali ShaykhalTu`sinumberedhimasoneofthecompanionsofIma`malBa`qir,peacebeonhim.[66] HereportedontheauthorityofIma`mAbuÀbdAllah(alSa`diq),peacebeonhim,whosaid: Visiteachother.Foryourvisitenlivensyourheartsandspreadsourtraditions.Ourtraditions makeyouloveeachother.Ifyoufollowthem,youwillbesafe.Ifyouleavethem,youwillgo astray.Putthemintoeffect,andIguaranteeyoursafety.[67] 476.Yaz~dbinMohammedalN~sha`bu`ri ShaykhalTu`sinumberedhimasoneofthecompanionsofIma`malBa`qir,peacebeonhim.[68] Hewasunknown. 477.Yaz~d HewastheretainerofalHakamb.Ab~alSalt.ShaykhalTu`sinumberedhimasoneofthe companionsofIma`malBa`qir,peacebeonhim.[69] 478.Yaqu`balAzdi Hesoldfoodstuffs.ShaykhalTu`sinumberedhimasoneofthecompanionsofIma`malBa`qir, peacebeonhim.[70]Hewasunknown.

479.Yaqu`bbinShuayb b.Maythamb.Yahya`àlTamma`r.HewasthechiefoftheBanuAsad.ShaykhalTu`sinumbered himasoneofthecompanionsofIma`malBa`qir,peacebeonhim.[71]AlNaja`shisaid:Hewas trustworthy.HereportedontheauthorityofIma`mAbuÀbdAllah(alSa`diq),peacebeonhim. IbnSa~dandb.Nu`hmentionedhim.Hehasabook.Anumberofourcompanionsreportedthe book.[72] 480.YounisbinAb~Yafu`r ShaykhalTu`sinumberedhimasoneofthecompanionsofIma`malBa`qir,peacebeonhim.[73] Apparently,hewasunknownIma`mShiite. 481.YounisbinKhabba`b ShaykhalTu`sinumberedhimasoneofthecompanionsofIma`malBa`qir,peacebeonhim.He addedthatYouniswasunknown.[74] 482.YounisbinalMugh~ra ShaykhalTu`sinumberedhimasoneofthecompanionsofIma`malBa`qir,peacebeonhim.[75] Apparently,hewasunknownIma`mShiite. Withthis,wewillendourtalkaboutthecompanionsofIma`mAbu`Jafar(alBa`qir),peacebeon him,andthenarratorsofhistraditions.Wedonotsaythatwehavementionedthemall. However,wehavementionedsomeofthem.Besides,wehavenotmentionedtheirbiographiesin detail.Rather,wehavementionedanindexfortheirnames.Moreover,wehavementionedbrief outlinesaboutsomeoftheiraffairs.Forourreferenceshavenotmentionedotherdetails. However,amongthislargegroupofthecompanionsofIma`malBa`qirandthenarratorsofhis traditionsisagroupofthegreatestscholarsandjurists.AmongthemareMohammedb.Moslem, Zara`rab.Ayun,Abu`Bas~r,andthelike.Theyplayedacentralroleinfoundingthe jurisprudenceofthemembersoftheHouse(ahlalBayt),peacebeonthem.Theyrecordedtheir traditionstowhichjuristsresorttoconcludereligiousopinions.Thus,theypreservedthemost importantintellectualscientificIslamicwealth. [1]AlBarqi,Rija`l. [2]AlNaja`shi.

[3]AlKashi. [4]Ibid. [5]Ibid. [6]Ibid. [7]Ibid. [8]Ibid. [9]Ibid. [10]MujamRija`lalHadith,vol.17,p.288. [11]TahdhibalTahdhib,vol.9,p.473. [12]AlKa`fi,vol.5,Kita`balMaisha. [13]AlTu`si,Rija`l. [14]Ibid. [15]AlNaja`shi. [16]AlTu`si,Rija`l. [17]AlNaja`shi. [18]AlTu`si,Rija`l. [19]TanqihalMaqa`l,vol.3,p.214. [20]AlNaja`shi. [21]AlKashi,Rija`l.AlNaja`shi,Rija`l.AlTu`si,Rija`l. [22]AlTu`si,Rija`l. [23]Ibid. [24]Ibid. [25]AlBarqi,Rija`l. [26]AlNaja`shi. [27]AlKashi. [28]AlTu`si,Rija`l. [29]Ibid. [30]Ibid. [31]AlBarqi,Rija`l. [32]AlTu`si,Rija`l. [33]Ibid. [34]Ibid. [35]Ibid. [36]Ibid. [37]Ibid. [38]TanqihalMaqa`l,vol.1,p.253. [39]AlTu`si,Rija`l. [40]Ibid. [41]TanqihalMaqa`l,vol.3,p.356. [42]AlTu`si,Rija`l.

[43]Ibid. [44]AlKashi,Rija`l. [45]AlTu`si,Rija`l. [46]Ibid. [47]Ibid. [48]Ibid. [49]Ibid. [50]TanqihalMaqa`l,vol.3,p.271. [51]AlTu`si,Rija`l. [52]TanqihalMaqa`l,vol.3,p.278. [53]AlTu`si,Rija`l. [54]Ibid. [55]Ibid. [56]Ibid. [57]Ibid. [58]AlNaja`shi. [59]AlTu`si,Rija`l. [60]Ibid. [61]Ibid. [62]Ibid. [63]Ibid. [64]Ibid. [65]Ibid. [66]Ibid. [67]Usu`lalKa`fi. [68]AlTu`si,Rija`l. [69]Ibid. [70]Ibid. [71]Ibid. [72]AlNaja`shi. [73]AlTu`si,Rija`l. [74]Ibid. [75]Ibid. ChapterXI:ToTheShelterGarden

Ima`mAbu`Jafar(alBa`qir),peacebeonhim,hadcarriedouthisimmortalmessage:hehad spreadknowledgeandIslamicmannersamongpeople.ThenAllahchosehimtobeHisneighbor. HewantedhimtoenjoytheshadeofHismercyandHisgardens.Hewantedhimtobehappy throughmeetinghisgrandfathers,whopassedthemethodsofjusticeandfairnessintheearth. Now,wewilltalkbrieflyaboutthebrightendofthelifeoftheIma`m,whichhedevotedto obediencetoAllah,proclaimingknowledge,kindnesstopeople,andthelikeItisasfollows: TheIma`mannouncedhisownDeath. TheIma`mfelttheapproachofhiscertaindeath.So,hehurriedtohisaunt,Fa`timadaughterof Ima`malHusayn,peacebeonhim.Heannouncedhisdeathtoher,saying:Ihavecompleted fiftyeightyears.[1] Fa`timaunderstoodwhattheIma`mmeant.Herheartmeltedwithsorrowsforhernephew.For hewastherestofthemembersofhisfamily,whowerekilledbytheswordsofaggressionand error.TheIma`mcompletedfiftyeightyyearsfullofmisfortunes.Thoseyearsfilledhisheartwith sorrowandsadness.Hisfather,Ima`mZaynalAbidn,andhisgrandfather,Ima`malHasan, peacebeonthem,departedlifeatthesameage.Thus,theIma`mfeltthathewasabouttodie. TheMurderoftheIma`m Ima`mAbu`Jafar(alBa`qir),peacebeonhim,didnotdieanaturaldeath.Rather,somesinful persons,whodidnotbelieveinAllahandthehereafter,gavehimpoisontodrink.Thehistorians differedoverwhichsinfulpersonwhocommittedsuchacrime.Thefollowingaresomeofthe views: 1.Hisha`mb.alHakamgavetheIma`mpoisontodrink.[2]Thisisthemostacceptableview.For Hisha`mwasthemostspitefulpersontowardsthefamilyoftheProphet,mayAllahblesshimand hisfamily.Hissoulwasfullofmaliceandhatredtowardsthem.Itwashewhoforcedthegreat martyr,Zaydb.Ali,peacebeonhim,torevoltagainsthim.Thatwaswhenhescornedand abandonedZayd.Surely,thegreatIma`mAbu`Jafar(alBa`qir),peacebeonhim,shookthe positionofthistyrannicalperson(Hisha`m).ThatbecausetheIma`msknowledgeandoutstanding meritswerefamous.So,theMoslemstalkedabouthistalentsandabilities.Hence,Hisha`mkilled theIma`mtogetridofhim. 2.Ibra`himb.alWal~dgavetheIma`mpoisontodrink.[3]Sayyidb.Tawu`sthoughtthatIbra`him b.alWal~dtookpartinmurderingtheIma`m,peacebeonhim.[4]ThismeansthatIbra`him helpedotherpersonstomurdertheIma`m,peacebeonhim. SomereferenceshaveignoredthenameofthepersonwhoassassinatedtheIma`m,peacebeon him.TheyhaveonlymentionedthattheIma`mdiedofpoisoning.[5]Thesearesomeoftheviews mentionedconcerningmurderingtheIma`m,peacebeonhim,withpoison.

ReasonsfortheMurderoftheIma`m TheUmayyadsmurderedtheIma`m,peacebeonhim.Thereasonsforthatareasfollows: 1.TheIma`mshighCharacter Ima`mAbu`Jafar(alBa`qir),peacebeonhim,hadthehighestcharacterintheIslamicworld. Moslemshaveunanimouslygreedonhishighcharacter.Theyhaveadmittedhisoutstanding merits.AllMoslemreligiousscholarsfromallMoslemcountriescametohimtolearnhissciences andhismorals.FortheIma`mlearnedthatfromhisgrandfather,AllahsApostle,mayAllahbless himandhisfamily. TheIma`m,peacebeonhim,possessedthesentimentsofthepeople.Thus,theyadmiredand respectedhim.FortheIma`mwasthemostprominentfigureinthefamilyoftheProphet,may Allahblesshimandhisfamily.Hence,theIma`mshighsocialrankdispleasedtheUmayyads. Accordingly,theydecidedtomurderhimtogetridofhim. 2.TheEventsofDamascus AmongthereasonsthatmovedtheUmayyadstokilltheIma`m,peacebeonhim,weretheevents theIma`mfacedinDamascus.Theseeventsareasfollow: A.TheIma`mexceededtheUmayyadsandothersinshooting.ThatwaswhenHisha`msummoned theIma`mtocompetewiththeUmayydsandothersforshooting.Hisha`mthoughttheIma`m wouldfailinhittingthetarget.Thus,hewouldbeabletousetheIma`msfailureasmeansto degradetheimportanceoftheIma`mandtomockhimbeforetheSyrians.However,theIma`m shotandhitthetargetseveraltimes.Thepeoplehadneverseensuchskillfulnessintheworldof shooting.Hisha`mwasfullofanger.So,hedecidedtomurdertheIma`mfromthatmoment. B.TheIma`mdebatedwithHisha`montheaffairsoftheIma`mate.TheIma`mdefeatedHisha`m. So,thelatterwasfullofmalicetowardstheformer. C.TheIma`mdebatedwiththescholaroftheChristiansoncertainaffairs.TheIma`malso defeatedthescholar.So,theSyrianswerebusytalkingabouttheIma`msvictoryoverthe Christianscholar.Wehavementionedthesemattersindetailinthepreviouschapters. AlBa`qirdesignatedalSa`diq Ima`mAbu`Jafar(alBa`qir),peacebeonhim,designatedhissonalSa`diq,peacebeonhim,as

anIma`m.ForalSa`diqwastheprideoftheworld.Hewasthepioneerofcultureandsciencein Islam.HisfatherdesignatedhimtobeanIma`mandsuccessorandgeneralauthorityforthe communityafterhim.Hesaidtohisfollowersthatitwasincumbentonthemtofollowandobey hisson. Ima`mAbu`Jafar(alBa`qir),peacebeonhim,laudedhisson,Ima`malSa`diq,peacebeonhim. HegaveanexplicitdesignationforhisIma`mte.AbuàlSaba`halKina`nireported.Hesaid:[Abu` JafarMohammedlookedtowardshissonAbuÀbdAllah(alSa`diq),peacebeonhim,andsaid (tous):Doyouseethatman?HeisoneofthoseofwhomAllah,theMightyandHigh,said:We wishtograntafavortothosewhohavebeenhumiliatedinthelandandWewillmakethem Ima`msandinheritors.[6] Alib.alHakamreportedontheauthorityofTa`hir,whosaid:[IwaswithAbu`Jafar(alBa`qir), peacebeonhim).WhenJafar(alSa`diq)approached,Abu`Jafar(alBa`qir)said:]Hereisthe bestofcreatures.[7] HisTestamentaryEnjoinments Ima`mMohammedalBa`qir,peacebeonhim,gaveseveralenjoinmentstohisson,Ima`mal Sa`diq,peacebeonhim.Amongthemarethefollowing: 1.Hesaid:Jafar,Igivetestamentaryenjoinmentstoyou(totreat)myfollowerswell.So,Ima`m alSa`diq,peacebeonhim,replied:MayIbeyourransom,Iwillmakethem(knowtheirreligion sowell)thatanymanamongtheminthecountrywillnot(haveto)askanyone(foradvice).[8] He,peacebeonhim,enjoinedhissontospend(money)onthemandtotakecareoftheiraffairs tomakethemdevotethemselvestoseekknowledge,torecordhistraditions,andtospreadhis sciencesandmoralsamongthepeople. 2.He,peacebeonhim,enjoinedhissonalSa`diq,peacebeonhim,toshroudhiminthecloakin whichheusedtoperformtheprayer.[9]HewantedthattobeatruthfulwitnesswithAllahforhis greatworshipandhisobediencetoHim. 3.Heendowedsomeofhismoneytosomefemaleweeperstoweepforhimfortenyearsat Mina.[10]ThereasonforthatisthatMinawasthegreatestcenterwhereMoslemsgathered,and thatthereweremanyfemaleweepersatit.ThiswouldmaketheMoslemsaskaboutthereason forweeping.TheywouldbetoldthattheUmayyadspersecutedandkilledIma`mAbu`Jafar(al Ba`qir),peacebeonhim.So,theUmayyadwouldbeunabletohidethemurderoftheIma`m. Asforthetextofhistestamentaryenjoinments,itwasreportedbyIma`mAbuÀbdAllahal Sa`diq,peacebeonhim,whosaid:[Whenmyfatherwasneartodeath,hesaid(tome):Call witnessesforme.IsummonedfourmenfromQuraysh,amongthemNa`fi,retainerofAbdAllah b.Umar.(Myfathersaid:)WritethistestimonywhichIbequeath(like)Jacobdidtohissons:My sons,Allahhaschosenthereligionforyou.So,donotdieexceptasMoslems.Mohammedb.Ali makesthislasttestimonytoJafarb.Mohammed.Heordershimtoshroudhiminhiscloakin whichheusedtoperformtheFridayprayer,toputhisturbanonhim,tomakehisgraveasquare,

toraiseittheheightoffourfingersabovetheground,andtotakehisshabbyclothesawayfrom himathisburial. Thenhesaidtothewitnesses:Depart,mayAllahhavemercyonyou. Father,Isaidtohim(aftertheyhadgone),whatwasinthisthattherehadtobewitnessesfor it? Myson,heanswered,Iwasunwillingforyoutobeovercomeandforittobesaidthatno testimonyhadbeenmadforhim.Iwantedyoutohaveproof.[11] TotheHighestParadise ThepoisonactedquicklyonthebodyofIma`mAbu`Jafar(alBa`qir),peacebeonhim.So,death approachedfast.Duringhislasthours,hegatheredallhisfeelingsandsentiments,andcleavedto Allah,theMostHigh.HebeganrecitingtheHolyKoran.HeaskedAllahsforgiveness.Whilehis tonguebusypraisingAllah,deathcametohim.So,hisgreatmatchlesssoulascendedtoits CreatorafterithadenlightenedtheculturalscientificlifeinIslam.WhentheIma`mdied,themost wonderfulstageoftheIslamicmessage,whichprovidedtheIslamiccommunitywiththeelements ofawareness,development,andprosper,ended. HisPreparation(forBurial) Ima`malSa`diq,peacebeonhim,preparedtheholybodyforburial.Hewasheditandshrouded it.Hewasweepingbittertearsforthemissingofhisfather,whowasthebestpersonunderthe skyinknowledge,outstandingmerits,anddevoutness. HisBurial ThepeoplecarriedthegreatbodyfromalHamima.[12]Theygatheredaroundit.Theywere shouting:ThereisnogodbutAllah!AllahisGreat!Theywerehappytotouchthecoffinofthe Ima`m.TheywerementioningthelaudableandfavorsofIma`mAbu`Jafar(alBa`qir),peacebe onhim.ThentheyreachedatBaqialGharqad.Theydugagravealongsidethegraveofhisfather, ZaynalAbidn,thegreatestIma`m,peacebeonhim,andbesideshisgreatuncle,Ima`mal Hasan,theLordoftheYouthofHeaven,peacebeonhim.ThenIma`malSa`diqburiedhisfather inhisfinalrestingplace.Heburiedwithhimknowledge,clemency,andkindnesstopeople. ThedeathofIma`mAbu`Jafar(alBa`qir),peacebeonhim,wasthegreatestlossfortheMoslems then.Fortheymissedtheleader,thepioneer,andtheguide,whosparednoefforttospread knowledgeandculturalawarenessamongMoslems.

HisHolyAge Thehistoriansandnarratorshavedifferedoverhisholyage.Thefollowingaresomeoftheir views: 1.Hediedattheageof73.[13] 2.Hediedattheageof63.[14] 3.Hediedattheageof61.[15] 4.Hediedattheageof60.[16] 5.Hediedattheageof58.[17] 6.Hediedattheageof56.[18] 7.Hediedattheageof55.[19] ThenarratorsfullyknowthattheIma`m,peacebeonhim,diedattheageof58.Oneofthe abovementionednarrationsindicatesthat. TheYearofhisDeath ThehistoriansdifferedovertheyearinwhichtheIma`mdied.Thefollowingaresomeoftheir views: 1.Hediedintheyear127A.H.[20] 2.Hediedintheyear118A.H.[21] 3.Hediedintheyear117A.H.[22] 4.Hediedintheyear116A.H.[23] 5.Hediedintheyear114A.H.[24] 6.Hediedintheyear113A.H.[25] Thesearesomeoftheviewsthehistorianshavementioned.ItisfamousthatIma`malBa`qir, peacebeonhim,diedintheyear114A.H. TheMoslemscondoledIma`malSa`diq. TheMoslemswerefullofsadness.So,theyhurriedtoIma`malSa`diq,peacebeonhim,to condolewith himonthedeathofhisfather.AmongthecondolerswasSa`limb.Ab~Hafsa,whosaid:Isaidto mycompanions:Waitforme.ForIwanttogotoAbuÀbdAllah(alSa`diq)tocondolewithhim onthedeathofhisfather.Iwenttohimandcondoledwithhimandsaidtohim:ToAllahwe belongandtoHimisourreturn.ByAllah,theonewhousedtosay:AllahsApostle,mayAllah blesshimandhisfamily,said,haspassedaway.Hewasnotaskedaboutwhatwasbetweenhim andAllahsApostle,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily.Ihaveneverseenthelikeofhim.He

Sa`limadded:Ima`mAbuÀbdAllah(alSa`diq),peacebeonhim,keptsilentforanhour.Then heturnedtohiscompanionsandsaidtothem:Allah,theGreatandAlmightysaid:SomeofMy servantsgivepartofadateasalms.So,Iwillgrow(thealms)forthem,astheygrowthefoal. ThenSa`limwentout.HeadmiredIma`mAbuÀbdAllah(alSa`diq),peacebeonhim.Hence,he turnedtohiscompanionsandsaidtothem:Ihavenotseen(anyperson)morewonderfulthan this(Ima`m).WeregardedasgreatAbu`Jafar(alBa`qir),peacebeonhim,whousedtosay withoutanyauthority:AllahsApostle,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,said.AbuÀbdAllah (alSa`diq),peacebeonhim,saidtomewithoutanauthority:Allahsaid.[26] Ima`malSa`diq,peacebeonhim,tookhistraditionsfromhisfathers,whotooktheirsciences fromtheirgrandfather,AllahsApostle,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily. WiththisIwillendmytalkaboutthelifeofIma`mAbu`Jafar(alBa`qir),peacebeonhim.Before Iturnthislastpage,Iwouldliketounderlinethatthisbook,thoughtcomprehensive,hasnot encompassedthelifeofIma`malBa`qir,peacebeonhim.Rather,itshedslightonsomeofthe aspectsofhischaracter.Asforencompassinghischaracterandrecordinghissciences,his wonderfulwisesayings,andhisexcellentliterature,theysurelyrequirealargeencyclopedia. BeforeIseeoffgentlereaders,IwouldliketothankmybrotherShaykhHa`dialQarashiforhis valuablenotesconcerningthechaptersofthisbook.Inthisconnection,Iwouldliketothankmy sonAbdalHusayn,whoencouragedmetoservethemembersoftheHouse(ahlalBayt),peace beonthem.ItisanactofkindnesstoendmybookwiththefollowingcommandmentsofIma`m Abu`Jafar(alBa`qir),peacebeonhim,tohisstudentMohammedb.Moslem:Donotletthe peopledeceiveyou(withvainhopes).Fortheaffairwillcometoyouwithoutthem.Donotletthe daypreventsoandsofromyou.Forthereiswithyoutheonewhocountsagainstyou.Consider notassmallthegooddeedyoudo.Foryouwillseeitwhereitpleasesyou.Considernotassmall theevildeedyoudo.Foryouwillseeitwhereitdispleasesyou.Dogood(topeople).Forthegood deederasesthepastsin.ThefearofAllahisnotinlongworship.Rather,thefearofAllahisin refrainingfromthesuspicion. [1]TadhkiratalKhawa`s,p.350.InKashfalGhumma,vol.2,p.322,ithasbeenreportedonthe authorityofIma`mJafaralSa`diq,peacebeonhim,whosaid:[MyfatherMohammedalBa`qir, peacebeonhim,said:]Aliwaskilledattheageoffiftyeight.Alib.alHusayndiedattheageof fiftyeight.Iamfiftyeightyyearsold. [2]Biha`ralAnwa`r. [3]Akhba`ralDuwal,p.111. [4]Biha`ralAnwa`r. [5]Nu`ralAbbsa`r,vol.131.IbnTolo`n,alAimmaalIthnaÀshar,p.281. [6]Usu`lalKa`fi,vol.1,p.306. [7]Ibid. [8]Ibid. [9]SafwatalSafwa,vol.2,p.63.IbnalWardi,Ta`rikh,vol.1,p.184.AbialFida`,Ta`rikh,vol.1, p.214.IbnalJawzi,alMuntazam,vol.7(photographed).

[10]Biha`ralAnwa`r,vol.11,p.62. [11]Usu`lalKa`fi,vol.1,p.307. [12]AlHumaymawasthenameofavillageoutsideMedina.Alib.alAbba`sandhissonsowned thevillageduringthetimeoftheUmayyadgovernment.IbnTolo`nhasmentionedthatinhis book,Ta`rikhalAimmaalIthnaÀshar,p.281. [13]SafwatalSafwa,vol.2,p.63.IbnAsa`kir,Ta`rikh,vol.51,p.39.IbnalJawzi,alMuntazam, vol.7.AbialFida`,Ta`rikh,vol.1,p.214.IbnalAthir,Ta`rikh,vol.4,p.217.IbnalWardi,Ta`rikh, vol.1,p.184. [14]AbiIsha`qalShira`zi,Tabaqa`talFuqaha`,p.36. [15]Biha`ralAnwa`r,vol.11,p.63. [16]AlFa`khu`ri,MukhtasarTa`rikhalIsla`m,p.85. [17]AlShaykha`ni,alSira`talSawi,p.94.Ta`rikhalKham~s,vol.2,p.319.SafwatalSafwa,vol.2, p.63. [18]Ta`rikhalAimma,p.5. [19]AlNafhaalAnbariya. [20]AlFa`khu`ri,MukhtasarTa`rikhalIsla`m,p.85. [21]KhalifaKhayya`t,Ta`rikh,vol.2,p.236. [22]SafwatalSafwa,vol.2,p.63. [23]IbnalWardi,Ta`rikh,vol.1,p.184.AbialFida`,Ta`rikh,vol.1,p.214. [24]Ima`dalD~nalAsfaha`ni,alBusta`nalJa`mi.AlNafhaalAnbariya.Shadhara`talDhahab, vol.1,p.149. [25]Wajjdi,DaìratalMaa`rif,vol.3,p.563. [26]AlShaykhalTu`si,alAma`li,p.125.

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230.AmirbinAb~alAhwas 310.AqababinShayba 425.MohammedbinMoslem ChapterXI:ToTheShelterGarden

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