1.

ISWM concepts Aspects: waste prevention, recycling and composting and combustion and disposal Waste prevention: source reduction, e.g. less packaging, designing products to last longer, reusing materials Recycling: collecting, reprocessing and/or recovering waste non- organic materials Recycling generate many environmental and economic benefits For ISWM planning, required to consider institutional, social, financial, economic, technical and environmental factors (Table 1) Government plays an important role in developing and enforcing waste management standards, providing funding and managing day-to-day operations Two primary costs need to be taken into consideration in developing ISWM: initial capital costs and ongoing operations/maintenance costs In many countries, recycling occurs informally at landfills, uncontrolled dumps and on streets; Scavengers often collect materials for reuse/sale without any organization, supervision or regulation Involving scavengers in developing ISWM and incorporate them into the formal system is essential! Steps: o Plan and set goals o Study the complete SWM system (i.e. evaluate the waste stream, identify existing activities, determine possible markets) o Work with the community (i.e. identify and meet with informal recycling groups, NGOs, homeowners, incorporate scavengers) o Create a designated recycling/composting area o Develop operation standards (e.g. SOP for scavengers) o Determine who is responsible for selling the recyclables/composted material Case study on Curitiba might be suitable for Tangsel, e.g. empower the scavengers through classes on SWM, push them to become the active/formal agent within the ISWM (pg. 14) 2. SW Planning ISWA SWM seems to be more complex in developing countries, because waste generation is increasing in volume and types as the result of: economic growth, urbanization and industrialization

Need for ISWM (Figure 1) Copying western legislation and their technological features is not the answer for developing countries! ISWM Framework (Figure 2) Hardware and software triangle for ISWM o Hardware (physical elements): public health, environmental protection, resource management o Software (good governance): social support (i.e. inclusivity, transparency), financial viability (i.e. cost-effective and affordable), institutional development (i.e. pro-active legislation and policy)

Most current ISWM plans focus on improving the effectiveness of community recycling and outreach programs Elements in SWM Plan (Box 4, pg. 22) SWM system is considered as a complex system means the system is composed of intertwined parts (e.g. resource management, community participation) which are not obvious when the properties are observed individually

Scope of master plan (pg. 22): questions need to be answered in SWM master plan o What are the types and amounts of waste? o What are the priorities and needs of the current SWM system? o Which are the specific objectives of SWM Plan?

Informal sector holds a significant role in SWM in developing countries, hence they cant be excluded from the development of SWM Plan (i.e. formal sector), through the formation of groups/councils that protect the rights of informal sector (plus creating clear SOP and jobdesc within the formal framework) sustainable results

World Bank estimates that 1% of the worlds population, or 50million people, earn their livelihoods from these informal SWM sector Major challenge of SWM in developing countries is how to best work with the existing informal recycling sector to improve livelihoods, working conditions and recycling efficiency

Public awareness and communication (incl. transparency) is essential since they are the one who will implement the Plan, hence they determine in great extent its success/failure.

Objective of Status Part: o Overall understanding of area profile

o Key stakeholders identification o Current SWM system (i.e. physical, organizational structure, financial terms Hardware and Software) o Affordability range of current SWM system o Produce waste flow models (projection) o Evaluate the current system, using performance indicators (PIs) 3. EAWAG GNI: the higher the income, the higher the consumption rate hence more waste Strong correlation between GNI and generate municipal waste Two factors can cause dramatic waste increase: rapid economic growth and rapid urban growth Composition: influenced by income level, economic growth, lifestyle (e.g. poor households generate higher fraction of organic waste, vice versa) which then influence the recycling potentials Collection coverage: determine the hygienic environment Collection systems used have a significant effect on the quality of recovered materials, which influence the recycling economy Environmental stress: amount of MSW generated divided by municipals area (tn/km2) Waste Generation Per Capita: average amount of MSW generated annually per person (kg/yr) In developing countries, informal sector plays a major role in recycling; World Bank 2% of population in those countries are waste-pickers 4. Improving informal recycling sector Recycling activities in HICs are rarely profitable, but are subsidized and rather driven by environmental consciousness Segregating recyclables at household levels (i.e. upstream), which means ensuring their cleanliness and quality, can provide: opportunity to enhance waste recycling, provide more resources to the recycling industry and augment incomes of the recyclables dealers and waste collectors Strengthened recycling sector may also increase demand for unskilled labour which is easily met by the large number of urban migrantshence higher recycling rates may increase the number of employment opportunities Dhaka case of revenues from recycled plastic industry (pg. 153) Zero waste definition (pg. 9) 5. ZW Plan Palo Alto

For Palo Alto, although the intent is ZWT, but practically if the City manages to divert at least 90% of the waste generated by all sources it will be well on the way to ZWT

ZWT emphasizes on reduction and reuse of materials first (i.e. avoid to produce waste in the first place), then recycling and composting Position of recycling within ZWT hierarchy (pg. 11) High rate of recycling rate usually become an important indicator of a progress towards ZWT Upstream waste reduction is needed in parallel with strengthening the recycling sector Closed loop resource management concept of ZWT. Move from linear management of resources (i.e. resource extraction, processing, end up in disposal site. Can be achieved by increasing the quantity and quality of resources recycled

6. ZWP Scotland

Adopting ZWT means transforming the way we look at waste, so that we see it as a valuable resource to be managed, not a problem to be dealt with

7. ZWT Brisbane Linear process vs. closed loop resource management (pg. 4 Figure!)

Purposive sampling

RT Government (formal sector) Community (informal sector)

RW

Kecamatan

Kelurahan

Pemkot

Positive Internal STRENGTHS

TRANSFORM MATCH TRANSFORM

Negative WEAKNESSES

External

OPPORTUNITIES

THREATS