from A to green

a future vision of coachworks

// concept design //

Integral Design Project

Industrial Design Engineering Faculty. Delft University of Technology. My T // Ana Laura Rodrigues Santos Barth Vrijling David Giza Caicedo Marjolein van Houten Ricardo Mejia Sarmiento Stefanus Heru Prabowo Coach // Tjamme Wiegers External advisor // Elmer van Grondelle. Report 02 // Concept

design. Nov. 2008.

concept design

from A to green
a future vision of coachworks
The ViP methodology provided deep insights within the current product and allows, like this, a better performance on the involvement with the subject. This exercise is divided in two phases a deep approach to the product and the following interpretation of the future. The deconstruction phase involves an analysis of the product regarding its functions and values on the present context, an interaction overview that denes the most important qualitative values and a context denition on which an imaginary country was created to synthesize a series of world conditions and inuential factors (see Barist 2008 map). On the next phase the interpretation and prediction exercise was done where it was possible to illustrate on a collage a consequent future for the same country (see Barist 2025 map). With this the opportunity is created to simulate possible scenarios and users using mind mapping and role playing techniques from which the result is a mission statement. The mission statement determines the main goal of the product to be designed. So as to proceed action the team made a review of interaction values (this time that must achieve the dened task) and came up with six qualities that will determine the design direction on the conceptualization phase. The conclusion of ViP, is an overview of the previously referred aspects and their compilation on a cartoon that illustrates and tells the story of Combis future within the intermodal transportation system. The third chapter of this report documents the design of concept solutions based on the process described above. For the idea generation some inspirational context features were used such as the digitalization of services and material use trends, online ordering, energy saving policies, trafc optimization and governmental initiatives.

concept design

The idea generation was realized after having established the main points of attention and also the general/independent features. During one week sketches of general systems and details were projected and shared. After this the group made the identication of the existing, more relevant typologies and clustered some of the preferred ideas. The categories were then summarized according to their own values, aims and technical characteristics. In parallel a list of general features was also discussed. Following this step the group was divided amongst

the typologies in order to follow the development of these into concrete concepts. The conceptualization phase resulted in three strongly developed concepts from which the client is invited to appreciate the scope of opportunities for a near future. Each concept turned out to be distinguished by the different level of innovation. As demonstrated in the following descriptions the concepts go from more pragmatic to less and the actions implied in their implementation have also different broadness.

// combi minimal //

// micro delivery system //

// exible skin //

concept design

// concept design //

Contents and figures

Report 2 - Concept Design 5 Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 5 1. ViP (Vision in Product Design) ................................................................................ 5 1.1 Stage 1 Deconstruction - the product level. ......................................................... 6 1.1.1 Step 1: Analysing Product Value: Quantitative & Qualitative Analysis ......... 6 1.1.2 Step2 : Why are the products the way they are ? ......................................... 7 1.1.3 Step 3: Intended and unintended design qualities. ....................................... 8 1.2 Stage 2 Deconstruction - the interaction level. .................................................... 8 1.3 Stage 3 Deconstruction - the context level. ......................................................... 9 1.3.1 An imaginary country: Barist in 2008 .......................................................... 11 1.3.2 Driving factors for the future ....................................................................... 14 1.4 Stage 4 Designing - the context level. ............................................................... 17 1.4.1 The future: Barist in 2025 ........................................................................... 17 1.4.2 User Analysis and Personas....................................................................... 19 1.4.3 Profile of Personas ..................................................................................... 21 1.4.4 Role playing Exercise in order to defined actors needs. ........................... 24 1.4.5 Mission Statement .............................................................................................. 25 1.5 Stage 5 Designing - the interaction level. .......................................................... 26 1.6 Stage 6 Designing - the product level. ............................................................... 28 2. Concept Design ..................................................................................................... 33 2.1. Concept 1 Combo Minimal .......................................................................... 34 2.2. Concept 2 _ Micro Delivery System ............................................................... 38 2.3 Concept 3 Flexible Skin............................................................................... 43 References ................................................................................................................... 47 Appendix ....................................................................................................................... 48 Appendix 1. Future Scenario | Story Board. ................................................................. 48 Appendix 2. Civitas program......................................................................................... 49 Appendix 3. Material Requirement. .............................................................................. 51 Appendix 4. Concept sketches ..................................................................................... 52 Figure1TheViPprocess............................................................................................................... 6 Figure2ProductvalueanalysisforCombi2000andCombi300..................................................7 Figure3Intendedandunintendeddesignqualitiesoftheproduct.............................................8 Figure4Thequalitiesofinteractionidentifiedbetweentheuserandtheproduct.....................9 Figure5Themapmakingworkshop............................................................................................ 10 Figure6Systemdefinitionandusers.......................................................................................... 20 Figure7RolePlaying................................................................................................................... 25 Figure8InteractionLevel............................................................................................................ 27 Figure9FutureScenario/Cartoon............................................................................................. 28

Report 2 - Concept Design Introduction

This document sums up the second phase of the project From A to Green, a future vision in coachworks: Concept design. It follows the concept discovery phase that was concluded with the problem statement definition. In the previous report the general approach was defined andbothinternalandexternalanalysis,werereportedwithbackgroundresearchinformation. This phase is divided in two main sections: The first is the description of the application of the VisioninProductDesign(ViP)methodology,conductedwiththeuseofthepreviouslygathered information. The second section introduces the concepts which were developed by the team duringthisphase.

1. ViP (Vision in Product Design)

TheViPmethodisallaboutlooking,reflecting,andunderstandingtheexistingproductsfroma distant perspective in order to understand WHY products exist within a certain context. It was decided that this methodology would be an excellent approach for this project so that a true innovativeresultcanbeexpectedattheend. ViPhasthreestartingpoints: 1. Design is about looking for possibilities, and possible futures, instead of solving presentdayproblems. 2. Products are a means of accomplishing appropriate actions, interactions, and relationships. In interaction with people, products obtain their meaning. This is why ViPisinteractioncentered. 3. The appropriateness of an interaction is determined by the context for which it is designed. This context can be the world of today, tomorrow, or may lie years ahead. Futurecontextsdemandnewanddifferentbehaviours.ThismakesViPcontextdriven. (Lloyd,Hekker,&vanDijk,2006) Themethodologyissplitupintwomainphases:deconstructionanddesign. The teams proceedings during the application of this methodology are documented in the comingpages.

Figure1TheViPprocess

1.1 Stage 1 Deconstruction - the product level.

ThefirststepofdeconstructionphaseoftheViPprocessisanalysisattheproductlevel. The analysis was done by finding all underlying factors that result in the product (Lloyd, Hekker,&vanDijk,2006).Webegantheprocessbyfirstunderstandingallthequantitativeand qualitative value of the product itself (Combi 2000 & Combi 3000). The later process is about understanding why are the products the way they are ? : where the inspiration of the product mightcomefrom?Howhasit evolved tobelike this?andwhatistheintended andunintended designqualitiesoftheproduct? This method is all about looking, reflecting, and understanding the existing products from distantperspective(Lloyd,Hekker,&vanDijk,2006).

1.1.1 Step 1: Analysing Product Value: Quantitative & Qualitative Analysis

According to Burgess and Jackson1, there are two ways a product can be valued: extrinsically and intrinsically. Extrinsic Value is quantative and often referred to as instrumental value (Burgess & Jackson, 2006). Quantitative Value or Extrinsic Value is all about technical specification that the existing products have such as dimension, material specifications, features, etc (in which some part of technical analysis have already done in first report of this project2). Qualitative Value is about intangible value that attributed to the products that can giveaddedvaluetotheproductsuchas:Reliability;Fexibility;Safety,etc.
1 2

Keith Burgess & Jackson, J.D., Ph.D. , Intrinsic Value (www.analphilosopher.com) (Refference first report : 3.4.1. Product breakdown & 3.4.2. Reusability of current materials)

Figure2ProductvalueanalysisforCombi2000andCombi300 According to the graphic above, The Qualitative Values of the Combi products can be categorized into several aspects in which some features that can strengthen the value. Some of those features already exist and already good (++), some features exist but should be improved (+) and some other features do not exist yet () and could be added in the future productconcept.

1.1.2 Step2 : Why are the products the way they are ?
On the table to the right, the results from our brainstorming session can be seen, in which we asked ourselves the question: why are the products the way they are?

1.1.3 Step 3: Intended and unintended design qualities.

Figure 3 shows the result from the brainstorming session about how the product looks and which ones can be categorized as intended and unintended design qualities. According to Lloyd, Hekker, & van Dijk, 2006, Intended Design Qualities are the design qualities that are intended that way by the designer. Unintended Design Qualities are the design qualities that arenotintendedbutastheresultofsubjectiveprojectionbytheotherpeople.

Figure3Intendedandunintendeddesignqualitiesoftheproduct

1.2 Stage 2 Deconstruction - the interaction level.

The interaction qualities characterizing the relationship between the Combis and the different users involved with it was analysed though a brainstorming session where the team reflected, with a play role technique, the qualities which can be perceived from the interaction of these two entities (product and user). This analysis was based not only on immediate reactions of a direct user (i.e. the person loading goods), but also on the consideration of other people, indirectly involved, but affected by the product (i.e. a driver behind the truck waiting for it to cleartheway) Theseinteraction qualities wherelaterclusteredand eachgivenalevelofimportanceinorder to make a selection of some of them which seem to be the most relevant or interesting for us tofocusonandstudy.

Figure4Thequalitiesofinteractionidentifiedbetweentheuserandtheproduct

1.3 Stage 3 Deconstruction - the context level.

The aim of deconstruction at the context level is to try and think about what factors in the original conditions that a product was created for provided a possible reason to produce that particular person product interaction. (Lloyd, Hekker, & van Dijk, 2006) One of the most important parts of this deconstruction consists in the context analysis that provides key informationtounderstandthesystemandtheproductitself. Whendesignersaredevelopingproductsthatfunctionincomplexsituations,theyshouldstudy contextbecauseit create afitbetweenproduct,user,andenvironment(emotionaldesign and sensitive design), given that find departure points for creative solutions (against fixation and against bandaid design) and offer the knowhow to make the product adapt to the context. (JanStappers,2007) For the project From A to Green the context should offer the opportunity to understand the product/need and the space to analyze about the exercise to design for others (instead of just serving himself as a designer). Thats why the team develops a context when it can find some importantelementsatthesametime. The best way to create this context was discovered researching different techniques for Creative Facilitation (Tassoul, 2006). The author of the book suggests combining techniques and procedures in order to generate more ideas in an efficient process. One of these techniques is future perfect that is based on storytelling. The term Future Perfect stands for a grammatical tense: that some action will have been fulfilled in relation to a reference in the future. The idea of the technique is that one imagines oneself at some point in the future, oftenapointatwhichsomeinnovationhasbeenimplementedandthenmakesupastoryhow thispresentsituationcametobe.

 The best metaphor that represents and illustrates the whole package of characteristics and complexity of the system is an imaginary country3as a compact representation of the context. For that reason the team created the imaginary country Barist and represent it in a conventionalmapofthecountryanddescribedofitscharacterintwodifferentmomentsofits history, in the present (2008) and in the future (2025) following the scope of the project presentedinthepreviousreport4. The creation of this imaginary country started with a brainstorming5that concluded in some basic information about key elements of the country like name, capital city, language, government, population, area and GDP like the starting point to describe the character of the nation. After the first brainstorming the team defined two aspects simultaneously; the map of the country as a visual representation of its area showing relationships between elements of that space such as objects and regions; and the description of the current situation of the nationintermsofdemographicaspects,economy,transportationsystemandgovernment.

Figure5Themapmakingworkshop

The team was working in a continuous workshop developing the map of Barist 2008. The starting point was the background (a layout with the basic geographical and political division). Theteaminasystematicapproachstarteddevelopingthestructureofthecountry,focusingat the same time in cities, transportation system and environmental aspects (natural resources andenergysources).
A country is a political division of a geographical entity. Temporal: The ViP methodology will be used with the years 2008 (Present) and 2025 (Future) as a frame of work to develop the vision, and having the year 2010 as a focus for the exploration of the design opportunities that can lead the group towards this future vision. 5 Brainstorming: the basic idea is a group of people, of between 6 to 8 people, coming together and led by an independent moderator or facilitator working with at set of agreed upon rules: postpone judgment, quality trough quantity, hitch-hike on each others ideas and dare to go for the absurd, dare to freewheel. (Tassoul, 2006)
4 3

10

 Theresultofthefirstpartoftheexercisewasacurrent(2008)mapandatablewiththewhole informationofthecountry. After this part of the exercise the team was developed a new layout whit the future situation of Barist in 2025 following the factors that the team discovered in a subsequent phase. The workoutconsistedinananalysisonhowthesefactorscouldinfluencethedevelopmentofthe countrytrough17years, changingthe landscapeof thenationandtheenvironmentalaspects, theprofileofthecitiesanditstransportationsystem.Attheendoftheexercisetheresultwas a new version of the map of Barist 2025 and a paragraph with the description of the country anditschanges.

1.3.1 An imaginary country: Barist in 2008

Geography: Barist is a relatively small coastal country, bordered on the north by the Besar
Sea, on the southeast by Nomidia, on the southwest by Ninaland and on the west by Splashland. The island of BaruBali is located in the Besar Sea just off the north coast. The country is defined by a varying landscape, with a big mountain range at the southeast (Saint Annas mountains), a desert in the south (Ricos desert) and two main rivers (Saint Bari and SaintAnna). Arable land is scarce and mainly situated in the east, near the city of Santa Carmen. Saint Davids National Natural Reserve was established in the western border of the country to protectthelastremainingnaturalforestleftinBarist,whichisrichinlocalfaunaandflora.

Demographics: Ethnic Dutch, the countrys original inhabitants, remain a majority of the
population (55%) despite the increasing migration from neighboring countries. Other ethnicities making up an important part of the population include Indonesians (23%) and Latin Americans (15%). The most important minority is comprised of Ninans (4%) migrating into Barist in search for a better life. As can be expected from these numbers Barist is truly a multiculturalmeltingpot. The local population is aging, but many young immigrants from all social classes are flowing into the country. The population is concentrated in 3 main urban areas, with Saint Bari being the biggest (7 million including the financial district of Baru Bali City), followed by Santa Carmen(4.5million)andtherelativelynewcityofZwappa(1.7million). Other important but smaller urban concentrations include Santo Stefanus (350,000) in Baru Bali island, Marjelopolis (300,000) and Santa Anna (200,000). Income and living standards are good in most of the country and comparable to those of western European countries, yet there are still some very poor areas (like the slums of the fishermen village of Santo Stefanus) where the population consists mainly of low skilled immigrants from the neighboring countries.

11

Economics: As a small country with a relatively large population, the resources are quite
limited. The Saint Anna mountain range at the southeast of the country provides a source for various metals and minerals, exploited mainly for local industrial use. Ricos Desert has a small reserve of oil used entirely by the local market and peak oil has been reached. This supply is not enough and Barist still relies heavily on imported oil to fulfill its energy needs. These resourcesareprocessedinthemainindustrialareaclosetoSaintBarisportfacilities. Arable land is relatively scarce (the most important location being the agricultural district near thecityofSantaCarmen)andthequalityisdecayingduetotheheavyuseitmustendure.The cropproductionisunfortunatelynotenoughtofeedtheBaristianpopulationinitsentirety. SomecattleisbredinthevicinityofMarjelopolis,anditsderivedproductsareusedentirelyby thelocalmarket. Due to these limited resources, Baristian economy is based mainly on services and commerce, and relies heavily on the import of raw materials, food and other basic products. Saint Baris port is one of the biggest and most modern of the continent and it handles goods for Barist anditsneighboringcountries. Zwappa has recently become a hitech and knowledge hub, due mainly to the influence of the Technical University located in this city, which can explain the growing importance that the risingtechnologyrelatedandR&DindustriesaretakinginthelocalGDP. The financial district of Saint Bari (located in Baru Bali Island and known as Baru Bali City) is a major player of the regions economy, and most major banking and commerce multinationals have established offices here. The district provides a high floating population of business people, who also have a big impact on Baru Bali Island as a highend tourist destination with bigandluxurioushotelresortsinitsnortherncoast.

Government: Baristisapresidentialrepublicwithastablegovernment.Overpopulationisa
majorconcern,asitlaysevenmorepressureonthefewresourcesofthesmallnation. Population distribution is also a main concern of the government, and this can be seen reflectedinsomeofthepoliciesappliedinthelastdecade,likeforexamplethecityofZwappa, which was founded 8 years ago under a strict urban planning as an attempt to shift some of thepressureawayfromthecapitalandasacenterforthedevelopmentofthenewtechnology andR&Dindustries. Theaimofthegovernmentistopromotethegrowthofthecommerceandservicesindustries, forwhichthetransportationsystemandthefinancialdistrict(BaruBaliCity)playakeyrole.

Transportation System: Due to the limited resources and the big imports industry, the
local transportation grid plays a major role in the economical development and growth of not onlyBarist,butthewholeregion. ThetransportationsysteminBaristisanintermodalsystemcomposedofamajorinternational airport (Prabowo International Airport) located in Baru Bari Island, a major port in the south east of the capital which is the main maritime gateway to the continent, a minor port in the

 vicinity of Santa Carmen (dealing mainly with agricultural products) and a fairly good network of railways and roads interconnecting all the major urban and industrial areas. A new port is alsobeingdevelopedinthenorthofZwappa. Thepublicroadsystemisunderalotofpressurefromthegrowingpopulation,andcertainkey nods are having a hard time keeping up with this growth. Traffic jams are a common sight during rushhours in Saint Baris city center and main highways, as a lot of people who work here actually live in the suburban outskirts of the capital city or in other urban areas. The government is making efforts to reduce this impact by updating the public mass transit network within the city and its vicinity, and encouraging people to use it by means of tax cuts and experimental policies such as restraining the use of privately owned cars in certain areas orduringcertaintimeperiods. The transportation between Baru Bali Island and the mainland was maintained by ferries until not so long ago, when the International Airport was constructed along with a bridge (railway androad)connectingittoSaintBari.Someferrylinesstillworkmainlytotransportpassengers. The connections between Barist and the neighboring countries are quite good, especially for freight transport, in order to efficiently distribute the goods that enter the continent via Saint Barisport.

1.3.2 Driving factors for the future

Within the VIP process the use of factors is intended to assist the deconstruction of the present world context in order to map probable and predictable features/aspects on a projectedfuture. Factors can be divided in four distinctive categories: Principles that determine stable patterns in the world; States which define relatively constant circumstances; Developments which reflect the changes over time, and Trends that determine peoples behaviours as a consequencetothesechanges. The following list enumerates some of the most relevant and persistent factors that were identified within the PEST analysis (Political, Economic, Social and Technological) for the transportationdomain.Theselectionwasmadebasedontheteamsratingoftheaspectsfrom whichtransportationisdependenton.Theseselecteditemsactedasdrivingfactorsinorderto develop a scenario of the future context in the form of an updated map of Barist for the year 2025inthenextphaseoftheproject.

Limitedamountofresources
The present growing demand of resources such as oil, natural gas, fresh water and arable land has put a lot of stress into the worlds finite amount of natural resources, especially those whicharenonrenewable. Technologicalresearchmusthavethisissueasafocalpointinordertoguaranteeasustainable future both in terms of the environmental impact and the worlds economy. In fact, many

14

 fields, such as the oil industry, have already realized the importance of this issue and are spending vast amounts of money in the development of new, clean, efficient and sustainablefueltechnologies. As for the designers responsibility there is the need to begin integrating and spreading thesenewtechnologiespotential.

Overpopulation&concentrationofpopulation
Overpopulation can be defined as the amount of people living in a certain area exceeding the resources available within the specific area to sustain the society. It has become a major concern in recent times, as many believe that not only certaingeographicalareasaroundtheworldarereaching this level, but that in fact the world itself as a whole entity is facing this possibility due to the uncontrolled growthoftheglobalpopulation. The concentration of population is also related to this problematic, but is seen more as a characteristic of modern societies that can have both beneficial and/or negativeimpactonacertainenvironment.Beneficial,for example in terms of localizing (and thus minimizing) the needed infrastructure to support the society and negative, for example, in terms of over using the local resourcestothepointofreachingoverpopulation.

Congestionofinfrastructure
The uncontrolled and extremely fast paced growth of the population in urban areas, both natural and by migration of people, can also be a big problem as the infrastructure growth rate might be slower than the population growth rate which results in a congestion of the infrastructure, poor planning to accommodate new comers and the subsequent decline of the living conditions standards of thearea. This can be reflected as an example in the heavy (often extreme) congestion seen in many road networks within major urban areas, especially those in developing nations which have not had the time and/or resources to update theirinfrastructuretocopewiththepopulationgrowth.

15

Wasteproblem
The rise of mass production and consumption throughout the last century has also caused a growth in the amount of waste been discarded. This overload of waste, often unmanaged, must be addressed in a responsible manner by modern society, as it has become a problematic that has a negative effect on the sustainability in various levels such as the environmental impact of non bio degradablewaste. Anadequatetreatmentofwasteisneededinordertoguaranteethatthewastelevelsarekept to a sustainable level. Proper waste management also offers the possibility of recuperating materialsforrecyclingorreuse.

eCommerce
The rise of the internet in the past two decades has lead to a new way of handling business and has opened new distribution channels that can reach people more easily. The possibilities of eCommerce and online shopping have revolutionized the way people acquire theirproducts,andthe logisticsinvolvedin thistrade.Websitessuch as Amazon.com and eBay.com are just but a few examples of this newtrend.

Smartautomatedsystems
Electronics and hightech systems have penetrated society in such a way that it is currently unthinkable to separate them from each other. From robotization in industrial environments, to the usage in medicine, to the ever more advanced communication technologies, hightech devices have becomeanintegralpartofeverydaylifeasfacilitators ofhumantasks. The next step of course, is the development of smart systemswhichcannotonlybeconsideredtoolswhich act as an extension of humans, but that can act independentofhumaninteraction.

16

1.4 Stage 4 Designing - the context level.

1.4.1 The future: Barist in 2025
The previously identified driving factors were used in order to define what the future context wouldbelike.ThemainchangesoccurringinBaristbytheyear2025aredescribedbelow.

Geography: GlobalwarminghashadanegativeeffectonBarist,aswellasintherestofthe
world. Ricos desert has continued expanding to alarming levels and driving away the people who used to live in its proximity. As water levels rise, the threat of flooding is increasing, and manyareasthatwerenot preparedfor thefast changeshavesufferedfrom this,asisthecase with the delta of Saint Annas river which has flooded several times creting problems for the populationoftheareaandforthequalityofthelandintheagriculturaldistrictnearby. Overmining has caused erosion in Saint Annas mountains, which have also lost the snow capped peaks due to rising temperatures. Deforestation has destroyed almost a third of Saint Davids Natural Reserve on the side of neighboring countries with less extract environmental rules.

Demographics: The total population of Barist skyrocketed to 31 million inhabitants, which

means that the population density almost doubled. This is most evident in the sudden growth of Saint Bari and Zwappa, which have grown to merge with each other into a single megalopolis known as the ZwappaBari metropolitan area. In this area, suburbia has also been pushedevenfurtherawayfromthecitycenter,tocopewiththegrowingcity. Other main urban centers have grown too, except for Marjelopolis, which was affected by the growth of Ricos desert, and a big part of its population was forced to move away, most of themintoZwappaBari. ThegrowthofRicosdesertalsoaffectedRicopolis,inneighboringcountryNinaland,whichhas created a recent wave of migration of Ninans in search of a better future in Barist. Unfortunately lots of them are low skilled and end up living in very poor conditions in the slumsofSantoStefanus.

Economics: Overexploitation of the natural resources has meant a severe decline of the
mining industry,andthefewoilwellshavedriedlongago, meaning thattheenergy needsstill rely partly on imported fuels, yet a growing share is being fulfilled by alternative energy sources such as solar farms in Ricos Desert, offshore windmill fields in Besar Sea and the constructionofHerusDaminSaintBarisrivertobeusedforahydroelectricalpowerplant. Abiggerpopulationandtheeffectsofglobalwarminghavehadanegativeeffectonthequality and production power of the agricultural district which has increased Barists dependency on foreignfoodsources.

17

 The economy is stronger than ever and still relies heavily on commerce and trade, which translates into BaruBali Citys continuous growth in influence as one of the major financial centers in the world, a growth of the industrial areas of Saint Bari and an increase in the amountsofgoodsflowingintothecountry. The investment in the development and acquisition of Information and Communication Technologies from knowledge oriented centres and universities, brings several advantages on what national business and transportation are concerned. eCommerce has revolutionized the waythingsareboughtandabigportionofthepeoplelivinginurbanareasnowchooseforthe convenienceofonlineshoppingandhomedelivery.

Government: The government is making great efforts and investments for a more
sustainable future, with green projects such as selfsustaining buildings, recycling plants and ahighinvestmentinthedevelopmentofalternativeenergysources. Waste management projects such as the collection of discarded goods by the same company that produces them (in a cradle to cradle approach) have also been organized and incentives for environmentally friendly companies implementing such projects include tax cuts and subsidies.Therearemoreandmorepoliciesintendedasincentivesforthecitizenstolivemore sustainable lives, such as the prohibition of the circulation of privately owned cars within the citycenters,anddiscountedfaresfortheecofriendlypublictransportationnetwork.

Transportation System: SaintBarisPorthasincreaseditscapacitysubstantiallyinorder

to cope with the changing transportation needs of the growing economy and population. The portatEastCapehasalsogrownandtheportatZwappaisalreadyoperationalandworksasa satellite supporting port for Saint Bari. The airports capacity to handle freight has also increasedaccordinglytothenewneeds.Afullyintegratedandfractalsystemoftransportation is now used, for which different main distribution nods have been established, which are subsequently linked to smaller nods that serve more specific areas The already high and increasing prices of fossil fuels have meant a gradual (yet still not finalized) move towards more sustainable propulsion sources for all types of vehicles such as electrical or fuelcell powered.

1.4.2 User Analysis and Personas

The term user is quite ambiguous and often the members of a design team each have somebodyelseinmindwhenimaginingwhotheuseris.Itispossibletosetuplistsoffactsand figuresthatrelatetotheuserbutthesecanbehardtoempathizewith. Describing personas (Dantin, 2005) is a tool that can help bring to life the users of a product and give the design team clearly defined users to focus on. Creating a fictive character can make it easier to design for this user because you can empathize with the character. 1Each persona is created to be a representative for a specific user group that uses the product being developed. These personas often reflect more extreme members of a user group since designingforthesewillalsoincludethemoreordinaryusers.

 When thinking about people receiving packages in Barist in the year 2008 the following divisionscouldberecognized; Deliveringgoodsfrombusinesstoconsumerorfrombusinesstobusiness. Userslivinginaruralareaorinametropolitanarea. Usersthatonlyneedhomedeliveryordeliverytovariouslocations

Using these characteristics three different profiles were created. Information about their interestsandaffairsaredescribedinordertogivethemapersonalitysotheycanbeperceived as real people. During the creation of the mission ideas can be discussed in relation to the personas to determine if they are satisfying their demands. For this reason the specific demandsarealsomentionedforeachpersona. After a big discussion it was decided that the person who finally receives the package is the enduseroftheproduct.

Figure6Systemdefinitionandusers

In the previous report the net of people that are involved with the product were identified, as isshowninfigure6. In order to generate a mission within the VIP process it would be too complex to aim at all these people at the same time. One final user had to be identified. The final goal of the complete transportation system is to deliver goods to the person who ordered them. For this reasonthispersonwaschosenasthefinaluser. The demands of the users, that have physical interaction with the product, such as the driver ortheloader,willbemetduringtheproductdevelopmentphase.

20

1 1.4.3 Prof file of Personas

Profi ileLouise
6Nam me: Age:

45 Louise e

Profe ession: Intere ests: Resid dence:

Salesmenofmodern m artif facts A salsa,golf Art, Lo ouise mome entarily is on a busines ss trip andstaysintheBaliInnon o BaruBali. Lo ouise is an extravagan nt character r who pays a lot of attention to o his appear rance. H has two He o little dogs that he takes w wherever hegoes.

Extra ainfo:

Scen nario
In the one week k that Louise e will be in barist, he wants w to tran nsport his artifacts to se everal poten ntialcostumers,goshoppingforarthimself, h andgiveanoutr ragiousparty yattheendofthe week k for busine ess associat tes and frie ends for wh hich he nee eds beauty products, music equip pment,cham mpagneetc.
Art for f private collec ction Beaut typroducts Newoutfit o Large or rder of champag gne

Receive artifacts fromove ersees

Picku up an nd trans sport artifac cts tocustomer

Pickup and transport t artifacts tocustom mer

Spec cificdemand ds
Short tschedulede elivery Discretion blecapacity Flexib Picku upanddelive erytootherlocation

21

ProfileNinaandMico
Name: Age: Nina 32 Mico 37 Stockbroker gadgets,cooking

Profession: Interests: Residence:

lawyer

Fashion,design

medium size but fancy apartment in the centreofSt.Barist NinaandMicoareahardworkingcouple.Theyarehardly everathome.Iftheyarenotatworktheyprefertogoout thecity.

Extrainfo:

Scenario
Three weeks from now Nina and Mico plan to celebrate their 5 year anniversary. For this occasion Nina wants to buy a special dress. Mico has to order a present, flowers and exclusive foodtopreparetheiranniversarydinner.

Micosorders;
Exoticfood GiftNina Regulargroceries flowers

NewestIphone

Designvase

Regulargroceries GiftMico Dress

Ninasorders;

Specificdemands
Mico; Pickupoldappliances Dropoffdelivery Privacy Littleefforttoorder Nina; Fancyservices Directlytakingbackgoodsthatarenotapprovedoff,afteropeningpackage(fashion) Deliverysystemshouldbeanextensionofthebrandimage Personaldelivery

22

ProfileDonnieandYork
Name: Age: Donnie 21 York 32

Profession:

Together they own a bio organic fast food restaurantcalledtwobrothers Readingbooks Sports

Interests: Residence:

They live in an old farm which theyve rebuild into the restaurant. It is situated in a more remote area just outside of st. Carmen. Donnie is still studying next to the work he does for the restaurant. Both brothersare veryinvolvedwithenvironmentalissues.

Extrainfo:

Scenario
Fortheirfoodtheyuseingredientsthattheybuyfromotherfarmsinthearea.Therestaurant notonlyneedstoreceivealotofgoodsbutitalsoproducesalotalotofgarbagetogetridof. Thetimelineshowsaweekofordersthatareneededtoruntheircopany.
Freshfood; meat,fish,vegetables, dairyproducts Freshfood; meat,fish,vegetables, dairyproducts Freshfood; meat,fish,vegetables, dairyproducts

Cleaningutilities Preservedfood

Garbage pickup

Textiles from dry cleaner; deliveryandpickup

Garbage pickup

Specificdemands
Clean Hygienic Flexiblecapacity Promotionfunctionalitiesforrestaurant Refrigerated Freshgoods Green

23

1.4.4 Role playing Exercise in order to defined actors needs.

Originally role playing is a theatrical technique that being in an improvisational drama or free form theater. In roleplaying, participants adopt and act out the role of characters, or parts that may have personalities, motivations, and backgrounds different from their own. (Wikipedia) For the project From A to Green the role playing exercise was developed in order to understand the relations between the actors (final users) and identified their needs and expectationaboutthesystemoftransportationinBarist2025. Ateammemberactedasfacilitator6definedtwodifferentkindofrolesdividedininternaland external participants, and selected a set of guests in order to do the role of external participants.
Roles Facilitator Driver Loader Pedestrian FinalUserNina FinalUserMico Photographer Secretary X X InternalParticipants X X X X X X ExternalParticipants

The roleplay was a one hour workshop where the participants simulate a real case in the transportationconditionsofBaristat2025. A team member explained the role to the participants based on the personas; the team was centered in two final users, Nina and Mico because there were more representatives for the exercise. The final users (Nina and Mico) wanted to buy some products because they were prepared their anniversary. Nina in particular wanted to buy some clothes and Mico a new electronic gadget. She was practicing some exercise in the gym and at the same time Mico in his office was buying an Iphone. Them the workshop was focused in the process to load and unload
The facilitator can be seen as a kind of guide. He or she leads the group through a process, makes sure that everyone is looking at the same objectives and arrives at the same destination at the prearranged time.
6

24

 these products in the truck and how the driver expected to transport these goods. The workshop finished when the couple received their products in diverse places in the city and theparticipants(internalandexternal)sharedtheirimpressionsandconclusions.

Figure7RolePlaying

Conclusions from the exercise were focused in two feedbacks; from Nina, Mico and the pedestrian and from the driver and the loader. Its conclusions provide new needs and expectationaboutthesystemoftransportationinBarist2025thatareincludedintheprevious unitpersonas.

1.4.5 Mission Statement

Following the Vision in Product Design (Lloyd, Hekker, & van Dijk, 2006) the context factors that you select are like the ingredients of a meal; you have to think about how they will combine, how they relate to each other, and what the overall experience will be like. The methodology suggested group the factors into manageable clusters and describes the relationshipsbetweenits. For the project From A to Green the team chose a mission statement like the best way to represent the aims of the team in relation with the factors and its relationships in the long term. A mission statement (Cambridge University Press) is a short written description of the aimsofabusiness,charity,governmentdepartmentorpublicorganization.

25

Missionstatement(Combiegroup2025MyT)

1.5 Stage 5 Designing - the interaction level.

By following the ViP methodology, the next step in our process was to think about the interaction level in the future context. In this new step the idea is to identify a number of interactionqualitieswhicharerelevant theattempttoachievethevisionthatwe conceivedin thepreviousphase,butwithoutthinkingofanyparticularproductyet. Thesequalitiesofinteractionwillbeofgreatimportanceforthedesignteaminthenextphase oftheprocessinwhichtheywillserveasaguidelinetodevelopourfutureproduct. Inordertoidentifythesequalitiesofinteraction,theteamperformedabrainstormingsession in which a list was made of all the possible qualities that we could think of which in some way or another would be relevant to our vision. These were later reviewed (and clustered when possible)andafinalselectionwasmadeofthemostinterestingoneswhicharelistedbelow.

26

Figure8InteractionLevel

Non Intrusive | Intruding: to thrust oneself in without invitation, permission, or

welcome7The interaction should not be forced into the user; the product should not be seen asobstructinghiminanywayandbeastransparentaspossible.

Ephemeral | Ephemeral: lasting a very short time8The interaction between the product
andtheuserwillspamashortperiodoftime.

Acceptance & Harmony / Equal & Balanced | Harmony: pleasing or

congruent arrangement of parts9There should be a balanced and harmonious interaction betweentheuserandtheproduct;arelationshipinwhichbothpartiesgiveandtake.

Informative / Communicative | Communication: a process by which information is

exchangedbetweenindividualsthroughacommonsystemofsymbols,signs,orbehavior10The interaction should be informative and communicative for both parties. The user should know whattheproductknowsandviceversa.

Inspiring | Inspiring: having an animating or exalting effect11An interaction that inspires

theuserinapositivewayisdesired

Endearing / Pleasant | Pleasant: having qualities that tend to give pleasure12There

must be a pleasant interaction which the user enjoys and can feel comfortable with.

7 8

http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/intruding http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/ephemeral 9 http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/harmony 10 http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/communication 11 http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/inspiring 12 http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/pleasant

27

1.6 Stage 6 Designing - the product level. (See appendix 1. Future Scenario | Story Board)

Figure9FutureScenario/Cartoon

29

31

32

2. Concept design

The idea generation was realized after having established the main points of attention and also the general/independentfeatures.Duringoneweeksketchesofgeneralsystemsanddetailswereprojected and shared. After this the group made the identification of the existing, more relevant typologies and clustered some of the preferred ideas. The categories were then summarized according to their own values, aims and technical characteristics. In parallel a list of general features was also discussed. Followingthisstepthegroupwasdividedamongstthetypologiesinordertofollowthedevelopmentof theseintoconcreteconcepts. The conceptualization phase resulted in three strongly developed concepts from which the client is invitedtoappreciatethescopeofopportunitiesforanearfuture. Eachconceptturnedouttobedistinguishedbythedifferentlevelofinnovation.Asdemonstratedinthe following descriptions the concepts go from more pragmatic to less and the actions implied in their implementationhavealsodifferentbroadness.

33

2.1 Concept 1 Combi Minimal.

The starting point of our concept was to simplify the current design. Thereby focusing on modularity, design for dis/assembly and materials. From analyzing the current product we concludedthattheproductwasconstructedoutofawidearrayofcomponents.Itwasthought that we could achieve this by designing a set of as few profiles as possible, which when connectedtoeachother couldconstructthewholeCombiwithoutthe necessityofextraparts or materials, and by giving them the right form and construction, the usage of glues (which impedeaproperdisassembly)canbekepttoaminimum. Thefocusondisassemblywasmadetoensurethattheusedmaterialscouldbeseparatedand recycled easily, combined with the plan to take back products at the end of life (for a more CradletoCradleapproach). As you can see (top left of the next picture), we have a profile which fits together and can be connected with bolts. This eliminates the need for using glue to connect everything as was done previously. At first we wanted to build the whole Combi from these profiles, but the roundedprofilescouldntdistributetheforcesfromtheboxproperlytotheframe.Soweused the current profiles but adjusted them a bit (see bottom right picture) to be compatible with thenewprofiles. In the Combi 300 the boards used to secure the load to are attached to the sheets on the sides we thought, that connecting the boards to the profiles would contribute to strength and easy assembly. The roof of the current Combi is supported by an aluminum frame, which is overkill. We came up with the idea of making a self supporting roof. This roof is made out of two Ecoeffective polyester sheets one is vacuum formed with ribs for strength the otheroneisflatsothetopoftheCombilookssmoothandnoraincandripin. After coming up with the vacuum formed roof, we thought it could be used for the frontplate.Ifwecouldcombinethefrontplateandthefunctionofawinddeflector, wecouldsavemoneyanddecreasefuelconsumption.

Materials
Aluminium
Basically all aluminium can be recycled, only painted aluminium can produce highly toxic vapors during the recycling process. We plan to use eco friendly paint without toxic solvents, these will not produce these vapors. Recycling aluminium requires 95% less energy than roducingit,itisonlycostlytolocateandcollectit,takingbackproductcansolvethis.

34

35

36

Eco Paint
The environmentally friendly paints are solvent free and produce a scratchproof, wear resistant coating and can be applied paper, metals and plastics. The wear resistance of the coatingsisclaimedtobetentimesgreaterthanthatforconventionalacrylicpaints. This paint system is UV and radiation curing and offers thermal and mechanical stability, as wellashardness,durability,nonflammabilityandUVresistance.Thiseliminatestheneedfora backing oven and thus reduces energy use. They are also easy to apply and cure within seconds. The absence of solvents makes them environmentally friendly and the small particle sizemakesthemtransparent.

Bamstrand
Bamstrand would be used for the side panels and floor. Strand woven bamboo panels are made of compressed bamboo strands laid in the same direction and bound with an environmentally safe adhesive under extreme pressure. This flooring is 100% harder than red oak and 80% harder than hard maple. It is designed like plywood: the middle layer goes in a differentdirectionfromtheothertwolayers.Thismakesthefloormoreresistanttobending.

Eco-intelligent polyester (EIP)

Ecoeffective polyester can be recycled an infinite number of times without losing its quality. EIP is also the first polyester that is antimonyfree and uses only fully optimized dyes and chemicals without chlorine and PBTs. The material was awarded the Cradle to Cradle Gold certificationfromMcDonoughBraungartDesignChemistry.

Concept Evaluation
This concept was seen as been the closest to home by the company. It is the one that most closely resembles what the company does currently and therefore its feasibility is very high. Theadvantagesthatsuchaconceptbringstothecostsoftheproductarequitegood,sincethe optimizationofpartsandminimizationofneededprofilestranslatesintoacutincosts. In terms of innovation, this concept does not provide with much more than is already being usedbythecompanyandbythemarketingeneral,sotheaddedvalueisnotconsideredtobe in developing or penetrating the market, but to be an enhancement of the current products assemblyandsimplicitywhichcantranslateinabetterproductionprocess. On theother hand, theconcept isseenasaverygoodimprovementinterms oftheimpacton the environment. The fact that there are less parts involved, means that the production process can be simplified and waste can be minimized. The use of materials which are very easy to recycle and the lack of environmentally hazardous materials such as adhesives, glass fibers and paints with solvents means that there is no direct impact on the environment once the product is discarded, of course, taking into consideration that the product must be re collected at the end of its life cycle and properly disassembled by the company. The ease of disassembly also represents an advantage in terms of reuse of parts and recuperation of valuable materials. This means that recollecting the product can also be translated into a cut ofcostsrelatedtorawmaterialacquisition.

37

2.2 Concept 2 Micro Delivery System.

38

 The Micro Delivery System (MDS) is a new kind of business for Combigroep Carrosserie in orderto extenditspotentialmarketfollowingtheregulationsandtrendsabouttransportation andlogisticsintheEuropeanUnion.Thekeyelementofthisnewbusinessconsistsofasystem of modules (Micro Delivery Modules) that are detachable to be loaded in the Delivery Centers (business) and to be used in the P+R (users). Each module has space for approximately 50 boxes(standardbox:46cmx46cmx45cm)todelivergoodsinP+R. SomeofthekeyvaluesoftheMDSare: Integration.(See Appendix 2. Civitas program.)The construction of the Micro Delivery System (MDS)asanintegratedsystemiscomposedbytwocomponents:aplatformandfourmodules. Theplatformisusedtoconnectandalsotosupportandholdstablethemodulesontopofthe truck chassis.Thisareais used to disposetheobligatorysideand backlighting aswellasother additionalfeatures. One other possibility was taken in consideration, regarding the presence of rear lights on the top of each module. This was left for further development for the legislation is currently being reviewed. Byassumingthat30to50%oftheirclientsarecustomersofsomeDeliveryCenters(e.g.Albert Heijn) using this concept, and that a single client makes use of a box of maximum size (46cm x 46cmx45cm),then50boxspaceareneeded.Accordingtothesecalculationsthetotalvolume ofaCombi2000coachworkwasdividedinfourmodules,oneforP+Rpark. TheaverageofP+RparkingplacesintheNetherlandsisabout150to200. Working principle. The deposit of the modules requires some conditions for the P+R infrastructure.Ahighstepisnecessarysothatthemoduleisdropoffatthesameheightasthe platform. Through the use of sliding grooves or a rolling plane on the platform, each module is fitted in betweenandconductedinorout.Lockedfixationisalsonecessarytoconsider. Structure. The modularity of the individual containers allows the extension of capacity in the casewheretheparkhas morethan50clients. Thesolutionfortheirfixationonthesoilshould becommonwiththeattachmentbetweencontainersorwiththeplatform. TheconstructionofthemodulecomponentisCshaped.Theroofplaneiscoveredbyathinfilm photovoltaic cell, used for supplying energy to the electronics implicit in the user interface. This solution also offers the possibility of creating a bigger energy supply capacity when the containersarestoredinline. One lateral side integrates the electronics wall. Here a card reader and a display should be placed, together with a system to published advertisement. On the middle plane there is a separatingboardwherethegraspingmechanismisintegrated.Thepresentedproposalaimsat theuseofavacuumgrippermatrixtoholdeachboxhorizontally.Thevacuumiscreatedatthe loading place with one single bomb. When a client accesses the container, the box is released bylettingairinthroughtherespectivesuckingcupsthatholdit.

39

 The outer surface is composed by a structured hard textile that covers the three left sides of the container and works as a gate that is unlocked when the client is authenticated. After being unlocked the client should open it has any rolling door. This tile can be used to project advertisement. Regarding the user interface for picking up goods, an electronic system should be designed in order to allow each client to use their respective client magnetic cards as an input on a reader thatidentifiesthem,opensthegateandindicatestherespectivesideofthecontainer,column androwinwhichtheirboxesarelocated. The security of this system, regarding for instance, the violation with cutting objects, was considered not relevant for each park is already provided with security and because the containerissupposedtoremainattheP+Rduringashortperiodoftime.Forthissamereason refrigerationconditionswerenotconsidered. For further development some features were left behind for they didnt present relevant problemsforthisphaseofconceptualdesign: Incorporationofrearlightsoneachmodule:canbesolvedwithanadditionalverticalcolumn at the rear end of the platform on which lights are added together with an extendible textile foraerodynamicsmatters. The fixation of the platform to the chassis should be kept simple by easy fastening with bolts orscrews. Improvementoftheunloadingsystemintheplatformintermsoflifting,dragginganddropof themodules;

Concept Evaluation
This concept is regarded as the most innovative and costly solution, implying the set off a new network of stakeholders as well as for the development of new services and infrastructure. Theconsequentplanimpliesalsoattentionforlegislationcompatibility. There are several advantages of the solution to be underlined: The fact that it is based on a concrete legislative plan, already (partly) settled in the Netherlands, allows the company to follow guidelines of the Civitas* programme and become a pioneer on the achievement of sustainablemeasures. The construction of the body was kept simple in order to be built with no implications for the production line or the companys warehouse and is supported by the Cradle to Cradle principles. Its production is still questionable in terms of the unloading system integrated in theplatformbutthistopicshouldbeaddressedontothenextprojectphase. The current trend of ecommerce is also a supportive aspect of this concept, in the sense that more people adhere to eshopping practices and use more frequently online information abouturbannetworkandmobilityconditions. The initiative was given an enthusiastic feedback from the client that, with some reservations seemverymotivatedtoundertakesuchatask.

40

41

42

2.3 Concept 3 Flexible skin

For the flexible skin concept the focus was put on making a lightweight solution that can vary involume.Whenasmalleramountofgoodshastobetransportedthe truckitselfcanbecome smaller. This makes the truck a lot more aerodynamic and also less intrusive for other road users. Using fabric could help achieve all these characteristics. It can fold down to a smaller volume easily. By placing a frame on the truck that can hold the fabric, a very lightweight solution is found for covering the goods. This tentlike construction does not need any adhesives or screws to build the body so it is easy and fast to assemble and disassemble. After disassemblingthematerialsarereadytoberecycled. The lowering of the roof decreases the frontal surface of the vehicle. As an example a truck wasused,withabodyworkthatoccupied40%ofthefrontalsurface.Loweringtheroofofthis truck would result in a reduction of 40% of the drag force. Of the total energy consumed by a truck, on average 20% goes to wind resistance. This would mean that lowering the roof would result in saving 8% on fuel. Of course this percentage depends on the speed of the truck and increaseswhenthespeedincreases.
The frame can be covered by a completely closed fabric skin to make the box completely waterproof in both folded and unfolded position. Fabric tubes for connecting the fabric cover to the frame can be sewed inside the cover. After comparing materials for the fabric, polyester nylon was considered the best choice. Mainly because of its recyclability but also becauseitislightweightandcheap.(Appendix3.MaterialRequirement). Theframecanbemadeoutofaluminium.Itdoesnotneedanyfinishingbecauseitiscoveredbyfabric. Bynotaddinganythingtothematerialitremainsinfinitelyrecyclable.

43

44

45

Concept Evaluation
This concept has relatively higher feasibility to be implemented in real practice comparing to the second concept. The chosen skin material for the flexible roof is heavy duty Polyster / Nylon already exists in the market and considered cheaper compared to the other available tarp materials. The structure construction of the body itself using minimal aluminum structures those can easily be assembled and disassembled on top the chassis. All mechanical solutions for flexible roof are technically possible, quite simple and less complicated by using several interconnected aluminum structure and hydraulic system to control the movement of the structure. Using this efficient structure construction and affordable heavy duty tarp materialsmakesthisconceptpossibletobemassproducedinaconsiderablylowerproduction cost. Theotheradvantageof thisconceptisitsabilitytopreservethelightweightbodyconstruction while maintaining the security of the goods stored inside the body. The aerodynamics shape and the possibility of the roof to be flatted down can also give significant contribution to fuel efficiency. The recyclability of the materials used in this concept also one of the most importantadvantagethatcangivepositiveimagetothebrandasgreenbrand. The most challenging part for this concept is the mechanical construction for the flexible roof using the hydraulic system and how to fold the fabric in a neat way when the roof is flatted down.Thisconceptstillneedsfurtherinvestigationonthoseseveraltechnicalsolutions

46

References
Cambridge University Press. (n.d.). Cambridge Dictionary. Retrieved November 2008, from http://dictionary.cambridge.org/ Dantin, U. (2005, 10 11). Application of personas in user interface design for educational software. In ACM International Conference Proceeding Series. Retrieved from Vol 106, p239 247:http://crpit.com/confpapers/CRPITV42Dantin.pdf JanStappers,P.(2007).ContextandConceptualization.,(p.8).Delft. Lloyd, P., Hekker, P., & van Dijk, M. (2006). VISION IN PRODUCT DESIGN [ ViP ]. VISION IN PRODUCTDESIGN[ViPversion2].Delft,Netherlands. Tassoul,M.(2006).CreativeFacilitationaDelftApproach.Delft:VSSD. Wikipedia.(n.d.).RetrievedNovember2008,fromhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roleplaying

47

Appendix
Appendix 1. Future Scenario | Story Board.

Appendix 2. Civitas program.

Cleaner and better transport in cities - stands for CIty-VITAlity-Sustainability.

CITIVAS is a demonstration and investigation programme from the Commission of European Communitieswithinthedomainofurban,nonpollutanttransportation. The CIVITAS initiative helps cities to achieve a more sustainable, clean and energy efficient urban transport system by implementing and evaluating an ambitious, integrated set of technology and policy based measures. The European Community aims to generate a decisive breakthrough by supporting and evaluating the implementation of ambitious integrated sustainableurbantransportstrategiesthatshouldmakearealdifferenceforthewelfareofthe Europeancitizen. CITIVAS objectives involve the promotion and implementation of sustainable, clean and (energy) efficient urban transport measures; the implementation of integrated packages of technology and policy measures in the field of energy and transport; and the gathering of criticalmassandmarketsforinnovation. The complete programme and the actions in the Netherlands can be seen at the site: www.civitasinitiative.org/city_sheet.phtml?id=24&lan=en Someofthecurrentexamplesarecitedbelow:
Goods delivery to Park & Ride Sites The aim of this measure is to provide for timely delivery of goods by clean urban delivery vehicle from a city centre retail complex to a suburban Park&Ride terminal, where the retail goods purchased earlier in the day can be collected by the consumer.

A scheme will be established to deliver purchases from a City Centre shopping complex to a suburban Park and Ride terminal. Discussions are taking place with a number of potentially interested retailers in the Norwich city centre, including the developers of the Chapelfield shoppingmallwhichopenedinSeptember2005.Thiselementoftheworkpackagewillbeused to determine the effectiveness of a goods delivery service in promoting the use of Park&Ride, thus encouraging use of collective transport, reducing urban congestion and improving air quality. Elementsincludedinthemeasure: IdentifyingasuitableretailsitewithintheareaservedbytheNorwichPark&Ridesitesor withina5mileradiusofNorwich IdentifyingasuitablePark&Ridesite Developingprocessfordeliveries Completingamarketingplanandpublicitydevelopment

 Implementationofthescheme The Shop & Go service operates from Monday to Saturday, and follows on from a successful trial during Christmas 2006, where 82 customers used the service during this four week trial, witha1feepercustomer. The park & Ride sites present in the Netherlands can be seen at the site: www.anwb.nl/azf/zoek.html?azfid=penr
Rotterdam

In the regional policy document a long term development of 18.000 P+Rplaces is planned for the next 15 years, spread out over 40 P+Rsites in the whole region. The short term expansion of P+R is part of the TELLUS project and takes place at several locations in Rotterdam. Parking atP+RplacesisfreeintheRotterdamregion.

New concepts for the Distribution of Goods in Barcelona

The Trav. De Gracia Multiuse lane installation extends the total length of lanes in the city to 3.3 km, and converts the equivalent of 44 onstreet parking spaces into unloading spaces during the prescribed (between peak) hours. During the peak hours, the lane is used as a priority bus lane with a frequency of 25 buses per hour. The measure is the first of its kind to incorporatebuspriorityregulationsasavariablemessagesign. Civitas TELLUS gathers five cities to demonstrate that integrated urban transport policies can significantly contribute to fighting todays traffic problems in Europe: Rotterdam (the Netherlands), Berlin (Germany), Gteborg (Sweden), Gdynia (Poland) and Bucharest (Romania).

50

Appendix 3. Material Requirement.

Material Requirement Polyster / Polyethylene/ Nylon (Vinyl Laminated) 10-12 oz / square yard available heavy duty 18 oz Price Recyclability Life Time Water proof Flame resistant Strong / tear resistant cheaper recyclable 3 - 7 years

Light weight

yes

have to be treated quite strong and versatile but less durable than canvas laminated / coated by vinyl to make it stronger UV treated Acid resistant Mildew resistant Arctic flexibility yes yes yes better flexibility

51

Appendix 4. Concept sketches

Pleaseopenthefile:Concept_sketches.pdf

52