PROCEEDINGS OF FIRE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY- RESEARCH & ITS IMPLEMENTATIONS- NOV.

3-4, 2011

FIRST 2011

DESIGN OF CLEAN AGENT FIRE EXTINGUISHING SYSTEM AS PER NFPA 2001 STANDARDS WITH RESPECT TO FIRE HAZARD SCENARIOS IN INDIA
R.S. Chimot !" P#o$. Sh%&hi!!" P#o$. S'# ()#% *'m%#!! %() R &h' Sh%#m%!
*Fire research laboratory, CSIR-Central Building Research Institute, Roorkee ** e!art"ent o# Che"ical $ngineering, Indian Institute o# Technology Roorkee

A+STRACT
This paper highlights the phase-out of the halogenated fire extinguishing agents: 1301, 1211 etc due to ozone depletion potential problems under Montreal protocol and further, briefly describes the clean agent fire extinguishing system design considerations ith t o !ase-illustrations: !ase 1 and !ase 2, that are re"uired to be designed to extinguish fires either by flame extinguishment or by inerting in accordance ith the changing characteristics of fire hazard scenarios in building and industrial occupancies# $hat is %ery important for reduction of the flammable concentration in an atmosphere is the inerting hich is re"uired to be done belo one-half of its lo er flammable limit# &lame extinguishment shall be designed to cease combustion of a combustible solid or a flammable or combustible li"uid# The characteristics of fire hazard scenarios ith respect to anticipated fires ha%e been continuously changing in 'ndia due to emerging trends in the up gradation( modern furnishing and interior design considerations( re"uirements in almost all the urban and semiurban occupancies# )ural 'ndia has been pic*ing up at little slo er pace# The clean agent system design considerations must be planned and designed for urban and semi-urban occupancies in 'ndia such that the fire extinguishant-containers should not be in the hazardous area, and it shall suitably be in a protected location as close as possible to the hazard# +iping and fittings must be of a pressure rating commensurate ith expected system pressures, and must be corrosion-resistant# +iping and fittings must be metallic, and the fittings can not be of cast iron and it may be of elded, brazed, or malleable iron# &ire suppression and detection shall be selected (designed to be intelligent for the anticipated class of fires and emerging fire load density pattern(layout ith appropriately designed discharge flo rate, particle(droplet size distribution ith respect to fire extinguishing efficiency parameters# ,n existing detection system may possibly be reused

Fire Research Laboratory, CSIR-Central Building Research Institute, Roorkee (UK) I !I"

191

)#-# !himote, +rof# -hashi, +rof# -urendra .umar and )eshu -harma hen designing a clean agent system, pro%ided that the characteristics of the anticipated fire ha%e not been changed#

INTRODUCTION
The results o# a study o# the e##ect o# chloro#luorocarbons %CFCs& on the o'one layer (on the )obel *ri'e #or t(o che"ists %1-1+, 20& at the ,ni-ersity o# Cali#ornia Ir-ine, Frank Sher(ood Ro(land and .ario .ocina (hich resulted in a land"ark international agree"ent, the .ontreal *rotocol, signed by the ,nited States and 2/ other countries in 1+01, (ith signi#icant a"end"ents in 1++0 and 1++22 3o#i 4nnan, #or"er Secretary 5eneral o# the ,nited )ations, said 6!erha!s the single "ost success#ul international agree"ent to date (as the .ontreal *rotocol o# 1+0127 The agree"ent (as intended to shar!ly restrict the !roduction o# che"icals that had been identi#ied as contributing to de!letion o# the stratos!heric o'one layer2 The o'one layer is a !rotecti-e layer o# our stratos!here that hel!s to #ilter the ultra-iolet rays o# the sun be#ore they reach $arth2 In the absence o# the o'one layer, the incidence o# skin cancer and "elano"a increase2 4n o'one "olecule consists o# three o8ygen ato"s %9 :&2 Freon, released #ro" air conditioners, and halogenated e8tinguishing agents rise to the stratos!here2 Bro"ine and chlorine "olecules #ro" these agents break u! the 9: "olecules and attach the"sel-es to one o# the #ree o8ygen "olecules2 These gases, there#ore, (ere included in the list o# o'one de!leting agents2 In ad-ance o# the .ontreal *rotocol, the ;ienna Con-ention #or the *rotection o# the 9'one <ayer !ro-ided the #ra"e(ork #or negotiations in 1+0=2 I""ediately subse>uent to the initial signing o# the .ontreal *rotocol, e-idence continued to "ount that the o'one layer (as continuing to shrink at a #rightening rate2 )u"erous additional countries signed the .ontreal *rotocol, and the target date #or ceasing !roduction o# halogenated hydrocarbons (as ad-anced to ?anuary 1++/2 4t !resent, 1+1 nations ha-e signed the .ontreal *rotocol, "aking it one o# the !lanet@s "ost success#ul international agree"ents2 The cessation o# halon !roduction ra!idly rendered e8isting halon syste"s (hich are to be gradually !hased out o# the #ire !rotection industry, has !laced o(ners o# halon syste"s and the co"!anies that insure the ha'ards !rotected by halon syste"s, in an e8tre"ely unco"#ortable !osition2 4lthough the .ontreal *rotocol did not call #or re"o-ing all e8isting halon syste"s, it !rohibited the "anu#acture o# ne( halon- "aking it i"!ractical to legally !urchase ne( halons2 9(ners and insurers o# halon

Fire Research Laboratory, CSIR-Central Building Research Institute, Roorkee (UK) I !I"

192

/esign of clean agent fire extinguishing system as per 0&+, 2001 standards ith respect to fire hazard scenarios in 'ndia syste"s (ere #aced (ith the !ros!ect o# a total loss o# #ire !rotection !ursuant to an accidental or !ur!ose#ul halon syste" discharge2 Figure 1 sho(s %1-1+, 20& %a& 4rctic "a! #ro" (orld atlas %b& 4rtic 9'one Aole, yello( area (ithin red circle, could e8!ose "illions o# !eo!le, (ildli#e and !lants to dangerous ,; ray le-elsB and %c& the area that (ill be a##ected by #or"ation o# 4rctic 9'one Aole abo-e the redline2 To !rotect against this e-entuality, "any syste" o(ners o!ted to re!lace their halon syste"s (ith either a substitute gaseous syste" re!lace"ent or a (ater-based syste" re!lace"ent2 4lthough introductory background o# halon@s re!lace"ents is co-ered in this !a!er, the !ri"ary #ocus is on clean agents and halon alternati-e #ire e8tinguishing agents2

Fi,'#

1- It &ho.& /%0 %#1ti1 m%2 $#om .o#3) %t3%& /40 A#ti1 O5o( Ho3 " 6 33o. %# % .ithi( # ) 1i#13 " 1o'3) 72o& mi33io(& o$ 2 o23 " .i3)3i$ %() 23%(t& to )%(, #o'& U8 #%6 3 9 3& /10 th %# % th%t .i33 4 %$$ 1t ) 46 $o#m%tio( o$ A#1ti1 O5o( Ho3 %4o9 th # )3i( .

C3 %( Fi#

E7ti(,'i&hi(, A, (t&

Fire Research Laboratory, CSIR-Central Building Research Institute, Roorkee (UK) I !I"

193

)#-# !himote, +rof# -hashi, +rof# -urendra .umar and )eshu -harma )F*4 2001%20& de#ines a clean agent as an electrically nonconducting, -olatile, or gaseous #ire e8tinguishant that does not lea-e a residue u!on e-a!oration2 For an agent to >uali#y as a clean agent, it "ust ha-e no kno(n e##ect on the o'one layer, it "ust ha-e no e##ect on hu"an sur-i-al (ithin an enclosure !rotected by a clean agent, and in nor"ally occu!ied areas "ust be used in a concentration that is less than the )94$< - an abbre-iation #or 6no obser-ed ad-erse e##ect le-el27 )94$< is a "easure o# clean agent to8icity to hu"ans, under test conditions2 4t !resent ti"e, no dro!-in agent is a-ailable that (ould allo( Aalon 1:01 to be re"o-ed and an e>ui-alent a"ount o# re!lace"ent agent inserted2 Syste"s (ith gaseous halon re!lace"ent agents re>uire that "ore gas than halon be stored on a -olu"etric basis, (ith di##ering de-ices and a!!urtenances re>uired2 Clean agents ha-e been #ound to be e##ecti-e #or electrical or electronic a!!lications, teleco""unication #acilities, #la""able li>uids and gases, and high--alue assets2 They also "ay be considered #or e8!losion su!!ression syste"s2 )94$< and <94$< C lo(est obser-able ad-erse e##ect le-el C D #or halocarbon su!!ression agents as sho(n on Table-12

T%43 :1 NOAEL %() LOAEL 2 #1 (t%, & $o# h%3o1%#4o( 13 %( %, (t&/200

S.No. 12 22 :2 /2 =2 F2 12 02 A, (t FC-:-1-10 F3-=-1-12 ACFC Blend 4 ACFC-12/ AFC-12= AFC-221ea AFC-2: AFC-2:F#a NOAEL /;0 /0 1020 1020 120 12= +20 :0 10 LOAEL /;0 E/0 E1020 E1020 22= 1020 E102= E=0 1=

SourceG )F*4 2001 %200/&, Clean 4gent Fire $8tinguishing Syste"s, )F*4, Huincy, .4 021F+2

C3 %( A, (t C3%&&i$i1%tio(
The t(o basic classi#ications o# clean agents are halocarbon agents and inert gas agents2 4gents addressed by )F*4 2001 are listed on Table-22 Aalocarbon agents consist o# hydro#luorocarbons %AFCs&, hydro-chloro#luorocarbons %ACFCs&, and !er#luorocarbons %*FCs& and are gi-en nu"erical descri!tions as sho(n in Table-2 in accordance (ith 4)SI %4"erican )ational Standards Institute& and 4SAR4$ %4"erican Society o# Aeating, Re#rigerating and 4ir-Conditioning $ngineers& standards2 Aalocarbons are stored as a li>uid and distributed to the ha'ard as

Fire Research Laboratory, CSIR-Central Building Research Institute, Roorkee (UK) I !I"

194

/esign of clean agent fire extinguishing system as per 0&+, 2001 standards ith respect to fire hazard scenarios in 'ndia a gas, and e8tinguish #ires by che"ical and !hysical "echanis"s, as o!!osed to o8ygen de!ri-ation2 The e8tinguish"ent "echanis" is breaking the co"bustion chain2 Inert gas agents contain one or "ore non-reacti-e gases, such as heliu", neon, and argon, "i8ed (ith nitrogen or carbon dio8ide2 They e8tinguish #ires by lo(ering the o8ygen concentration (ithin a roo" #ro" nor"al condition o# 21D to a le-el belo( 1=D - usually 12 to 1:D, less than the le-el re>uired to sustain co"bustion #or "ost co"bustibles2 Inert gas agents are a!!ro8i"ately the sa"e density as air and, there#ore, "i8 better and dis!lay less settling to the #loor than other gaseous agents such as carbon dio8ide2

T%43 :2 C3 %( Fi#
12 22 :2 FC-:-1-10 F3-=-1-12 ACFC Blend 4

E7ti(,'i&hi(, A, (t&
C/F10 CF2CF2C%9&CF%CF:&2 CACl2CF: CAClF2 CAClFCF:

/2 =2 F2 12 02 +2 102 112 122

ACFC-12/ AFC-12= AFC-221ea AFC-2: AFC-2:F#a FIC-1:11 I5-01 I5-100 I5-=/1

1:2 I5-==

*er#luorobutane odeca#luoro-2"ethyl!entan-:-one ichlorotri#luoroethane ACFC-12: %/21=D& Chlorodi#luoro"ethane ACFC-22 %02D& Chlorotetra#luoroethane ACFC-12/ %+2=D& Iso!ro!enyl-1"ethylcyclohe8ene %:21=D& Chlorotetra#luoroethane *enta#luoroethane Ae!ta#luoro!ro!ane Tri#luoro"ethane Ae8a#luoro!ro!ane Tri#luoroiodide 4rgon )itrogen )itrogen %=2D& 4rgon %/0D& Carbon dio8ide %0D& )itrogen %=0D& 4rgon %=0D&

CAClFCF: CAF2CF: CF:CAFCF: CAF: CF:CA2CF: CF:I 4r )2 )2 4r C92 )2 4r

)otesG 9ther agents could be added -ia the )F*4 !rocess in #uture editions or a"end"ents o# the standard2 Co"!osition o# inert gas agents are gi-en in ;olD2 Co"!osition o# ACFC Blend 4 is gi-en in (tD2 The #ull analogous 4SAR4$ no"enclature #or F3-=-1-12 is F3-=-1-12""y22 SourceG )F*4 2001%200/&, Clean 4gent Fire $8tinguishing Syste"s, )F*4, Huincy, .4 021F+2

DISCUSSION

Fire Research Laboratory, CSIR-Central Building Research Institute, Roorkee (UK) I !I"

195

)#-# !himote, +rof# -hashi, +rof# -urendra .umar and )eshu -harma

H'm%( S%$ t6 Co(1 #(& .ith C3 %( Fi# A, (t&

E7ti(,'i&hi(,

)F*4 2001 does not reco""end e8!osure to halon-carbon clean agents #or "ore than :00s (ith less e8!osure in higher concentrations, as sho(n on Table-:,/,= I F2 esigners o# #ire !rotection syste"s need to s!ecially e8ercise care in the design o# clean agent syste"s #or enclosures (here hu"an e8!osure to the agent is !ossible2 T%43 :< Tim Tim S. No. 12 22 :2 /2 =2 F2 12 02 +2 102 112 122 1:2 $o# S%$ $o# &%$ ,# && $o# h%3o1%#4o( 13 %( %, (t& /200

H'm%( E72o&'# %t St%t ) Co(1 (t#%tio(& $o# HFC:12= HFC:12= Co(1 (t#%tio( M%7im'm P #mitt ) H'm%( E72o&'# Tim ;9>9 22m /mi('t &0 12= 1=000 =200 020 00000 =200 02= 0=000 =200 +20 +0000 =200 +2= +=000 =200 1020 100000 =200 102= 10=000 =200 1120 110000 =200 112= 11=000 =200 1220 120000 12F1 122= 12=000 02=+ 1:20 1:0000 02=/ 1:2= 1:=000 02/+

)otesG ata deri-ed #ro" the $*4-a!!ro-ed and !eer re-ie(ed !hysiologically based !har"acokinetic %*B*3& "odel or its e>ui-alent2 Based on <94$< o# 1020 D in dogs2

T%43 :? Tim $o# S%$ H'm%( E72o&'# %t St%t ) Co(1 (t#%tio(& $o# HFC:2<@$% /200
Tim S.No. 12 22 :2 /2 $o# S%$ H'm%( E72o&'# %t St%t ) Co(1 (t#%tio(& $o# HFC:2<@$% HFC:2<@$% Co(1 (t#%tio( M%7im'm P #mitt ) H'm%( ;9>9 22m E72o&'# Tim /mi(0 1020 100000 =200 102= 10=000 =200 1120 110000 =200 112= 11=000 =200

Fire Research Laboratory, CSIR-Central Building Research Institute, Roorkee (UK) I !I"

196

/esign of clean agent fire extinguishing system as per 0&+, 2001 standards ith respect to fire hazard scenarios in 'ndia =2 1220 120000 =200 F2 122= 12=000 =200 12 1:20 1:0000 12F= 02 1:2= 1:=000 02+2 +2 1/20 1/0000 021+ 102 1/2= 1/=000 02F/ 112 1=20 1=0000 02/+ 0otes: /ata deri%ed from 1+,-appro%ed(peer-re%ie ed +2+. model on 34,13 of 156 in dogs#

T%43 := Tim $o# S%$ H'm%( E72o&'# %t Co(1 (t#%tio(& $o# HFC:22A % /200
H'm%( E72o&'# %t St%t ) Co(1 (t#%tio(& $o# HFC:22A % HFC:22A % M%7im'm Co(1 (t#%tio( P #mitt ) H'm%( S.No. ;9>9 22m E72o&'# Tim /mi('t &0 12 +20 +0000 =200 22 +2= +=000 =200 :2 1020 100000 =200 /2 102= 10=000 =200 =2 1120 110000 121: F2 112= 11=000 02F0 12 1220 120000 02/+ 0otes: /ata deri%ed from 1+,-appro%ed(peer-re%ie ed +2+. model on 34,13 of 10#56 in dogs# Tim $o# S%$

T%43 :@ Tim $o# S%$ H'm%( E72o&'# %t St%t ) Co(1 (t#%tio(& $o# FIC:1<11 /200
Tim $o# S%$ H'm%( E72o&'# %t St%t ) Co(1 (t#%tio(& $o# FIC:1<11 FIC:1<11 M%7im'm Co(1 (t#%tio( P #mitt ) H'm%( ;9>9 22m E72o&'# Tim /mi('t &0 0220 2000 =200 022= 2=00 =200 02:0 :000 =200 02:= :=00 /2:0 02/0 /000 020= 02/= /=00 02/+ 02=0 =000 02:=

S.No. 12 22 :2 /2 =2 F2 12

Fire Research Laboratory, CSIR-Central Building Research Institute, Roorkee (UK) I !I"

197

)#-# !himote, +rof# -hashi, +rof# -urendra .umar and )eshu -harma 0otes: /ata deri%ed from 1+,-appro%ed(peer-re%ie ed +2+. model on 34,13 of 0#76 in dogs# 9# !articular concern is hu"an e8!osure to the deco"!osition by!roducts #or"ed by breakdo(n o# the e8tinguishant (hen e8!osed to high te"!eratures or an o!en #la"e2 For e8a"!le, halocarbon agents containing #luorine ha-e the !otential to #or" to8ic hydrogen #luoride2 Inert gas agents do not create deco"!osition !roducts, but care "ust be taken to a-oid high a!!lication concentrations2 Table-1 lists the to8icity o# clean agents2 Inert gas agents contain about 0D carbon dio8ide, but the C92 is not a concern at nor"al inert gas concentrations2 Care "ust be taken to a-oid o-er-design (hich could result in e8cessi-e inert gas concentrations and reduce o8ygen concentrations belo( 10D2 )F*4 2001 %20& !rohibits the a!!lication o# halocarbon agents into occu!ied roo"s at concentrations greater than 2/D and re>uires that the )94$< li"its listed in Table-1 not be e8ceeded #or any clean agent2

T%43 :A To7i1it6 i($o#m%tio( $o# h%3o1%#4o( 13 %( %, (t&./200

LC=0 o# NOAEL LOAEL ALC /;0 /;0 /;0 12 FC-:-1-10 E00 /0 E/0 22 FIC-1:11 E1220 022 02/ :2 F3-=-1-12 E1020 10 E1020 /2 ACFC Blend 4 F/ 10 E1020 =2 ACFC-12/ 2:-2+ 1 22= F2 AFC-12= E10 12= 10 12 AFC-221ea E00 + 102= 02 AFC-2: EF= =0 E=0 +2 AFC-2:F#a E102+ 10 1= 0otes: 3!50 is the concentration lethal to 50 percent of a rat population during a 7-hour exposure# The ,3! is the approximate lethal concentration# The cardiac sensitization le%els are based on the obser%ance or non-obser%ance of serious heart arrhythmias in a dog# The usual protocol is a 5-minute exposure follo ed by a challenge ith epinephrine# 8igh concentration %alues are determined ith addition of oxygen to pre%ent asphyxiation# Table-1 !ro-ides in#or"ation #or designers relati-e to )94$< and <94$< !ercentages #or halocarbon clear agents and ti"e #or sa#e e8!osure #or AFC-12=, AFC-2:F#a, AFC-211ea, and FIC-1:112 These tables enable designers o# clean agent syste"s to consider "ethodologies #or kee!ing hu"an e8!osure to clean agents to a
Fire Research Laboratory, CSIR-Central Building Research Institute, Roorkee (UK) I !I"

S. No.

A, (t

198

/esign of clean agent fire extinguishing system as per 0&+, 2001 standards ith respect to fire hazard scenarios in 'ndia "ini"u"2 .ethods to !rotect !ersonnel e8!osed to clean agents includeG $nsuring that e8its are (ell situated, (ell "arked, and (ell lighted, ade>uate nu"ber and (idth to allo( ra!id egress o# all occu!ants, and are readily accessible (ith clear and unobstructed aisles or !assage(ays to the e8its Consider the !ro-ision o# e8tra egress doorsB s!eci#ying that doors are re>uired to s(ing in the direction o# egress tra-el and to reclose auto"atically *ro-iding ade>uate alar" noti#ication be#ore clean agent discharge *ro-iding training o# !ersonnel to ensure !ro!er identi#ication and res!onse to an alar"B *ro-iding continuous alar"s during discharge and agent contain"ent *ro-iding alar"s, locks, signs, and other "ethods to !re-ent re-entry to the roo" during agent contain"ent S!eci#ying !lace"ent o# breathing a!!aratus and -entilation re>uire"ents roo"

S!eci#ying a !lan #or rescue o# anyone (ho "ay beco"e tra!!ed (ithin the roo" or other(ise o-ere8!osed to the su!!ressing agent and its co"bustion by!roducts

Consideration also "ust be gi-en to the !ossibility o# con#usion or disorientation o# occu!ants during discharge2 Clean agent discharge "ay be noisy, and the #orce o# discharge "ay create reduced -isibility, "ay !roduce a s(irl o# dislodged !a!ers or other loose "aterials, and the lo( te"!erature o# discharging gas "ay be a shock to a !ersonnel2 Training o# res!onsible !ersonnel is a necessity, and the s!eci#ication o# clean agent syste"s should not be considered #or 6at risk7 !ersons, such as in !ublic and !atient areas in hos!itals and nursing ho"es2

C3 %( A, (t S6&t m D &i,( Co(&i) #%tio(& $o# U#4%(> S mi:U#4%( O11'2%(1i & i( I()i%
The clean agent syste" design considerations #or the halonalternati-e #ire e8tinguishing agents that "ust be !lanned and designed #or urban and se"i-urban occu!ancies in India such that the #ire e8tinguishant containers should not be in the ha'ardous area and it shall suitably be in a !rotected location as close as !ossible to the ha'ard2 *i!ing and #ittings "ust be o# a !ressure

Fire Research Laboratory, CSIR-Central Building Research Institute, Roorkee (UK) I !I"

199

)#-# !himote, +rof# -hashi, +rof# -urendra .umar and )eshu -harma rating co""ensurate (ith e8!ected syste" !ressures, and "ust be corrosion-resistant2 *i!ing and #ittings "ust be "etallic, and the #ittings can not be o# cast iron and it "ay be o# (elded, bra'ed, or "alleable iron2 Fire su!!ression and detection shall be selectedJdesigned to be a!!ro!riate #or the antici!ated class o# #ires and e"erging #ire load density !atternJlayout (ith a!!ro!riately designed discharge #lo( rate, !articleJdro!let si'e distribution (ith res!ect to #ire e8tinguishing e##iciency !ara"eters2 4n e8isting detection syste" "ay !ossibly be reused (hen designing a clean agent syste", !ro-ided that the characteristics o# the antici!ated #ire ha-e not been changed Because local a!!lication has not been #ound to be e##ecti-e by the co""ittee res!onsible #or the technical content o# )F*4 2001, clean agent syste"s are to be s!eci#ied and designed #or total #looding o# enclosures2 The enclosure !rotected by a clean agent "ust be rendered a"enable to the a!!lication and retention o# agent by 4rranging #or the auto"atic closing o# doors Sealing o!ening and cracks around doors and (indo(s Cli!!ing do(n and restraining ceiling tiles and sealing the" (here necessary Shutting do(n su!!ly and return air to the roo" (ith da"!ers in the ducts to !re-ent loss o# clean agent 4tte"!ting to li"it loss o# clean agent through #loor drains, trenches, !i!e !enetrations through (alls, and other (all and #loor !enetrations Shutting do(n gas or other #la""able su!!lies Shutting do(n electrical !o(er co"!onents (here necessary to energi'ed electrical

Syste"s "ust be designed such that the agent containers are not in the ha'ard area, and are in a !rotected location as close as !ossible to the ha'ard2 *i!ing and #ittings "ust be o# a !ressure rating co""ensurate (ith e8!ected syste" !ressures, and "ust be corrosion-resistant2 *i!ing and #ittings "ust be "etallic, and #ittings cannot be cast iron2 They can be (elded, bra'ed, or "alleable iron2 etection shall be selected to be a!!ro!riate #or the antici!ated #ire, as discussed2 4n e8isting detection syste" !ossibly "ay be reused (hen designing a clean agent syste" #or
Fire Research Laboratory, CSIR-Central Building Research Institute, Roorkee (UK) I !I"

200

/esign of clean agent fire extinguishing system as per 0&+, 2001 standards ith respect to fire hazard scenarios in 'ndia a roo" currently !rotected by halon, !ro-ided that characteristics o# the antici!ated #ire ha-e not changed2 the

D &i,(i(, H%3o1%#4o( C3 %( Fi# E7ti(,'i&h%(t& Tot%3 Fi# S'22# &&io( B'%(tit%ti9 R C'i# m (t
Clean agent syste"s are designed to e8tinguish #ires either by #la"e e8tinguish"ent or by inerting2 For reduction o# the #la""able concentration in an at"os!here, inerting is re>uired to be done belo( one-hal# its lo(er #la""able li"it2 Fla"e e8tinguish"ent is designed to cease co"bustion o# a co"bustible solid or a #la""able li>uid2 Aalogenated clean agents are re>uired to !ossess the !ro!erties listed in Table-0, and halogenated clean agent syste"s are re>uired to be designed to o!erate (ithin the (orking !ressure as sho(n in Table-+2 Aalocarbon agent total #looding >uantity, assu"ing nor"al leakage #ro" a tight enclosure, is calculated by using the sa"e #or"ula used #or halonG

Khere, K L (eight o# halocarbon clean agent %kg&B ; L net -olu"e o# !rotected enclosure %":& S L s!eci#ic -olu"e %":Jkg&B 4 L altitude correction #actor as !er Table-10

T%43 :D H%3o, (%t ) %, (t C'%3it6 # C'i# m (t& /200.

S.No . 12 22 :2 /2 P#o2 #t6 4gent !urity, "oleD, "ini"u" 4cidity, !!" %by (eight ACl e>ui-alent&, "a8i"u" Kater content, Dby (eight, "a8i"u" )on-olatile residues, gJ100 "l "a8i"u" S2 1i$i1%tio( ++20 :20 02001 020=

T%43 :E Mi(im'm ) &i,( .o#Fi(, 2# &&'# $o# h%3o1%#4o( 13 %( %, (t &6&t m 2i2i(, /200.

Fire Research Laboratory, CSIR-Central Building Research Institute, Roorkee (UK) I !I"

201

)#-# !himote, +rof# -hashi, +rof# -urendra .umar and )eshu -harma S. No. A, (t A, (t A, (t Co(t%i( # Co(t%i( # M%7im'm Ch%#,i(, Fi33 P# &&'# D (&it6 %t 21GC /F,>m<0 /*P%0 12F021= 102+ 12102:2 2/F+2F 12102:2 /11F 1://20 2/F+2F +//2122 /11F +//2122 2/F+2F 00F200 /11120=* 1=F2/= /11120=* F122/ /11120=* =002:= /11120=* =0/2: /11120=* 12/:2+/ 12/:2+/ +0121/ +/12:F 12/:2+/ 12F021= 2/F+2F 12/:2+/ 1=122+ /11F 2/F+2F 1=/F 20::210 F0:F20 2/F+2F /11F :2+220 1F/F2/ 2/F+2F 2/F+2F /11F 1F/F2/ A, (t Co(t%i( # P# &&'# %t ==GC /*P%0 110021/ :=F122 10:12= :001 =0:1 :10/2/ 111=1210 101012F +/002=2 0F2+200 1+/:200 2/202// :+1020 /2102+ 11F021 2/F+2F Mi(im'm Pi2i(, D &i,( P# &&'# %t 21GC /*P%0 1:12 20=:21F =F2=22 2/F+2F /FF/20 2+F:2=2 +/0=20F 0=F1220 1=0121F F+00202 F:=+222 1+/12:0 :10:20/ ::1=212 =1:/2+F 1+2020

1
2 : /

AFC221ea FC-:-1-10 ACFC Blend 4 AFC 2:

= F 1 0 + 10 11 12

ACFC-12/ ACFC-12/ AFC-12= AFC-12= AFC2:F#a AFC2:F#a AFC2:F#a F3-=-1-12

!)ot su!er-!ressuri'ed (ith nitrogen2

T%43 :10 Atmo&2h #i1 1o## 1tio( $%1to#& /200

S.No. 12 22 :2 /2 =2 F2 12 02 +2 102 112 EC'i9%3 (t A3tit') *m -02+2 -02F1 -02:0 0200 02:0 02F1 02+1 1222 12=2 120: 221: E(13o&'# P# &&'# mmH, 0/0 012 101 1F0 1:: 10= F10 F=0 F22 =+F =10 Atmo&2h #i1 Co## 1tio( F%1to# 1211 1201 120/ 1200 02+F 02+: 020+ 020F 0202 0210 021=

Fire Research Laboratory, CSIR-Central Building Research Institute, Roorkee (UK) I !I"

202

/esign of clean agent fire extinguishing system as per 0&+, 2001 standards ith respect to fire hazard scenarios in 'ndia 122 1:2 1/2 22/= 221/ :20= ==0 =20 =0= 0212 02F+ 02FF

C L halocarbon clean agent design concentration that re!resents !ercentage o# clean agent !er -olu"e2 For e8a"!le, i# the halocarbon clean agent concentration is FD, C L F, not 020F, and i# the concentration is F2=D, C L F2=, not 020F=2 k1 and k2 L constants that relate to the s!eci#ic -olu"e o# hydrocarbon agent used B these constants are listed in Table11%20&2 4lternati-ely, the re>uired agent >uantity can be deter"ined using the #looding #actors #ound in 4nne8ure 4 o# )F*4 20012 For each agent, the #looding #actor "ulti!lied by the roo" -olu"e gi-es the agent >uantity, (hich is "ulti!lied by the altitude correction #actor2 This can be better illustrated #ro" #ollo(ing e8a"!les #or the general understanding o# the readers #or the clean agentsG AFC-221ea and I5-=/12

CASE 1D &i,( o$ HFC:22A % Co(1 (t#%tio( H%3o1%#4o( C3 %( A, (t

4 so!histicated instru"entation roo" o# si'eG :" (ide8F" long8:" height (ith an a"bient te"!erature o# 21MC is !rotected by a halocarbon clean agent, AFC-221ea, at a FD design concentration2 esign AFC-221ea re>uire"ent by (eight to !rotect the roo", assu"ing an ele-ation at sea le-elN

So3'tio(- 4s s!eci#ic -olu"e o# su!erheated AFC-221ea -a!our

can be a!!ro8i"ated by the #or"ulaG (here, t L te"!2 %MC& gi-en as 21MC, k1 L 02120+ and k2 L 02000/+ #or AFC-221ea There#ore, 21& s L 02120+ O 02000/+2 t L 02120+ O %02000/+ 8 L 021:1: ":Jkg %Re#er Table11, a!!ro82 sa"e -alue at 21MC& ; L %:"& 8 %F"& 8 %:"& L =/": C L F %gi-en&

Fire Research Laboratory, CSIR-Central Building Research Institute, Roorkee (UK) I !I"

203

)#-# !himote, +rof# -hashi, +rof# -urendra .umar and )eshu -harma 4 L sea le-el, or 0 #eet ele-ation, and the correction #actor is there#ore 1, !er Table-102

L 2F22: P 21kg

4n alternati-e "ethod o# deter"ining that design #looding >uantity is to use the tables contained in the 4nne8 o# )F*4 20012 The table #or AFC-221ea is included as Table-112 The (eight re>uire"ent corres!onding to 21MC and FD is sho(n as 02/0=02 .ulti!lying this #actor ti"es the roo" -olu"e gi-esG L 2F22: P 21kg It "ay be noted that #or this case-1, the results are identical (hether using the #or"ula or the table2 )F*4 2001 %20& includes a table #or each clean agent recogni'ed by the standard2 The -alue 02/0=0 kgJ":, is a #looding #actor, re!resenting the >uantity o# halocarbon clean agent re>uired to achie-e a selected design concentration %FD& at a s!eci#ied te"!erature %21MC&2

T%43 :11 HFC:22A % tot%3 $3oo)i(, C'%(tit6 /200

S. No T m 2." t /GC0 1 S2 1i $i1 8%2o # 8o3." & /m<> F,0) W i,ht R C'i# m (t& o$ H%5%#) 8o3'm " W>8 /F,>m <04 D &i,( Co(1 (t#%tio( /; 46 9o3'm 0

FD 1 2 : / = F 12200 -F2F0 -1200 /2=0 10200 1=2=0 0211 0212 0212 0212 021: 021: 02= F 02= / 02= : 02= 2 02= 1 02= 0

1D 02FF 02F/ 02F: 02F1 02F0 02=0

0D 021F 021/ 0212 0211 02F+ 02F0

+D 020F 020/ 0202 0200 021+ 0211

10D 02+F 02+= 02+2 02+0 0200 020F

11D 1200 120= 120: 1201 02+0 02+F

12D 121+ 121F 121: 1211 1200 120F

1:D 12:0 1221 122/ 1222 121+ 121F

1/D 12/2 12:+ 12:= 12:2 122+ 1221

1=D 12=/ 12=0 12/1 12/: 12/0 12:1

Fire Research Laboratory, CSIR-Central Building Research Institute, Roorkee (UK) I !I"

204

/esign of clean agent fire extinguishing system as per 0&+, 2001 standards ith respect to fire hazard scenarios in 'ndia
1 0 + 10 11 12 1: 1/ 1= 1F 11 10 1+ 20 21200 2F2F0 :2200 :0200 /:200 /+200 =/200 F0200 F=2=0 11200 1F2F0 02200 00200 +:200 021: 021: 021/ 021/ 021/ 021/ 021= 021= 021= 021F 021F 021F 021F 0211 02/ + 02/ 0 02/ 1 02/ F 02/ = 02/ / 02/ : 02/ : 02/ 2 02/ 1 02/ 0 02/ 0 02: + 02: 0 02=1 02=F 02== 02=/ 02=: 02=2 02=1 02=0 02/+ 02/0 02/0 02/1 02/F 02/= 02FF 02F= 02F/ 02F2 02F1 02F0 02=+ 02=0 02=1 02=F 02== 02=/ 02=: 02=2 021= 021/ 0212 0211 0210 02F0 02F1 02FF 02F= 02F/ 02F2 02F1 02F0 02F0 020= 020: 0201 0200 0210 0211 021= 021/ 021: 0211 0210 02F+ 02F0 02F1 02+/ 02+2 02+0 020+ 0201 020= 020/ 0202 0201 021+ 0210 0211 021= 021/ 120/ 1202 1200 02+0 02+F 02+/ 02+2 02+1 020+ 0200 020F 020= 020: 0202 121/ 1211 120+ 1201 120= 120: 1201 02++ 02+0 02+F 02+/ 02+: 02+1 02+0 122/ 1221 121+ 1211 121/ 1212 1210 1200 120F 120= 120: 1201 1200 02+0 12:/ 12:2 122+ 122F 122/ 1222 1220 1211 121= 121: 1211 1210 1200 120F

a&

The "anu#acturer@s listing s!eci#ies the te"!erature range #or o!eration2

b&

KJ; Qagent (eight re>uire"ents %kgJ":&R L kilogra"s o# agent re>uired !er cubic "etre o# !rotected -olu"e to !roduce indicated concentration at te"!erature s!eci#iedG

c&

t Qte"!erature %MC&R L the design te"!erature in the ha'ard area2

d&

s Q s!eci#ic -olu"e %":Jkg&R L s!eci#ic -olu"e o# su!erheated AFC-221ea -a!our can be a!!ro8i"ated by the #or"ula G s L 02120+ O 02000/+2t, (here t L te"!2 %MC&2

e& C Qconc2%D&R L ;olu"etric conc2 o# AFC-221ea in air at the te"!erature indicated2

Fire Research Laboratory, CSIR-Central Building Research Institute, Roorkee (UK) I !I"

205

)#-# !himote, +rof# -hashi, +rof# -urendra .umar and )eshu -harma For other halocarbon clean agents, re#er to )F*4 20012

I( #t G%& C3 %( A, (t Tot%3 F3oo)i(, B'%(tit6

Inert gas agents are re>uired to be used at the "ini"u" (orking !ressures sho(n in Table-12 %20& and "ust !ossess the >uality sho(n in Table-1: %20&2 Inert gas >uantity is based on #inding the -olu"e o# gas needed, as o!!osed to #inding the (eight, as (e did (ith halocarbons2

T%43 :12 Mi(im'm ) &i,( .o#Fi(, 2# &&'# ,%& 13 %( %, (t &6&t m 2i2i(,.

S.No . A, (t A, (t A, (t Co(t%i( # Co(t%i( # P# &&'# %t P# &&'# %t 21GC ==GC FP% 1F:/1 20/:F 1/++1 1+++F 1=:20 20/2: :0F:/ 1F=1= 22:12 20000 IG:01
Co"!osition, D by -olu"e )2 4r C92 0D O 1D - 020D .a82 0200=D .ini"u" ++2+D

$o# i( #t

12 22 :2 /2

I5-01 I5-=/1 I5-== I5-100

FP% 10211 22101 111== 2:F11 110F= 221=: :/1:0 1+2++ 2F01= :2110 IG:100
.ini"u" ++2+D

Mi(im'm D &i,( P# &&'# %t 21GC o$ Pi2i(, U2&t# %m o$ P# &&'# R )'1 # FP% 1F:/1 20/:F 1/++1 1+++F 1=:20 20/2: :0F:/ 1F=1= 22:12 20000 IG:=?1
=2D S /D /0D S /D

T%43 :1< I( #t ,%& %, (t C'%3it6 # C'i# m (t&/200.

S. No .
12

IG:==
=0D S =D =0D S =D

22

Kater content, D

.a82 0200=D

.a82 0200=D

.a82 0200=D

Fire Research Laboratory, CSIR-Central Building Research Institute, Roorkee (UK) I !I"

206

/esign of clean agent fire extinguishing system as per 0&+, 2001 standards ith respect to fire hazard scenarios in 'ndia
by (eight

The #or"ula #or deter"ining the -olu"e o# gas re>uired isG-

(here te"!erature D&

s L %k1& O %k2 2 T& ; L net -olu"e o# !rotected enclosure %":& s L s!eci#ic -olu"e o# inert gas %":Jkg& at s!eci#ied C L inert gas clean agent design concentration %;s L s!eci#ic -olu"e o# inert gas at 21MC 4 L altitude correction #actor, re#er Table-102 k1O k2 L constants that relate to the s!eci#ic -olu"e o# inert gas clean agent used, as listed on Table-1:2 )ote that Table-1: !ro-ides constants #or I5-=/1 only, and that )F*4 2001 should be consulted #or other inert gas agents2 ;g L -olu"e o# inert gas added at standard conditions !er -olu"e o# ha'ard s!ace

CASE 2 D &i,( o$ IG:=?1 I( #t G%& C3 %( A, (t 1o(1 (t#%tio(

4 co"!art"entJroo" o# si'eG F20F" (ide by 1=21=" long by 22/2" height (ith an a"bient te"!erature o# 21MC, is !rotected by inert gas clean agent I5-=/1, (ith a concentration o# :/D2 esign the "ini"u" -olu"e re>uire"ent o# I5-=/1 to !rotect the co"!art"entJroo", assu"ing an ele-ation at sea le-elN %5i-enG ; s #or I5-=/1 at 21MC is 02F1=2& So3'tio(- 4s s!eci#ic -olu"e o# su!erheated I5-=/1 -a!our can be a!!ro8i"ated by the #or"ulaG s L k1 O k22 t, (here t L te"!erature %MC&B k1 L 02F211 and k2 L 020022+ #or I5-=/1 There#ore, s L %02F211& O %020022+ 8 21&

L 02F1= ":Jkg %Re#er Table1/, a!!ro82 sa"e -alue at 21MC&

Fire Research Laboratory, CSIR-Central Building Research Institute, Roorkee (UK) I !I"

207

)#-# !himote, +rof# -hashi, +rof# -urendra .umar and )eshu -harma ; 222211": Concentration %D&, C L :/ %gi-en& as !er )F*4 2001 L %F20F& 8 %1=21=& 8 %22/2& L

;s L 02F1= ":Jkg,

4 L sea le-el ele-ation, and the correction #actor is, there#ore 1, as !er Table-102

":

L %22:0:& 8 %222211& 8 %1& 8 %02100=& 8 %1&

L +22:=

In a "anner analogous to the tabular solution !resented in Case1, designers can use Table-1/ to obtain a solution2 It "ay be -ery i"!ortant to note that the #looding #actor corres!onding to 21MC and :/D concentration is 02/1F ":J": (hich (hen "ulti!lied (ith 222211 ": gi-es rise to +22/2 ": o# I5-=/1, (hich is slightly "ore than that (as obtained using the design calculation "ethod, (hich could be attributed to rounding o# logarith"ic #unctions2 T%43 :1? IG:=?1 Tot%3 $3oo)i(, C'%(tit6
S. No. T m 2. t S2 1 i$i1 8%2 o# 8o3' m & /m<> F,0)
02=/ 02== 02=F 02=1 02=+ 02F0 02F1 02F2 02F/

8o3'm R C'i# m (t& o$ A, (t 2 # U(it 8o3'm o$ H%5%#)" 8%, (t>8 (13o&'# 4 D &i,( Co(1 (t#%tio( /; 46 8o3'm <?
02= 2 02= 1 02= 0 02/ + 02/ 0 02/ 1 02/ F 02/ = 02/ /

0 @2
1222 121+ 1211 121/ 1212 120+ 1201 120= 120:

/GC01
1 2 : / = F 1 0 + -/0 -:/2/ -2+ -2: -1121 -12 -F2F -1 /2//

<D
02F 0 02= + 02= 0 02= F 02= = 02= / 02= : 02= 2 02= 1

?2
02F + 02F 1 02F F 02F / 02F : 02F 2 02F 0 02= + 02= 0

?@
020 0 021 F 021 / 021 : 021 1 021 0 02F 0 02F 1 02F =

=0
020 1 020 F 020 / 020 2 020 0 021 0 021 1 021 = 021 /

=?
02+ 0 02+ F 02+ / 02+ 2 02+ 0 020 0 020 F 020 / 020 2

=D
121 0 120 1 120 = 120 2 120 0 02+ 0 02+ F 02+ / 02+ 2

Fire Research Laboratory, CSIR-Central Building Research Institute, Roorkee (UK) I !I"

208

/esign of clean agent fire extinguishing system as per 0&+, 2001 standards ith respect to fire hazard scenarios in 'ndia
10 11 12 1: 1/ 1= 1F 11 10 1+ 20 21 22 2: 2/ 2= )ote G 02/ : 1=2== 02/ 02FF 2 21 02/ 02F0 2 2F2F 02/ 02F+ 1 :2 02/ 0210 0 :121 02: 0211 + /: 02: 021: + /+ 02: 021/ 0 =/2/ 02: 021= 1 F0 02: 021F 1 F=2= 02: 0210 F 11 02: 021+ F 1F2F 02: 0200 = 02 02: 0202 / 0121 02: 020: / +: 02: 020/ : The "anu#acturer@s listing 02F= 10 02= 02= 02F 021 020 0 1 / 2 1 02/ 02= 02F 021 021 + F : 1 + 02/ 02= 02F 02F 021 0 = 2 + 0 02/ 02= 02F 02F 021 1 / 1 0 F 02/ 02= 02= 02F 021 F : + 1 = 02/ 02= 02= 02F 021 = 2 0 F / 02/ 02= 02= 02F 021 = 1 1 = 2 02/ 02= 02= 02F 021 / 0 F : 1 02/ 02/ 02= 02F 021 : + = 2 0 02/ 02/ 02= 02F 02F 2 0 / 1 + 02/ 02/ 02= 02F 02F 2 1 / 0 0 02/ 02/ 02= 02= 02F 1 1 : + F 02/ 02/ 02= 02= 02F 0 F 2 0 = 02/ 02/ 02= 02= 02F 0 = 1 1 / 02: 02/ 02= 02= 02F + / 0 1 : 02: 02/ 02= 02= 02F 0 / 0 F 2 s!eci#ies the te"!erature range #or 02+ 1201 0 020 02++ + 020 02+1 1 020 02+= = 020 02+: / 020 02+2 2 020 02+0 1 021 0200 + 021 0201 0 021 020F 1 021 020/ = 021 020: / 021 0201 : 021 0200 2 021 021+ 1 021 0210 0 o!eration2

;g Qagent -olu"e re>uire"ents %kgJ" :&R L 3ilogra" o# agent re>uired !er cubic "etre o# !rotected -olu"e to !roduce indicated concentration at te"!erature s!eci#ied2

t Qte"!erature %MC&R L the design te"!erature in the ha'ard area2 s Q s!eci#ic -olu"e %":Jkg& R L s!eci#ic -olu"e o# su!erheated I5-=/1 -a!our can be a!!ro8i"ated by the #or"ula G s L 02F211 O 020022+t, (here t L te"!erature %MC&2

C Qconcentration %D&R L ;ol2 Conc2 o# I5-=/1 in air at the te"!erature indicated2

Fire Research Laboratory, CSIR-Central Building Research Institute, Roorkee (UK) I !I"

209

)#-# !himote, +rof# -hashi, +rof# -urendra .umar and )eshu -harma )oteG ;s L the ter" ;g L ln Q100J %100-C&R gi-es -olu"e at a rated concentration %D& and te"!erature to reach air-agent "i8ture at the end o# #looding ti"e in a -olu"e o# 1 ":2

H%3o1%#4o( %() I( #t G%& Di&1h%#,

Tim

Aalocarbon clean agents "ust be discharged (ithin 10 sec2 Inert gas agents that do not create deco"!osition !roducts "ay be discharged (ithin 1 "inute2 The roo" "ust hold the gas #or a ti"e su##icient to e8tinguish a dee!-seated #ire (ithout re-ignition2

C3 %( A, (t A##%(, m (t

Sto#%,

%()

No553

Di&1h%#,

4 clean agent storage arrange"ent, clean agent no''les and clean agent discharge are sho(n in Figure 2 #or su!!ression o# #ires in a roo" or co"!art"ent2

Fi,'# P# &&'#

2- A 13 %( %, (t &to#%, %##%(, m (t %() )i&1h%#, $#om (o553 & R 3i $ 8 (ti(, $o# C3 %( A, (t S6&t m&

)F*4 2001 %20& re>uires that (here clean agent -al-ing arrange"ents on the !ilot !i!ing or on the discharge !i!ing create closed !i!ing arrange"ents (here !ressure could increase beyond the !ressure rating o# the !i!ing, #ittings, and no''les, !ressure relie# de-ices are to be installed2 The !ressure relie# de-ices are re>uired to discharge in such a "anner as not to be ha'ardous to !ersonnel2 The )F*4 2001 4nne8 describes !ressure relie# iso"etric diagra"s #or clean agent cylinders, sho(ing !ressure co"!atibilities #or a -ariety o# clean agent storage conditions2 The 4nne8 #urther reco""ends that !ressure relie#

Fire Research Laboratory, CSIR-Central Building Research Institute, Roorkee (UK) I !I"

210

/esign of clean agent fire extinguishing system as per 0&+, 2001 standards ith respect to fire hazard scenarios in 'ndia -enting #or closed !i!ing sections #ollo( the FSS4 *i!e Aandbook2 esign

No9 3 %() N . W%t #:+%& ) O2tio(& $o# H%3o( R 23%1 m (t O2tio(&

Three (ater-based o!tions #or Aalon re!lace"ent areG 12 Kater "ist syste" 22 ouble-interlocked !re-action Kater .ist syste"s

:2 Standard auto"atic (ater "ist syste"s

CONCLUDING REMAR*S
12 The design o# ne( halon syste"s has been essentially halted as the result o# cessation o# !roduction o# halon in accordance (ith the .ontreal *rotocol, (hich !rohibits the "anu#acture o# halogenated agents in countries !artici!ating in the agree"ent2 4lthough !ure halon in concentrations bet(een =D and 10D is considered nonto8ic to hu"ans during brie# e8!osure, the !roducts o# deco"!osition can be dangerous i# breathed2 22 Clean agent syste"s "ay be considered as halon syste" re!lace"ents (hen designed in accordance (ith )F*4 20012 :2 Fro" Case-1 study, it "ay be i"!ortant to note that the -alue o# 02/0=0 kgJ": is a total #looding #actor o# AFC221ea #ire e8tinguishing agent re!resenting the >uantity o# halocarbon clean agent re>uired to achie-e a selected design #ire e8tinguishing concentration o# FD at a s!eci#ied a"bient te"!erature o# 21MC2 /2 Fro" Case-2 Study, It "ay be -ery i"!ortant to note that the #looding #actor #or I5-=/1 clean agent #ire e8tinguishing agent corres!onding to a"bient te"!erature o# 21MC and "ini"u" #ire e8tinguishing :/D concentration is 02/1F ":J":, (hich is slightly "ore than that (as obtained using the design calculation "ethod, (hich could be attributed to rounding o# logarith"ic #unctions2 =2 The clean agent containers should not be ke!tJ"ounted in the ha'ardous area, and it shall suitably be installed in a !rotected location as close as !ossible to the ha'ard2
Fire Research Laboratory, CSIR-Central Building Research Institute, Roorkee (UK) I !I"

211

)#-# !himote, +rof# -hashi, +rof# -urendra .umar and )eshu -harma *i!ing and #ittings "ust be o# a !ressure rating co""ensurate (ith e8!ected syste" !ressures, and "ust be corrosion-resistant2 *i!ing and #ittings "ust be "etallic, and the #ittings can not be o# cast iron and it "ay be o# (elded, bra'ed, or "alleable iron2 F2 Fire su!!ression and detection shall be selectedJ designed to be a!!ro!riate #or the antici!ated class o# #ires and e"erging #ire load density !atternJlayout (ith a!!ro!riately designed discharge #lo( rate, !articleJdro!let si'e distribution (ith res!ect to #ire e8tinguishing e##iciency !ara"eters2 12 4n e8isting detection syste" "ay !ossibly be reused (hen designing a clean agent syste", !ro-ided that the characteristics o# the antici!ated #ire ha-e not been changed2 02 Clean agents include halocarbon and inert gas agents that are in con#or"ance (ith )94$< and $*4 guidelines2 +2 Aalocarbon agents de-elo! !roducts o# deco"!osition that "ay be har"#ul to !ersonnel, hence such agents "ay be strategically used as !er $*4 and local go-ern"ent guidelines, rules and regulations !re-ailing under *rotocol 4gree"ent2

AC*NOWLEDGEMENT
4uthors are thank#ul to the irector, CSIR-Central Building Research Institute, Roorkee #or according his !er"ission to sub"it the !a!er in the Con#erence on Fire Science I Technology C Research and its I"!le"entation %FIRST-2011& to be organi'ed at CSIR-CBRI, Roorkee on )o-e"ber :-/, 20112

REFERENCES
12 Kickha", Robert T2 1+122 $ngineering and $cono"ic 4s!ects o# Aalon $8tinguishing $>ui!"ent2 4n 4!!raisal o# Aalogenated Fire $8tinguishing 4gents2 )ational 4cade"y o# Sciences, Kashington, C2 ?ensen, Rol#2 1+122 6Aalogenated $8tinguishing 4gent Syste"s27 Fire ?ournal2 ;ol2 FF, )o2 :2 .ay 1+122 *! :1-:+2 )F*4 124, Standard on Aalon 1:01 Fire $8tinguishing Syste"s2 )F*4 12B, Standard on Aalon 1211 Fire $8tinguishing Syste"s2

22 :2 /2

Fire Research Laboratory, CSIR-Central Building Research Institute, Roorkee (UK) I !I"

212

/esign of clean agent fire extinguishing system as per 0&+, 2001 standards ith respect to fire hazard scenarios in 'ndia =2 F2 12 )F*4 12C-T, Standard on Aalon 2/02 $8tinguishing Syste"s2 )F*4 1=, Standard #or the *rotection o# $lectronic Co"!uter ata *rocessing $>ui!"ent2 Ford, Charles2 1+F22 69-er-ie( o# Aalon 1:01 Syste"s27 Sy"!osiu" on the .echanis" o# Aalogenated $8tinguishing 4gents2 4CS Sy"!osia Series2 Bischo##, B252, 65aseous $8tinguishing 4gents,7 ;entilation and 4ir Conditioning, 9ct2 1+102 Aeating,

02 +2

Clarke, 252, The To8icity o# Bro"otri#luoro"ethane %F$1:01& in 4ni"als and .an, Industrial Aygiene Research <aboratory, I"!erial Che"ical Industries, 4lderley *ark, Chesire, ,32 1+102

102 Ford, Charles <2, 6Aalon 1:01 Fire $8tinguishing 4gentG *ro!erties and 4!!lications,7 Fire ?ournal, ;ol2 F/, )o2 F, )o-2 1+102 112 Franck, Tho"as $2, 6Clean Roo" *rotection ,sing Aalon 1:01,7 Fire ?ournal, ;ol2 F=, )o2 2, .ar2 1+11, !!2 11-1+2 122 Steinberg, .arshall, 6To8ic Aa'ards #ro" $8tinguishing 5asoline Fires ,sing Aalon 1:01 $8tinguishers in 4r"ored *ersonnel Carriers,7 4n 4!!raisal o# Aalogenated Fire $8tinguishing 4gents, )ational 4cade"y o# Sciences, Kashington, C, 1+122 1:2 Killia"son, A2;2, 6Aalon 1:01 C .ini"u" Concentrations #or $8tinguishing ee!-Seated Fires,7 Fire Technology, ;ol2 0, )o2 /, )o-2 1+122 1/2 )ational 4cade"y o# Sciences, 64n 4!!raisal o# Aalogenated Fire $8tinguishing 4gents,7 *roceedings o# a Sy"!osiu", 1+122 1=2 .c aniel, ale $2, 6$-aluation o# Aalon 1:01 #or Shi!board ,se,7 4n 4!!raisal o# Aalogenated Fire $8tinguishing 4gents, )ational 4cade"y o# Sciences, Kashington, C, 1+122 1F2 Kiers"an, Ste-e ?2, 6Flo( Characteristics o# Aalon 1:01 in *i!elines,7 Fire Technology, ;ol21/, )o21, Feb2 1+10, !!2 =-1/2 112 Strasser 42, <ieb"an, I2, and 3uchta, ?2.2 6.ethane Fla"e $8tinguish"ent (ith <ayered Aalon or Carbon io8ide,7 Fire Technology, ;ol2 10, )o2 1, Feb2 1+1/, !!2 2=-:/2 102 Robinson, ;ictor B2, 6*artial Flooding o# ;olu"es (ith Aalon 1:01,7 Fire Technology, ;ol2 1/, )o2 2, .ay 1+10, !!2 +1-10+2

Fire Research Laboratory, CSIR-Central Building Research Institute, Roorkee (UK) I !I"

213

)#-# !himote, +rof# -hashi, +rof# -urendra .umar and )eshu -harma 1+2 $d"onds, 4lbert, 6,se o# Aalon 1211 in Aand $8tinguishers and <ocal 4!!lication Syste"s,7 4n 4!!raisal o# Aalogenated Fire $8tinguishing 4gents, )ational 4cade"y o# Sciences, Kashington, C, 1+122 202 )F*4 2001 %200/&, Clean 4gent Fire $8tinguishing Syste"s, )ational Fire *rotection 4ssociation, Huincy, .4 021F+2 212 6Carbon io8ide Fire $8tinguishing Syste"s,7 Kalter 3idde and Co2, Kake Forest, )C, 1+01, re-2 4ug2 1+0/2 222 Beiggs, 42 42, 6,se o# )itrogen-Filled Aigh $8!ansion Foa" to *rotect a =00 C Ton Fuel Tank,7 Fire Research )ote 101/, Fire Research Station, Boreha" Kood, Aerts, $ngland, 4ug2 1+112 2:2 )F*4 114, Standard #or .ediu" and Aigh $8!ansion Foa" Syste"s2 2/2 )F*4 /0:, Reco""ended *ractice #or 4ircra#t Rescue and Fire Fighting Ser-ices at 4ir!orts and Aeli!orts2 2=2 )F*4 11, Standard #or ry Che"ical $8tinguishing Syste"s2

2F2 5uise, 42 B2, 6$8tinguish"ent o# )atural 5as *ressure Fires,7 Fire Technology, ;ol2 :, )o2 :, 4ug21+F1, !!2 11=-1+:2 212 <ee, T2 52, and Robertson, 42 F2, 6$8tinguishing $##ecti-eness o# So"e *o(dered .aterials on Aydrocarbon Fires,7 Fire Research 4bstracts and Re-ie(s, ;ol2 2, )o2 1, ?an2 1+F02 202 .eldru", 2 )2, 6Co"bined ,se o# Foa" and ry Che"ical,7 )F*4 Huarterly, ;ol2 =F, )o2 1, ?uly 1+F2, !!2 20-:/2 2+2 ,nder(riters <aboratories Inc2, 6The Co"!atibility Relationshi! Bet(een .echanical Foa" and ry Che"ical Fire $8tinguishing 4gents,7 ,< Bulletin o# Research )o2 =/, ?uly 1+F:, Chicago, I<2 :02 Koolhouse, R2 42, and Sayers, 2 R2, 6.onne8 Co"!ared (ith 9ther *otassiu"-Based ry Che"icals,7 Fire ?ournal, ;ol2 F11, )o2 1, ?an2 1+1:, !!2 0=-002 :12 Kesson, A2 R2, 6Studies o# the $##ects o# *article Si'e on the Flo( Characteristics o# ry Che"ical,7 Fire Technology, ;ol2 0, )o2 :, 4ug2 1+12, !!2 11:-1002 :22 Tu-e, R2 <2, 6<ight Kater and *otassiu" Bicarbonate ry Che"ical-4 )e( T(o 4gent $8tinguishing Syste",7 )F*4 Huarterly, ;ol2 =0, )o2 1, ?uly 1+F/, !!2 F/-F+2

Fire Research Laboratory, CSIR-Central Building Research Institute, Roorkee (UK) I !I"

214

/esign of clean agent fire extinguishing system as per 0&+, 2001 standards ith respect to fire hazard scenarios in 'ndia ::2 Aaessler, K2 .2 1+1/2 The $8tinguish"ent o# Fire2 Re-ised edition2 )ational Fire *rotection 4ssociation, Huincy, .42

Fire Research Laboratory, CSIR-Central Building Research Institute, Roorkee (UK) I !I"

215