Chemistry Project Work

Presented by: Name: Piyush Kumar Class: 11th B Roll No: 24 Guided by: Manoj Kumar

Aerospace Industry
I
INTRODUCTION

Technicians Testing Missile Aerospace technicians perform a vibration test on a prototype cruise missile. New aerospace technologies must un ergo a rigorous testing phase before pro uction. Tests are esigne to ensure that the new systems perform as planne an that they are able to han le a variety of a verse con itions an circumstances. !en "hitmore#Tony $tone Images

Aerospace In ustry% comple& of manufacturing firms that pro uce vehicles for flight'from balloons% gli ers% an airplanes to (umbo (ets% gui e missiles% an the space shuttle. The in ustry also encompasses pro ucers of everything from seat belts to (et engines an missile gui ance systems. The term aerospace is a contraction of the wor s aeronautics )the science of flight within *arth+s atmosphere, an space flight. It came into use uring the -./0s when many companies that ha previously speciali1e in aeronautical pro ucts began to manufacture e2uipment for space flight. The aerospace in ustry traces its origins to the "right brothers+ historic first flights in a heavier3than3air3machine at !itty 4aw5% North Carolina% on December -6% -.07. Until "orl "ar I )-.-83-.-9,% airplane construction largely remaine in the han s of in ustry pioneers% who built each woo 3frame plane by han . "artime military nee s rove improvement in aircraft esign. :y the -.70s all3metal planes featuring retractable lan ing gear an high3 performance engines were commonly use to eliver airmail an carry civilian passengers in *urope an the Unite $tates. During "orl "ar II )-.7.3-.8/, the in ustry ma e further stri es with the intro uction of massive pro uction facilities that turne out tens of thousan s of airplanes. "orl "ar II research an evelopment resulte in ra ar% electronic controls% (et aircraft with gas3powere turbine engines% an combat roc5ets. ;ostwar tension between the Union of $oviet $ocialist Republics )U$$R, an the Unite $tates rove aerospace technologies to new highs as the two countries race to establish a presence in space. :y the start of the Apollo ;rogram in -.<-% evelopment an construction of space flight vehicles an supporting systems occupie a ma(or portion of the American an $oviet aerospace in ustries. At the close of the =0th century% aerospace firms aroun the worl pro uce roc5ets an artificial satellites. Originally evelope for national space e&ploration an military purposes% these spacecraft foun peacetime uses in telecommunications% navigation% an meteorology.

II

*CONO>IC I>;ORTANC*

Aircraft Manufacture in Germany >anufacturing an heavy in ustry ma5e up an important segment of the ?erman economy. In a ition to being a lea ing pro ucer of motor vehicles% cement% iron an steel% an machinery% ?ermany also manufactures aircraft for Airbus% a ma(or *uropean aerospace company. $hown here% an Airbus A7=- is assemble at a facility in 4amburg. Deutsche Airbus#!eystone ;resse ienst ?mb4
>ore than 80 countries have in ustries engage in some form of aerospace pro uction. The largest% the American aerospace in ustry% employs appro&imately 600%000 people. American manufacturer The :oeing Company lea s the worl in pro uction of commercial airplanes an military aircraft. Other ma(or U.$. aerospace manufacturers inclu e the @oc5hee >artin Corporation% the worl +s largest pro ucer of military aircraft an e2uipment% an the Raytheon Company% a global lea er in air traffic control systems an a ma(or supplier of aircraft% weapons systems% an electronic e2uipment to the U.$. government. The *uropean aerospace in ustry employs about 8=0%000 people% with wor5ers from the Unite !ing om% Arance% an ?ermany accounting for more than two3thir s of these employees. Airbus% hea 2uartere in Toulouse% Arance% is the worl +s secon largest manufacturer of commercial aircraft. *uropean Aeronautic Defense an $pace Company )*AD$, owns 90 percent of Airbus% an :ritain+s :A* $ystems ;@C )formerly :ritish Aerospace, owns the other =0 percent. Cana a ran5s among the top si& aerospace pro ucers in the worl . The Cana ian in ustry employs 9/%000 people an is a global lea er in pro uction of commercial helicopters an business aircraft. Cana ian aerospace manufacturer :ombar ier ran5s thir in the pro uction of nonmilitary aircraft an lea s the worl in the pro uction of business (ets an regional (et airliners.

III

;RODUCT$

;ro ucts of the aerospace in ustry fall into four general categories. The largest pro uct category% aircraft% encompasses aircraft pro uce for military purposes% passenger an cargo transport% an general aviation )business (ets% recreational airplanes% traffic helicopters% an all other aircraft,. This category also inclu es aircraft engines. The wi e variety of missiles pro uce for military use ma5es up another pro uct category. $pace vehicles% such as the space shuttle an artificial satellites% an roc5ets to launch them into space% comprise their own category. The final category is ma e up of the thousan s of ifferent pieces of e2uipment an e2uipment systems'both those on boar flight vehicles an those on the groun 'that ma5e flying a relatively safe an comfortable en eavor.

Aircraft an Bet *ngines

$ales of aircraft% inclu ing their engines an parts% total more than the sales of all other aerospace pro ucts combine . The pro uction of military aircraft an accessories has tra itionally ominate the fiel of aircraft pro uction. In the late =0th century% however% the eman for commercial (ets increase aroun the worl while global efense spen ing ecline .

A-

>ilitary Aircraft

Harrier Jet A 4arrier (et lan s on the ec5 of a :ritish aircraft carrier. The 4arrier was the first airplane that coul ta5e off an lan vertically. A centrally positione turbine engine is swivele ownwar to pro uce irect lift% then gra ually turne bac5 to the hori1ontal position to propel the airplane forwar . R*UT*R$#T4* :*TT>ANN ARC4IC*

Aerospace firms pro uce a broa variety of military aircraft % inclu ing fighter (ets% bombers% attac5 aircraft% troop transports% an helicopters )see >ilitary Aviation,. *ach type of craft is esigne for a specific purpose. Aighter (ets engage enemy aircraft% attac5 targets on or below the *arth+s surface% an perform reconnaissance missions. :ombers speciali1e in stri5ing at istant surface targets. Attac5 aircraft carry lighter bombs than bombers an hit surface targets at closer range. 4elicopters are use in rescue wor5% to transport troops an supplies% an less fre2uently% on attac5 missions. The :oeing Company% @oc5hee >artin Corporation% an Northrop ?rumman Corporation are among the largest buil ers of military aircraft in the worl .

A8

Bet *ngines

Jet Engines The three most common types of (et engines are the turbo(et% turboprop% an turbofan. Air entering a turbo(et engine is compresse an passe into a combustion chamber% o&i i1ing the fuel. *nergy pro uce by the burning fuel spins the turbine that rives the compressor% creating an effective power cycle. Turboprop engines are riven almost entirely by a propeller mounte in front of the engine% eriving only -0 percent of their thrust from the e&haust (et. Turbofans combine the hot air (et with bypasse air from a fan% also riven by the turbine. The use of bypass air creates a 2uieter engine with greater boost at low spee s% ma5ing it a popular choice for commercial airplanes. D >icrosoft Corporation. All Rights Reserve .

Other aerospace firms speciali1e in esigning an buil ing the engines that power aircraft. The three most common types of (et engines are the turbo(et% the turboprop% an the turbofan )see Bet ;ropulsion,. In turbo(et engines% energy pro uce by burning fuel spins a turbine that compresses the air entering the engine an irects it into a combustion chamber% where it is mi&e with fuel vapor an burne . Turboprop engines are riven almost entirely by a propeller mounte in front of the engine. Turbofans combine air passing through the engine% hot engine e&haust% an air from a fan.

;ro uction of large (et engines for airliners is ominate by American (et engine manufacturers ?eneral *lectric Company an ;ratt E "hitney% an Rolls3Royce of :ritain. These companies also pro uce engines for (et fighters% bombers% an transports. $everal manufacturers pro uce smaller gas turbines for corporate (ets an helicopters. Allie $ignal *ngines% part of 4oneywell International in the Unite $tates% supplies a wi e range of engines for regional airliners% corporate (ets% helicopters% an military aircraft.

IC

R*$*ARC4 AND D*C*@O;>*NT

Aircraft Wind Tunnel Test Aircraft engineers use a win tunnel to simulate the effects of high airspee on an e&perimental airplane. "in tunnels let engineers safely test new esigns% an the tests provi e valuable ata that can be use to improve the airplaneFs performance. NA$A#Corbis

The area of research an

evelopment constitutes one of the largest e&pen itures of the aerospace in ustry.

Development of a new flight vehicle might ta5e a eca e or more an involve thousan s of people. $uch an en eavor re2uires significant a vances in e2uipment an systems'in some cases it calls for entirely new inventions 'an several billion ollars. :ecause the cost of eveloping new flight vehicles is so high% most large aerospace companies evote their research an evelopment resources to improving e&isting pro ucts. They may re esign aircraft components to ma5e them lighter an more fuel efficient% for e&ample% or re esign wings or bo y surfaces to ma5e the craft travel faster )see Aero ynamics,.

Computer Model of the Airbus A38 The A790% a super(umbo (et being evelope by *uropean aircraft manufacturer Airbus% will seat /// or more passengers in two ec5s of seating. Computer mo els% which range from the relatively simple one shown here to much more comple& an mathematically etaile mo els% are an integral part of mo ern aircraft esign. ?ontier#The Image "or5s

>uch of the esign process ta5es place on supercomputers capable of performing billions of operations per secon . Computer3ai e esign enables engineers to test thousan s of esign parameters% such as the shape or angle of wings. The esigner uses a computer to create a mo el of the flight vehicle+s basic structure% or airframe% an then to simulate flight in various atmospheric con itions ) see Computer3Ai e Design#Computer3Ai e >anufacturing,. In a ition to the shape an si1e of the airframe% engineers must also consi er thousan s of etails. Aor e&ample% they must consi er the weight an placement of the engines% how an where fuel will be store % the type an layout of instruments in the coc5pit% an etails of the passenger compartment% such as the number of seats an their imensions. In esigning commercial airplanes% engineers must also plan for entertainment systems% foo storage an preparation% an the location an number of lavatories.

Computer!Aided "esign of Jet Engine The plans for this (et turbine engine were create with computer3ai e esign )CAD, software. *ngineers can chec5 the architectural etails% slicing through any section of the engine+s computer3generate blueprint or viewing it from any angle. :rownie 4arris#The $toc5 >ar5et

After preliminary computer esigns are in place% engineers buil a scale mo el of the aircraft an sub(ect it to a series of tests in a win tunnel. "in tunnels simulate the con itions encountere by the flight vehicle as it moves through the air. >any research facilities have their own win tunnels. >anufacturers also have access to government3 fun e win tunnels% such as NA$A+s Ames Research Center tunnel at >offett Aiel % California. This massive win tunnel can accommo ate a full3si1e aircraft with a wingspan of == m )6= ft,. Observations ma e uring win tunnel testing confirm or invali ate esign assumptions teste on the computer. *ngineers use the results of the win tunnel tests to refine esign as necessary. Once the esign has been finali1e % engineers buil one or more full3si1e prototypes of the flight vehicle an sub(ect them to a barrage of a itional tests. *ngineers confirm that the structure can withstan the thun ering vibrations an heat pro uce by the (et engines. They use machines to ben % twist% an push the aircraft to verify that it can withstan the stresses it will li5ely encounter uring flight. *ngineers also confirm that flight instruments will withstan the pressure an sub31ero temperatures of high altitu es. The engines% lan ing gear% navigational systems% an other aircraft e2uipment un ergo e2ually rigorous testing. Ainally% pilots ta5e a prototype for a test flight to verify the results of earlier e&ercises.

>ANUAACTURIN?

#oeing $%$ &nder Construction $urroun e by scaffol ing at the manufacturing plant% a :oeing 686 passenger airplane nears completion. These enormous airplanes% capable of carrying more than 800 passengers% ta5e more than a year to buil . Robert 4ar ing ;icture @ibrary

The manufacturing process is usually coor inate by a prime contractor that manages a number of subcontractors speciali1ing in particular components of the flight vehicle. $ubcontractors buil an test their pro ucts in their own facilities% then eliver them to the prime contractor+s facility to be integrate into the flight vehicle. The prime contractor oversees the assembly of the flight vehicle% ensures that the pro(ect meets sche ule an bu get re2uirements% an assumes ultimate responsibility for the safety of the aircraft. >o ern aircraft are often built from parts that come from all over the worl . Aor e&ample% the >cDonnell Douglas >D3-- commercial (et% which entere pro uction in the early -..0s% incorporate parts from Italy% $pain% Bapan% :ra1il% Cana a% the Unite $tates% an :ritain. The e&terior panels of the plane+s main bo y% or fuselage% were pro uce by the Italian company Aeritalia% which also supplie the plane+s vertical stabili1er an other parts. The $panish firm CA$A ma e lan ing3gear oors an the hori1ontal stabili1er. Bapanese companies supplie certain tail parts an movable flaps on the wings calle ailerons. A itional ailerons came from :ra1il% the nose gear originate in :ritain% Cana ian firms elivere ma(or wing assemblies% an the engines were built in the Unite $tates an :ritain. The plane came together at the plant of the prime contractor% >cDonnell Douglas% in California.