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Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity


Limits and Continuity
Bernd Schr oder
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Introduction
1. The idea for the limit is the attempt to answer the question
What happens when the input of our function gets close to a
number at which the function cannot be evaluated? For
example, consider D(h) =
f (z
0
+h) f (z
0
)
h
.
2. Limits also help answer the question what happens when the
absolute value of the input gets large.
3. Continuous functions are functions for which limits are
computed by plugging in the number.
4. Unlike for functions on the real line, the two-dimensional nature
of C makes it sensible to rst consider the properties of the
domain.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Introduction
1. The idea for the limit is the attempt to answer the question
What happens when the input of our function gets close to a
number at which the function cannot be evaluated?
For
example, consider D(h) =
f (z
0
+h) f (z
0
)
h
.
2. Limits also help answer the question what happens when the
absolute value of the input gets large.
3. Continuous functions are functions for which limits are
computed by plugging in the number.
4. Unlike for functions on the real line, the two-dimensional nature
of C makes it sensible to rst consider the properties of the
domain.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Introduction
1. The idea for the limit is the attempt to answer the question
What happens when the input of our function gets close to a
number at which the function cannot be evaluated? For
example, consider D(h) =
f (z
0
+h) f (z
0
)
h
.
2. Limits also help answer the question what happens when the
absolute value of the input gets large.
3. Continuous functions are functions for which limits are
computed by plugging in the number.
4. Unlike for functions on the real line, the two-dimensional nature
of C makes it sensible to rst consider the properties of the
domain.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Introduction
1. The idea for the limit is the attempt to answer the question
What happens when the input of our function gets close to a
number at which the function cannot be evaluated? For
example, consider D(h) =
f (z
0
+h) f (z
0
)
h
.
2. Limits also help answer the question what happens when the
absolute value of the input gets large.
3. Continuous functions are functions for which limits are
computed by plugging in the number.
4. Unlike for functions on the real line, the two-dimensional nature
of C makes it sensible to rst consider the properties of the
domain.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Introduction
1. The idea for the limit is the attempt to answer the question
What happens when the input of our function gets close to a
number at which the function cannot be evaluated? For
example, consider D(h) =
f (z
0
+h) f (z
0
)
h
.
2. Limits also help answer the question what happens when the
absolute value of the input gets large.
3. Continuous functions are functions for which limits are
computed by plugging in the number.
4. Unlike for functions on the real line, the two-dimensional nature
of C makes it sensible to rst consider the properties of the
domain.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Introduction
1. The idea for the limit is the attempt to answer the question
What happens when the input of our function gets close to a
number at which the function cannot be evaluated? For
example, consider D(h) =
f (z
0
+h) f (z
0
)
h
.
2. Limits also help answer the question what happens when the
absolute value of the input gets large.
3. Continuous functions are functions for which limits are
computed by plugging in the number.
4. Unlike for functions on the real line, the two-dimensional nature
of C makes it sensible to rst consider the properties of the
domain.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Denition.
Let z
0
C and let > 0. Then the -neighborhood of z
0
is the set of all z C so that |z z
0
| < .
g
z
0
`
_
= >

The idea is to encode closeness with -neighborhoods.


Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Denition. Let z
0
C and let > 0. Then the -neighborhood of z
0
is the set of all z C so that |z z
0
| < .
g
z
0
`
_
= >

The idea is to encode closeness with -neighborhoods.


Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Denition. Let z
0
C and let > 0. Then the -neighborhood of z
0
is the set of all z C so that |z z
0
| < .
g
z
0
`
_
= >

The idea is to encode closeness with -neighborhoods.


Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Denition. Let z
0
C and let > 0. Then the -neighborhood of z
0
is the set of all z C so that |z z
0
| < .
g
z
0
`
_
= >

The idea is to encode closeness with -neighborhoods.


Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Denition. Let z
0
C and let > 0. Then the -neighborhood of z
0
is the set of all z C so that |z z
0
| < .
g
z
0
`
_
= >

The idea is to encode closeness with -neighborhoods.


Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Denition. Let z
0
C and let > 0. Then the -neighborhood of z
0
is the set of all z C so that |z z
0
| < .
g
z
0
`
_
= >

The idea is to encode closeness with -neighborhoods.


Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Denition. Let z
0
C and let > 0. Then the -neighborhood of z
0
is the set of all z C so that |z z
0
| < .
g
z
0
`
_
= >

The idea is to encode closeness with -neighborhoods.


Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Denition. Let z
0
C and let > 0. Then the -neighborhood of z
0
is the set of all z C so that |z z
0
| < .
g
z
0
`
_
= >

The idea is to encode closeness with -neighborhoods.


Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Denition. Let z
0
C and let > 0. Then the -neighborhood of z
0
is the set of all z C so that |z z
0
| < .
g
z
0
`
_
= >

The idea is to encode closeness with -neighborhoods.


Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Denition.
Let z
0
C and let > 0. Then the deleted
-neighborhood of z
0
is the set of all z C so that 0 <|z z
0
| < .
,
z
0
`
_
= >

Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Denition. Let z
0
C and let > 0. Then the deleted
-neighborhood of z
0
is the set of all z C so that 0 <|z z
0
| < .
,
z
0
`
_
= >

Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Denition. Let z
0
C and let > 0. Then the deleted
-neighborhood of z
0
is the set of all z C so that 0 <|z z
0
| < .
,
z
0
`
_
= >

Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Denition. Let z
0
C and let > 0. Then the deleted
-neighborhood of z
0
is the set of all z C so that 0 <|z z
0
| < .
,
z
0
`
_
= >

Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Denition. Let z
0
C and let > 0. Then the deleted
-neighborhood of z
0
is the set of all z C so that 0 <|z z
0
| < .
,
z
0
`
_
= >

Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Denition. Let z
0
C and let > 0. Then the deleted
-neighborhood of z
0
is the set of all z C so that 0 <|z z
0
| < .
,
z
0
`
_
= >

Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Denition. Let z
0
C and let > 0. Then the deleted
-neighborhood of z
0
is the set of all z C so that 0 <|z z
0
| < .
,
z
0
`
_
= >

Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Denition. Let z
0
C and let > 0. Then the deleted
-neighborhood of z
0
is the set of all z C so that 0 <|z z
0
| < .
,
z
0
`
_
= >

Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Denition. Let z
0
C and let > 0. Then the deleted
-neighborhood of z
0
is the set of all z C so that 0 <|z z
0
| < .
Limits are considered on deleted -neighborhoods: The function is
dened near, but not at, a point z
0
. We want to use the behavior in the
deleted -neighborhood to nd out what happens at z
0
.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Denition. Let z
0
C and let > 0. Then the deleted
-neighborhood of z
0
is the set of all z C so that 0 <|z z
0
| < .
Limits are considered on deleted -neighborhoods
: The function is
dened near, but not at, a point z
0
. We want to use the behavior in the
deleted -neighborhood to nd out what happens at z
0
.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Denition. Let z
0
C and let > 0. Then the deleted
-neighborhood of z
0
is the set of all z C so that 0 <|z z
0
| < .
Limits are considered on deleted -neighborhoods: The function is
dened near
, but not at, a point z
0
. We want to use the behavior in the
deleted -neighborhood to nd out what happens at z
0
.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Denition. Let z
0
C and let > 0. Then the deleted
-neighborhood of z
0
is the set of all z C so that 0 <|z z
0
| < .
Limits are considered on deleted -neighborhoods: The function is
dened near, but not at
, a point z
0
. We want to use the behavior in the
deleted -neighborhood to nd out what happens at z
0
.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Denition. Let z
0
C and let > 0. Then the deleted
-neighborhood of z
0
is the set of all z C so that 0 <|z z
0
| < .
Limits are considered on deleted -neighborhoods: The function is
dened near, but not at, a point z
0
.
We want to use the behavior in the
deleted -neighborhood to nd out what happens at z
0
.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Denition. Let z
0
C and let > 0. Then the deleted
-neighborhood of z
0
is the set of all z C so that 0 <|z z
0
| < .
Limits are considered on deleted -neighborhoods: The function is
dened near, but not at, a point z
0
. We want to use the behavior in the
deleted -neighborhood to nd out what happens at z
0
.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Consider a set S C.
A point z
0
S is called an interior point if and
only if S contains an -neighborhood of z
0
.
g
z
0
`
_
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Consider a set S C. A point z
0
S is called an interior point if and
only if S contains an -neighborhood of z
0
.
g
z
0
`
_
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Consider a set S C. A point z
0
S is called an interior point if and
only if S contains an -neighborhood of z
0
.
g
z
0
`
_
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Consider a set S C. A point z
0
S is called an interior point if and
only if S contains an -neighborhood of z
0
.
g
z
0
`
_
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Consider a set S C. A point z
0
S is called an interior point if and
only if S contains an -neighborhood of z
0
.
g
z
0
`
_
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Consider a set S C. A point z
0
S is called an interior point if and
only if S contains an -neighborhood of z
0
.
g
z
0
`
_
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Consider a set S C.
A point z
0
S is called an exterior point if and
only if there is an -neighborhood of z
0
that contains no points of S.
,
z
0
`
_
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Consider a set S C. A point z
0
S is called an exterior point if and
only if there is an -neighborhood of z
0
that contains no points of S.
,
z
0
`
_
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Consider a set S C. A point z
0
S is called an exterior point if and
only if there is an -neighborhood of z
0
that contains no points of S.
,
z
0
`
_
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Consider a set S C. A point z
0
S is called an exterior point if and
only if there is an -neighborhood of z
0
that contains no points of S.
,
z
0
`
_
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Consider a set S C. A point z
0
S is called an exterior point if and
only if there is an -neighborhood of z
0
that contains no points of S.
,
z
0
`
_
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Consider a set S C. A point z
0
S is called an exterior point if and
only if there is an -neighborhood of z
0
that contains no points of S.
,
z
0
`
_
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Consider a set S C.
A point that is neither an interior nor an exterior
point is called a boundary point. That is, if z
0
is a boundary point,
then every neighborhood of z
0
contains points that are in S and points
that are not in S.
,
z
0
`
_
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Consider a set S C. A point that is neither an interior nor an exterior
point is called a boundary point.
That is, if z
0
is a boundary point,
then every neighborhood of z
0
contains points that are in S and points
that are not in S.
,
z
0
`
_
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Consider a set S C. A point that is neither an interior nor an exterior
point is called a boundary point. That is, if z
0
is a boundary point,
then every neighborhood of z
0
contains points that are in S and points
that are not in S.
,
z
0
`
_
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Consider a set S C. A point that is neither an interior nor an exterior
point is called a boundary point. That is, if z
0
is a boundary point,
then every neighborhood of z
0
contains points that are in S and points
that are not in S.
,
z
0
`
_
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Consider a set S C. A point that is neither an interior nor an exterior
point is called a boundary point. That is, if z
0
is a boundary point,
then every neighborhood of z
0
contains points that are in S and points
that are not in S.
,
z
0
`
_
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Consider a set S C. A point that is neither an interior nor an exterior
point is called a boundary point. That is, if z
0
is a boundary point,
then every neighborhood of z
0
contains points that are in S and points
that are not in S.
,
z
0
`
_
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Consider a set S C. A point that is neither an interior nor an exterior
point is called a boundary point. That is, if z
0
is a boundary point,
then every neighborhood of z
0
contains points that are in S and points
that are not in S.
,
z
0
`
_
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Consider a set S C.
A set is called open if and only if it contains
none of its boundary points.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Consider a set S C. A set is called open if and only if it contains
none of its boundary points.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Consider a set S C. A set is called open if and only if it contains
none of its boundary points.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Consider a set S C.
A set is called closed if and only if it contains
all of its boundary points.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Consider a set S C. A set is called closed if and only if it contains
all of its boundary points.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Consider a set S C. A set is called closed if and only if it contains
all of its boundary points.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Consider a set S C.
A set can be neither open nor closed.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Consider a set S C. A set can be neither open nor closed.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Consider a set S C. A set can be neither open nor closed.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Consider a set S C.
An open set S is called (pathwise) connected if
and only if from any point in S to any other point in S there is a
(polygonal) path.
g
p
g
q
C
C connects p and q
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Consider a set S C. An open set S is called (pathwise) connected if
and only if from any point in S to any other point in S there is a
(polygonal) path.
g
p
g
q
C
C connects p and q
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Consider a set S C. An open set S is called (pathwise) connected if
and only if from any point in S to any other point in S there is a
(polygonal) path.
g
p
g
q
C
C connects p and q
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Consider a set S C. An open set S is called (pathwise) connected if
and only if from any point in S to any other point in S there is a
(polygonal) path.
g
p
g
q
C
C connects p and q
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Consider a set S C. An open set S is called (pathwise) connected if
and only if from any point in S to any other point in S there is a
(polygonal) path.
g
p
g
q
C
C connects p and q
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Consider a set S C. An open set S is called (pathwise) connected if
and only if from any point in S to any other point in S there is a
(polygonal) path.
g
p
g
q

C
C connects p and q
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Consider a set S C. An open set S is called (pathwise) connected if
and only if from any point in S to any other point in S there is a
(polygonal) path.
g
p
g
q
C
C connects p and q
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Consider a set S C. An open set S is called (pathwise) connected if
and only if from any point in S to any other point in S there is a
(polygonal) path.
g
p
g
q
C
C connects p and q
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Consider a set S C. An open set S is called (pathwise) connected if
and only if from any point in S to any other point in S there is a
(polygonal) path.
Otherwise, the set is not pathwise connected.

Q
~
Any connection from P to Q
must leave the region.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Consider a set S C. An open set S is called (pathwise) connected if
and only if from any point in S to any other point in S there is a
(polygonal) path. Otherwise, the set is not pathwise connected.

Q
~
Any connection from P to Q
must leave the region.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Consider a set S C. An open set S is called (pathwise) connected if
and only if from any point in S to any other point in S there is a
(polygonal) path. Otherwise, the set is not pathwise connected.

Q
~
Any connection from P to Q
must leave the region.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Consider a set S C. An open set S is called (pathwise) connected if
and only if from any point in S to any other point in S there is a
(polygonal) path. Otherwise, the set is not pathwise connected.

Q
~
Any connection from P to Q
must leave the region.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Consider a set S C. An open set S is called (pathwise) connected if
and only if from any point in S to any other point in S there is a
(polygonal) path. Otherwise, the set is not pathwise connected.

Q
~
Any connection from P to Q
must leave the region.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Consider a set S C. An open set S is called (pathwise) connected if
and only if from any point in S to any other point in S there is a
(polygonal) path. Otherwise, the set is not pathwise connected.

Q
~
Any connection from P to Q
must leave the region.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Consider a set S C. An open set S is called (pathwise) connected if
and only if from any point in S to any other point in S there is a
(polygonal) path. Otherwise, the set is not pathwise connected.

Q
~
Any connection from P to Q
must leave the region.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Consider a set S C. An open set S is called (pathwise) connected if
and only if from any point in S to any other point in S there is a
(polygonal) path. Otherwise, the set is not pathwise connected.

Q
~
Any connection from P to Q
must leave the region.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Consider a set S C. An open set S is called (pathwise) connected if
and only if from any point in S to any other point in S there is a
(polygonal) path. Otherwise, the set is not pathwise connected.

Q
~
Any connection from P to Q
must leave the region.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Consider a set S C. An open set S is called (pathwise) connected if
and only if from any point in S to any other point in S there is a
(polygonal) path. Otherwise, the set is not pathwise connected.

Q
~
Any connection from P to Q
must leave the region.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Consider a set S C. An open set S is called (pathwise) connected if
and only if from any point in S to any other point in S there is a
(polygonal) path. Otherwise, the set is not pathwise connected.

Q
~
Any connection from P to Q
must leave the region.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Consider a set S C. An open set S is called (pathwise) connected if
and only if from any point in S to any other point in S there is a
(polygonal) path. Otherwise, the set is not pathwise connected.

Q
~
Any connection from P to Q
must leave the region.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Consider a set S C.
A nonempty, open, connected set is called a
domain.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Consider a set S C. A nonempty, open, connected set is called a
domain.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Consider a set S C.
A domain with some, none or all of its
boundary points is called a region.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Consider a set S C. A domain with some, none or all of its
boundary points is called a region.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Consider a set S C.
S is bounded if and only if it lies inside some
circle |z| = r.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Consider a set S C. S is bounded if and only if it lies inside some
circle |z| = r.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Consider a set S C. S is bounded if and only if it lies inside some
circle |z| = r.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Consider a set S C. S is bounded if and only if it lies inside some
circle |z| = r.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Consider a set S C.
If S is not bounded, it is called unbounded.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Consider a set S C. If S is not bounded, it is called unbounded.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Consider a set S C.
A point z
0
is called an accumulation point of S
if and only if every deleted neighborhood of z
0
contains a point in S.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Consider a set S C. A point z
0
is called an accumulation point of S
if and only if every deleted neighborhood of z
0
contains a point in S.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Informal idea for the limit.
w
0
is the limit of f at z
0
if and only if for
all z sufciently close to z
0
we have that f (z) is close to w
0
.
Denition. - formulation of the limit of a function. Let C be
a deleted neighborhood of z
0
and let the complex function f be dened
on . Then w
0
C is the limit of the function f at z
0
if and only if for
all > 0 there is a > 0 such that for all z with |z z
0
| < we
have that

f (z) w
0

< .
,
z
0
-
f
,
w
0

_
R I

`
_
R
I

Notation. lim
zz
0
f (z) = w
0
.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Informal idea for the limit. w
0
is the limit of f at z
0
if and only if for
all z sufciently close to z
0
we have that f (z) is close to w
0
.
Denition. - formulation of the limit of a function. Let C be
a deleted neighborhood of z
0
and let the complex function f be dened
on . Then w
0
C is the limit of the function f at z
0
if and only if for
all > 0 there is a > 0 such that for all z with |z z
0
| < we
have that

f (z) w
0

< .
,
z
0
-
f
,
w
0

_
R I

`
_
R
I

Notation. lim
zz
0
f (z) = w
0
.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Informal idea for the limit. w
0
is the limit of f at z
0
if and only if for
all z sufciently close to z
0
we have that f (z) is close to w
0
.
Denition.
- formulation of the limit of a function. Let C be
a deleted neighborhood of z
0
and let the complex function f be dened
on . Then w
0
C is the limit of the function f at z
0
if and only if for
all > 0 there is a > 0 such that for all z with |z z
0
| < we
have that

f (z) w
0

< .
,
z
0
-
f
,
w
0

_
R I

`
_
R
I

Notation. lim
zz
0
f (z) = w
0
.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Informal idea for the limit. w
0
is the limit of f at z
0
if and only if for
all z sufciently close to z
0
we have that f (z) is close to w
0
.
Denition. - formulation of the limit of a function.
Let C be
a deleted neighborhood of z
0
and let the complex function f be dened
on . Then w
0
C is the limit of the function f at z
0
if and only if for
all > 0 there is a > 0 such that for all z with |z z
0
| < we
have that

f (z) w
0

< .
,
z
0
-
f
,
w
0

_
R I

`
_
R
I

Notation. lim
zz
0
f (z) = w
0
.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Informal idea for the limit. w
0
is the limit of f at z
0
if and only if for
all z sufciently close to z
0
we have that f (z) is close to w
0
.
Denition. - formulation of the limit of a function. Let C be
a deleted neighborhood of z
0
and let the complex function f be dened
on .
Then w
0
C is the limit of the function f at z
0
if and only if for
all > 0 there is a > 0 such that for all z with |z z
0
| < we
have that

f (z) w
0

< .
,
z
0
-
f
,
w
0

_
R I

`
_
R
I

Notation. lim
zz
0
f (z) = w
0
.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Informal idea for the limit. w
0
is the limit of f at z
0
if and only if for
all z sufciently close to z
0
we have that f (z) is close to w
0
.
Denition. - formulation of the limit of a function. Let C be
a deleted neighborhood of z
0
and let the complex function f be dened
on . Then w
0
C is the limit of the function f at z
0
if and only if
for
all > 0 there is a > 0 such that for all z with |z z
0
| < we
have that

f (z) w
0

< .
,
z
0
-
f
,
w
0

_
R I

`
_
R
I

Notation. lim
zz
0
f (z) = w
0
.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Informal idea for the limit. w
0
is the limit of f at z
0
if and only if for
all z sufciently close to z
0
we have that f (z) is close to w
0
.
Denition. - formulation of the limit of a function. Let C be
a deleted neighborhood of z
0
and let the complex function f be dened
on . Then w
0
C is the limit of the function f at z
0
if and only if for
all > 0
there is a > 0 such that for all z with |z z
0
| < we
have that

f (z) w
0

< .
,
z
0
-
f
,
w
0

_
R I

`
_
R
I

Notation. lim
zz
0
f (z) = w
0
.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Informal idea for the limit. w
0
is the limit of f at z
0
if and only if for
all z sufciently close to z
0
we have that f (z) is close to w
0
.
Denition. - formulation of the limit of a function. Let C be
a deleted neighborhood of z
0
and let the complex function f be dened
on . Then w
0
C is the limit of the function f at z
0
if and only if for
all > 0 there is a > 0
such that for all z with |z z
0
| < we
have that

f (z) w
0

< .
,
z
0
-
f
,
w
0

_
R I

`
_
R
I

Notation. lim
zz
0
f (z) = w
0
.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Informal idea for the limit. w
0
is the limit of f at z
0
if and only if for
all z sufciently close to z
0
we have that f (z) is close to w
0
.
Denition. - formulation of the limit of a function. Let C be
a deleted neighborhood of z
0
and let the complex function f be dened
on . Then w
0
C is the limit of the function f at z
0
if and only if for
all > 0 there is a > 0 such that for all z with |z z
0
| <
we
have that

f (z) w
0

< .
,
z
0
-
f
,
w
0

_
R I

`
_
R
I

Notation. lim
zz
0
f (z) = w
0
.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Informal idea for the limit. w
0
is the limit of f at z
0
if and only if for
all z sufciently close to z
0
we have that f (z) is close to w
0
.
Denition. - formulation of the limit of a function. Let C be
a deleted neighborhood of z
0
and let the complex function f be dened
on . Then w
0
C is the limit of the function f at z
0
if and only if for
all > 0 there is a > 0 such that for all z with |z z
0
| < we
have that

f (z) w
0

< .
,
z
0
-
f
,
w
0

_
R I

`
_
R
I

Notation. lim
zz
0
f (z) = w
0
.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Informal idea for the limit. w
0
is the limit of f at z
0
if and only if for
all z sufciently close to z
0
we have that f (z) is close to w
0
.
Denition. - formulation of the limit of a function. Let C be
a deleted neighborhood of z
0
and let the complex function f be dened
on . Then w
0
C is the limit of the function f at z
0
if and only if for
all > 0 there is a > 0 such that for all z with |z z
0
| < we
have that

f (z) w
0

< .
,
z
0
-
f
,
w
0

_
R I

`
_
R
I

Notation. lim
zz
0
f (z) = w
0
.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Informal idea for the limit. w
0
is the limit of f at z
0
if and only if for
all z sufciently close to z
0
we have that f (z) is close to w
0
.
Denition. - formulation of the limit of a function. Let C be
a deleted neighborhood of z
0
and let the complex function f be dened
on . Then w
0
C is the limit of the function f at z
0
if and only if for
all > 0 there is a > 0 such that for all z with |z z
0
| < we
have that

f (z) w
0

< .
,
z
0
-
f
,
w
0

_
R I

`
_
R
I

Notation. lim
zz
0
f (z) = w
0
.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Informal idea for the limit. w
0
is the limit of f at z
0
if and only if for
all z sufciently close to z
0
we have that f (z) is close to w
0
.
Denition. - formulation of the limit of a function. Let C be
a deleted neighborhood of z
0
and let the complex function f be dened
on . Then w
0
C is the limit of the function f at z
0
if and only if for
all > 0 there is a > 0 such that for all z with |z z
0
| < we
have that

f (z) w
0

< .
,
z
0
-
f
,
w
0

_
R I

`
_
R
I

Notation. lim
zz
0
f (z) = w
0
.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Informal idea for the limit. w
0
is the limit of f at z
0
if and only if for
all z sufciently close to z
0
we have that f (z) is close to w
0
.
Denition. - formulation of the limit of a function. Let C be
a deleted neighborhood of z
0
and let the complex function f be dened
on . Then w
0
C is the limit of the function f at z
0
if and only if for
all > 0 there is a > 0 such that for all z with |z z
0
| < we
have that

f (z) w
0

< .
,
z
0
-
f
,
w
0

_
R I

`
_
R
I

Notation. lim
zz
0
f (z) = w
0
.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Informal idea for the limit. w
0
is the limit of f at z
0
if and only if for
all z sufciently close to z
0
we have that f (z) is close to w
0
.
Denition. - formulation of the limit of a function. Let C be
a deleted neighborhood of z
0
and let the complex function f be dened
on . Then w
0
C is the limit of the function f at z
0
if and only if for
all > 0 there is a > 0 such that for all z with |z z
0
| < we
have that

f (z) w
0

< .
,
z
0
-
f
,
w
0

_
R I

`
_
R
I

Notation. lim
zz
0
f (z) = w
0
.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Informal idea for the limit. w
0
is the limit of f at z
0
if and only if for
all z sufciently close to z
0
we have that f (z) is close to w
0
.
Denition. - formulation of the limit of a function. Let C be
a deleted neighborhood of z
0
and let the complex function f be dened
on . Then w
0
C is the limit of the function f at z
0
if and only if for
all > 0 there is a > 0 such that for all z with |z z
0
| < we
have that

f (z) w
0

< .
,
z
0
-
f
,
w
0

_
R I

`
_
R
I

Notation. lim
zz
0
f (z) = w
0
.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Informal idea for the limit. w
0
is the limit of f at z
0
if and only if for
all z sufciently close to z
0
we have that f (z) is close to w
0
.
Denition. - formulation of the limit of a function. Let C be
a deleted neighborhood of z
0
and let the complex function f be dened
on . Then w
0
C is the limit of the function f at z
0
if and only if for
all > 0 there is a > 0 such that for all z with |z z
0
| < we
have that

f (z) w
0

< .
,
z
0
-
f
,
w
0

_
R I

`
_
R
I

Notation. lim
zz
0
f (z) = w
0
.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Informal idea for the limit. w
0
is the limit of f at z
0
if and only if for
all z sufciently close to z
0
we have that f (z) is close to w
0
.
Denition. - formulation of the limit of a function. Let C be
a deleted neighborhood of z
0
and let the complex function f be dened
on . Then w
0
C is the limit of the function f at z
0
if and only if for
all > 0 there is a > 0 such that for all z with |z z
0
| < we
have that

f (z) w
0

< .
,
z
0
-
f
,
w
0

_
R I

`
_
R
I

Notation. lim
zz
0
f (z) = w
0
.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Informal idea for the limit. w
0
is the limit of f at z
0
if and only if for
all z sufciently close to z
0
we have that f (z) is close to w
0
.
Denition. - formulation of the limit of a function. Let C be
a deleted neighborhood of z
0
and let the complex function f be dened
on . Then w
0
C is the limit of the function f at z
0
if and only if for
all > 0 there is a > 0 such that for all z with |z z
0
| < we
have that

f (z) w
0

< .
,
z
0
-
f
,
w
0

_
R I

`
_
R
I

Notation. lim
zz
0
f (z) = w
0
.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Informal idea for the limit. w
0
is the limit of f at z
0
if and only if for
all z sufciently close to z
0
we have that f (z) is close to w
0
.
Denition. - formulation of the limit of a function. Let C be
a deleted neighborhood of z
0
and let the complex function f be dened
on . Then w
0
C is the limit of the function f at z
0
if and only if for
all > 0 there is a > 0 such that for all z with |z z
0
| < we
have that

f (z) w
0

< .
,
z
0
-
f
,
w
0

_
R I

`
_
R
I

Notation. lim
zz
0
f (z) = w
0
.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Informal idea for the limit. w
0
is the limit of f at z
0
if and only if for
all z sufciently close to z
0
we have that f (z) is close to w
0
.
Denition. - formulation of the limit of a function. Let C be
a deleted neighborhood of z
0
and let the complex function f be dened
on . Then w
0
C is the limit of the function f at z
0
if and only if for
all > 0 there is a > 0 such that for all z with |z z
0
| < we
have that

f (z) w
0

< .
,
z
0
-
f
,
w
0

_
R I

`
_
R
I

Notation. lim
zz
0
f (z) = w
0
.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Informal idea for the limit. w
0
is the limit of f at z
0
if and only if for
all z sufciently close to z
0
we have that f (z) is close to w
0
.
Denition. - formulation of the limit of a function. Let C be
a deleted neighborhood of z
0
and let the complex function f be dened
on . Then w
0
C is the limit of the function f at z
0
if and only if for
all > 0 there is a > 0 such that for all z with |z z
0
| < we
have that

f (z) w
0

< .
,
z
0
-
f
,
w
0

_
R I

`
_
R
I

Notation. lim
zz
0
f (z) = w
0
.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Informal idea for the limit. w
0
is the limit of f at z
0
if and only if for
all z sufciently close to z
0
we have that f (z) is close to w
0
.
Denition. - formulation of the limit of a function. Let C be
a deleted neighborhood of z
0
and let the complex function f be dened
on . Then w
0
C is the limit of the function f at z
0
if and only if for
all > 0 there is a > 0 such that for all z with |z z
0
| < we
have that

f (z) w
0

< .
,
z
0
-
f
,
w
0

_
R I

`
_
R
I

Notation. lim
zz
0
f (z) = w
0
.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Limits are Unique
Theorem. Let C be a deleted neighborhood of z
0
and let the
complex function f be dened on . If w
0
and w
1
are limits of f at z
0
,
then w
0
= w
1
.
Proof. Let > 0. Because w
0
and w
1
are limits of f at z
0
, there is a

0
> 0 so that for all |z z
0
| <
0
we have

f (z) w
0

<

2
and there is
a
1
> 0 so that for all |z z
0
| <
1
we have

f (z) w
1

<

2
. Let
|z z
0
| < min{
0
,
1
}. Then
|w
0
w
1
| =

w
0
f (z) +f (z) w
1

w
0
f (z)

f (z) w
1

<

2
+

2
=
Because > 0 was arbitrary, the difference between w
0
and w
1
is
arbitrarily small. Hence we must have w
0
= w
1
.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Limits are Unique
Theorem.
Let C be a deleted neighborhood of z
0
and let the
complex function f be dened on . If w
0
and w
1
are limits of f at z
0
,
then w
0
= w
1
.
Proof. Let > 0. Because w
0
and w
1
are limits of f at z
0
, there is a

0
> 0 so that for all |z z
0
| <
0
we have

f (z) w
0

<

2
and there is
a
1
> 0 so that for all |z z
0
| <
1
we have

f (z) w
1

<

2
. Let
|z z
0
| < min{
0
,
1
}. Then
|w
0
w
1
| =

w
0
f (z) +f (z) w
1

w
0
f (z)

f (z) w
1

<

2
+

2
=
Because > 0 was arbitrary, the difference between w
0
and w
1
is
arbitrarily small. Hence we must have w
0
= w
1
.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Limits are Unique
Theorem. Let C be a deleted neighborhood of z
0
and let the
complex function f be dened on .
If w
0
and w
1
are limits of f at z
0
,
then w
0
= w
1
.
Proof. Let > 0. Because w
0
and w
1
are limits of f at z
0
, there is a

0
> 0 so that for all |z z
0
| <
0
we have

f (z) w
0

<

2
and there is
a
1
> 0 so that for all |z z
0
| <
1
we have

f (z) w
1

<

2
. Let
|z z
0
| < min{
0
,
1
}. Then
|w
0
w
1
| =

w
0
f (z) +f (z) w
1

w
0
f (z)

f (z) w
1

<

2
+

2
=
Because > 0 was arbitrary, the difference between w
0
and w
1
is
arbitrarily small. Hence we must have w
0
= w
1
.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Limits are Unique
Theorem. Let C be a deleted neighborhood of z
0
and let the
complex function f be dened on . If w
0
and w
1
are limits of f at z
0
,
then w
0
= w
1
.
Proof. Let > 0. Because w
0
and w
1
are limits of f at z
0
, there is a

0
> 0 so that for all |z z
0
| <
0
we have

f (z) w
0

<

2
and there is
a
1
> 0 so that for all |z z
0
| <
1
we have

f (z) w
1

<

2
. Let
|z z
0
| < min{
0
,
1
}. Then
|w
0
w
1
| =

w
0
f (z) +f (z) w
1

w
0
f (z)

f (z) w
1

<

2
+

2
=
Because > 0 was arbitrary, the difference between w
0
and w
1
is
arbitrarily small. Hence we must have w
0
= w
1
.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Limits are Unique
Theorem. Let C be a deleted neighborhood of z
0
and let the
complex function f be dened on . If w
0
and w
1
are limits of f at z
0
,
then w
0
= w
1
.
Proof.
Let > 0. Because w
0
and w
1
are limits of f at z
0
, there is a

0
> 0 so that for all |z z
0
| <
0
we have

f (z) w
0

<

2
and there is
a
1
> 0 so that for all |z z
0
| <
1
we have

f (z) w
1

<

2
. Let
|z z
0
| < min{
0
,
1
}. Then
|w
0
w
1
| =

w
0
f (z) +f (z) w
1

w
0
f (z)

f (z) w
1

<

2
+

2
=
Because > 0 was arbitrary, the difference between w
0
and w
1
is
arbitrarily small. Hence we must have w
0
= w
1
.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Limits are Unique
Theorem. Let C be a deleted neighborhood of z
0
and let the
complex function f be dened on . If w
0
and w
1
are limits of f at z
0
,
then w
0
= w
1
.
Proof. Let > 0.
Because w
0
and w
1
are limits of f at z
0
, there is a

0
> 0 so that for all |z z
0
| <
0
we have

f (z) w
0

<

2
and there is
a
1
> 0 so that for all |z z
0
| <
1
we have

f (z) w
1

<

2
. Let
|z z
0
| < min{
0
,
1
}. Then
|w
0
w
1
| =

w
0
f (z) +f (z) w
1

w
0
f (z)

f (z) w
1

<

2
+

2
=
Because > 0 was arbitrary, the difference between w
0
and w
1
is
arbitrarily small. Hence we must have w
0
= w
1
.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Limits are Unique
Theorem. Let C be a deleted neighborhood of z
0
and let the
complex function f be dened on . If w
0
and w
1
are limits of f at z
0
,
then w
0
= w
1
.
Proof. Let > 0. Because w
0
and w
1
are limits of f at z
0
, there is a

0
> 0 so that for all |z z
0
| <
0
we have

f (z) w
0

<

2
and there is
a
1
> 0 so that for all |z z
0
| <
1
we have

f (z) w
1

<

2
. Let
|z z
0
| < min{
0
,
1
}. Then
|w
0
w
1
| =

w
0
f (z) +f (z) w
1

w
0
f (z)

f (z) w
1

<

2
+

2
=
Because > 0 was arbitrary, the difference between w
0
and w
1
is
arbitrarily small. Hence we must have w
0
= w
1
.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Limits are Unique
Theorem. Let C be a deleted neighborhood of z
0
and let the
complex function f be dened on . If w
0
and w
1
are limits of f at z
0
,
then w
0
= w
1
.
Proof. Let > 0. Because w
0
and w
1
are limits of f at z
0
, there is a

0
> 0 so that for all |z z
0
| <
0
we have

f (z) w
0

<

2
and there is
a
1
> 0 so that for all |z z
0
| <
1
we have

f (z) w
1

<

2
.
Let
|z z
0
| < min{
0
,
1
}. Then
|w
0
w
1
| =

w
0
f (z) +f (z) w
1

w
0
f (z)

f (z) w
1

<

2
+

2
=
Because > 0 was arbitrary, the difference between w
0
and w
1
is
arbitrarily small. Hence we must have w
0
= w
1
.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Limits are Unique
Theorem. Let C be a deleted neighborhood of z
0
and let the
complex function f be dened on . If w
0
and w
1
are limits of f at z
0
,
then w
0
= w
1
.
Proof. Let > 0. Because w
0
and w
1
are limits of f at z
0
, there is a

0
> 0 so that for all |z z
0
| <
0
we have

f (z) w
0

<

2
and there is
a
1
> 0 so that for all |z z
0
| <
1
we have

f (z) w
1

<

2
. Let
|z z
0
| < min{
0
,
1
}.
Then
|w
0
w
1
| =

w
0
f (z) +f (z) w
1

w
0
f (z)

f (z) w
1

<

2
+

2
=
Because > 0 was arbitrary, the difference between w
0
and w
1
is
arbitrarily small. Hence we must have w
0
= w
1
.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Limits are Unique
Theorem. Let C be a deleted neighborhood of z
0
and let the
complex function f be dened on . If w
0
and w
1
are limits of f at z
0
,
then w
0
= w
1
.
Proof. Let > 0. Because w
0
and w
1
are limits of f at z
0
, there is a

0
> 0 so that for all |z z
0
| <
0
we have

f (z) w
0

<

2
and there is
a
1
> 0 so that for all |z z
0
| <
1
we have

f (z) w
1

<

2
. Let
|z z
0
| < min{
0
,
1
}. Then
|w
0
w
1
|
=

w
0
f (z) +f (z) w
1

w
0
f (z)

f (z) w
1

<

2
+

2
=
Because > 0 was arbitrary, the difference between w
0
and w
1
is
arbitrarily small. Hence we must have w
0
= w
1
.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Limits are Unique
Theorem. Let C be a deleted neighborhood of z
0
and let the
complex function f be dened on . If w
0
and w
1
are limits of f at z
0
,
then w
0
= w
1
.
Proof. Let > 0. Because w
0
and w
1
are limits of f at z
0
, there is a

0
> 0 so that for all |z z
0
| <
0
we have

f (z) w
0

<

2
and there is
a
1
> 0 so that for all |z z
0
| <
1
we have

f (z) w
1

<

2
. Let
|z z
0
| < min{
0
,
1
}. Then
|w
0
w
1
| =

w
0
f (z) +f (z) w
1

w
0
f (z)

f (z) w
1

<

2
+

2
=
Because > 0 was arbitrary, the difference between w
0
and w
1
is
arbitrarily small. Hence we must have w
0
= w
1
.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Limits are Unique
Theorem. Let C be a deleted neighborhood of z
0
and let the
complex function f be dened on . If w
0
and w
1
are limits of f at z
0
,
then w
0
= w
1
.
Proof. Let > 0. Because w
0
and w
1
are limits of f at z
0
, there is a

0
> 0 so that for all |z z
0
| <
0
we have

f (z) w
0

<

2
and there is
a
1
> 0 so that for all |z z
0
| <
1
we have

f (z) w
1

<

2
. Let
|z z
0
| < min{
0
,
1
}. Then
|w
0
w
1
| =

w
0
f (z) +f (z) w
1

w
0
f (z)

f (z) w
1

<

2
+

2
=
Because > 0 was arbitrary, the difference between w
0
and w
1
is
arbitrarily small. Hence we must have w
0
= w
1
.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Limits are Unique
Theorem. Let C be a deleted neighborhood of z
0
and let the
complex function f be dened on . If w
0
and w
1
are limits of f at z
0
,
then w
0
= w
1
.
Proof. Let > 0. Because w
0
and w
1
are limits of f at z
0
, there is a

0
> 0 so that for all |z z
0
| <
0
we have

f (z) w
0

<

2
and there is
a
1
> 0 so that for all |z z
0
| <
1
we have

f (z) w
1

<

2
. Let
|z z
0
| < min{
0
,
1
}. Then
|w
0
w
1
| =

w
0
f (z) +f (z) w
1

w
0
f (z)

f (z) w
1

<

2
+

2
=
Because > 0 was arbitrary, the difference between w
0
and w
1
is
arbitrarily small. Hence we must have w
0
= w
1
.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Limits are Unique
Theorem. Let C be a deleted neighborhood of z
0
and let the
complex function f be dened on . If w
0
and w
1
are limits of f at z
0
,
then w
0
= w
1
.
Proof. Let > 0. Because w
0
and w
1
are limits of f at z
0
, there is a

0
> 0 so that for all |z z
0
| <
0
we have

f (z) w
0

<

2
and there is
a
1
> 0 so that for all |z z
0
| <
1
we have

f (z) w
1

<

2
. Let
|z z
0
| < min{
0
,
1
}. Then
|w
0
w
1
| =

w
0
f (z) +f (z) w
1

w
0
f (z)

f (z) w
1

<

2
+

2
=
Because > 0 was arbitrary, the difference between w
0
and w
1
is
arbitrarily small. Hence we must have w
0
= w
1
.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Limits are Unique
Theorem. Let C be a deleted neighborhood of z
0
and let the
complex function f be dened on . If w
0
and w
1
are limits of f at z
0
,
then w
0
= w
1
.
Proof. Let > 0. Because w
0
and w
1
are limits of f at z
0
, there is a

0
> 0 so that for all |z z
0
| <
0
we have

f (z) w
0

<

2
and there is
a
1
> 0 so that for all |z z
0
| <
1
we have

f (z) w
1

<

2
. Let
|z z
0
| < min{
0
,
1
}. Then
|w
0
w
1
| =

w
0
f (z) +f (z) w
1

w
0
f (z)

f (z) w
1

<

2
+

2
=
Because > 0 was arbitrary, the difference between w
0
and w
1
is
arbitrarily small. Hence we must have w
0
= w
1
.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Limits are Unique
Theorem. Let C be a deleted neighborhood of z
0
and let the
complex function f be dened on . If w
0
and w
1
are limits of f at z
0
,
then w
0
= w
1
.
Proof. Let > 0. Because w
0
and w
1
are limits of f at z
0
, there is a

0
> 0 so that for all |z z
0
| <
0
we have

f (z) w
0

<

2
and there is
a
1
> 0 so that for all |z z
0
| <
1
we have

f (z) w
1

<

2
. Let
|z z
0
| < min{
0
,
1
}. Then
|w
0
w
1
| =

w
0
f (z) +f (z) w
1

w
0
f (z)

f (z) w
1

<

2
+

2
=
Because > 0 was arbitrary, the difference between w
0
and w
1
is
arbitrarily small.
Hence we must have w
0
= w
1
.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Limits are Unique
Theorem. Let C be a deleted neighborhood of z
0
and let the
complex function f be dened on . If w
0
and w
1
are limits of f at z
0
,
then w
0
= w
1
.
Proof. Let > 0. Because w
0
and w
1
are limits of f at z
0
, there is a

0
> 0 so that for all |z z
0
| <
0
we have

f (z) w
0

<

2
and there is
a
1
> 0 so that for all |z z
0
| <
1
we have

f (z) w
1

<

2
. Let
|z z
0
| < min{
0
,
1
}. Then
|w
0
w
1
| =

w
0
f (z) +f (z) w
1

w
0
f (z)

f (z) w
1

<

2
+

2
=
Because > 0 was arbitrary, the difference between w
0
and w
1
is
arbitrarily small. Hence we must have w
0
= w
1
.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Limits are Unique
Theorem. Let C be a deleted neighborhood of z
0
and let the
complex function f be dened on . If w
0
and w
1
are limits of f at z
0
,
then w
0
= w
1
.
Proof. Let > 0. Because w
0
and w
1
are limits of f at z
0
, there is a

0
> 0 so that for all |z z
0
| <
0
we have

f (z) w
0

<

2
and there is
a
1
> 0 so that for all |z z
0
| <
1
we have

f (z) w
1

<

2
. Let
|z z
0
| < min{
0
,
1
}. Then
|w
0
w
1
| =

w
0
f (z) +f (z) w
1

w
0
f (z)

f (z) w
1

<

2
+

2
=
Because > 0 was arbitrary, the difference between w
0
and w
1
is
arbitrarily small. Hence we must have w
0
= w
1
.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Example.
lim
zi
z
2
=1
Scratch work: >

z
2
(1)

z
2
+1

=|z +i| |z i|. The term


|z i| can be made small as z i and the term |z +i|will stay
bounded as z i.
Clean argument: Let > 0 and choose := min

3
, 1

. Then for all


|z i| < we have

z
2
(1)

z
2
+1

= |z +i| |z i|

|z i| +|2i|

|z i|
< 3

3
=
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Example. lim
zi
z
2
=1
Scratch work: >

z
2
(1)

z
2
+1

=|z +i| |z i|. The term


|z i| can be made small as z i and the term |z +i|will stay
bounded as z i.
Clean argument: Let > 0 and choose := min

3
, 1

. Then for all


|z i| < we have

z
2
(1)

z
2
+1

= |z +i| |z i|

|z i| +|2i|

|z i|
< 3

3
=
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Example. lim
zi
z
2
=1
Scratch work
: >

z
2
(1)

z
2
+1

=|z +i| |z i|. The term


|z i| can be made small as z i and the term |z +i|will stay
bounded as z i.
Clean argument: Let > 0 and choose := min

3
, 1

. Then for all


|z i| < we have

z
2
(1)

z
2
+1

= |z +i| |z i|

|z i| +|2i|

|z i|
< 3

3
=
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Example. lim
zi
z
2
=1
Scratch work: >

z
2
(1)

z
2
+1

=|z +i| |z i|. The term


|z i| can be made small as z i and the term |z +i|will stay
bounded as z i.
Clean argument: Let > 0 and choose := min

3
, 1

. Then for all


|z i| < we have

z
2
(1)

z
2
+1

= |z +i| |z i|

|z i| +|2i|

|z i|
< 3

3
=
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Example. lim
zi
z
2
=1
Scratch work: >

z
2
(1)

z
2
+1

=|z +i| |z i|. The term


|z i| can be made small as z i and the term |z +i|will stay
bounded as z i.
Clean argument: Let > 0 and choose := min

3
, 1

. Then for all


|z i| < we have

z
2
(1)

z
2
+1

= |z +i| |z i|

|z i| +|2i|

|z i|
< 3

3
=
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Example. lim
zi
z
2
=1
Scratch work: >

z
2
(1)

z
2
+1

=|z +i| |z i|.


The term
|z i| can be made small as z i and the term |z +i|will stay
bounded as z i.
Clean argument: Let > 0 and choose := min

3
, 1

. Then for all


|z i| < we have

z
2
(1)

z
2
+1

= |z +i| |z i|

|z i| +|2i|

|z i|
< 3

3
=
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Example. lim
zi
z
2
=1
Scratch work: >

z
2
(1)

z
2
+1

=|z +i| |z i|. The term


|z i| can be made small as z i
and the term |z +i|will stay
bounded as z i.
Clean argument: Let > 0 and choose := min

3
, 1

. Then for all


|z i| < we have

z
2
(1)

z
2
+1

= |z +i| |z i|

|z i| +|2i|

|z i|
< 3

3
=
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Example. lim
zi
z
2
=1
Scratch work: >

z
2
(1)

z
2
+1

=|z +i| |z i|. The term


|z i| can be made small as z i and the term |z +i|will stay
bounded as z i.
Clean argument: Let > 0 and choose := min

3
, 1

. Then for all


|z i| < we have

z
2
(1)

z
2
+1

= |z +i| |z i|

|z i| +|2i|

|z i|
< 3

3
=
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Example. lim
zi
z
2
=1
Scratch work: >

z
2
(1)

z
2
+1

=|z +i| |z i|. The term


|z i| can be made small as z i and the term |z +i|will stay
bounded as z i.
Clean argument
: Let > 0 and choose := min

3
, 1

. Then for all


|z i| < we have

z
2
(1)

z
2
+1

= |z +i| |z i|

|z i| +|2i|

|z i|
< 3

3
=
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Example. lim
zi
z
2
=1
Scratch work: >

z
2
(1)

z
2
+1

=|z +i| |z i|. The term


|z i| can be made small as z i and the term |z +i|will stay
bounded as z i.
Clean argument: Let > 0
and choose := min

3
, 1

. Then for all


|z i| < we have

z
2
(1)

z
2
+1

= |z +i| |z i|

|z i| +|2i|

|z i|
< 3

3
=
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Example. lim
zi
z
2
=1
Scratch work: >

z
2
(1)

z
2
+1

=|z +i| |z i|. The term


|z i| can be made small as z i and the term |z +i|will stay
bounded as z i.
Clean argument: Let > 0 and choose := min

3
, 1

.
Then for all
|z i| < we have

z
2
(1)

z
2
+1

= |z +i| |z i|

|z i| +|2i|

|z i|
< 3

3
=
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Example. lim
zi
z
2
=1
Scratch work: >

z
2
(1)

z
2
+1

=|z +i| |z i|. The term


|z i| can be made small as z i and the term |z +i|will stay
bounded as z i.
Clean argument: Let > 0 and choose := min

3
, 1

. Then for all


|z i| < we have

z
2
(1)

z
2
+1

= |z +i| |z i|

|z i| +|2i|

|z i|
< 3

3
=
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Example. lim
zi
z
2
=1
Scratch work: >

z
2
(1)

z
2
+1

=|z +i| |z i|. The term


|z i| can be made small as z i and the term |z +i|will stay
bounded as z i.
Clean argument: Let > 0 and choose := min

3
, 1

. Then for all


|z i| < we have

z
2
(1)

z
2
+1

= |z +i| |z i|

|z i| +|2i|

|z i|
< 3

3
=
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Example. lim
zi
z
2
=1
Scratch work: >

z
2
(1)

z
2
+1

=|z +i| |z i|. The term


|z i| can be made small as z i and the term |z +i|will stay
bounded as z i.
Clean argument: Let > 0 and choose := min

3
, 1

. Then for all


|z i| < we have

z
2
(1)

z
2
+1

= |z +i| |z i|

|z i| +|2i|

|z i|
< 3

3
=
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Example. lim
zi
z
2
=1
Scratch work: >

z
2
(1)

z
2
+1

=|z +i| |z i|. The term


|z i| can be made small as z i and the term |z +i|will stay
bounded as z i.
Clean argument: Let > 0 and choose := min

3
, 1

. Then for all


|z i| < we have

z
2
(1)

z
2
+1

= |z +i| |z i|

|z i| +|2i|

|z i|
< 3

3
=
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Example. lim
zi
z
2
=1
Scratch work: >

z
2
(1)

z
2
+1

=|z +i| |z i|. The term


|z i| can be made small as z i and the term |z +i|will stay
bounded as z i.
Clean argument: Let > 0 and choose := min

3
, 1

. Then for all


|z i| < we have

z
2
(1)

z
2
+1

= |z +i| |z i|

|z i| +|2i|

|z i|
< 3

3
=
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Example. lim
zi
z
2
=1
Scratch work: >

z
2
(1)

z
2
+1

=|z +i| |z i|. The term


|z i| can be made small as z i and the term |z +i|will stay
bounded as z i.
Clean argument: Let > 0 and choose := min

3
, 1

. Then for all


|z i| < we have

z
2
(1)

z
2
+1

= |z +i| |z i|

|z i| +|2i|

|z i|
< 3

3
=
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Example. lim
zi
z
2
=1
Scratch work: >

z
2
(1)

z
2
+1

=|z +i| |z i|. The term


|z i| can be made small as z i and the term |z +i|will stay
bounded as z i.
Clean argument: Let > 0 and choose := min

3
, 1

. Then for all


|z i| < we have

z
2
(1)

z
2
+1

= |z +i| |z i|

|z i| +|2i|

|z i|
< 3

3
=
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Example.
lim
z0
z
z
does not exist.
For z = x +iy = 0 with y = x we have
z
z
=
x iy
x +iy
=
x ix
x +ix
=
x(1i)
x(1+i)
=
1i
1+i
and the last term is independent of z. So no matter how small we
choose , with =1, the output of
z
z
will not be close to any single
number w
0
.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Example. lim
z0
z
z
does not exist.
For z = x +iy = 0 with y = x we have
z
z
=
x iy
x +iy
=
x ix
x +ix
=
x(1i)
x(1+i)
=
1i
1+i
and the last term is independent of z. So no matter how small we
choose , with =1, the output of
z
z
will not be close to any single
number w
0
.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Example. lim
z0
z
z
does not exist.
For z = x +iy = 0
with y = x we have
z
z
=
x iy
x +iy
=
x ix
x +ix
=
x(1i)
x(1+i)
=
1i
1+i
and the last term is independent of z. So no matter how small we
choose , with =1, the output of
z
z
will not be close to any single
number w
0
.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Example. lim
z0
z
z
does not exist.
For z = x +iy = 0 with y = x
we have
z
z
=
x iy
x +iy
=
x ix
x +ix
=
x(1i)
x(1+i)
=
1i
1+i
and the last term is independent of z. So no matter how small we
choose , with =1, the output of
z
z
will not be close to any single
number w
0
.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Example. lim
z0
z
z
does not exist.
For z = x +iy = 0 with y = x we have
z
z
=
x iy
x +iy
=
x ix
x +ix
=
x(1i)
x(1+i)
=
1i
1+i
and the last term is independent of z. So no matter how small we
choose , with =1, the output of
z
z
will not be close to any single
number w
0
.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Example. lim
z0
z
z
does not exist.
For z = x +iy = 0 with y = x we have
z
z
=
x iy
x +iy
=
x ix
x +ix
=
x(1i)
x(1+i)
=
1i
1+i
and the last term is independent of z. So no matter how small we
choose , with =1, the output of
z
z
will not be close to any single
number w
0
.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Example. lim
z0
z
z
does not exist.
For z = x +iy = 0 with y = x we have
z
z
=
x iy
x +iy
=
x ix
x +ix
=
x(1i)
x(1+i)
=
1i
1+i
and the last term is independent of z. So no matter how small we
choose , with =1, the output of
z
z
will not be close to any single
number w
0
.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Example. lim
z0
z
z
does not exist.
For z = x +iy = 0 with y = x we have
z
z
=
x iy
x +iy
=
x ix
x +ix
=
x(1i)
x(1+i)
=
1i
1+i
and the last term is independent of z. So no matter how small we
choose , with =1, the output of
z
z
will not be close to any single
number w
0
.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Example. lim
z0
z
z
does not exist.
For z = x +iy = 0 with y = x we have
z
z
=
x iy
x +iy
=
x ix
x +ix
=
x(1i)
x(1+i)
=
1i
1+i
and the last term is independent of z. So no matter how small we
choose , with =1, the output of
z
z
will not be close to any single
number w
0
.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Example. lim
z0
z
z
does not exist.
For z = x +iy = 0 with y = x we have
z
z
=
x iy
x +iy
=
x ix
x +ix
=
x(1i)
x(1+i)
=
1i
1+i
and the last term is independent of z.
So no matter how small we
choose , with =1, the output of
z
z
will not be close to any single
number w
0
.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Example. lim
z0
z
z
does not exist.
For z = x +iy = 0 with y = x we have
z
z
=
x iy
x +iy
=
x ix
x +ix
=
x(1i)
x(1+i)
=
1i
1+i
and the last term is independent of z. So no matter how small we
choose
, with =1, the output of
z
z
will not be close to any single
number w
0
.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Example. lim
z0
z
z
does not exist.
For z = x +iy = 0 with y = x we have
z
z
=
x iy
x +iy
=
x ix
x +ix
=
x(1i)
x(1+i)
=
1i
1+i
and the last term is independent of z. So no matter how small we
choose , with =1, the output of
z
z
will not be close to any single
number w
0
.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Theorem.
Let C be a deleted neighborhood of z
0
= x
0
+iy
0
and
let the complex function f (z) = u(x, y) +iv(x, y) be dened on . Then
lim
zz
0
f (z) = u
0
+iv
0
if and only if
lim
(x,y)(x
0
,y
0
)
u(x, y) = u
0
and
lim
(x,y)(x
0
,y
0
)
v(x, y) = v
0
.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Theorem. Let C be a deleted neighborhood of z
0
= x
0
+iy
0
and
let the complex function f (z) = u(x, y) +iv(x, y) be dened on .
Then
lim
zz
0
f (z) = u
0
+iv
0
if and only if
lim
(x,y)(x
0
,y
0
)
u(x, y) = u
0
and
lim
(x,y)(x
0
,y
0
)
v(x, y) = v
0
.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Theorem. Let C be a deleted neighborhood of z
0
= x
0
+iy
0
and
let the complex function f (z) = u(x, y) +iv(x, y) be dened on . Then
lim
zz
0
f (z) = u
0
+iv
0
if and only if
lim
(x,y)(x
0
,y
0
)
u(x, y) = u
0
and
lim
(x,y)(x
0
,y
0
)
v(x, y) = v
0
.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Theorem. Let C be a deleted neighborhood of z
0
= x
0
+iy
0
and
let the complex function f (z) = u(x, y) +iv(x, y) be dened on . Then
lim
zz
0
f (z) = u
0
+iv
0
if and only if
lim
(x,y)(x
0
,y
0
)
u(x, y) = u
0
and
lim
(x,y)(x
0
,y
0
)
v(x, y) = v
0
.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Theorem. Let C be a deleted neighborhood of z
0
= x
0
+iy
0
and
let the complex function f (z) = u(x, y) +iv(x, y) be dened on . Then
lim
zz
0
f (z) = u
0
+iv
0
if and only if
lim
(x,y)(x
0
,y
0
)
u(x, y) = u
0
and
lim
(x,y)(x
0
,y
0
)
v(x, y) = v
0
.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Proof.
First let lim
zz
0
f (z) = u
0
+iv
0
and let > 0. Then there is a
> 0 so that for |z z
0
| < we have |f (z) (u
0
+iv
0
)| < . Hence
for |(x, y) (x
0
, y
0
)| < we have |(x, y) (x
0
, y
0
)| =|z z
0
| < and
then |u(x, y) u
0
| <|f (z) (u
0
+iv
0
)| < and
|v(x, y) v
0
| <|f (z) (u
0
+iv
0
)| < .
Conversely, let lim
(x,y)(x
0
,y
0
)
u(x, y) = u
0
and lim
(x,y)(x
0
,y
0
)
v(x, y) = v
0
and
let > 0. Then there is a > 0 so that for |(x, y) (x
0
, y
0
)| < we
have |u(x, y) u
0
| <

2
and |v(x, y) v
0
| <

2
. Hence for
|(x, y) (x
0
, y
0
)| < we have
|f (z) (u
0
+iv
0
)| = |u(x, y) +iv(x, y) (u
0
+iv
0
)|
|u(x, y) u
0
| +|v(x, y) v
0
| <

2
+

2
=
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Proof. First let lim
zz
0
f (z) = u
0
+iv
0
and let > 0.
Then there is a
> 0 so that for |z z
0
| < we have |f (z) (u
0
+iv
0
)| < . Hence
for |(x, y) (x
0
, y
0
)| < we have |(x, y) (x
0
, y
0
)| =|z z
0
| < and
then |u(x, y) u
0
| <|f (z) (u
0
+iv
0
)| < and
|v(x, y) v
0
| <|f (z) (u
0
+iv
0
)| < .
Conversely, let lim
(x,y)(x
0
,y
0
)
u(x, y) = u
0
and lim
(x,y)(x
0
,y
0
)
v(x, y) = v
0
and
let > 0. Then there is a > 0 so that for |(x, y) (x
0
, y
0
)| < we
have |u(x, y) u
0
| <

2
and |v(x, y) v
0
| <

2
. Hence for
|(x, y) (x
0
, y
0
)| < we have
|f (z) (u
0
+iv
0
)| = |u(x, y) +iv(x, y) (u
0
+iv
0
)|
|u(x, y) u
0
| +|v(x, y) v
0
| <

2
+

2
=
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Proof. First let lim
zz
0
f (z) = u
0
+iv
0
and let > 0. Then there is a
> 0
so that for |z z
0
| < we have |f (z) (u
0
+iv
0
)| < . Hence
for |(x, y) (x
0
, y
0
)| < we have |(x, y) (x
0
, y
0
)| =|z z
0
| < and
then |u(x, y) u
0
| <|f (z) (u
0
+iv
0
)| < and
|v(x, y) v
0
| <|f (z) (u
0
+iv
0
)| < .
Conversely, let lim
(x,y)(x
0
,y
0
)
u(x, y) = u
0
and lim
(x,y)(x
0
,y
0
)
v(x, y) = v
0
and
let > 0. Then there is a > 0 so that for |(x, y) (x
0
, y
0
)| < we
have |u(x, y) u
0
| <

2
and |v(x, y) v
0
| <

2
. Hence for
|(x, y) (x
0
, y
0
)| < we have
|f (z) (u
0
+iv
0
)| = |u(x, y) +iv(x, y) (u
0
+iv
0
)|
|u(x, y) u
0
| +|v(x, y) v
0
| <

2
+

2
=
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Proof. First let lim
zz
0
f (z) = u
0
+iv
0
and let > 0. Then there is a
> 0 so that for |z z
0
| <
we have |f (z) (u
0
+iv
0
)| < . Hence
for |(x, y) (x
0
, y
0
)| < we have |(x, y) (x
0
, y
0
)| =|z z
0
| < and
then |u(x, y) u
0
| <|f (z) (u
0
+iv
0
)| < and
|v(x, y) v
0
| <|f (z) (u
0
+iv
0
)| < .
Conversely, let lim
(x,y)(x
0
,y
0
)
u(x, y) = u
0
and lim
(x,y)(x
0
,y
0
)
v(x, y) = v
0
and
let > 0. Then there is a > 0 so that for |(x, y) (x
0
, y
0
)| < we
have |u(x, y) u
0
| <

2
and |v(x, y) v
0
| <

2
. Hence for
|(x, y) (x
0
, y
0
)| < we have
|f (z) (u
0
+iv
0
)| = |u(x, y) +iv(x, y) (u
0
+iv
0
)|
|u(x, y) u
0
| +|v(x, y) v
0
| <

2
+

2
=
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Proof. First let lim
zz
0
f (z) = u
0
+iv
0
and let > 0. Then there is a
> 0 so that for |z z
0
| < we have |f (z) (u
0
+iv
0
)| < .
Hence
for |(x, y) (x
0
, y
0
)| < we have |(x, y) (x
0
, y
0
)| =|z z
0
| < and
then |u(x, y) u
0
| <|f (z) (u
0
+iv
0
)| < and
|v(x, y) v
0
| <|f (z) (u
0
+iv
0
)| < .
Conversely, let lim
(x,y)(x
0
,y
0
)
u(x, y) = u
0
and lim
(x,y)(x
0
,y
0
)
v(x, y) = v
0
and
let > 0. Then there is a > 0 so that for |(x, y) (x
0
, y
0
)| < we
have |u(x, y) u
0
| <

2
and |v(x, y) v
0
| <

2
. Hence for
|(x, y) (x
0
, y
0
)| < we have
|f (z) (u
0
+iv
0
)| = |u(x, y) +iv(x, y) (u
0
+iv
0
)|
|u(x, y) u
0
| +|v(x, y) v
0
| <

2
+

2
=
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Proof. First let lim
zz
0
f (z) = u
0
+iv
0
and let > 0. Then there is a
> 0 so that for |z z
0
| < we have |f (z) (u
0
+iv
0
)| < . Hence
for |(x, y) (x
0
, y
0
)| < we have
|(x, y) (x
0
, y
0
)| =|z z
0
| < and
then |u(x, y) u
0
| <|f (z) (u
0
+iv
0
)| < and
|v(x, y) v
0
| <|f (z) (u
0
+iv
0
)| < .
Conversely, let lim
(x,y)(x
0
,y
0
)
u(x, y) = u
0
and lim
(x,y)(x
0
,y
0
)
v(x, y) = v
0
and
let > 0. Then there is a > 0 so that for |(x, y) (x
0
, y
0
)| < we
have |u(x, y) u
0
| <

2
and |v(x, y) v
0
| <

2
. Hence for
|(x, y) (x
0
, y
0
)| < we have
|f (z) (u
0
+iv
0
)| = |u(x, y) +iv(x, y) (u
0
+iv
0
)|
|u(x, y) u
0
| +|v(x, y) v
0
| <

2
+

2
=
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Proof. First let lim
zz
0
f (z) = u
0
+iv
0
and let > 0. Then there is a
> 0 so that for |z z
0
| < we have |f (z) (u
0
+iv
0
)| < . Hence
for |(x, y) (x
0
, y
0
)| < we have |(x, y) (x
0
, y
0
)|
=|z z
0
| < and
then |u(x, y) u
0
| <|f (z) (u
0
+iv
0
)| < and
|v(x, y) v
0
| <|f (z) (u
0
+iv
0
)| < .
Conversely, let lim
(x,y)(x
0
,y
0
)
u(x, y) = u
0
and lim
(x,y)(x
0
,y
0
)
v(x, y) = v
0
and
let > 0. Then there is a > 0 so that for |(x, y) (x
0
, y
0
)| < we
have |u(x, y) u
0
| <

2
and |v(x, y) v
0
| <

2
. Hence for
|(x, y) (x
0
, y
0
)| < we have
|f (z) (u
0
+iv
0
)| = |u(x, y) +iv(x, y) (u
0
+iv
0
)|
|u(x, y) u
0
| +|v(x, y) v
0
| <

2
+

2
=
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Proof. First let lim
zz
0
f (z) = u
0
+iv
0
and let > 0. Then there is a
> 0 so that for |z z
0
| < we have |f (z) (u
0
+iv
0
)| < . Hence
for |(x, y) (x
0
, y
0
)| < we have |(x, y) (x
0
, y
0
)| =|z z
0
|
< and
then |u(x, y) u
0
| <|f (z) (u
0
+iv
0
)| < and
|v(x, y) v
0
| <|f (z) (u
0
+iv
0
)| < .
Conversely, let lim
(x,y)(x
0
,y
0
)
u(x, y) = u
0
and lim
(x,y)(x
0
,y
0
)
v(x, y) = v
0
and
let > 0. Then there is a > 0 so that for |(x, y) (x
0
, y
0
)| < we
have |u(x, y) u
0
| <

2
and |v(x, y) v
0
| <

2
. Hence for
|(x, y) (x
0
, y
0
)| < we have
|f (z) (u
0
+iv
0
)| = |u(x, y) +iv(x, y) (u
0
+iv
0
)|
|u(x, y) u
0
| +|v(x, y) v
0
| <

2
+

2
=
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Proof. First let lim
zz
0
f (z) = u
0
+iv
0
and let > 0. Then there is a
> 0 so that for |z z
0
| < we have |f (z) (u
0
+iv
0
)| < . Hence
for |(x, y) (x
0
, y
0
)| < we have |(x, y) (x
0
, y
0
)| =|z z
0
| <
and
then |u(x, y) u
0
| <|f (z) (u
0
+iv
0
)| < and
|v(x, y) v
0
| <|f (z) (u
0
+iv
0
)| < .
Conversely, let lim
(x,y)(x
0
,y
0
)
u(x, y) = u
0
and lim
(x,y)(x
0
,y
0
)
v(x, y) = v
0
and
let > 0. Then there is a > 0 so that for |(x, y) (x
0
, y
0
)| < we
have |u(x, y) u
0
| <

2
and |v(x, y) v
0
| <

2
. Hence for
|(x, y) (x
0
, y
0
)| < we have
|f (z) (u
0
+iv
0
)| = |u(x, y) +iv(x, y) (u
0
+iv
0
)|
|u(x, y) u
0
| +|v(x, y) v
0
| <

2
+

2
=
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Proof. First let lim
zz
0
f (z) = u
0
+iv
0
and let > 0. Then there is a
> 0 so that for |z z
0
| < we have |f (z) (u
0
+iv
0
)| < . Hence
for |(x, y) (x
0
, y
0
)| < we have |(x, y) (x
0
, y
0
)| =|z z
0
| < and
then |u(x, y) u
0
|
<|f (z) (u
0
+iv
0
)| < and
|v(x, y) v
0
| <|f (z) (u
0
+iv
0
)| < .
Conversely, let lim
(x,y)(x
0
,y
0
)
u(x, y) = u
0
and lim
(x,y)(x
0
,y
0
)
v(x, y) = v
0
and
let > 0. Then there is a > 0 so that for |(x, y) (x
0
, y
0
)| < we
have |u(x, y) u
0
| <

2
and |v(x, y) v
0
| <

2
. Hence for
|(x, y) (x
0
, y
0
)| < we have
|f (z) (u
0
+iv
0
)| = |u(x, y) +iv(x, y) (u
0
+iv
0
)|
|u(x, y) u
0
| +|v(x, y) v
0
| <

2
+

2
=
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Proof. First let lim
zz
0
f (z) = u
0
+iv
0
and let > 0. Then there is a
> 0 so that for |z z
0
| < we have |f (z) (u
0
+iv
0
)| < . Hence
for |(x, y) (x
0
, y
0
)| < we have |(x, y) (x
0
, y
0
)| =|z z
0
| < and
then |u(x, y) u
0
| <|f (z) (u
0
+iv
0
)|
< and
|v(x, y) v
0
| <|f (z) (u
0
+iv
0
)| < .
Conversely, let lim
(x,y)(x
0
,y
0
)
u(x, y) = u
0
and lim
(x,y)(x
0
,y
0
)
v(x, y) = v
0
and
let > 0. Then there is a > 0 so that for |(x, y) (x
0
, y
0
)| < we
have |u(x, y) u
0
| <

2
and |v(x, y) v
0
| <

2
. Hence for
|(x, y) (x
0
, y
0
)| < we have
|f (z) (u
0
+iv
0
)| = |u(x, y) +iv(x, y) (u
0
+iv
0
)|
|u(x, y) u
0
| +|v(x, y) v
0
| <

2
+

2
=
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Proof. First let lim
zz
0
f (z) = u
0
+iv
0
and let > 0. Then there is a
> 0 so that for |z z
0
| < we have |f (z) (u
0
+iv
0
)| < . Hence
for |(x, y) (x
0
, y
0
)| < we have |(x, y) (x
0
, y
0
)| =|z z
0
| < and
then |u(x, y) u
0
| <|f (z) (u
0
+iv
0
)| <
and
|v(x, y) v
0
| <|f (z) (u
0
+iv
0
)| < .
Conversely, let lim
(x,y)(x
0
,y
0
)
u(x, y) = u
0
and lim
(x,y)(x
0
,y
0
)
v(x, y) = v
0
and
let > 0. Then there is a > 0 so that for |(x, y) (x
0
, y
0
)| < we
have |u(x, y) u
0
| <

2
and |v(x, y) v
0
| <

2
. Hence for
|(x, y) (x
0
, y
0
)| < we have
|f (z) (u
0
+iv
0
)| = |u(x, y) +iv(x, y) (u
0
+iv
0
)|
|u(x, y) u
0
| +|v(x, y) v
0
| <

2
+

2
=
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Proof. First let lim
zz
0
f (z) = u
0
+iv
0
and let > 0. Then there is a
> 0 so that for |z z
0
| < we have |f (z) (u
0
+iv
0
)| < . Hence
for |(x, y) (x
0
, y
0
)| < we have |(x, y) (x
0
, y
0
)| =|z z
0
| < and
then |u(x, y) u
0
| <|f (z) (u
0
+iv
0
)| < and
|v(x, y) v
0
| <|f (z) (u
0
+iv
0
)| < .
Conversely, let lim
(x,y)(x
0
,y
0
)
u(x, y) = u
0
and lim
(x,y)(x
0
,y
0
)
v(x, y) = v
0
and
let > 0. Then there is a > 0 so that for |(x, y) (x
0
, y
0
)| < we
have |u(x, y) u
0
| <

2
and |v(x, y) v
0
| <

2
. Hence for
|(x, y) (x
0
, y
0
)| < we have
|f (z) (u
0
+iv
0
)| = |u(x, y) +iv(x, y) (u
0
+iv
0
)|
|u(x, y) u
0
| +|v(x, y) v
0
| <

2
+

2
=
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Proof. First let lim
zz
0
f (z) = u
0
+iv
0
and let > 0. Then there is a
> 0 so that for |z z
0
| < we have |f (z) (u
0
+iv
0
)| < . Hence
for |(x, y) (x
0
, y
0
)| < we have |(x, y) (x
0
, y
0
)| =|z z
0
| < and
then |u(x, y) u
0
| <|f (z) (u
0
+iv
0
)| < and
|v(x, y) v
0
| <|f (z) (u
0
+iv
0
)| < .
Conversely
, let lim
(x,y)(x
0
,y
0
)
u(x, y) = u
0
and lim
(x,y)(x
0
,y
0
)
v(x, y) = v
0
and
let > 0. Then there is a > 0 so that for |(x, y) (x
0
, y
0
)| < we
have |u(x, y) u
0
| <

2
and |v(x, y) v
0
| <

2
. Hence for
|(x, y) (x
0
, y
0
)| < we have
|f (z) (u
0
+iv
0
)| = |u(x, y) +iv(x, y) (u
0
+iv
0
)|
|u(x, y) u
0
| +|v(x, y) v
0
| <

2
+

2
=
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Proof. First let lim
zz
0
f (z) = u
0
+iv
0
and let > 0. Then there is a
> 0 so that for |z z
0
| < we have |f (z) (u
0
+iv
0
)| < . Hence
for |(x, y) (x
0
, y
0
)| < we have |(x, y) (x
0
, y
0
)| =|z z
0
| < and
then |u(x, y) u
0
| <|f (z) (u
0
+iv
0
)| < and
|v(x, y) v
0
| <|f (z) (u
0
+iv
0
)| < .
Conversely, let lim
(x,y)(x
0
,y
0
)
u(x, y) = u
0
and lim
(x,y)(x
0
,y
0
)
v(x, y) = v
0
and
let > 0. Then there is a > 0 so that for |(x, y) (x
0
, y
0
)| < we
have |u(x, y) u
0
| <

2
and |v(x, y) v
0
| <

2
. Hence for
|(x, y) (x
0
, y
0
)| < we have
|f (z) (u
0
+iv
0
)| = |u(x, y) +iv(x, y) (u
0
+iv
0
)|
|u(x, y) u
0
| +|v(x, y) v
0
| <

2
+

2
=
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Proof. First let lim
zz
0
f (z) = u
0
+iv
0
and let > 0. Then there is a
> 0 so that for |z z
0
| < we have |f (z) (u
0
+iv
0
)| < . Hence
for |(x, y) (x
0
, y
0
)| < we have |(x, y) (x
0
, y
0
)| =|z z
0
| < and
then |u(x, y) u
0
| <|f (z) (u
0
+iv
0
)| < and
|v(x, y) v
0
| <|f (z) (u
0
+iv
0
)| < .
Conversely, let lim
(x,y)(x
0
,y
0
)
u(x, y) = u
0
and lim
(x,y)(x
0
,y
0
)
v(x, y) = v
0
and
let > 0.
Then there is a > 0 so that for |(x, y) (x
0
, y
0
)| < we
have |u(x, y) u
0
| <

2
and |v(x, y) v
0
| <

2
. Hence for
|(x, y) (x
0
, y
0
)| < we have
|f (z) (u
0
+iv
0
)| = |u(x, y) +iv(x, y) (u
0
+iv
0
)|
|u(x, y) u
0
| +|v(x, y) v
0
| <

2
+

2
=
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Proof. First let lim
zz
0
f (z) = u
0
+iv
0
and let > 0. Then there is a
> 0 so that for |z z
0
| < we have |f (z) (u
0
+iv
0
)| < . Hence
for |(x, y) (x
0
, y
0
)| < we have |(x, y) (x
0
, y
0
)| =|z z
0
| < and
then |u(x, y) u
0
| <|f (z) (u
0
+iv
0
)| < and
|v(x, y) v
0
| <|f (z) (u
0
+iv
0
)| < .
Conversely, let lim
(x,y)(x
0
,y
0
)
u(x, y) = u
0
and lim
(x,y)(x
0
,y
0
)
v(x, y) = v
0
and
let > 0. Then there is a > 0 so that for |(x, y) (x
0
, y
0
)| < we
have |u(x, y) u
0
| <

2
and |v(x, y) v
0
| <

2
. Hence for
|(x, y) (x
0
, y
0
)| < we have
|f (z) (u
0
+iv
0
)| = |u(x, y) +iv(x, y) (u
0
+iv
0
)|
|u(x, y) u
0
| +|v(x, y) v
0
| <

2
+

2
=
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Proof. First let lim
zz
0
f (z) = u
0
+iv
0
and let > 0. Then there is a
> 0 so that for |z z
0
| < we have |f (z) (u
0
+iv
0
)| < . Hence
for |(x, y) (x
0
, y
0
)| < we have |(x, y) (x
0
, y
0
)| =|z z
0
| < and
then |u(x, y) u
0
| <|f (z) (u
0
+iv
0
)| < and
|v(x, y) v
0
| <|f (z) (u
0
+iv
0
)| < .
Conversely, let lim
(x,y)(x
0
,y
0
)
u(x, y) = u
0
and lim
(x,y)(x
0
,y
0
)
v(x, y) = v
0
and
let > 0. Then there is a > 0 so that for |(x, y) (x
0
, y
0
)| < we
have |u(x, y) u
0
| <

2
and |v(x, y) v
0
| <

2
.
Hence for
|(x, y) (x
0
, y
0
)| < we have
|f (z) (u
0
+iv
0
)| = |u(x, y) +iv(x, y) (u
0
+iv
0
)|
|u(x, y) u
0
| +|v(x, y) v
0
| <

2
+

2
=
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Proof. First let lim
zz
0
f (z) = u
0
+iv
0
and let > 0. Then there is a
> 0 so that for |z z
0
| < we have |f (z) (u
0
+iv
0
)| < . Hence
for |(x, y) (x
0
, y
0
)| < we have |(x, y) (x
0
, y
0
)| =|z z
0
| < and
then |u(x, y) u
0
| <|f (z) (u
0
+iv
0
)| < and
|v(x, y) v
0
| <|f (z) (u
0
+iv
0
)| < .
Conversely, let lim
(x,y)(x
0
,y
0
)
u(x, y) = u
0
and lim
(x,y)(x
0
,y
0
)
v(x, y) = v
0
and
let > 0. Then there is a > 0 so that for |(x, y) (x
0
, y
0
)| < we
have |u(x, y) u
0
| <

2
and |v(x, y) v
0
| <

2
. Hence for
|(x, y) (x
0
, y
0
)| < we have
|f (z) (u
0
+iv
0
)| = |u(x, y) +iv(x, y) (u
0
+iv
0
)|
|u(x, y) u
0
| +|v(x, y) v
0
| <

2
+

2
=
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Proof. First let lim
zz
0
f (z) = u
0
+iv
0
and let > 0. Then there is a
> 0 so that for |z z
0
| < we have |f (z) (u
0
+iv
0
)| < . Hence
for |(x, y) (x
0
, y
0
)| < we have |(x, y) (x
0
, y
0
)| =|z z
0
| < and
then |u(x, y) u
0
| <|f (z) (u
0
+iv
0
)| < and
|v(x, y) v
0
| <|f (z) (u
0
+iv
0
)| < .
Conversely, let lim
(x,y)(x
0
,y
0
)
u(x, y) = u
0
and lim
(x,y)(x
0
,y
0
)
v(x, y) = v
0
and
let > 0. Then there is a > 0 so that for |(x, y) (x
0
, y
0
)| < we
have |u(x, y) u
0
| <

2
and |v(x, y) v
0
| <

2
. Hence for
|(x, y) (x
0
, y
0
)| < we have
|f (z) (u
0
+iv
0
)|
= |u(x, y) +iv(x, y) (u
0
+iv
0
)|
|u(x, y) u
0
| +|v(x, y) v
0
| <

2
+

2
=
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Proof. First let lim
zz
0
f (z) = u
0
+iv
0
and let > 0. Then there is a
> 0 so that for |z z
0
| < we have |f (z) (u
0
+iv
0
)| < . Hence
for |(x, y) (x
0
, y
0
)| < we have |(x, y) (x
0
, y
0
)| =|z z
0
| < and
then |u(x, y) u
0
| <|f (z) (u
0
+iv
0
)| < and
|v(x, y) v
0
| <|f (z) (u
0
+iv
0
)| < .
Conversely, let lim
(x,y)(x
0
,y
0
)
u(x, y) = u
0
and lim
(x,y)(x
0
,y
0
)
v(x, y) = v
0
and
let > 0. Then there is a > 0 so that for |(x, y) (x
0
, y
0
)| < we
have |u(x, y) u
0
| <

2
and |v(x, y) v
0
| <

2
. Hence for
|(x, y) (x
0
, y
0
)| < we have
|f (z) (u
0
+iv
0
)| = |u(x, y) +iv(x, y) (u
0
+iv
0
)|
|u(x, y) u
0
| +|v(x, y) v
0
| <

2
+

2
=
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Proof. First let lim
zz
0
f (z) = u
0
+iv
0
and let > 0. Then there is a
> 0 so that for |z z
0
| < we have |f (z) (u
0
+iv
0
)| < . Hence
for |(x, y) (x
0
, y
0
)| < we have |(x, y) (x
0
, y
0
)| =|z z
0
| < and
then |u(x, y) u
0
| <|f (z) (u
0
+iv
0
)| < and
|v(x, y) v
0
| <|f (z) (u
0
+iv
0
)| < .
Conversely, let lim
(x,y)(x
0
,y
0
)
u(x, y) = u
0
and lim
(x,y)(x
0
,y
0
)
v(x, y) = v
0
and
let > 0. Then there is a > 0 so that for |(x, y) (x
0
, y
0
)| < we
have |u(x, y) u
0
| <

2
and |v(x, y) v
0
| <

2
. Hence for
|(x, y) (x
0
, y
0
)| < we have
|f (z) (u
0
+iv
0
)| = |u(x, y) +iv(x, y) (u
0
+iv
0
)|
|u(x, y) u
0
|
+|v(x, y) v
0
| <

2
+

2
=
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Proof. First let lim
zz
0
f (z) = u
0
+iv
0
and let > 0. Then there is a
> 0 so that for |z z
0
| < we have |f (z) (u
0
+iv
0
)| < . Hence
for |(x, y) (x
0
, y
0
)| < we have |(x, y) (x
0
, y
0
)| =|z z
0
| < and
then |u(x, y) u
0
| <|f (z) (u
0
+iv
0
)| < and
|v(x, y) v
0
| <|f (z) (u
0
+iv
0
)| < .
Conversely, let lim
(x,y)(x
0
,y
0
)
u(x, y) = u
0
and lim
(x,y)(x
0
,y
0
)
v(x, y) = v
0
and
let > 0. Then there is a > 0 so that for |(x, y) (x
0
, y
0
)| < we
have |u(x, y) u
0
| <

2
and |v(x, y) v
0
| <

2
. Hence for
|(x, y) (x
0
, y
0
)| < we have
|f (z) (u
0
+iv
0
)| = |u(x, y) +iv(x, y) (u
0
+iv
0
)|
|u(x, y) u
0
| +|v(x, y) v
0
|
<

2
+

2
=
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Proof. First let lim
zz
0
f (z) = u
0
+iv
0
and let > 0. Then there is a
> 0 so that for |z z
0
| < we have |f (z) (u
0
+iv
0
)| < . Hence
for |(x, y) (x
0
, y
0
)| < we have |(x, y) (x
0
, y
0
)| =|z z
0
| < and
then |u(x, y) u
0
| <|f (z) (u
0
+iv
0
)| < and
|v(x, y) v
0
| <|f (z) (u
0
+iv
0
)| < .
Conversely, let lim
(x,y)(x
0
,y
0
)
u(x, y) = u
0
and lim
(x,y)(x
0
,y
0
)
v(x, y) = v
0
and
let > 0. Then there is a > 0 so that for |(x, y) (x
0
, y
0
)| < we
have |u(x, y) u
0
| <

2
and |v(x, y) v
0
| <

2
. Hence for
|(x, y) (x
0
, y
0
)| < we have
|f (z) (u
0
+iv
0
)| = |u(x, y) +iv(x, y) (u
0
+iv
0
)|
|u(x, y) u
0
| +|v(x, y) v
0
| <

2
+

2
=
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Proof. First let lim
zz
0
f (z) = u
0
+iv
0
and let > 0. Then there is a
> 0 so that for |z z
0
| < we have |f (z) (u
0
+iv
0
)| < . Hence
for |(x, y) (x
0
, y
0
)| < we have |(x, y) (x
0
, y
0
)| =|z z
0
| < and
then |u(x, y) u
0
| <|f (z) (u
0
+iv
0
)| < and
|v(x, y) v
0
| <|f (z) (u
0
+iv
0
)| < .
Conversely, let lim
(x,y)(x
0
,y
0
)
u(x, y) = u
0
and lim
(x,y)(x
0
,y
0
)
v(x, y) = v
0
and
let > 0. Then there is a > 0 so that for |(x, y) (x
0
, y
0
)| < we
have |u(x, y) u
0
| <

2
and |v(x, y) v
0
| <

2
. Hence for
|(x, y) (x
0
, y
0
)| < we have
|f (z) (u
0
+iv
0
)| = |u(x, y) +iv(x, y) (u
0
+iv
0
)|
|u(x, y) u
0
| +|v(x, y) v
0
| <

2
+

2
=
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Proof. First let lim
zz
0
f (z) = u
0
+iv
0
and let > 0. Then there is a
> 0 so that for |z z
0
| < we have |f (z) (u
0
+iv
0
)| < . Hence
for |(x, y) (x
0
, y
0
)| < we have |(x, y) (x
0
, y
0
)| =|z z
0
| < and
then |u(x, y) u
0
| <|f (z) (u
0
+iv
0
)| < and
|v(x, y) v
0
| <|f (z) (u
0
+iv
0
)| < .
Conversely, let lim
(x,y)(x
0
,y
0
)
u(x, y) = u
0
and lim
(x,y)(x
0
,y
0
)
v(x, y) = v
0
and
let > 0. Then there is a > 0 so that for |(x, y) (x
0
, y
0
)| < we
have |u(x, y) u
0
| <

2
and |v(x, y) v
0
| <

2
. Hence for
|(x, y) (x
0
, y
0
)| < we have
|f (z) (u
0
+iv
0
)| = |u(x, y) +iv(x, y) (u
0
+iv
0
)|
|u(x, y) u
0
| +|v(x, y) v
0
| <

2
+

2
=
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Proof. First let lim
zz
0
f (z) = u
0
+iv
0
and let > 0. Then there is a
> 0 so that for |z z
0
| < we have |f (z) (u
0
+iv
0
)| < . Hence
for |(x, y) (x
0
, y
0
)| < we have |(x, y) (x
0
, y
0
)| =|z z
0
| < and
then |u(x, y) u
0
| <|f (z) (u
0
+iv
0
)| < and
|v(x, y) v
0
| <|f (z) (u
0
+iv
0
)| < .
Conversely, let lim
(x,y)(x
0
,y
0
)
u(x, y) = u
0
and lim
(x,y)(x
0
,y
0
)
v(x, y) = v
0
and
let > 0. Then there is a > 0 so that for |(x, y) (x
0
, y
0
)| < we
have |u(x, y) u
0
| <

2
and |v(x, y) v
0
| <

2
. Hence for
|(x, y) (x
0
, y
0
)| < we have
|f (z) (u
0
+iv
0
)| = |u(x, y) +iv(x, y) (u
0
+iv
0
)|
|u(x, y) u
0
| +|v(x, y) v
0
| <

2
+

2
=
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Theorem.
Let C be a deleted neighborhood of z
0
and let the
complex functions f and F be dened on and so that lim
zz
0
f (z) = w
0
and lim
zz
0
F(z) = W
0
. Then the following hold.
1. lim
zz
0
(f +F)(z) = w
0
+W
0
.
2. lim
zz
0
(f F)(z) = w
0
W
0
.
3. lim
zz
0
(f F)(z) = w
0
W
0
.
4. If lim
zz
0
F(z) = 0, then lim
zz
0

f
F

(z) =
w
0
W
0
.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Theorem. Let C be a deleted neighborhood of z
0
and let the
complex functions f and F be dened on and so that lim
zz
0
f (z) = w
0
and lim
zz
0
F(z) = W
0
.
Then the following hold.
1. lim
zz
0
(f +F)(z) = w
0
+W
0
.
2. lim
zz
0
(f F)(z) = w
0
W
0
.
3. lim
zz
0
(f F)(z) = w
0
W
0
.
4. If lim
zz
0
F(z) = 0, then lim
zz
0

f
F

(z) =
w
0
W
0
.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Theorem. Let C be a deleted neighborhood of z
0
and let the
complex functions f and F be dened on and so that lim
zz
0
f (z) = w
0
and lim
zz
0
F(z) = W
0
. Then the following hold.
1. lim
zz
0
(f +F)(z) = w
0
+W
0
.
2. lim
zz
0
(f F)(z) = w
0
W
0
.
3. lim
zz
0
(f F)(z) = w
0
W
0
.
4. If lim
zz
0
F(z) = 0, then lim
zz
0

f
F

(z) =
w
0
W
0
.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Theorem. Let C be a deleted neighborhood of z
0
and let the
complex functions f and F be dened on and so that lim
zz
0
f (z) = w
0
and lim
zz
0
F(z) = W
0
. Then the following hold.
1. lim
zz
0
(f +F)(z)
= w
0
+W
0
.
2. lim
zz
0
(f F)(z) = w
0
W
0
.
3. lim
zz
0
(f F)(z) = w
0
W
0
.
4. If lim
zz
0
F(z) = 0, then lim
zz
0

f
F

(z) =
w
0
W
0
.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Theorem. Let C be a deleted neighborhood of z
0
and let the
complex functions f and F be dened on and so that lim
zz
0
f (z) = w
0
and lim
zz
0
F(z) = W
0
. Then the following hold.
1. lim
zz
0
(f +F)(z) = w
0
+W
0
.
2. lim
zz
0
(f F)(z) = w
0
W
0
.
3. lim
zz
0
(f F)(z) = w
0
W
0
.
4. If lim
zz
0
F(z) = 0, then lim
zz
0

f
F

(z) =
w
0
W
0
.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Theorem. Let C be a deleted neighborhood of z
0
and let the
complex functions f and F be dened on and so that lim
zz
0
f (z) = w
0
and lim
zz
0
F(z) = W
0
. Then the following hold.
1. lim
zz
0
(f +F)(z) = w
0
+W
0
.
2. lim
zz
0
(f F)(z)
= w
0
W
0
.
3. lim
zz
0
(f F)(z) = w
0
W
0
.
4. If lim
zz
0
F(z) = 0, then lim
zz
0

f
F

(z) =
w
0
W
0
.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Theorem. Let C be a deleted neighborhood of z
0
and let the
complex functions f and F be dened on and so that lim
zz
0
f (z) = w
0
and lim
zz
0
F(z) = W
0
. Then the following hold.
1. lim
zz
0
(f +F)(z) = w
0
+W
0
.
2. lim
zz
0
(f F)(z) = w
0
W
0
.
3. lim
zz
0
(f F)(z) = w
0
W
0
.
4. If lim
zz
0
F(z) = 0, then lim
zz
0

f
F

(z) =
w
0
W
0
.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Theorem. Let C be a deleted neighborhood of z
0
and let the
complex functions f and F be dened on and so that lim
zz
0
f (z) = w
0
and lim
zz
0
F(z) = W
0
. Then the following hold.
1. lim
zz
0
(f +F)(z) = w
0
+W
0
.
2. lim
zz
0
(f F)(z) = w
0
W
0
.
3. lim
zz
0
(f F)(z)
= w
0
W
0
.
4. If lim
zz
0
F(z) = 0, then lim
zz
0

f
F

(z) =
w
0
W
0
.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Theorem. Let C be a deleted neighborhood of z
0
and let the
complex functions f and F be dened on and so that lim
zz
0
f (z) = w
0
and lim
zz
0
F(z) = W
0
. Then the following hold.
1. lim
zz
0
(f +F)(z) = w
0
+W
0
.
2. lim
zz
0
(f F)(z) = w
0
W
0
.
3. lim
zz
0
(f F)(z) = w
0
W
0
.
4. If lim
zz
0
F(z) = 0, then lim
zz
0

f
F

(z) =
w
0
W
0
.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Theorem. Let C be a deleted neighborhood of z
0
and let the
complex functions f and F be dened on and so that lim
zz
0
f (z) = w
0
and lim
zz
0
F(z) = W
0
. Then the following hold.
1. lim
zz
0
(f +F)(z) = w
0
+W
0
.
2. lim
zz
0
(f F)(z) = w
0
W
0
.
3. lim
zz
0
(f F)(z) = w
0
W
0
.
4. If lim
zz
0
F(z) = 0, then lim
zz
0

f
F

(z)
=
w
0
W
0
.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Theorem. Let C be a deleted neighborhood of z
0
and let the
complex functions f and F be dened on and so that lim
zz
0
f (z) = w
0
and lim
zz
0
F(z) = W
0
. Then the following hold.
1. lim
zz
0
(f +F)(z) = w
0
+W
0
.
2. lim
zz
0
(f F)(z) = w
0
W
0
.
3. lim
zz
0
(f F)(z) = w
0
W
0
.
4. If lim
zz
0
F(z) = 0, then lim
zz
0

f
F

(z) =
w
0
W
0
.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Proof (products only).
Let > 0. Then there is a
f
> 0 so that for
|z z
0
| <
f
we have

f (z) w
0

<

2

|W
0
| +1

and

f (z)

<|w
0
| +1. Moreover, there is a
F
> 0 so that for |z z
0
| <
F
we have

F(z) W
0

<

2

|w
0
| +1

. Let := min{
f
,
F
}. Then for
|z z
0
| < we have

(f F)(z) w
0
W
0

f (z)F(z) f (z)W
0

f (z)W
0
w
0
W
0

f (z)

F(z) W
0

f (z) w
0

W
0

<

|w
0
| +1

|w
0
| +1

+

2

|W
0
| +1

W
0

<
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Proof (products only). Let > 0.
Then there is a
f
> 0 so that for
|z z
0
| <
f
we have

f (z) w
0

<

2

|W
0
| +1

and

f (z)

<|w
0
| +1. Moreover, there is a
F
> 0 so that for |z z
0
| <
F
we have

F(z) W
0

<

2

|w
0
| +1

. Let := min{
f
,
F
}. Then for
|z z
0
| < we have

(f F)(z) w
0
W
0

f (z)F(z) f (z)W
0

f (z)W
0
w
0
W
0

f (z)

F(z) W
0

f (z) w
0

W
0

<

|w
0
| +1

|w
0
| +1

+

2

|W
0
| +1

W
0

<
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Proof (products only). Let > 0. Then there is a
f
> 0 so that for
|z z
0
| <
f
we have

f (z) w
0

<

2

|W
0
| +1

and

f (z)

<|w
0
| +1. Moreover, there is a
F
> 0 so that for |z z
0
| <
F
we have

F(z) W
0

<

2

|w
0
| +1

. Let := min{
f
,
F
}. Then for
|z z
0
| < we have

(f F)(z) w
0
W
0

f (z)F(z) f (z)W
0

f (z)W
0
w
0
W
0

f (z)

F(z) W
0

f (z) w
0

W
0

<

|w
0
| +1

|w
0
| +1

+

2

|W
0
| +1

W
0

<
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Proof (products only). Let > 0. Then there is a
f
> 0 so that for
|z z
0
| <
f
we have

f (z) w
0

<

2

|W
0
| +1

and

f (z)

<|w
0
| +1.
Moreover, there is a
F
> 0 so that for |z z
0
| <
F
we have

F(z) W
0

<

2

|w
0
| +1

. Let := min{
f
,
F
}. Then for
|z z
0
| < we have

(f F)(z) w
0
W
0

f (z)F(z) f (z)W
0

f (z)W
0
w
0
W
0

f (z)

F(z) W
0

f (z) w
0

W
0

<

|w
0
| +1

|w
0
| +1

+

2

|W
0
| +1

W
0

<
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Proof (products only). Let > 0. Then there is a
f
> 0 so that for
|z z
0
| <
f
we have

f (z) w
0

<

2

|W
0
| +1

and

f (z)

<|w
0
| +1. Moreover, there is a
F
> 0 so that for |z z
0
| <
F
we have

F(z) W
0

<

2

|w
0
| +1

.
Let := min{
f
,
F
}. Then for
|z z
0
| < we have

(f F)(z) w
0
W
0

f (z)F(z) f (z)W
0

f (z)W
0
w
0
W
0

f (z)

F(z) W
0

f (z) w
0

W
0

<

|w
0
| +1

|w
0
| +1

+

2

|W
0
| +1

W
0

<
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Proof (products only). Let > 0. Then there is a
f
> 0 so that for
|z z
0
| <
f
we have

f (z) w
0

<

2

|W
0
| +1

and

f (z)

<|w
0
| +1. Moreover, there is a
F
> 0 so that for |z z
0
| <
F
we have

F(z) W
0

<

2

|w
0
| +1

. Let := min{
f
,
F
}.
Then for
|z z
0
| < we have

(f F)(z) w
0
W
0

f (z)F(z) f (z)W
0

f (z)W
0
w
0
W
0

f (z)

F(z) W
0

f (z) w
0

W
0

<

|w
0
| +1

|w
0
| +1

+

2

|W
0
| +1

W
0

<
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Proof (products only). Let > 0. Then there is a
f
> 0 so that for
|z z
0
| <
f
we have

f (z) w
0

<

2

|W
0
| +1

and

f (z)

<|w
0
| +1. Moreover, there is a
F
> 0 so that for |z z
0
| <
F
we have

F(z) W
0

<

2

|w
0
| +1

. Let := min{
f
,
F
}. Then for
|z z
0
| < we have

(f F)(z) w
0
W
0

f (z)F(z) f (z)W
0

f (z)W
0
w
0
W
0

f (z)

F(z) W
0

f (z) w
0

W
0

<

|w
0
| +1

|w
0
| +1

+

2

|W
0
| +1

W
0

<
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Proof (products only). Let > 0. Then there is a
f
> 0 so that for
|z z
0
| <
f
we have

f (z) w
0

<

2

|W
0
| +1

and

f (z)

<|w
0
| +1. Moreover, there is a
F
> 0 so that for |z z
0
| <
F
we have

F(z) W
0

<

2

|w
0
| +1

. Let := min{
f
,
F
}. Then for
|z z
0
| < we have

(f F)(z) w
0
W
0

f (z)F(z) f (z)W
0

f (z)W
0
w
0
W
0

f (z)

F(z) W
0

f (z) w
0

W
0

<

|w
0
| +1

|w
0
| +1

+

2

|W
0
| +1

W
0

<
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Proof (products only). Let > 0. Then there is a
f
> 0 so that for
|z z
0
| <
f
we have

f (z) w
0

<

2

|W
0
| +1

and

f (z)

<|w
0
| +1. Moreover, there is a
F
> 0 so that for |z z
0
| <
F
we have

F(z) W
0

<

2

|w
0
| +1

. Let := min{
f
,
F
}. Then for
|z z
0
| < we have

(f F)(z) w
0
W
0

f (z)F(z) f (z)W
0

f (z)W
0
w
0
W
0

f (z)

F(z) W
0

f (z) w
0

W
0

<

|w
0
| +1

|w
0
| +1

+

2

|W
0
| +1

W
0

<
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Proof (products only). Let > 0. Then there is a
f
> 0 so that for
|z z
0
| <
f
we have

f (z) w
0

<

2

|W
0
| +1

and

f (z)

<|w
0
| +1. Moreover, there is a
F
> 0 so that for |z z
0
| <
F
we have

F(z) W
0

<

2

|w
0
| +1

. Let := min{
f
,
F
}. Then for
|z z
0
| < we have

(f F)(z) w
0
W
0

f (z)F(z) f (z)W
0

f (z)W
0
w
0
W
0

f (z)

F(z) W
0

f (z) w
0

W
0

<

|w
0
| +1

|w
0
| +1

+

2

|W
0
| +1

W
0

<
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Proof (products only). Let > 0. Then there is a
f
> 0 so that for
|z z
0
| <
f
we have

f (z) w
0

<

2

|W
0
| +1

and

f (z)

<|w
0
| +1. Moreover, there is a
F
> 0 so that for |z z
0
| <
F
we have

F(z) W
0

<

2

|w
0
| +1

. Let := min{
f
,
F
}. Then for
|z z
0
| < we have

(f F)(z) w
0
W
0

f (z)F(z) f (z)W
0

f (z)W
0
w
0
W
0

f (z)

F(z) W
0

f (z) w
0

W
0

<

|w
0
| +1

|w
0
| +1

+

2

|W
0
| +1

W
0

<
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Proof (products only). Let > 0. Then there is a
f
> 0 so that for
|z z
0
| <
f
we have

f (z) w
0

<

2

|W
0
| +1

and

f (z)

<|w
0
| +1. Moreover, there is a
F
> 0 so that for |z z
0
| <
F
we have

F(z) W
0

<

2

|w
0
| +1

. Let := min{
f
,
F
}. Then for
|z z
0
| < we have

(f F)(z) w
0
W
0

f (z)F(z) f (z)W
0

f (z)W
0
w
0
W
0

f (z)

F(z) W
0

f (z) w
0

W
0

<

|w
0
| +1

|w
0
| +1

+

2

|W
0
| +1

W
0

<
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Proof (products only). Let > 0. Then there is a
f
> 0 so that for
|z z
0
| <
f
we have

f (z) w
0

<

2

|W
0
| +1

and

f (z)

<|w
0
| +1. Moreover, there is a
F
> 0 so that for |z z
0
| <
F
we have

F(z) W
0

<

2

|w
0
| +1

. Let := min{
f
,
F
}. Then for
|z z
0
| < we have

(f F)(z) w
0
W
0

f (z)F(z) f (z)W
0

f (z)W
0
w
0
W
0

f (z)

F(z) W
0

f (z) w
0

W
0

<

|w
0
| +1

|w
0
| +1

+

2

|W
0
| +1

W
0

<
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Proof (products only). Let > 0. Then there is a
f
> 0 so that for
|z z
0
| <
f
we have

f (z) w
0

<

2

|W
0
| +1

and

f (z)

<|w
0
| +1. Moreover, there is a
F
> 0 so that for |z z
0
| <
F
we have

F(z) W
0

<

2

|w
0
| +1

. Let := min{
f
,
F
}. Then for
|z z
0
| < we have

(f F)(z) w
0
W
0

f (z)F(z) f (z)W
0

f (z)W
0
w
0
W
0

f (z)

F(z) W
0

f (z) w
0

W
0

<

|w
0
| +1

|w
0
| +1

+

2

|W
0
| +1

W
0

<
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Proof (products only). Let > 0. Then there is a
f
> 0 so that for
|z z
0
| <
f
we have

f (z) w
0

<

2

|W
0
| +1

and

f (z)

<|w
0
| +1. Moreover, there is a
F
> 0 so that for |z z
0
| <
F
we have

F(z) W
0

<

2

|w
0
| +1

. Let := min{
f
,
F
}. Then for
|z z
0
| < we have

(f F)(z) w
0
W
0

f (z)F(z) f (z)W
0

f (z)W
0
w
0
W
0

f (z)

F(z) W
0

f (z) w
0

W
0

<

|w
0
| +1

|w
0
| +1

+

2

|W
0
| +1

W
0

<
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Proof (products only). Let > 0. Then there is a
f
> 0 so that for
|z z
0
| <
f
we have

f (z) w
0

<

2

|W
0
| +1

and

f (z)

<|w
0
| +1. Moreover, there is a
F
> 0 so that for |z z
0
| <
F
we have

F(z) W
0

<

2

|w
0
| +1

. Let := min{
f
,
F
}. Then for
|z z
0
| < we have

(f F)(z) w
0
W
0

f (z)F(z) f (z)W
0

f (z)W
0
w
0
W
0

f (z)

F(z) W
0

f (z) w
0

W
0

<

|w
0
| +1

|w
0
| +1

+

2

|W
0
| +1

W
0

<
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Theorem.
If P(z) = a
0
+a
1
z +a
2
z
2
+ +a
n
z
n
and z
0
C, then
lim
zz
0
P(z) = P(z
0
).
Proof.
lim
zz
0
P(z) = lim
zz
0
a
0
+a
1
z +a
2
z
2
+ +a
n
z
n
= lim
zz
0
a
0
+ lim
zz
0
a
1
z + lim
zz
0
a
2
z
2
+ + lim
zz
0
a
n
z
n
= a
0
+a
1
z
0
+a
2
z
2
0
+ +a
n
z
n
0
= P(z
0
)
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Theorem. If P(z) = a
0
+a
1
z +a
2
z
2
+ +a
n
z
n
and z
0
C, then
lim
zz
0
P(z) = P(z
0
).
Proof.
lim
zz
0
P(z) = lim
zz
0
a
0
+a
1
z +a
2
z
2
+ +a
n
z
n
= lim
zz
0
a
0
+ lim
zz
0
a
1
z + lim
zz
0
a
2
z
2
+ + lim
zz
0
a
n
z
n
= a
0
+a
1
z
0
+a
2
z
2
0
+ +a
n
z
n
0
= P(z
0
)
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Theorem. If P(z) = a
0
+a
1
z +a
2
z
2
+ +a
n
z
n
and z
0
C, then
lim
zz
0
P(z) = P(z
0
).
Proof.
lim
zz
0
P(z) = lim
zz
0
a
0
+a
1
z +a
2
z
2
+ +a
n
z
n
= lim
zz
0
a
0
+ lim
zz
0
a
1
z + lim
zz
0
a
2
z
2
+ + lim
zz
0
a
n
z
n
= a
0
+a
1
z
0
+a
2
z
2
0
+ +a
n
z
n
0
= P(z
0
)
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Theorem. If P(z) = a
0
+a
1
z +a
2
z
2
+ +a
n
z
n
and z
0
C, then
lim
zz
0
P(z) = P(z
0
).
Proof.
lim
zz
0
P(z)
= lim
zz
0
a
0
+a
1
z +a
2
z
2
+ +a
n
z
n
= lim
zz
0
a
0
+ lim
zz
0
a
1
z + lim
zz
0
a
2
z
2
+ + lim
zz
0
a
n
z
n
= a
0
+a
1
z
0
+a
2
z
2
0
+ +a
n
z
n
0
= P(z
0
)
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Theorem. If P(z) = a
0
+a
1
z +a
2
z
2
+ +a
n
z
n
and z
0
C, then
lim
zz
0
P(z) = P(z
0
).
Proof.
lim
zz
0
P(z) = lim
zz
0
a
0
+a
1
z +a
2
z
2
+ +a
n
z
n
= lim
zz
0
a
0
+ lim
zz
0
a
1
z + lim
zz
0
a
2
z
2
+ + lim
zz
0
a
n
z
n
= a
0
+a
1
z
0
+a
2
z
2
0
+ +a
n
z
n
0
= P(z
0
)
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Theorem. If P(z) = a
0
+a
1
z +a
2
z
2
+ +a
n
z
n
and z
0
C, then
lim
zz
0
P(z) = P(z
0
).
Proof.
lim
zz
0
P(z) = lim
zz
0
a
0
+a
1
z +a
2
z
2
+ +a
n
z
n
= lim
zz
0
a
0
+ lim
zz
0
a
1
z + lim
zz
0
a
2
z
2
+ + lim
zz
0
a
n
z
n
= a
0
+a
1
z
0
+a
2
z
2
0
+ +a
n
z
n
0
= P(z
0
)
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Theorem. If P(z) = a
0
+a
1
z +a
2
z
2
+ +a
n
z
n
and z
0
C, then
lim
zz
0
P(z) = P(z
0
).
Proof.
lim
zz
0
P(z) = lim
zz
0
a
0
+a
1
z +a
2
z
2
+ +a
n
z
n
= lim
zz
0
a
0
+ lim
zz
0
a
1
z + lim
zz
0
a
2
z
2
+ + lim
zz
0
a
n
z
n
= a
0
+a
1
z
0
+a
2
z
2
0
+ +a
n
z
n
0
= P(z
0
)
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Theorem. If P(z) = a
0
+a
1
z +a
2
z
2
+ +a
n
z
n
and z
0
C, then
lim
zz
0
P(z) = P(z
0
).
Proof.
lim
zz
0
P(z) = lim
zz
0
a
0
+a
1
z +a
2
z
2
+ +a
n
z
n
= lim
zz
0
a
0
+ lim
zz
0
a
1
z + lim
zz
0
a
2
z
2
+ + lim
zz
0
a
n
z
n
= a
0
+a
1
z
0
+a
2
z
2
0
+ +a
n
z
n
0
= P(z
0
)
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Theorem. If P(z) = a
0
+a
1
z +a
2
z
2
+ +a
n
z
n
and z
0
C, then
lim
zz
0
P(z) = P(z
0
).
Proof.
lim
zz
0
P(z) = lim
zz
0
a
0
+a
1
z +a
2
z
2
+ +a
n
z
n
= lim
zz
0
a
0
+ lim
zz
0
a
1
z + lim
zz
0
a
2
z
2
+ + lim
zz
0
a
n
z
n
= a
0
+a
1
z
0
+a
2
z
2
0
+ +a
n
z
n
0
= P(z
0
)
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Observation
The function t(z) :=
1
z
has the following properties.
1. It is undened at 0.
2. Circles |z| = r are mapped to circles |z| =
1
r
3. So small numbers are mapped to large numbers and vice versa.
4. We can say that the function t swaps 0 and .
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Observation
The function t(z) :=
1
z
has the following properties.
1. It is undened at 0.
2. Circles |z| = r are mapped to circles |z| =
1
r
3. So small numbers are mapped to large numbers and vice versa.
4. We can say that the function t swaps 0 and .
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Observation
The function t(z) :=
1
z
has the following properties.
1. It is undened at 0.
2. Circles |z| = r are mapped to circles |z| =
1
r
3. So small numbers are mapped to large numbers and vice versa.
4. We can say that the function t swaps 0 and .
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Observation
The function t(z) :=
1
z
has the following properties.
1. It is undened at 0.
2. Circles |z| = r are mapped to circles |z| =
1
r
3. So small numbers are mapped to large numbers and vice versa.
4. We can say that the function t swaps 0 and .
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Observation
The function t(z) :=
1
z
has the following properties.
1. It is undened at 0.
2. Circles |z| = r are mapped to circles |z| =
1
r
3. So small numbers are mapped to large numbers and vice versa.
4. We can say that the function t swaps 0 and .
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Observation
The function t(z) :=
1
z
has the following properties.
1. It is undened at 0.
2. Circles |z| = r are mapped to circles |z| =
1
r
3. So small numbers are mapped to large numbers and vice versa.
4. We can say that the function t swaps 0 and .
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Denition.
Let C contain the exterior of a disk around 0 and let
the complex function f be dened on . Then w
0
C is the limit of
the function f at if and only if for all > 0 there is a > 0 such
that for all z with |z| >
1

we have that

f (z) w
0

< .
Notation. lim
z
f (z) = w
0
.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Denition. Let C contain the exterior of a disk around 0 and let
the complex function f be dened on .
Then w
0
C is the limit of
the function f at if and only if for all > 0 there is a > 0 such
that for all z with |z| >
1

we have that

f (z) w
0

< .
Notation. lim
z
f (z) = w
0
.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Denition. Let C contain the exterior of a disk around 0 and let
the complex function f be dened on . Then w
0
C is the limit of
the function f at
if and only if for all > 0 there is a > 0 such
that for all z with |z| >
1

we have that

f (z) w
0

< .
Notation. lim
z
f (z) = w
0
.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Denition. Let C contain the exterior of a disk around 0 and let
the complex function f be dened on . Then w
0
C is the limit of
the function f at if and only if for all > 0
there is a > 0 such
that for all z with |z| >
1

we have that

f (z) w
0

< .
Notation. lim
z
f (z) = w
0
.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Denition. Let C contain the exterior of a disk around 0 and let
the complex function f be dened on . Then w
0
C is the limit of
the function f at if and only if for all > 0 there is a > 0
such
that for all z with |z| >
1

we have that

f (z) w
0

< .
Notation. lim
z
f (z) = w
0
.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Denition. Let C contain the exterior of a disk around 0 and let
the complex function f be dened on . Then w
0
C is the limit of
the function f at if and only if for all > 0 there is a > 0 such
that for all z with |z| >
1

we have that

f (z) w
0

< .
Notation. lim
z
f (z) = w
0
.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Denition. Let C contain the exterior of a disk around 0 and let
the complex function f be dened on . Then w
0
C is the limit of
the function f at if and only if for all > 0 there is a > 0 such
that for all z with |z| >
1

we have that

f (z) w
0

< .
Notation. lim
z
f (z) = w
0
.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Denition.
Let C be a deleted neighborhood of z
0
and let the
complex function f be dened on . Then is the limit of the
function f at z
0
if and only if for all > 0 there is a > 0 such that
for all z with |z z
0
| < we have that

f (z)

>
1

.
Notation. lim
zz
0
f (z) =.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Denition. Let C be a deleted neighborhood of z
0
and let the
complex function f be dened on .
Then is the limit of the
function f at z
0
if and only if for all > 0 there is a > 0 such that
for all z with |z z
0
| < we have that

f (z)

>
1

.
Notation. lim
zz
0
f (z) =.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Denition. Let C be a deleted neighborhood of z
0
and let the
complex function f be dened on . Then is the limit of the
function f at z
0
if and only if for all > 0 there is a > 0 such that
for all z with |z z
0
| < we have that

f (z)

>
1

.
Notation. lim
zz
0
f (z) =.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Denition. Let C be a deleted neighborhood of z
0
and let the
complex function f be dened on . Then is the limit of the
function f at z
0
if and only if for all > 0
there is a > 0 such that
for all z with |z z
0
| < we have that

f (z)

>
1

.
Notation. lim
zz
0
f (z) =.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Denition. Let C be a deleted neighborhood of z
0
and let the
complex function f be dened on . Then is the limit of the
function f at z
0
if and only if for all > 0 there is a > 0
such that
for all z with |z z
0
| < we have that

f (z)

>
1

.
Notation. lim
zz
0
f (z) =.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Denition. Let C be a deleted neighborhood of z
0
and let the
complex function f be dened on . Then is the limit of the
function f at z
0
if and only if for all > 0 there is a > 0 such that
for all z with |z z
0
| < we have that

f (z)

>
1

.
Notation. lim
zz
0
f (z) =.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Denition. Let C be a deleted neighborhood of z
0
and let the
complex function f be dened on . Then is the limit of the
function f at z
0
if and only if for all > 0 there is a > 0 such that
for all z with |z z
0
| < we have that

f (z)

>
1

.
Notation. lim
zz
0
f (z) =.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Denition.
Let C contain the exterior of a disk around 0 and let
the complex function f be dened on . Then is the limit of the
function f at if and only if for all > 0 there is a > 0 such that
for all z with |z| >
1

we have that

f (z)

>
1

.
Notation. lim
z
f (z) =.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Denition. Let C contain the exterior of a disk around 0 and let
the complex function f be dened on .
Then is the limit of the
function f at if and only if for all > 0 there is a > 0 such that
for all z with |z| >
1

we have that

f (z)

>
1

.
Notation. lim
z
f (z) =.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Denition. Let C contain the exterior of a disk around 0 and let
the complex function f be dened on . Then is the limit of the
function f at
if and only if for all > 0 there is a > 0 such that
for all z with |z| >
1

we have that

f (z)

>
1

.
Notation. lim
z
f (z) =.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Denition. Let C contain the exterior of a disk around 0 and let
the complex function f be dened on . Then is the limit of the
function f at if and only if for all > 0
there is a > 0 such that
for all z with |z| >
1

we have that

f (z)

>
1

.
Notation. lim
z
f (z) =.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Denition. Let C contain the exterior of a disk around 0 and let
the complex function f be dened on . Then is the limit of the
function f at if and only if for all > 0 there is a > 0
such that
for all z with |z| >
1

we have that

f (z)

>
1

.
Notation. lim
z
f (z) =.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Denition. Let C contain the exterior of a disk around 0 and let
the complex function f be dened on . Then is the limit of the
function f at if and only if for all > 0 there is a > 0 such that
for all z with |z| >
1

we have that

f (z)

>
1

.
Notation. lim
z
f (z) =.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Denition. Let C contain the exterior of a disk around 0 and let
the complex function f be dened on . Then is the limit of the
function f at if and only if for all > 0 there is a > 0 such that
for all z with |z| >
1

we have that

f (z)

>
1

.
Notation. lim
z
f (z) =.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Theorem.
Let z
0
, w
0
C. Then the following hold.
1. lim
zz
0
f (z) = if and only if lim
zz
0
1
f (z)
= 0
2. lim
z
f (z) = w
0
if and only if lim
z0
f

1
z

= w
0
3. lim
z
f (z) = if and only if lim
z0
1
f

1
z
= 0
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Theorem. Let z
0
, w
0
C.
Then the following hold.
1. lim
zz
0
f (z) = if and only if lim
zz
0
1
f (z)
= 0
2. lim
z
f (z) = w
0
if and only if lim
z0
f

1
z

= w
0
3. lim
z
f (z) = if and only if lim
z0
1
f

1
z
= 0
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Theorem. Let z
0
, w
0
C. Then the following hold.
1. lim
zz
0
f (z) = if and only if lim
zz
0
1
f (z)
= 0
2. lim
z
f (z) = w
0
if and only if lim
z0
f

1
z

= w
0
3. lim
z
f (z) = if and only if lim
z0
1
f

1
z
= 0
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Theorem. Let z
0
, w
0
C. Then the following hold.
1. lim
zz
0
f (z) = if and only if lim
zz
0
1
f (z)
= 0
2. lim
z
f (z) = w
0
if and only if lim
z0
f

1
z

= w
0
3. lim
z
f (z) = if and only if lim
z0
1
f

1
z
= 0
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Theorem. Let z
0
, w
0
C. Then the following hold.
1. lim
zz
0
f (z) = if and only if lim
zz
0
1
f (z)
= 0
2. lim
z
f (z) = w
0
if and only if lim
z0
f

1
z

= w
0
3. lim
z
f (z) = if and only if lim
z0
1
f

1
z
= 0
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Theorem. Let z
0
, w
0
C. Then the following hold.
1. lim
zz
0
f (z) = if and only if lim
zz
0
1
f (z)
= 0
2. lim
z
f (z) = w
0
if and only if lim
z0
f

1
z

= w
0
3. lim
z
f (z) = if and only if lim
z0
1
f

1
z
= 0
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Proof.
For every statement, the key to the proof is that, informally
speaking, z
1
z
interchanges zero and innity.
For example, for part 3, rst consider the situation that lim
z
f (z) =.
Then for every > 0 there is a > 0 so that for all |z| >
1

we have

f (z)

>
1

. But then for all |z| < we have that


1
z

>
1

, so

f

1
z

>
1

and hence

1
f
(
1
z
)
0

< . Thus lim


z0
1
f

1
z
= 0.
The converse, which says that lim
z0
1
f

1
z
= 0 implies lim
z
f (z) =, is
proved similarly.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Proof. For every statement, the key to the proof is that
, informally
speaking, z
1
z
interchanges zero and innity.
For example, for part 3, rst consider the situation that lim
z
f (z) =.
Then for every > 0 there is a > 0 so that for all |z| >
1

we have

f (z)

>
1

. But then for all |z| < we have that


1
z

>
1

, so

f

1
z

>
1

and hence

1
f
(
1
z
)
0

< . Thus lim


z0
1
f

1
z
= 0.
The converse, which says that lim
z0
1
f

1
z
= 0 implies lim
z
f (z) =, is
proved similarly.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Proof. For every statement, the key to the proof is that, informally
speaking
, z
1
z
interchanges zero and innity.
For example, for part 3, rst consider the situation that lim
z
f (z) =.
Then for every > 0 there is a > 0 so that for all |z| >
1

we have

f (z)

>
1

. But then for all |z| < we have that


1
z

>
1

, so

f

1
z

>
1

and hence

1
f
(
1
z
)
0

< . Thus lim


z0
1
f

1
z
= 0.
The converse, which says that lim
z0
1
f

1
z
= 0 implies lim
z
f (z) =, is
proved similarly.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Proof. For every statement, the key to the proof is that, informally
speaking, z
1
z
interchanges zero and innity.
For example, for part 3, rst consider the situation that lim
z
f (z) =.
Then for every > 0 there is a > 0 so that for all |z| >
1

we have

f (z)

>
1

. But then for all |z| < we have that


1
z

>
1

, so

f

1
z

>
1

and hence

1
f
(
1
z
)
0

< . Thus lim


z0
1
f

1
z
= 0.
The converse, which says that lim
z0
1
f

1
z
= 0 implies lim
z
f (z) =, is
proved similarly.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Proof. For every statement, the key to the proof is that, informally
speaking, z
1
z
interchanges zero and innity.
For example, for part 3
, rst consider the situation that lim
z
f (z) =.
Then for every > 0 there is a > 0 so that for all |z| >
1

we have

f (z)

>
1

. But then for all |z| < we have that


1
z

>
1

, so

f

1
z

>
1

and hence

1
f
(
1
z
)
0

< . Thus lim


z0
1
f

1
z
= 0.
The converse, which says that lim
z0
1
f

1
z
= 0 implies lim
z
f (z) =, is
proved similarly.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Proof. For every statement, the key to the proof is that, informally
speaking, z
1
z
interchanges zero and innity.
For example, for part 3, rst consider the situation that lim
z
f (z) =.
Then for every > 0 there is a > 0 so that for all |z| >
1

we have

f (z)

>
1

. But then for all |z| < we have that


1
z

>
1

, so

f

1
z

>
1

and hence

1
f
(
1
z
)
0

< . Thus lim


z0
1
f

1
z
= 0.
The converse, which says that lim
z0
1
f

1
z
= 0 implies lim
z
f (z) =, is
proved similarly.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Proof. For every statement, the key to the proof is that, informally
speaking, z
1
z
interchanges zero and innity.
For example, for part 3, rst consider the situation that lim
z
f (z) =.
Then for every > 0
there is a > 0 so that for all |z| >
1

we have

f (z)

>
1

. But then for all |z| < we have that


1
z

>
1

, so

f

1
z

>
1

and hence

1
f
(
1
z
)
0

< . Thus lim


z0
1
f

1
z
= 0.
The converse, which says that lim
z0
1
f

1
z
= 0 implies lim
z
f (z) =, is
proved similarly.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Proof. For every statement, the key to the proof is that, informally
speaking, z
1
z
interchanges zero and innity.
For example, for part 3, rst consider the situation that lim
z
f (z) =.
Then for every > 0 there is a > 0
so that for all |z| >
1

we have

f (z)

>
1

. But then for all |z| < we have that


1
z

>
1

, so

f

1
z

>
1

and hence

1
f
(
1
z
)
0

< . Thus lim


z0
1
f

1
z
= 0.
The converse, which says that lim
z0
1
f

1
z
= 0 implies lim
z
f (z) =, is
proved similarly.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Proof. For every statement, the key to the proof is that, informally
speaking, z
1
z
interchanges zero and innity.
For example, for part 3, rst consider the situation that lim
z
f (z) =.
Then for every > 0 there is a > 0 so that for all |z| >
1

we have

f (z)

>
1

. But then for all |z| < we have that


1
z

>
1

, so

f

1
z

>
1

and hence

1
f
(
1
z
)
0

< . Thus lim


z0
1
f

1
z
= 0.
The converse, which says that lim
z0
1
f

1
z
= 0 implies lim
z
f (z) =, is
proved similarly.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Proof. For every statement, the key to the proof is that, informally
speaking, z
1
z
interchanges zero and innity.
For example, for part 3, rst consider the situation that lim
z
f (z) =.
Then for every > 0 there is a > 0 so that for all |z| >
1

we have

f (z)

>
1

.
But then for all |z| < we have that

1
z

>
1

, so

f

1
z

>
1

and hence

1
f
(
1
z
)
0

< . Thus lim


z0
1
f

1
z
= 0.
The converse, which says that lim
z0
1
f

1
z
= 0 implies lim
z
f (z) =, is
proved similarly.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Proof. For every statement, the key to the proof is that, informally
speaking, z
1
z
interchanges zero and innity.
For example, for part 3, rst consider the situation that lim
z
f (z) =.
Then for every > 0 there is a > 0 so that for all |z| >
1

we have

f (z)

>
1

. But then for all |z| < we have that

1
z

>
1

, so

f

1
z

>
1

and hence

1
f
(
1
z
)
0

< . Thus lim


z0
1
f

1
z
= 0.
The converse, which says that lim
z0
1
f

1
z
= 0 implies lim
z
f (z) =, is
proved similarly.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Proof. For every statement, the key to the proof is that, informally
speaking, z
1
z
interchanges zero and innity.
For example, for part 3, rst consider the situation that lim
z
f (z) =.
Then for every > 0 there is a > 0 so that for all |z| >
1

we have

f (z)

>
1

. But then for all |z| < we have that


1
z

>
1

, so

f

1
z

>
1

and hence

1
f
(
1
z
)
0

< . Thus lim


z0
1
f

1
z
= 0.
The converse, which says that lim
z0
1
f

1
z
= 0 implies lim
z
f (z) =, is
proved similarly.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Proof. For every statement, the key to the proof is that, informally
speaking, z
1
z
interchanges zero and innity.
For example, for part 3, rst consider the situation that lim
z
f (z) =.
Then for every > 0 there is a > 0 so that for all |z| >
1

we have

f (z)

>
1

. But then for all |z| < we have that


1
z

>
1

, so

f

1
z

>
1

and hence

1
f
(
1
z
)
0

< . Thus lim


z0
1
f

1
z
= 0.
The converse, which says that lim
z0
1
f

1
z
= 0 implies lim
z
f (z) =, is
proved similarly.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Proof. For every statement, the key to the proof is that, informally
speaking, z
1
z
interchanges zero and innity.
For example, for part 3, rst consider the situation that lim
z
f (z) =.
Then for every > 0 there is a > 0 so that for all |z| >
1

we have

f (z)

>
1

. But then for all |z| < we have that


1
z

>
1

, so

f

1
z

>
1

and hence

1
f
(
1
z
)
0

< .
Thus lim
z0
1
f

1
z
= 0.
The converse, which says that lim
z0
1
f

1
z
= 0 implies lim
z
f (z) =, is
proved similarly.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Proof. For every statement, the key to the proof is that, informally
speaking, z
1
z
interchanges zero and innity.
For example, for part 3, rst consider the situation that lim
z
f (z) =.
Then for every > 0 there is a > 0 so that for all |z| >
1

we have

f (z)

>
1

. But then for all |z| < we have that


1
z

>
1

, so

f

1
z

>
1

and hence

1
f
(
1
z
)
0

< . Thus lim


z0
1
f

1
z
= 0.
The converse, which says that lim
z0
1
f

1
z
= 0 implies lim
z
f (z) =, is
proved similarly.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Proof. For every statement, the key to the proof is that, informally
speaking, z
1
z
interchanges zero and innity.
For example, for part 3, rst consider the situation that lim
z
f (z) =.
Then for every > 0 there is a > 0 so that for all |z| >
1

we have

f (z)

>
1

. But then for all |z| < we have that


1
z

>
1

, so

f

1
z

>
1

and hence

1
f
(
1
z
)
0

< . Thus lim


z0
1
f

1
z
= 0.
The converse
, which says that lim
z0
1
f

1
z
= 0 implies lim
z
f (z) =, is
proved similarly.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Proof. For every statement, the key to the proof is that, informally
speaking, z
1
z
interchanges zero and innity.
For example, for part 3, rst consider the situation that lim
z
f (z) =.
Then for every > 0 there is a > 0 so that for all |z| >
1

we have

f (z)

>
1

. But then for all |z| < we have that


1
z

>
1

, so

f

1
z

>
1

and hence

1
f
(
1
z
)
0

< . Thus lim


z0
1
f

1
z
= 0.
The converse, which says that lim
z0
1
f

1
z
= 0 implies lim
z
f (z) =
, is
proved similarly.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Proof. For every statement, the key to the proof is that, informally
speaking, z
1
z
interchanges zero and innity.
For example, for part 3, rst consider the situation that lim
z
f (z) =.
Then for every > 0 there is a > 0 so that for all |z| >
1

we have

f (z)

>
1

. But then for all |z| < we have that


1
z

>
1

, so

f

1
z

>
1

and hence

1
f
(
1
z
)
0

< . Thus lim


z0
1
f

1
z
= 0.
The converse, which says that lim
z0
1
f

1
z
= 0 implies lim
z
f (z) =, is
proved similarly.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Proof. For every statement, the key to the proof is that, informally
speaking, z
1
z
interchanges zero and innity.
For example, for part 3, rst consider the situation that lim
z
f (z) =.
Then for every > 0 there is a > 0 so that for all |z| >
1

we have

f (z)

>
1

. But then for all |z| < we have that


1
z

>
1

, so

f

1
z

>
1

and hence

1
f
(
1
z
)
0

< . Thus lim


z0
1
f

1
z
= 0.
The converse, which says that lim
z0
1
f

1
z
= 0 implies lim
z
f (z) =, is
proved similarly.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Example.
lim
z2
z +1
z 2
=, because lim
z2
z 2
z +1
= 0.
lim
z
z +1
z 1
= lim
z0
1
z
+1
1
z
1
= lim
z0
1+z
z
1z
z
= lim
z0
1+z
1z
= 1
lim
z
z
2
+1
z 1
= lim
z0

1
z

2
+1
1
z
1
= lim
z0
1+z
2
z
2
1z
z
= lim
z0
1+z
2
(1z)z
=, because
lim
z0
(1z)z
1+z
2
= 0.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Example. lim
z2
z +1
z 2
=, because lim
z2
z 2
z +1
= 0.
lim
z
z +1
z 1
= lim
z0
1
z
+1
1
z
1
= lim
z0
1+z
z
1z
z
= lim
z0
1+z
1z
= 1
lim
z
z
2
+1
z 1
= lim
z0

1
z

2
+1
1
z
1
= lim
z0
1+z
2
z
2
1z
z
= lim
z0
1+z
2
(1z)z
=, because
lim
z0
(1z)z
1+z
2
= 0.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Example. lim
z2
z +1
z 2
=
, because lim
z2
z 2
z +1
= 0.
lim
z
z +1
z 1
= lim
z0
1
z
+1
1
z
1
= lim
z0
1+z
z
1z
z
= lim
z0
1+z
1z
= 1
lim
z
z
2
+1
z 1
= lim
z0

1
z

2
+1
1
z
1
= lim
z0
1+z
2
z
2
1z
z
= lim
z0
1+z
2
(1z)z
=, because
lim
z0
(1z)z
1+z
2
= 0.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Example. lim
z2
z +1
z 2
=, because lim
z2
z 2
z +1
= 0.
lim
z
z +1
z 1
= lim
z0
1
z
+1
1
z
1
= lim
z0
1+z
z
1z
z
= lim
z0
1+z
1z
= 1
lim
z
z
2
+1
z 1
= lim
z0

1
z

2
+1
1
z
1
= lim
z0
1+z
2
z
2
1z
z
= lim
z0
1+z
2
(1z)z
=, because
lim
z0
(1z)z
1+z
2
= 0.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Example. lim
z2
z +1
z 2
=, because lim
z2
z 2
z +1
= 0.
lim
z
z +1
z 1
= lim
z0
1
z
+1
1
z
1
= lim
z0
1+z
z
1z
z
= lim
z0
1+z
1z
= 1
lim
z
z
2
+1
z 1
= lim
z0

1
z

2
+1
1
z
1
= lim
z0
1+z
2
z
2
1z
z
= lim
z0
1+z
2
(1z)z
=, because
lim
z0
(1z)z
1+z
2
= 0.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Example. lim
z2
z +1
z 2
=, because lim
z2
z 2
z +1
= 0.
lim
z
z +1
z 1
= lim
z0
1
z
+1
1
z
1
= lim
z0
1+z
z
1z
z
= lim
z0
1+z
1z
= 1
lim
z
z
2
+1
z 1
= lim
z0

1
z

2
+1
1
z
1
= lim
z0
1+z
2
z
2
1z
z
= lim
z0
1+z
2
(1z)z
=, because
lim
z0
(1z)z
1+z
2
= 0.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Example. lim
z2
z +1
z 2
=, because lim
z2
z 2
z +1
= 0.
lim
z
z +1
z 1
= lim
z0
1
z
+1
1
z
1
= lim
z0
1+z
z
1z
z
= lim
z0
1+z
1z
= 1
lim
z
z
2
+1
z 1
= lim
z0

1
z

2
+1
1
z
1
= lim
z0
1+z
2
z
2
1z
z
= lim
z0
1+z
2
(1z)z
=, because
lim
z0
(1z)z
1+z
2
= 0.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Example. lim
z2
z +1
z 2
=, because lim
z2
z 2
z +1
= 0.
lim
z
z +1
z 1
= lim
z0
1
z
+1
1
z
1
= lim
z0
1+z
z
1z
z
= lim
z0
1+z
1z
= 1
lim
z
z
2
+1
z 1
= lim
z0

1
z

2
+1
1
z
1
= lim
z0
1+z
2
z
2
1z
z
= lim
z0
1+z
2
(1z)z
=, because
lim
z0
(1z)z
1+z
2
= 0.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Example. lim
z2
z +1
z 2
=, because lim
z2
z 2
z +1
= 0.
lim
z
z +1
z 1
= lim
z0
1
z
+1
1
z
1
= lim
z0
1+z
z
1z
z
= lim
z0
1+z
1z
= 1
lim
z
z
2
+1
z 1
= lim
z0

1
z

2
+1
1
z
1
= lim
z0
1+z
2
z
2
1z
z
= lim
z0
1+z
2
(1z)z
=, because
lim
z0
(1z)z
1+z
2
= 0.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Example. lim
z2
z +1
z 2
=, because lim
z2
z 2
z +1
= 0.
lim
z
z +1
z 1
= lim
z0
1
z
+1
1
z
1
= lim
z0
1+z
z
1z
z
= lim
z0
1+z
1z
= 1
lim
z
z
2
+1
z 1
= lim
z0

1
z

2
+1
1
z
1
= lim
z0
1+z
2
z
2
1z
z
= lim
z0
1+z
2
(1z)z
=, because
lim
z0
(1z)z
1+z
2
= 0.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Example. lim
z2
z +1
z 2
=, because lim
z2
z 2
z +1
= 0.
lim
z
z +1
z 1
= lim
z0
1
z
+1
1
z
1
= lim
z0
1+z
z
1z
z
= lim
z0
1+z
1z
= 1
lim
z
z
2
+1
z 1
= lim
z0

1
z

2
+1
1
z
1
= lim
z0
1+z
2
z
2
1z
z
= lim
z0
1+z
2
(1z)z
=, because
lim
z0
(1z)z
1+z
2
= 0.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Example. lim
z2
z +1
z 2
=, because lim
z2
z 2
z +1
= 0.
lim
z
z +1
z 1
= lim
z0
1
z
+1
1
z
1
= lim
z0
1+z
z
1z
z
= lim
z0
1+z
1z
= 1
lim
z
z
2
+1
z 1
= lim
z0

1
z

2
+1
1
z
1
= lim
z0
1+z
2
z
2
1z
z
= lim
z0
1+z
2
(1z)z
=, because
lim
z0
(1z)z
1+z
2
= 0.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Example. lim
z2
z +1
z 2
=, because lim
z2
z 2
z +1
= 0.
lim
z
z +1
z 1
= lim
z0
1
z
+1
1
z
1
= lim
z0
1+z
z
1z
z
= lim
z0
1+z
1z
= 1
lim
z
z
2
+1
z 1
= lim
z0

1
z

2
+1
1
z
1
= lim
z0
1+z
2
z
2
1z
z
= lim
z0
1+z
2
(1z)z
=, because
lim
z0
(1z)z
1+z
2
= 0.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Example. lim
z2
z +1
z 2
=, because lim
z2
z 2
z +1
= 0.
lim
z
z +1
z 1
= lim
z0
1
z
+1
1
z
1
= lim
z0
1+z
z
1z
z
= lim
z0
1+z
1z
= 1
lim
z
z
2
+1
z 1
= lim
z0

1
z

2
+1
1
z
1
= lim
z0
1+z
2
z
2
1z
z
= lim
z0
1+z
2
(1z)z
=, because
lim
z0
(1z)z
1+z
2
= 0.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Example. lim
z2
z +1
z 2
=, because lim
z2
z 2
z +1
= 0.
lim
z
z +1
z 1
= lim
z0
1
z
+1
1
z
1
= lim
z0
1+z
z
1z
z
= lim
z0
1+z
1z
= 1
lim
z
z
2
+1
z 1
= lim
z0

1
z

2
+1
1
z
1
= lim
z0
1+z
2
z
2
1z
z
= lim
z0
1+z
2
(1z)z
=
, because
lim
z0
(1z)z
1+z
2
= 0.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Example. lim
z2
z +1
z 2
=, because lim
z2
z 2
z +1
= 0.
lim
z
z +1
z 1
= lim
z0
1
z
+1
1
z
1
= lim
z0
1+z
z
1z
z
= lim
z0
1+z
1z
= 1
lim
z
z
2
+1
z 1
= lim
z0

1
z

2
+1
1
z
1
= lim
z0
1+z
2
z
2
1z
z
= lim
z0
1+z
2
(1z)z
=, because
lim
z0
(1z)z
1+z
2
= 0.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Denition.
A function f is called continuous at z
0
if and only if
1. f (z
0
) exists, and
2. lim
zz
0
f (z) exists, and
3. lim
zz
0
f (z) = f (z
0
).
f is called continuous (on its domain) if and only if f is continuous at
every point in its domain.
Theorem. f is continuous at z
0
if and only if for every > 0, there is
a > 0 such that for all z in the domain with |z z
0
| < we have

f (z) f (z
0
)

< .
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Denition. A function f is called continuous at z
0
if and only if
1. f (z
0
) exists, and
2. lim
zz
0
f (z) exists, and
3. lim
zz
0
f (z) = f (z
0
).
f is called continuous (on its domain) if and only if f is continuous at
every point in its domain.
Theorem. f is continuous at z
0
if and only if for every > 0, there is
a > 0 such that for all z in the domain with |z z
0
| < we have

f (z) f (z
0
)

< .
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Denition. A function f is called continuous at z
0
if and only if
1. f (z
0
) exists
, and
2. lim
zz
0
f (z) exists, and
3. lim
zz
0
f (z) = f (z
0
).
f is called continuous (on its domain) if and only if f is continuous at
every point in its domain.
Theorem. f is continuous at z
0
if and only if for every > 0, there is
a > 0 such that for all z in the domain with |z z
0
| < we have

f (z) f (z
0
)

< .
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Denition. A function f is called continuous at z
0
if and only if
1. f (z
0
) exists, and
2. lim
zz
0
f (z) exists
, and
3. lim
zz
0
f (z) = f (z
0
).
f is called continuous (on its domain) if and only if f is continuous at
every point in its domain.
Theorem. f is continuous at z
0
if and only if for every > 0, there is
a > 0 such that for all z in the domain with |z z
0
| < we have

f (z) f (z
0
)

< .
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Denition. A function f is called continuous at z
0
if and only if
1. f (z
0
) exists, and
2. lim
zz
0
f (z) exists, and
3. lim
zz
0
f (z) = f (z
0
).
f is called continuous (on its domain) if and only if f is continuous at
every point in its domain.
Theorem. f is continuous at z
0
if and only if for every > 0, there is
a > 0 such that for all z in the domain with |z z
0
| < we have

f (z) f (z
0
)

< .
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Denition. A function f is called continuous at z
0
if and only if
1. f (z
0
) exists, and
2. lim
zz
0
f (z) exists, and
3. lim
zz
0
f (z) = f (z
0
).
f is called continuous (on its domain) if and only if f is continuous at
every point in its domain.
Theorem. f is continuous at z
0
if and only if for every > 0, there is
a > 0 such that for all z in the domain with |z z
0
| < we have

f (z) f (z
0
)

< .
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Denition. A function f is called continuous at z
0
if and only if
1. f (z
0
) exists, and
2. lim
zz
0
f (z) exists, and
3. lim
zz
0
f (z) = f (z
0
).
f is called continuous (on its domain) if and only if f is continuous at
every point in its domain.
Theorem.
f is continuous at z
0
if and only if for every > 0, there is
a > 0 such that for all z in the domain with |z z
0
| < we have

f (z) f (z
0
)

< .
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Denition. A function f is called continuous at z
0
if and only if
1. f (z
0
) exists, and
2. lim
zz
0
f (z) exists, and
3. lim
zz
0
f (z) = f (z
0
).
f is called continuous (on its domain) if and only if f is continuous at
every point in its domain.
Theorem. f is continuous at z
0
if and only if
for every > 0, there is
a > 0 such that for all z in the domain with |z z
0
| < we have

f (z) f (z
0
)

< .
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Denition. A function f is called continuous at z
0
if and only if
1. f (z
0
) exists, and
2. lim
zz
0
f (z) exists, and
3. lim
zz
0
f (z) = f (z
0
).
f is called continuous (on its domain) if and only if f is continuous at
every point in its domain.
Theorem. f is continuous at z
0
if and only if for every > 0
, there is
a > 0 such that for all z in the domain with |z z
0
| < we have

f (z) f (z
0
)

< .
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Denition. A function f is called continuous at z
0
if and only if
1. f (z
0
) exists, and
2. lim
zz
0
f (z) exists, and
3. lim
zz
0
f (z) = f (z
0
).
f is called continuous (on its domain) if and only if f is continuous at
every point in its domain.
Theorem. f is continuous at z
0
if and only if for every > 0, there is
a > 0
such that for all z in the domain with |z z
0
| < we have

f (z) f (z
0
)

< .
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Denition. A function f is called continuous at z
0
if and only if
1. f (z
0
) exists, and
2. lim
zz
0
f (z) exists, and
3. lim
zz
0
f (z) = f (z
0
).
f is called continuous (on its domain) if and only if f is continuous at
every point in its domain.
Theorem. f is continuous at z
0
if and only if for every > 0, there is
a > 0 such that for all z in the domain
with |z z
0
| < we have

f (z) f (z
0
)

< .
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Denition. A function f is called continuous at z
0
if and only if
1. f (z
0
) exists, and
2. lim
zz
0
f (z) exists, and
3. lim
zz
0
f (z) = f (z
0
).
f is called continuous (on its domain) if and only if f is continuous at
every point in its domain.
Theorem. f is continuous at z
0
if and only if for every > 0, there is
a > 0 such that for all z in the domain with |z z
0
| <
we have

f (z) f (z
0
)

< .
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Denition. A function f is called continuous at z
0
if and only if
1. f (z
0
) exists, and
2. lim
zz
0
f (z) exists, and
3. lim
zz
0
f (z) = f (z
0
).
f is called continuous (on its domain) if and only if f is continuous at
every point in its domain.
Theorem. f is continuous at z
0
if and only if for every > 0, there is
a > 0 such that for all z in the domain with |z z
0
| < we have

f (z) f (z
0
)

< .
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Theorem.
Let f , g be functions so that z
0
is in the (open) domain of g
and g(z
0
) is in the (open) domain of f . If g is continuous at z
0
and f is
continuous at g(z
0
), then f g is continuous at z
0
.
Proof. Let > 0. Because f is continuous at g(z
0
), there is a
f
> 0
so that for all y with

y g(z
0
)

<
f
we have

f (y) f (g(z
0
))

< .
Because g is continuous at z
0
, for
f
there is a > 0 so that for all z
with |z z
0
| < we have

g(z) g(z
0
)

<
f
. But then because

g(z) g(z
0
)

<
f
we infer

f (g(z)) f (g(z
0
))

< .
Therefore we have proved that for every > 0 there is a > 0 so that
for all z with |z z
0
| < we have

f (g(z)) f (g(z
0
))

< , which
means that f g is continuous at z
0
.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Theorem. Let f , g be functions so that z
0
is in the (open) domain of g
and g(z
0
) is in the (open) domain of f . If g is continuous at z
0
and f is
continuous at g(z
0
), then f g is continuous at z
0
.
Proof. Let > 0. Because f is continuous at g(z
0
), there is a
f
> 0
so that for all y with

y g(z
0
)

<
f
we have

f (y) f (g(z
0
))

< .
Because g is continuous at z
0
, for
f
there is a > 0 so that for all z
with |z z
0
| < we have

g(z) g(z
0
)

<
f
. But then because

g(z) g(z
0
)

<
f
we infer

f (g(z)) f (g(z
0
))

< .
Therefore we have proved that for every > 0 there is a > 0 so that
for all z with |z z
0
| < we have

f (g(z)) f (g(z
0
))

< , which
means that f g is continuous at z
0
.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Theorem. Let f , g be functions so that z
0
is in the (open) domain of g
and g(z
0
) is in the (open) domain of f . If g is continuous at z
0
and f is
continuous at g(z
0
), then f g is continuous at z
0
.
Proof.
Let > 0. Because f is continuous at g(z
0
), there is a
f
> 0
so that for all y with

y g(z
0
)

<
f
we have

f (y) f (g(z
0
))

< .
Because g is continuous at z
0
, for
f
there is a > 0 so that for all z
with |z z
0
| < we have

g(z) g(z
0
)

<
f
. But then because

g(z) g(z
0
)

<
f
we infer

f (g(z)) f (g(z
0
))

< .
Therefore we have proved that for every > 0 there is a > 0 so that
for all z with |z z
0
| < we have

f (g(z)) f (g(z
0
))

< , which
means that f g is continuous at z
0
.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Theorem. Let f , g be functions so that z
0
is in the (open) domain of g
and g(z
0
) is in the (open) domain of f . If g is continuous at z
0
and f is
continuous at g(z
0
), then f g is continuous at z
0
.
Proof. Let > 0.
Because f is continuous at g(z
0
), there is a
f
> 0
so that for all y with

y g(z
0
)

<
f
we have

f (y) f (g(z
0
))

< .
Because g is continuous at z
0
, for
f
there is a > 0 so that for all z
with |z z
0
| < we have

g(z) g(z
0
)

<
f
. But then because

g(z) g(z
0
)

<
f
we infer

f (g(z)) f (g(z
0
))

< .
Therefore we have proved that for every > 0 there is a > 0 so that
for all z with |z z
0
| < we have

f (g(z)) f (g(z
0
))

< , which
means that f g is continuous at z
0
.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Theorem. Let f , g be functions so that z
0
is in the (open) domain of g
and g(z
0
) is in the (open) domain of f . If g is continuous at z
0
and f is
continuous at g(z
0
), then f g is continuous at z
0
.
Proof. Let > 0. Because f is continuous at g(z
0
)
, there is a
f
> 0
so that for all y with

y g(z
0
)

<
f
we have

f (y) f (g(z
0
))

< .
Because g is continuous at z
0
, for
f
there is a > 0 so that for all z
with |z z
0
| < we have

g(z) g(z
0
)

<
f
. But then because

g(z) g(z
0
)

<
f
we infer

f (g(z)) f (g(z
0
))

< .
Therefore we have proved that for every > 0 there is a > 0 so that
for all z with |z z
0
| < we have

f (g(z)) f (g(z
0
))

< , which
means that f g is continuous at z
0
.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Theorem. Let f , g be functions so that z
0
is in the (open) domain of g
and g(z
0
) is in the (open) domain of f . If g is continuous at z
0
and f is
continuous at g(z
0
), then f g is continuous at z
0
.
Proof. Let > 0. Because f is continuous at g(z
0
), there is a
f
> 0
so that for all y with

y g(z
0
)

<
f
we have

f (y) f (g(z
0
))

< .
Because g is continuous at z
0
, for
f
there is a > 0 so that for all z
with |z z
0
| < we have

g(z) g(z
0
)

<
f
. But then because

g(z) g(z
0
)

<
f
we infer

f (g(z)) f (g(z
0
))

< .
Therefore we have proved that for every > 0 there is a > 0 so that
for all z with |z z
0
| < we have

f (g(z)) f (g(z
0
))

< , which
means that f g is continuous at z
0
.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Theorem. Let f , g be functions so that z
0
is in the (open) domain of g
and g(z
0
) is in the (open) domain of f . If g is continuous at z
0
and f is
continuous at g(z
0
), then f g is continuous at z
0
.
Proof. Let > 0. Because f is continuous at g(z
0
), there is a
f
> 0
so that for all y with

y g(z
0
)

<
f
we have

f (y) f (g(z
0
))

< .
Because g is continuous at z
0
, for
f
there is a > 0 so that for all z
with |z z
0
| < we have

g(z) g(z
0
)

<
f
. But then because

g(z) g(z
0
)

<
f
we infer

f (g(z)) f (g(z
0
))

< .
Therefore we have proved that for every > 0 there is a > 0 so that
for all z with |z z
0
| < we have

f (g(z)) f (g(z
0
))

< , which
means that f g is continuous at z
0
.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Theorem. Let f , g be functions so that z
0
is in the (open) domain of g
and g(z
0
) is in the (open) domain of f . If g is continuous at z
0
and f is
continuous at g(z
0
), then f g is continuous at z
0
.
Proof. Let > 0. Because f is continuous at g(z
0
), there is a
f
> 0
so that for all y with

y g(z
0
)

<
f
we have

f (y) f (g(z
0
))

< .
Because g is continuous at z
0
, for
f
there is a > 0 so that for all z
with |z z
0
| < we have

g(z) g(z
0
)

<
f
.
But then because

g(z) g(z
0
)

<
f
we infer

f (g(z)) f (g(z
0
))

< .
Therefore we have proved that for every > 0 there is a > 0 so that
for all z with |z z
0
| < we have

f (g(z)) f (g(z
0
))

< , which
means that f g is continuous at z
0
.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Theorem. Let f , g be functions so that z
0
is in the (open) domain of g
and g(z
0
) is in the (open) domain of f . If g is continuous at z
0
and f is
continuous at g(z
0
), then f g is continuous at z
0
.
Proof. Let > 0. Because f is continuous at g(z
0
), there is a
f
> 0
so that for all y with

y g(z
0
)

<
f
we have

f (y) f (g(z
0
))

< .
Because g is continuous at z
0
, for
f
there is a > 0 so that for all z
with |z z
0
| < we have

g(z) g(z
0
)

<
f
. But then because

g(z) g(z
0
)

<
f
we infer

f (g(z)) f (g(z
0
))

< .
Therefore we have proved that for every > 0 there is a > 0 so that
for all z with |z z
0
| < we have

f (g(z)) f (g(z
0
))

< , which
means that f g is continuous at z
0
.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Theorem. Let f , g be functions so that z
0
is in the (open) domain of g
and g(z
0
) is in the (open) domain of f . If g is continuous at z
0
and f is
continuous at g(z
0
), then f g is continuous at z
0
.
Proof. Let > 0. Because f is continuous at g(z
0
), there is a
f
> 0
so that for all y with

y g(z
0
)

<
f
we have

f (y) f (g(z
0
))

< .
Because g is continuous at z
0
, for
f
there is a > 0 so that for all z
with |z z
0
| < we have

g(z) g(z
0
)

<
f
. But then because

g(z) g(z
0
)

<
f
we infer

f (g(z)) f (g(z
0
))

< .
Therefore we have proved that for every > 0
there is a > 0 so that
for all z with |z z
0
| < we have

f (g(z)) f (g(z
0
))

< , which
means that f g is continuous at z
0
.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Theorem. Let f , g be functions so that z
0
is in the (open) domain of g
and g(z
0
) is in the (open) domain of f . If g is continuous at z
0
and f is
continuous at g(z
0
), then f g is continuous at z
0
.
Proof. Let > 0. Because f is continuous at g(z
0
), there is a
f
> 0
so that for all y with

y g(z
0
)

<
f
we have

f (y) f (g(z
0
))

< .
Because g is continuous at z
0
, for
f
there is a > 0 so that for all z
with |z z
0
| < we have

g(z) g(z
0
)

<
f
. But then because

g(z) g(z
0
)

<
f
we infer

f (g(z)) f (g(z
0
))

< .
Therefore we have proved that for every > 0 there is a > 0
so that
for all z with |z z
0
| < we have

f (g(z)) f (g(z
0
))

< , which
means that f g is continuous at z
0
.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Theorem. Let f , g be functions so that z
0
is in the (open) domain of g
and g(z
0
) is in the (open) domain of f . If g is continuous at z
0
and f is
continuous at g(z
0
), then f g is continuous at z
0
.
Proof. Let > 0. Because f is continuous at g(z
0
), there is a
f
> 0
so that for all y with

y g(z
0
)

<
f
we have

f (y) f (g(z
0
))

< .
Because g is continuous at z
0
, for
f
there is a > 0 so that for all z
with |z z
0
| < we have

g(z) g(z
0
)

<
f
. But then because

g(z) g(z
0
)

<
f
we infer

f (g(z)) f (g(z
0
))

< .
Therefore we have proved that for every > 0 there is a > 0 so that
for all z with |z z
0
| <
we have

f (g(z)) f (g(z
0
))

< , which
means that f g is continuous at z
0
.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Theorem. Let f , g be functions so that z
0
is in the (open) domain of g
and g(z
0
) is in the (open) domain of f . If g is continuous at z
0
and f is
continuous at g(z
0
), then f g is continuous at z
0
.
Proof. Let > 0. Because f is continuous at g(z
0
), there is a
f
> 0
so that for all y with

y g(z
0
)

<
f
we have

f (y) f (g(z
0
))

< .
Because g is continuous at z
0
, for
f
there is a > 0 so that for all z
with |z z
0
| < we have

g(z) g(z
0
)

<
f
. But then because

g(z) g(z
0
)

<
f
we infer

f (g(z)) f (g(z
0
))

< .
Therefore we have proved that for every > 0 there is a > 0 so that
for all z with |z z
0
| < we have

f (g(z)) f (g(z
0
))

<
, which
means that f g is continuous at z
0
.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Theorem. Let f , g be functions so that z
0
is in the (open) domain of g
and g(z
0
) is in the (open) domain of f . If g is continuous at z
0
and f is
continuous at g(z
0
), then f g is continuous at z
0
.
Proof. Let > 0. Because f is continuous at g(z
0
), there is a
f
> 0
so that for all y with

y g(z
0
)

<
f
we have

f (y) f (g(z
0
))

< .
Because g is continuous at z
0
, for
f
there is a > 0 so that for all z
with |z z
0
| < we have

g(z) g(z
0
)

<
f
. But then because

g(z) g(z
0
)

<
f
we infer

f (g(z)) f (g(z
0
))

< .
Therefore we have proved that for every > 0 there is a > 0 so that
for all z with |z z
0
| < we have

f (g(z)) f (g(z
0
))

< , which
means that f g is continuous at z
0
.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Theorem. Let f , g be functions so that z
0
is in the (open) domain of g
and g(z
0
) is in the (open) domain of f . If g is continuous at z
0
and f is
continuous at g(z
0
), then f g is continuous at z
0
.
Proof. Let > 0. Because f is continuous at g(z
0
), there is a
f
> 0
so that for all y with

y g(z
0
)

<
f
we have

f (y) f (g(z
0
))

< .
Because g is continuous at z
0
, for
f
there is a > 0 so that for all z
with |z z
0
| < we have

g(z) g(z
0
)

<
f
. But then because

g(z) g(z
0
)

<
f
we infer

f (g(z)) f (g(z
0
))

< .
Therefore we have proved that for every > 0 there is a > 0 so that
for all z with |z z
0
| < we have

f (g(z)) f (g(z
0
))

< , which
means that f g is continuous at z
0
.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Theorem.
If f is continuous at z
0
and f (z
0
) = 0, then there is a
neighborhood of z
0
on which f has no zeros.
Proof. For :=

f (z
0
)

there is a > 0 so that for |z z


0
| < we
have

f (z) f (z
0
)

< . Therefore, for |z z


0
| < we have

f (z)

f (z
0
) (f (z
0
) f (z))

f (z
0
)

f (z
0
) f (z)

>

f (z
0
)

f (z
0
)

= 0,
which means that f (z) = 0 for |z z
0
| < .
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Theorem. If f is continuous at z
0
and f (z
0
) = 0, then there is a
neighborhood of z
0
on which f has no zeros.
Proof. For :=

f (z
0
)

there is a > 0 so that for |z z


0
| < we
have

f (z) f (z
0
)

< . Therefore, for |z z


0
| < we have

f (z)

f (z
0
) (f (z
0
) f (z))

f (z
0
)

f (z
0
) f (z)

>

f (z
0
)

f (z
0
)

= 0,
which means that f (z) = 0 for |z z
0
| < .
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Theorem. If f is continuous at z
0
and f (z
0
) = 0, then there is a
neighborhood of z
0
on which f has no zeros.
Proof.
For :=

f (z
0
)

there is a > 0 so that for |z z


0
| < we
have

f (z) f (z
0
)

< . Therefore, for |z z


0
| < we have

f (z)

f (z
0
) (f (z
0
) f (z))

f (z
0
)

f (z
0
) f (z)

>

f (z
0
)

f (z
0
)

= 0,
which means that f (z) = 0 for |z z
0
| < .
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Theorem. If f is continuous at z
0
and f (z
0
) = 0, then there is a
neighborhood of z
0
on which f has no zeros.
Proof. For :=

f (z
0
)

there is a > 0 so that for |z z


0
| < we
have

f (z) f (z
0
)

< . Therefore, for |z z


0
| < we have

f (z)

f (z
0
) (f (z
0
) f (z))

f (z
0
)

f (z
0
) f (z)

>

f (z
0
)

f (z
0
)

= 0,
which means that f (z) = 0 for |z z
0
| < .
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Theorem. If f is continuous at z
0
and f (z
0
) = 0, then there is a
neighborhood of z
0
on which f has no zeros.
Proof. For :=

f (z
0
)

there is a > 0 so that for |z z


0
| < we
have

f (z) f (z
0
)

< .
Therefore, for |z z
0
| < we have

f (z)

f (z
0
) (f (z
0
) f (z))

f (z
0
)

f (z
0
) f (z)

>

f (z
0
)

f (z
0
)

= 0,
which means that f (z) = 0 for |z z
0
| < .
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Theorem. If f is continuous at z
0
and f (z
0
) = 0, then there is a
neighborhood of z
0
on which f has no zeros.
Proof. For :=

f (z
0
)

there is a > 0 so that for |z z


0
| < we
have

f (z) f (z
0
)

< . Therefore, for |z z


0
| < we have

f (z)

f (z
0
) (f (z
0
) f (z))

f (z
0
)

f (z
0
) f (z)

>

f (z
0
)

f (z
0
)

= 0,
which means that f (z) = 0 for |z z
0
| < .
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Theorem. If f is continuous at z
0
and f (z
0
) = 0, then there is a
neighborhood of z
0
on which f has no zeros.
Proof. For :=

f (z
0
)

there is a > 0 so that for |z z


0
| < we
have

f (z) f (z
0
)

< . Therefore, for |z z


0
| < we have

f (z)

f (z
0
) (f (z
0
) f (z))

f (z
0
)

f (z
0
) f (z)

>

f (z
0
)

f (z
0
)

= 0,
which means that f (z) = 0 for |z z
0
| < .
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Theorem. If f is continuous at z
0
and f (z
0
) = 0, then there is a
neighborhood of z
0
on which f has no zeros.
Proof. For :=

f (z
0
)

there is a > 0 so that for |z z


0
| < we
have

f (z) f (z
0
)

< . Therefore, for |z z


0
| < we have

f (z)

f (z
0
) (f (z
0
) f (z))

f (z
0
)

f (z
0
) f (z)

>

f (z
0
)

f (z
0
)

= 0,
which means that f (z) = 0 for |z z
0
| < .
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Theorem. If f is continuous at z
0
and f (z
0
) = 0, then there is a
neighborhood of z
0
on which f has no zeros.
Proof. For :=

f (z
0
)

there is a > 0 so that for |z z


0
| < we
have

f (z) f (z
0
)

< . Therefore, for |z z


0
| < we have

f (z)

f (z
0
) (f (z
0
) f (z))

f (z
0
)

f (z
0
) f (z)

>

f (z
0
)

f (z
0
)

= 0,
which means that f (z) = 0 for |z z
0
| < .
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Theorem. If f is continuous at z
0
and f (z
0
) = 0, then there is a
neighborhood of z
0
on which f has no zeros.
Proof. For :=

f (z
0
)

there is a > 0 so that for |z z


0
| < we
have

f (z) f (z
0
)

< . Therefore, for |z z


0
| < we have

f (z)

f (z
0
) (f (z
0
) f (z))

f (z
0
)

f (z
0
) f (z)

>

f (z
0
)

f (z
0
)

= 0
,
which means that f (z) = 0 for |z z
0
| < .
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Theorem. If f is continuous at z
0
and f (z
0
) = 0, then there is a
neighborhood of z
0
on which f has no zeros.
Proof. For :=

f (z
0
)

there is a > 0 so that for |z z


0
| < we
have

f (z) f (z
0
)

< . Therefore, for |z z


0
| < we have

f (z)

f (z
0
) (f (z
0
) f (z))

f (z
0
)

f (z
0
) f (z)

>

f (z
0
)

f (z
0
)

= 0,
which means that f (z) = 0 for |z z
0
| < .
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity
logo1
Regions Limits Limits Involving Innity Continuity
Theorem. If f is continuous at z
0
and f (z
0
) = 0, then there is a
neighborhood of z
0
on which f has no zeros.
Proof. For :=

f (z
0
)

there is a > 0 so that for |z z


0
| < we
have

f (z) f (z
0
)

< . Therefore, for |z z


0
| < we have

f (z)

f (z
0
) (f (z
0
) f (z))

f (z
0
)

f (z
0
) f (z)

>

f (z
0
)

f (z
0
)

= 0,
which means that f (z) = 0 for |z z
0
| < .
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Limits and Continuity

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