Fundamentals of Grit Removal and Grit System Evaluation - Part 2 - Color Very Good

4/15/2013
This Webcast Is Brought To You By:

Smith & Loveless Inc.
The Fundamentals of Grit Removal and Grit System Evaluation Part 2

April 18th, 2012
4/15/2013
What: Grit Properties, Settling Principles & Characterization

Steven P. Gress, P.E. October 15, 2011
Presentation Outline
1. Physical Properties of Grit 2. Traditional Assumptions vs. Recent Suggested Grit Understanding 3. Sand Equivalent Size (SES) Parameter 4. Settling Principles 5. Grit Characterization
Grit Book Eutek Systems, Inc. 2007
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Physical Properties of Grit in Wastewater

Traditional Definition
Settleable, high density inorganic solids Settles as discrete silica sand particles with specific gravity of 2.65 (EPA, 1987) Defined as particles larger than 210 microns (65 mesh) by the EPA Non-putrescible (clean sand in clean water) Sand, gravel, minerals, cinders, other heavy solid material
Various Grit Particle Size Units of Measurement
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Traditional Assumptions vs. More Recent Suggested Grit Understanding

Traditional Assumptions
All silica sand 2.65 specific gravity
More Recent Understanding

Variety of material types Range of specific gravity
Particles larger than 210 microns (m) Particles range in size from 50 to (65 mesh) 1000 m Perfect spheres Clean sand in clean water Quiescent basin for discrete particle settling Variety of shapes Fats, oils, greases, soap & scum in collection system Basins not quiescent Grit Happens - INWEA 2010
Specific Gravity Values of Various Grit Materials

Specific Gravity of Various Materials Quartz Sand 1.2 Earth 1.4 Limestone 1.55 Granite 1.65 Clay 1.8 Red Brick 1.9 Sand, wet 1.92 Gravel 2.0 Asphalt 2.2 Concrete 2.4
Grit Happens - INWEA 2010
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Distribution of Grit at WWTPs
Fine Grit Removal Challenges in WWTPs - WEFTEC 2004
Suggested Sand Equivalent Size (SES) Parameter

Wastewater becomes coated with lower-density FOG
Reduces specific gravity Reduces particle settling velocity
SES Definition
Clean sand particle size with the same settling velocity as the more buoyant grit particle Determined by using a wet sieve analysis
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Grit Size vs. SES Size Comparison
Grit Book - Eutek Systems, Inc. 2007
Other Recent Grit Opinions

No peer reviewed, industry accepted procedure or Standard Method for SES Some argue that the FOG coating is thin and effective SG is affected very little
(Rippon, Higgins, and Mrkvicka, 2010)
Others argue that blackened grit particles contain a thin iron oxide or iron sulfide coating that does not radically alter SG
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Settling Principles
Discrete particle settling theory
Newtons Law
vp(t) = [(4g/3Cd)((p w)/w)dp]0.5 or vp(t) [(4g/3Cd)(sgp 1)dp]0.5
Where: vp(t) = terminal velocity of particle (m/s) g = gravity acceleration (9.81 m/s2) p = density of particle (kg/m3) w = density of water (kg/m3) Cd = drag coefficient (unitless) sgp = specific gravity of particle dp = diameter of particle (m)
Wastewater Engr. - Trt. & Reuse, 4th Edition
Particle Settling Theory Cont.

Coefficient of Drag Cd takes on different values depending if flow is laminar or turbulent:
Laminar (NR < 1) Transitional (NR = 1 to 2000) Turbulent (NR > 2000) Cd = 24/NR + 3/(NR)0.5 + 0.34 Reynolds number is defined as: NR = vpdpw/ = vpdp/(kv)
Where: = dynamic viscosity (N*s/m2) kv = kinematic viscosity (m2/s)
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Cd As a Function of NR

Newtons law with proposed modification for non spherical particles:
vp(t) = [(4g/3Cd)((p w )/w)dp]0.5
or
vp(t) [(4g/3Cd)(sgp 1)dp]0.5

Where: = shape factor (unitless) and = 1.0 for spheres = 2.0 for sand grains
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Settling in Laminar Region (NR < 1)
For NR < 1, viscosity is the predominant force governing the settling process and the first term in the Cd equation predominates Assuming spherical particles, substitution of the first term in the Cd equation into Newtons law yields Stokes law where:
vp = g(p w)/dp2/18 g(sgp 1)/dp2/18kv

Settling in Transition Region (NR = 1 to 2000)
The complete form of the Cd equation must be used to determine settling velocity Because of the nature of the Cd equation, finding the settling velocity is an interactive process Utilize NR definition with shape factor to check NR for an assumed Cd value NR = vpdpw/ = vpdp/(kv)
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Settling Velocities in Laminar & Transition Regions at 20C

Settling in Turbulent Region (NR > 2000)
Inertial forces are predominant and the effect of the first two terms in the Cd equation is reduced Use Cd =0.4 Resulting settling velocity equation: vp = [3.33g((p w)/w)dp]0.5 or vp = [3.33g(sgp 1)dp]0.5
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Discrete Particle Settling

Usual design procedure is to select a particle with a terminal velocity vc
All particles that have a terminal velocity greater than vc will be removed For continuous-flow sedimentation
vc = basin depth/detention time In actual practice, design factors must be adjusted to allow for effects of inlet and outlet turbulence, short circuiting, solids storage, and velocity gradients due to operation of solidsremoval equipment
Definition Sketch for Ideal Discrete Particle Settling
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Discrete Particle Settling Cont.

Rate at which clarified water is produced: Q= Avc or vc = Q/A Where:
Q = flow rate (m3/s or ft3/s) A = surface area of basin (m2 or ft2) vc = terminal particle settling velocity (m/s or ft/s)
Particles with a settling velocity < vc will be removed in the ratio:

Xr = vp/vc, where Xr = fraction of particles with settling velocity vp that are removed
Discrete Particle Settling Cont.

The total fraction of particles removed:
Fraction removed = [ni=1 (vni /vc)(ni)]/ni=1 ni
Where: vni = average velocity of particles in ith velocity range ni = number of particles in the ith velocity range When vni /vc is greater than 1.0, use a value of 1.0 because all particles in ith velocity range are removed
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Gravity Separation In An Accelerated Flow Field

Because the top of the separator is enclosed, the rotating flow creates a free vortex within the separator The most important characteristic is:
Vr = C
Where: V = tangential velocity (m/s or ft/s) r = radius (m or ft) C = moment constant
Gravity Separation In An Accelerated Flow Field Cont.

As the radius is reduced, the tangential velocity inversely increases Centrifugal force on a particle in this flow field is equal to the square of the velocity divided by the radius
A fivefold decrease in the radius results in a 125fold increase in centrifugal force Centrifugal acceleration is often expressed in terms of number of gravities = G = V2/gr
g = 32.2 ft/s2
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Induced Vortex
Grit Happens - INWEA 2010
Wall velocity is greater than at the center Increasing performance as flows decrease (lower SLR) Headloss typically 6-12 for hydraulic induced vortex
Gravity Separation In An Accelerated Flow Field Cont.

Induced vortex type separator typically is a large diameter cylinder with a conical bottom
Typically has a higher headloss than mechanical vortex type systems
Because of high centrifugal forces near the discharge port, grit particles are retained while organic particles are discharged Large organic particles typically have a higher drag forces than smaller grit particles and tend to move with the fluid and are transported out of the separator
Organic particles that may settle usually consist of oil and grease attached to grit particles
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Grit Characterization
Methods of grit sampling and analysis
Sand Equivalent Size (SES) determination of collected influent grit sample Dry sieve analysis of collected influent grit sample Sampling and characterization of primary sludge Sampling and characterization of grit that has accumulated in aeration tanks
Two inherent difficulties with grit testing (MOP-8)

Uneven distribution of grit in both the influent and effluent Erratic loading patterns associated with grit only being carried into a plant during high flow
Sand Equivalent Size Determination

Sampling Procedures
Utilizes a circular grit settling device with a conical bottom Utilizes a vertically integrated slot sampler (VISS) to sample equally over the entire channel depth Utilizes a high volume trash pump placed inside VISS centrally in a vertical upward flow
Pumps to the settling device Trash pump velocity is set to match the velocity across the slot in the VISS Care must be taken to avoid pumping from the channel bottom where deposited gravel will be sampled
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Sand Equivalent Size Determination Sampling Equipment
Sand Equivalent Size Determination Grit Analysis

Wet sieve grit sample immediately following collection (time consuming process)
Sieve from to 50 m in 10 size intervals in 45 min.
Measure the settling velocity distribution of each sieve size fraction in a modified Imhoff cone Calculate grit SES values Plot the SES distribution for each size fraction
Most of the entering grit will have settling velocities < 225 m sand
Measure the ash weight for each size interval

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Sand Equivalent Size Determination Grit Analysis Cont.

From SES distributions for each size range and weight distribution, calculate SES weight distribution of influent grit Summarize results on companion plots
Dry Sieve Analysis of Collected Influent Grit Sample

Obtain grit samples from multiple points across channel (cross-channel sampling)
Utilize narrow or slender sampling equipment to limit disruption of flow velocity Label all collected samples by the time of day, collection location, and channel velocity
Drysieving grit samples entails burning samples in a muffle furnace to remove organic material particles prior to sieving
Historically practiced method Avoids capillary action between wet fine screens
2008 Smith & Loveless, Bulletin 9503-14
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Dry Sieve Analysis Concerns

Potential problems
The attached surface active agents (FOG & soap) are removed and their buoyant effect on grit is destroyed
Size distributions of grit before and after ashing in a muffle furnace may vary due to fracturing of some inorganic materials such as limestone
Sampling & Characterization of Primary Sludge

For Plants with primary clarifiers it is recommended in WEF MOP-8 to sample and classify grit quantities in Primary Sludge
Considered to be a reliable method in MOP-8 Dry sieve analysis performed Analysis may not accurately reflect influent grit
When grit is combined with sludge there is a significant settling velocity reduction for fine grit Actual grit quantities may be larger and grit sizes smaller than analysis results indicate
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Sampling & Characterization of Grit Accumulated in Aeration Basins

Sample and characterize grit (particle size & density) that has accumulated in aeration basins
Accumulated grit is from an extended period & overcomes problems with a brief sampling program Avoids problem with getting a representative sample in a channel due to:
Improper sampling location Turbulence caused by sampling equipment
Analyzed sample represents a wide range of influent flow and weather conditions Provides information on desirable design particle size to avoid grit deposition
Summary & Conclusions

Design based on traditional grit assumptions may result in low removal efficiency Specific gravity of particles and size distribution of grit can vary widely FOG coating of grit particles may impact grit settling vel.
Design conservatively
Grit settling is based on discrete particle settling theory or gravity separation in an accelerated flow field
Avoid turbulent region for discrete particle settling
Confidence in short term grit characterization studies should be tempered (need to sample during high flows)
May want to sample grit where it accumulates in a WWTP
Standard sampling and analysis methods are desirable
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Questions & Comments

For more information Steven P. Gress, P.E. Technical Associate
(317) 500-4221 sgress@donohue-associates.com
Case Studies for Analyzing Aerated Grit Basins Using CFD

Marie Burbano, Ph.D., P.E., BCEE, Carrie Knatz, P.E.
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Agenda
Introduction Strategy For Analyzing Aerated Grit Tanks Using CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) Case Studies and Results
Greater Augusta Utilities District (GAUD), Augusta, Maine Onondaga County, Metropolitan Syracuse Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP), Syracuse, New York Water Pollution Control Facility (WPCF), City of Gloucester, Massachusetts
Lessons Learned Closing
Introduction
Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) CFD predicts hydraulic performance inside a structure using principles of fluid flow known
Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations Conservation of mass, momentum and energy
RANS equations solved to predict hydraulic information

Velocity and pressure At a finite number of discrete points within the fluid domain
Model represents the real-scale geometry Analysis can include simulations of different flow conditions Results can be extracted from anywhere within the fluid domain
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Strategy for Analyzing Aerated Grit Tanks Using CFD

1. Perform physical evaluation of structure
In person Photos As-builts
2. Compare facility to MOP-8 parameters 3. Identify boundaries of model 4. Establish potential modifications up front
Strategy For CFD Analysis (continued)

5. Input data from as-built drawings, flow rate, and water surface elevation to build model geometry 6. Select size of mesh
Tighter mesh used in areas of concerns Larger mesh size used in other areas to speed up simulations
7. Run baseline conditions 8. Run simulations of modifications 9. Review output results (graphics) identify flow patterns and potential disruptions in roll pattern to make recommendations
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Greater Augusta Utilities District (GAUD)

Combined collection system
Average DWF = 5 mgd Peak WWF to the plant = 43-44 mgd CSO control improvements under design
Aeration Tanks Primary Clarifiers
Grit Tanks
WWTF improvements part the program

Wet weather treatment issues Low-cost improvements sought no new tanks
Secondary Clarifiers
2009 Google
Grit Chambers
2 aerated grit chambers Significant, problematic grit carryover
Noticed when flow reaches 5-6 mgd per grit chamber Peaks reach 22 mgd per grit chamber Collection system improvements to result in peak flow of 18 mgd per grit chamber
2 Grit Tanks Large baffle at end of each tank
Grit collector
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Aerated Grit Chamber Design Criteria

GAUD Grit Chambers Traditional Design Criteria (Previous MOP 8) 1:1 to 5:1 3.5:1 to 5:1 3 to 8 cfm/ft 10 to 20 cfm/1000 cf 2 to 5 min 3 to 10 min 12 to 16 ft >30 percent Recent Design Criteria (New MOP 8) 0.8:1 to 1:1 3:1 to 8:1
Width:Depth Ratio Length:Width Ratio Aeration Rate HRT at peak flow Side Water Depth Floor slope
1.25:1 1.7:1 2.5 to 6.5 cfm/ft 1.5 to 4 cfm/1000 cf 3 min (@43 mgd) 12.75 ft 25 percent
Conclusions of Preliminary Evaluation

Grit chamber design criteria confirm observed performance Total volume of grit chambers limits likely improvement at peak flow Improvement should be possible at some intermediate lower flow CFD would be useful in identifying and optimizing low-cost improvements
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CFD Scenarios
1. Existing grit chamber 2. Existing baffle removed 3. New lateral baffles 4. New longitudinal baffle 5. Re-sloped floor 3 flows: 6 (low), 12 (avg), 22 (peak) mgd
(1) Proposed new lateral baffles Proposed floor resloping
Proposed longitudinal baffle
CFD Geometry and Model Setup

Gambit (version 2.4.6) preprocessor
Mesh generated Nearly 1,000,000 cells
Fluent version 6.3

Steady-state analysis Reynolds-averaged, Navier-Stokes equations describing flux of mass and momentum Standard k-epsilon turbulence model
Aeration
Discrete phase model (DPM) DPM injects air particles to affect primary flow pattern
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Existing Baffle Peak flow 22mgd
Existing baffle causes upward velocity in area where grit has been collected and conveyed.
Pathlines colored by velocity
Remove Existing Baffle Peak flow 22mgd
No upward velocity at effluent end; spiral pattern continues.
Pathlines colored by velocity
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Comparison Peak flow (22 mgd)

Core of very low V Core less pronounced
Higher V above collection screw upstream of weir
Higher V around the core
Lower V above collection screw
Existing baffle
Core less pronounced, Similar to no-baffle results
Existing baffle removed
Core less pronounced
Proposed lateral baffles
Comparison Peak flow (22 mgd)

Pronounced core of very low V Upflow V approaching weir Higher V around the core Overall more consistent V
Existing baffle
Core varies but exists throughout tank length
Existing baffle removed

Core less pronounced
Overall very similar to the no-baffle results
Higher V around the core
Proposed lateral baffles
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Recommended Improvements
(1) Remove existing baffle
(2) Add proposed longitudinal baffle
Improvements completed observed improved grit removal
Onondaga County, Metropolitan Syracuse WWTP

Combined Sewer 2 Screening and Grit Removal Facilities
New Screening & Grit (NS&G) Existing Screening & Grit (ES&G)
NSG Headworks
Flows
Peak Flow: 240 MGD Design Flow: 84 MGD Average Flow: 65 MGD (2010) Tertiary Treatment: <126 MGD
ESG
PS
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ES&G Aerated Grit Chambers

Flow enters at the bottom of the tank perpendicular to flow direction 2 intermediate baffles per tank Grit removal from influent end 40 long, 13 wide, 12 deep 19 diffusers, 160 cfm, air velocity = 5 ft/sec
Failure due to grit build up
NS&G Aerated Grit Chambers

Flow enters near top of tank perpendicular to flow direction 2 intermediate baffle walls Grit removal from center (2 screw conveyors per tank) Two 104 long, 25 wide, 13 deep chambers 100 diffusers, 1500 cfm, air velocity = 11 fps
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Grit Removal Project Goals

ES&G and NS&G
Optimize grit removal by improving hydraulic flow pattern to induce vertical roll pattern Distribute grit along length of tank
NS&G
Evenly divide grit between grit chambers 1 and 2
Create basis for design by using CFD

CFD used as a tool to help maximize value by spending dollars on most effective modifications Modeled existing configuration as a baseline to be able to determine level of improvement achieved by modifications
Comparison of Grit Chambers to MOP-8 Design Criteria

Criteria Width : Depth Ratio Depth Length : Width Ratio Air Rates MOP-8- 5th Ed 0.8 to 1 12 to 16 feet 3:1 to 8:1 3 to 8 cfm/ft ES&G 1.12 11.9 3:1 4 cfm/ft NS&G 1.92 13.0 4:1 14.2 cfm/ft
CFD Modeling of Grit Improvements
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ES&G: Model Simulation Results for Baseline Conditions
ES&G: Proposed Model Simulations

Once baseline simulations were complete, recommendations for proposed modifications were selected
Remove intermediate baffles Increase air flow Modify influent doghouse baffle
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ES&G Comparison of Baseline and Proposed

ES&G Baseline ES&G Proposed
Grit Tracer Study

ES&G Proposed
ES&G Baseline
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NS&G1 and NS&G2: Baseline Conditions

NS&G 1 NS&G 2
Future Work
ES&G: evaluate longitudinal baffle possibly NS&G 1: evaluate design of baffles to straighten influent flow NS&G 2: likely similar modifications as NSG 1, other than how flow is straightened
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Gloucester Water Pollution Control Facility (WPCF)

Purpose: Assess overall hydraulic performance with respect to potential for grit re-suspension CFD model (Fluent version 12.1)
Single-phase, steady state analysis Simulated aeration by introducing air bubbles with discrete-phase model (DPM)
WPCF has two identical aeration grit tanks operating in parallel only one tank was modeled Two flow conditions were simulated:
Case 1: 15 mgd with one tank in service Case 2: 15 mgd with two tanks in service (assume equal flow split between the two tanks)
Gloucester WPCF Results

Case 1: One tank for full 15 mgd flow Case 2: Two tanks in service, split 15 mgd flow
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CFD Lessons Learned

Develop potential modifications early and build into the geometry of the model, but be prepared for additional effort if baseline simulation shows something unexpected Workshops/collaboration important team approach If something is going to be changed in near future, modify the geometry and include it in baseline simulation as a given If funding available, model at different flow rates Review overall impacts of changes (upstream/downstream hydraulics for example)
Closing
Acknowledgements
GAUD
Dan Bisson (CDM), Bill McConnell (CDM), Brian Tarbuck (GAUD)
Augusta County
Dan Jean (GAUD), Jim Renk (GAUD), Nancy Vigneault (CDM)
Gloucester
Mike Kostur (CDM)
Questions?
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Vortex Case Studies

Full Scale and Pilot Scale
by Brian F. McNamara
Grit Removal Efficiency
Grit Influent
Grit Unit
Grit Effluent
Final Product
%Grit Efficiency = Grit Inf Grit Eff x 100 Grit Inf Sample Location
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Vertical Sampler Technique

This technique was employed for both full scale and pilot scale studies
Typical pump rate approximately 120 gpm
Vertical Sampler
Gathers a representative sample from the entire vertical water column
Slot width function of stream velocity, channel depth, pump velocity, & cross sectional area of pump suction
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50-micron Grit Settler
Sampling begins as diurnal flows raise up and continue thru the peak of the afternoon. Continuous composite for 6 hours.
Post-Sampling Activities Decant sample from settler Rinse loose floatable organics from sample Drain off liquid Volume & Weight of total sample recorded Wet-sieve
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Wet-sieve System
Fixed Solids Determination Flow weighted calculations for quantity or grit per MGD
Grit vs. Grit

Pilot Evaluation Comparing Multi-Tray verses Structured Vortex Grit Removal Technologies
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Multiple Tray Technology
Multiple Tray Features

Full Scale Two Units 18 MGD each (68 ML/d) 9 Trays 12 foot dia (3.66 m) 1062 ft2 (98.7 m2) Plastic & Stainless Steel Two foot head loss (60 cm) Cut Point 100 m @ 2.65 sg
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Multiple Tray Pilot Unit
Two Trays 4 ft diameter (1.22 m) Optimum Performance: Feed Rate170 gpm Cut point : 75 m @ 2.65 sg
Structured Vortex Technology
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Structured Vortex Features

Full Scale Two Units 18 MGD each (68 ML/d) 22 foot diameter (6.7 m) Concrete & Stainless Steel Less than one foot head loss (30.5 cm) Cut point 150 m @ 2.6 sg
Structured Vortex Pilot Unit
4 ft dia (1.22m) Optimum Performance: Feed Rate180 gpm Cut point : 106 m @ 2.65 sg
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Test Protocol
Simultaneous Parallel testing Same day testing Use native grit from plant RWI Comparable flow rates Applicable full scale flow rates Same test procedures Same analysis One laboratory
Scale Up Test Protocol
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Pilot Testing
Dual Vertical Samplers at RWI
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Pilots with Sampling Equipment
Testing Problems
Ultrasonic Flow Meters could not perform Feed rates determined by fill test and adjusting throttle on pump motor Rags fouled pump suctions Bar screens placed in hand Could not achieve pump rates of 300 gpm (1136 Lpm) or the full scale equivalent of 18 MGD (68 LPD) RWI channel 22 ft deep Trash pumps too small Rented pumps unable to perform
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10 MGD Results
Multiple Tray 39 ML/d (10.4 MGD) December 17, 2007
Structured Vortex 40 ML/d (10.5 MGD) December 17, 2007
15 MGD Results
Multiple Tray 57 ML/d (15.1 MGD) December 18, 2007
Structured Vortex 56 ML/d (14.8 MGD) December 18, 2007
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Pilot Unit Removal Efficiencies
Conclusion
Foot Print Equal Price Comparable
$1.3 Million for 2 Multiple Tray Units $1.2 Million for 2 Vortex Units
Head loss greater for multiple tray unit Multiple tray unit exhibited higher removal rates at higher flows
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True Grit
Full-Scale Performance Assessment At Three Mechanical Vortex Grit Removal Treatment Plants
Evaluated Grit Removal Processes
*Specs indicate both 30 MGD and 50 MGD **All systems reference grit at 2.65 SG Note: All removal processes refined the grit using cyclones & classifiers
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VIP Forced Vortex 20 ft dia
Plant Design 40 MGD with Collection system composed of both gravity and force mains

29 MGD Plant Recycles Plant Drains RWI = 2.8 fps Grit Inf = 2.3 fps Grit Eff = 3.5 fps Grit Influent RWI Vortex Grit Effluent
Recycle 54 vertical rise Preceded by RWI wet well Final Product Grit Refinement
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VIP RWI Forced Vortex 20 ft dia
VIP Forced Vortex 20 ft dia Grit Influent and Grit Effluent
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Plant History
Grit in primary biosolids Premature wear on centrifuges Grit volume taking up valuable incinerator space
Plant History
RWI flow and Incinerator feed belt totalizer during a hydraulic event.
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Concentration of Grit VIP Force Vortex 20 ft dia on May 20, 2007 Sunday
Virginia Initiative Plant Vortex 20 ft Dia Efficiency Results
Average hourly flow during sampling was approximately 30 MGD Specification requires 65% of 100 mesh (150 m) at a maximum design flow of 26.7 MGD and 2.65 sg
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System Conclusions
- 70% of RWI grit was over 200 microns - > 300 micron grit shape flat, settled slowly - Current system operation does not adequately protect downstream equipment - Note: Plant was advised to use 2 vortexes if flows over 26 MGD
CETP Forced Vortex 24 ft dia
Plant Design 24 MGD with a collection system composed of force mains
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Parshall Flume Plant Recycles Plant Drains 23 MGD RWI = 2.0 fps Grit Inf = 4.0 fps RWI Grit Influent Vortex Grit Effluent Grit Eff = 3.0 fps
Recycle Grit Refinement Force main collection system. Predominantly urban. Sample Location
Final Product
CETP Forced Vortex 24 ft dia RWI & Grit Influent
23 MGD RWI = 2 fps
Grit Inf = 4 fps
Grit Eff = 3 fps
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CETP Forced Vortex 24 ft dia Grit Effluent
Plant History
Prior to forced vortex units, plant used square grit chambers or Detritors. 2005 Detritors removed 24,570 ft3 grit 2007 Forced vortex & hydro-cyclones removed 2,034 ft3
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Plant Grit Experience

Grit Build up in the aeration tanks Lost Secondary Clarifier due to grit build up Removed grit from contact tanks Removed grit in scum concentrator
Concentration of Grit CETP Forced Vortex 24 ft dia RWI, Grit Influent, Grit Effluent Thursday May 17, 2007
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CETP Forced Vortex 24 ft dia Removal Efficiency
Average hourly flow during sampling was approximately 20 MGD/hour
At 30 MGD, manufacturer specifies 95% removal of 100-mesh with 2.65 sg
System Conclusions
- +80% of RWI grit was over 200 microns - > 300 micron grit shape flat, settled slowly - System did not protect downstream equipment
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Nansemond Treatment Plant 24 ft Vortex
Plant Design 30 MGD with a collection system composed of force mains
NTP Forced Vortex 24 ft dia

22.5 MGD Plant Recycles Plant Drains RWI = 2.8 fps Grit Inf = 1.7 fps Grit Eff = 1.93 fps Grit Influent RWI Vortex Grit Effluent
Recycle 48 vertical rise Grit Refinement
Final Product
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Plant Grit Experience NTP Forced Vortex 24 ft dia
1203 Wet Metric Tons Removed from Digester 2008
NTP Forced Vortex 24 ft dia Removal Efficiency
Average hourly flow during sampling was approximately 20 MGD/hour At 50 MGD, manufacturer specifies 95% removal of 100-mesh with 2.65 sg *
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System Conclusions
Nansemond 24 ft Vortex
Over 80% of grit was less than 297 m System does not adequately protect down stream equipment.
1203 Metric tons removed from digester in 2008
Overall Conclusions
TECHNIQUE - The grit sampling and testing methods are repeatable and meaningful - Evaluating the overall system is necessary EQUIPMENT (for this study) - Forced vortex units had high efficiencies for large micron particles - Forced vortex units performed better at less than design flow rates OPERATIONAL ADVICE - Evaluate putting more units in service to catch slug loads (first morning flows and wet weather events) FUTURE - More testing is desired during wet weather events - CFD Modeling to examine how to improve performance
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True Grit Summary
Questions?
Brian McNamara Army Base Treatment Plant 401 Lagoon Road Norfolk, VA 23505 bmcnamara@hrsd.com 757-440-2521
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Questions?
This Webcast Is Brought To You By:

Smith & Loveless Inc.
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4/15/2013

This Webcast Is Brought To You By:

The Fundamentals of Grit Removal and Grit System Evaluation Part 2

What: Grit Properties, Settling Principles & Characterization

Physical Properties of Grit in Wastewater

Various Grit Particle Size Units of Measurement

Traditional Assumptions vs. More Recent Suggested Grit Understanding

More Recent Understanding

Specific Gravity Values of Various Grit Materials

Distribution of Grit at WWTPs

Fine Grit Removal Challenges in WWTPs - WEFTEC 2004

Suggested Sand Equivalent Size (SES) Parameter

Grit Book Eutek Systems, Inc. 2007

Grit Size vs. SES Size Comparison

Grit Book - Eutek Systems, Inc. 2007

Other Recent Grit Opinions

Particle Settling Theory Cont.

Wastewater Engr. - Trt. & Reuse, 4th Edition

Particle Settling Theory Cont.

vp(t) [(4g/3Cd)(sgp 1)dp]0.5

Particle Settling Theory Cont.

Particle Settling Theory Cont.

Settling Velocities in Laminar & Transition Regions at 20C

Wastewater Engr. - Trt. & Reuse, 4th Edition

Particle Settling Theory Cont.

Discrete Particle Settling

Definition Sketch for Ideal Discrete Particle Settling

Wastewater Engr. - Trt. & Reuse, 4th Edition

Discrete Particle Settling Cont.

Particles with a settling velocity < vc will be removed in the ratio:

Discrete Particle Settling Cont.

Wastewater Engr. - Trt. & Reuse, 4th Edition

Gravity Separation In An Accelerated Flow Field

Gravity Separation In An Accelerated Flow Field Cont.

Grit Happens - INWEA 2010

Gravity Separation In An Accelerated Flow Field Cont.

Two inherent difficulties with grit testing (MOP-8)

Sand Equivalent Size Determination

Sand Equivalent Size Determination Sampling Equipment

Grit Book - Eutek Systems, Inc. 2007

Sand Equivalent Size Determination Grit Analysis

Measure the ash weight for each size interval

Sand Equivalent Size Determination Grit Analysis Cont.

Grit Book - Eutek Systems, Inc. 2007

Dry Sieve Analysis of Collected Influent Grit Sample

Dry Sieve Analysis Concerns

Grit Book Eutek Systems, Inc. 2007

Sampling & Characterization of Primary Sludge

Sampling & Characterization of Grit Accumulated in Aeration Basins

Summary & Conclusions

Standard sampling and analysis methods are desirable

Questions & Comments

Case Studies for Analyzing Aerated Grit Basins Using CFD

Lessons Learned Closing

RANS equations solved to predict hydraulic information

Strategy for Analyzing Aerated Grit Tanks Using CFD

Strategy For CFD Analysis (continued)

Greater Augusta Utilities District (GAUD)

WWTF improvements part the program

Aerated Grit Chamber Design Criteria

Conclusions of Preliminary Evaluation

Proposed longitudinal baffle