FPGA Based Implementation & Power Analysis of Parameterized Walsh Sequences

Gaurav Purohit ! "#$ %hau&ey'

(epartment of ))) BI*S+ Pilani! Pilani %ampus Pilani! India ,p#&its- ,mail#com ! v.cster-,mail#com'
Abstract This paper presents FPGA based implementation of the theory which replaces a general Sine and cosine function by set of orthogonal functions i.e. Walsh function. The paper further compares Parameterized Serial !n Serial "ut# architectures based on classical counter approach. The in$estigation consider FPGA parameters li%e Area& Speed and Power and shows that using Gray'increment based architecture instead of (inary sa$es )mW of power per symbol *)+ Walsh chips per symbol, with -./ reduction in area. The design is implemented in 0123 code& simulated in 4AT3A( System Generator en$ironment and $alidated with 4AT3A( Simulin% 4odel. The design targeted 5ilin6 0irte6'7 XC5VLX50T-1ff1136 FPGA de$ice for the implementation and comparison. The design found their uses in many popular applications li%e Software 2efine 8adio *S28, including multiuser communications such as 924A& W924A& 03S! testing& pattern recognition as well as image and signal processing. Keywords-CDMA, ade!ac"er f#$ct%o$, &D , 'e$erator, (CDMA, (a)s" se*#e$ces, (a)s" f#$ct%o$+ &yste!

$ota Solomon /a0u1! (ivya "yas

(i,ital Systems Group %SI/ + %))/I Pilani Pilani! India solomon-ceeri#ernet#in1 Fourier transforms! audio and video si,nal processin,! filterin, and multipleAin, have &een widely reported in literature B1C+BFC specially for multimode radio S(/ >Software (efined /adio@ and /econfi,ura&le /adio as in %(EA standard! where the individual channels are distin,uished from each other &y mutual ortho,onality of si,nals# It is therefore! necessary to create mutually ortho,onal sequences! throu,h which information is transmitted &y various channels spread# *he *a&le I shows the application of Walsh code in the %(EA /everse channels BGC# *his paper presents a customized! ele,ant! and concise solution for &uildin, hazard free! noiseless HF+ ortho,onal set usin, /ademacher function# Furthermore presents the comparison is &ased on three main parameter viz# power! speed and area for two prominent SIS3 architecture i#e# usin, classical &inary counter and Gray counter#
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WA5S6 functions are a complete set of periodic two+ valued 78 !+ 9 ortho,onal functions that can &e used in somewhat the same manner as Fourier functions# :#5 Walsh in his article ;A closed set of normal ortho,onal functions< of ='1 defined ortho,onal functions! which is closed in a standard interval >?! @ and every function ta.es the values 78 !+ 9 eAcept the final num&er of discrete points! which is zero B C# WalshDs definition seems more appealin, to en,ineers &ecause of the analo,y with tri,onometric functions in terms of orderin, the functions accordin, to the increasin, avera,e num&er of zero crossin,s in a unit interval! called ;sequency<# 6owever! they have aroused ,reat interest in recent years in wireless communication as they are used as channelization code in many standards such as %(EA'??? >%ode (ivision Eultiple Access@! W%(EA >Wide&and %ode (ivision Eultiple Access@ B'C# *hey are used for the elimination or the reduction of interference within the users and within the channels and furthermore for their identification# *hey have vast applications in the field of communications! fast

*he paper is structured as followsI Section ' illustrates a&out ,eneration of the Walsh sequence and previous wor.s to provide appropriate &ac.,round# In Section 1! descri&es FPGA implementation of SIS3 architectures# In Section F! we investi,ate and evaluate our results &y comparin, the two implemented architectures#

II#

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*here are two different .inds of Walsh function ,enerators are in use the first ,enerates only one Walsh function at a time out of a lar,e possi&le num&er# Whereas the second method ,enerates a complete set of Walsh functions simultaneously# 3ur implementations ,enerate only one Walsh function at a time and are shown with two different architectures &ased on /ademacher function# *he difference is that first architecture uses classical &inary counter and ,ray indeA whereas other &y ,ray counter and ,ray indeA# 5et us see how /ademacher functions are used for ,eneratin, Walsh sequence BHC# /ademacher functions of order N are set of 1+log2N ortho,onal functions consistin, of N=2^k rectan,ular pulses# *hese pulses assume alternately the values 8 and + in an interval of >?! T@# *he /ademacher functions of order N are defined &y the relation! 8n *t, : sgn *sin ; <t,& > @ ("ere 8. *t, : >&
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After ,eneratin, /ademacher functions these are converted to /ademacher sequences# *his operation yields conversion into &inary lo,ic >8 J? & + J @# *he Walsh sequences are ,enerated as a modulo+' sum of /ademacher functions# *his process is &ased on Walsh function indeA sequence conversion into the Gray code# IndeA sequence of Walsh function is simply Walsh function indeA in &inary code Xi = (xi1, xi2xiK) *he Gray code Gi = (gi1, gi2 giK) is created as followsI A. Abbreviations an A!ron"#s (efine a&&reviations and acronyms the first time they are used in the teAt! even after they have &een defined in the a&stract# A&&reviations such as I)))! SI! E$S! %GS! sc! dc! and rms do not have to &e defined# (o not use a&&reviations in the title or heads unless they are unavoida&le# $. %nits 4se either SI >E$S@ or %GS as primary units# >SI units are encoura,ed#@ )n,lish units may &e used as secondary units >in parentheses@# An eAception would &e the use of )n,lish units as identifiers in trade! such as ;1#G+inch dis. drive<# Avoid com&inin, SI and %GS units! such as current in amperes and ma,netic field in oersteds# *his often leads to confusion &ecause equations do not &alance dimensionally# If you must use miAed units! clearly state the units for each quantity that you use in an equation# (o not miA complete spellin,s and a&&reviations of unitsI ;W&Km'< or ;we&ers per square meter<! not ;we&ersKm'<# Spell out units when they appear in teAtI ;# # # a few henries<! not ;# # # a few 6<#

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