|H1j|+||

|+"

Sr Sam
.
ks
.
epa Harin am amr
.
ta Vy akaran
.
a
The Shorter Grammar of the Nectar of Haris
Names
Version 0.2
||1H|1|||1|

by

Sr Jva Gosv am
(edited, translated, and annotated
by
Nitai Das (Neal Delmonico),
assisted by Nilamadhava Das (Ernest Massengale))
June 18, 2005
ii
Contents
Dedication v
1 Terminology and Sandhi 1
1.1 Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1.1 The Alphabet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1.2 Technical Terms (~ H5|) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.2 Sandhi H|+m

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.2.1 Sarve svara-sandhi (H1H|:) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.2.2 Vis
.
n
.
ujana Sandhi |1m

+H|: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
1.2.3 Vis
.
n
.
usarga ~ |1m

HHH|: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2 Noun Declension 21
2.1 Masculine nouns ending in vowels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2.2 Feminine nouns ending in vowels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
iii
iv Contents
Dedication
+

"

1||H

9|1 +||1| +1` '

1| |1 * 1| H||j||*||*

| ; |
In order to worship Kr
.
s
.
n
.
a, I string together like a garland a succession of his
names. May it quickly spread the joy produced by literature about him. (1)
P|j|~1| * | *|+

|H+|

'
j|+||1|1| |+" 1`"1|||:| > |
Seeing that a many grammars are awed by by being convoluted with jibberish
technical words, we have strung together a grammar for Vais
.
n
.
avas made of a
garland of Haris names. (2)
|+" +|1

| |1+

|: H*|H|1+|:'
j|+||

|11

|1H|j|

| ; |
Let those who are always distressed by and want to preserve their lives in the
midst of the desert of grammar drink this nectar of the names of Hari and dip
into it a hundred times. (3)
|j|

+1| j|+||

'
|+"@ +| |11

1.1||H+:| < |
After offering obeisance to sweet Hari, may the residents of Vraja drink, with
devotion to him, the grammar made of the juice of the nectar of his names. (4)
H| 1||j| 1| | j +1 1||
1`+

"5+|H.j"1|j |1* :| J| ( |H

->;<)
v
vi Dedication
They know that saying the name of Vaikun
.
t
.
ha, whether by convention or in
joking, to ll in a gap or without intending to, removes innumerable sins.
(Bh ag. 6.2.14) (5)
Chapter 1
Terminology and Sandhi
1.1 Terminology
1.1.1 The Alphabet
; ' +||"|*

| 1": '
From N ar ayan
.
a is born this succession of letters.
P P| * * 7 3 } } P| P| P P: '
+ H 7 '
+ '
5 7 " '
* + '
1 + 1 '
1 1 H j '
} 1"|: P||" P: '
These are otherwise called the varn
.
a, the aks
.
ara, and the al.
}1|

1|+||+:
The places of the production of these are:
1
2 Chapter 1. Terminology and Sandhi
P- P| - +1H - j- |1HH|"| +"5:
a, a, ka-varga (k, kh, g, gh, n), and visarga (h
.
) [are produced] in the throat;
* - * - 1H - - |+| |

i,

i, ca-varga (c, ch, j, jh, n), ya, and s [are produced] in the palate;
7- 3- 11H|"||:
u, u, and the pa-varga (p, ph, b, bh, m) [are produced] at the lips;
- - 1H - - 1|"|

|
r
.
, r
.
, t
.
a-varga (t
.
, t
.
h, d
.
, d
.
h, n
.
), r, and s
.
[are produced] at the roof of the mouth;
- - 1H - - H|+| *|:
l
.
,

l
.
, ta-varga (t, th, d, dh, n), l, and s [are produced] at the teeth;
}* `|: +"5|

e and ai with the throat and palate;

P|*||: +"5|

o and au with the throat and lips;

1+| *|

v with the teeth and lips;

P+

1| || +||H+| 1| *|*||+ | ; |
anusv ara in the head or nose. (1)
1.1.2 Technical Terms (aT s\A)
> ' |*|

* H1|: '
1|: , P | > |
2. In that, the fourteen at the beginning are the Sarve svara (Controllers of All).
They are also [known as] the vowels (svara) and ac.
; ' * *|1||: '
H|+|: , P+ | ; |
3. The rst ten are the Ten Avat ara (Descents).
1.1. Terminology 3
They are also [known as] the uniform ones (sam ana) and ak.
< ' 1| | |1+|+| '
H1"H5| | < |
4. Each pair of them are Ek atmaka (Soul-mates).
and also are given the name homogenous letters (savarn
.
a).
J ' 1

1| 1|+: '
1|: , |+1|

| J |
5. The prior [of each pair] is a V amana (Dwarf).
They are also the short vowels or the shortened.
- ' 1||1: '
*||

| - |
6. The latter is a Trivikrama (Giant).
They are also the long vowels.
o ' ||| j|1

1: '
7

- H5 | o |
7. One lasting three measures is a a Mah apurus
.
a (Great Giant).
It also has the name prolonged.
c ' P- P| - 1||: H1| *|: '
+||+: , *

| c |
8. The Sarve svara, minus a and a, are the

I svara (Controllers).
They are also the named ones and ic.
_ ' *|1|| *|: '
*+

| _ |
9. The Ten Avat ara, minus a and a, are the

I sa (Lords).
They are also ik.
; ' P- P| - * - * - 7- 3 P+|: '
P"

| ; |
10. a, a, i, , u, and u are the Ananta (Endless Ones).
They are also called an
.
.
;; ' * - * - 7- 3

:H+|: '
*" | ;; |
11. i, , u, and u are the Catuh
.
sana.
1
1
Sanaka, Sanandana, Sanatkum ara and San atana; incarnations of Vis
.
n
.
u born from Brahm a.
4 Chapter 1. Terminology and Sandhi
They are also called in
.
.
;> ' 7- 3- -

|: '
7+ | ;> |
12. u, u, r
.
, and r
.
are the Caturbhuja (Four-armed Ones).
They are also called uk.
;; ' }- }- P| - P|

j|: '
H||", } ' } H1 ||1|: | ;; |
13. e, ai, o, and au are the Caturvy uha (Four Expansions).
They are also known as compound vowels (sandhyaks
.
ara) and ec. They are all
Trivikrama.
;< ' P *| |1"

'
P+

1|: , |1* : , 1 | ;< |

14. The nasal sound, m, is Vis
.
n
.
ucakra (Vis
.
n
.
us Discus).
This is also known as anusv ara, bindu, and lava.
;J ' P *| |1"

|1: '
P+

+||H+ | ;J |
15. The nasalized letter ~ is Vis
.
n
.
uc apa (Vis
.
n
.
u Bow).
It also known as the anun asika.
;- ' P: *| |1"

HH: '
|1HH: , |1H+|: , |1H

: , P||+|+ | ;- |
16. The nal aspiration ah
.
is Vis
.
n
.
usarga (Vis
.
n
.
us Creation).
It is also known as visarga, visarjanya, visr
.
s
.
t
.
a, and abhinis
.
t
.
ana.
;o ' +|*| |1"

+|: '
+||+ j ' +- 1- H|H

: | ;o |
17. The rest, beginning with ka, are Vis
.
n
.
ujana (Vis
.
n
.
us People).
Also called the Consonants and hal. The union of k and s
.
produces ks
.
T.
;c ' - 1- 1||

1|: '
| ;c |
18. Vis
.
n
.
ujana, minus y and v, are the Bala (Forces).
They are also known as ral.
1.1. Terminology 5
;_ ' ||: 1@ 1@ |1"

1H|: '
1H| +

- 1

- +||+ | ;_ |
19. The ve groups of ve, from k to m among the Vis
.
n
.
ujana, are called
the Vis
.
n
.
uvarga (Groups of Vis
.
n
.
u).
The groups are also called ku, cu, t
.
u, tu, and pu.
> ' - 1||

|1"

H"|: '
: | > |
20. The Vis
.
n
.
uvarga minus n are the Vis
.
n
.
ugan
.
a (Folk of Vis
.
n
.
u).
Also known as may.
>; ' +- - - - 1| j|+||+ '
|1 | >; |
21. k, c, t
.
, t, and p are the Harikamala (Lotuses of Hari).
Also: the rst ones and cap.
>> ' - - 5- - +| j||: '
|||+ | >> |
22. kh, ch, t
.
h, th, and ph are the Harikhadga (Swords of Hari).
Also: the second one and chaph.
>; ' H- - 7- *- 1| j|H*|: '

|| 1 | >; |
23. g, j, d
.
, d, and b are the Harigad a (Clubs of Hari).
Also: the third ones and jab.
>< ' - +- - - | j||1|: '

| + | >< |
24. gh, jh, d
.
h, dh, and bh are Harighos
.
a (Haris Thunder).
Also: the fourth ones and jhabh.
>J ' 7- - "- +- | j|1"1: '
1@| P+

+||H+| | >J |
25. n, n, n
.
, n, and m the Hariven
.
u (Flutes of Hari).
Also: the fth ones, the nasals, and nam.
>- ' }|| |1"

*|H|: '
+1 | >- |
6 Chapter 1. Terminology and Sandhi
26. The Vis
.
n
.
uvarga minus the Hariven
.
u are Vis
.
n
.
ud asa (Vis
.
n
.
us Servants).
Also: jhap.
>o ' - - - 1| j||||" '
P:| " ' } H|1"

|1| |+|1"

|1| | >o |
27. y, r, l, and v are the Harimitra (Haris Friends).
Also: the semivowels and yan
.
. They are sometimes with Vis
.
n
.
uc apa and some-
times without it.
>c ' - 1- H- j| j|H|||" '
7|+: |1: | >c |
28. s, s
.
, s, and h are Harigotra (Haris Family).
Also: the us
.
man, s
.
it
.
, and sal.
>_ ' - 1- H|: |: '
| >_ |
29. s, s
.
, and s are the

Sauri.
Also: sar.
; ' |1"

*|H- j|H|||" 1`"1|: '

| + | ; |
30. The Vis
.
n
.
ud asa and Harigotra are the Vais
.
n
.
ava.
Also: dhut
.
and jhal.
;; ' j|H*| - j||1- j|1"

- j||||" j H|1||: '

|11| j | ;; |
31. The Harigad a, Harighos
.
a, Hariven
.
u, Harimitra and h are the Gop ala
(Cowherders).
Also: the voiced and ha s.
;> ' |*1| P '
P|1|: | ;> |
32. The others are the Y adava.
Also: the unvoiced and khar.
;; ' ||1||

H|1|: '
1 | ;; |
1.1. Terminology 7
33. The Y adava minus the

Sauri ( s, s
.
, and s) are the S atvata.
Also: khap.
;< ' 1"1-1 |: ' P

P+| *||* | ;< |

34. R ama is used in indicating a letter itself.
Also: at
.
, it
.
, and ak ara.
;J ' *||*

'
P |+||"1||1|H1W|| | ;J |
35. Each pair is called Dvaya.
Since Dvaya refers to Laks
.
m-N ar ayan
.
a, it is a name of the Lord.
;- ' P|* | |1||@: | ;- |
36. Substitution is Viri nci.
;o ' P|H| |1"

: | ;o |
37. Insertion is Vis
.
n
.
u.
;c ' |1| j: '

* | ;c |
38. Elision is Hara.
This is also called luk.
;_ ' H

||" 17 |1||+ '

39. There are six kinds of s utra.
H5| 1||1| |1||+ }1 '
P|* ||+| 17 |1 H

" | *| | ;_ |
The six kinds of s utra are: 1. that which denes a name, 2. that which gives a
general procedure, 3. that which gives a necessary rule, 4. that which restricts
a rule, 5. that which gives a substitution, and 6. that which gives scope of
application of a rule.
P +|+" H5||* H1

"

'
Here the assigning of terms and names is complete.
8 Chapter 1. Terminology and Sandhi
1.2 Sandhi sEDkrZm
^
1.2.1 Sarve svara-sandhi (svrsED,)
|** H||+|" 1"|+||

*| '
+ +

"1|*| +:H||1||

|
As I begin joyfully the construction of the combination of the letters, may my
mind be combined with the lotus feet of Kr
.
s
.
n
.
a!
H| +1* |+ |+ |

1HH|: '
P|+ H

|+* ||+| |
Sandhi within a word is required, required between a verbal root and its prex,
optional in the prescription of a s utra, and optional everywhere else.
< ' *|1| }+|+ ||1| ||1: '
+

"|H. , ||H| , j| j||, j|j| , |1"

*: , |1"

| , +.|

|1: , H

-
+|: | < |
40. A Da s avat ara followed by its Ek atmaka forms a Trivikrama.
kr
.
s
.
n
.
a + agre = kr
.
s
.
n
.
agre
r adh a + agat a = r adh agat a
hari hari + iti = hari harti
hari + h a = harh a
vis
.
n
.
u + udayah
.
= vis
.
n
.
udayah
.
vis
.
n
.
u + ud
.
h a = vis
.
n
.
ud
.
h a
narabhr atr
.
+ r
.
s
.
ih
.
= narabhr at r
.
s
.
ih
.
gaml
.
+ l
.
k arah
.
= gam

l
.
k arah
.
(40)
<; ' P| } '
|*1* : , H|+

: ,

: | <; |
41. A or a followed by i or combine to form e.
y adava + indrah
.
= y adavendrah
.
gokula + sah
.
= gokule sah
.
mathur a + sah
.
= mathure sah
.
(41)
<> ' 7 P| '
1

1|: , H

1"|: , |+|H1: | <> |

1.2. Sandhi sEDkrZm
^
9
42. A or a followed by u or u combine to form o.
purus
.
a + uttamah
.
= purus
.
ottamah
.
suparn
.
a + ud
.
hah
.
= suparn
.
od
.
hah
.
dv arak a + utsavah
.
= dv arakotsavah
.
(42)
<; ' P

'
+

"|: | <; |
43. A or a followed by r
.
or r
.
combine to form ar.
kr
.
s
.
n
.
a + r
.
dhih
.
= kr
.
s
.
n
.
ardhih
.
(43)
<< ' P

'

+~+|| | << |
44. A or a followed by l
.
or

l
.
combine to form al..
yamun a + l
.
k ar ayate = yamunalk ar ayate (44)
<J ' } } '
+

"`++|: , +

"`

, 1`

, 1`| , 1`|"| | <J |

45. A or a followed by e or ai combine to form ai.
kr
.
s
.
n
.
a + ekan athah
.
= kr
.
s
.
n
.
aikan athah
.
kr
.
s
.
n
.
a + ai svaryam = kr
.
s
.
n
.
ai svaryam
sva + ram = svairam
2
sva + r = svair
sva + rin
.
= svairin
.
(45)
<- ' P| P| '
+

"|*+

, +

"|W

, |: , || | <- |
46. A or a followed by o or au combine to form au.
kr
.
s
.
n
.
a + odanam = kr
.
s
.
n
.
audanam
kr
.
s
.
n
.
a + aunnatyam = kr
.
s
.
n
.
aunnatyam
pra + ud
.
hah
.
= praud
.
hah
.
3
pra + ud
.
hi sca = praud
.
hi sca (46)
<o ' *1 : H1 '
j+

, j|H+

, *

1* , |1"1| *||* | <o |

47. I or becomes y when followed by a Sarve svara.
2
This is governed by the s utra -vAdFr ErZo tTA (1.56) which is not included in the short version
of the grammar. It means: after sva, ra and rin
.
a also take ai.
3
Covered by the s utra Ad Yo tTA (1.58): after pra ud
.
ha and ud
.
hi get au.
10 Chapter 1. Terminology and Sandhi
hari + arcanam = haryarcanam
hari + asanam = hary asanam
dadhi + upendrasya = dadhyupendrasya
rukmin
.
+ es
.
a = rukmin
.
yes
.
a
iti + adi = ity adi (47)
<c ' 7 1: '
1|: , |1"1||: | <c |
48. U or u becomes v when followed by a Sarve svara.
madhu + arih
.
= madhvarih
.
vis
.
n
.
u + a sritah
.
= vis
.
n
.
v a sritah
.
(48)
<_ ' : '
|.|

*: , |.|`

| <_ |
49. R
.
or r
.
becomes r when followed by a Sarve svara.
r amabhr atr
.
+ udayah
.
= r amabhr atrudayah
.
r amabhr atr
.
+ ai svaryam = r amabhr atrai svaryam (49)
J ' : '
=: | J |
50. L
.
or

l
.
becomes l when followed by a Sarve svara.
sakl
.
+ arthah
.
= saklarthah
.
(50)
J; ' } P

, } P|

'
+

"

+1: , H|||H+

| J; |
51. E becomes ay and ai becomes ay when followed by a Sarve svara.
kr
.
s
.
n
.
e + utkars
.
ah
.
= kr
.
s
.
n
.
ayutkars
.
ah
.
gopyai + asanam = gopy ay asanam (51)
J> ' P| P1

, P| P|1

'
|1"|1j, +

"|1 | J> |
52. O becomes av and au becomes av when followed by a Sarve svara.
vis
.
n
.
o + iha = vis
.
n
.
aviha
kr
.
s
.
n
.
au + atra = kr
.
s
.
n
.
avatra (52)
1.2. Sandhi sEDkrZm
^
11
J; ' }- P|-| j| |1"

1*| '
j , |1"| | J; |
53. After e/o at the end of a word a is elided (a is replaced with avagraha).
hare + atra = hare tra
vis
.
n
.
o + atra = vis
.
n
.
o tra (53)
J< ' P|*|+| 1|1| '
+

" 7+1: ,

+|| P: , H|| P|H+

, |1" *j, +

"| P | J< |
54. Beginning with ay (ay, ay, av and av when followed by a Sarve svara) there
is optional [elision] of y or v.
kr
.
s
.
n
.
e + utkars
.
ah
.
= kr
.
s
.
n
.
ayutkars
.
ah
.
= kr
.
s
.
n
.
a utkars
.
ah
.
yamun ayai + arghah
.
= yamun ay ayarghah
.
= yamun ay a arghaH
gopyai + asanam = gopy ay asanam = gopy a asanam
vis
.
n
.
o + iha = vis
.
n
.
aviha = vis
.
n
.
a iha
kr
.
s
.
n
.
au + atra = kr
.
s
.
n
.
avatra = kr
.
s
.
n
.
a atra (54)
JJ ' P||||+|+|+| ||+| H1 + H|: '
+| 71* : | JJ |
55. There is no change to an indeclinable/interjection ending in an Ananta or
o when followed by a Sarve svara.
no + upendrah
.
= no upendrah
.
(55)
J- ' P*H|| '
P| P

||: | J- |
56. There is no sandhi of the am

i form of the pronoun adas [when a

Sarve svara follows].
am

i acyutapriyah
.
(56)
Jo ' j|1

1 '
* |j|+|*| |11 1|1| H1|+1* HH|| j|1

1: ; 7

H5 |
Jo |
57. And [there is no sandhi] of a Mah apurus
.
a.
In the special effort of calling from a distance and so forth, the Sam
.
s ara of the
word being called out becomes a Mah apurus
.
a at the end of the sentence. It [the
Mah apurus
.
a] also is called a pluta. (57)
12 Chapter 1. Terminology and Sandhi
Jc ' PH1||*1"|: HH|H5|: '
P|H j ; , | j ; | Jc |
58. The letters headed by the nal Sarve svara receive the name Sam
.
s ara..
agaccha hare-3
tis
.
t
.
ha hare-3. (58)
J_ ' |1| 1

11|1 HH|: '

|| +

; , +

"| +

| J_ |
59. In cases of deliberation, the Sam
.
s ara belongs to the prior sentence.
tam alo nu-3, kr
.
s
.
n
.
o nu. (59)
- '
1

1| 1|: ||** |1

|j'
|1+|11|||| |1

|
j|; *? 1|; 7||1| -|
60. However, the a [replacement] of the prior half should become [the Mah apurus
.
a]
and i or u should come in place of the latter half. Moreover, after those di-
vided parts (i or u), a ch is doubled.
hare + chatram + etat + te = har a-3 icchatrametatte
pat
.
o + chatram = pat
.
a-3 ucchatram. (60)
~1, j|| , ||, m|m , H|H. , H1* *|*1||H|H|1-
* H1|

'
Because they are difcult to understand, adyeva, hal sa, pr arcchati, r
.
n
.
arn
.
am
.
, go
gram, gavendra and so forth will be described in the verb and compound sec-
tions.
Thus ends the Section on Sandhi of the Sarve svaras.
1.2. Sandhi sEDkrZm
^
13
1.2.2 Vis
.
n
.
ujana Sandhi EvZ
`
jnsED,
-; ' |1"

*|H| |1"

1*| j||1 j|H*| '

1|H

, 1|H||1*, 1||1+| , H1|*| , ++

|["|: | -; |
61. A Vis
.
n
.
ud asa, at the end of a word or followed a Harighos
.
a, becomes a
Harigad a.
v ak + acyutasya = v agacyutasya;
v ak + govindasya = v aggovindasya;
s
.
at
.
+ gopik a = s
.
ad
.
gopik a;
bhagavat + icch a = bhagavadicch a;
kakubh + vis
.
n
.
oh
.
= kakubvis
.
n
.
oh
.
(61)
-> ' j|1"| j|1"

1| '
HW|: , H| *||* | -> |
62. Followed by a Hariven
.
u, a Vis
.
n
.
ud asa optionally becomes a Hariven
.
u.
jagat + n athah
.
= jagadn athah
.
or jagann athah
.
(62)
-; ' |*1| j|+

'
1|

" | -; |
63. When followed by any Y adava, a Vis
.
n
.
ud asa becomes (or remains) a Harika-
mala.
v ak + kr
.
s
.
n
.
asya = v akkr
.
s
.
n
.
asya (63)
-< ' : | 1| '
H

1|+||1| | -< |
64. If s is the Y adava that follows Vis
.
n
.
ud asa, s optionally becomes ch.
suv ak + saurih
.
= suv akchaurih
.
(64)
-J ' j| j||1: '
1|H

: , 1|H

j : *||* | -J |
65. Following a Vis
.
n
.
ud asa, h optionally becomes [a matching] Harighos
.
a.
v ak + hareh
.
= v aghareh
.
or v agghareh
.
(65)
-- ' *| 11"| - - 1H1

|+

'
|1: *||* | -- |
14 Chapter 1. Terminology and Sandhi
66. Followed by l, ca-varga, or t
.
a-varga, the letters t and d will always change
to the letter they precede.
tad + laks
.
mpateh
.
= tallaks
.
mpateh
.
(66)
-o ' '

| : | -o |
67. When followed by s, t becomes c.
tat + saureh
.
= tac saureh
.
(67)
-c ' +||: |: , 5|: 1|: , |: H|: , |1-
"

1| |1"

|11

1| 1| '
H1||, H1||*|, H1||+, H1|

: , H1||, H1|

-
+|| | -c |
68. If a word ends with n, and is followed by c/ch, t
.
/th
.
, or t/th, then s, s
.
, or
s is inserted respectively. N is then represented by Vis
.
n
.
ucakra or, optionally,
by Vis
.
n
.
uc apa.
bhagav an + calati = bhagav am
.
scalati;
bhagav an + ch adayati = bhagav am
.
sch adayati;
bhagav an + t
.

ikate = bhagav am
.
s
.
t
.

ikate;
bhagav an + t
.
hakkurah
.
= bhagav am
.
s
.
t
.
hakkurah
.
;
bhagav an + tarati = bhagav am
.
starati;
bhagav an + th utkaroti = bhagav am
.
sth utkaroti
-_ ' || 1| '
H1|@

: , H1|

: , H1|@

:| -_|
69. Followed by s, n becomes n. Insertion of c is optional.
bhagav a nc s urah
.
;
bhagav a n s urah
.
bhagav a nc ch urah
.
(69)
o ' | |1"

|1"

+ '
+

" || o|
70. Followed by a Vis
.
n
.
ujana, m is indicated by Vis
.
n
.
ucakra.
kr
.
s
.
n
.
am + smarati = kr
.
s
.
n
.
am
.
smarati. (70)
o; ' |1"

j|1"

|1"

1H |1"

1*|

1| '
+

"||, +

"| 1| ' 1H|* + H1H: | o; |

1.2. Sandhi sEDkrZm
^
15
71. When followed by a Vis
.
n
.
uvarga, Vis
.
n
.
ucakra becomes the Hariven
.
u of that
Vis
.
n
.
uvarga, but at the end of a word this is optional.
4
kr
.
s
.
n
.
am
.
+ krtayati = kr
.
s
.
n
.
am
.
krtayati or kr
.
s
.
n
.
a nkrtayati;
kr
.
s
.
n
.
am
.
+ bhajati = kr
.
s
.
n
.
am
.
bhajati or kr
.
s
.
n
.
ambhajati. (71)
When followed by a Vis
.
n
.
ujana not in the Vis
.
n
.
uvarga, this does not occur
sam
.
vatsarah
.
(71)
o> ' |: H1||: '
+

"

| o>|
72. Preceded by a Sarve svara, ch is doubled [to become cch].
kr
.
s
.
n
.
a + chatram = kr
.
s
.
n
.
acchatram. (72)
o; ' P|_|7 -| |+

'
P||*|, ||*

, | o; |
73. Ch is always doubled after a and m a.
a + ch adayati = acch adayati;
m a + chidat = m acchidat. (73)
o< ' 1|+|

7"+| |: H1 '
1+: , H

H+: , +

1W| | o< |
74. Preceded by a V amana and followed by a Sarve svara, n, n
.
, and n are dou-
bled.
parya n + anantah
.
= parya n nanantah
.
;
sugan
.
+ anantah
.
= sugan
.
n
.
anantah
.
;
kurvan + asti = kurvannasti. (74)
oJ ' |1"

+ |1"

+| 1| , j- | |1+| '
*

1* , *

1* 1| | oJ |
75. A Vis
.
n
.
ujana, except for h and r, when preceded by a V amana and followed
by another Vis
.
n
.
ujana, is optionally doubled.
dadhi + upendrasya = dadhyupendrasya or daddhyupendrasya. (75)
o- ' ||

H1

j|H| |1+| '

j|H+ j|H+ 1| ; +|" +|" 1| | o- |
4
This means that it is not optional inside a word.
16 Chapter 1. Terminology and Sandhi
76. A Vis
.
n
.
ujana, excluding the Harighos
.
as, is optionally doubled when pre-
ceded by r and followed by either a Vis
.
n
.
ujana or a Sarve svara.
hari + asanam
.
= hary asanam
.
or haryy asanam
.
;
k ars
.
+ n
.
am
.
= k ars
.
n
.
am
.
or k ars
.
s
.
n
.
am
.
. (76)
oo ' |1"

+||"

*||*+ H1H |1"

*|H '
H1|5

: , H1|

| 1| | oo |
77. After a Vis
.
n
.
ujana, a Vis
.
n
.
ud asa optionally disappears, if a Vis
.
n
.
ud asa of the
same group follows.
bhagav an + ch urah
.
= bhagav a nc ch urah
.
or bhagav a n ch urah
.
. (77)
oc ' H| +|-

1| 1+

'
1

H|1: , H1|H|

: | oc |
78. When t
.
or n are followed by s, t is optionally inserted between them.
s
.
at
.
+ s adhavah
.
= s
.
at
.
ts adhavah
.
;
bhagav an + s adhuh
.
= bhagav ants adhuh
.
. (78)
*| |1m

+H|:
1.2. Sandhi sEDkrZm
^
17
1.2.3 Vis
.
n
.
usarga aT EvZ
`
sgsED,
o_ ' |1"

HH: 1+|1|+|: , +||j|

|| 1| '
+

": +

, +

"

+ 1| , +

": 1: , +

"

1| 1| ' +: +

": ,
++

": , +

": |, +

"| 1| *||* | o_ |
79. Vis
.
n
.
usarga before the letters p or ph becomes upadhm amya and before k or
kh becomes jihv am ulya. These changes are optional.
5
kr
.
s
.
n
.
ah
.
phalam or kr
.
s
.
n
.
aXp phalam;
kr
.
s
.
n
.
ah
.
paramah
.
or kr
.
s
.
n
.
aXp paramah
.
;
kah
.
kr
.
s
.
n
.
ah
.
or kaXk kr
.
s
.
n
.
ah
.
;
kr
.
s
.
n
.
ah
.
khelati or kr
.
s
.
n
.
aXk khelati . (79)
c ' |: |5|: 1||: H|: '
+

"|, +

"|*|, +

"|+, +|: , +

"|, +

"

+||
| c |
80. Vis
.
n
.
usarga before the letter c or ch becomes s, before t
.
or t
.
h becomes s
.
, and
before t or th becomes s.
kr
.
s
.
n
.
ah
.
+ carati = kr
.
s
.
n
.
a scarati;
kr
.
s
.
n
.
ah
.
+ ch adayati = kr
.
s
.
n
.
a sch adayati;
kr
.
s
.
n
.
ah
.
+ t
.
kate = kr
.
s
.
n
.
as
.
t
.
kate;
kah
.
+ t
.
har amah
.
= kas
.
t
.
har amah
.
;
kr
.
s
.
n
.
ah
.
+ tarati = kr
.
s
.
n
.
astarati;
kr
.
s
.
n
.
ah
.
+ th utkaroti = kr
.
s
.
n
.
asth utkaroti. (80)
c; ' ||1

||1| '
+

"

"

, +

"1

1"7| , j H

|1| | c; |
81. Vis
.
n
.
usarga before a

Sauri optionally becomes the same

Sauri.
kr
.
s
.
n
.
ah
.
saran
.
am or kr
.
s
.
n
.
a s saran
.
am;
kr
.
s
.
n
.
ah
.
s
.
an
.
d
.
o or kr
.
s
.
n
.
as
.
s
.
an
.
d
.
o;
hareh
.
surabhi or hares surabhi. (81)
c> ' P|*|H|1|||+

'
+

"|, +

"| H| | c> |
82. Vis
.
n
.
usarga preceded by the letter a and followed by the letter a or a Gop ala
always becomes the letter u.
5
Upadhm amya is pronounced like an f and jihv am ulya is pronounced like h.
18 Chapter 1. Terminology and Sandhi
kr
.
s
.
n
.
ah
.
+ atra = kr
.
s
.
n
.
a + u + atra = kr
.
s
.
n
.
o tra;
kr
.
s
.
n
.
ah
.
+ gacchati = kr
.
s
.
n
.
a + u + gacchati = kr
.
s
.
n
.
o gacchati. (82)
c; ' P- | - H| - P|-| |: , H1

, + |
H|: '
+

" *j, +

"|j 1| ; +

"| P, +

"| 1| ; | P+, |+ 1| ; H|
P+, H|+ 1| ; P| P1`"1, P|1`"1 1| | c; |
83. Vis
.
n
.
usarga is dropped after the advaya (a or a) and after the words bho,
bhago and agho when followed by a Sarve svara or a Gop ala
6
. When followed by
a Sarve svara the letter y is optionally inserted and when Vis
.
n
.
usarga is elided
there is no further sandhi.
kr
.
s
.
n
.
a iha or kr
.
s
.
n
.
ayiha;
kr
.
s
.
n
.
a atra or kr
.
s
.
n
.
ayatra;
bho ananta or bhoyananta;
bhago ananta or bhagoyananta;
agho avais
.
n
.
ava or aghoyavais
.
n
.
ava. (83)
c< ' *|

H1H|1||: '
j |*

, j|H| | c< |
84. Vis
.
n
.
usarga becomes the letter r when preceded by an

I svara and fol-
lowed by a Sarve svara or a Gop ala.
hareh
.
+ idam = hareridam;
harih
.
+ gacchati = harirgacchati. (84)
cJ ' P| |1"

HH | ||- -1||*1

'
Pjj: , PjH": ; +j Pj:1|: | cJ |
85. The Vis
.
n
.
usarga of the word ahah
.
becomes the letter r when followed by
any word beginning with a Sarve svara or a Gop ala except for the words r upa,
r atri, and rath antara.
ahah
.
+ ahah
.
= aharha;
ahah
.
+ gan
.
ah
.
= ahargan
.
ah
.
;
ahah
.
+ pati = ahah
.
pati [because the letter p is one of the Y adava the rule does
not apply here]. (85)
c- ' | |: 1

1 ||1: '
.|: ||+

1 = .|| ||+

1; j|: |||: = j| |||: |

6
This does not include situations when the following Sarve svara is a, or Vis
.
n
.
usarga is pre-
ceded by an a and followed by a Gop ala, which is covered in the previous s utra.
1.2. Sandhi sEDkrZm
^
19
c- |
86. There is elision of the letter r before the letter r and the vowel which pre-
cedes them becomes a Trivikrama.
bhratah
.
+ r am anujam
.
pa sya = bhratar + r am anujam
.
pa sya = bhrat a r am anujam
.
pa sya;
harih
.
+ r adh apriyah
.
= harir + r adh apriyah
.
= har r adh apriyah
.
. (86)
*| |1m

HH - H|: |
*| ||HT1- j|+||

|- 1`m1|+m
H5| - H|- +m H|+

| 1 |
20 Chapter 1. Terminology and Sandhi
Chapter 2
aT EvZ
`
pd- krZm
^
Vis
.
n
.
upada (Noun Declension)
Now the section on Vis
.
n
.
us Words (Nouns) (Vis
.
n
.
upada):
}+: H1-1|"| H1+|| |: '
|1"|: 1* H1 |1"

+| |+- |
The feet [words] of Vis
.
n
.
u, who is the only resting place of all forms and names,
will now be described thoroughly with Vis
.
n
.
ubhakti [with their inectional
forms].
; ' P|

- |1"

|++1W| '

- H+|| |1: ; 1||*- |1|| |1"

+: | ; |
1. That which is not a verbal root and does not have Vis
.
n
.
ubhakti
[inection], yet has signicant meaning, is called a Name (N ama).
Beginning with bh u and ending with san, these are the verbal roots. Su, etc.,
and tiv, etc., are the Vis
.
n
.
ubhakti sufxes. (1)
> ' +

|: 1

1| '
H| +|- |

- *||g|1| | > |
2. Prakr
.
ti (Primal Nature) is [comes] before.
She has two varieties, Name and Verb. 2)
21
22 Chapter 2. Noun Declension
; ' : 1: '
H 1|||- +

|*|U

|1: | ; |
3. Pratyaya (termination) [afx] is [comes] after.
It has four different forms: su- adi (nominal), [tiv- adi] verbal, kr
.
t (primary), and
taddhita (secondary). (3)
< ' +|: H

P| H

( | ),
P

P| H

( ||| ),
| -|

|H

|| ),
7 -|

-H

|),
7|H -|

-H

( 1@| ),
7H

P|H

P|

( 1| ),
|7 P|H

( H+| ) '
4. Among those, the teminations of names are:
s u, au, and jas for the rst case.
am, au, and sas for the second.
t
.
a, bhy am, and bhis for the third.
ne, bhy am, and bhyas for the fourth.
nasi, bhy am, and bhyas for the fth.
nas, os, and am for the sixth.
ni, os, and sup for the seventh. (4)
J ' - - - 1| *: , 7 H| : , 7H| '
}| H| + ||| *

, P+

1 | J |
5. In those, the letters ja, t
.
a, sa, and pa are indicators, so is the u
of s u, as well as the i of nasi.
The indicator (it) comes and it goes; it does not stay. It is also
called anubandha. (5)
- ' +|H5

|1: '
| 1

|j: 1

1|: ; ||j| |: ; +1

H+|j| 1.H5: ; P|j|:

| - |
6. Names have four classications.
2.1. Masculine nouns ending in vowels 23
Namely, the Purus
.
ottama (Supreme Male) or masculine gender, the Laks
.
m
(Goddess of Fortune) or feminine gender, Brahman (the Impersonal Absolute)
or neuter gender, and Avyaya (indeclinable) or no gender. (6)
2.1 aT svrAtA, p
`
zqomElA,
(Masculine ending with the Sarve svara)
| +

"- H

o ' H- - |||1"

HH| |1"

1*| '
+

": , }1 +

"| , +

"|: | o |
In that, the rst case: kr
.
s
.
n
.
a + s u
7. The letters s and r become Vis
.
n
.
usarga at the end of a word.
kr
.
s
.
n
.
ah
.
, kr
.
s
.
n
.
au, kr
.
s
.
n
.
ah
.
(7)
c ' *|1||*H||j: '
+

"

, +

"| | c |
8. Preceded by a Da s avat ara, the a of am and sas is elided.
kr
.
s
.
n
.
am,
1
kr
.
s
.
n
.
au (8)
_ ' *|1| ||1: |H |

H| +: 1

|H '
+

"|+

| _ |
9. A Da s avat ara becomes a Trivikrama before sas. The letter s
becomes n in the masculine.
kr
.
s
.
n
.
an
2
(9)
; ' P||: +

"H5: '
10. [A Purus
.
ottama] ending with a is called Kr
.
s
.
n
.
a. (10)
;; ' +

"|

| *+: '
+

"+ | ;; |
1
kr
.
s
.
n
.
a + am = kr
.
s
.
n
.
a + m = krs
.
n
.
am
2
kr
.
s
.
n
.
a + sas = kr
.
s
.
n
.
a + sas = kr
.
s
.
n
.
a + s = kr
.
s
.
n
.
a + n = kr
.
s
.
n
.
an
24 Chapter 2. Noun Declension
11. Following a Kr
.
s
.
n
.
a, t
.
a becomes ina.
kr
.
s
.
n
.
ena
3
(11)
;> ' +

" ||1| H|1| '

+

"|-|

| ;> |
12. [The nal a] of a Kr
.
s
.
n
.
a becomes a Trivikrama when followed
by a Gop ala.
kr
.
s
.
n
.
abhy am
4
(12)
;; ' +

"||H

}H

'
+

"`: | ;; |
13. Following a Kr
.
s
.
n
.
a, bhis becomes ais.
kr
.
s
.
n
.
aih
.
5
(13)
;< ' +

"|

7: '
+

"|, +

"|-|

| ;< |
14. Following a Kr
.
s
.
n
.
a, ne becomes ya.
kr
.
s
.
n
.
aya,
6
kr
.
s
.
n
.
abhy am (14)
;J ' +

" } 1`"1 1j

1 '
+

"-: | ;J |
15. In the plural form, [the a] of a Kr
.
s
.
n
.
a becomes e when fol-
lowed by a Vais
.
n
.
ava.
kr
.
s
.
n
.
ebhyah
.
7
(15)
;- ' +

"|

7H|

'
+

"|

, +

"|-|

, +

"-: | ;- |
16. Following a Kr
.
s
.
n
.
a, nasi becomes at.
kr
.
s
.
n
.
at,
8
kr
.
s
.
n
.
abhy am, kr
.
s
.
n
.
ebhyah
.
(16)
3
kr
.
s
.
n
.
a + ina = kr
.
s
.
n
.
ena
4
kr
.
s
.
n
.
a + bhy am = kr
.
s
.
n
.
a + bhy am = kr
.
s
.
n
.
abhy am
5
kr
.
s
.
n
.
a + bhis = kr
.
s
.
n
.
a + ais = kr
.
s
.
n
.
aih
.
6
kr
.
s
.
n
.
a + ne = kr
.
s
.
n
.
a + ya = kr
.
s
.
n
.
a + ya = kr
.
s
.
n
.
aya
7
kr
.
s
.
n
.
a + bhyas = kr
.
s
.
n
.
e + bhyas = kr
.
s
.
n
.
ebhyah
.
8
kr
.
s
.
n
.
a + nasi = kr
.
s
.
n
.
a + at = kr
.
s
.
n
.
at
2.1. Masculine nouns ending in vowels 25
;o ' +

"|

7H: '
+

" | ;o |
17. Following a Kr
.
s
.
n
.
a, nas becomes sya.
kr
.
s
.
n
.
asya
9
(17)
;c ' +

" } P||H '

+

"|: | ;c |
18. A Kr
.
s
.
n
.
a gains an e when os follows.
kr
.
s
.
n
.
ayoh
.
10
(18)
;_ ' 1|+- H|1| - ||-| +

7|| '
7||1| | ;_ |
19. After a V amana, a Gop, or a R adh a, a nut
.
[n] comes before
am.
U and t
.
are indicators. (19)
> ' 1|+ ||1| +||, +

- *

1| , + |H

- 9|: '
+

"|+|

, +

", +

"|: | > |
20. A V amana becomes a Trivikrama when n am follows, option-
ally for nr
.
, and not for tisr
.
11
and catasr
.
.
12
kr
.
s
.
n
.
an am,
13
kr
.
s
.
n
.
e, kr
.
s
.
n
.
ayoh
.
(20)
>; ' *- j||- +7-| - |1||@- H 1| , +

- |1"

H-
H - 1|+|1, +

|1"

1*|- H||+|

'
+

"1

| >; |
21. After an

I svara, a Harimitra, a k, or a n, the s of a sufx or
Viri nci becomes s
.
, even when separated by a n or a Vis
.
n
.
usarga,
but not at the beginning or end of a word or in the case of s at.
14
kr
.
s
.
n
.
es
.
u. (21)
9
kr
.
s
.
n
.
a + nas = kr
.
s
.
n
.
a + sya = kr
.
s
.
n
.
asya
10
kr
.
rs
.
n
.
a + os = kr
.
s
.
n
.
e + os = kr
.
s
.
n
.
ay + oh
.
= kr
.
s
.
n
.
ayoh
.
11
The feminine form of trayah
.
, three
12
The feminine form of catv arah
.
, four
13
kr
.
s
.
n
.
a + am = kr
.
s
.
n
.
a + n + am = kr
.
s
.
n
.
a + n am = kr
.
s
.
n
.
an am
14
S at is a secondary sufx (taddhita) indicating that something is completely changed into the
something else, as in atmas at or bhasmas at.
26 Chapter 2. Noun Declension
>> ' H1|+ H

H5: '
H1

| | >> |
22. In calling, su is called a Buddha.
And [it is also named] sambuddhi. (22)
>; ' }- P| - 1|+-| 1

|*+

'
j +

", j +

"| , j +

"|: ' }1 |: , || , ||: ; |

, |||1||* |
>; |
23.After an e, o, or a V amana, a Buddha is unseen.
he kr
.
s
.
n
.
a, he kr
.
s
.
n
.
au, he kr
.
s
.
n
.
ah
.
. Thus [are formed] r amah
.
, r amau, r am ah
.
; r amam,
r amau, and so forth. (23)
>< ' - 1- -| + ": , H1- j- - 1- +1H - 11H - 1-
|+|1, H|+- |1"

1* , +

|1"

1*| '
||+

, |", *||* ' }1 +1- +||"- |1- H||1*|*: +

"

~|: |
>< |
24. After an r, s
.
, or one of the two r
.
, an n in the same word
(Vis
.
n
.
upada) becomes n
.
, even if separated by Sarve svara, h, y, v,
members of the ka group, or members of the pa group, but not a
n at the end of a word.
r am an, r amen
.
a, and so forth. Ke sava, N ar ayan
.
a, M adhava, and Govinda are
[treated] the same as Kr
.
s
.
n
.
a.
>J ' H|*| * - H5|: '
25. The endings beginning with sas are called Yadu.
>- ' P 1|*- *- |H-

1 *1| 1* - *

- |H

1+

*
|1|@| * 1

1| '
1*: 1|*|+

, 1*| 1|* + *||* | >- |

26 P ada, danta, m asa, and yus
.
a are optionally replaced by pad,
dat, m as, and y us
.
san when a Yadu follows it.
padah
.
p ad an, pad a p adena, and so forth.
P |

1-1 P|||| |11|*: '

|11|: , |11| , |11|: ;
2.1. Masculine nouns ending in vowels 27
|11|

, |11| |
Now, the stem vi svap a, [an example of a masculine stem] ending in a and hav-
ing the nature of a verbal root:
vi svap ah
.
, vi svapau, vi svap ah
.
vi svap am, vi svapau,
>o ' P||j| * H1 , + 1|1: '
|11: ;
|11| , |11|-|

, |11||: ;
|11, |11|-|

, |11|-: ;
|11: , |11|-|

, |11|-: ;
|11: , |11|: , |11|

;
|1|1, |11|: , |11|H

;
j |11|: *||* '
j|j|*|+|||j|1|1| | >o |
27. The a is lost before Yadus that begin with Sarve svara, except
in the case of ap [the feminine ending].
vi svapah
.
vi svap a, vi svap abhy am, vi svap abhih
.
vi svape, vi svap abhy am, vi svap abhyah
.
vi svapah
.
, vi svap abhy am, vi svap abhyah
.
vi svapah
.
, vi svapoh
.
, vi svap am
vi svapi, vi svapoh
.
, vi svap asu
he vi svap ah
.
, and so forth. The loss of the a is optional for H ah a and some other
word ending in a.
>c ' * - 7- ||| j|H5: '
P|+: , |: , ' j|: | >c |
28 [Masculine] stems ending in i or u are called Hari.
Also agnih
.
and ghih
.
.
harih
.
,
>_ ' j| P| 1

1H1": '
j| | >_ |
29. After a Hari, au becomes like the previous letter.
har,
15
15
hari + au = hari + i = har
28 Chapter 2. Noun Declension
; ' * }, 7 P| , P

, P

H||1*-
H5: '
H

"- H5 | ; |
30. E for the two i-s [i and ], o for the two u-s [u and u], ar for
the two r
.
-s [r
.
and r
.
, and al for the two l
.
-s [l
.
and

l
.
] are called
Govinda.
And have the name gun
.
a, too.
;; ' |7| 1

|"H5|: | ;; |
31. Those with n as it are called the Vr
.
s
.
n
.
i.
;> ' j H||1*| |H 1

|"1

'
j: ;
j|

, j| , j|+

| ;> |
32. When jas, a Vr
.
s
.
n
.
i or a Buddha follows, a Hari gets Govinda.
harayah
.
;
16
harim, har, harn;
;; ' j|| +| , +

'
j|"| , j|-|

, j||: ;
j, j|-|

, j|-: | ;; |
33. After a Hari t
.
a becomes n a, but not in Laks
.
m [the feminine
gender].
harin
.
a, haribhy am, haribhih
.
;
haraye,
17
haribhy am, haribhyah
.
;
;< ' }- P|-| 7|H- 7H||j: '
j : , j|-|

, j|-: ;
j : , j|: , j|"|

| ;< |
34. After e and o, the a of nasi and nas is dropped.
hareh
.
,
18
haribhy am, haribhyah
.
:
hareh
.
, haryoh
.
, harn
.
am;
16
hari + as [jas] = hare [Govinda] + as = haray + as = harayas = harayah
.
.
17
hari + n
.
e [Vr
.
s
.
n
.
i] = hare + e = haray + e = haraye.
18
hari + nasi [Vr
.
s
.
n
.
i] = hare + as = hare + s = hareh
.
2.1. Masculine nouns ending in vowels 29
;J ' j|: 7|

'
| *

| ;J |
35. After a Hari ni becomes auc.
The letter c is it.
;- ' PH1||*1"|: HH|H5|: '
36. The letters beginning with the nal Sarve svara are called Sam
.
s ara.
;o ' HH| j|| '
|7

*| |@: ' j| , j|: , j|1

;
j j ' }1 |1- +|*: ' |*| |+1j

1+|: ' : , |+

, ||: ;
|-: , |-: | ;o |
37. A Sam
.
s ara is eliminated when something that has c as it
follows.
D
.
is the it [for this] say the ancients.
harau, haryoh
.
, haris
.
u, he hare.
Thus are formed ravi, kavi, and the rest.
The word tri [three] always has the plural endings:
trayah
.
, trn, tribhih
.
, tribhyah
.
, tribhyah
.
.
;c ' | +|| 1| '
|"|

' P1|

||"|

' }1 +|- |- |+|

| ;c |
38. Traya replaces tri when n am follows provided it [tri] stands for
itself.
tray an
.
am. When not standing for itself, priyatrn
.
am. Thus are formed kati, yati,
and tati.
;_ ' 1"|- H|: + H

- H|j|j: 1| | ;_ |
39. After a number ending in s
.
and n
.
or after kati, jas and sas are
completely eliminated, provided they [ie. numbers ending in s
.
or
30 Chapter 2. Noun Declension
n
.
and kati] stand for themselves.
~ H|*:
40 ' |- H|-| H||

, 1

|1+| '
HH| j: H| | 40 |
Now the word sakhi:
40. After r
.
and sakhi a replaces su, except for the Buddha.
The Sam
.
s ara is lost, too. Thus: sakh a.
<; ' P P| , * }, 7 P| , P|

,
P|

"|* - H5: '

1

| | <; |
41.

A in the case of the a pair, ai in the case of the i pair, au in
the case of the u pair, ar in the case of the r
.
pair, and al in the
case of the l
.
pair called Vr
.
s
.
n
.
ndra.
And vr
.
ddhi, too.
<> ' 1|*: 1@ 1|"71|: '

: , H

| <> |
42. The ve [endings] headed by su
19
are called P an
.
d
.
ava.
Also ghut
.
and sut
.
.
<; ' H

"|* : H

1 1|"711

'
H|| , [ H|: ;
H|

, H|| ,] H|+

| <; |
43. Sakhi gets the Vr
.
s
.
n
.
nda [of i], except in the case of su, when
the P an
.
d
.
ava follow.
sakh ayau, [sakh ayah
.
;
sakh ayam, sakh ayau,] sakhn.
<< ' + H|j|H5|*| , 1|1H|H ' H| , [ H|-|

,
H||: ;] | << |
19
su, au, jas, am, and sas
2.1. Masculine nouns ending in vowels 31
44. Sakhi does not get the name Hari before t
.
a and the rest, but
pati does when it is not in a compound.
sakhy a, [sakhiby am, sakhibhih
.
;]
<J ' - |-| 7|H- 7H|H

'
H

: , [ H|-|

, H|-: ;
H

: , H|-|

, H|-: ;]
45. After khya and tya na si and nas are replaced by us.
sakhyuh
.
, [sakhibh am, sakhibhyah
.
;
sakhyuh
.
, sakhibhy am, sakhibhyah
.
;]
<- ' H|1|-| 7| '
H| , [ H|: , H|1

;] j H *||* | <- |
*||| * `| - *: ' * `|+

|+|| |j+|| |1| |1-

"

1|| ' * `|: *||* H

' 7||- |1"

*: j|H

` 1
H|+

; |1"

: , |1"

, |1"1: *||* '

46. After Sakhi and pati ni is replaced by au.
sakhyau, [sakhyoh
.
, sakhis
.
u;]
he sakhe and so forth.
The word ending in , daityapram, meaning he destroys the daityas, has the
sufx kvip and refers to Vis
.
n
.
u. [Its formation] daityapramh
.
and so forth is
easy to do. The word ending in u, Vis
.
n
.
u, is contructed with the same s utra that
apply to Hari: vis
.
n
.
uh
.
, vis
.
n
.
u, vis
.
n
.
avah
.
, and so forth.
+

m|:
47 ' |||* ||

1| H1 1j

'
+

m|| , +

m|: *||* ' |1 ||1

: ,

1| ,

1: *||* '
|1+|: , |1| |1|+| , |1: |1|+: *||* ' 1|1j

1
|1| |1|+|

| 47 |
Now kr
.
s
.
n
.
a sh
.
:
47. The and u of verbal roots are replaced by iy and uv, respec-
tively, in the plural when the Sarve svara follow.
Kr
.
s
.
n
.
a sriyau, Kr
.
s
.
n
.
a sriyah
.
and so forth.
32 Chapter 2. Noun Declension
With the kvip sufx in the sense of an abstract noun:
bh uh
.
, bhuvau, bhuvah
.
and so forth.
Vi svanh
.
, vi svanyau vi svaniyau;
vi svanyah
.
vi svaniyah
.
and so forth.
In the sixth case plural [one gets] vi svany am or vi svaniy am.
<c ' +|||-| 7|

'
|1|

| <c |
48. After n and a R adh a (feminine form), am replaces ni.
vi svany am.
P |||: ; |1

- *: ; |1|
<_ ' | H||1*: 1|"711

7| '
|1| , |1: *||* ' |1

, |1| , |1

-|

, |1

|: *||*
| <_ |
Now masculines ending in r
.
:
J ' || 7|H7H| 7

'
|1

: *||* | J |
J; ' 1

H||1*: | J; |
J> ' |||1"

+|-||1 ||1|

H|j: '
j |1: ' +

- *:
+| , +| , +: ' 1| +

"| , +

"|

' j +:| J>|

+

" `- *:
J; ' | P| H- |: '
+

"|: , +

"|| , +

"|: *||* | J; |
H| - *:
J< ' P| P| 1|"711

'
H|: , H|1| , H|1: | J< |
JJ ' P| P| P

- H|+ H| +: '
H|

, H|1| , H|: ; H1| , H|-||||* ' j H|: '

}1 |: , |1| , |1: *||* ' j |: | JJ |
2.1. Masculine nouns ending in vowels 33
*| H1||: 1

1||j|: '
34 Chapter 2. Noun Declension
2.2 aT svrAtA l#mFElA,
J- ' P|||| ||H5| '
|H5| ' ||*:' ||| J-|
Jo ' ||1.-|| *'
|, ||: ,
[ ||

, |, ||: ] | Jo|
Jc ' ||| } |H|1

'
|| , ||-|

, |||:| Jc|
J_ ' ||| |1

|"1

'
||`, ||-|

, ||-:
|||: , ||-|

, ||-:
|||: , ||: , ||+|

'
|"+|W +

|||

, ||: , ||H

'
j | *||*' }1 ||||1|*| J_|
- ' P1|*|+| H|| 1|+| 1

:'
j P1| -|
-; ' || H

1| H1 '
| , H| , H: |:
H

||||*' }1 |+*||1 |1+~| -;|

*||| |+*| 1|"711

j|*1

|H +|:
+| *||*'
-> ' j| P|1

1| 1

|"1

| , |+ H||:'
1` + (

|) ;
+|: +: ( 1@| ) ;
+|: +: , +|: +|+|

( 1| ) ;
+| +| , +|: |+1

( H+| ) ;
j +
}1 1

|- |-

|-

:'
P +

*:
+

: , +

, +1: ;
+

, +

, +

: *||*' 1

|"1

1|
2.2. Feminine nouns ending in vowels 35
1` +1 ;
1|: +|: ;
1| +| ;
j +| | ->|
-; ' |||

||H

|1"

+|'
-< ' |H

9| : H1 '
|9: , |9: , |H

|: , |H

-: , |H

-: , |H

"| , |H

| -; - -<|
*||| H|1|*:
-J ' * - 3- |H|1|H5|'
+*|H5| '
H|1| , H|| , H|: ;
H|1| , H|| , H|1|: ;
H|| , H|1|-||||*' 7| H||

; j H||1! }1 +*| - j|

:'
H| H| H| H:' 7| H|

' ||1|W H|j: P|H||1:'

P1| - | - | - | - | - | - |"|

"||*+|'
*|+|

11| H

|1| + +*|+|
|: , | , : ;
||||* H|1|1

| -J|
|* *1|: H|j:
|
--' |

.1||

1| H1 || PH|1|'
|| , |: ;
| |

, || , |: |: ;
|| , |-| , ||: ;
|`, |-| , |-: ;
||: , |-| , |-: ;
||: , ||: , |"|

;
|| , ||: , |1

'
j | | --|
36 Chapter 2. Noun Declension
|*:
|: , || , |: ;
| , || , |:'
-o' +

|+ H|1| | |1+| 1

|"1|| 1|'
|| , |-| , ||: ;
|` |, |-| , |-: ;
||: , |: ;
||: |9: , ||: , |"| ;
|| ||, ||: , |1

;
j |:|
}1

.|

.: ,

.1| ,

.1: ;

.1|||*'
+

| | |: , || , |: ;
7 |` |, |-||||*'
1

|+| |*1

: , 11| , 11: ;
j 1

*: |1

*1

, |H

:'
`*: ||1|| |1|| + 1

11

'
H|*: 1

11

' |*| H|1

' +|*| |1

| -o|
*| H1||: ||j:'