MYCOM - WCDMA Fundamentals AndFunctionalities - For Handsout

Mycom Academy - Company Confidential
1
WCDMA
WCDMA
Fundamentals
Fundamentals
and
and
Functionalities
Functionalities
2
Modules
Network Architecture
CDMA/WCDMA Basics
RAKE Receiver
Link Budget Calculation
Logical, Transport and Physical Channels
Radio Resource Management
Power Control
Handover Control
Load Control
Admission Control
Packet Scheduler
Resource Manager
Cell Synchronization
Paging
Cell Selection and Cell Reselection Fundamentals
Scrambling Code Planning
3
4
Agenda:
User Equipment
Node-B
Node-B Configuration
RNC
5
Learning Objectives:
At the end of this module, you will be able to:
Name the new components in UTRAN
Describe the upgrade path for Node-Bs
6
HLR
MC EIR
SGSN GGSN
VLR
MSC
GMSC
RNC
RNC
B
S
C
P
C
U
BSC
Node
B
Node
B
BTS
BTS
MG
AUC
BG
UTRAN CN
Iub
Iub
Iu
Iu
IuPS
IuPS
Iur
IuPS
IuPS
Abis
Abis
A
A
Gb
Gs
F
Gf
D
C
E
H
Gd
Gr
Gc
Gn
Gi
Gp
Gp
Other
PLMN
Intranet
Internet
ISDN
PSTN
UE
MG Mediation Device
BG Border Gateway
*
*GSM/GPRS, Terminal
7
User Equipment (UE)
User Equipment can be any device that is utilized by
subscribers in the WCDMA Radio System as the medium
for information exchanges.
Most popular: handheld mobile phones
8
Node-B
The Node-B is responsible for all interfaces required for
communication between the RNC and the UE.
9
Typical configuration:
3 sectors
1 carrier
20W
256 - 384 channel elements
10
Configuration Number of
Cabinets
Output power per
carrier
HW channel
capacity
(ERICSSON)
HW channel
capacity
(NOKIA)
1+1+1 1 20 256
256
256
384
2+2+2 1 20 384
1+1+1+1+1+1 1 20 384
11
Node-B Upgrade Path
1+1+1
1 carrier
20W
50Erl
2+2+2
2 crs
2x10W
80Erl
1+1+1
1 carrier
40W
60Erl
1+1+1
1carrier/sec
20W
150Erl
2+2+2
2 crs
2x20W
100Erl
2+2+2
2crs/sec
6x10W
240Erl
2+2+2
2crs/sec
6x20W
300Erl
40 Erl/carrier 50 Erl/carrier 40 Erl/carrier 50 Erl/carrier
50 Erl/carrier
60 Erl/carrier
12
Radio Network Controller (RNC):
The RNC is similar in function as the BSC would be
recognized in the GSM Classic Network. RNCs are
responsible for Radio Resource Management. RNCs
additionally are the Radio Link that interface with existing
Networks from the radio resource.
RNC
13
CDMA/WCDMA Basics
CDMA/WCDMA Basics
14
Agenda:
CDMA/WCDMA Basic
Multiple Access Methods
WCDMA Basic Characteristics
Code Charecteristics
Channelization codes
Scrambling Codes
Signal Spreading
Code Usage
Channelization and Scrambling Codes
Spreading and Scrambling
De-spreading and De-scrambling
Code Tree
Capacity Limitations
15
Name the properties of an CDMA technology
Describe the highlights of spread spectrum technique
Calculate the Spreading Factors
Understand the ways a signal is spread
16
Multiple Access Methods:
Frequency Division Multiple Access
One user uses one frequency
Time Division Multiple Access
One users channel belongs to him
under a fraction of time and on certain
frequency
Code Division Multiple Access
Every user is using the same resource but
each user has a code that identifies its
information
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
T
i
m
e
Power
FDMA
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
T
i
m
e
Power
TDMA
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
T
i
m
e
Power
CDMA
C
O
D
E
17
WCDMA Basic Characteristics:
Wideband-Code Division Multiple Access
Duplex schemes:
Frequency Division Duplex (FDD)
Time Division Duplex (TDD)
Channel Spacing: 5MHz
Frequency band:
FDD: UL:1920-1980 and DL: 2110-2170
TDD: 1900-1920 and 2010-2025
Available channels: 12 for FDD and 7 for TDD
18
User data rates: up to 2Mbit/s
Chip rate: 3.84Mcps
Modulation:
Data modulation: QPSK (Downlink); BPSK (Uplink)
Spreading modulation: QPSK
Frame length: 10ms
Inter-BS synchronization:
FDD: Asynchronous
TDD: Synchronous (GPS or common clock)
19
Power versus Capacity
Capacity limited by interference rather than number of
channels
Fast power control
1500Hz power control.
Spread spectrum technique:
Information is transmitted at a bandwidth much wider than
the information rate
20
Continuous transmission
Code channels and not time slots
All users on the same frequency
Code channels and not separate carriers
Soft handover
The mobile is connected to two or more base stations at the
same time
21
Spread spectrum technique
Transmitting information at a bandwidth much wider than
the information rate.
A signal is spread in the spectrum by artificially increasing
the modulation rate (chip rate).
The signal is later despread with the same spreading signal
to retrieve the original signal.
The user signal spreading is done with a spreading
sequence (code) having much higher bandwidth than the
users signal.
Codes are unique for each channel.
22
Spread spectrum technique
Transmitting and receiving sides have the same code
having the same phase.
The code to be used is determined by the transmitting side
and the receiving side will acquire the same code from the
transmitting signal.
Spreading Transmitter Despreading Receiver
Spread signal
Input
narrowband
signal
Output
signal
23
Why would spreading the signal be good?
For a given information rate, the wider the bandwidth for
transmitting the information, the lower the required signal to
noise ratio would be.
This means that the wider the bandwidth is, the quality of the
channel can be lower.
This would also mean that the system is tolerant to
interference.
Information can be transmitted even if the received signal is
below noise floor
24
Spread Spectrum
A signal is spread in the spectrum by another signal
W-CDMA
X Code
5 MHz
270 kbit
GSM
200 kHz
3.84 Mcps
25
Spread Spectrum
WB NB
A narrow band signal is spread
with an orthogonal code.
Code
Code
The signal is de-spread
with the same spreading code.
Courtesy of Nortel
26
Spread Spectrum
Signals from other users would be like noise (interference)
Receiver
Receiver
Transmitter
Code
generator
Code
generator
Code
generator
Code
generator
f
f
White noise
f
f
White noise
f
White noise
1 bit
27
Processing gain/Spreading Factor
Processing Gain (G) is defined as
X Code (OVSF)
5 MHz 3.84 Mcps
) log( 10
Rate Service
Rate Chip
G =
Courtesy of Nortel
28
Processing gain differ for different services
As can be seen the wider the signal, the lower the power
intensity is. This is why the processing gain is lower
W
W
Packet Data user (384 kbps)
R
R
Voice user (12.2 kbps)
Spread wideband signal
Spread wideband signal
P
o
w
e
r

D
e
n
s
i
t
y

(
W
/
H
z
)
P
o
w
e
r

D
e
n
s
i
t
y

(
W
/
H
z
)
dB
R
W
G 25 )
10 2 . 12
10 84 . 3
log( 10
3
6
=
= =
dB
R
W
G 10 )
10 384
10 84 . 3
log( 10
3
6
=
= =
29
Spreading Factor
Spreading factor for different rates are:
Higher bit rates = the lower processing gain
Lower bit rates = the higher processing gain
For 480kbps data rate, the spreading factor is 8
For 8kbps data rate, the spreading factor is 128
The higher the bit rate, the more power would be needed to
meet the quality requirements
As can be seen from the processing gain calculations, for a
high bit rate service, the power needs to be increased.
30
Codes Characteristics:
In WCDMA two different codes are used:
Channalization codes (orthogonal codes)
Scrambling codes
These codes have different properties and are suitable for
different purposes.
Channelization Codes Scrambling Codes
Uplink: Separation of physical data
channel and control channels from
the same mobile
Downlink: Separation of downlink
connections to different users
within one cell
Uplink: Separation of mobiles
Downlink: Separation of cells
31
Code correlation definitions:
Definition of Auto Correlation
A measure that describes how similar a chip sequence and a
shifted copy of the same signal are.
Definition of Cross Correlation
A measure that describes how similar two different chip
sequences are to each other.
Requirements in WCDMA:
Good auto correlation properties are needed for separating
different paths
Good cross correlation properties are needed for separating
different channels.
32
The WCDMA receiver uses the cross correlation property of
the codes to find out a specific signal out of a number of
different various spread signals.
The WCDMA receiver uses the auto correlation property to
identify if the received signal frame is time aligned with the
scrambling code before de-scrambling.
Two different codes are orthogonal if their cross correlation
is equal to 0.
33
Channelization Codes:
Channelization codes:
Orthogonal codes based on Orthogonal Variable Spreading
Factor code (OVSF code) technique
Good orthogonality properties: Cross correlation value for
each code pair in the code set equals to 0.
The codes are fully orthogonal, i.e. they do not interfere with
each other as long as they are time synchronized.
Thus, channelization codes can separate the transmissions
from a single source.
Orthogonal codes have bad auto correlation properties and
are therefore not good in a asynchronous environment
In the downlink, it can separate different users within one
cell/sector
In the uplink, it can only separate the physical
channels/services of one user because the mobiles are not
synchronized in time.
34
Channelization Codes:
As orthogonal codes are not pseudo codes and do not
have noise like properties, another set of codes are
required to scramble the signals as well.
35
Scrambling Codes:
Scrambling codes:
Scrambling codes are pseudo random codes and have a
noise like spectral nature.
Suitable for efficient use of the frequency spectrum.
Good auto correlation properties and can be used in
asynchronous environment.
Scrambling codes have sufficient cross correlation
properties to which is required to de-scramble a desired
channel
36
Signal Spreading:
Spreading the signal done in two phases (both in UL and
DL):
Phase 1 by using spreading codes (channelization codes):
In uplink to separate users physical data and control data
In downlink to separate common and dedicated channels in
one cell for one specific mobile.
Phase 2 by using scrambling codes
In downlink it identifies the cell
In uplink is identifies the user (call)
The radio planners task is to plan the scrambling codes for
the downlink part only.
The system allocates the spreading codes and the
scrambling codes in uplink
37
Code:
SC
C
C
4
,
2
C
C
8
,
1
C
C
4
,
3
SC=512
SC1
C
C
4
,
2
SC2
C
C
4
,
2
SC3
C
C
4
,
2
CC=2
24
Downlink Uplink
38
Channelization and Scrambling codes:
Channelization Codes Scrambling Codes
Usage
Uplink: Separation of physical data
channel and control channels from
the same mobile
Downlink: Separation of downlink
connections to different users
within one cell
Uplink: Separation of mobiles
Downlink: Separation of cells
Length
4-256 chips
Downlink also 512 chips
Different bit rates by changing the
length of the codes
Uplink: 10ms = 38400 chips
Downlink: 10ms = 38400chips
Number of codes
Number of codes under one
scrambling code = spreading factor
Uplink: 16.8 Million
Downlink: 512
Code Family
Orthogonal Variable Spreading
Factor
Long 10ms code : Gold Code
Short code: Extended S(2)
code family
Spreading
Yes, increases the transmission
bandwidth
No, does not affect
transmission bandwidth
39
Spreading and Scrambling:
Original information
Spreading Code
Result After Spreading
Scrambling Code
Result After Scrambling
Transmission through air interface
40
De-spreading and De-scrambling:
Result from
previous slide
De-scrambling
Result After De-scrambling
De-spreading
Result
41
Code Tree:
Codes are selected from a code tree.
As there are limited number of codes, the code tree is also
a limitation to the capacity.
C
1
(0) = [1]
C
2
(1) = [1 0]
C
2
(0) = [1 1]
C
3
(0) = [1 1 1 1]
C
3
(1) = [1 1 0 0]
C
3
(2) = [1 0 1 0]
C
3
(3) = [1 0 0 1]
C
4
(0) = [1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1]
C
4
(1) = [1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0]
C
4
(2) = [1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0]
C
4
(3) = [1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1]
C
4
(5) = [1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1]
C
4
(6) = [1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1]
C
4
(7) = [1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0]
C
4
(4) = [1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0]
Spreading Factor:
SF = 1 SF = 2 SF = 4 SF = 16 SF = 8
42
Codes:
The number of downlink orthogonal codes within one
scrambling code is limited to the spreading factor.
With a spreading factor of X, the maximum number of
orthogonal codes is X.
Some orthogonal codes must be used for:
Common Channels (signaling)
Soft handover overhead, which is additional allocated
resources by the system.
43
Capacity Limitations:
Codes can be a limitation.
If for instance code C
3,1
is selected, codes C
4,2
and C
4,3
cannot be used anymore. Hence lower level codes are
blocked for usage as well.
C
1
(0) = [1]
C
2
(1) = [1 0]
C
2
(0) = [1 1]
C
3
(0) = [1 1 1 1]
C
3
(1) = [1 1 0 0]
C
3
(2) = [1 0 1 0]
C
3
(3) = [1 0 0 1]
C
4
(0) = [1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1]
C
4
(1) = [1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0]
C
4
(2) = [1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0]
C
4
(3) = [1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1]
C
4
(5) = [1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1]
C
4
(6) = [1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1]
C
4
(7) = [1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0]
C
4
(4) = [1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0]
Spreading Factor:
SF = 1 SF = 2 SF = 4 SF = 16 SF = 8
44
45
RAKE Receiver
RAKE Receiver
46
Agenda:
RAKE Receiver
Propagation Environment
RAKE Receiver
Effect of Diversity
Rake Receiver Fingers
Signal Processing
47
Describe what RAKE receiver is
Explain the benefits of a RAKE receiver
Name the signal combination methods
48
Propagation Environment
49
RAKE Receiver
Multipath signals and signals from different Node-Bs can
be combined using a RAKE receiver.
RAKE receiver uses a technique, which uses several
baseband correlators to identify the strongest multi-path
signals for individual processing
The correlators outputs are combined to produce one
signal with less fading.
50
RAKE process:
Identifies the time delay position at which significant
energy arrives and allocates correlation receiver i.e. the
RAKE finger
Passes this processed information to the decoder for
signal processing
RAKE Receiver
51
Effect of Diversity Combining
1-path
2-paths
4-paths
Macro diversity
Multipath diversity
Antenna diversity
More diversity means
Less fading and
therefore less margins
needed
52
RAKE Receiver Fingers
A RAKE receiver typically have 4 fingers:
Search finger: finds new channel paths, assign finger to the
paths
Tracker: tracks small changes in the finger positions
Both Node B and MS receivers use RAKE receiver techniques.
Typically Node B receivers have 6 RAKE-receiver fingers.
53
RAKE Receiver
UEs RAKE receiver at any given time is looking at signals
from:
Cells
Neighbor list
The Search finger:
Looks for the Pilot Symbols in pilot channels of each cell
Finds signal strength from different Node Bs for soft
handover
Rake Receiver Improves
Reliability
Performance
Provides strongest signal
Reduces the transmitter power
54
Signal Processing
Primary methods used to combine the RAKE-receiver
fingers outputs are:
Equal-gain combining method:
All fingers outputs are weighted equally and then simply added
Maximal-Ratio combining Method (MRC) / Maximum Likeli-
hood
Combining will apply a weighting to each result depending on
the probability of that result being correct before they are
combined
In practice, both combining techniques are often used
together
55
Channel can rotate the signal to any phase and to any
magnitude
Maximum ratio combining corrects channel phase
rotation and weights component with channel
amplitude estimates
Signal Processing
56
57
Link Budget Calculations
Link Budget Calculations
58
Agenda:
Power Budget Calculations
Link Budget
Uplink Link Budget
Downlink Link Budget
CPICH Link Budget
59
Outline the different parameters in a link budget path.
Name the unique parameters for WCDMA.
Describe the E
b
/N
o
and the requirements for higher bit rates.
60
Link Budget:
Link budget is used to define the cell range and path loss
Link budget process in WCDMA:
Start looking at the uplink. Uplink is the limiting path (noise
from other mobiles)
UE transmit power
Define data rates
Decide on E
b
/N
o
targets for each data rate
Gather vendor specific data such as:
BTS output power
Receiver sensitivity levels
Antenna types
Use of mast head amplifier
Cable losses
Body loss figure
61
Link Budget:
Link Budget process in WCDMA:
Penetration loss definition
Propagation environment
Mobile speed
System loading factor
Estimated mobile speed
Fast fading margin
Slow fading margin
Link losses & margins
Predefined parameters
Processing gain
Chip rate
Thermal noise density
Soft handover gain
62
Link Budget:
Definition E
b
/N
o
of is:
Energy per user information bit divided by noise power
spectral density
Required E
b
/N
o
means that for some quality target (BLER) a
certain average bit-energy over total noise+interference
spectral density (E
b
/N
o
) is required.
The value depends on the service and the speed of the
mobile.
63
Link Budget - Uplink
Mobiles with data capability might have a higher output power (3GPP TS 25.101)
64
Link Budget:
Maximum transmit power:
Maximum power of the mobile. The standard defines four
power classes:
1/8W 21dBm
1/4W 24dBm
1/2W 27dBm
2W 33dBm
Transmit antenna gain:
0dB for speech terminals
2dB for data terminals
Body loss:
Different values from vendors
Typically 3dB
0 dB for data services
65
Link Budget:
Required Eb/No:
Required signal to noise ratio per data bit at the receiver
Depends on:
Data rate
Coding scheme
Interleaving depth
Fading environment
Diversity
Thermal noise figure is a constant derived from Boltzmans
constant and temperature in Kelvin.
Receiver noise figure:
Noise contributed by Node-B receiver itself. Typically:
Base station: 3dB-5dB
Mobile: 8dB
66
Link Budget:
Chip rate:
A scaling factor for WCDMA carrier bandwidth into account.
Chip rate expressed in dB relative to 1Hz.
Processing gain:
The gain obtained by spreading the signal.
The L2 user data rate is taken for this value.
Noise rise due to interference:
Extra noise due to other mobiles
Receiver sensitivity:
Minimum detectable received signal level at the receiver.
67
Link Budget:
Building and vehicle penetration loss:
Typical values:
Building 10-18dB
Car 5-8dB
Not required if the calculation is for on-the-street levels.
Soft handover gain:
Gain against shadowing.
A gain due to soft handover
68
Link Budget:
Fast fading margin
A margin against fast fading (when slow mobile)
At cell edge the mobile does not have enough power to
follow the fast fading.
For fast mobiles, the figure should not be applied.
Cell edge when the mobile
reaches its maximum power level
Power
Quality
69
Link Budget:
Slow fading:
Compensation against log-normal fading.
Depends on the environment
70
Link Budget:
The reason why E
b
/N
o
requirement is lower for higher bit
rates is:
DPDCH and DPCCH are sent together.
DPCCH includes the overhead information bits.
When sending data, the DPDCH will require higher power.
The amount of overhead information does not increase
proportionally with information bit rate.
As DPDCH will have higher power when sending with
higher bit rates, DPCCH will enjoy higher power as well.
Therefore lower quality requirement will be put on DPCCH
channel.
Thus lower E
b
/N
o
for higher data rates.
71
Link Budget - Downlink
72
Link Budget - CPICH
73
CPICH Link Budget
Soft handover gain:
Set to 0 as the signals from different cells have to
be processed separately
Fast fading:
Set to 0 as CPICH does not use fast power
control.
74
75
Logical
Logical
, Transport
, Transport
and
and
Physical
Physical
Channels
Channels
76
Agenda:
Logical, Transport and Physical Channels
Channel Mapping
Logical Channels
Transport Channels
Physical Channels
77
Understand the mapping between the different channels.
Understand the usage of the different channels.
78
Channel Mapping
The signaling information and data are fed through the
network on Logical Channels.
The content of the logical channels is mapped into physical
channels with the help of transport channels.
In other words:
Logical channels define what type of data that is to be
transferred
Transport channels define how and with what properties the
data is transferred when on physical layer.
Physical channels define the physical characteristics of the
radio channel.
79
Channel Mapping - Uplink
Logical
Channels
Physical
Channels
Transport
Channels
CCCH DCCH DTCH
PRACH
DCH CPCH
PCPCH DPDCH DPCCH
RACH
3GPP TS 25.211
80
Channel Mapping - Downlink
Logical
Channels
Physical
Channels
Transport
Channels
PCCH DCCH DTCH
S-CCPCH
FACH BCH
P-CCPCH
DPCCH
DPDCH
PCH
BCCH CCCH CTCH
DSCH DCH
PDSCH
CPICH
SCH
CD/CA-ICH
CSICH AICH
PICH
3GPP TS 25.211
81
3GPP TS 25.211
Logical Channel
82
Logical Channels
BCH Broadcast Channel
Carries system and cell-specific information; always
transmitted over the entire cell with a low fixed bit rate
PCH Paging Channel
For messages to the mobiles in the paging area
FACH Forward Access Channel
Carries control information from base station to mobile in
one cell when the system knows the location cell of the
mobile
May also carry short user packets
May be transmitted over whole cell or over a portion using
lobe-forming antennas
83
Logical Channels
RACH Random Access Channel
Uplink channel used to carry control information from the
mobile station
May also carry short user packets
Always received from the entire cell
CPCH Common Packet Channel
Carries small and medium-sized packets
A contention-based, random access channel used for
transmission of bursty data traffic
Associated with a dedicated channel on the downlink, which
provides power control for the uplink CPCH
84
Logical Channels
DCH Dedicated Channel
A downlink or uplink channel used to carry user or control
information between the network and the UE
Corresponds to three channels:
DTCH Dedicated Traffic Channel
SDCCH Stand-Alone Dedicated Control Channel
ACCH Associated Control Channel
Transmitted over the whole cell or only a part using lobe-
forming antennas
May have fast rate changes (even every 10 ms), and fast
power control
85
Transport Channels:
Logical channels are mapped onto transport channels
86
Physical Channels:
87
Physical Channels
DPCH - Dedicated Physical Channel
A downlink or uplink dedicated physical channel used to
carry user or control information to User Equipment (UE)
over an entire or cell or part of the cell that uses
beamforming antennas
PRACH - Physical Random Access Channel
A common uplink physical channel used to carry control
information or short user packets from the UE
PCPCH - Physical Common Packet Channel
A common uplink physical channel used to carry short and
medium-sized user packets. Its always associated with a
downlink channel for power control
88
Physical Channels
CPICH - Common Pilot Channel
A fixed-rate downlink physical channel that carries a
predefined bit/symbol sequence
P-CCPCH Primary Common Control Physical Channel
A fixed-rate downlink channel used to broadcast system and
cell-specific information
The P-CCPCH is not transmitted during the first 256 chips of
each slot (I.e., it maintains a 90% duty cycle)
S-CCPCH Secondary Common Control Physical Channel
A downlink physical channel used to carry the FACH and
PCH transport channel
89
Physical Channels
SCH Synchronization Channel
A downlink signal used for cell search. The SCH consists of
two subchannels, the primary and secondary SCH, which
are transmitted during the P-CCPCH idle period
PDSCH
A downlink channel used to carry the DSCH transport
channel
AICH Acquisition Indicator Channel
A fixed-rate downlink physical channel used to carry access
preamble acquisition indicators for the random access
procedure
90
Physical Channels
AP-AICH Access Preamble Acquisition Indicator Channel
A fixed-rate downlink physical channel used to carry access
preamble acquisition indicators of CPCH
PICH Paging Indicator Channel
A fixed-rate downlink physical channel used to carry the
paging indicators which disclose the presence of a page
message on the PCH
CSICH - CPCH Status Indicator Channel
A fixed-rate downlink channel used to carry CPCH status
information
A CSICH is always associated with a physical channel used
for transmission of CPCH AP-AICH, and uses the same
channelization and scrambling codes
91
Physical Channels
CD/CA-ICH Collision-detection/Channel-Assignment Indicator
Channel
A fixed-rate common downlink physical channel used to
carry CD indicator only if the CA is not active, or a CD/CA
indicator at the same time if the CA is active
92
93
94
Agenda:
Radio Resource Management Overview
RRM - Cell Based Functions
RRM - Connection Based Functions
95
Understand the reasons behind Radio Resource
Management functionalities
Name the different Radio Resource Management
functionalities
96
Radio Resource Management (RRM) - Overview
The RRM is responsible to ensure:
The planned coverage for each targeted service
High capacity by minimizing the blocking
The required Quality of Service is met
Prioritise the usage of the resources so that the capacity is
maximised
This is done by continuously monitoring and measuring the
available resources based on the requests
97
The RRM covers covers all functionalities for handling the
air interface.
The RRM must be able to:
Estimate the impact on interference of allowing new users
into the system
Provide different Quality of Service for different type of users
Take appropriate measures in accordance with the load
situation
Take appropriate action when load is exceeded in the
system
98
The RRM function consists of:
Power Control (PC)
Handover Control (HC)
Admission Control (AC)
Packet Scheduler (PS)
Load Control (LC)
Resource Manager (RM)
Connection Based Functions
Cell Based Functions
99
The functions together are responsible for providing
Optimum Coverage
Maximum capacity
Quality of Service
Ensuring sufficient use of physical and transport resources
100
RRM Cell Based Functions
Performs the admission control for new bearers to enter the
network
Predicts interference caused by the bearer and decides
whether the bearer can be admitted
Allocates power
Defines the transport channels
Packet Scheduler
Scheduling packets on the radio interface
Ensures fast allocation of resources for non-real time traffic
101
RRM Cell Based Functions
Load Control
Takes care of radio network stability
Gathers interference information and provides cell load
status to Admission Control and Packet Scheduler
Resource manager
Manages the physical resources
Maintains the code tree and code allocation
102
RRM Connection Based Functions
Power Control
Continuously monitors the quality of the radio link and adjusts the
mobiles and base stations powers
Sets an absolute minimum transmission power used to maintain
required quality
Divided into:
Closed Loop Power Control
Open Loop Power Control
Outer Loop Power Control
Handover Control
Manages the mobility
Ensures that the mobile is connected to the best cell which would
give least interference
Can be divided into:
Intra-frequency Handover
Inter-frequency Handover
Inter-system Handover
103
Parameter Distribution Overview
Functionalities # in RNC # in BTS # in Cell Total
HC 6 - 8 14
PC 16 1 19 36
AC 29 6 23 58
LC 1 6 6 13
PS 51 4 19 74
104
105
Power Control
Power Control
106
Agenda:
Power Control
Power Control
Randon Access Procedure
Uplink Outer Loop Power Control
Downlink Outer Loop Power Control
Outer Loop Power Control Quality Deterioration
Inner Loop Power Control (Closed Loop)
107
Describe the role of power control
Name the different power control types
Explain the reasons for the different types
108
Power Control
The functions of power control are:
To maintain the link quality in the uplink and downlink by
adjusting the powers
Mitigate the near-far effect by providing minimum required
power level for each connection
Protection against shadowing and fast fading
Minimizing the interference in the network.
By minimizing the interference, provide a higher capacity
and better quality.
109
Power Control
There are three power control types defined in WCDMA:
1 Open Loop Power Control
Used in uplink and downlink
Used for initial power setting
Between the mobile and the RNC
Performed only at call setup
110
Power Control
2 Closed Loop Power Control (Fast Power Control)
Fast Power Control
Performed 1500 times a second
Compensates fading dips
Adjusting the Eb/No requirements
Minimises the interference
Slow Closed Loop Power Control in Downlink
Performed only for common channels in downlink direction
Prevents for power drifting in downlink direction
Between the mobile and the RNC
During a connection
111
Power Control
3 Closed Loop Power Control
Performed at a much lower rate: (10-100 times per second)
Performed in order to adjust the Signal to Interference Ratio
targets to achieve a target Block Error Ratio
During a connection
112
RNC RNC
Open Loop
At call setup
Inner Loop
During a connection
Outer Loop
Quality target
Power Control
113
Open loop power control is done in order to set the initial
power transmission to the network at a call setup
The mobile estimates the access power level by sending a
preamble message at an estimated power level. If the base
station does not respond to the mobile, the mobile waits a
certain period of time and retransmits at a higher power
level. The mobile continues doing so until it receives a
response from the base station.
Uplink + Downlink
Meant for the following channels:
PRACH (UL): First transmission preamble
PCPCH (UL): First transmission preamble
DPCCH (UL): At establishment of the first DPCCH
DPDCH (DL): At the setup of the first bearer
114
Random Access Procedure
When a mobile is to set up a call, Random Access Channel,
RACH, is used to access the network.
The Physical Random Access Channel, PRACH, is used to
carry the RACH.
The random access transmission procedure consists of:
One or more preamble transmission attempts
Message part
Preamble parts are sent till the network sees them and
responds to the mobile through Acquisition Channel, AICH.
115
One access slot
p-a
p-m
p-p
Pre-
amble
Pre-
amble
Message part
Acq.
Ind.
AICH access
slots RX at UE
PRACH access
slots TX at UE
Power Ramp step
Power Ramp
3GPP TS 25.211 3GPP TS 25.211
116
Setup procedure
Preamble TX power is first set to Preamble Initial Power.
UE waits for the AICH response (either +1 or -1)
If no response
the UE increases the power with an amount equal to Power
Ramp Step and decreases the Preamble Retransmission Max
value by 1.
UE repeats this till it reaches the Preamble Retransmission
Max value is 0 or it receives an AICH response.
If Preamble Retransmission Max value is 0, the UE sends a
No ACK on AICH to higher layers.
If -1 received, a NACK on AICH received is sent to higher
layers.
117
The UE stops transmitting preambles upon:
An ACK has been received on AICH
An NACK has been received on AICH
Maximum number of preambles set by Preamble
Retransmission Max have been received within a cycle.
The maximum allowed power has been reached for PRACH
on the mobile.
The RACH process is stopped if a max number of RACH
transmit has been reached.
UE will send a RACH failure message to the network.
118
Preamble
RACH Preamble part
Each preamble is of length 4096 chips and consists of 256
repetitions of a signature of length 16 chips. There are a
maximum of 16 available signatures, see 3GPP TS 25.213
for more details.
Message part
Preamble
4096 chips
10 ms (one radio frame)
Message part
4096 chips
20 ms (two radio frames)
Preamble
Preamble Preamble Preamble
Preamble Part Frame Structure
3GPP TS 25.211 3GPP TS 25.211
119
Message Part Frame Structure
RACH Message part
Message part can be either 10ms or 20ms long.
Each 10ms has 15 slots and each slot consists of two parts;
Data part to which the RACH transport channel is
mapped
Control part that carries Layer 1 control information.
Data and control parts are transmitted in parallel.
Pilot
N
pilot
bits
Data
N
data
bits
Slot #0 Slot #1 Slot #i Slot #14
T
slot
=2560 chips,
10*2
k
bits (k=0..3)
Message part radio frame T
RACH
=10 ms
Data
Control
TFCI
N
TFCI
bits
3GPP TS 25.211 3GPP TS 25.211
120
Open Loop Power Control (UL)
Open loop power control uses the path loss estimation in
the downlink direction
Estimated by known
CPICH power from the base station
CPICH RSCP of the mobile
Initial power setting for PRACH and PCPCH is determined
by:
Received total wideband power (uplink interference measures)
Required uplink quality figures (in 3GPP denoted as constant value)
Preamble_initial_power [dBm] = UL_interference [dBm]
+ CPICH_Tx_Power [dBm]
- CPICH_RSCP [dBm]
+ UL_Required_CI [dB]
121
Open Loop Power Control (UL)
Initial power setting for DPDCH is determined by:
Received total wideband power (uplink interference measures)
SIR values of DPCCH
Contribution of the spreading factor for DPCCH
DPCCH_initial_power [dBm] = UL_interference [dBm]
+ CPICH_Tx_Power [dBm]
+ DPCCH_SIR [dB]
- 10 log (SF
DPCCH
) [dB]
- CPICH_RSCP [dBm]
Calculated by
Admission Control
122
Outer loop power control is performed to adjust the SIR
target according to the conditions and the requirements of
the radio links:
Changes in the radio environment
The speed of the mobile
The mobiles power control dynamics
Soft handover branches
Data rate
Signal to Interference Ratio, SIR, level is constantly
adjusted to an optimum value so that the link quality is
maintained at a constant level. This is usually defined as a
certain BLER target for the provided service.
Higher speed, higher target levels.
123
In uplink:
Located in serving RNC
The initial E
b
/N
o
set-point and changes to that are sent from
RNC to the base station for the use in the inner loop power
control
The SIR target is then updated for each mobile according to
the BLER or BER figures for the connection.
124
RNC RNC
SIR target for fast
power control
10-100Hz
125
Algorithm for calculating the changes of the SIR target is
based on BLER estimation:
SIR Target (i+1) = SIR Target (i) + SIR [dB]
SIR = step_size * (BLER_estimation BLER_target)
BLER_estimation =
_TBIs total_n_of
RCs n_of_nok_C
126
Downlink Outer Loop Power Control
In downlink:
Implemented in mobile
The mobile sets the SIR target on each CCTrCH used for
the downlink closed loop power control
Quality target: BLER of each transport channel as set by the
RNC
Admission control determines the value of DL BLER target
for each DCH mapped on DPCH and are sent to the mobile.
No SIR target changes if the the power of the base station
reaches a maximum or network congestion occurs though
the quality gets worse.
127
Outer Loop Power Control Quality Deterioration
If the uplink SIR target has reached the maximum and the
uplink SIR target modification commands are all greater
than zero, a quality deterioration report is sent to handover
control.
SIR
Target
Time
Max SIR Target
Max SIR Target
Quality deterioration report to HC
Repeated Quality deterioration report to HC
Actual SIR Target
Time to trigger (defined by a parameter)
128
Inner Loop Power Control (Closed Loop)
During a connection:
Power adjustment at a rate of 1500 times/second between
the mobile and the base station.
The RNC sets the target BLER level for the service. From
this BLER, it derives a SIR target and sends it to the base
station.
The base station estimates an UL SIR level and decides if
the power of the mobile has to be increased or decreased
(this part is called for Inner Loop).
If the SIR level is higher than the target, a TPC is sent to the
mobile to decrease its power.
If the SIR level is lower than the target, a TPC is sent to the
mobile to increase its power.
In DL the AC decides the levels of the initial, minimum and
maximum power levels for DPDCH.
129
Inner Loop Power Control
Power is increased only if all links report an TPC =1
TPC = 0
TPC = 1
TPC = 1
No power increased but decreased
130
131
Handover Control
Handover Control
132
Agenda:
Handover Types
Softer Handover
Soft Handover
Hard Handover
Handover Control
Event 1A
Event 1B
Event 1C
SHO Summary
Event 1E
Event 1F
IF/IS HHO
Reporting Events 6A, 6B and 6D
Load Based HO GSM WCDMA
133
Name the different type of handovers
Explain the reasons for each handover type
Understand and be able to explain the most important
events: event 1A, event 1B, event 1C, event 1E and event
1F.
134
Handover
Handover types:
Soft Handover
Softer Handover
Hard Handover
135
Handover
WCDMA soft handover types:
Soft Handover
Intra-frequency handover
The mobile will be connected to several cells
simultaneously
The mobile estimates the suitability of a candidate
Softer Handover
Intra-frequency handover
The mobile will be connected to two or three cells from
the same site simultaneously.
136
Softer Handover
RNC RNC
137
Softer Handover
Characteristics and purpose:
Mobiles are connected to two cells or three cells from the
same site
Mobile Evaluated Handover (MEHO)
According to simulations 5%-10% probability.
No extra transmission needed
Provides additional diversity gain
Creates additional interference
138
Soft Handover (SHO)
139
Soft Handover (SHO)
Mobiles are connected to two or more cells from different
sites.
Mobile Evaluated Handover (MEHO)
Seamless handover without any disconnection between the
mobile and the RNC.
Except the power control commands, exactly the same
information is sent.
According to simulations 20%-40% probability.
It is required to avoid near-far effects
Extra transmission across I
ub
is needed.
More channel elements are needed.
Can create additional interference
140
Handover
WCDMA hard handover types:
Intra Frequency Hard Handover
When SHO is not possible e.g. lack of I
ur
interface
The mobile measurement and reporting is the same as SHO
Mobile estimates the handover
RNC controlled
Inter Frequency Hard Handover
Handover from one cell to another from different carriers
RNC makes the decision
Real time users will be temporarily disconnected but this is not
perceived by the user.
141
Handover
WCDMA handover types are:
Inter System Hard Handover
Handover between two different systems e.g. WCDMA to
GSM
The network evaluates the handover
142
Hard Handover (HHO)
WCDMA WCDMA
GSM GSM
143
Hard Handover (HHO) Inter System/Frequency
Mobiles are handed over from one system to another.
Network Evaluated Handover (NEHO)
During the handover, there is an idle time where the mobile
can measure on other systems. This is called Compressed
Mode (CM).
CM was introduced in WCDMA to allow inter-frequency
(system) handovers (3GPP TS 25.215)
As some amount of data is sent in a shorter time, more
power is needed during CM (both in the mobile and the
base station). This affects the WCDMA coverage.
Fast power control information might be lost during the gap
which means that higher E
b
/N
o
values are needed.
As higher E
b
/N
o
values, the capacity of WCDMA is affected
144
Handover Control
Why are SHO and Softer HO required?
In order to avoid near-far effect for circuit switched
connections
Macro diversity gain gives larger cell range compared to
HHO (gain against shadowing ~ 1dB to 3dB gain)
Can give up to 10%-40% extra coverage
The SHO probability should be below 30%-40% in order to
keep the capacity overhead at an optimum level
145
Handover Control
Handover measurement:
The handover measurements are based on CPICH E
c
/I
o
levels only.
CPICH E
c
/I
o
is the received energy per chip divided by the
power density in the band.
The accuracy of CPICH E
c
/I
o
measurements is important for
handover performance.
The accuracy of the measurements depend on the mobile
speed and the filtering length
An optimum long filtering length is good for slow moving
mobiles or stationary mobiles so that the errors caused by fast
fading is minimized.
A long filtering length will cause handover to be delayed for fast
moving mobiles
146
Handover Control
Handover measurement:
Event triggered measurements and reporting
Event 1A: A primary CPICH enters the reporting range
Event 1B: A primary CPICH exits the reporting range
Event 1C: A none active primary CPICH becomes better than
an active primary CPICH
Event 1D: Change the best cell
Event 1E: A primary CPICH becomes better than an absolute
threshold
Event 1F: A primary CPICH becomes worse than an absolute
threshold
Event 6F: The UE RX-TX time difference for a radio link
included in the active set becomes larger than an absolute
threshold
Event 6G: The UE RX-TX time difference for a radio link
included in the active set becomes less than an absolute
threshold
147
Event 1A: A Primary CPICH Enters the Reporting
Range
Cell A
Cell B
Cell C
E
c
/N
o
Time
Addition
Window
Addition Time
E1a
148
Event 1B: A Primary CPICH Leaves the Reporting
Range
Cell A
Cell B
Cell C
E
c
/N
o
Time
Drop
Window
Drop Time
E1b
149
Event 1C: A Non-active CPICH Becomes Better
Than an Active Primary CPICH
Cell A
Cell B
Cell D
E
c
/N
o
Time
Replacement Time
E1c
Cell C
150
SHO Summary
Event Reporting
Cell Status
Triggering
Condition
Reporting Range /
Hysteresis
Time to
Trigger
E1a
Active set cells
+ 2 monitor set
cells
Monitor set
cells
Addition Window
4dB
Addition
Time
0s
E1b
Active set cells Active set cells
Drop Window
6dB
Drop Time
320ms
E1c
Active set cells
+ 2 monitor set
cells
-
Replacement Window
4dB
Replacement
Time
0
151
HHO Cancel Time
Event 1E: A Primary CPICH Exceeds an Absolute
Threshold
Cell A
Cell B
HHO Cancel Threshold
HHO threshold
E
c
/N
o
Time
E1e
E1f
152
HHO Cancel Time HHO Time Hysterisis
Event 1F: A Primary CPICH Falls Below an
Absolute Threshold
Cell A
Cell B
HHO Cancel Threshold
HHO threshold
E
c
/N
o
Time
E1e
E1f
153
IF/IS HHO
Measurement Triggering for E
c
/I
o
:
RNC starts IF/IS HHO measurements when event 1F occurs
for all cells in the active set.
RNC stops IF/IS measurements when event 1E occurs for
at least one cell of the active set.
IF/IS measurements can be stopped if event 1Fs are
cancelled by event 1E only when IFHO/ISHO was not
successful and only inside the time between CM
measurements, which is governed by parameters.
154
IF/IS HHO
Measurement Triggering for RSCP:
The mobile continuously monitors the pilot channels of the
base station in the the active sets
If the RSCP of a cell falls below a threshold (e.g. NOKIA
parameter HHoRscpThreshold), the mobile sends event 1F
report.
RNC starts IF/IS HHO measurements when event 1F occurs
for all cells in the active set.
RNC stops IF/IS measurements when event 1E occurs for
at least one cell of the active set.
IF/IS measurements can be stopped if event 1Fs are
cancelled by event 1E only when IFHO/ISHO was not
successful and only inside the time between CM
measurements, which is governed by parameters.
155
Time Hysterisis
Time to trigger
Reporting Events 6A, 6B and 6D
UE TX
power
Time
E6a
E6b
E6d
6A: The UE Tx power exceeds an absolute threshold
6B: The UE Tx power falls below an absolute threshold
6D: The UE Tx power reaches its maximum value
UE Transmitted power
156
IF/IS HHO
Measurement Triggering: UL Coverage
RNC orders IF/IS measurements when one of the following
event occurs:
Event 6A: The UE Tx power becomes larger than an absolute
value
Event 6D: The UE Tx power reaches its maximum value
Also GSM measurements could be measured first
depending on UE Tx power values in IFHO and ISHO
parameters
Only lower threshold is sent to UE, so either WCDMA or GSM
is measured first, but also other RAT could be measured if not
good enough neighbour is found
157
IF/IS HHO
Measurement Triggering: UL Coverage
RNC stops the inter-frequency measurements when the
event 6B occurs i.e.when the Tx power of the UE becomes
less than an absolute value.
Not all of the available mobiles in the market support the
E6a.
Usually time to trigger for events 6a and 6d are set to 0s.
Time to trigger event 6a = 0s
Time to trigger event 6d = 0s
158
IF/IS HHO
Measurement Triggering: DL Coverage
RNC orders UE to make IF/IS measurements when DL Tx
power of a single radio link reaches threshold defined as:
DL_Code_PWR PowerOffset_DLdpcchPilot > CPICH Pwr + DL Tx Pwr
+ DL_TPCH_TXPWR_Threshold
DL_Code_PWR = measured DL code power
PowerOffset_DLdpcchPilot = power offset for the DPCCH
pilot bits relative to the DPDCHs power.
Default value = 3dB
DL Tx Pwr (DPCH) = measurement on DPCH Tx power
(reported by BTS)
159
IF/IS HHO
Measurement Triggering: DL Coverage
CPICH Pwr = Tx power of the CPICH of an active cell
Usually set to 30dBm or 33dBm
DL_TPCH_TXPWR_Threshold = depends on the type of
service
AMR/CS/RTPS/NRTPS -1/-3/-3/-1dB
160
IF/IS HHO
Measurement Triggering: UL Quality
RNC starts IF/IS measurements based on UL
outer-loop power control reports.
The option must be set in RNC by activating parameter
(EnableULQualDetRep, by default 0=no)
Time duration for which BER/BLER target has not been
reached, despite SIR target at maximum level
(ULQualDetREpThreshold)
Periodic report, for certain period while BLER/BER target
is not reached
161
WCDMA could be used to relieve GSM overload
GSM can be used to extend the WCDMA coverage
area.
GSM GSM
GSM
WCDMA WCDMA
Load Based HO
Coverage Based HO
Coverage Based HO
162
0%
80%
100%
Speech to WCDMA
Only with high GSM Load
More Capacity
For Speech
All Packet Data to WCDMA Higher Bit Rates
163
Load Based Handover Process : GSM WCDMA
Handover Triggering Thresholds are set in BSC
Inter-RAT measurements starts in case the RXLEV
of the serving cell is above or below a threshold
Handover decision is done in case of load of
the serving cell > Load_threshold
and
CPICH Ec/No > min Ec/No Threshold
MS selects the target UTRAN cell
Handover command is sent to MSC
164
165
Load Control
Load Control
166
Agenda:
Load Control
Load Control
167
Why there is a need for load control.
Describe what Controllable and Non-controllable traffic is.
Describe how P
trx_total
and P
rx_total
are calculated.
168
Load Control
Important to keep the air interface load under the planned
thresholds.
Load controls has two main functions:
Preventive control
Prevent the system from being overloaded
Overload control
Returning the system from an overloaded state to a normal
state
Load control measures both UL and DL interference periodically
169
Load Control
Load Control is a cell based Radio Resource Management
function and utilizes:
Thresholds set by radio planners
Load measurements based on power
Admission Control & Packet Scheduler & Load Control
algorithms
Admission Control
Packet Scheduler
Load Control
Load Status
Load Change
NRT Load
170
Load Control
Load control takes the interference coming from other cells
into account as well.
Traffic definition:
Non-controllable traffic = Real time users + Other-cell users
+ Noise
+ Non-real time users (minimum bit rate)
Controllable traffic = Non-real time users
171
Load Control
Traffic classes:
Non-controllable traffic: Conversational or Streaming
Delay sensitive
Controllable traffic: Interactive or Background
Not sensitive to delays
Conversational Streaming
Real Time Traffic
Interactive Background
Non-real Time Traffic
CS Domain
PS Domain
172
Load Control
Some portions of the capacity must be reserved for real
time traffic so that mobility is taken into account.
The ratio between real time traffic and non-real time traffic
varies in time.
Load target
Overload area
Overload margin
Non-controllable traffic
Extra capacity for controllable traffic
173
Load Control
Uplink radio planning thresholds for load control are:
Uplink received power:
P
rx_Total
= P
rx_own cell
+ P
rx_others
+ P
noise
= P
rx_NC
+ P
rx_NRT
Noise [dB]
Load
Prx_target + Prx_offset
Prx_target
Prx_Target ~ 3dB-4dB
Prx_Offset ~ 1dB
174
Load Control
Downlink radio planning thresholds for load control are:
Downlink transmission power:
P
tx_Total
= P
tx_NC
+ P
tx_NRT
Power [dB]
Load
Ptx_target + Ptx_offset
Ptx_target
Ptx_Target ~ 40dB
Ptx_Offset ~ 1dB
175
Load Control
Load control measures the load and passes the information
to Admission Control and Packet Scheduler
Admission Control estimates the effect of additional load
Load Control actions are performed by Admission Control
and Packet Scheduler.
Load Control updates the load status of the cell based on
measurements and estimations provided by AC and PS.
176
177
Admission Control
Admission Control
178
Agenda:
Admission Control
Admission Control and Other Functions
Uplink Admission Control
Uplink Admission Control Case Study 1
Downlink Admission Control
Downlink Admission Control Case Study 1
179
Explain what admission control is.
Understand how admission control works in different traffic
situation.
180
Admission Control and Other Functions
Admission Control
Load change estimation
RAB Admission Decision
DL Power Allocation
Producing TFS
L2 parameters
Load Control
Cell load status
Handover Control
Active state mobility control
Packet Scheduler
Radio resource scheduling
Resource Manager
Code allocation
Transport resource allocation info
Power Control
UL outer loop power control
Active set
information
Load change information
Load information
Target BLER, SIR
RB information
Load information
Resource request
Resource information
181
AC handles new incoming traffic to the RAN by
Estimating the total load caused by adding a new RAB in
uplink and downlink
And decides whether the new RAB can be admitted
Real time traffic admission to the network is decided
Non-real time traffic after RAB has been admitted the optimum
scheduling is determined by Packet Scheduler.
Used for power decision at:
Call setup
Modified
During handover
182
The load is measured by:
PrxTotal received by the base station in the uplink
PtxTotal transmitted by the base station in the downlink
The decision procedure of AC will use:
Thresholds defined by the radio planner
Uplink interference and downlink transmission levels
183
Important measures and parameters:
Uplink:
PrxTotal received by the base station in the uplink
PrxOffset, the maximum margin by which PrxTarget can be
exceeded
Downlink
PtxTotal transmitted by the base station in the downlink
PtxOffset, the maximum margin by which PtxTarget can be
exceeded
184
The load change depends on:
At attribute of the RAB
Traffic type
Quality parameters
AC is located in RNC. In RNC the load information from
several cells can be obtained.
Power increase estimation or load increase estimation is
handled by the AC functionality (for own and neighbours)
AC requests logical resources from Resource Manager
(RM).
185
Normal
Normal
State
State
Preventive
Preventive
State
State
Overload
Overload
State
State
No New RAB
Drop RT bearers
Overload
actions
Decreased bit rates
NRT bearers
to FACH
Drop NRT bearers
Only new RT
bearers if RT load
below PrxTarget or
PtxTarget
Preventive load
control actions
No new capacity
request scheduled
Bit rate not
increased
AC admits
RABs normally
No action
PS Schedules
packet traffic
normally
PrxTarget + PrxOffset
PtxTarget + PtxOffset
PrxTarget
PtxTarget
AC
LC
PS
186
Uplink interference
New users blocked above this point
New users added = I
Max planned load
Load
Noise floor
Max planned power
I
total_old
187
Uplink Admission Control (AC)
In uplink the total received interference power indicates the
load.
Criteria that have to be fulfilled before an real time RAB can
be admitted are:
P
rx_NC
+ I P
rx_target
P
rx_total
P
rx_target
+ P
rx_offset
P
rx_total
= P
rx_NC
+ P
rx_NRT
P
rx_NRT
Is determined by Packet Scheduler and delivered
to AC through Load Control
188
Uplink interference
Load
Noise floor
Prx_total_BS
Prx_target
Prx_offset
After this point the
load control actions
are started to restore
normal load.
189
Prx_total_BS
Prx_target
Prx_NC
packet
Prx_NC
P
P
rx_target rx_target

P
P
rx_NC rx_NC
+
+
P
P
rx_NC rx_NC
P
P
rx_total rx_total

P
P
rx_total_BS rx_total_BS
P
P
rx_total rx_total
=
=
P
P
rx_NC rx_NC
+
+
P
P
rx_NC rx_NC
+
+
P
P
rx_NRT rx_NRT
Admission is given to RT and NRT RAB request
190
Prx_total_BS
Prx_target
Prx_NC
Prx_NRT
Prx_NC
P
P
rx_target rx_target

P
P
rx_NC rx_NC
+
+
P
P
rx_NC rx_NC
P
P
rx_total rx_total

P
P
P
P
rx_total rx_total
=
=
P
P
rx_NC rx_NC
+
+
P
P
rx_NC rx_NC
+
+
P
P
rx_NRT rx_NRT
Admission is given to RT RAB request but
Not to NRT RAB
191
Prx_total_BS
Prx_target
Prx_NC
Prx_NRT
Prx_NC
P
P
rx_target rx_target

P
P
rx_NC rx_NC
+
+
P
P
rx_NC rx_NC
P
P
rx_total rx_total

P
P
P
P
rx_total rx_total
=
=
P
P
rx_NC rx_NC
+
+
P
P
rx_NC rx_NC
+
+
P
P
rx_NRT rx_NRT
No Admission is given to any type of traffic
192
Prx_total_BS
Prx_target
Prx_NC
Prx_NRT
Prx_NC
P
P
rx_target rx_target

P
P
rx_NC rx_NC
+
+
P
P
rx_NC rx_NC
P
P
rx_total rx_total

P
P
P
P
rx_total rx_total
=
=
P
P
rx_NC rx_NC
+
+
P
P
rx_NC rx_NC
+
+
P
P
rx_NRT rx_NRT
No Admission is given to RT RAB traffic but
NRT RAB can be admitted or downgraded
193
Downlink Admission Control (AC)
In downlink the total transmitted powers are used instead
of measured total power.
Criteria that have to be fulfilled before a real time RAB can
be admitted are:
P
tx_NC
+ P
tx_NC
P
tx_Target
P
tx_Total
P
tx_target_BS
= P
tx_target
+ P
tx_offset
P
tx_total
= P
tx_NC
+ P
tx_NRT
194
Downlink Admission Control
Uplink interference
Load
Prx_target_BS
Prx_target
Prx_offset
Absolute maximum Tx power in the cell
After this point the
load control actions
are started to prevent
overload.
195
Downlink Admission Control (AC)
For each RAB request, AC has to estimate the increase in
the total NC transmission power
The task is to estimate the increase in the total non-
controllable transmission power: P
tx_NC
It is calculated in:
Estimation of Tx power increase based on admission of a
reference RAB (AMR 12.2kbps)
For other RAB, the power of the reference RAB is multiplied
by a factor based on the requested RABs properties (Eb/No
and etc.) = P
tx
Power of inactive RT users (still in establishment phase) is
added
P
tx_NC
= P
tx
+ P
tx,inactive
196
Ptx_total_BS
Ptx_target
Ptx_NC
packet
Ptx_NC
P
P
tx_target tx_target

P
P
tx_NC tx_NC
+
+
P
P
tx_NC tx_NC
P
P
tx_total tx_total

P
P
tx_total_BS tx_total_BS
P
P
rx_total rx_total
=
=
P
P
rx_NC rx_NC
+
+
P
P
rx_NC rx_NC
+
+
P
P
rx_NRT rx_NRT
Admission is given to RT and NRT RAB request
197
Ptx_total_BS
Ptx_target
Ptx_NC
Ptx_NRT
Ptx_NC
P
P
tx_Target tx_Target

P
P
tx_NC tx_NC
+
+
P
P
tx_NC tx_NC
P
P
tx_Target tx_Target

P
P
tx_Total tx_Total

P
P
P
P
tx_Total tx_Total
=
=
P
P
tx_NC tx_NC
+
+
P
P
tx_NC tx_NC
+
+
P
P
tx_NRT tx_NRT
Admission is given to RT RAB request but
Not to NRT RAB
198
Ptx_total_BS
Ptx_target
Ptx_NC
Ptx_NRT
Ptx_NC
P
P
tx_Target tx_Target

P
P
tx_NC tx_NC
+
+
P
P
tx_NC tx_NC
P
P
tx_Total tx_Total

P
P
P
P
tx_Total tx_Total
=
=
P
P
tx_NC tx_NC
+
+
P
P
tx_NC tx_NC
+
+
P
P
tx_NRT tx_NRT
No Admission is given to any type of traffic
199
Ptx_total_BS
Ptx_target
Ptx_NC
Ptx_NRT
Ptx_NC
P
P
tx_Target tx_Target

P
P
tx_NC tx_NC
+
+
P
P
tx_NC tx_NC
P
P
tx_Target tx_Target

P
P
tx_Total tx_Total

P
P
P
P
tx_Total tx_Total
=
=
P
P
tx_NC tx_NC
+
+
P
P
tx_NC tx_NC
+
+
P
P
tx_NRT tx_NRT
No Admission is given to RT RAB traffic but
NRT RAB can be admitted or downgraded
200
201
Packet Scheduler
Packet Scheduler
202
Agenda:
Packet Scheduler
Packet Scheduler
Operating Point
RRC Connection Modes
Packet Scheduler Downlink Channel Allocation
203
Explain the role of packet scheduler.
Explain when packet scheduler is in operation.
Describe the different RRC Connection Modes for packet
scheduler.
204
The capacity that is not used by non-controllable load can
be used for Non-Real Time (NRT) radio bearers on a bets
effort basis.
Packet Scheduler takes care of radio resources for NRT
radio bearers for both uplink and downlink directions.
Implemented for both dedicated channels (DCH) and
common control channels (RACH [UL]/FACH [DL])
Scheduled capacity depends on:
Mobiles capability
Base stations capability
Current load
Availability of the physical channels
205
The proportion between RT and NRT traffic varies all the
time.
The load made by the RT traffic cannot be controlled in an
efficient way.
P
rx_NC
/P
tx_NC
P
rx_NRT
/P
tx_NRT
P
rx_Total
/P
tx_Total
P
rx_Target
/P
tx_ Target
P
rx_Offset
/P
tx_ Offset
Controllable load
Non-Controllable load
206
Operating Point
Normal
Normal
State
State
Preventive
Preventive
State
State
Overload
Overload
State
State
No New RAB
Drop RT bearers
Overload
actions
Decreased bit rates
NRT bearers
to FACH
Drop NRT bearers
Only new RT
bearers if RT load
below PrxTarget or
PtxTarget
Preventive load
control actions
PS reschedules
bit rates to provide
the minimum bit
rate to maximum
number of users
AC admits
RABs normally
No action
PS increases
available bit rate
PrxTarget + PrxOffset
PtxTarget + PtxOffset
PrxTarget
PtxTarget
AC
LC
PS
PrxOffset
PtxOffset
207
If the load is too high PS starts to decrease bit rates of the
NRT bearers
Bit rates are decreased in the following order:
DCH bit rates of the background class bearers are
decreased (until minimum)
DCH bit rates of the Interactive class bearers are decreased
(until minimum)
Background class bearers are switched from DCH to CCH
Interactive class bearers are switched from DCH to CCH
Within each class, the bit rates are decreased in random
order, starting with the highest bit rates allocated.
The bearers cannot be modified too often.
208
When the mobile moves away from the base station, the
transmit power increases.
A risk to reach the maximum allowed transmit power for the
link.
In such cases the bit rates of the NRT bearers are
decreased by the Packet Scheduler.
Keep the E
b
/N
o
within designed values.
209
Packet Scheduler (PS) - Connection Modes
When there are packets to be sent, the Radio Resource
Control, RRC, will decide what type of mode and channel
should be used.
One mobile can have maximum one RRC connection.
An RRC connection is a logical connection between the
mobile and the radio access network used by two peer
entities to support the exchange of information.
210
Idle Mode
Cell_DCH
Cell_FACH
Cell_PCH
Not implemented
URA_PCH
Not implemented
Inactivity
Traffic Volume
Establish RRC connection
Establish RRC connection Release RRC connection Release RRC connection
211
Cell_DCH
Dedicated physical channels for transfer of large amount of
data
Cell_FACH
Small amount of data traffic (e.g. SMS)
Downlink transmission made on FACH
Uplink transmission made on RACH
Cell_PCH and Cell_URA are not implemented yet.
No uplink transmission is allowed
Meant primarily for cell reselection and cell updates
212
From Admission Control, PS gets:
Transport Format Set (TFS) for each NRT bearer
TFCS rules (including RT bearers)
Bit rate modification operations are modifications of the
available TFCS
When an overload situation is detected, PS schedules a
subset of the allocated TFCS
UE will select the most suitable allowed transport formats.
When the overload situation is over, the original TFCS is
restored
Original TFCS
0
12 64 32 128
Subset of TFCS
213
Channel type selection is based on:
RACH load measured by the base station
FACH load measured by the base station
Ptx_total measured by the base station
Buffer thresholds set by the planner
FACHDataAllowedTotal (NOKIA specific)
TrafVolThresholdDLLow (NOKIA specific)
214
Packet Scheduler Downlink Channel Allocation
Buffer status
>
TrafVolThresholdDLLow
FACH Buffer Status
>
FACHDataAllowedTotal
FACH allowed
Initiate Data
Transmission on FACH
Request DCH on PS
Yes
No
Yes
No
No
Yes
215
Resource Manager
Resource Manager
216
Agenda:
Resource Manager
Resource Manager
Code Allocation
Code rearrangement
Resource Manager UL Scrambling Code
217
Understand the responsibility of resource manager.
218
Resource Managers main function is to allocate logical
resources in the base station.
Resource Manager is located in RNC with close
cooperation with Admission Control and Packet Scheduler.
Input comes from Admission Control and Packet Scheduler
while Resource Manager only informs Packet Scheduler of
the allocated resource.
Maintains the code tree:
Allocates DL Channelization codes
Allocates UL Scrambling codes
Allocates UL Channelization codes
219
Code allocation algorithm allocates the best channelization
code depending on the TFC type.
Able to switch codes
Downlink:
Scrambling code separates the cells
Spreading codes separates connections
Uplink:
Scrambling codes separates the different mobiles
Spreading codes separates the different physical channels
220
Code Allocation:
Codes are selected from a code tree.
Codes are layered from 0 to 11 according to the code type.
C
1
(0) = [1]
C
2
(1) = [1 0]
C
2
(0) = [1 1]
C
3
(0) = [1 1 1 1]
C
3
(1) = [1 1 0 0]
C
3
(2) = [1 0 1 0]
C
3
(3) = [1 0 0 1]
C
4
(0) = [1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1]
C
4
(1) = [1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0]
C
4
(2) = [1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0]
C
4
(3) = [1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1]
C
4
(5) = [1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1]
C
4
(6) = [1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1]
C
4
(7) = [1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0]
C
4
(4) = [1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0]
Spreading Factor:
SF = 1
Layer 0
SF = 2
Layer 1
SF = 4
Layer 2
SF = 16
Layer 4
SF = 8
Layer 3
221
Code Allocation:
In DL code order 2 to 8 (SF 4 to 512) are available
In UL code order 2 to 7 (SF 4 to 256) are available
Codes are always allocated from the optimum location in
the code tree.
Once a code is allocated in the branch, the codes below
and above the branch are unavailable.
Relocation/Re-arrangement of the code tree is done by
reallocating the codes in better location
222
Code Allocation:
223
Code Rearrangement :
Best branch is a branch where equal codes are allocated
or are very close to one another.
224
Resource Manager Code Allocation Optimization
Code tree optimization is applied when:
If it is allowed in the cell. It is set by a parameter in the
network (CodeTreeOptimization = Yes [NOKIA])
If the code tree usage exceeds a threshold
Periodically
After a number of code releases
225
Resource Manager UL Scrambling Code
UL scrambling codes are mobile specific and are allocated
when a connection is to be established.
The codes are indexed from 0 to 2
24
-1 (more than 16
million).
Codes 0 256 are reserved fir the PRACH messages
Allocation of the codes are independent for each user
Risk that two mobiles allocate the same code.
226
227
Cell Synchronisation
Cell Synchronisation
228
Agenda:
Secondary Synchronization Codes
229
Understand how synchronization is made.
Describe how a scrambling group is found.
230
When mobile is switched on, it needs to find a cell to camp
on.
Cell synchronization is achieved with the Synchronization
Channel, SCH.
SCH is divided into two channels:
P-SCH
Time slot synchronization
Chip synchronization
S-SCH
To identify the beginning of a 10ms frame
To identify scrambling group code group
231
C
p
C
p
C
p
C
p
C
s1
C
s2
C
s15
C
1
Primary Synchronization Channel (P-SCH)
Secondary Synchronization Channel (S-SCH)
10 ms Frame
Slot 0 Slot 1
Slot 14 Slot 0
2560 chips
256 chips
Empty and no Tx
232
Secondary Synchronization Code
There are 16 different Secondary Synchronization Code
combinations.
5
233
1 1 2 8 9 10 15 8 10 16 2 7 15 7 16
1 1 5 16 7 3 14 16 3 10 5 12 14 12 10
1 2 1 15 5 5 12 16 6 11 2 16 11 15 12
1 2 3 1 8 6 5 2 5 8 4 4 6 3 7
1 2 16 6 6 11 15 5 12 1 15 12 16 11 2
1 3 4 7 4 1 5 5 3 6 2 8 7 6 8
9 11 12 15 12 9 13 13 11 14 10 16 15 14 16
9 12 10 15 13 14 9 14 15 11 11 13 12 16 10
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
SC group 1
SC group 2
SC group 3
SC group 4
SC group 5
SC group 6
SC group 63
SC group 64
234
5 12
235
1 1 2 8 9 10 15 8 10 16 2 7 15 7 16
1 1 5 16 7 3 14 16 3 10 5 12 14 12 10
1 2 1 15 5 5 12 16 6 11 2 16 11 15 12
1 2 3 1 8 6 5 2 5 8 4 4 6 3 7
1 2 16 6 6 11 15 5 12 1 15 12 16 11 2
1 3 4 7 4 1 5 5 3 6 2 8 7 6 8
9 11 12 15 12 9 13 13 11 14 10 16 15 14 16
9 12 10 15 13 14 9 14 15 11 11 13 12 16 10
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
SC group 1
SC group 2
SC group 3
SC group 4
SC group 5
SC group 6
SC group 63
SC group 64
236
5 12 1
237
1 1 2 8 9 10 15 8 10 16 2 7 15 7 16
1 1 5 16 7 3 14 16 3 10 5 12 14 12 10
1 2 1 15 5 5 12 16 6 11 2 16 11 15 12
1 2 3 1 8 6 5 2 5 8 4 4 6 3 7
1 2 16 6 6 11 15 5 12 1 15 12 16 11 2
1 3 4 7 4 1 5 5 3 6 2 8 7 6 8
9 11 12 15 12 9 13 13 11 14 10 16 15 14 16
9 12 10 15 13 14 9 14 15 11 11 13 12 16 10
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
SC group 1
SC group 2
SC group 3
SC group 4
SC group 5
SC group 6
SC group 63
SC group 64
238
239
Paging
Paging
Procedure
Procedure
240
Agenda:
Paging Procedure
Paging Procedure
Trade Off
241
Understand the paging procedure.
242
Paging Procedure
A paging process is needed when data is going to be sent
to the mobile.
Paging impacts the battery consumption.
A mobile is paged based on a Discontinuous Reception,
DRX, cycle indicated by a value 2
j
* 10ms.
j varies between 3-9 and is set by the radio planner.
If j=6, the UE is paged every 640ms.
The UE will then check the contents on the Paging
Indicators which are sent on the Paging Indicator Channel,
PICH.
243
Paging Indicators Channel, PICH, is used to notify a mobile
that it is going to be paged.
On the BCCH, the number of S-CCPCH, K, and the number
of Paging Indicators, Np, are sent.
Paging Indicators, Np is an indication of how many paging
groups there are.
UEs are distributed on these Nps.
Multiple UEs can share the same paging indicator.
Paging Procedure
244
Paging Procedure
The number of Np can be:
18 blocks of 16 bits (288bits/18 = 16 bits)
245
Paging Indicator Channel, PICH, has 300 bits in total but
only 288 bits only used for paging.
Paging Procedure
3GPP 25.211
b
1
b
0
288 bits for paging indication
12 bits (transmission off)
One radio frame (10 ms)
b
287
b
288
b
299
246
Paging Procedure
Each UE is assigned a special PI slot based on a formula
using its IMSI number.
If the bits in the PI are all set to 1, then the mobile knows
that it is going to be paged and will check the contents of
the corresponding S-CCPCH channel.
Once there is an indication, the mobile will read the
S-CCPCH frames.
A corresponding S-CCPCH to PICH is always sent after
PICH channel (7680chips).
247
3GPP 25.211
b
1
b
0
288 bits for paging indication
12 bits (transmission off)
One radio frame (10 ms)
b
287
b
288
b
299
PICH frame
S-CCPCH
7680 chips
Number of paging indicators per
frame (Np)
P
q
= 1 P
q
= 0
Np=18 {b
16q
, , b
16q+15
} = {1, 1,, 1} {b
16q
, , b
16q+15
} = {0, 0,, 0}
Np=36 {b
8q
, , b
8q+7
} = {1, 1,, 1} {b
8q
, , b
8q+7
} = {0, 0,, 0}
Np=72 {b
4q
, , b
4q+3
} = {1, 1,, 1} {b
4q
, , b
4q+3
} = {0, 0,, 0}
Np=144 {b
2q
, b
2q+1
} = {1, 1} {b
2q
, b
2q+1
} = {0, 0}
Paging Procedure
248
Trade Off
The higher Np, the more paging indicators exist
among which the UEs can be distributed.
This means that the probability that a UE needs
to read the page is less.
A high number of Np less bits exist
Less bits higher output power for PICH
249
Cell
Cell
Selection
Selection
and
and
Cell
Cell
Reselection
Reselection
Fundamentals
Fundamentals
250
Agenda:
Cell Selection and Cell Reselection Fundamentals
Cell Selection and Cell Reselection
PLMN Selection
State Transitions In RRC Idle Mode
Idle Mode State
States and state Transition in the RRC Idle Mode
Initial Cell Selection
Initial Cell Selection Procedure
Cell Selection in RRC Idle and RRC Selected Mode
S Criterion
S-Criterion Power Restriction
251
Understand cell selection and reselection
Describe how S criterion works
252
Cell Selection and Re-selection
Cell selection and cell re-selection is needed to selected the
most suitable cell.
RRC handles the cell selection and re-selection.
Responsible for:
PLMN Selection and Reselection
Cell selection\reselection
Location registration
253
PLMN Selection
Modes of PLMN selection:
Automatic mode; the UE scans for the highest priority PLMN
(stored on USIM)
Manual Mode; the UE scans for all available PLMNS and
allows the user to select the correct one.
254
State Transitions In RRC Idle Mode
When the UE is in RRC Idle Mode, 3 States can be
identified:
Camped Normally state
Any Cell Selection state
Camped on any cell state
255
Idle Mode States
Camped Normally State
All network services available
UE responsible for cell reselection evaluation
Any Cell Selection State
UE moves to this state if
No suitable cell has been found or
No USIM available
Location registration rejected.
Cell search performed irrespective to PLMN identity
Limited services
Cells evaluated based on CPICH RSCP (RSCP > -95dBm [FDD])
Camped on Any Cell State
Limited service when acceptable cell found.
256
Cell Reselection
Evaluation
Process
Stored Information
Cell Selection
Cell Reselection
when leaving
Connected Mode
Camped
Normally
Initial Cell
Selection
Connected
Mode
1
New PLMN
Selected
3GPP 25.304
Cell Information
for the stored PLMN
No Cell information
for stored PLMN
No Suitable Cell Found
No Suitable
Cell Found
Return to
Idle Mode
No Suitable
Cell Found
No Suitable
Cell Found
Any Cell
Selection
NAS Registration Failed
Trigger
Leave Idle Mode
Suitable Cell
Found
Suitable Cell
Found
Suitable Cell
Selected
Suitable Cell Found
2
257
Cell Selection when
leaving connected
mode
Cell Reselection
Evaluation Process
2
Acceptable Cell Found
Suitable
Cell Found
Trigger Acceptable
Cell Found
No Acceptable Cell Found
Leave Idle
Mode
Return to
Idle Mode
Any Cell
Selection
Camp on
Any Cell
No Acceptable Cell Found
No USIM
1
USIM Inserted
Connected Mode
(emergency only)
Acceptable Cell Found
3GPP 25.304
258
Cell selection procedures:
Stored Information Cell Selection
UE Scans all carriers frequencies of the UTRAN.
UE focuses its cell search on the strongest cell on each
carrier.
259
Stored Information Cell Selection
UE uses stored information of the UTRAN (such as carrier
parameters, scrambling code allocations)
If stored information no longer valid (e.g. the mobile is
switched on in a different location), UE begins initial cell
selection.
260
Cell Selection in RRC Idle and RRC Selected Mode
If a cell camps normally onto a cell it is responsible for:
Monitoring the BCCH to obtain system informations
Perform serving cell measurements periodically
Undertaking neighbour cell measurements for cell
evaluation procedures
Conduct the cell reselection procedure when BCCH
information has changed or internal measurements dictate.
Execute cell reselection if a better cell is detected.
Move the Ue to the internal state Any Cell Selection if no
suitable cell could be found.
261
S-Criterion
A cell is identified as suitable cells for if it fulfils the S
Criteria.
Determined by the UE
Fulfilled when:

for FDD cells: Srxlev > 0 AND Squal > 0
for TDD cells: Srxlev > 0
3GPP 25.304

Squal = Q
qualmeas
Qqualmin
Srxlev = Q
rxlevmeas
- Qrxlevmin - Pcompensation
262
Squal
Cell Selection quality value (dB). Applicable only for FDD cells.
Srxlev
Cell Selection RX level value (dB)
Q
qualmeas
Measured cell quality value. The quality of the received signal expressed in CPICH Ec/N0 (dB) for
FDD cells. CPICH Ec/N0 shall be averaged as specified in [10]. Applicable only for FDD cells.
Q
rxlevmeas
Measured cell RX level value. This is received signal, CPICH RSCP for FDD cells (dBm) and P-
CCPCH RSCP for TDD cells (dBm).
Qqualmin
Minimum required quality level in the cell (dB). Applicable only for FDD cells.
Qrxlevmin
Minimum required RX level in the cell (dBm)
Pcompensation
max(UE_TXPWR_MAX_RACH P_MAX, 0) (dB)
UE_TXPWR_MAX
_RACH
Maximum TX power level an UE may use when accessing the cell on RACH (read in system
information) (dBm)
P_MAX
Maximum RF output power of the UE (dBm)
S-Criterion
263
UE meets all S Criteria and
cell is selected
UE meets S Criterion (SRxlev and SQual)
but does not meet power requirements
(P Compensation).
Ue does not select cell.
UE does not meet S criteria
(or power requirements)
and does not select the cell
S-Criterion Power Restriction
UE_TXPWR_MAX_RACH = 33dBm
P_Max = 21dBm
264
265
Scrambling
Scrambling
Code Planning
Code Planning
266
Agenda:
Design Guidelines
267
Understand the different methods when planning scrambling
codes.
268
Downlink Scrambling Code Planning
Scrambling code
Scrambling code planning in WCDMA is similar to frequency
planning for BCCH in GSM.
Each cell has its own scrambling code.
Total of 512 scrambling codes are available.
These are in 64 groups (each group containing 8 codes)
Code
Group 1
Group 0 1 2 63
0 8 16 504
1 9 17 505
2 10 18 506
3 11 19 507
4 12 20 508
5 13 21 509
6 14 22 510
7 15 23 511
269
Design Guidelines
Downlink Primary Scrambling Code Allocation Strategies:
Strategy 1: Random planning
To use any code from any group
No need for planning
Slows cell search algorithm
270
Design Guidelines
Strategy 2: Same codes from different code groups
Using all 64 code groups form one code row
Slows cell search algorithm
Code 0 1 2 63
0 0 8 16 504
1 1 9 17 505
2 2 10 18 506
3 3 11 19 507
4 4 12 20 508
5 5 13 21 509
6 6 14 22 510
7 7 15 23 511
Code Groups
Code 1
from any
code group
1,0
3,0
4,0
6,0
0,0 5,0
2,0
16,0
14,0
20,0
19,0
15,0 18,0
17,0
12,0
11,0
13,0
8,0
10,0 7,0
9,0
271
Design Guidelines
Strategy 3: Minimum code group usage
Using codes from the same group
Fast cell search algorithm
Most common practice in the live networks today
Code 0 1 2 63
0 0 8 16 504
1 1 9 17 505
2 2 10 18 506
3 3 11 19 507
4 4 12 20 508
5 5 13 21 509
6 6 14 22 510
7 7 15 23 511
Code Groups
Code selection from group 2
0,1
0,3
0,4
0,6
0,0 0,5
0,2
2,1
1,3
2,4
2,6
2,0 2,5
2,2
1,1
1,3
1,4
1,6
1,0 1,5
1,2
Code group
Code code
272
Design Guidelines
Scrambling codes planning is independent for each carrier
Same layer can be used for two or more carriers
Cell search time increase when the number of neighbours
is high.
273
References
3GPP TS25.101
3GPP TS25.211
3GPP TS25.214
3GPP TS25.215
3GPP TS25.304
3GPP TS25.331
3GPP TS25.401
3GPP TS25.402
J Laiho, A Wacker and T Novosad, Radio Network
Planning and Optimization for UMTS

MYCOM - WCDMA Fundamentals AndFunctionalities - For Handsout

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