TMP AEAC

WEDNESDAY MORNING, 20 MAY 2009 GRAND BALLROOM II, 8:55 A.M.
TO 12:00 NOON
Session 3aAA
Architectural Acoustics: Measurement and Modeling of Scattering Effects
David T. Bradley, Chair

Physics and Astronomy Dept., Vassar College, Poughkeepsie, NY 12604-0745
Invited Papers
8:55
3aAA1. Scattering prediction and measurement in architectural acoustics. David T. Bradley 共Phys. and Astron. Depart., Vassar
College, 124 Raymond Ave., Poughkeepsie, NY 12604-0745, dabradley@vassar.edu兲
Reflected sound energy typically exhibits a combination of both specular and diffuse behavior when acoustic waves encounter a
solid surface. For specularly reflected sound, the angle of reflection is equal to the angle of incidence. A diffusely reflected sound is
characterized by dispersion in both the spatial and temporal domains. The ability of a surface to diffusely reflect sound is characterized
by the amount of scattering in its reflected energy, and can be determined using numerical prediction schemes and experimental mea-
surement techniques. Although the study of scattering surfaces plays an integral role in several fields of acoustics, the development of
these measurement and prediction procedures is relatively nascent, particularly in the field of architectural acoustics. An overview of the
current state-of-the-art for these procedures will be presented along with an outline of possible future directions in this area of research.
9:15
3aAA2. Measurement and modeling of scattering in underwater acoustics: A potential value to architectural acoustics? Martin
Siderius 共Dept. of Elect. and Comput. Eng., Portland State Univ., 1900 SW 4th Ave., Portland, OR 97201, siderius@pdx.edu兲, David
Bradley 共Vassar College, Poughkeepsie, NY 12604-0745兲, and Lisa Zurk 共Portland State Univ., Portland, OR 97201兲
Scattering measurement and modeling techniques in underwater acoustics have undergone significant progress through several de-
cades of research. The knowledge gained from this research can be applied to similar scattering problems found in above water systems,
such as those typically seen in architectural acoustics. Underwater environments have inherently complex scattering behavior including
multiple propagation paths and boundaries that are rough and spatially variable. Additionally, boundaries are often moving, which can
introduce different Doppler shifts on multipath arrivals, referred to as Doppler spread. These complications make modeling underwater
propagation and scattering a challenging problem. However, there are currently several models that are routinely used for predicting
underwater acoustic behavior. In some cases, deterministic modeling can be used while in others the complexity only allows for a
statistical description of the acoustic field. In recent years, acoustic communications have emerged as an important ocean application,
and the innovations provided by these systems have pushed the limits of current techniques. An overview of these modeling and mea-
surement techniques will be presented, and the lessons learned from recent advances will be reviewed in the context of identifying
commonalities between underwater and architectural acoustics.
9:35
3aAA3. Fractal surfaces: Generation and acoustic scattering prediction. Derek R. Olson and David T. Bradley 共Phys. and Astron.
Dept., Vassar College, 124 Raymond Ave., Box 2529, Poughkeepsie, NY 12604兲
Typical acoustical diffuser design results in diffuse sound scattering only for a limited frequency band, which is problematic given
the breadth of the human audible frequency range. Surfaces exhibiting fractal geometries may address this problem due to their self-
similarity over multiple scales. Stochastic fractals, such as the random midpoint displacement 共RMD兲 fractal, are well-suited to this
usage since they can be mapped onto physical surfaces appropriate for acoustical diffusers. In the current project, virtual RMD fractal
surfaces were generated and then constructed using a 3-D printer. A pilot study has been conducted to determine the scattering properties
of the fractal surfaces using a numerical prediction scheme carried out using the boundary element method 共BEM兲. Experimental mea-
surements of the scattering properties were also carried out according to ISO 17497. The numerical predictions and experimental mea-
surements were contrasted to improve numerical prediction accuracy and optimize the fractal design parameters of acoustical diffusers.
These parameters include surface roughness, fractal dimensionality, number of iterations, and the random number probability distribu-
tion function. The comparison of the numerical and experimental results will be presented along with effects of the fractal design
parameters.
9:55
3aAA4. A suggested method to be used to measure the scattering coefficient of full-scale samples. Ron Sauro 共NWAA Labs., Inc.,
25132 Rye Canyon Loop, Santa Clarita, CA 91355, audioគron@msn.com兲
In attempting to follow ISO 17497-1 as a method for measuring full-scale scattering coefficients, it was observed that many of the
recommended steps needed to be modified for those full-scale measurements. Variations were tried to aid in these measurements. These
variations are described and suggested solutions to the problems observed are presented. It was observed that continuous rotation of the
sample, rather than step action rotation, worked better for taking consistent data from the sample. A stable chamber environment is also
necessary with humidity reaching at least 50% and temperature variations should not vary by more than 1°C throughout all four parts
2613 J. Acoust. Soc. Am., Vol. 125, No. 4, Pt. 2, April 2009 157th Meeting: Acoustical Society of America 2613
Downloaded 22 Nov 2012 to 188.37.181.82. Redistribution subject to ASA license or copyright; see http://asadl.org/terms
of the test. It was also observed that a less directional source than recommended was needed so two dodecahedron loudspeakers were
chosen to reproduce a combined weighted noise stimulus source. Six data microphones were placed at random locations and varying
heights to collect data. Data were compared between the suggested method and the ISO-17497-1 standard.
10:15—10:30 Break
Contributed Papers
10:30 sound arrive at the receiver in close succession when measuring low inci-
3aAA5. Investigating multifractals to quantify diffuseness in rooms. dent angles, special processing must be exercised in order to resolve the re-
Noel W. Hart 共Graduate Prog. in Archit. Acoust., Rensselaer Polytech. Inst., lationship between the sounds. This research addresses the challenges of the
2403 21st St. Apt. 5, Troy, NY, 12180, hartn@rpi.edu兲 and Ning Xiang goniometer measurement and attempts to use a synthesized aperture goni-
共Rensselaer Polytech. Inst., Troy, NY, 12180兲 ometer to derive accurate diffusion and directivity properties of materials.
Diffuseness, an important room acoustics parameter, currently has no ac-

curate objective method of quantification. Most methods that claim to be 11:15
able to quantify it require specialized equipment or guesswork. Multifractals 3aAA8. Measurement and improvement of the diffuse-reflection
present a recent method that allows diffuseness in rooms to be quantified by coefficients of profiled-wood surfaces. Chris Bibby and Murray Hodgson
analyzing a single room impulse response 关Loutridis, JASA 125共3兲共2009兲兴. 共Acoust. & Noise Res. Group, SOEH-MECH, Univ. of British Columbia,
This method will be verified by acoustical measurements in rooms of vari- 3rd Fl., 2206 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3 Canada兲
ous degrees of diffuseness. Since this method has only been demonstrated in
An apparatus and procedure were developed for measuring the diffuse-
small rooms, its applicability towards larger rooms of different types is
reflection coefficients of surfaces in an anechoic chamber according to the
tested. Frequency dependency is also unknown and is investigated.
ISO-17497 method. This involves determining the proportion of incoherent
energy in the impulse response measured in the presence of the surface. Sur-
face absorption was measured by the reverberation-room method. The
10:45 sound-absorption and sound-diffusion properties of two existing profiled-
3aAA6. Prediction and tailoring of steady-state broadband sound fields wood architectural panels, one with sinusoidal corrugations, the other com-
in enclosures using absorption scaling and energy-intensity boundary prising rectangular sections of different heights, were characterized. Inves-
elements. Donald Bliss, Krista Michalis, and Linda Franzoni 共Mech. Eng. tigations into how to improve the absorption and diffusion characteristics
and Mater. Sci., Duke Univ., Durham, NC 27708, dbb@duke.edu兲 were made, and prototype surfaces tested and evaluated.
Enclosures with diffuse reflection boundaries are modeled with an
energy-intensity boundary element method using uncorrelated broadband di- 11:30
rectional sources. An absorption-based perturbation analysis shows the spa- 3aAA9. An in-situ diffusivity measurement method for diffuser design in
tial variation of acoustic field obeys certain scaling laws. A series expansion concert halls. Jin Yong Jeon and Yong Hee Kim 共Dept. of Architectural
in terms of average absorption gives separate boundary integral problems at Eng., Hanyang Univ., Seoul 133-791, Korea兲
each order. The lowest-order solution has a uniform level proportional to the
reciprocal of the average absorption. The next-order solution is independent This study investigates an in-situ measurement method to evaluate the
of average absorption and primarily responsible for spatial variation of the diffuseness of a sound field using scale model concert halls. The diffusers
acoustic field. This solution depends on the spatial distribution of absorption were applied to scale model concert halls in which the impulse responses at
and input power sources, but not their overall level. For the primary spatial both the audience and stage area were observed. Both reflection number
variation, the effects of the relative distributions of absorption and input 共RN兲 and reflection energy 共RE兲 were used as in-situ diffusivity indices: RN
power are linear and uncoupled. These distributions can be expressed in is defined by the number of reflection rays of which critical amplitude level
terms of constituent spatial modes corresponding to the ways absorption and is within ⫺30 dB after the direct sound, and RE defined by the integrated
input power can be distributed. Solved numerically once for each mode, the energy at the normalized impulse responses. Through the scale model mea-
acoustic field can be expressed in terms of the modal amplitudes in closed surements, it was observed that half of the side walls near the stage were
form. These amplitudes can be adjusted to tailor the spatial variation. Ex- effective for diffuseness of sounds both in auditorium and on stage. It was
amples include how to distribute absorption to minimize sound levels in one also found that the balancing of in-situ diffusivity is useful for diffuseness
location, or how to achieve a uniform interior field. 关Sponsor: NSF.兴 perception, which is subject to the level of the direct sounds.
11:45
11:00 3aAA10. Measurement of diffuse sound reflection from an impedance
3aAA7. Measuring the uniform diffusion coefficient: Synthesized surfaces using one microphone by bayesian inversion. Gavin Steininger
aperture goniometer measurements. Philip W. Robinson, Ning Xiang 共Acoust. and Noise Control Res. Group–Dept. of Mech. Eng., Univ. of Brit-
共Architectural Acoust. Program, Rensselaer Polytechnic Inst.兲, and Peter ish Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada兲 and Murray Hodgson 共Univ. of Brit-
D’Antonio 共RPG Diffusor Systems, Inc.兲 ish Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada兲
There are currently two methods to measure the diffusion/scattering This paper discusses the use of inverse methods to find the absorption
from acoustical surfaces: reverberation chamber measurement and in-situ and diffusion characteristics of surfaces. An impedance surface in an
measurement using a semicircular array of microphones called a anechoic chamber is excited by a pure tone source above it. The steady-state
goniometer. Each of these methods has advantages and drawbacks. The re- sound level is measured at n points above the impedance surface. The dis-
verberation chamber method accounts for random incidence, but produces tribution of the n steady-state sound-pressure levels is assumed to be
inconsistent results for materials of the same profile but different absorption. Gaussian. The set of mean or predicted values for this distribution is gener-
It does not distinguish between one-dimensional and two-dimensional sur- ated by finding the modulus of a modified Sommerfeld boundary element
face topologies, since the sample is rotated, and is also inapplicable to high solution to the Helmholtz equation. The modification is to add multiple dif-
absorption materials. The goniometer measurement quantifies directivity as fusely reflected waves each of which is additionally attenuated by a distri-
well as diffusion, but presents challenges related to processing power, as bution that is proportional to sin共2␪兲⫻G共␪兲D␪⫻H共␾兲D␾, where G共␪兲 is the
many microphones are required to achieve reasonable resolution. Using a piecewise function 关G共␪兲⫽␪/␪Spec, ␪艋␪Spec, and 关共␲/2兲⫺␪兴/关共␲/2兲⫺␪兴Spec
procedure akin to synthesized aperture radar, a 2.5° resolution polar plot of otherwise兴 and H共␾兲⫽兩共1⫺␾兲/␲兩. The system of equations is then optimized
the 180° response is achieved by scanning eight microphones rather than for the specific impedance of the surface, the normal diffusion coefficient,
employing a full array of 72. Also, since the direct sound and reflected and the azimuth diffusion coefficient 共Z, D␪, and D␾兲 using Bayesian
inversion. This process is repeated for two surfaces 共painted plywood over wooden blocks兲 at six frequencies 共250, 500, 1000, 2000, 4000, and 8000
16 inch studs and painted plywood over 16 inch studs with randomly placed Hz兲.
WEDNESDAY MORNING, 20 MAY 2009 GALLERIA NORTH, 8:00 TO 11.45 A.M.
Session 3aAB
Animal Bioacoustics and Acoustical Oceanography: Autonomous Remote Monitoring Systems for Marine
Animals III
Marc O. Lammers, Chair

Hawaii Inst of Marine Biology, Kailua, HI 96734
Invited Papers
8:00
3aAB1. From mysticete song to odontocete echolocation: Monitoring cetacean sounds with high-frequency acoustic recording
packages (HARPs). Sean M. Wiggins and John A. Hildebrand 共Scripps Inst. of Oceanogr., 9500 Gilman Dr. La Jolla, CA 92093-0205,
swiggins@ucsd.edu兲
Marine mammals produce a wide range of sounds from 10s of Hz to 100s of kHz. To remotely monitor these various sounds with
autonomous systems, instruments with wide bandwidths are required. A general purpose, autonomous, high-frequency acoustic record-
ing package 共HARP兲 is described that can record sounds ranging from low-frequency blue whale 共Balaenoptera musculus兲 song to
mid-frequency dolphin whistles and beaked whale sweeps to high-frequency dolphin clicks. In addition to monitoring marine mammals,
sounds from fish, contributions from wind and rain, and anthropogenic sources such as ships and sonar also are recorded potentially
allowing for the study of cetacean behavioral response to these sounds. HARPs have been deployed for periods of up to one year, in
various configurations such as standard moorings, seafloor packages, and arrays, and in remote locations including the Arctic, Bering
Sea, Gulf of California, around Hawaii, and offshore of Washington State and southern California. The various configurations of these
deployments and the wide range of marine mammal monitoring data they have provided are discussed in addition to lessons learned
from these studies. 关Work supported by the U.S. Navy CNO-N45.兴
8:20
3aAB2. Extending passive acoustic capabilities of autonomous recorders by using multiple hydrophones. Aaron Thode, Robert
Glatts 共Marine Phys. Lab., Scripps Inst. of Oceanogr., 9500 Gilman Dr., San Diego, CA 92109-0238兲, and William C. Burgess
共Greeneridge Sci. Inc., Goleta, CA 93117兲
Low-power data acquisition systems have attained sampling rates large enough to enable multielement hydrophone arrays to be
deployed autonomously, at the cost of reducing the individual sampling rate per phone. This paper discusses what theoretical advantages
bandlimited multielement recordings can provide over single-hydrophone data, including array gain for increased detection range, in-
terfering noise source rejection, environmental inversion, and biological source tracking. These points are illustrated with data collected
from an autonomous four-element vertical array off Queensland, Australia in 2003, and data collected from an autonomous eight-
element, 21 m aperture vertical array deployed at 35 m depth in the Beaufort Sea in 2008. These examples also provide insight into the
technical and logistical challenges required by such deployments, including deployment and recovery systems that do not endanger or
entangle array cables. 关Work supported by NPRB, logistics provided by Greeneridge Sciences and Shell Co.兴
Contributed Papers
8:40 server hardware and processing software, database, and interfaces for data
3aAB3. An autonomous, near-real-time buoy system for automatic annotation, access, and visualization. The buoy hardware/software system is
detection of North Atlantic right whale calls. Eric Spaulding, Matt capable of capturing and ranking NARW upcall candidates as 2 s, 2000 Hz
Robbins, Tom Calupca, Christopher Clark, Tremblay Tremblay, Amanda sampled audio clips. GPS location, timestamp, and other metadata associ-
Waack, Ann Warde 共Bioacoust. Res. Prog., Cornell Univ., 159 Sapsucker ated with each audio clip are bundled together and uploaded via satellite for
Woods Rd., Ithaca, NY 14850兲, John Kemp, and Kristopher Newhall processing. Human analysts regularly annotate incoming data, resulting in a
共Woods Hole Oceanograph. Inst., Woods Hole, MA 02543兲 curated database of NARW detections. Periodic “health and status” data al-
A moored buoy system for automatic detection of endangered North At- low for confirmation that buoys are functional. Regular voltage reporting
lantic right whale 共NARW兲 upcalls was developed to provide near-real-time helps predict required maintenance. Following initial implementations of the
information on the presence of whales. The marine components include the system in 2005, a series of successes and failures have led to system
WHOI buoy platform 共mooring, hydrophone, power system, surface expres- improvements. Deployments have progressed from prototype near-shore
sion, and antennae兲 and Cornell buoy electronics 共housing, analog interface units to an operational network continuously monitoring the shipping lanes
hardware, GPS, embedded computer, detection engine, and telemetry off Boston to meet ship strike mitigation requirements. Upcoming features
hardware兲. Shore-side Cornell components include telemetry equipment, and capabilities will be discussed.
8:55 likely that this population now numbers in the tens of animals. Little is
3aAB4. Right whale gunshot calls in the southeastern Bering Sea. known about the distribution, movements, migrations, or habitat use of this
Catherine L. Berchok, Laura J. Morse, Phillip J. Clapham 共Natl. Marine population, but the existing data suggest that it now occupies a reduced
Mammal Lab., NOAA/AFSC, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA range compared to historical times. In 2007, NMML began conducting a
98115-6349, Catherine.Berchok@noaa.gov兲, Holger Klinck, Karolin Klinck, multiyear study of the distribution, abundance, and habitat use of North Pa-
David K. Mellinger 共Oregon State Univ. & NOAA Pacific Marine Environ. cific right whales in the North Aleutian Basin and southeastern Bering Sea
Lab., Newport, OR 97365兲, Donald K. Ljungblad 共Marine Acoust. Consult- using aerial and vessel surveys. During the 2008 survey, directional
ants, LLC, Elk Mountain, WY 82324-0006兲, Sue E. Moore sonobuoys were used 24 h a day to record right whale calls and obtain cross-
共NOAA/S&T-PMEL, Seattle, WA 98115-6349兲, Francesco Scattorin bearings to the whales. Although previous work in the Bering Sea focused
共Universita di Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy兲, and Jennifer L. Keating
on detections of the right whale upsweep call, our findings suggest that the
共Zoological Society of San Diego, San Diego, CA 92112-0551兲
gunshot call is much more ubiquitous. Spatial and temporal trends of gun-
The eastern population of the North Pacific right whale 共Eubalaena shot calls will be presented, and changes in gunshot call characteristics rela-
japonica兲 is critically endangered. Following extensive historical whaling in tive to observed surfacing sequences will be described. 关Work supported by
the 19th century and large illegal catches by the USSR in the 1960’s, it is an interagency agreement from the Minerals Management Service.兴
Invited Paper
9:10
3aAB5. Environmental acoustic recording system (EARS) buoys for marine animal acoustics. George E. Ioup, Juliette W. Ioup,
Arslan M. Tashmukhambetov, Lisa A. Pflug 共Dept. of Phys., Univ. of New Orleans, New Orleans, LA 70148, geioup@uno.edu兲, Joal
J. Newcomb 共Stennis Space Ctr., MS兲, Natalia A. Sidorovskaia 共Univ. of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, LA兲, Stan A. Kuczaj, Gray-
son H. Rayborn, James M. Stephens 共Univ. of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS兲, Christopher O. Tiemann, and Alan Bernstein
共Univ. of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX兲
EARS buoys were developed as autonomous, moored, underwater recording systems by the Naval Oceanographic Office
共NAVOCEANO兲 to make long-term ocean ambient noise measurements. When the Littoral Acoustic Demonstration Center 共LADC兲
was formed as a consortium of university and U.S. Navy scientists in 2001, the buoys were capable of measuring up to 1000 Hz for 1
yr. LADC added listening to sperm whales to its noise and propagation measurements. NAVOCEANO quickly modified the buoys to
measure up to 5859 Hz for 36 days. The buoys, moored at depths from 550 to 950 m in the Gulf of Mexico, produced exceptionally
clear recordings of sperm whale echolocation and coda clicks and recordings of other whales. EARS Generation 2 buoys are now
capable of recording one channel to 96 kHz, or four channels to 25 kHz, for more than 13 days on four 120 Gbyte notebook disk drives.
Experiments in the Gulf of Mexico and the Ligurian Sea have targeted both sperm and beaked whales. Audio results and visualizations
of these recordings reveal rich detail of Odontocete clicks and enable new analyses, such as the identification of individual whales from
the properties of their clicks. 关Research supported by ONR and SPAWAR.兴
Contributed Paper
9:30 these identifications has previously been available. However, data from a
3aAB6. Localization to verify the identification of individual sperm July 2007 experiment in the Gulf of Mexico should provide enough geom-
whales using click properties. Juliette W. Ioup, George E. Ioup, Lisa A. etry information to verify some identifications. The Littoral Acoustic Dem-
Pflug, Arslan M. Tashmukhambetov 共Dept. of Phys., Univ. of New Orleans, onstration Center deployed six environmental acoustic recording system
New Orleans, LA 70148, jioup@uno.edu兲, Christopher O. Tiemann, Alan buoys, measuring to 96 kHz for 9 days, to record sperm and beaked whale
Bernstein 共Univ. of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX兲, Natalia A. Sidorovskaia, clicks in the northern Gulf of Mexico. Three buoys were in close proximity
Philip Schexnayder 共Univ. of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, LA兲, Joal J. to enable multisensor detections of single clicks for possible localization,
Newcomb 共Stennis Space Ctr., MS兲, Stan A. Kuczaj, Grayson H. Rayborn tracking, or bearing estimation sufficient to confirm the identification of in-
共Univ. of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS兲, and Rowena M. Carlson dividuals from cluster analysis. Displays of cluster classifications versus
共SPAWAR Systems Ctr. Pacific, San Diego, CA兲 time coupled with location estimates for the clicks give evidence of the ac-
Previous research to identify individual sperm and beaked whales from curacy of the identifications. Though localization serves to verify the clas-
the properties of their echolocation and coda clicks using cluster analysis sification tool, click identification complements localization by separating
has been reported. Although reasonably consistent and robust results show- sounds from multiple sources when several whales’ clicktrains overlap, po-
ing distinct classes 共each corresponding to an individual兲 have been obtained tentially enabling previously impossible tracking. 关Research supported by
with both self-organizing maps and K-means, no independent verification of SPAWAR and ONR.兴
Invited Papers
9:45
3aAB7. Detection of killer whale presence using low duty cycle recorders. Jeffrey A. Nystuen 共Appl. Phys. Lab., Univ. of Wash-
ington, 1013 NE 40th St., Seattle, WA 98105, nystuen@apl.washington.edu兲, M. Bradley Hanson, Candice Emmons 共NOAA Northwest
Fisheries Sci. Ctr., Seattle, WA兲, Paul Wade 共NOAA Alaska Fisheries Sci. Ctr., Seattle, WA兲, and Jennifer Miksis-Olds 共Penn State
Univ., State College, PA兲
Passive aquatic listeners 共PALs兲 have been developed to make long-term 共up to a year兲 autonomous measurements of the underwater
ambient noise in the marine environment. Because of data storage limitations and low-power requirements, PALs have a very low duty
cycle, of the order of 1 percent. In fact, they are optimized for acoustic rainfall detection and have been successfully used to measure
wind speed and rainfall rate at sea using spectral components of the sound field. These geophysical sounds have relatively long time
scales 共minutes兲 compared to vocalizations of marine mammals 共seconds兲 or mooring noise 共chain clanking兲. Data collection was de-
signed to detect and reject short temporal signals. However, these signals include marine mammal vocalizations. Consequently, the
sampling strategy was modified to evaluate the temporal content of the data sample and save the temporal data sample only if it contains
a signal consistent with killer whale vocalizations. These sound bites have demonstrated detection of pod-specific vocalizations of
resident-type killer whales, transient-type killer whales, bone crunching from likely killer whale predation 共eating兲 on sea lions, and
humpback and N. Pacific right whales.
10:05—10:25 Break
10:25
3aAB8. Managing the passive acoustics data deluge. David A. Mann 共Coll. of Marine Sci., USF, 140 7th Ave. S., St. Petersburg, FL
33701, dmann@marine.usf.edu兲
Passive acoustic recording systems can generate large amounts of data, especially given the increasing availability of inexpensive
flash memory. Thus it is easy to collect more data than can be efficiently analyzed. One approach to this problem is to minimize data
collection on the recorder by performing real-time automated detection of acoustic targets of interest. An alternate approach, where one
does not know what signals may be present, is to record large amounts of data over extended periods of time. DSGlab is an open-source
database and data analysis system implemented with MATLAB that is designed to manage large amounts of raw data. The database
aspect of the program allows querying of data by latitude, longitude, depth 共or altitude兲. Each recorded data file is tagged with header
information including lat/lon/depth, timestamp, sample rate, and calibration. The data analysis section processes the files according to
a user-specified signal processing chain, which does not require a knowledge of programming to generate, and returns results to a
database and to individual files. The results of signal processing can then be quickly browsed with the data viewer. The system is
designed to allow inter-laboratory collaboration and data sharing.
Contributed Papers
10:45 of sound production in SRKWs. We collected behavioral and acoustic data
3aAB9. Acoustic rediscovery of right whales in a former whaling area, simultaneously over two field seasons and found that click occurrence as
the Cape Farewell Ground, between Greenland and Iceland. David K. well as calling rates 共calls/whale/min兲 were significantly higher when
Mellinger, Sharon L. Nieukirk, Karolin Klinck, Holger Klinck, Robert P. whales were foraging compared to traveling. Such patterns are useful for
Dziak 共Cooperative Inst. for Marine Resources Studies, Oregon State Univ. inferring events from remote acoustic monitoring. These results also indicate
and NOAA Pacific Marine Environ. Lab., 2030 SE Marine Sci. Dr., New- that communicative signals are particularly important during foraging activi-
port, OR 97365兲, and Phillip J. Clapham 共NOAA Natl. Marine Mammal ties in this population and have implications for noise disturbance.
Lab., Seattle, WA 98115兲
The North Atlantic right whale 共Eubalaena glacialis兲 is one of the 11:15
world’s most endangered cetaceans, with only 300–350 animals believed 3aAB11. Simultaneous acoustic tag and seafloor acoustic recorder
alive. Most right whales are thought to range from Florida to Nova Scotia, detection of right whale calls in the Bay of Fundy. Susan E. Parks 共Appl.
though the whereabouts of a significant portion of the population remains Res. Lab., The Penn State Univ., P.O. Box 30, State College, PA 16804兲,
unknown in both winter and summer. Here we describe an acoustic survey Christopher W. Clark 共Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY 14850兲, Mark Johnson, and
for right whales near the Cape Farewell Ground, a late 18th-century whaling Peter L. Tyack 共Woods Hole Oceanograph. Inst., Woods Hole, MA 02543兲
area. Continuously recording autonomous hydrophone instruments were de-
Passive acoustic monitoring is playing a growing role in marine mam-
ployed at five sites for one year in 2007–2008, after which data were ana- mal detection. Determining the range of detection for calls of a particular
lyzed by automatic detection with manual checking for “up” calls of right
species in a particular location is important to assess the regional coverage
whales. Over 2000 calls were detected in all, with calls found at all sites but provided by individual recording units. This study describes the comparison
mostly from near the Cape Farewell Ground. The data are consistent with a of right whale calls recorded by digital acoustic recording tags 共Dtags兲 at-
seasonal migration northeastward toward Iceland in July–August followed tached with suction cups to North Atlantic right whales and the detection of
by return movement later in the fall, with the last detection in December. At the same calls using a dispersed seafloor array of autonomous recorders. The
one site, calling occurred in the fall on 17 separate occasions, suggesting a
seafloor array consisted of 5 units, spaced 6–10 km apart, continuously re-
significant number of right whales present. A right whale photo-identified in cording from July 29– August 17, 2005. Dtags were attached to a total of 14
2003 at the Cape Farewell Ground was not in the North Atlantic right whale
individual right whales during this time period and 7 of these individuals
catalog, suggesting the possibility of a previously unidentified stock. produced a total of 88 tonal calls during tag attachment. The tag and related
tracking of the whale provided information on call type, and the timing,
11:00 depth, and approximate location of the whale producing the call. Tagged
3aAB10. Sound production and behavior in an eastern North Pacific whale calls were audible on the seafloor array, and whale-recorder distances
killer whale population: Implications for autonomous remote provided estimates of the acoustic detection range for right whales in the
monitoring. Marla M. Holt, Dawn P. Noren, Candice K. Emmons 共Marine Bay of Fundy, Canada.
Mammal Program, NOAA/NMFS Northwest Fisheries Sci. Ctr., 2725 Mont-
lake Blvd. East, Seattle, WA 98112, Marla.Holt@noaa.gov兲, and Anna- 11:30
Maria Seibert 共Univ. of Munich, Planegg-Martinsried, 82152 Germany兲 3aAB12. Annual variability of cetacean occurrence along the northeast
coast of Iceland measured using ecological acoustic recorders. E.E.
Remote acoustic monitoring is often used to determine the seasonal and
Magnusdottir, M.H. Rasmussen 共Husavik Res. Ctr., Univ. of Iceland, Haf-
spatial distributions of vocal animals, particularly when conditions of other
narstett 3, 640 Husavik, Iceland, eem@hi.is兲, and M.O. Lammers 共Hawaii
monitoring approaches are limited. Additionally, sound production patterns
Inst. of Marine Biology, Kailua, HI 96834兲
might be used to infer important activities of free-ranging animals in the ab-
sence of other cues. Animals produce sounds during activities such as for- In order to continuously monitor the annual density and habitat use of
aging and breeding, but such patterns are expected to vary between species cetacean species at the NE coast of Iceland, we deployed two seabed
/populations that are based on a variety of ecological factors. For example, mounted ecological acoustic recorders 共EARs兲 in Skjalfandi Bay 共66 deg 05
fish-eating killer whales are more vocally active than mammal-eating killer .929 N, 17 deg 25.262 W; 66 deg 03.070 N, 17 deg 39.811 W兲. The EAR is
whales, presumably since mammalian prey are sensitive to killer whale a microprocessor-based autonomous recorder. Each EAR was programmed
sounds. Southern Resident killer whales 共SRKWs兲 are a fish-eating popula- to record for 1 min every 15 min. Both EARs will be retrieved every 3–5
tion found in coastal waters of Washington State and British Columbia. The months during a 1-year period. A custom Matlab program will be used to
goal of this study was to extend previous work on the behavioral correlates automatically detect and analyze target sounds. Target biological sounds re-
corded are primarily those produced by cetaceans and also by pelagic fish. cod 共Gadus morhua兲 is spawning in the bay in spring time. The results could
Blue whales 共Balenoptera musculus兲, humpback whales 共Megaptera reveal annual variability of inter- and intraspecies density of cetaceans and
novaeangliae兲, minke whales 共Balaenoptera acutorostrata兲, white-beaked prey within the area. Acoustic monitoring may be an effective means of
dolphins 共Lagernorhynchus albirostris兲, and killer whales 共Orcinus orca兲 are tracking diurnal and annual activity of cetaceans in a long-term manner and
well known to visit Skjalfandi Bay. In addition, it has been suggested that compare the activity to the presence and behavior of prey.
WEDNESDAY MORNING, 20 MAY 2009 BROADWAY I/II, 8:30 TO 11:15 A.M.
Session 3aAO
Acoustical Oceanography and Underwater Acoustics: Environmental Inferences in Inhomogeneous Ocean

Environments II
Mohsen Badiey, Chair

College of Marine and Earth Sciences, Univ. of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716-3501
Chair’s Introduction—8:30
Contributed Papers
8:35 mulation shows more robustness for larger variability. The relative merits of
3aAO1. Information theory application to inversions of acoustic data PC expansions for the complex modal amplitudes vs the log amplitudes for
from a continental shelf environment. David P. Knobles, Robert A. Koch, the complex pressure amplitudes are also discussed.
and Jason D. Sagers 共Appl. Res. Labs., The Univ. of Texas at Austin, P.O.
Box 8029, Austin, TX 78713兲
9:05
This research examines the uncertainty in waveguide parameter values 3aAO3. Resolving spatial seabed variability by Bayesian inference of
obtained from acoustic inversion of data collected in range-dependent seabed reflection inversions. Jan Dettmer, Stan E. Dosso 共School of Earth
environments. To account for range-dependence in the environmental pa- and Ocean Scinces, Univ. of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8W 3P6, Canada兲, and
rameters, the number of inversion parameters must be increased. Generally, Charles W. Holland 共The Penn State Univ., State College, PA兲
from a fixed data sample the uncertainty in the solution for individual pa-
This paper considers Bayesian inversion of seabed reflection-coefficient
rameter values increases as the number of inversion parameters increases,
data for multilayer geoacoustic models at several sites with the goal of
especially if the structure of the propagated acoustic field is sensitive to the
studying spatial variability of the seabed. Rigorous uncertainty estimation is
additional parameters. This effect can be offset by prior information that re-
of key importance to resolve spatial variability between measurement sites
duces the volume of the parameter search space and to a limited extent by
from the inherent inversion uncertainties. Geoacoustic uncertainty estima-
larger inversion data samples. How an inversion algorithm accounts for
tion is carried out including Bayesian model selection and comprehensive
prior information is thus an essential issue to be addressed for range-
estimation of data error statistics. Model selection is addressed using the
dependent waveguides. Measurements made on the New Jersey shelf in
Bayesian information criterion to ensure parsimony of the parametrizations.
70–90 m of water provide an opportunity to study the effects of environ-
Data error statistics are quantified by estimating full covariance matrices
mental range dependence on sound propagation and inversion processing.
from data residuals, and a posteriori statistical validation is carried out. A
Inversions based on pre-existing geophysical information are combined with
Metropolis-Hastings sampling algorithm is used to compute posterior prob-
a maximum entropy approach to quantify the amount of information on the
ability densities. Five experimental sites are considered along a track located
waveguide parameters that can be extracted from measured propagation
on the Malta Plateau, Mediterranean Sea, and the inversion results are com-
over range-dependent tracks. Both towed sources emitting CW lines and im-
pared to cores and subbottom profiler sections. Differences between sites
pulsive sources are employed. 关Work supported by ONR.兴
that exceed the estimated geoacoustic uncertainties are interpreted as spatial
variability of the seabed.
9:20
8:50 3aAO4. A simplified model of frequency distortion in ocean acoustic
3aAO2. Probability density functions of modal amplitudes and complex signals by multiple interactions with a moving ocean surface and its use
acoustic pressure in fluctuating shallow water waveguides. Kevin D. in oceanographic inversions. Stephen D. Lynch and Gerald L. D’Spain
LePage 共NATO Undersea Res. Ctr., Viale San Bartolomeo 400, 19126 La 共Marine Physical Lab., Scripps Inst. of Oceanogr., 9500 Gilman Dr. 0701,
Spezia, Italy兲 La Jolla, CA 92093-0701兲
The polynomial chaos method is applied to the problem of predicting the Received omnidirectional spectra of low frequency narrowband tones
probability density functions of complex modal amplitudes and acoustic measured in a shallow ocean waveguide exhibit Doppler-shifted sidebands
pressure in the presence of water column sound speed fluctuations in shal- at frequencies whose offsets are integer multiples of the dominant surface
low water waveguides. Results for both the intrusive implementation of the wave frequencies. These observations suggest that higher order scattering is
polynomial chaos technique, where the governing coupled mode differential important. However, higher-order perturbation theory involving only a
equations for the complex modal amplitudes are augmented with the random single surface interaction does not predict the observed relative sideband
states of the chaos expansion, and the non-intrusive method, where legacy levels. In particular, the higher order sidebands were often observed to in-
codes can be run over an ensemble of ocean realizations and the results fit- crease in relative level to the main spectral peak during smaller surface
ted by a truncated chaos expansion, are shown. Both methods give good wave, and, therefore, smaller kh, conditions. A simplified model is presented
agreement with Monte Carlo histograms of the modal amplitudes and the that simulates the surface wave-induced frequency distortions as path-length
pressure field for slight water column variability, but the non-intrusive for- modulation caused by the vertical motions of the surface. The model incor-
porates multiple interactions with the moving surface, and quantitatively Spatial and temporal variability of the sound speed field in the water col-
predicts the effects on the received spectra of the spatial coherence of the umn can have a significant impact on acoustic propagation. It is difficult or
surface waves along the propagation path. The model results are identical to sometimes impractical to measure fine scale variations in water column
those from higher order perturbation with a single interaction. The simpli- properties over an acoustic propagation path. When measurements are not
fied nature of this model allows it to be readily used to invert for various available, water column properties must be approximated. In past work, in-
properties of the ocean surface wave directional spectrum. 关Work supported verse methods based on acoustic tomography and matched-field processing
by ONR, Code 321共US兲.兴 have been used to estimate mean water column sound speed profiles. The
drawback of these methods is their inability to capture fluctuations in the
water column sound speed profile. In this work, a perturbative scheme using
9:35
3aAO5. Particle filter source tracking in a changing geoacoustic modal wave numbers is used to obtain range-dependent features of the water
column. Based on the work of Rajan et al. 共1987兲, a technique has been
environment. Caglar Yardim, Peter Gerstoft, and William S. Hodgkiss,
共Marine Phys. Lab., 2038 Scripps Inst. of Oceanogr., Univ. of California, developed to estimate water column sound speed profiles using historical
data to constrain the inversion. This constraint allows for a robust inversion;
San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA 92093-0238, cyardim@ucsd.edu兲
the result is accurate both when the inputs are noisy and when the bottom is
This paper addresses the problem of tracking the acoustic source param- poorly known. The new technique is demonstrated using data from the Shal-
eters such as the depth, range, and speed in evolving geoacoustic low Water 2006 共SW06兲 experiment. Inversion results are compared to in
environments. It is well known that inaccurate knowledge about the envi- situ measurements from the towed CTD chain. 关Work supported by NDSEG
ronmental parameters such as the sound speed profile 共SSP兲, water depth, and ONR.兴
sediment, and bottom parameters may result in significant errors in source
parameters. To counter this, a particle filtering 共PF兲 approach is adopted here
where the geoacoustic parameters are tracked together with the source loca- 10:45
tion and speed in a range-dependent environment. This allows accurate, real- 3aAO8. The estimation of geoacoustic parameters via low frequencies
time updating of the environment the ship is moving in and hence source (50–75 Hertz) for simulated shallow water test scenarios. A. Tolstoy
can be located at any time accurately. As a sequential Monte Carlo technique 共ATolstoy Sci., 1538 Hampton Hill Circle, McLean, VA 22101兲
that can operate on nonlinear systems with non-Gaussian probability densi-
ties, the PF is an ideal tracking algorithm to perform tracking of source and This work will demonstrate the success of using only a variety of low
environmental parameters and their evolving probability distributions. The frequencies 共50–75 Hz兲 for geoacoustic inversion in simulated SW06
algorithm is tested on a sloping environment with the SSP, water depth, and environments. The environments include a variety of scenarios 共a thin, me-
sediment parameters evolving as the ship moves. The change in the water dium, or thick sediment layer over a half-space兲, broadband sources at ap-
depth created the well-known “source mirage effect,” but the PF was still proximately 1 km range 共rge兲, and a vertical array consisting of 16 phones
able to track the true source, geoacoustic parameters, and their evolving den- whose depths are approximately known, i.e., we assume that array element
sities in this spatially varying environment. 关Work supported by ONR.兴 localization was available so that we can estimate phone depths 共zphi兲 to
within about 1 m. The source depths 共zsou兲 and water depths 共D兲 are ap-
proximately determined via time domain crossings seen at the array 关see A.
9:50
Tolstoy, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 123, 3106 共2008兲兴. Additionally, the ocean
3aAO6. Statistics of mode amplitudes in shallow water environments:
sound-speed c共z兲 is assumed to be range-independent and approximately
Effects of random linear internal waves and nonlinear internal wave
known, e.g., via measurements or archival data. The use of only the 50–75
packets. John Colosi 共Naval Postgrad. School, 833 Dyer Rd., Monterey, CA
Hz portion of the signal results in a need for less than perfect accuracy for
93943, jacolosi@nps.edu兲, Andrey Morozov, and Tim Duda 共Woods Hole
zphi and c共z兲 while still giving excellent accuracy for estimated bottom
Oceanograph. Inst., Woods Hole, MA 02543兲
parameters. Geometric parameters 共such as rge, zsou, D, zphi兲 and c共z兲
In shallow water environments there is presently an incomplete under- would be more accurately determined by means of higher frequencies but
standing of the relative acoustical importance of the random linear internal- this would require much more CPU time. Uniqueness of the final “solution”
wave field compared to nonlinear internal waves packets. Using the random is achieved for all but the thin sediment scenario.
coupled mode theory of 关Creamer 共1996兲兴, the nonlinear internal wave mode
coupling theory of 关Colosi 共2007兲兴, and Monte Carlo numerical simulation
we are able to demonstrate the important propagation physics when the two 11:00
internal wave fields act alone, and simultaneously. Importantly, we find that 3aAO9. Detection and classification of typhoons using underwater
for acoustic frequencies less than roughly 500 Hz and for propagation acoustic sensors in the western Pacific Ocean. Barry Ma 共Dept. of ECE,
ranges of order 10s of kms mode propagation though the random internal Portland State Univ., 1900 SW 4th Ave., Portland, OR 97201,
wave field is very nearly adiabatic, and that cross mode coherences decay barry@cecs.pdx.edu兲 and Y. J. Yang 共Naval Acad., Tsoying, Kaohsiung,
rapidly within the first 10 km. A surprising consequence of the decay of Taiwan兲
cross mode coherence is that the mean intensity will be to first order insen-
sitive to nonlinear internal wave packets if they are located past the de- About two years of underwater ambient noise were collected using Pas-
coherence range. It will also be shown that uncorrelated modes have impor- sive Aquatic Listeners 共PALs兲 in the western Pacific Ocean. PALs were de-
tant implications for the approach to saturation. The adiabatic nature of ployed using the bottom-mount or surface-mount buoys on the possible ty-
mode propagation though the random internal wave field may have impor- phoon paths. Several episodes of intensive typhoon noise were recorded
tant implications for shallow water acoustic remote sensing. during the passage of these powerful tropical storms. These acoustic data are
compared with other ancillary data for the classification of typhoons. Using
the underwater ambient noise to classify the intensity of typhoons is a rela-
10:05—10:30 Break tively reliable method. The instrument is placed away from the air-sea in-
terface in a less destructible environment and provides relative in situ mea-
10:30 surement of the wind speed. The ambient noise recordings from the
3aAO7. Inversion for range-dependent water column sound speed deployment also include the biology, shipping, and other surface noises, but
profiles in shallow water. Megan S. Ballard 共Graduate Program in Acoust., the noises from the typhoons are the most distinguishable against all other
Penn State, P.O. Box 30, State College, PA 16804-0030, msd200@psu.edu兲 sources of noise. The noise budgets from different deployment sites are also
and Kyle M. Becker 共Penn State, State College, PA 16804-0030兲 presented.
WEDNESDAY MORNING, 20 MAY 2009 PAVILION EAST, 8:00 TO 11:45 A.M.
Session 3aBB
Biomedical Ultrasound/Bioresponse to Vibration and Physical Acoustics: Shock Wave Therapy I
Michael R. Bailey, Cochair

Applied Physics Lab., Univ. of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105
Thomas J. Matula, Cochair

Applied Physics Lab., Univ. of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105-6698
Invited Paper
8:00
3aBB1. Investigation of an ultrasound imaging technique to target kidney stones in lithotripsy. Anup Shah 共Dept. of Urology,
Univ. of Washington School of Medicine, 1959 NE Pacific St., Box 356510, Seattle, WA 98195, anupshah@u.washington.edu兲, Marla
Paun, John Kucewicz 共Univ. of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105兲, Oleg A. Sapozhnikov 共Moscow State Univ., Moscow 119992, Russia兲,
Manjiri Dighe 共Univ. of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195兲, Hunter A. McKay 共The Polyclinic, Seattle, WA 98122兲,
Mathew D. Sorensen 共Univ. of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195兲, and Michael R. Bailey 共Univ. of Washington,
Seattle, WA 98105兲
Localization of kidney stones and targeting for lithotripsy can be challenges especially with ultrasound. However, twinkling artifact
has been observed where Doppler ultrasound imagers assign color to the stone. We report a preliminary investigation from our obser-
vations in a porcine model and hypothesize why this artifact occurs. Glass beads, cement stones, and human stones were surgically
placed into the renal collecting system through the ureter. The stones were imaged using several transducers and ultrasound imagers. In
all cases, the twinkling artifact of the stone was observed, and its appearance and radiofrequency signature were unique from those of
blood flow. Calcium oxalate monohydrate stones and smooth stones were not more difficult to image, contrary to previous reports.
Increasing gain or placing the focal depth distal to the stone enhanced the artifact, but other user controls showed little effect. Twinkling
started at the lateral edges of the stone and spread over the stone as gain was increased. The evidence supports the hypothesis that small
motions induced by radiation force or elastic waves in the stone cause changes in received backscatter, particularly at imaging angles
oblique to the stone surface. 关Work supported by NIH DK43881 and NSBRI SMST01601.兴
Contributed Paper
8:15 ⫾1.29% of functional renal volume, P⫽0.006兲. However, slowing the SW
3aBB2. Shock wave lithotripsy treatment at 60 shock waves per minute rate to 30 SWs/min greatly increases treatment time. Consequently, we in-
is an appropriate protocol to minimize tissue injury. Bret Connors, vestigated whether an intermediate rate of 60 SWs/min also reduces lesion
Andrew Evan, Philip Blomgren, Rajash Handa, Cynthia Johnson, James size compared to treatment at 120 SWs/min. Methods: one kidney in 12 ju-
McAteer 共Dept. of Anatomy, IU School of Medicine, Ms-5055, 635 Barnhill venile pigs was treated at 120 SWs/min 共n⫽7兲 or at 60 SWs/min 共n⫽5兲 with
Dr., Indianapolis, IN 46202兲, Lynn Willis 共IU School of Medicine, India- an unmodified Dornier HM-3 lithotripter 共2000 SWs, 24 kV兲. After lithot-
napolis, IN 46202兲, and James Lingeman 共Int. Kid. Stone Inst., Indianapolis, ripsy, the treated kidneys were fixed and removed to determine lesion size.
IN 46202兲 Results: SWL at 60 SWs/min significantly reduced the size of the morpho-
logical lesion compared to 120 SWs/min 共0.42⫾0.23% versus 3.93⫾1.29%,
Previous work has shown that the size of the renal hemorrhagic lesion P⫽0.034兲. This reduction in lesion size was comparable to the lesion pro-
caused by extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy 共SWL兲 is greatly reduced duced at 30 SWs/min. Conclusions: SWL applied at 60 SWs/min produces
when shock waves 共SWs兲 are delivered at 30 SWs/min instead of at the significantly less renal injury than SWL at 120 SWs/min, and produces an
more commonly used rate of 120 SWs/min 共0.08⫾0.02% versus 3.93 equivalent level of injury as that seen at 30 SWs/min.
Invited Papers
8:30
3aBB3. Renal heme oxygenase-1 upregulation after shock wave lithotripsy. Daniel L. Clark, Bret A. Connors, Andy P. Evan, Rajash
K. Handa, and Cynthia D. Johnson 共Dept. of Anatomy Cell Biology, Indiana Univ. Sch. of Medicine, 635 Barnhill Dr., Indianapolis, IN
46202, danlclar@iupui.edu兲
Shock wave lithotripsy 共SWL兲 is known to induce oxidative stress and a rapid inflammatory response in renal tissue. The purpose
of this study was to determine the location and quantify markers for oxidative stress and inflammation in a porcine model of acute
SWL-induced renal injury. The lower pole calyx of left kidneys of female pigs received 2000 shock waves at 24 kV/2 Hz from a Dornier
HM3 lithotripter and subsequently monitored for 4 h. Heme oxygenase-1 protein 共HO-1兲 was measured in renal microsomes by Western
blot. Renal medulla HO-1/␤-actin ratios were 1.186 ⫾ 0.48 for treated pole 共F2兲, 0.293 ⫾ 0.23 for treated kidney upper pole, and 0.122
⫾ 0.075 for contralateral kidney 共n⫽6兲. Thus, we observed an eightfold induction of HO-1 in renal medulla at F2 compared to the upper
pole medulla of the treated kidney and the contralateral kidney medulla. In contrast, renal cortex at F2 did not show a similar HO-1
induction. The highly localized HO-1 induction in SWL-treated renal medulla parallels our previously reported finding of interleukin-6.
These data together suggest that an early inflammatory response and oxidative stress appear primarily in the treated renal medulla within
4 h after SWL. 关Work supported by NIH兴.
8:45
3aBB4. Low-energy shock wave pretreatment results in greater vasoconstriction and less injury in the kidney compared to
high-energy shock wave lithotripsy treatment alone. Rajash K. Handa, Andrew P. Evan, Bret A. Connors 共Dept. of Anatomy and Cell
Biology, Indiana Univ. Sch. Med., Indianapolis, IN 46202兲, Lynn R. Willis, Sujuan Gao 共Indiana Univ. Sch. Med., Indianapolis, IN
46202兲, Marla Paun, and Michael R. Bailey 共Univ. of Washington, Seattle, WA 98115兲
Pretreating the kidney with low-energy shock waves 共SWs兲 before administering a clinical dose of high-energy SWs has been found
to greatly decrease the hemorrhagic lesion that normally results from high-energy shock wave lithotripsy 共SWL兲 treatment alone. We
tested the hypothesis that this novel pretreatment SWL protocol results in a greater and/or earlier renal vasoconstriction than clinical
SWL alone, which could potentially explain the reduced bleeding in the kidney. Anesthetized pigs were treated with a clinical dose of
SWs 共2000 SWs, 24 kV, 120 SWs/min兲 or the pretreatment protocol 共500 SWs, 12 kV, 120 SWs/min ⫹ 3-min pause ⫹ 2000 SWs, 24
kV, 120 SWs/min兲 using the HM3 lithotripter. Sonography 共color and pulsed ultrasound兲 was used to locate a resistance artery within
the SW-treated pole of the kidney and to take resistance index 共RI兲 measurements from the blood vessel to estimate the resistance
/impedance to blood flow. The results demonstrated that RI increased 共renal vasoconstriction兲 earlier and greater during the pretreatment
protocol compared to normal clinical SWL. Constricted blood vessels would likely be less prone to rupture by SWs and, if broken,
would bleed less—resulting in a smaller hemorrhagic lesion.
Contributed Paper
9:00 partial discharge of the capacitor 共leakage promoted by ⬃0.6 mS conduc-
3aBB5. Efficiency of spark discharge in electrohydraulic lithotripsy. Yuri
tivity of the surrounding water兲, such that the average energy remaining at
A. Pishchalnikov, Mark M. Kaehr, R. Jason VonDerHaar, Irina V.
the capacitor at the moment of breakdown was reduced four times compared
Pishchalnikova, and James A. McAteer 共Dept. of Anatomy and Cell Biol-
ogy, Indiana Univ. Sch. of Medicine, 635 Barnhill Dr., Indianapolis, IN to new electrodes. However, with new electrodes almost 90% of the energy
46202, yura@anatomy.iupui.edu兲 was lost in the circuitry rather than in the spark, as the resistance of the
spark 共R⬃0.03 ⍀兲 was much smaller than the resistance of the remainder of
Electrohydraulic lithotripters and SWT devices generate shock waves by
the circuit—including the high-voltage switch and connective wires 共r⬃0.23
discharge of a high-voltage capacitor through submerged electrodes. As the
electrodes age, the interelectrode gap widens. How this affects the efficiency ⍀兲. With old electrodes, most of the energy was released in the spark, as the
of spark generation was studied using a research HM3-clone lithotripter. electric efficiency R/共R⫹r兲 approached ⬃90%. The product of electric effi-
Widening of the interelectrode gap 共⬃0.3 mm with new electrodes; ⬃2.5 ciency and capacitor energy agreed closely with both the acoustic energy
mm after 4000 discharges兲 increased the lag-time to breakdown 共⬃0 to ⬃30 and the volume of the primary bubble produced at spark discharge. 关Work
µs, respectively兲. Increased lag-time as electrodes aged was associated with supported by NIH-DK43881.兴
Invited Paper
9:15
3aBB6. Bubble dynamics with tissue confinement in shock-wave lithotripsy. Jonathan B. Freund 共Mech. Sci. Eng., Univ. of Illinois
at Urbana–Champaign, 1260 W Green St., MC-244, Urbana, IL 61801, jbfreund@illinois.edu兲 and Ratnesh Shukla 共Univ. of Illinois at
Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801兲
Estimates are made of the effect of confinement by tissues on the action of small bubbles when subjected to strong pressure waves.
The applications of interest are biomedical procedures involving short strong ultrasound bursts or weak shocks of the kind delivered in
shock-wave lithotripsy. Confinement is anticipated to be important in suppressing mechanical injury and slowing the rate of its spread.
We consider bubbles in a liquid such as blood within a small vessel in the tissue. A generalization of the Rayleigh–Plesset equation
allows us to estimate the effect of the elasticity and viscosity of the surrounding tissue. Ranges of soft-tissue properties are estimated
from a variety of different measurements available in literature. Solutions suggest that elasticity is insufficient to significantly alter
bubble dynamics, but that viscosities from the mid-to-high range of those suggested might play a significant role in suppressing bubble
action. Simulations in two space dimensions of a shocked bubble in a waterlike fluid interacting with a viscous material show that the
much more complicated bubble jetting dynamics in this configuration is also significantly suppressed. The dynamics of this suppression
is investigated.
Contributed Paper
9:30 this 3-D simulations, it was found that the interference of reflected and fo-
3aBB7. Simulation of three–dimensional crack profiles in shock wave
cused high pressure pulse, by the distal surface, and the lagging low tensile
lithotripsy. Maddegedara Lalith Lakshman Wijerathne, Hide Sakaguchi phase created high tensile regions in the cylindrical sample. These high
共JAMSTEC, Yokohama Inst. for Earth Sci., 3173-25 Showa-machi, Yoko-
stress regions initiate and drive two horizontal and vertical cracks leading to
hama 236-0001, Japan.兲, Kenji Oguni, and Muneo Hori 共Univ. of Tokyo, the T-shaped crack. Due to the lack of data, a typical lithotripter pressure
Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan.兲
wave profile and material properties for plaster of paris were used. The ob-
Some of the experiments reported by Xufeng Xi and Pei Zhong in 2001 served crack patterns were successfully regenerated in 3-D, irrespective of
were simulated to explore the sources of crack initiation and propagation in these approximations. The distances between the vertical crack and the dis-
shock wave lithotripsy 共SWL兲. An interesting result they reported was the tal face for the crack patterns of the experiments and numerical simulations
T-shaped crack pattern in plaster of paris cylinders, subjected to transverse are nearly 0.34⫻d and 0.35⫻d, respectively 共d⫽diameter兲. This quantitative
pressure pulses. This nontrivial crack pattern and some others were simu- comparison shows the potential applications of PDS-FEM for exploring and
lated, in 3-D, using a numerical technique called PDS-FEM. According to further development of SWL technology.
Invited Papers
9:45
3aBB8. Shock wave interaction with cavitation bubble clusters generated in lithotripsy. Derek C. Thomas, Todd A. Hay, and Mark
F. Hamilton 共Appl. Res. Labs., The Univ. of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78713-8029兲
Collapse of cavitation bubbles generated in shock wave lithotripsy is essential to the comminution of kidney stones. After passage
of the shock, however, if insufficient time has elapsed for the bubbles to dissolve, acoustic scattering from residual bubbles shields the
stone from the next shock. Therefore, cavitation also limits the maximum firing rate. As important as collective bubble dynamics are to
the efficacy of shock wave lithotripsy, behavior of the bubble clusters is among the least understood physical processes involved. A
model was developed previously for the pulsation and translation of dynamically coupled spherical gas bubbles 关Ilinskii et al., J. Acoust.
Soc. Am. 121, 786 共2007兲兴. This model was augmented to account for interaction with the focused shock wave incident on the cluster
at the order of the Born approximation. Diffraction of the shock wave is described by the KZK equation. The model predicts translation
and coalescence of the bubbles due to transmission of the shock through the cluster. Predicted also is the acoustic wave scattered from
the cluster, which in the forward direction is the leading order effect of the cluster on the transmitted shock wave. 关Work supported by
the ARL McKinney Fellowship in Acoustics and NIH DK070618.兴
10:00—10:15 Break
10:15
3aBB9. Shock wave lithotripsy can alter urinary acid-base pH regulation. Rajash K. Handa, Bret A. Connors, Cynthia D. Johnson,
Andrew P. Evan 共Dept. of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana Univ. Sch. Med., Indianapolis, IN 46202兲, Mahesh C. Goel, James E.
Lingeman 共Methodist Hospital Inst. for Kidney Stone Disease, Indianapolis, IN 46202兲, Elaine M. Worcester, and Fredric L. Coe 共Univ.
of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637兲
The renal papilla is particularly susceptible to injury by shock waves 共SWs兲. Since the papilla is vital for urinary pH regulation, we
hypothesized that shock wave lithotripsy 共SWL兲-induced damage of papillae will alter the pH of the urine. Experiments were conducted
in four female adult Gottingen minipigs. The HM3 lithotripter delivered a total of 8000 SWs 共24 kV, 120 SWs/min兲 among all papillae
of one kidney, while the untreated, opposite kidney was used as control. The pigs were allowed to recover and 5 weeks later they were
anesthetized. Serial urine collections were obtained from the SW-treated and untreated kidney. Urine was collected under mineral oil
and immediately tested for its pH. Both kidneys were then perfusion fixed for histological analysis. Urinary pH was 0.17 units greater
共P⬍0.05兲 in the SW-treated kidney compared to the untreated kidney. Histology showed scarring in all regions of the SW-treated kid-
ney, with thick ascending limbs and collecting ducts having grossly abnormal morphologies indicative of cellular proliferation. These
results suggest that SWL-induced injury can cause remodeling of nephron structures and long-term impairment in the regulation of
urinary pH.
10:30
3aBB10. Ureteroscopic ultrasound technology to size kidney stone fragments: Proof of principal using a miniaturized probe in
a porcine model. Mathew D. Sorensen, Anup Shah 共Dept. of Urology, Univ. of Washington Sch. of Medicine, 1959 NE Pacific St., Box
356510, Seattle, WA 98195, mathews@u.washington.edu兲, Michael S. Canney 共Univ. of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105兲, Oleg A. Sa-
pozhnikov 共Moscow State Univ., Moscow 119992, Russia兲, Joel M. H. Teichman 共Univ. of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6,
Canada兲, and Michael R. Bailey 共Univ. of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105兲
Background: the ability to measure stone fragment size could help prevent attempting to extract too large a stone fragment. We
evaluated the ability of a 1.2 mm 共3.6 French兲 ultrasound probe to measure stone fragments in a porcine kidney. Methods: 15 human
stones of three types 共five each calcium oxalate, cystine, calcium phosphate兲 sized 3–7 mm were placed deep in a porcine kidney
collecting system. The sound speed of each stone type was determined using a separate reference stone. A 2 MHz, 1.2 mm needle
hydrophone was used to send and receive ultrasound pulses. Stone thickness was calculated as d⫽c*t/2 by determining the signal transit
time through the stone, t, and the stone sound speed, c. Calculated stone thicknesses were compared to digital caliper measurements.
Results: Stone size was determined for all 15 stones. Correlation between ultrasound-determined thickness and caliper measurements
was excellent 共r2⫽0.90, p⬍0.0001兲 with ultrasound performing well in all three stone types. All stone measurements were accurate
within 1 mm, and ten 共66%兲 stone measurements were accurate within 0.5 mm. Conclusions: Ultrasound-based measurements are ac-
curate and precise using a 3.6 French probe with stone fragments placed deep in a porcine kidney. 关Work supported by Grants NIH
DK43881 and NSBRI SMST01601.兴
Contributed Papers
10:45 as well as assuring proper flow of coolant through the attached water pillow
3aBB11. Ellipsoidal-reflector high intensity focused ultrasound system to couple the device. These methods combine to protect the patient and the
with integrated safety monitoring. Joshua Samuels and Vesna Zderic device itself from improper use or dangerous positioning of the focal point
共Dept. of Elec. and Comp. Eng., The George Washington Univ., 801 22nd within the tissue. The proposed system utilizes an unfocused 3.5 MHz ul-
St. NW, Washington, DC 20052, zderic@gwu.edu兲 trasound transducer to act as a rangefinder, determining the distance of the
High intensity focused ultrasound 共HIFU兲 transducers can be created us- tissue from the transducer. A simple graphical user interface allows the
ing concave piezo elements, acoustic lenses, phased arrays, or ellipsoidal maximum allowed depth of ablation to be user defined and a warning dis-
reflectors. By using a 2 MHz cylindrical piezoelectric crystal and a brass played if needed. A water pillow with integrated flow meter is used to pro-
ellipsoidal reflector, it was possible to use the base of the transducer to vide cooling and coupling to the tissue. There is also a housed video camera
house specific devices which can be integrated into a safety system for the in the device which could provide visual confirmation of ablation if used
device. This system assists in focal point positioning, ablation confirmation, laparoscopically or for superficial lesions.
11:00 time of flight to each element and array geometry were used to determine
3aBB12. In vivo simulation of shock wave lithotripsy: Wave focusing in the most likely location of the stone. A comparison of threshold crossing and
inhomogeneous materials. Jeffrey Krimmel and Tim Colonius 共Caltech cross-correlation for detecting signal arrival indicated that while the former
1200 E California Blvd., MC 104-44, Pasadena, CA 91125, jkrimmel yielded faster computation time, the latter was more robust to noise. Stone
@caltech.edu兲 position was determined to within 2 mm for locations within 10 mm of the
focus. For distances beyond 10 mm, the optimization routine was not able to
Shock wave generation and focusing in electrohydraulic, electromag-
reliably predict stone location but could indicate that the stone was not
netic, and piezoelectric lithotripters are simulated numerically. Inhomogene-
within the focal region. 关Work supported in part by NIH.兴
ities associated with wave propagation in vivo are modeled using data from
The Visible Human Project. The approximate time-domain relaxation model
of Yang and Cleveland 共2005兲 was used to simulate attenuation and disper- 11:30
sion in the tissuelike media. The simulations utilize a MUSCL-type shock 3aBB14. Lung hemorrhage produced by exposure to underwater
capturing scheme with adaptive mesh refinement 共AMR兲. In vitro focal re- acoustic impulses. Diane Dalecki, Sally Z. Child, and Carol H. Raeman
gion pressure measurements compare favorably with available experimental 共Dept. of Biomedical Eng., and the Rochester Ctr. for Biomedical Ultra-
data for each lithotripter type. Preliminary in vivo simulation results show sound, 310 Goergen Hall, Univ. of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, dalecki
significant dispersion associated with the nonuniform sound speed, includ- @bme.rochester.edu兲
ing increases of up to 50% in focal pressure amplitudes and the presence of
multiple pressure minima/maxima in the focal waveform. We will also dis- Underwater acoustic impulse sources are used in various commercial
cuss the extension of the AMR framework to account for cavitation via a and military applications. The objective of this study was to investigate the
previously developed ensemble-averaged continuous two-phase flow model. response of mammalian lung to exposure to underwater acoustic impulses. A
laboratory-based acoustic exposure system was developed to investigate the
bioeffects of underwater impulses. Underwater acoustic impulses were gen-
11:15
erated using a ten cubic inch air gun operated in a large water tank. Under-
3aBB13. Kidney stone tracking in vitro using an acoustic triangulation
water acoustic impulses with peak pressure amplitudes ranging from 0
paradigm. Jonathan M. Kracht and Robin O. Cleveland 共Dept. of Mech.
共sham兲 to 110 kPa were investigated. Experiments were performed with
Eng., Boston Univ., 110 Cummington St., Boston, MA 02215兲
anesthetized adult mice. Each exposure consisted of five acoustic impulses
During shock wave lithotripsy, stones undergo motion which can place with approximately 20 s between impulses. Mammalian lung hemorrhage
them outside the focal zone of the lithotripter. This results in shock waves can occur in response to exposure to underwater acoustic impulses. The
being delivered that do not impact the stone but may injure tissue. Tracking pressure threshold for lung hemorrhage resulting from five air gun impulses
stones using diagnostic ultrasound imaging 共⬃4 MHz兲 has proven to be was approximately 50 kPa. The extent of lung damage increased with in-
challenging. Here we employed an array of seven relatively low-frequency creasing pressure amplitude. The results of this work are relevant to estab-
共⬃600 kHz兲 elements to detect scattered signals from an artificial kidney lishing safety guidelines for swimmers and divers exposed to underwater
stone in the presence of a tissue phantom. Using an optimization routine, the sound fields.
WEDNESDAY MORNING, 20 MAY 2009 COUNCIL SUITE, 9:00 TO 11:15 A.M.
Session 3aEA
Engineering Acoustics, Structural Acoustics and Vibration, Noise, and Acoustical Oceanography: Acoustical
Engineering of Wind Turbines
Thomas R. Howarth, Chair

Naval Sea Systems Command Division Newport, Newport, RI 02841
Invited Papers
9:05
3aEA1. Wind turbines: Why they are noisy and what to do about it. Frits van den Berg 共GGD, P.O. Box 2200, 1000CE Amsterdam,
The Netherlands, fvdberg@ggd.amsterdam.nl兲
Sound from modern, tall wind turbines is related to sleep disturbance and is, per decibel, more annoying than sound from common
sources such as road or air traffic. Surveys among residents indicate that there are several reasons for this: the swishing character of the
sound, the intrusiveness at night, and the visibility of the wind turbine共s兲. Residential reaction is also determined by the attitude towards
wind turbines in the landscape and by economical benefits. From acoustical research different explanations have arisen as to why the
sound is amplitude modulated. For a distant observer it is the result of the change in trailing sound level due to the change in wind that
the revolving blades encounter. High night-time sound levels are due to an increase in rotor height wind speed simultaneously with a
decrease in near-ground wind speed. Wind turbine design has been directed to higher yields per turbine. Less attention has been given
to low noise blades and rotor speed reduction. Low noise design could also include a reduction in the modulation amplitude and more
sophisticated speed reduction; viz., at high annoyance conditions. Also, involving residents in wind farm planning may have a high
potential to reduce annoyance.
9:30
3aEA2. An overview of the acoustical activities at the National Wind Technology Center. Arlinda Huskey 共NREL, NWTC, 1617
Cole Blvd., MS 3911, Golden, CO 80401, ArlindaគHuskey@nrel.gov兲, Moriarty Patrick, Jeroen van Dam 共NREL, NWTC, Golden, CO
80401兲, Eric Simley, and Scott Palo 共Univ. of Colorado兲
The National Wind Technology Center 共NWTC兲 has been involved in wind turbine acoustics since the 1980s. The areas of work
include standards development, measurement and analysis, prediction code development, and acoustic arrays. Most measurements are
conducted to the IEC 61400-11, a standard specifically for acoustic measurements of wind turbines. The NWTC is involved in the
development of this standard. The standard results in reports of overall levels as well as tonality. The NWTC has also developed a
semiempirical acoustic noise prediction code for wind turbines. Validation of this code with test data 共both wind tunnel and field
measurements兲 shows reasonable prediction accuracy for both airfoil self noise and turbulent inflow noise. Lastly, to assist with wind
turbine noise reduction and to identify the loudest components an acoustic array was developed to better locate noise on wind turbines.
This paper will describe the NWTC’s past and current activities in wind turbine acoustics including test methods and results.
9:55
3aEA3. Ocean acoustic noise budgets: Application to the environmental assessment of offshore wind power generation. James H.
Miller, Gopu R. Potty, Andres Nunez Perez 共Dept. of Ocean Eng., Univ. of Rhode Island, Narragansett, RI 02882, miller@uri.edu兲,
Kathleen Vigness Raposa 共Marine Acoust., Inc., Middletown, RI 02842兲, and Jeffrey A. Nystuen 共Univ. of Washington, Seattle, WA
98105-6698兲
A noise budget is a listing of the various sources of acoustic noise and their associated ranking by importance. A number of different
types of budgets can be conceived using various acoustic measures such as intensity, energy, or duration of maximum amplitude level.
These budgets are typically parameterized by frequency and are usually computed over 1/3 octave bands. As part of the environmental
assessment of the proposed offshore wind power generation project under the Rhode Island Special Area Management Plan 共SAMP兲,
noise measurements were made using the Passive Acoustic Listener 共PAL兲 systems off the coast of Rhode Island prior to the installation
of any wind power facilities. Two PALs were deployed within two miles of Block Island in water depths of 20 m from October 6 to
November 11, 2008. The data included noise spectra and source identification every 3 min. Short snapshots of unusual sounds were also
recorded. From this data, the ocean acoustic noise budget is computed with contributions from shipping, wind/waves, marine mammals,
and rain from 500 Hz to 50 kHz. The ship noise data is correlated with ship traffic data from the Automatic Identification System 共AIS兲.
关Funding provided by the Rhode Island Office of Energy Resources.兴
10:20
3aEA4. Prediction methodologies for tonal and broadband noise from horizontal-axis wind turbines. Brent Paul, Rudolph
Martinez, Donald Thompson, and James Uhlman 共CAA-Alion Corp., 84 Sherman St., Cambridge, MA 02140 bpaul@alionscience.com兲
This paper describes a set of computational-analytic predictive tools for the following mechanisms of aerodynamic sound and vi-
bration for a wind turbine’s blades in ducted or open arrangements: 共a兲 Infrasound and tonal low-frequency nearfield noise from the
interaction of blades with a nonuniform meanflow that is steady in its own reference frame; 共b兲 mid-frequency broadband noise from the
“haystacked” chopping of an incident turbulent freestream; 共c兲 high-frequency noise from self-generated turbulence near the trailing
edge of each blade’s suction side. Contributors to tonal mechanism 共a兲 include the rotor’s static loads as required by power generation
共nearfield “Gutin” component of infrasound兲, and operation in a local wind shear or in the mean wake of the turbine’s tower when set
up as a downstream machine. These predictive tools include models of the spatially nonuniform mean and turbulent flows that typically
strike a wind turbine’s blades, as well as preprocessors of that information when made available by either field measurements or off-line
calculations. The codes’ physical content includes the possibility of uneven spacing for the turbine’s blades and for their interaction with
statistically inhomogeneous turbulence for mechanism 共b兲. Sample predictions compare the codes’ estimates of sound production to
measurements from the open literature.
Contributed Papers
10:45 sented to more accurately describe atmospheric and lateral attenuation ef-
3aEA5. Methodologies to address limitations of the ISO9613-2 standard fects, which can result in significant uncertainties in the noise levels calcu-
for wind turbine noise propagation modeling. Erik J. Kalapinski 共Tetra lated both in proximity and at distant receptor locations.
Tech EC Inc., 133 Federal St., Boston, MA 02110, erik.kalapinski@tteci
.com兲
11:00
The accuracy of the noise propagation modeling results is dependent on: 3aEA6. Vibration analysis of turbine low-pressure bladed-disk in
共1兲 the sound source data entered into the model as reported by wind turbine 500-MW fossil power plant. Dooyoung Lee, Youngchae Bae, Heesoo Kim,
equipment manufacturers as specified under per IEC 64100-11 standard; 共2兲 Yookryun Lee, Hongil Choi, and Hyun Lee 共Hydro & Fossil Power Genera-
site specific topographical, meteorological, and terrain conditions; and 共3兲 tion Lab., KEPRI, 103-16 Munji Yusung Daejon, Korea, 305-380, dylee
the propagation algorithms of the acoustic modeling standard that are @kepri.re.kr兲
applied. For wind energy facilities sited in the US, the ISO 9613-2 standard
is most commonly used due to its proven effectiveness to accurately predict Many failures of turbine blades are caused by the coupling of aerody-
the sound levels at a distance for industrial and commercial projects in an namic forcing with bladed-disk vibration characteristics. Vibration analysis
outdoor environment. The propagation algorithms employed by the ISO for an individual turbine blade does not include all the coupled characteris-
9613-2 standard account for geometrical divergence, atmospheric absorp- tics of whole bladed-disk system. This paper shows the coupled vibration
tion, ground attenuation, screening effects, and favorable sound propagation characteristics of a low-pressure 共LP兲 turbine bladed-disk in a 500-MW fos-
conditions that would occur during omnidirectional downwind meteorologi- sil power plant for the purpose of confirming equipment integrity. In order to
cal conditions. The purpose of this paper is to identify limitations inherent in verify the finite element model, analytic and experimental modal analyses
the ISO 9613-2 standard to the specialized application of wind turbine for a single blade were performed and reviewed with boundary conditions
acoustics and nonstandard atmospheric conditions. Methodologies are pre- not only where both ends were free to move but also where its root was
fixed. Natural frequencies and corresponding mode shapes were calculated dynamic stress as well as steady stress which results from centrifugal and
for the bladed-disk first, and then proximity of modes to sources of excita- steady-state steam forces was also calculated at dangerous modes of
tion was assessed by means of interference diagrams to examine resonance. operation. It is expected that these dynamic characteristics will be used ef-
The result of analysis was ascertained by being compared with a field test fectively to identify the root causes of blade failures and to perform prompt
for the bladed-disk without centrifugal and aerodynamic forces. In addition, maintenance.
WEDNESDAY MORNING, 20 MAY 2009 STUDIO SUITE, 8:25 TO 11:45 A.M.
Session 3aED
Education in Acoustics and ASA Student Council: Project Listen Up
James M. Sabatier, Chair

National Ctr. for Physical Acoustics, Univ. of Mississippi, University, MS 38677
Invited Papers
8:30
3aED1. A simple experiment for understanding resonant air columns. Theodore F. Argo, IV, Chad A. Greene, and Preston S. Wilson
共Mech. Eng. Dept. and Appl. Res. Labs., The Univ. of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712-0292, targo@mail.utexas.edu兲
One goal of Project Listen Up is to enhance children’s understanding of acoustics through engagement in basic acoustics
experiments. This work proposes an experiment that examines the resonant frequencies of an air column. Equipment for this experiment
consists of a small tunable oscillator circuit connected to a loudspeaker, which can also be used for other experiments in the kit. The
experimenter will provide a cardboard tube, rubber band, plastic wrap, and sand. Resonance is demonstrated by placing the loudspeaker
at the base of the tube, covering the top of the tube with a plastic wrap membrane, and placing sand grains on top of the membrane. As
frequency is adjusted, the sand grains are excited at the resonance frequencies of the tube. Frequencies at which sand motion is observed
can be compared to a simple algebraic model, which relates the length of the tube to the resonance frequencies of the system. An
optional advanced experimental track investigates the effect of varying the length of the tube. This experiment develops intuition for the
relationship between frequency and wavelength and builds understanding of resonant systems.
8:45
3aED2. Sound speed measurements in air using a variable sound source and tubes. Stanley A. Cheyne and Walter C. McDermott
共Dept. of Phys. and Astronomy, Hampden-Sydney Coll., Hampden-Sydney, VA 23943兲
Sound speed measurement using standing waves and tubes is a standard experiment in every introductory physics laboratory. It is
an experiment that is relatively simple to understand both conceptually and mathematically. The idea behind this work is to reproduce
the same experiment, at low cost, making it suitable for project listen up. Two approaches were made. The first was to design and
construct a small, low cost, variable sound source that could be used to determine the resonances of several fixed length tubes. The
device is simple in design and easy to use. As the frequency is varied, the resonances can be determined by listening with the ear. Once
done, the sound speed can be easily calculated. The second method was to use a free, online, function generator as the sound source and
repeat the experiment as previously discussed. Results of both methods will be given and demonstrated along with pros and cons of
each.
9:00
3aED3. Why we have two ears—a hands-on experiment comparing monaural and binaural hearing. Ralph T. Muehleisen 共Civil,
Environ., and Architectural Eng., Illinois Inst. of Technol., 3201 S. Dearborn St., Rm. 228, Chicago, IL 60616兲
Whether they fly, swim, crawl, or walk, vertebrates have binaural auditory systems. Two ears provide redundancy in case of injury
to the auditory system, improve the ability to detect quiet sounds and, perhaps most importantly, improve the ability to localize sound.
This paper describes a simple experiment in which two individuals work together to investigate the sound localizing abilities of a human
using monaural and binaural hearing. In the experiment, one person sits blindfolded in the center of a circle and acts as a listener. The
other person moves a sound source around a circle, equidistant from the listener while the listener attempts to locate the direction of the
source. The experiment is repeated for both monaural 共with an earplug in one ear兲 and binaural 共using both ears兲 hearing and for
impulsive and low frequency tonal sources. The experiment is best attempted in an environment with very few nearby reflecting sources
such as the outdoors or a very large room.
9:15
3aED4. Two-dimensional normal modes: Experiment and finite element analysis. Uwe J. Hansen 共Dept. of Chem. & Phys., Indiana
State Univ., Terre Haute, IN 47809兲
Bending wave propagation on a two-dimensional plate is reduced to standing waves with the imposition of boundary conditions.
These standing wave patterns can be observed with sand, which accumulates near the nodal lines. These sand patterns are usually called
Chladni patterns after Chladni, who first observed and described them. Using a simple lapel microphone, these mode patterns can also
be illustrated by noting the phase shift when observing the near-field sound pattern very close to the vibrating plate. Both Chladni
patterns and phase mapping of patterns will be illustrated. A relatively inexpensive software package enables finite element calculations
of vibrating plates. Normal mode vibration can easily be illustrated in animation on a computer screen. Both the calculation process and
the animation will be illustrated.
9:30
3aED5. Acoustics outreach and scouting: A merit badge proposal. Kent L. Gee, Brian E. Anderson, Tracianne B. Neilsen, and Scott
D. Sommerfeldt 共Dept. of Phys. and Astron., Brigham Young Univ., N283 Eyring Sci. Ctr., Provo, UT 84602, kentgee@byu.edu兲
The success of the Girl Scouts of America 共GSA兲 and the Optical Society of America’s “Project Lighten Up” and the proposed
“Project Listen Up” have prompted a discussion of how Scouting can be used as an outreach vehicle to interest today’s youth in science
and, more particularly, in acoustics. One possibility for this would be the drafting of a “Sound and Audio” merit badge for the Boy
Scouts of America 共BSA兲 or a similar activity award for the GSA. The BSA currently offers 121 merit badges for scouts, including
varied topics such as archeology, rifle shooting, plumbing, truck transportation, and coin collecting. Although there are physical science-
related merit badges 共e.g., composite materials, chemistry, nuclear science兲, there is not a badge that deals directly with acoustics. This
talk will outline how an acoustics-related merit badge may help engage youth interest in science and discuss ideas for possible badge
requirements.
9:45
3aED6. Wave interaction effects for all ages. Scott D. Sommerfeldt 共Dept. of Phys., Brigham Young Univ., N181 ESC, Provo, UT
84602, scott_sommerfeldt@byu.edu兲
Wave interaction effects occur in many everyday situations. A number of important principles associated with these interactions can
be readily demonstrated without the need for extensive and expensive equipment. Using two low-cost speakers, it is possible to easily
demonstrate the basic principle underlying active noise control by placing the speakers close together and first wiring the speakers
“in-phase” to achieve constructive wave interference and then wiring the speakers “out-of-phase” to achieve destructive wave
interference. This setup results in a global attenuation of the sound field, making the audible effect easily discernible. The dependence
of the interaction on frequency and spacing 共kd兲 can be demonstrated by changing the frequency of the excitation signal. In addition, by
separating the speakers the interaction of two waves to create a standing wave can be demonstrated, and the nodes/antinodes established
can be audibly heard as the listener moves his/her ear through the field. Finally, these concepts can be used to understand why loud-
speakers are mounted in enclosures. As the loudspeaker is placed in an enclosure the direct interaction of 共out-of-phase兲 waves from the
front and back of the loudspeaker cone is inhibited, thus resulting in increased radiation efficiency.
Contributed Papers
10:00 10:15—10:30 Break

3aED7. A simple analytical demonstration of transient and steady-state 10:30
response in a dissipative closed waveguide based on the d’Alembert 3aED8. Hands on and homemade coupled oscillators for Project Listen
solution. Jerry H. Ginsberg 共G. W. Woodruff School of Mech. Eng., Georgia Up. Sean M. Mock and Murray S. Korman 共Dept. of Phys., U.S. Naval
Inst. of Technol., Atlanta, GA 30332-0405, jerry.ginsberg@me.gatech.edu兲 Acad., Annapolis, MD 21402, m114518@usna.edu兲
Previously 关J. H. Ginsberg, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 119, 1954–1960 共2006兲兴, A coupled pendulum oscillator experiment recently developed within the
the d’Alembert solution of the wave equation was adapted to address the U.S. Naval Academy Physics Department seems a possible candidate for the
response to initial conditions of a one-dimensional waveguide whose termi- Project Listen Up initiative. A plexiglass frame supported by four legs sus-
pends two 500 g masses 30 cm below by two chains of paper clips each,
nations have an arbitrary real 共possibly dissipative兲 impedance. The tech-
meeting in the shape of a V on either bob. A light spring 共k⫽3.64 N/m兲 con-
nique creates virtual images on the other 共i.e., nonphysical兲 side of each wall
nects the two, completing the coupled oscillator system. Displacement of the
to convert the closed waveguide to one of infinite extent. The present work oscillators was measured using Pasco motion sensors, a Vernier LabPro unit,
extends the development to cases where an arbitrary velocity is applied to and a laptop. LOGGERPRO and MATHEMATICA software helped compare theory
one wall. The imaging technique allows one to visually track the evolution with experiment. However, one does not need these resources to experiment
of the spatial pressure profile and the relation of temporal waveforms at with coupled oscillators—it can be improvised using ordinary household
various locations. The relatively low level of mathematical skills entailed in materials for young students! An inexpensive wooden picture frame with is-
the formulation makes the method accessible to students at all levels. Ap- let screws supports pendulums using two Dixie cups filled with sand or
coins as masses. The possibilities for learning seem endless! A simple stop-
plication of the technique to periodic excitation of the boundary leads to vi-
watch, meter stick, fulcrum, and measuring cups are incorporated in experi-
sual representation of various effects, including reverberation time and vari-
mental and theoretical comparisons, including the periods of normal modes.
ous resonance effects, such as uncontrolled growth in the absence of Students can explore density through balancing masses with volumes of
dissipation and approach to steady-state when dissipation is present. Sound water. Demonstrating beat frequencies from mistuned xylophone bars or
files generated from the synthesized connect the physical and audible guitar strings conveys a subtlety of the experiment without overpowering
phenomena. the young minds of future scientists.
10:45 methods and by the acoustic energy flux vector field. The geometrical ray
3aED9. Helmholtz resonator experiment for Project Listen Up. Marianne results and the energy flux vector field resulting from the wave solution are
C. Sparklin and Murray S. Korman 共Dept. of Phys., U.S. Naval Acad., An- compared with experiment.
napolis, MD 21402, m096120@usna.edu兲
The behavior of sound waves and resonant effects can be observed using
Helmholtz resonators. Resonators are built from identical round wooden 11:15
boxes purchased from a craft store. The tops are glued and drilled with hole 3aED11. The effect of the teaching-learning sequences connecting sound
diameters from 2–3 cm. We can study the resonant behavior as a function of wave at microlevel and macrolevel on the student’s understandings for
hole diameter only. The end effect is large compared with the thickness of sound transmission. Hyungjun Kim 共Phys. Education Dept., Seoul Natl.
the orifice 共0.6 cm兲. In the experiment, a swept tone 共100–900 Hz兲 from a Univ, Daehak-dong, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-742, che94@dreamwiz.com兲
small speaker drove the resonator. One studied the output of the microphone and Junehee Yoo
located near the orifice. One could use a swept spectrum analyzer, a function Previous studies reported that students had some difficulties in under-
generator, or tuning fork with varying weights to measure the resonant fre- standing sound waves as longitudinal waves. In this research, most of
quency of the box. A plot of hole diameter versus frequency can be com- teaching-learning sequences described sound waves at macrolevel, which
pared with the theoretical Helmholtz resonant frequency prediction, which were supposed as one source of these difficulties. So teaching-learning se-
depends on the volume of the box, the cross sectional area, the sound speed quences connecting sound wave at microlevel and macrolevel were devel-
of air, and the effective length of the hole. One can model the effective oped and effects were investigated. These teaching-learning sequences were
length of the resonator as the thickness of the top plus a constant times the focused on bridging between the movement of particles in air and move-
ments of slinky springs and simulation using the EXCEL program. In addition
diameter of the hole and get good agreement with the established end cor-
to that, explaining wave phenomena at macrolevel by the movement of par-
rection found in textbooks.
ticles at microlevel was emphasized. Predict-observe-explain strategy was
used. Evaluated worksheets and video-records were analyzed to figure out
conceptual changes.
11:00
3aED10. The energy flow for a spherical acoustic lens: Ray and wave
11:30
methods vs experiment. Cleon E. Dean 共Phys. Dept., P.O.B. 8031, Georgia
3aED12. Modal analysis for undergraduate laboratories and projects.
Southern Univ., Statesboro, GA 30460-8031, cdean@GeorgiaSouthern.edu兲 Andrzej Kotlicki and Chris Waltham 共Dept. of Phys. and Astronomy, Univ.
and James P. Braselton 共Georgia Southern Univ., Statesboro, GA 30460- of British Columbia, 6224 Agricultural Rd., Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1,
8093兲 Canada兲
A simple classroom demonstration consists of a weather balloon filled Vibrational analysis of structures 共musical instruments for example兲 re-
with carbon dioxide, a sound source, and a microphone. Since the speed of quires a means of excitation, motion detection and a data acquisition system.
sound is slower in carbon dioxide than in air at room temperature and pres- None of these needs to be very expensive. We have constructed an impact
sure, the balloon acts as a positive spherical acoustic lens. The accuracy of hammer using a piezoelectric crystal from an old barbeque lighter; this pro-
ray methods in locating the acoustic focus versus a full-blown wave solution vides rapid excitation at all frequencies up to 1 or 2 kHz. Motion detection
is now possible using extremely light 共less than 1 g兲 microelectromechnical
approach has been presented previously 关Cleon E. Dean and James P. Bra-
systems 共MEMS兲 accelerometers that cost only a few dollars each. Two-
selton, “The energy flow for a spherical acoustic lens: ray vs. wave meth-
channel data acquisition at 44.1kHz per channel is available to anyone with
ods,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 123, 3520 共2008兲.兴 Theoretically, this problem a computer equipped with a soundcard. More flexible external systems are
presents particular difficulties if the sound source lies in the near field also available in the $200 range. Thus, modal analysis is easily within the
region. The sound emitter is treated as a dipole source equivalent to a rigid budgets of undergraduate laboratories. In this presentation we will empha-
oscillating sphere of small size and amplitude of motion relative to the size the calibration of the impact hammer and evaluation of the MEMS
scatterer. The energy flux around the balloon has been visualized by both ray accelerometers.
WEDNESDAY MORNING, 20 MAY 2009 EXECUTIVE SALON II/III, 8:00 TO 11:50 A.M.
Session 3aNS
Noise: Noise Litigation
John Erdreich, Chair

Ostergaard Acoustical Assoc., 200 Executive Dr., West Orange, NJ 07052
Invited Papers
8:05
3aNS1. Hearing loss litigation. Robert A. Dobie 共Dept. of Otolaryngol., UC-Davis, Sacramento CA 95817兲
Most hearing loss in American adults is attributable to aging, noise, or a combination of these two. While most claims for noise-
induced hearing loss are handled administratively in workers compensation, litigation against employers, premises owners, and manu-
facturers of noisy equipment continues to pose interesting challenges. Issues of negligence often involve professionals with expertise in
noise control, hearing conservation program management, product labeling, and human factors. There are usually two primary issues for
clinician experts: How severe is the hearing loss, and what caused it? Audiologists and otologists can draw upon a mass of research to
support reasonable opinions in cases with complete data sets. Unfortunately, important data from the past 共e.g., changes in noise ex-
posure and hearing loss over a career兲 are often impossible to obtain. Forensic consulting is terra incognita for most clinicians, requiring
analyses and judgments that are rarely called for in clinical practice.
8:35
3aNS2. Minneapolis et al versus the Metropolitan Airports Commission. Paul Schomer 共Schomer and Assoc., Inc., 2117 Robert Dr.,
Champaign, IL 61821, schomer@SchomerAndAssoc..com兲
The city of Minneapolis has a law protecting the quietude in various land use areas, including residential areas. In this legal action,
plaintiff asserted that the Metropolitan Airports Commission was adversely and significantly affecting the quietude of the residents in
the 60–65 DNL zone and that a 5-dB noise insulation package in homes in that zone would ameliorate the situation. There were four
tasks for plaintiff’s expert witnesses; 共1兲 Define quietude; 共2兲 Show that without the airport quietude existed in the 60–65 DNL zone;
共3兲 Quantify the impacts including annoyance, speech interference, and sleep disturbance; and 共4兲 Quantify the benefits of a 5-dB noise
insulation package. The results were a negotiated settlement for $128 million.
9:05
3aNS3. Qualification of an aircraft ground run-up enclosure using a novel sound monitoring and analysis approach. Kerrie G.
Standlee 共Daly-Standlee & Assoc., Inc., 4900 SW Griffith Dr., Ste. 216, Beaverton, OR 97005兲
This paper describes a sound monitoring and analysis program developed to determine if a ground run-up enclosure 共GRE兲 installed
at the Portland International Airport was effective in reducing aircraft engine run-up noise radiated to residential neighborhoods during
nighttime hours. A noise monitoring and analysis program was developed to fulfill conditions of approval imposed by the Oregon
Department of Environmental Quality 共DEQ兲 prior to the construction of the facility. A novel approach was developed whereby unat-
tended sound level meters were used to collect one-second Leq and hourly statistical noise level data near the GRE and at community
locations of interest. This data, combined with GRE usage data and weather data, was then subjected to a multistep analysis procedure.
The process was found to be very effective at determining when ground run-up events caused community noise levels exceeding DEQ
limits. By the end of the project, the procedure was being used to assess 99 percent of the run-ups occurring within the GRE. The sound
monitoring and analysis procedure became a very reliable tool in demonstrating that the GRE complied with its conditions of approval.
9:35
3aNS4. Noise issues affecting litigation in condominiums. Jerry G. Lilly 共JGL Acoust., Inc., 5266 NW Village Park Dr. Issaquah, WA
98027兲
Serving as an expert witness in legal actions involving residential condominiums is often a harrowing and extremely challenging
task, regardless of which side you represent. If you are representing the HOA, you have to educate your client so that they understand
that the mere ability to hear your neighbor is not necessarily unusual and may not be grounds for a defect. If you are representing the
architect, developer, or contractor, you have to educate them as to the code requirements as well as the various acoustical performance
guidelines that will undoubtedly be introduced by the HOA. In either event, if you do not do your homework you are leaving yourself
exposed to be grilled by opposing counsel 共in deposition or at trial兲 without mercy. This presentation will discuss the author’s experience
in dealing with these issues, with specific emphasis on problems with the testing standards and performance guidelines that exacerbate
the problem.
10:05—10:20 Break
10:20
3aNS5. Warning audibility in industrial accidents. John Erdreich 共Ostergaard Acoust. Assoc., 200 Executive Dr., W. Orange, NJ
07052兲
Industrial accidents related to warning audibility may be adjudicated in the worker compensation environment or in state courts. One
factor that may determine whether the incident becomes a compensation case or a tort is if the employer could reasonably expect the
situation to require an audible warning. The second factor to evaluate is the adequacy of the warning itself. Thus, it is the responsibility
of the acoustician to educate the trier of fact about not only the science of audition, but also the state of the art in that represents a
consensus of methods to provide such warnings. An example of such a case will be presented.
Contributed Papers
10:50 11:20
3aNS6. Can race car sound break windows? David Braslau 共David Bra- 3aNS8. Uncertainty in field and laboratory acoustical testing: A
slau Assoc., Inc., 1313 5th St. SE, Ste. 322, Minneapolis, MN 55414兲 challenge for the acoustical industry. John LoVerde and Wayland Dong
共Veneklasen Assoc., 1711 16th St, Santa Monica, CA 90404, jloverde
Sound from a special class of race cars was cited as cause for sudden @veneklasen.com兲
breakage of a large pane of tempered glass in a private box that fell and
injured a spectator below. Analysis of previously recorded race track noise The statistical uncertainty in acoustical testing has been insufficiently
from a similar track in Minnesota showed that sound levels could exceed the studied in the acoustical community. There are a limited number of studies
Hubbard rattle criteria but no conclusions could be drawn regarding quantifying measurement uncertainties, especially in the field, but even
breakage. Because of time constraints, sound level measurements from a where uncertainties have been documented, they are largely ignored in
race in Ohio of this vehicle class were taken by Campanella Associates for practice. As was documented in a previous case 关LoVerde and Dong, J.
reference. Those measurements were compared with previously measured Acoust. Soc. Am. 124, 2441 共2008兲兴, it is common practice to assume that
levels of other vehicle classes and found to be higher at some frequencies. the test results have low uncertainties 共even if published uncertainties are
Since a recorded demonstration performed by the plaintiff showed breakage large兲 and that variations in the results are due to variations in materials,
of a similar pane of glass with an induced flaw and continuously applied errors in construction, etc. This can be particularly important in noise liti-
sound at 70 to 80 Hz, a field test on a similar window with simulated sound gation, where acoustical ratings that are lower than expected are often au-
levels based upon measurements from the special vehicle class race was per- tomatically assumed to be due to construction defect, even though they may
formed with assistance from Synergistic Design Associates. A simulated be within the expected range. Even without errors in construction, the un-
sound level as high as 117 dBA was generated at the window without certainties in the acoustical test procedure may be such that some assemblies
breakage. Some conclusions on potential glass breakage from incident will meet the relevant statutory requirements and other, nominally identical
sound will be presented. 关Work supported by Johnson & Lindberg, P.A.兴 assemblies will fail. Recent experience and insight will be presented regard-
ing the definition of a construction defect in acoustical assemblies, the over-
lap of responsibilities between contractors and designers, and the interpre-
tation of building code requirements.
11:35
11:05 3aNS9. Designing petrochemical plants to permit retrofitting of any
3aNS7. Deficiency of the Massachusetts Pure Tone Noise Regulation. additional controls needed to meet community noise limits. Frank H.
Michael Bahtiarian 共Noise Control Eng. Inc., 799 Middlesex Trnpk., Bil- Brittain 共Bechtel Corp., 2255 Peavine Valley Rd., Reno, NV 89523兲
lerica, MA 01821, mikeb@noise-control.com兲
Designing petrochemical, power, or industrial plants to meet community
The Commonwealth of Massachusetts Department of Environmental noise limits can be expensive. To meet stringent limits, incremental costs
Protection 共MADEP兲 noise regulation has two parts. The first part involves often exceed one million dollars per decibel. There is considerable uncer-
overall A-weighted noise and requires that no source of sound be greater tainty, including: overly conservative or unrepresentative vendor noise data,
than 10 dB above the background noise. A second part states that no pure limitations of ray-tracing software, questionable accuracy beyond 1000 m,
tones are allowed. A pure tone condition is defined by the MADEP as any lack of TL and absorption data below 125 Hz, unreliable IL data for pipe
octave band that is greater than the adjacent bands by 3 dB. The author was lagging at all frequencies, unexpected operating conditions, and vendors not
involved in community noise investigation that showed the deficiency of the meeting their equipment noise limits. Atmospheric effects can cause varia-
pure tone requirement. A suburban community complained of bothersome tions of A-weighted community noise levels of 25 dB at 100 m from a re-
noise from an industrial abutter. Noise measurements were taken by other finery, which can make meeting a not-to-exceed noise limit difficult and
consultants which did not register as a pure tone. The author was hired by risky. Further, lack of experience with noise control of any participant 共noise
the community group to conduct measurements on their behalf. Similar oc- control engineer, project, owner, regulators, or vendors兲 can substantially in-
tave band measurements were taken with similar results. However, measure- crease uncertainty. Including sufficient noise controls to cover these uncer-
ments with finer one-third octave band showed significant tonal activity. tainties will be expensive, often overly conservative, and often unnecessarily
When compared to commercial standards for pure tones the tonal criterion expensive. One way to substantially lower costs and risks is designing the
was met. Further examination of narrowband data showed why the original plant to permit delaying some but not all controls until start-up—if needed.
octave band measurements were not registering pure tone conditions. The This paper describes the planning needed to permit a partial reliance on ret-
author will present his suggestion for changes to the MADEP regulation and rofit controls, what type of controls can be delayed until start-up, and space
welcomes input from others dealing with similar tonal requirements. allocation. Examples are included.
WEDNESDAY MORNING, 20 MAY 2009 BROADWAY III/IV, 8:30 TO 11:15 A.M.
Session 3aPA
Physical Acoustics: Infrasound and Outdoor Sound Propagation
D. Keith Wilson, Chair

U.S. Army Cold Regions Research Lab., Engineering Research and Development Ctr., Hanover, NH 03755-1290
Contributed Papers
8:30 Investigation of the time dependent relationship between the vertical
3aPA1. On tropospheric ducting in infrasound. Roger Waxler and Philip wind velocity fluctuations and the pressure sensed on the ground as mea-
Blom 共NCPA, Univ. of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, rwax@olemiss sured in an open field is done to determine if the turbulence-shear term of
.edu兲 the Poisson equation is the dominant source of pressure fluctuations and in-
frasonic wind noise present in microphones, or some other source. The wind
Infrasound can propagate to ranges of many hundreds of km. Signals re-
velocity was measured using a three-axis ultrasonic anemometer and six
ceived on the ground at ranges of 200 km or more have propagated high into
one-dimensional ultrasonic anemometers. The pressure was measured simul-
the atmosphere through the stratosphere and thermosphere. At shorter
taneously using two half-inch free-field pressure microphones, one placed
ranges, the propagation is dominated by structure in the lower atmosphere
flush with the ground, the other at a height of 1 m above the first. The an-
such as the jet stream and the atmospheric boundary layer. Theoretical re-
emometers were also situated above and adjacent to the microphones. The
sults on the influence of the lower atmosphere on infrasound propagation
three axis anemometer was set at a height of 1 m, and the six, one-
will be presented.
dimensional anemometers, as a vertical array from a height of 0.1–2 m
above the ground. As this is still an ongoing investigation, only a description
of the experiment and the current findings are presented and discussed.
8:45
3aPA2. On the fast arrivals seen in impulse propagation in the nocturnal
boundary layer. Philip Blom and Roger Waxler 共Natl. Ctr. for Physical
Acoust., Univ. of Mississippi, University, MS 38677兲 9:30
On clear dry nights over flat land, an acoustic duct forms in the atmo- 3aPA5. New models for wind noise measured in a flat surface under
spheric boundary layer. The duct is formed by a temperature inversion in the turbulent flow. Jiao Yu, Richard Raspet, Jeremy Webster, and JohnPaul
lowest few hundred m of the atmosphere and by the stiff wind, known as the Abbott 共Natl. Ctr. for Physical Acoust. and Dept. of Phys. and Astron., Univ.
nocturnal jet, which commonly develops above the temperature inversion. of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, jyu2@olemiss.edu兲
An impulsive signal undergoes strong dispersion as it propagates in the noc- We have previously developed models for predicting the power spectral
turnal duct and is received at long ranges from the source as an extended density of the wind noise pressure measured in a flat plate outdoors from the
wave train consisting of a series of distinct arrivals followed finally by a low measured power spectral density of the turbulence and the measured wind
frequency tail. The first arrival is of interest here. Through its interaction velocity profile above the plate 关Yu et al., Proceedings of NCAD 2008,
with the nocturnal jet, the first arrival is often anomalously fast. Accompa- NoiseCon2008-ASME NCAD兴. Recently we have corrected an error in the
nying the increased propagation speed is a marked decrease in amplitude. It model for the logarithmic profile wind velocity gradient results and have de-
will be shown that an explanation for this behavior is given by geometrical veloped an improved integration method. Also, we have developed a pre-
acoustics. diction for arbitrary wind velocity profiles using the previous single expo-
nential model. Typical results comparing our predictions with our
measurements are presented and analyzed. A simple algebraic fit to the pre-
9:00 diction for the logarithmic profile fit form is also provided for use by others.
3aPA3. Impulsive sound propagation in coastal regions. Xiao Di, Carrick 关Research supported by the U.S. Army TACOM-ARDEC at Picatinny Arse-
Talmadge, Roger Waxler, Kenneth E. Gilbert 共Natl. Ctr. for Phys. Acoust., nal, NJ.兴
Univ. of Mississippi, University, MS 38677兲, and David A. Conner 共U.S.
Army Aviation and Missile Command兲
Influenced by the coastal temperature profile and wind profile, the re-
9:45
sulting sound speed profiles in coastal regions have certain unique features,
3aPA6. Calculations of wind noise underneath a foam covering at the
such as double inversion zones. As a result, long range sound propagation
ground surface. Jiao Yu, Richard Raspet, Jeremy Webster, and JohnPaul
presents certain properties due to these features. An impulsive sound propa-
Abbott 共Natl. Ctr. for Physical Acoust. and Dept. of Phys. and Astron., Univ.
gation experiment had been conducted in the morning hours of the summer
of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, jyu2@olemiss.edu兲
of 2007 in the coastal Florida area. The test field was 7 km long. Three pro-
pane cannons were used during the experiment, located at each end of the A foam windscreen reduces the wind noise generated at a microphone.
test field and in the middle of the test field. Both upwind and downwind Similarly, a thin foam covering above a surface mounted microphone also
propagation data were collected and will be presented. The data showed that lowers the wind noise level effectively. Recent research has focused on de-
coastal region meteorology has a dominant effect on long range sound veloping a physical model for calculating the wind noise pressure fluctua-
propagation. Simulated sound propagation results using measured meteoro- tion spectrum measured by a foam covered microphone under a turbulent
logical data are compared with measured impulsive sound propagation data. flow based on our current model for flush mounted bare microphones. The
foam surface not only reduces the wind noise at the microphone, but also
prevents direct exposure of the microphone to the flow, which reduces the
9:15 measurement’s sensitivity to details of the meteorological conditions. In this
3aPA4. Investigation of dominant sources of pressure fluctuations and talk, the calculation model will be introduced, and the comparisons between
infrasonic wind noise in microphones. John Paul Abbott, Richard Raspet, our predictions with the model and our measurements down to low wave
Jeremy Webster, and Jiao Yu 共Natl. Ctr. for Physical Acoust., Dept. of Phys. number will be presented and discussed. 关Research supported by the U.S.
and Astronomy, Univ. of Mississippi, University, MS 38677兲 Army TACOM-ARDEC at Picatinny Arsenal, NJ.兴
10:00—10:15 Break Characteristics of the “ideal” shock, a one-dimensional step change in
pressure, are reasonably well established; however, the freely propagating
10:15 shock with finite duration is challenging to model and measure. These chal-
lenges are reflected in an extensive body of literature over several decades.
3aPA7. Study of the impact of input uncertainties on acoustic
propagation. Bruce Ikelheimer, Micah Downing, and Michael James 共Blue In this paper we present a method for producing free-space propagating
shocks, measurements of rise time with minimal contamination by turbu-
Ridge Res. and Consultants, 13 1/2 W. Walnut St., Asheville, NC 28801兲
lence, and model results that account for spreading, absorption 共including
A modular system of acoustical tools has been developed that integrates molecular relaxation兲, and nonlinearity. The shocks are produced using an
the physical factors controlling the propagation of acoustical signals. First acoustic pipe filter to condition the irregular pressure release of either bal-
and foremost, this system provides a prediction of the noise from a source to loon pops or starter-pistol shots. The shocks range in peak pressure from 10
a receiver location. This ray-tracing prediction takes into account the local to 1000 Pa and in rise time from 10 to 0.5 µs. Rise-time measurements are
terrain, changes in ground impedance, turbulence, and thermal and wind made using a custom piezoelectric polymer wideband microphone with a
gradients. This propagation prediction is combined with a noise source that measurement range that overlaps with that of a diffraction-corrected 1/8-
can handle fully three-dimensional, spectral source descriptions. The model inch measurement microphone. The exponential-decay time constant beyond
uses a six-dimensional definition of the source location and orientation to the pressure peak is typically less than 100 µs, which may be too rapid to
select the radiation angle from the source to the receiver. Levels of audibility permit development of characteristics associated with relaxation
of the received signal are then calculated based on the received noise levels, mechanisms: rise times over the entire range measured here are well pre-
the local ambient noise levels, and the expected listener acuity. Each input to dicted by accounting for classical and rotational absorption only.
the model has uncertainties with the potential to generate errors that cascade
through the system. Differing atmospheric, terrain, and ground impedance
conditions have been tested in our model both individually and in combina-
tions to see how they interact. The goal is to have an understanding of the
confidence level of audibility provided a known level of uncertainty on the 11:00
input data. 3aPA10. Three-dimensional numerical simulation of sonic boom
diffraction around buildings using a dispersion-relation-preserving
scheme. Sang I. Cho and Victor W. Sparrow 共Grad. Program in Acoust., The
10:30 Penn State Univ., 201 Appl. Sci. Bldg., Univ. Park, PA 16802兲
3aPA8. Acoustic temperature measurement in a full-scale rocket noise
field. Jarom H. Giraud, Kent L. Gee, John E. Ellsworth, and Derek C. A finite difference time domain approach is used to model the tempo-
Thomas 共Dept. of Phys. and Astronomy, Brigham Young Univ., N283 ESC rally and spatially dependent pressure loading on a rigid structure due to an
Provo, UT 84602兲 incident low-amplitude N-wave sonic boom. Analytically, one expects
strong diffraction due to building corners and pressure doubling near rigid
Acoustic pressure measurements in high-amplitude sound fields are walls. The three-dimensional linear wave equation is sufficient to model the
common, but acoustic temperature measurements are relatively rare. This is interaction between the structure and the low-amplitude sonic boom at the
primarily because thermometers exhibit thermal lag and, consequently, a ground level. Applying a fourth-order dispersion-relation-preserving scheme
limited frequency range. In this study, a 1 µ diam platinum wire resistance and a four-level explicit time marching scheme, an excellent dispersion
thermometer was used to measure temperature fluctuations generated by characteristic is achieved without sacrificing computational efficiency of the
propagating noise produced by a horizontally fired, static GEM-60 solid algorithm. NASA flight testing at Edwards, CA during the summer of 2006
rocket motor. The data are compared with those calculated from the pressure is numerically simulated by matching the geometries of the simulated struc-
data of a nearby 3.18 mm condenser microphone by assuming an ideal adia- ture to the actual residential house used for the flight test and using the
batic process. waveform of a recorded boom as the incoming wave for the simulation. A
direct comparison to the experimental data allows the quantitative validation
10:45 of the simulation results. The feasibility of using this model for calculation
3aPA9. Rise times of low-energy, free-space propagating acoustic of the pressure loads on other structures can be determined based on the
shocks. Thomas B. Gabrielson, Timothy M. Marston 共Graduate Program in accuracy of this numerical solution. 关Work supported by NASA. The authors
Acoust., Penn State Univ., PO Box 30, State College, PA 16804兲, and Mark appreciate NASA making the 2006 and 2007 flight data available for this
S. Wochner 共The Univ. of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78713-8029兲 work.兴
WEDNESDAY MORNING, 20 MAY 2009 GALLERIA SOUTH, 8:45 A.M. TO 12:00 NOON
Session 3aPP
Psychological and Physiological Acoustics: Impacts of Hearing Impairment
Peggy B. Nelson, Chair

Dept. of Speech, Language and Hearing Science, Univ. of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
Contributed Papers
8:45 systematically with increasing modulation depth of the interferer. MDI al-
3aPP1. A personal perspective on unilateral hearing loss. Brian D. most disappeared with 375 or 500 ms onset delay except a condition with
Dushaw 共Appl. Phys. Lab., Univ. of Washington, 1013 N.E. 40th St., Se- the interferer of 25% modulation depth where there was no MDI at all
attle, WA 98105, dushaw@apl.washington.edu兲 across different onset delay conditions. In contrast, for HI subjects, there
was quite an amount of MDI even with the interferer of 25% modulation
Although I have been unilaterally deaf since birth, only later in life have depth, and MDI was greater than NH for all modulation depths at 0 and 125
I realized the extent of this handicap and how I can best manage it. The ms onset delays, suggesting that the perceived modulation depth of the in-
effects of this hearing loss are complicated, being an interplay of physics, terferer might be exaggerated for HI than for NH.
psychology, social interaction, etc. Because people are able to adapt, the ex-
tent of this “unseen” handicap is underappreciated. Responses by the public
to an informative website 共http://909ers.apl.washington.edu/⬃dushaw/SSD兲 9:30
suggest that this handicap has a universal nature. Obvious effects are the 3aPP4. Frequency modulation detection, frequency selectivity, and
inabilities to locate sound or to bilaterally process sound signals. Less ob- speech recognition in noise by hearing-impaired listeners. Van Summers,
vious effects are a heightened sensitivity to noise: as masking to a desired Matthew Makashay, Joshua Bernstein 共Army Audiol. & Speech Ctr., Walter
signal, as a fatigue factor, as an impediment to mental concentration. The Reed Army Medical Ctr., 6900 Georgia Ave., NW, Washington, DC 20307兲,
difficulties encountered when talking over the telephone to someone who is Sarah Melamed, and Marjorie Leek 共VA Medical Ctr., Portland, OR 97201兲
speaking in a noisy environment may give one an appreciation of the effects.
Even less obvious effects are the long-term social implications of the Reduced ability to make use of temporal fine structure 共TFS兲 informa-
handicap: the tendency to ignore those on one’s deaf side, the inability to tion may contribute to deficits among hearing impaired 共HI兲 listeners for
function “normally” at noisy events such as parties, ASA receptions, etc., or speech recognition in competing background sounds. The broad tuning typi-
a tendency to irritability in noisy environments. In this unscientific talk, I cally observed in HI listeners will produce more complex patterns of TFS as
will attempt to highlight issues that may be deserving of additional study. input to the auditory nerve, and these patterns may be more difficult to en-
code and/or interpret by higher auditory centers. In the current study, we
tested HI listeners on a frequency-modulation 共FM兲 detection task thought
9:00 to require the use of TFS cues, on tone detection in notched-noise to assess
3aPP2. Masking period patterns of exponentially ramped and damped frequency selectivity, and on speech recognition in continuous and modu-
noises in hearing-impaired listeners. Jennifer Lentz and Yi Shen 共Dept. of lated background sounds. Performance on the psychoacoustic tasks was
Speech and Hearing Sci., Indiana Univ., Bloomington, IN兲 tested at four frequencies 共500, 1000, 2000, and 4000 Hz兲 at levels between
Noises that are modulated with either an exponentially rising 共ramped兲, 60 and 85 dB SPL 共approximating the range of third-octave band levels in
repeating modulator or a falling 共damped兲, repeating modulator may evoke the speech stimuli兲. HI listeners with similar audiometric thresholds showed
strong perceptual differences. To explore a possible cochlear contribution to clear differences in frequency tuning, FM detection thresholds, and speech
these perceptual differences, masking period patterns 共MPPs兲 of ramped and performance. Relationships between the psychoacoustic measures in the
damped noises were measured for normal-hearing listeners at different four frequency regions and between these measures and speech performance
stimulus levels and for hearing-impaired listeners. By time-reversing the will be discussed.
ramped MPP, comparisons can be made between thresholds for which the
masker power was the same between ramped and damped noises. Previous
9:45
results showed that for normal-hearing listeners, the MPP of a ramped noise
3aPP5. Relative contributions of spectral and temporal cues for speech
is considerably shallower than the MPP of a damped noise. The present re-
recognition in patients with sensorineural hearing loss. Li Xu, Ning
sults indicated that the differences between the damped and the time-
Zhou, Katherine Rife, and Rebecca Brashears 共School of Hearing, Speech
reversed ramped MPPs were the largest at moderate stimulus levels and the
and Lang. Sci., Ohio Univ., Athens, OH 45701兲
smallest at low and high stimulus levels. Listeners with hearing loss exhib-
ited no difference in the damped versus time-reversed ramped MPPs. Re- The present study was designed to examine speech recognition in pa-
sults will be discussed in terms of contributions of the cochlear nonlinearity tients with sensorineural hearing loss 共SNHL兲 when both temporal and spec-
and central auditory processes. tral information in the speech signals were co-varied. Four subjects with
SNHL were recruited to participate in consonant and vowel recognition tests
that used speech stimuli processed through a noise-excited vocoder. The
9:15
number of channels was varied between 2 and 32, which defined spectral
3aPP3. Modulation detection interference in listeners with cochlear
information. The lowpass cutoff frequency of the temporal envelope extrac-
hearing loss: Effect of modulation depth and onset delay. Jungmee Lee
tor was varied from 1 to 512 Hz, which defined temporal information. Re-
and Soonha Yook 共Dept. of Speech, Lang. and Hearing Sci., Univ. of Ari-
sults indicate tremendously individual differences among the subjects with
zona, 1131 E. 2nd St., Tucson, AZ 85721兲
SNHL. For consonant recognition, patterns of relative contributions of spec-
Modulation detection interference 共MDI兲 was measured for listeners tral and temporal information were similar to those in normal-hearing
with normal hearing 共NH兲 and cochlear hearing loss 共HI兲. The signal was 1 subjects. The utility of temporal envelope information appeared to be nor-
kHz, and the interferer was 2 kHz. The stimuli level was 50 or 22 dB SL. mal in the hearing-impaired listeners. For vowel recognition, the perfor-
The interferer was modulated with 8 Hz at various modulation depths 共25, mance plateau was achieved with numbers of channels as high as 16–24,
50, 75, or 100%兲. The onset of signal was delayed by 0, 125, 250, 375, 500 much higher than expected, given that the frequency selectivity in patients
or 625 ms relative to onset of the interferer. For NH subjects, MDI increased with SNHL might be compromised. In order to understand how hearing-
impaired listeners utilize spectral and temporal cues for speech recognition, of ten hearing-impaired listeners were simulated in normal-hearing listeners
future studies will be necessary to elucidate the relationship between fre- through a combination of spectrally shaped masking noise and multiband
quency selectivity as well as central processing capability and speech rec- expansion for the octave bands with center frequencies from 0.25–8 kHz.
ognition performance using vocoded signals. Each individual hearing loss was simulated in two groups of three normal-
hearing listeners 共one age-matched group and one non-age-matched group兲.
10:00—10:30 Break The speech-to-noise ratio 共S/B兲 for 50%-correct identification of HINT sen-
tences was measured in backgrounds of steady-state noise and temporally
modulated 共10-Hz square-wave兲 noise at two overall levels for unprocessed
10:30 speech and for speech that was amplified with the NAL-PR prescription. Re-
3aPP6. Discrimination of formant-like glides in gated noise: Effect of sults indicate that the magnitude of the release from masking 共the difference
sensation level. Peggy Nelson, Yingjiu Nie 共Dept. of Speech-Lang.-Hearing in S/B obtained in steady-state versus interrupted noise兲 observed in indi-
Sci., Univ. of Minnesota, 164 Pillsbury Dr. SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, vidual hearing-impaired listeners was generally well produced in both
peggynelson@umn.edu兲, Magdalena Wojtczak, and Gordon Stecklein 共Univ. groups of simulated-loss listeners. Thus, release of masking appears to be
of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455兲 determined primarily by audibility regardless of age. Predictions of masking
release derived from the Speech Intelligibility Index 共SII; ANSI S3.5-1997兲
Listeners with sensorineural hearing loss 共SNHL兲 do not experience will be compared to the observed values. 关Work supported by NIH-NIDCD
masking release for speech in fluctuating noise, as normal-hearing listeners R01 DC00117.兴
do. One hypothesis suggests dip listening may be difficult because fre-
quency glides, or speech formant transitions, may be difficult to discriminate
at low sensation levels when in the presence of fluctuating noise. Normal- 11:15
hearing listeners were tested for their ability to discriminate 100-ms fre- 3aPP9. Spectral modulation detection training in older adults with
quency glides with center frequencies of 800 and 2500 Hz. They were tested hearing loss. Andrew T. Sabin, Cynthia A. Clark 共Dept. of Commun. Sci.
in quiet and in the presence of 500-ms of 8-Hz square-wave gated broad- and Disord., Northwestern Univ., 2240 Campus Dr. Evanston, IL 60201,
band noise at a signal-to-noise ratio of ⫺10 dB. Listeners were tested at low a-sabin@northwestern.edu兲, David A. Eddins 共Univ. of Rochester, Roches-
共10–15 dB SL兲 and moderate 共30–40 dB SL兲 signal levels. Preliminary re- ter, NY 14618兲, Sumitrajit Dhar, and Beverly A. Wright 共Northwestern
sults suggest that glide discrimination thresholds 共measured as % change兲 Univ., Evanston, IL 60201兲
are similar for low- and moderate-level stimuli in quiet; glide thresholds are
poorer in gated noise than in quiet; and glide thresholds are poorest when Individuals with hearing loss are poorer than normal-hearing listeners at
low-level stimuli were presented in gated noise. These results suggest that detecting patterns of peaks and valleys of sound level spread across audio
when formants or glides are presented at low levels and in gated noise, dis- frequency 共spectral modulation detection兲—an important skill for speech
crimination abilities may be reduced. Implications for understanding mask- and music perception. In this preliminary report we examined whether lis-
ing release for speech by listeners with hearing loss will be discussed. 关Work teners with hearing loss could improve on spectral modulation detection
supported by NIH 5R01DC008306.兴 with practice. We trained older adults with sensorineural hearing loss 共n⫽7兲
⬃1 hr/day for 7 days to distinguish a 400–3200 Hz noiseband with a flat-
spectrum from one with a 2 cyc/oct sinusoidal spectral modulation. Modu-
10:45 lation depth was varied adaptively to determine the detection threshold.
3aPP7. Comodulation masking release and speech perception: Their mean thresholds improved significantly from 18.9 to 12.8 dB. These
Implications for dip-listening by cochlear implant patients. Antje Ihlefeld listeners also improved at both a lower and a higher untrained spectral
共MRC Cognition and Brain Sci. Unit, 15 Chaucer Rd, Cambridge CB2 7EF, modulation frequency 共1 and 4 cyc/oct兲, but showed no change on a measure
England, antje1@gmail.com兲, Barbara G. Shinn-Cunningham 共Boston of frequency selectivity. Interestingly, a separate group of younger normal-
Univ., Boston, MA 02215兲, and Robert P. Carlyon 共MRC Cognition and hearing adults who received the same training 共n⫽7兲 did not improve on the
Brain Sci. Unit, Cambridge CB2 7EF, England兲 trained 共6.9 to 6.6 dB兲 or untrained conditions. Normal-hearing listeners had
Compared to normal-hearing 共NH兲 listeners, cochlear implant 共CI兲 lis- lower pre-training thresholds than individuals with hearing loss, and across
teners struggle to identify speech when a source of noise interferes and do all listeners the magnitude of individual improvement was correlated to pre-
poorly when trying to listen in the dips of a modulated masker. In NH lis- training threshold 共r⫽0.92兲. Listener age and/or hearing loss could have
teners, masker energy outside the spectral region of a target tone can im- contributed to these across-population differences.
prove target detection, a phenomenon referred to as comodulation masking
release 共CMR兲. Here we examined whether a comodulated flanking noise
improves speech identification in a modulated noise masker, both for NH 11:30
listeners identifying vocoded speech and for CI listeners. In experiment 1, 3aPP10. Multidimensional perceptual scaling of musical timbre by
NH listeners identified noise-vocoded speech 共taken from a closed-set hearing-impaired listeners. Kelly Fitz, Matt Burk, and Martin McKinney
speech corpus兲 in a background of speech-shaped noise with or without a 共Starkey Labs, 6700 Washington Ave., S., Eden Prairie, MN 55344,
flanking narrow band of noise outside the spectral region of the target. The kellyគfitz@starkey.com兲
masker and flanker were either both 16-Hz square-wave modulated or were We examine the impact of hearing loss and hearing aid processing on the
unmodulated. Performance was better in modulated than in unmodulated perception of musical timbre. Our objective is to identify significant timbre
noise and, importantly, this difference was greatest when the comodulated cues for hearing-impaired listeners, and to assess the impact of hearing aid
flanker was present, consistent with the idea that CMR can introduce seg- signal processing on timbre perception. Hearing aids perform dynamic,
regation cues between target and masker that help to listen in the dips of the level-dependent spectrum shaping that may influence listeners’ perception of
masker. Experiment 2 tested CI listeners with the same experimental musical instrument timbres and their ability to discriminate among them.
paradigm. Grey 关“Multidimensional perceptual scaling of musical timbres,” J. Acoust.
Soc. Am. 61, 1270 共1977兲兴 showed that sustaining instrument tones equal-
ized for level, loudness, and duration are distinguished primarily along three
11:00
perceptual dimensions that are strongly correlated with the acoustical di-
3aPP8. Masking release for speech in listeners with real and simulated
mensions of: 共1兲 spectral energy distribution, 共2兲 spectral fluctuation, and 共3兲
hearing impairment. Joseph G. Desloge, Charlotte M. Reed, Louis D.
precedent high-frequency, low-amplitude energy. Following the work of
Braida, Zachary D. Perez, and Lorraine A. Delhorne 共Res. Lab. of
Grey, we ask listeners having mild to moderately severe sensorineural hear-
Electron.s, Massachusetts Inst. of Technol., 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cam-
ing loss to rate pairs of synthetic musical instrument tones according to dis-
bridge, MA 02139, jdesloge@mit.edu兲
similarity in aided and unaided conditions. We analyze the dissimilarity
The current study examined the effects of audibility and age on the re- judgments to identify acoustical correlates for the significant dimensions of
lease of masking for speech in interrupted versus steady-state noise in lis- timbre discrimination. This analysis helps us to objectively estimate the im-
teners with real and simulated hearing loss. The absolute thresholds of each pact of hearing aid signal processing on the ability of hearing-impaired lis-
teners to discriminate among musical instruments, an important component ceptual noisiness of IRN for HI subjects. The tone-noise ratio 共T/N兲 was de-
of musical listening. veloped by Patterson et al. 共1996兲 to describe the relationship between the
strength of the tone component and the strength of the noise component for
a given IRN. The T/N was measured using an adaptive procedure to find the
11:45
3aPP11. The perceptual tone-noise ratio of iterated rippled noise in tone-plus-noise level that matched each IRN stimulus. Four NH and 4 HI
subjects took part in the study. The stimuli were IRNs with delays ranging
listeners with hearing loss. Marjorie R. Leek, Sarah Melamed, Michelle R.
Molis, and Frederick J. Gallun 共Natl. Ctr. for Rehab. Aud. Res., Portland VA from 4 to 16 ms and with one to eight iterations. There was a significant
Medical Ctr., 3710 SW US Veterans Hospital Rd., Portland, OR 97239兲 effect of delay and of iteration number, with longer delays and more itera-
tions producing greater T/N. There were no significant differences between
Previous work has demonstrated that iterated rippled noise 共IRN兲 pro- subject groups. These findings suggest that the weaker complex pitch ob-
duces a weaker pitch in hearing-impaired 共HI兲 listeners than in normal- served in listeners with hearing loss is not due to an abnormally noisy IRN
hearing 共NH兲 subjects 共e.g., Leek and Summers, 2001兲. In this study, the percept but must be attributed to other impaired processing mechanisms.
hypothesis was tested that the weaker pitch is a result of an increased per- 关Work supported by NIH.兴
WEDNESDAY MORNING, 20 MAY 2009 FORUM SUITE, 8:30 A.M. TO 12:00 NOON
Session 3aSA
Structural Acoustics and Vibration: General Structural Acoustics
Rudolph Martinez, Chair

CAA-Alion Corp., 84 Sherman St., Cambridge, MA 02140
Contributed Papers
8:30 about how many should be used or where they should be placed. Successful
3aSA1. Scan-based near-field acoustical holography on partially reference placement strategies are being explored and commentary on these
correlated fields: Theory and numerical experiments.Michael D. results will also be given. 关Work supported by Blue Ridge Research and
Gardner, Kent L. Gee, Alan T. Wall, Scott D. Sommerfeldt 共Dept. of Phys. Consulting and the Air Force Research Laboratory.兴
and Astronomy, Brigham Young Univ., N283 ESC, Provo, UT 84602兲,
Daniel Manwill, and Jonathan D. Blotter 共Brigham Young Univ., Provo, UT
84602兲 9:00
3aSA3. Near-field acoustic holography in conical coordinates. Tracianne
Conventional near-field acoustical holography 共NAH兲 requires a coher- B. Neilsen, Kent Gee, and Michael Gardner 共Dept. of Phys., Brigham Young
ent field. For a coherent source, a scan-based approach can be used with one Univ., Provo, UT 84602, tbn@byu,edu兲
reference microphone to stitch the phase. For a noncoherent field, scan-
based NAH can be performed if the virtual coherence technique is used. Near-field acoustical holography 共NAH兲 techniques can be optimized if
This technique uses multiple reference microphones to decompose the par- the method capitalizes on the geometry of the noise source under
tial field into mutually uncorrelated partial fields, which are then processed investigation. Helmholtz-equation least squares method 共HELS兲 uses the so-
by some NAH method. In particular, the statistically optimized near-field lutions of Helmholtz equation in spherical coordinates as basis functions for
acoustical holography 共SONAH兲 method is used with modified Tikhonov the pressure field. HELS is an efficient NAH technique if the source and the
regularization. Numerical experiments are performed on a series of point measurement surfaces are spherical in nature. For nonspherical cases, such
sources with source strengths chosen to mimic the source characteristics of as radiation from a plate or bar, it takes a large number of functions to rep-
high-powered jets. The experiments are designed to aid in determining the resent the field. In these cases, there is also a question about where to place
proper number and location of reference microphones for doing NAH work the origin of the wave functions. In search of a HELS-type method that
on high-powered jet noise. 关Work supported by Blue Ridge Research and could be applied to nonspherical sources, a study into the features of conical
Consulting and the Air Force Research Laboratory.兴 coordinates has been conducted. Because the Helmholtz equation is sepa-
rable in conical coordinates, the solutions can be used, in a manner similar
to HELS, as basis functions to represent the pressure field. For conical co-
ordinates, the basis functions are spherical Hankel functions and Lame
8:45 functions. This HELS-type formulation in conical coordinates could be a
3aSA2. Scan-based near-field acoustical holography on partially natural choice for NAH on conical sources and may be appropriate for NAH
correlated fields: Laboratory experiments. Alan T. W, Michael D. on jet noise. 关Work supported by Blue Ridge Research and Consulting and
Gardner, Kent L. Gee, Scott D. Sommerfeldt 共Dept. of Phys. and Astron., Air Force Research Laboratory.兴
Brigham Young Univ., N283 ESC, Provo, UT 84602,
alantwall@gmail.com兲, Daniel Manwill, and Jonathan D. Blotter 共Brigham
Young Univ., Provo, UT 84602兲 9:15
3aSA4. Determination of ultrasonic vibration modes of a graded solid
Forms of near-field acoustical holography 共NAH兲 can be applied to
cylinder using a modified wave-expansion technique. Betsabe
source reconstructions of arbitrarily correlated extended sources, such as jet
Manzanares-Martinez 共Div. de Ciencias e Ingeniería, Unidad Regional Sur
exhaust plumes. Prior to implementing NAH to reconstruct the jet noise
de la Universidad de Sonora, Boulevard Lzaro Crdenas 100, Navojoa, So-
source region of a military jet aircraft, laboratory experiments are being
nora 85880, Mexico, betsabe@manzanares.uson.mx兲, Jin-Yeon Kim
performed. These experiments utilize statistically optimized NAH
共Georgia Inst. of Technol., Atlanta, GA 30322-0355兲, and Arturo Baltazar
共SONAH兲, coupled with the virtual coherence method, to reconstruct the ra-
共CINVESTAV-Saltillo, Ramos Arizpe, Coahuila 25900, Mexico兲
diation from correlated, partially correlated, and uncorrelated loudspeakers.
Results from these experiments will be shown. Reconstructions of this type Research on wave propagation in cylinders—hollow, solid, or
require the use of multiple reference microphones. However, little is known graded—has been driven by its potential use in the inspection of long-span
engineering structures. Its practical application largely depends on the un- periodic excavation of a section of pipe and attachment of large acoustic or
derstanding of modal vibration inside the structure. Typically, the plane magnetorestrictive sensors. These systems, while reliable, suffer from a high
wave approach is used to model phase velocity, group velocity and disper- cost-per-test ratio. To reduce the power requirements, we consider ultra-
sion curves in periodic systems. This proves cumbersome when used to sound embedded devices that could monitor the pipelines continuously. The
model finite periodic structures, semifinite plates, or concentric cylinders. problem with ultrasound is that, with buried pipes, the propagation is highly
Here, a simpler approach to determine the vibration modes and dispersion dispersive. We propose to use time reversal 共TR兲, a signal processing tech-
curves of a solid concentric cylinder using a modified wave-expansion ap- nique, to refocus the signals and use, to our advantage, the dispersive nature
proach, used mostly in phononic crystals research, is proposed. The advan- of the environment. This paper will focus on the modes generated by various
tage of this technique is the possible application on a wide variety of cylin- acoustic probing signals and the echoes received with and without TR. We
drical geometries and graded structures with various transverse sections. The argue that TR will be most beneficial when there are several dispersive
results of the proposed technique are compared with those obtained by the modes present, a scenario avoided in conventional techniques. We will
resonance scattering theory for the simple case of a solid cylinder with a present simulation results for the detection of faults in a pipeline using
single core having different mechanical properties. 关Work partially spon- PZFlex.
sored by SEP-CONACYT through project # 58951.
10:30
9:30 3aSA8. Acoustic detection of bolt detorquing in structures. Joe Guarino
3aSA5. Three component time reversal imaging using nonlinear 共Dept. of Mech. and Biomedical Eng., Boise State Univ., Boise, ID 83725-
elasticity. Timothy J. Ulrich, II, Pierre-Yves Le Bas, Robert A. Guyer 共Los 2075, jguarino@boisestate.edu兲 and Robert Hamilton 共Boise State Univ.,
Alamos Natl. Lab., EES-17, MS D443, Los Alamos, NM 87545, Boise, ID 83725-2075兲
tju@lanl.gov兲, Brian E. Anderson 共Brigham Young Univ., Provo, UT兲,
Recent interest in structural health of bridges and large buildings has lent
Michele Griffa 共EMPA, Duebendorf, Switzerland兲, and Koen Van Den
new urgency to the development and enhancement of theories and methods
Abeele 共Katholieke Univ. Leuven Campus Kortijk, Kortrijk, Belgium兲
in the field of nondestructive testing. We demonstrate a simple technique for
The time reversed elastic nonlinearity diagnostic 共TREND兲 has been acquiring data from an impact test using a basic electronic stethoscope. The
shown to have the ability to image near surface nonlinear scatterers 共e.g., continuous wavelet transform 共CWT兲 is used to process and display the tran-
cracks and disbonds兲 using the normal 共out of plane兲 component of motion. sient responses of a bolted joint in a structure with bolts installed in a prop-
This technique has been advanced with the addition of three-component erly tightened manner and bolts incorrectly installed. Results for tight and
vector wave field detection using laser vibrometry. This advancement pro- loose bolts are compared using the semblance analysis approach described
vides the ability of TREND to detect and image features of various orien- by Cooper and Cowan 关“Comparing time series using wavelet-based sem-
tations, increasing its capability and decreasing the likelihood of overlook- blance analysis,” Computers & Geosciences 34, 95–102 共2008兲兴. We en-
ing features due to the inability to excite them. Furthermore, the ability to hance the interpretation of results using speaker-driven audio output synthe-
selectively focus each component of motion provides the means to investi- sized from CWT and semblance analysis.
gate the mechanism of the nonlinear wave generation at the nonlinear scat-
tering sites. Experimental data are presented from samples containing 10:45
known defects 共location and orientation兲 confirming the sensitivity of three- 3aSA9. Selective excitation of microcantilever array using ultrasound
component time reversal imaging in both linear and nonlinear ultrasonics to radiation force. Thomas M. Huber, Daniel C. Mellema, and Brad Abell
feature orientation. 共Dept. of Phys., Gustavus Adolphus College, 800 College Ave., St. Peter,
MN 56082兲
9:45 The symmetric and antisymmetric eigenstates of a coupled pair of 500
3aSA6. Parameter study for Structural Health Monitoring based on 956 m length microcantilevers were excited using the ultrasound radiation
ambient noise cross-correlation. Najib Abou Leyla, Emmanuel Moulin, force. The excitation was produced using the difference frequency between
Jamal Assaad, Sebastien Grondel, and Christophe Delebarre 共UVHC, the two sidebands of a double sideband suppressed carrier AM 共DSB-SC-
IEMN-DOAE, Le Mont Houy, 59313 Valenciennes, France兲 AM兲 waveform centered on 500 kHz that was emitted by a pair of focused
The possibility of performing Structural Health Monitoring in aeronautic ultrasound transducers. A laser Doppler vibrometer measured the frequency
structures using ambient noise cross-correlation techniques has been inves- response and deflection shapes of the cantilever pair. When the waveforms
tigated in previous works. The applicability of such methods has been vali- sent to the transducer resulted in radiation force from both transducers with
dated by checking the reproducibility and the potential in terms of damage the same phase, it excited the 10.00 kHz symmetric state of the cantilever
detection. In this paper, a more detailed description of the acoustic phenom- array while suppressing the 10.17 kHz antisymmetric state. Similarly, when
ena involved is given. The influence of the different parameters 共source the radiation force from the two transducers was 180 degrees out of phase,
characteristics, sensors and damage positions, etc.兲 on the cross-correlation it selectively excited the antisymmetric state while suppressing the symmet-
function has been studied. A theoretic study is presented and used to develop ric state. This ability to selectively excite different vibrational eigenstates is
a simple simulation tool based on multipath reflections of ballistic waves. a unique capability of this noncontact for modal excitation.
The simulated results have been successfully compared to finite element re-
sults in simple cases. This tool is then exploited to characterize and quantify 11:00
the influence of the significant parameters. Finally, some optimization solu- 3aSA10. Limiting performance of active vibration compensation in free
tions of the technique are proposed, and experimentally validated. multi-degree-of-freedom mechanical systems. Vyacheslav Ryaboy
共Newport Corp., 1791 Deere Ave., Irvine, CA 92606, vyacheslav.ryaboy
10:00—10:15 Break @newport.com兲
Examples of free 共not supported兲 mechanical system requiring active vi-
10:15 bration control range from space structures to vibration-isolated platforms
3aSA7. Detection of structural faults in pipelines with time reversal. for sensitive equipment. While active damping systems reducing resonance
Nicholas A. O’Donoughue, José M. F. Moura 共Dept. of Elect. & Comput. vibrations of the structure received significant attention and reached practi-
Eng., Carnegie Mellon Univ., 5000 Forbes Ave., Pittsburgh, PA 15217, cal implementation, active vibration compensation, or cancellation of forced
nodonoug,moura@ece.cmu.edu兲, and Yuanwei Jin 共Univ. of Maryland East- vibration, is still problematic in complex systems. In this work, active vi-
ern Shore, Princess Anne, MD 21853兲 bration compensation is considered in frame of limiting performance ap-
proach that aims at estimating the best results attainable in the whole class
The volatile nature of natural gas makes it extremely important to ensure of linear multi-degree-of-freedom systems. Several design goals are consid-
that transport and distribution pipelines remain free from defects, as leakage ered, including absolute and relative displacements of various points of the
can result in explosions. Current methods for testing buried pipelines rely on system. The resulting estimates are valid for all possible sets of internal ac-
tive forces. The limiting performance is estimated in terms of frequency do- 11:30
main and work performed by active forces on system displacements, which 3aSA12. Wave vector method for estimating acoustic vector quantities.
is considered a measure of the control effort. These estimates are expressed Derek C. Thomas and Kent L. Gee 共Dept. of Phys. and Astronomy, Brigham
as exact inequalities in explicit analytical form. Active force distributions Young Univ., N283 ESC, Provo, UT 84602兲
emerging from limiting performance analyses can assist in finding rational
Acoustic vector quantities such as particle velocity and intensity are usu-
system configurations and optimal controls. Minimum active work, ex-
ally estimated using the finite-difference technique. We present an alternate
pressed in terms of passive subsystem parameters, provide a criterion for
method, termed the wave vector method, for estimating vector quantities in
optimization of a structure as a potential host for an active vibration control
acoustic fields in which the reactive intensity is small relative to the active
system.
intensity. This method utilizes the same equipment necessary for the finite-
difference method, yet reduces sensitivity to sensor phase mismatch at low
frequencies and eliminates bias error at high frequencies. The method is de-
veloped for arbitrary sensor configurations, and numerical results are pre-
sented for the special case of a regular tetrahedral configuration. 关Work sup-
11:15
ported by NASA Stennis Space Center and STI Technologies.兴
3aSA11. Response of a simple system made complex by attaching
subsystems—an analytic study. John J. McCoy 共School of Eng., The 11:45
Catholic Univ. of America, Washington, DC 20064兲 3aSA13. Impact of spherical probe scattering on estimation of acoustic
vector quantities. Curtis P. Wiederhold 共Dept. of Mech. Eng., Brigham
A deceptively simple dynamical system comprised of a grounded mass
Young Univ., 435 Crabtree Bldg., Provo, UT 84602,
to which are attached N, a large number, sprung masses has received much
curtis.wiederhold@gmail.com兲, Kent L. Gee, Derek C. Thomas, Scott D.
attention. The reported studies mostly involve physical experiments or nu-
Sommerfeldt 共Brigham Young Univ., Provo, UT 84602兲, and Jonathan D.
merical simulations. Given the large number of physical parameters needed
Blotter 共Brigham Young Univ., Provo, UT 84602兲
to describe any single system, such a research agenda requires one to ad-
dress an excessive number of experiment scenarios. Thus, the motivation for Multimicrophone probes are often used to measure energy-based acous-
the analytical study reported. The focus of the study is the net force the at- tical quantities. In some cases, these probes consist of microphones mounted
tached subsystems cause to act on the base system. This force, while “inter- on the surface of a sphere, which, due to the high level of symmetry, permits
nal” to the coupled system, is a response measure of primary importance scattering effects to be better characterized. Scattering of a plane wave in-
since it accomplishes the work that determines the energy flow to and from cident on a rigid sphere has been modeled to observe how particle velocity
the base system. As demonstrated, a further reason for the focus is an ability and intensity calculations are affected by the presence of the sphere. These
to construct an asymptotically valid, analytic expression for this response effects have been investigated for the traditional “finite-difference” method
measure. Further demonstrated, using the constructed expression, is a reso- and a recently developed “wave vector” estimation method. In the computer
lution of a complex “process,” that describing the energy flow to the system, model, 3-D surface plots were made showing the calculated error as a func-
by the action of an external forcing, and through the system, as a combination of angle of the incident plane wave and frequency. It is shown that us-
tion of simple “sub-processes.” The resolution requires describing the com- ing the wave vector method and purposefully orienting the probe in the pla-
plex process in a time/frequency phase space; the sub-processes are “local” nar sound field generally results in the most accurate measurements. 关Work
in the phase space. supported by NASA Stennis Space Center and STI Technologies.兴
WEDNESDAY MORNING, 20 MAY 2009 GRAND BALLROOM I, 8:00 TO 11:50 A.M.
Session 3aSC
Speech Communication, Musical Acoustics, and Animal Bioacoustics: Source/Filter Interaction in Biological
Sound Production (Lecture/Poster Session)
Ingo R. Titze, Chair

Dept. of Speech Pathology and Audiology, Univ. of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242-1012
Invited Papers
8:05
3aSC1. Modulation of birdsong by resonance filters in the suprasyringeal vocal tract. Roderick A. Suthers 共Medical Sci. and Dept.
Biology, Indiana Univ., 1001 E. Third St., Bloomington, IN 47405, suthers@indiana.edu兲
The sound generated in the avian vocal organ, the syrinx, is modified by the filter properties of the upper vocal tract before it radiates
from the beak as song. Previous investigators have shown that the properties of this vocal tract filter are affected by changes in beak
gape, but the basis of this effect remains controversial. In the present study, x-ray cinematography of singing birds was used to inves-
tigate the filter properties of the suprasyringeal vocal tract. These experiments show that the dimensions of the oropharynx and esopha-
gus are actively controlled during song by motor patterns involving muscles of the hyoid apparatus. These song-related motor patterns,
together with movements of the tongue, which modulate the opening from the mouth into the beak, adjust in real time the volume and
dimensions of the oropharynx and cervical esophagus so that the primary acoustic resonance of the upper vocal tract supports and tracks
the fundamental frequency that is being generated by the syrinx. In juvenile Northern Cardinals, these song-related movements of the
upper vocal tract first appear during subsong, while the beak is closed, and precede the changes in beak gape that typically accompany
adult song. 关Work supported by NIH.兴
8:35
3aSC2. Source-filter interactions in birds—Theory and experimental evidence. Gabriel Mindlin, Ezequiel Arneodo 共Dept. of Phys.,
Univ. of Buenos Aires, gabo.mindlin@gmail.com兲, and Franz Goller 共Univ. of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, goller@biology.utah.edu兲
The diverse acoustic behavior of birds presents a rich source of natural vocalizations, some of which most likely reflect source-filter
interaction. However, very little experimental evidence exists for the specific role of such interactions in shaping acoustic behavior or
the functional relevance of the resulting acoustic features. As an example of how theoretical approaches can help explain acoustic
observations, we discuss coexisting limit cycles in relaxation oscillators subjected to delayed feedback. The dynamical solutions of a
nonlinear relaxation oscillator subjected to a delayed feedback are analyzed, and the equations under study are designed to model some
aspects of the source-tract interaction in birdsong production. By deriving a phase equation for the system and analyzing its solutions,
we are able to unveil analytical relationships between the parameters that lead to a variety of solutions. In particular, we study the
coexistence of periodic solutions for similar pitch and first formant frequencies. These dynamical situations allow us to interpret the
frequency jumps present in some birdsong syllables as an effect of the interaction between the source and the tract.
9:05
3aSC3. The epilaryngeal tube and air sacs in mammals as acoustic couplers—A review. Tobias Riede 共Dept. of Biology, Univ. of
Utah, 257 S 1400 E, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, t.riede@utah.edu兲 and Isao Tokuda 共Japan Adv. Inst. of Sci. and Technol., Ishikawa,
Japan兲
The intralaryngeal space between glottis and the cranial edge of the larynx is called the epilaryngeal tube 共synonyms are vestibulum
larynges or supraglottal intralaryngeal space兲. Research on larynx models and in humans indicate that this part of the vocal tract filter
can contribute to two important acoustic effects: 共a兲 the singer’s formant and 共b兲 the enhancement of nonlinear source-filter coupling.
The acoustic role of this structure in nonhuman mammals is unknown. Furthermore, in many species tube and sac-like cavities are
attached to the epilaryngeal tube 共laryngeal air sacs兲 and their function is equally little understood. In this presentation I will report on
results testing the hypothesis that the shape 共length and diameter兲 of the epilaryngeal tube in nonhuman mammals is related to mor-
phological parameters 共vocal fold morphology, larynx size, body size兲 and parameters characterizing the species vocal repertoire
共repertoire size, maximum sound amplitude, fundamental frequency range, occurrence of nonlinear phenomena兲. Preliminary results
indicate that the length of the epilaryngeal tube is a poor predictor of repertoire characteristics such as maximum sound amplitude and
fundamental frequency range. However, species with a prominent epilaryngeal tube produce a large proportion of high fundamental
frequency call types.
9:35
3aSC4. A possible role of nonlinear source-filter interaction in simulation of childlike speech. Brad H. Story 共Dept. Speech, Lang.,
Hearing Sci., Univ. of Arizona, P.O. Box 210071, Tucson, AZ 85721兲
Simulation 共or synthesis兲 of natural-sounding childlike speech has long been a challenge. This is likely due, at least in part, to an
incomplete understanding of the nonlinear interaction of the voice source and the vocal tract filter. Speech production by children is
typically characterized by a fairly high fundamental frequency of phonation and a short vocal tract length that produces high formant
frequencies. Together, these two characteristics suggest that low-numbered harmonics 共including the fundamental frequency兲 may often,
or even necessarily, be in close proximity to one or more of the formant frequencies. Such conditions may lead to a strong interaction
of the acoustic pressures in the vocal tract and the glottal airflow, and possibly the vibration of the vocal folds. The purpose of this study
was to use kinematic models of the vocal folds and vocal tract shape, scaled to approximately represent a 5-year-old child, to generate
individual vowels and sentences. Waveshape and harmonic content of glottal area, glottal flow, and radiated acoustic pressure signals
were compared across three vowels and one sentence. 关Research supported by NIH R01-DC04789.兴
10:05—10:20 Break
10:20
3aSC5. Nonlinear source-tract interaction in singing. Ingo R. Titze 共Dept. of Commun. Sci. and Disord., Univ. of Iowa, WJSHC,
Iowa City, IA 52242 ingo-titze@uiowa.edu兲
Most approaches to teaching singing are based on concept that there preferred vowel configurations for a given pitch. Speaking
vowels are modified not only to create a variety of timbres, but also to support the sound source in self-sustained oscillation. Linear filter
theory, traditionally applied to cans or strengthening by vocal tract coupling, or can it account for source bifurcations in vocal fold
oscillation related to vowel selection. Singing are contrasted by selection of two fundamentally different mouth configurations, the
megaphone shape and the inverted megaphone shape. With the megaphone shape 共used by musical theatre and jazz兲, the second har-
monic of the sound source is reinforced at all high pitches by keeping the first formant frequency high. With the inverted megaphone
shape 共used by classical singers of opera and art song兲, the second and third harmonics are reinforced by the second formant. A “lift”
of the second harmonic over the first formant becomes a critical skill in acquiring a smooth timbre over a wide pitch range. 关Work
supported by NIH.兴
Contributed Papers
All posters will be on display from 10:50 to 11:50. To allow contributors an opportunity to see other posters, contributors of odd-
numbered papers will be at their posters from 10:50 a.m. to 11:20 a.m. and contributors of even-numbered papers will be at their posters
from 11:20 a.m. to 11:50 a.m.
3aSC6. Subglottal effects on the vowels across language: Preliminary terior glottal opening. Open- and closed-phase coupling is characterized
study on Korean. Youngsook Jung 共Speech Commun. Group, MIT, Cam- using mathematical models of the subglottal and supraglottal airways, and
bridge, MA 02139, and Harvard-MIT Div. of Health Sci. and Technol., the parallel laryngeal impedances of the membranous glottis, posterior glot-
Cambridge, MA 02139兲 tal opening, and vocal fold tissue. Examples from sustained vowels are pre-
sented, using synchronous recordings of neck skin acceleration, laryngeal
Previous research suggested that subglottal resonances define vowel fea-
high-speed videoendoscopy, electroglottography, and radiated acoustic
tures 关back兴 and 关low兴 for English. In testing this hypothesis, we explored
whether these vowel feature boundaries are independent of language. As pressure.
preliminary research, we made recordings of speech and subglottal signals 3aSC9. Nonlinear flow-structure coupling in a mechanical model of the
simultaneously for several adult Korean speakers. We found acoustic irregu- vocal folds and the subglottal system. Michael S. Howe 共College of Eng.,
larities in F1 and F2 near subglottal resonances in Korean vowels. The Boston Univ., 110 Cummington St., Boston, MA 02215兲 and Richard S.
boundary between 关⫹low兴 and 关⫺low兴 vowels agrees with speakers’ first McGowan 共CReSS LLC, Lexington, MA 02420兲
subglottal resonances 共SubF1兲, while the boundary between 关⫹back兴 and
关⫺back兴 agrees with SubF2. In addition, we tested which of these hypoth- An analysis is made of the nonlinear interaction between flow in a me-
eses is correct for a low vowel in Korean, which has only one low vowel chanical model of the subglottal vocal tract and a model of the vocal folds.
with no contrast of 关⫹back兴 and 关⫺back兴: 共1兲 the low vowel is always The mean flow through the system is produced by a “lung cavity” that is
关⫹back兴 or 共2兲 SubF2 is avoided but the low vowel is front or back depend- assumed to be steadily contracting. The lungs are connected to a subglottal
ing on adjacent consonants. The measurements of F2 and F2sub were ob- tube of length L. The model for the vocal folds is at the other end of the
tained in the context /CaC/, where C is a consonant. We found that SubF2 subglottal tube. This model is a simple, self-exciting single-mass mathemati-
was always avoided for the low vowel. If the adjacent consonants were la- cal model of the vocal folds used to investigate the sound generated within
bial or velar, F2 of the low vowel was below SubF2, whereas if the conso- the subglottal domain and the unsteady volume flux from the glottis. In the
nants were alveolar, F2 of the vowel was above SubF2. 关Supported by NIH case when the absorption of sound by the lungs is presumed small and when
/NIDCD Grant No. #DC00075.兴 the subglottal tube behaves as an open ended resonator 共when L is as large
3aSC7. Automatic classification of consonant-vowel transitions based on as half the acoustic wavelength兲 a mild increase in volume flux is predicted.
subglottal resonances and second formant frequencies. Nancy F. Chen However, the strong appearance of second harmonics of the acoustic field is
and Steven M. Lulich 共Speech Commun. Group, MIT, 77 Massachusetts predicted at intermediate lengths, when L is roughly a quarter of the acoustic
Ave., Cambridge, MA 02139兲 wavelength. In the cases of large lung damping, however, only modest
changes in volume flux are predicted to appear. 关Work supported by DC-
A growing body of work indicates that subglottal resonances 共SGRs兲 di-
009229 to UCLA under subcontract.兴
vide the frequency space of vowels and consonants into distinct regions in
several languages 关S. Lulich, J. Phonetics 共in press兲, and references therein兴. 3aSC10. An impedance-based inverse filtering scheme with glottal
For instance, the second formant frequency 共F2兲 of back vowels lies be- coupling. Matias Zanartu 共School of Elect. and Comp. Eng., Purdue Univ.,
tween the first and second subglottal resonances 共Sg1 and Sg2兲, while for 206 S. Martin Jischke Dr., West Lafayette, IN 47907,
front vowels F2 lies at higher frequencies than Sg2. In alveolar stop bursts, mzanartu@purdue.edu兲, Julio C. Ho 共Purdue Univ., West Lafayette, IN
F2 lies between Sg2 and the third subglottal resonance 共Sg3兲. In this study, 47907兲, Daryush D. Mehta 共Harvard-MIT Div. of Health Sci. and Technol.,
we build on previous work 关S. Lulich, JASA 124, 2558 共2008兲兴 to automati- Cambridge, MA 02139兲, Robert E. Hillman 共Massachusetts General Hospi-
cally determine SGRs using locus equations computed from 405 consonant- tal, Boston, MA 02114兲, and George R. Wodicka 共Purdue Univ., West Lafay-
vowel 共CV兲 transitions produced by an adult male native speaker of Ameri- ette, IN 47907兲
can English. Consonants and vowels are then classified into place of
articulation and front/back features based only on the relations between F2 Source-filter interactions in voice production arise from considering fi-
and the SGRs. The mean hit rate across categories was 77%, while the mean nite glottal impedances that are comparable with that of the vocal tract
false alarm rate was 12%. These results show relative improvements of miss and/or the subglottal system. Besides the changes in the source behavior,
and false alarm rates by 21% and 14% from a baseline experiment, where finite glottal impedances also allow for acoustic coupling between the sub-
F2 without SGRs was used to perform the classification. Our knowledge- glottal and supraglottal tracts. Vowel dependence on the subglottal acoustic
based approach of classifying CV transitions is potentially useful when pressure is evident in recordings of skin acceleration overlying the supraster-
vowel and consonant identities are unavailable. nal notch. To obtain estimates of other physiologic signals from skin accel-
eration, an impedance-based inverse filtering scheme that considers acoustic
3aSC8. Source-filter interaction in the opposite direction: Subglottal
coupling is proposed. The scheme is based on an electrical analog model of
coupling and the influence of vocal fold mechanics on vowel spectra
a dipole source and assembles multiple approaches to estimate the system
during the closed phase. Steven M. Lulich 共Speech Commun. Group, MIT,
impedances. An experimental platform considers simultaneous measure-
77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, MA 02139, lulich@speech.mit.edu兲,
Matias Zanartu 共Purdue Univ., West Lafayette, IN 47907兲, Daryush D. Me- ments of skin acceleration, flexible high-speed videoendoscopy, oral volume
hta 共Harvard-MIT Div. of Health Sci. and Technol., Cambridge, MA 02139兲, velocity, intraoral pressure, electroglottography, and radiated acoustic
and Robert E. Hillman 共Harvard Med. School, Boston, MA 02114兲 pressure. Recordings of sustained vowels, co-articulated gestures, and pitch
glides provide a comprehensive data set to study tract coupling and source-
Studies of speech source-filter interaction usually investigate the effect filter interactions. Preliminary results provide insights into the interrelation
of the speech transfer function 共loading兲 on vocal fold vibration and the among the measured signals and illustrate the tissue instabilities of the vocal
voice source. In this study we explore how vocal fold mechanics affect the folds during some of the gestures. Further evaluation in cases of vocal fold
transfer function throughout the glottal cycle, with emphasis on the closed pathology is also planned, where source-filter interactions are expected to be
phase. Coupling between the subglottal and supraglottal airways is modu- even more pronounced.
lated by the laryngeal impedance. Although coupling is generally thought to
occur only during the open phase of vocal fold vibration, a posterior glottal 3aSC11. Vocal inharmonicity analysis: A promising approach for
opening and the vocal fold tissue itself can allow sound transmission, acoustic screening for dysphonia. Samuel Matteson 共Dept. of Phys., Univ.
thereby introducing coupling during the closed phase as well. The imped- of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle 311427, Denton, TX 76203-5017,
ance of the vocal fold tissue at closure is shown to be small enough to per- Samuel.Matteson@unt.edu兲 and Fang-Ling Lu 共Univ. of North Texas, Den-
mit coupling throughout the phonatory cycle, even in the absence of a pos- ton, TX 76203-5017兲
In the United States, 6.8% of men, women, and children report voice were further supported by experiments using a self-oscillating physical
problems currently, while during their lifetime ca. 29% will complain of model. The result of this study confirms previous findings that phonation
some dysphonia, often due to pathologies of the vocal folds. The authors 共a onset occurs as a matching between the flow stiffness, which is proportional
physicist and a speech pathologist兲 describe an interdisciplinary approach to subglottal pressure, and vocal fold stiffness, which scales with natural fre-
that exhibits promise for detecting physiological abnormalities of the vocal quency squared and depends on geometry and boundary conditions of the
folds from a spectral analysis of the overtone series of spoken tokens. This vocal fold structure as well as material properties of the vocal folds. 关Work
preliminary investigation shows that the normal human vocal fold emits supported by NIH.兴
overtones that are very nearly precise integral values of the fundamental.
Physiological problems of the vocal folds, however, introduce mechanical 3aSC13. Analysis and synthesis of humpback whale songs. Pranab K.
nonlinearities that manifest themselves as frequency deviations from the Dhar, Sangjin Cho, Jong-Myon Kim, and Uipil Chong 共Univ. of Ulsan, Ul-
ideal harmonic 共that is, integral兲 values. The authors quantify this inharmo- san 680-749, Korea兲
nicity, describing and illustrating how one can efficiently obtain and analyze
The humpback whale song is one of the most complex, non-human,
such data. They outline, as well, a proposed investigation to assess the clini-
cal sensitivity and significance of the analysis discussed in this work in con- acoustic displays in the animal kingdom. In this paper, we analyze and syn-
junction with laryngoscopic diagnosis of pathology. thesize the humpback song using additive synthesis which is one of the most
powerful techniques for the analysis, modification, and synthesis of complex
3aSC12. Geometric dependence of phonation threshold pressure and audio or speech signals. This method creates complex sounds by adding to-
phonation onset frequency. Zhaoyan Zhang 共UCLA School of Medicine, gether individual sinusoidal signals called “partials.” A partial’s frequency
31-24 Rehab Ctr., 1000 Veteran Ave., Los Angeles, CA 90095-1794兲 and amplitude are each time-varying functions, so it is a more flexible ver-
Dependence of phonation threshold pressure and phonation onset fre- sion of the harmonic associated with a Fourier series decomposition of a
quency on vocal fold geometry was numerically investigated in a continuum periodic waveform. Applying the fast Fourier transform to all overlapping
model of the vocal folds. The geometric parameters of interest include the frames 共small time segments兲, we can detect peaks from the frequency spec-
medial surface thickness, vocal fold depths of the body, and cover layers. trum of each frame and calculate the frequency, magnitude, and phase for all
Changes in these parameters may occur either due to laryngeal muscle ac- the peaks. These extracted parameters are then used as components of the
tivation, vocal pathology, or aging. Simulations show that both threshold sinusoidal signals 共partials兲 for the synthesis process. This process finally
pressure and onset frequency increased with decreasing vocal fold depth. reconstructs and concatenates each frame, generating the synthesized hump-
However, depending on glottal geometry, increasing medial surface thick- back song. We observed that this synthesized song resembles much more
ness may either increase or decrease phonation threshold pressure and closely the original humpback song by the time/frequency domain represen-
frequency. Variation of the medial surface thickness also led to phonation tation and listening. In the future, we will analyze and synthesis other baleen
onset occurrence at a different eigenmode, leading to sudden changes in on- whale songs with this powerful synthesis method. 关Work supported by IITA
set frequency and vocal fold vibration pattern. These numerical predictions 共IITA-2008-共C1090-0801-0039兲兲.兴
WEDNESDAY MORNING, 20 MAY 2009 PARLOR B/C, 7:45 TO 11:30 A.M.
Session 3aSP
Signal Processing in Acoustics and Acoustical Oceanography: Poroelastic Materials: Models, Bounds, and
Parameter Estimation
Max Deffenbaugh, Chair

ExxonMobil Research & Engineering Co., 1545 Route 22 East, Annandale, NJ 08801
Invited Papers
7:50
3aSP1. Acoustics in granular porous media and the consolidation continuum. James G. Berryman 共Earth Sci. Div. Lawrence Ber-
keley Natl. Lab, One Cyclotron, Dr. Berkeley, CA 94720, jgberryman@lbl.gov兲
One key influence on acoustic wave propagation in granular porous media is the degree to which the solid constituent grains can be
treated as fully consolidated, weakly and/or partially consolidated, or entirely unconsolidated. Well-known results of Gassmann and Biot
all implicitly assume that the medium is fully consolidated, with welded contacts at the grain-to-grain interfaces. Such implicit assump-
tions are also present in standard bounding methods for elastic behavior, such as the Hashin-Shtrikman bounds of elasticity. Influence
of reductions in the degree of consolidation can be quantified for partially or weakly consolidated media, and granular media having no
welded contacts can also be treated as porous media for sound waves in the Biot-Gassmann sense when grains are experiencing suf-
ficient overall confining stress. Methods recently developed to quantify wave propagation characteristics over the full range of possible
behaviors in grain packs, as well as comparisons to experiments, will be presented.
8:20
3aSP2. Fabric dependence of poroelastic wave propagation. Stephen Cowin and Luis Cardoso 共Dept. of Biomed. Eng., The City
College, NY, NY 10031, cardoso@soe.ccny.cuny.edu兲
The governing equations for wave motion in the linear theory of anisotropic poroelastic materials are developed and extended to
include the dependence of the constitutive relations upon fabric. Fabric is a quantitative stereological measure of the degree of structural
anisotropy in the pore architecture of a porous medium. With the addition of the second order symmetric tensor fabric variable, the
formulation of wave motions in the poroelastic theory is consistent with the presentations of Biot and later authors. The dependence of
all the material tensors in the Biot theory on the fabric tensor aligns the material tensors, so when a single direction that is a plane of
material symmetry is selected, the equations simplify considerably. The customary polynomial of the sixth deg for the wave speeds of
the anisotropic Biot theory in a selected direction reduces to three quadratic equations to solve for the wave speeds and attenuation.
While the theory is applicable to any saturated porous material, the two longitudinal waves predicted by this model are measured in
cancellous bone and used to derive the corresponding anisotropic elastic constants. Representative examples of bone loss are analyzed
as a function of the porosity, tissue density, and fabric.
8:50
3aSP3. Anisotropic bone loss characterized using fabric-based poroelasticity. Luis Cardoso and Stephen Cowin 共Dept. of Biomedi-
cal Eng., The City College, 138th St., and Convent Ave., NY, NY 10031, cardoso@engr.ccny.cuny.edu兲
The current gold standard to assess bone loss is the bone mineral density 共BMD兲 test, performed with a dual x-ray absorptiometry
system. BMD measurements are highly correlated to bone mass when measured in spine, wrist, and femoral neck. However, the BMD
cannot fully explain the decrease in bone strength and the associated risk of fracture because bone loss is not homogeneous, and does
not depend on mass changes only. In this study, a fabric-based poroelastic model is used to determine the elastic constants of bone that
have undergone disuse-osteoporosis and bone treated with an antiresorptive drug. Images from microCT are used to determine the
porosity, density, and fabric on each group of specimens. These measurements are used in the proposed fabric-based poroelastic model
to determine the sample’s anisotropic elastic constants. These elastic constants are then compared to the ones obtained by ultrasound
wave propagation measurement as previously described in the Cowin and Cardoso presentation. Image analysis and ultrasound wave
propagation are both shown able to determine changes in anisotropic elastic constants during bone loss when used with the proposed
anisotropic poroelastic model. This study provides the foundation to define a bone quality criterion beyond the sole determination of
bone mass.
Contributed Paper
9:20 In this method, a 3-D image of x-ray attenuation is converted into a 3-D
3aSP4. Effective medium models from x-ray microtomography images. elastic properties volume, the strain field is computed within the volume,
Max Deffenbaugh, John Dunsmuir 共ExxonMobil Res. and Eng. Co., 1545 and the strain concentration tensors, which quantify the contribution of each
Rte. 22 East, Annandale, NJ 08801, max.deffenbaugh@exxonmobil.com兲, grain and pore type to the bulk elastic properties, are calculated from the
Shiyu Xu 共ExxonMobil Exploration Co., Houston, TX 77060兲, and Enru Liu strain field. From only one representative sample of a rock type and with no
共ExxonMobil Upstream Res. Co., Houston, TX 77252兲 assumptions about grain or pore shape, an effective medium model is gen-
erated that specifies the effective elastic tensor as a function of the various
A novel method is described where an effective medium model is gen- mineral and pore volume fractions. The method is demonstrated by gener-
erated from a 3-D x-ray microtomography image of a rock sample. In con- ating effective medium models for several rock types. These models can be
trast to current modeling practice, material phases are not assigned idealized used in hydrocarbon exploration to relate the velocities of seismic waves in
geometries, like spheroids. Instead, strain concentration tensors are com- a poroelastic reservoir to the porosity, structure, and composition of the rock
puted numerically for the true phase geometries observed in the 3-D image. matrix and the type and distribution of the fluid within the pore spaces.
Invited Papers
9:35
3aSP5. Model parameter estimation of a porous seabed using in situ acoustic-probe and chirp-sonar reflection data. Altan Turgut
共Naval Res. Lab., Acoust. Div., Washington, DC 20375兲
The velocity dispersion and frequency dependency of attenuation in marine sediments are two important measures that provide the
ability to test the validity of geoacoustic models as well as to estimate physical properties from the acoustic data. A widely-used Bi-
ot–Stoll theory for elastic-wave propagation in porous marine sediments seems to predict a narrow band of dispersion that was measured
only in well-sorted granular marine sediments 关A. Turgut and T. Yamamoto, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 87, 2376–2382 共1990兲兴. Recent mea-
surements in silty-sand sediments show almost linear frequency dependency of attenuation and mild velocity dispersion within the 3–80
kHz frequency band. The newly measured attenuation and velocity dispersion curves are in good agreement with those predicted by an
extended Biot theory for sediments with a distribution of pore sizes 关T. Yamamoto and A. Turgut, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 83, 1744–1751
共1988兲兴. Simultaneous measurements of in situ acoustic-probe data and chirp-sonar reflection data are also used to estimate the model
parameters of the extended Biot model. 关Work supported by the Office of Naval Research.兴
10:05—10:15 Break
10:15
3aSP6. Cancellous bone as a poroelastic medium: Extracting underlying material properties from improved ultrasonic
measurements of frequency dependent attenuation and phase velocity. James G. Miller, Christian C. Anderson, Adam Q. Bauer,
Karen Marutyan, G. Larry Bretthorst, Mark R. Holland 共Washington Univ., 1 Brookings Dr., St. Louis, MO 63130兲, Brent K. Hoffmeis-
ter 共Rhodes College, Memphis, TN 38112兲, and Keith A. Wear 共U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993兲
Cancellous bone can be modeled as a poroelastic medium consisting of a viscous fluid 共marrow兲 and a stiff framework 共trabeculae兲.
Transmission of ultrasound through bone can result in fast and slow waves as well as mode conversion and multiple scattering, all of
which can mask the underlying material properties of bone that determine fracture risk. Phase cancellation at the receiving transducer
and interference effects in the field can further compromise the potential of bone sonometry for assessing bone quality. The attenuation
coefficient is observed to increase approximately linearly with frequency, a fact that accounts for the use of broadband ultrasound
attenuation 共BUA兲 to characterize bone. Many laboratories report that the phase velocity of ultrasonic waves propagating through can-
cellous bone decreases with increasing frequency 共negative dispersion兲. However, an increase in phase velocity with frequency 共positive
dispersion兲 would be expected based on the causality-imposed Kramers–Kronig relations. This apparent negative dispersion in bone can
arise from interference between fast wave and slow wave longitudinal modes. Interference and phase cancellation at the receiver can
also be sources of artifactual alterations in the attenuation and phase velocity. 关Work supported in part by NIH R37HL40302
R01AR057433, NSF CBET-0717830兴.
Contributed Papers
10:45 forming algorithm, which performs time-delay beamforming on both emit-
3aSP7. Successful use of Bayesian inference to obtain the fast and slow ting and receiving arrays and allows identification of eigenrays by their
wave properties of cancellous bone from sonometry measurements. emission and reception angles and arrival times. From the intensity of each
Christian C. Anderson 共Washington Univ., 1 Brookings Dr., St. Louis, MO eigenray, it is possible to determine reflection coefficient from the bottom of
63130兲, Michal Pakula, Pascal Laugier 共Univ. Paris 6, 75006 Paris, France兲, the waveguide as a function of an angle of incidence. The procedure was
Adam Q. Bauer, Karen Marutyan, G. Larry Bretthorst, Mark R. Holland, initially tested in a small-scale tank experiment for an acoustic waveguide
and James G. Miller 共Washington Univ., St. Louis, MO 63130兲 with either steel or Plexiglas bottom. By fitting an experimentally found re-
flection coefficient with a corresponding theoretical expression, an estimate
Clinical trials have demonstrated that frequency dependent attenuation for the speed of shear waves in the bottom material was obtained. Similar
关broadband ultrasound attenuation, 共BUA兲兴 and speed of sound 共SOS兲 pro-
analysis was subsequently applied to the data obtained during an at-sea ex-
vide an assessment of fracture risk. Previous studies from our laboratory of periment, which was performed between two vertical transducer arrays in
the “forward problem” show that the negative dispersion observed in can- shallow-coastal waters of the Mediterranean. An angle-dependent bottom re-
cellous bone can arise when signals consisting of overlapped fast and slow flection coefficient was extracted and geoacoustic inversion was performed
waves are analyzed as if only one wave is present. The present study exam- by fitting the data with theoretical calculations, in which bottom sediments
ines the “inverse problem” using Bayesian probability methods suitable for were modeled as a multilayered system. Good agreement between experi-
recovering the underlying material properties from received transmission ment and theory was observed. Our results indicate possible application of
sonometry signals complicated by the presence of multiple signals. Trans-
eigenray intensity analysis based on double beamforming algorithm for
mission studies were carried out on bone mimicking phantoms and on speci- geoacoustic inversion problems.
mens of femur condyles. Received rf signals served as input to our Bayesian
algorithm. The program that implements the Bayesian calculations recon-
structs the individual fast and slow waves and constructs the model output 11:15
from parameters that maximize the joint posterior probability. Composite rf 3aSP9. Monitoring stress related velocity variation in concrete with a
signals constructed by summing these waves were in excellent agreement 2ⴛ10ⴚ5 relative resolution using diffuse ultrasound. Larose Eric 共Lab. de
with signals transmitted through bone-mimicking phantoms and were in Geophys. interne et Tectonophysique, CNRS & Univ. J. Fourier, Grenoble,
good agreement with signals transmitted through bone samples despite the France兲 and Hall Stephen 共CNRS & Grenoble Univ., Grenoble, France兲
additional complexities arising from ultrasound propagation through the Ultrasonic waves propagating in solids have stress-dependent velocities.
complex trabecular network. 关Work supported in part by NIH R37HL40302 The relation between stress 共or strain兲 and velocity forms the basis of non-
R01AR057433, and NSF CBET-0717830兴. linear acoustics. In homogeneous solids, conventional time-of-flight tech-
niques have measured this dependence with spectacular precision. In hetero-
11:00 geneous media such as concrete, the direct 共ballistic兲 wave around 500 kHz
3aSP8. Geoacoustic inversion performed from two source-receive arrays is strongly attenuated and conventional techniques are less efficient. In this
in shallow-water waveguide. Alexey Sukhovich, Philippe Roux, and Marc manuscript, the effect of weak stress changes on the late arrivals constituting
Wathelet 共LGIT, UMR CNRS 5559, Univ. Joseph Fourier, Grenoble, France, the acoustic diffuse coda is tracked. A resolution of 2⫻10⫺5 in relative ve-
Alexey.Sukhovich@obs.ujf-grenoble.fr兲 locity change for stress change is attained. We are thus sensitive to stress
change much lower than 50 kPa. This provides an original way to measure
Raylike propagation of acoustic waves in a shallow-water waveguide be- the nonlinear parameter with relatively small stress variations 共less than 100
tween two vertical line arrays is investigated by applying a double beam- kPa兲.
WEDNESDAY MORNING, 20 MAY 2009 PAVILION WEST, 8:00 TO 11:55 A.M.
Session 3aUW
Underwater Acoustics and Acoustical Oceanography: Physics-Based Undersea Clutter Model Verification
and Validation I
Juan I. Arvelo, Cochair

Applied Physics Lab., Johns Hopkins Univ., Laurel, MD 20723-6099
Kenneth G. Foote, Cochair

Woods Hole Oceanographic Inst., Woods Hole, MA 02543
Timothy K. Stanton, Cochair

Dept. of Applied Ocean Physics and Engineering, Woods Hole Oceanographic Inst., Woods Hole, MA 02543
Invited Paper
8:05
3aUW1. Dynamic and acoustic modeling of discrete biologics for active sonar simulation. Brian R. La Cour and John E. Hamann
共Appl. Res. Labs., The Univ. of Texas at Austin, P.O. Box 8029, Austin, TX 78713-8029兲
A model is proposed for simulating the group dynamics and acoustic echoes of aggregate, discrete biologics in midfrequency 共2–5
kHz兲 active undersea sonar. Using a Lagrangian description, group behavior is modeled by a set of Newtonian forces and stochastic
perturbations on a collection of point masses. Interactions comprise a grouping force, which gives a characteristic separation distance,
and an arrayal force, which tends to align the velocities of the group’s constituents. The group dynamics is characterized in terms of
their statistical and asymptotic properties and studied as a function of the model parameters. Several models for the acoustic response
are considered and studied for both individual and aggregate response. Finally, the resulting synthetic echoes are compared against those
of actual biologics measured on a midfrequency active sonar system. The synthetic echoes are found to reproduce well both the quali-
tative characteristics of measured biologics and the resulting tracking and classification features found in a typical active sonar signal
and information processing chain.
Contributed Paper
8:25 with respect to any other direction. We will present experimental observa-
3aUW2. Coherent backscattering effect from mid-frequency tions of the coherent backscattering effect from mid-frequency reverberation
reverberation measurements in shallow-water. Karim G. Sabra 共School of data 共3–4 kHz兲 collected in shallow water off the west coast of Italy using
Mech. Eng., Georgia Inst. of Technol., 771 Ferst Dr. NW, Atlanta, GA various sensor array configurations. This demonstrates the presence of co-
30332-0405兲 herent effects in shallow water reverberation recordings from rough sea-
The coherent backscattering 共or backscattering enhancement兲 effect is a beds. Hence, coherent reverberation effects need to be accounted for to ob-
persistent interference effect which occurs between waves propagating in tain accurate predictions of sea clutter levels. Furthermore, accurate
random media such as randomly distributed scatterers and rough surfaces. rendering of the coherent backscattering effect could be used to simply
Previous experimental and theoretical studies in optics, acoustics, or seis- verify and validate physics-based undersea clutter models. Practical imple-
mology have demonstrated that the coherent backscattering results in a dou- mentation for the design of active sonar systems will be discussed. 关Work
bling of the recorded intensity reflected exactly in the backward direction supported by ONR, Code 321.兴
Invited Papers
8:40
3aUW3. Measurements and modeling of midfrequency clutter from fish aggregations over Georges Bank in the Gulf of Maine.
Roger C. Gauss, Joseph M. Fialkowski, Richard Menis, Edward L. Kunz 共Naval Res. Lab., Code 7140, Washington DC 20375-5350,
roger.gauss@nrl.navy.mil兲, Timothy K. Stanton, Cynthia J. Sellers 共Woods Hole Ocean. Inst., Woods Hole, MA 02543兲, and J. Michael
Jech 共NOAA NE Fish. Sci. Ctr., Woods Hole, MA 02543兲
Broadband midfrequency acoustic measurements of fish backscattering were made with two complementary sonar systems in Sep-
tember 2008 at the northern slopes of Georges Bank in the Gulf of Maine. One system, towed near the surface, was downward-looking
共short-range: ⬍ 0.2 km兲 and was used to image fish at high vertical resolution throughout the water column. The other system was
horizontal-looking 共relatively long-range: 1–10 km兲, consisting of a vertical source array and a horizontal receive array, and was used
to image fish at high horizontal resolution. In this talk, the focus is on characterizing the longer-range data. Spectrogram analysis
showed that the echoes had resonance frequencies in the 2–4 kHz band, consistent with scattering by Atlantic herring, while examina-
tion of normalized match-filter output revealed strong, spatiotemporally variable clutter. The associated probability-density functions
共PDFs兲 exhibited variable non-Rayleigh behavior. Several PDF models were fit to the data, with the K and Poisson-Rayleigh PDF
models providing not only good fits, but physical insights into the clutter process 共such as estimates of the expected number of discrete
scatterers per unit area兲. These results provide an improved understanding of both fish behavior and the characteristics of fish aggre-
gations as long-range clutter fields. 关Work supported by ONR.兴
9:00
3aUW4. Bioalpha, transmission loss and validation of scattering models in biologically intense shallow water environments. Orest
Diachok 共Appl. Phys. Lab. Johns Hopkins Univ., Laurel, MD 20723-6099兲
Scattering and extinction by fish swim bladders are manifestations of the same phenomenon. Scattering causes reverberation from
dispersed fish and distinct echoes from fish schools 共clutter兲, and diminishes the magnitude of transmitted signals. The biological ex-
tinction coefficient 共bioalpha兲 has been shown to have a large effect on transmission loss 共TL兲 in several biologically intense, shallow
water environments, including the Bristol Channel 关Weston 共1967兲兴, Yellow Sea 关Qiu et al. 共1999兲兴, Gulf of Lion 关Diachok 共1999兲兴, and
Santa Barbara Channel 关Diachok 共2005兲兴. Consequently, models of biological scattering must include the effects of bioalpha on TL in
shallow water environments. The objectives of this paper are to review the experimental evidence of the effects of bioalpha on TL, and
to describe and demonstrate the effectiveness of an analytical approach to modeling this phenomenon. Since it is not possible at present
to predict the effects of bioalpha on TL from first principles 共distributions of swim bladder dimensions, spatial distributions of number
densities, and timing of diurnal changes in school structures and seasonal migration patterns are only approximately predictable兲, ex-
periments designed to demonstrate the validity of scattering models in biologically intense, shallow water environments should include
concurrent broadband TL measurements during both night and day.
Contributed Paper
9:20 Ehrenberg 关Proc. Conf. Eng. Ocean Environ. 1, 61–64, 共1972兲兴 and Barakat
3aUW5. Statistics of echoes from a directional sonar beam insonifying 关Optica Acta 21, 903–921, 共1974兲兴 is developed to account for a directional
finite numbers of single scatterers and patches of scatterers. Dezhang sonar beam involving an arbitrary finite number of scatterers, each with an
Chu 共NOAA/NMFS/Northwest Fisheries Sci. Ctr., Seattle, WA 98112兲 and arbitrary echo probably density function 共PDF兲 and randomly located in the
Timothy K. Stanton 共Woods Hole Oceanograph. Inst., Woods Hole, MA beam. Theoretical predictions are made, along with numerical simulations
02543兲 for validation, for a range of conditions, including: 共1兲 different number of
When a sonar beam sweeps across a field of scatterers, the echoes can scatterers arbitrarily located in the beam and 共2兲 different echo PDFs of the
fluctuate significantly from ping to ping. The fluctuations can be strongly scatterers. Here, a “scatterer” could be an individual or a patch of scatterers
non-Rayleigh because: 共1兲 there can be a small number of scatterers in the whose dimensions are much smaller than the footprint of the sonar beam.
beam; 共2兲 the distribution of scatterers can be inhomogeneous or “patchy;” Although the application is intended for volumetric patches, the formulation
and 共3兲 the echoes are weighted by the nonuniform response of the sonar could be applied to areal patches under appropriate conditions. 关Work sup-
beam. In this paper, a general formulation combining equations derived by ported by ONR.兴
Invited Papers
9:35
3aUW6. Comprehensive, integrated database of elements contributing to bottom and volume clutter. Kathleen J. Vigness-Raposa,
William T. Ellison, Adam S. Frankel, David Zeddies, Cheryl L. Schroeder 共Marine Acoust., Inc., 809 Aquidneck Ave., Middletown, RI
02842, kathleen.vigness@marineacoustics.com兲, Peter V. August, Christopher Damon, and Charles LaBash 共Univ. of Rhode Island,
Kingston, RI 02881兲
Multiple components within and at the bottom of the water column can scatter acoustic signals, resulting in decreased sonar per-
formance and compromised tactical decision making. Many of the biological organisms that contribute to acoustic clutter are also pro-
tected or managed species, integral to a fully functional marine ecosystem. In order to understand, predict, and model bottom and
volume scattering, detailed descriptions of the spatial, spectral, and temporal variability of clutter elements are needed, along with
reliable estimates of backscattering strength. All of these necessary components are dependent on marine wildlife databases. Efforts by
several organizations have resulted in databases that provide pieces of the overall puzzle. Databases of distribution and abundance
共Census of Marine Life’s OBIS-SEAMAP兲, two-dimensional movement 共Census of Marine Life’s Tagging of Pacific Pelagics兲, and
diving and movement behavior 共Marine Wildlife Behavior Database兲 are examples of current, but disparate, projects. Ongoing efforts
are consolidating inputs from such databases to predict realistic, spatially dependent bioclutter animats. By linking geospatial features
of clutter elements in training and mission planning systems, sonar operators and designers can better predict and analyze the occurrence
of target-like clutter. 关Work supported by NAVSEA SBIR, ONR STTR, and NOAA.兴
9:55—10:15 Break
10:15
3aUW7. Modeling persistent clutter. Bruce K. Newhall 共Johns Hopkins Univ., Appl. Phys. Lab, 11100 Johns Hopkins Rd., Laurel,
MD 20723兲
Clutter is the collection of targetlike returns from nontarget sources that are observed in active sonar use. Persistent clutter is the set
of clutter returns that persist across multiple transmissions and thereby form false target tracks in sonar processing. The U.S. Navy is
developing active sonar simulators for training purposes. Effective training requires physically realistic clutter simulation including
modeling of persistent clutter. Potential physical sources of persistent clutter are discussed, and a variety of modeling approaches are
reviewed. Measures of effectiveness for model comparison with persistent clutter data are given.
10:35
3aUW8. Exploring spatiotemporal distribution as a clutter simulation validation measure. Juan I. Arvelo, Jr. 共The Johns Hopkins
Univ., Appl. Phys. Lab., 11100 Johns Hopkins Rd., Laurel, MD 20723-6099兲
The amplitude distribution is widely used to compare modeled and measured undersea clutter 关J. Arvelo et al., JASA 120, 3381
共2006兲兴. However, additional validation measures must be identified to ensure that clutter models are suited to realistically simulate
active sonar displays and accurately emulate tracker performance. For example, the amplitude distribution ignores the stochastic ar-
rangement of clutter at various space/time scales 关V. Lupien, JASA 105, 2187–2282 共1999兲兴. Active midfrequency vertical line array
data from the ASIAEX 2001 experiment in the East China Sea is processed to explore the suitability of the clutter spatiotemporal
distribution as a key validation measure. The vertical array permitted the separation of bottom from surface generated clutter. A physics-
based seafloor clutter model 关B. Newhall and J. Arvelo, JASA 118, 2041 共2005兲兴 was implemented to simulate the experimental scenario
with known measured and inferred environmental conditions. Comparisons of the measured and simulated amplitude and spatiotem-
poral distributions uncovered significant effects that must be included to improve existing clutter models. 关This effort was conducted
under the auspices of the Undersea Warfare Business Area Independent Research and Development program of the Johns Hopkins
University Applied Physics Laboratory.兴
10:55
3aUW9. Midfrequency active sonar clutter statistics segregated by broad clutter types. James M. Gelb 共Appl. Res. Labs., UT
Austin, 10000 Burnet Rd., Austin, TX 78758, gelb@arlut.utexas.edu兲
The empirical distributions of normalized matched-filter echoes from a midfrequency active sonar with hyperbolic frequency-
modulated waveforms in a myriad of oceanic environments are studied for three broad clutter classes: bottom structures, diffuse com-
pact clutter 共e.g., seaweed兲, and compact nonstationary clutter 共e.g., biologics兲. The distributions are characterized using the K distri-
bution and the generalized Pareto distribution. Methods of parameter estimation are discussed, and parameters are computed for small
subregions of the clutter fields. A plot of the Kolmogorov–Smirnov goodness-of-fit statistic of individual subregions is presented for
each model and class to highlight the versatility of the models when applied to large quantities of data. Cumulants are computed from
the data and are utilized as features in a classifier to demonstrate separability between the classes. An important aspect of this work is
the use of distinct clutter classes as opposed to collectively characterizing all clutter as reverberation. Environmental effects are not
considered, as the goal of this work is to determine the utility of local clutter estimation models in practical sonar processing systems
where accurate environmental data is unavailable. 关This work is sponsored by the Office of Naval Research undersea signal processing
discovery and invention program.兴
11:15
3aUW10. Simulation of rippled-sand sonar imagery with visual and statistical verification. Shawn F. Johnson 共Graduate Prog. in
Acoust., Appl. Res. Lab., 117 Appl. Sci. Bldg., State College, PA 16804兲
Synthetic aperture sonar 共SAS兲 imagery is often characterized by a decidedly non-Rayleigh pixel amplitude distribution, owing to
its inherent high-resolution combined with speckle induced by the coherent image formation process. Recent work has shown increasing
the resolution cell size by limiting the image bandwidth typically produces images with statistics tending toward a Rayleigh distribution.
A caveat to this generalization is that the trend toward Rayleigh is dependent on orientation of the SAS system to strongly correlated
sea-floor structures such as sand-ripples. A method has been developed to simulate rippled-sand sonar imagery at high-frequencies 共i.e.,
on the order of 100 kHz兲, which accounts for nonsymmetric ripple shape, sediment acoustic properties, sonar to ripple orientation,
system resolution, and coherent imaging induced speckle. This numerical simulation method is computationally inexpensive and com-
pares well both visually and statistically with collected data over a wide range of orientation angles. Simulation methods will be pre-
sented with verification using SAS imagery collected by the Naval Surface Warfare Center: Panama City Division. 关Work supported by
ONR Grants No. N00014-04-1-0013 and No. N00014-06-1-0245, and Code 32.兴
11:35
3aUW11. Experimental tests of models for high-frequency scattered envelope statistics. Anthony Lyons 共Appl. Res. Lab., Penn
State Univ., State College, PA 16804, apl2@psu.edu兲
There has been, in general, a lack of quantitative comparison between high-frequency physics-based clutter model predictions and
experimental data due mainly to difficulties in performing well-controlled at-sea experiments and obtaining necessary ground truth. To
address this shortfall, experiments have been performed over the past 5 yrs to gather data with which to confront recently developed
physics-based clutter models. The experimental data sets were obtained during experiments conducted off of Elba Island, Italy in May
2003 and at Seneca Lake, New York, in the summers of 2005 and 2006. Colocated high-frequency, broadband acoustic data and high-
resolution environmental ground truth data were collected as part of these experiments. In all cases comparisons between model pre-
dictions and measured data showed promising similarities in K-distribution shape parameter estimates and their dependence on band-
width, grazing angle, and seafloor type. The favorable model/data comparisons show that it is possible to link the scattered envelope
distribution to measurable environmental properties, providing the foundation necessary for solving several important problems related
to the detection of targets in non-Rayleigh clutter including performance prediction for different systems based on seafloor properties
and extrapolation of performance to other systems and bandwidths.
WEDNESDAY AFTERNOON, 20 MAY 2009 COUNCIL SUITE, 1:00 TO 2:00 P.M.
Session 3pAAa
Architectural Acoustics: Absorption Testing and Characterization
Ron Sauro, Chair

NWAA Laboratories Inc., 25132 Rye Canyon Loop, Santa Clarita, CA 91355
Contributed Papers
1:00 crease speech intelligibility for class instruction. Microperforated panels are
3pAAa1. Impedance tube absorption testing of poly blend materials proposed as a solution due to their simple structures and predictable wide-
presently used in the carpet industry. Ruth Anne Mazur 共Columbia Col- band absorption characteristics. Benefits will be quantified by measuring
lege Chicago, 237 E. Wildflower Ln., Round Lake Beach, IL 60073, ruthie pink noise decay in the building pre- and postpanel installation.
.mazur@sbcglobal.net兲
1:30
Cyril M. Harris authored a paper in 1955 titled “Acoustical Properties of 3pAAa3. Absorption coefficients part 1: Is square area enough? Ron
Carpet” in which absorption coefficients for carpet were examined accord- Sauro, Michael Vargas 共NWAA Labs., Inc., 25132 Rye Canyon Loop, Santa
ing to specific parameters, including fiber content. Since then, new fibers Clarita, CA 91355, audioគron@msn.com兲, and Gary Mange 共Western Elec-
and blends have been introduced into the carpet industry. This study aims to troacoustics Labs., Santa Clarita, CA 91355兲
compare absorption coefficients found from testing of these newer fibers.
New blends that are now commonly used and sold in the carpet industry Attempting to correlate the measurements of absorption coefficients in
include polyester, polypropylene, and polyurethane. Using a Bruel & Kjaer ASTM-C423, ISO-354, and ISO-17497-1, it was observed that the results
Two Microphone Impedance Measurement Tube and Bruel & Kjaer PULSE were varying to a large degree. An experiment was set up with 1 in., 6 lb
LabShop, normal incidence absorption coefficients are gathered in order to density fiberglass panels having different shapes, sizes, and parameters. The
compare the coefficient curves for these materials. Testing is performed in shapes, sizes, and parameters of the panels are described in this paper. The
accordance with the ASTM E 1050-98 standard. Preliminary testing on car- types of experiments are also described along with the process that was used
pet with these fibers shows lower values from 3.5 to 6.5 kHz in the curves based on input from many of the members of the industry. The end results
for polypropylene carpet with padding compared to other fibers with and conclusions are described in a paper titled “Absorption coefficients part
padding. Several parameters of the preliminary samples were not constant 2: Is “edge effect” more important than expected?”
and may have affected the results. Ongoing analysis and testing of newer
1:45
fibers will enable comparison with previous studies. Absorption coefficients
3pAAa4. Absorption coefficients part 2: Is “edge effect” more important
and parameters for carpet available in acoustical modeling programs will
than expected? Ron Sauro, Michael Vargas 共NWAA Labs., Inc., 25132 Rye
also be assessed in relation to the results. 关Work supported by Columbia
Canyon Loop, Santa Clarita, CA 91355, audio_ron@msn.com兲, and Gary
College Chicago.兴
Mange 共Western Electro-Acoust. Labs., Santa Clarita, CA 91355兲
1:15 Attempting to correlate the measurements of absorption coefficients in

3pAAa2. Felt panels for an art space. Jessamyn A. Newcomb 共Dept. of ASTM-C423, ISO-354, and ISO-17497-1, it was observed that the results
Architecture, Virginia Polytechnic and State Univ., 201 Cowgill Hall 共0205兲, were varying to a large degree. An experiment was set up as described in a
Blacksburg, VA 24061兲 paper titled “Absorption coefficients part I: Is square area enough?” It was
observed that the edges of the sample had a significant effect on the absorp-
The art building on Virginia Tech’s campus is an adaptive reuse project. tion coefficient. The results of these experiments are presented in numerical
Despite its current function, the transformation of the space has left it acous- and graphic form in this paper along with conclusions and suggested cor-
tically ill suited for class instruction. This research focuses on absorption of rections to the “absorption coefficient” as used in all calculations in
specific frequencies through the use of felt panels to reduce noise and in- acoustics.
WEDNESDAY AFTERNOON, 20 MAY 2009 FORUM SUITE, 1:00 TO 3:25 P.M.
Session 3pAAb
Architectural Acoustics: American Institute of Architects Short Course
K. Anthony Hoover, Chair

McKay Conant Hoover, Inc, 5655 Lindero Canyon Rd., Suite 325, Westlake Village, CA 91362
Invited Papers
1:05
3pAAb1. Introduction to workshop goals. K. Anthony Hoover 共McKay Conant Hoover, Inc., 5655 Lindero Canyon Rd., Westlake
Village, CA 91362兲 and Bennett M. Brooks 共Brooks Acoust. Corp., Vernon, CT 06066兲
Many states require that architects obtain continuing education unit 共CEU兲 credits annually, in order to maintain their registration or
licensure. The American Institute of Architects 共AIA兲 Continuing Education System 共CES兲 offers continuing education courses, which
may be given by third party providers. The Technical Committee on Architectural Acoustics 共TCAA兲 is an AIA/CES Registered
Provider. The goal of this workshop is to prepare members of the TCAA so that they may be authorized to present a short course which
can earn attendees CEU credit. In order for TCAA members to qualify to meet the AIA requirements, they must attend this workshop,
which is given in two parts. The first part will be devoted to the short course presentation material, which is in a standardized format.
The second part of the workshop will focus on the AIA CEU Program registration and reporting requirements. Of course, anyone is free
to register with the AIA to provide their own CEU program. However, the advantages of participating in this program are that the TCAA
short course is already prepared, is preapproved by the AIA, and the registration fees are paid by the Acoustical Society of America.
1:25
3pAAb2. Architectural acoustics: Short course presentation material. K. Anthony Hoover 共McKay Conant Hoover, Inc., 5655 Lin-
dero Canyon Rd., Westlake Village, CA 91362兲
The Technical Committee on Architectural Acoustics 共TCAA兲 is a Registered Provider in the American Institute of Architects 共AIA兲
Continuing Education System 共CES兲. The TCAA has developed a standardized introductory short course for architects, called “Archi-
tectural Acoustics.” An architect can earn one continuing education unit 共CEU兲 by attending this short course, if it is presented by a
qualified member of TCAA. The course covers topics in sound isolation, mechanical system noise control, and finish treatments. This
paper will cover the course material in order to prepare and qualify potential presenters. There will be time at the end of the paper for
questions and answers on the course material. In order to qualify as an authorized presenter for this AIA/CES short course, attendance
at this workshop and membership in TCAA are required.
2:25
3pAAb3. Provider registration and reporting requirements. Bennett Brooks 共Brooks Acoust. Corp., 30 Lafayette Sq., Ste. 103, Ver-
non, CT 06066兲
The Technical Committee on Architectural Acoustics 共TCAA兲 is a Registered Provider in the American Institute of Architects 共AIA兲
Continuing Education System 共CES兲. The TCAA has developed a standardized introductory short course for architects. The TCAA short
course is called “Architectural Acoustics” and attendance at this 1-hour-long course can earn an architect one continuing education unit
共CEU兲. This paper will cover the administrative requirements of the AIA/CES, to prepare potential presenters. These requirements
include the proper handling of paperwork, so that AIA members may receive credit for the course. Also, the manner in which the course
is given is dictated by AIA requirements. TCAA membership and attendance at this workshop are required to qualify as an authorized
presenter for this AIA/CES short course.
WEDNESDAY AFTERNOON, 20 MAY 2009 BROADWAY I/II, 1:00 TO 2:05 P.M.
Session 3pAB
Animal Bioacoustics and Acoustical Oceanography: Autonomous Remote Monitoring Systems

for Marine Animals IV
Catherine L. Berchok, Chair

National Marine Mammal Lab., Alaska Fisheries Science Ctr./NOAA, Seattle, WA 98115-6349
Invited Paper
1:00
3pAB1. Call localization of marine mammals using directional autonomous recorders. Susanna B. Blackwell, Charles R. Greene,
Jr. 共Greeneridge Sci., Inc., 1411 Firestone Rd., Goleta, CA 93117, susanna@greeneridge.com兲, Christopher S. Nations, Trent L.
McDonald 共WEST, Inc., Cheyenne, WY 82001兲, Aaron Thode 共Univ. of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037兲, and A. Michael
Macrander 共Shell Exploration and Production Co., Anchorage, AK 99503兲
Directional sensors of low-frequency acoustic waves have been used by navies in sonobuoys for submarine detection and localiza-
tion for decades. Composed of an omnidirectional pressure sensor and two horizontal directional elements sensitive to particle motion,
they provide information for determining the relative bearing to a sound source without ambiguity. They were adapted for bowhead
whale monitoring in the mid-1980s and have been used in autonomous seafloor acoustic recorders since 2000. Applied to the coastal
Beaufort Sea north of Alaska, fall bowhead migration was observed in detail during 2007 and 2008, providing a wealth of information
on variability in the migration paths of calling whales and the influence of industrial sounds on the locations of calling whales. For
example, many calls were detected within about 30 km of seismic survey activities, where received sound pressure levels from airgun
pulses were often greater than 140 dB per 1 µPa. Also, seismic activities were correlated with statistically significant shifts in the
whales’ distance from shore, either offshore or inshore. However, interpretation of the results was challenged by the difficulty in dis-
tinguishing between a whale that ceases calling and a whale that deflects away from the study area. 关Work supported by Shell Oil Co.兴
Contributed Papers
1:20 Humpback whales 共Megaptera novaeangliae兲 are top predators of large
3pAB2. Killer whale habitat use and prey fields from remote zooplankton and forage fish, and one of the most common large whales in
hydrophones and echosounders. Scott Veirs 共Beam Reach Marine Sci. and the Bering Sea. While present on feeding grounds, humpback whales pro-
Sustainability School, 7044 17th Ave NE, Seattle, WA 98115, duce nonsong sounds probably associated with feeding or social contacts.
scott@beamreach.org兲, Val Veirs 共Colorado College, Colorado Springs, CO However, little is known about these highly variable sounds, and their de-
80903兲, Jason Wood 共The Whale Museum, Friday Harbor, WA 98250兲, tection is challenging. Recordings were collected during 2006–2007 at the
Brian Moore, Bob McClure 共BioSonics, Inc., Seattle, WA 98107兲, and Bob long-term oceanographic moorings M2, M4, and M5 in the eastern Bering
Otis 共Ripon College, Ripon, WI 54971兲 Sea. Passive acoustic detection of humpback whale calls in these recordings
was confounded by a variety of other sounds, which fall within the same
The Salish Sea Hydrophone Network has been providing live audio parameters as nonsong humpback vocalizations. An automatic algorithm
streams to listeners around the globe for the past three years. Five hydro- that detects tonal sounds in the 300–950 Hz frequency band was used to find
phones around the core summer habitat of the endangered southern resident humpback calls. Raw detections were visually examined to verify the accu-
killer whales allow detection of killer whale presence and inference of pod racy of the detections. This algorithm resulted in a significant number of
identity based on call associations. Detection of calls, whistles, and clicks is wrong detections 共false positives兲, especially sounds of bearded seals
accomplished automatically by spectral and time domain analysis and manu- 共Erignathus barbatus兲 and bowhead whales 共Balaena mysticetus兲. An error
ally by a global network of trained human listeners. The hydrophone net- rate was calculated to correct the high number of false detections, and fur-
work is more effective than a sighting network for detecting killer whales ther refinements were made to the automatic detection algorithm. The prob-
during inclement weather and at night, and for generating real-time notifi- lems and possible solutions to detecting humpback whale sounds in complex
cations to alert researchers and managers. Additionally, the live streams and acoustic recordings will be presented.
archived recordings have enriched educational activities of local museums
and aquariums. In 2008, the hydrophone at Lime Kiln State Park was
supplemented by hydroacoustic surveys conducted using a Biosonics echo-
sounder 共200 kHz兲. From August through December the echosounder was 1:50
deployed at 15 m depth to conduct a continuous, fixed, horizontal survey. 3pAB4. Monitoring cetaceans on seamounts in the Azores using passive
Remote display technology was used to monitor the echosounder in real acoustic techniques. Irma Cascäo 共Inst. of Marine Res., Dept. of Oceanogr.
time while also listening to the live audio stream. The resultant time series and Fisheries, Univ. of the Azores, Horta, Portugal, irmacascao@uac.pt兲,
of fish density and acoustic behavior of killer whales is presented. Marc O. Lammers 共Univ. of Hawaii, Kailua, HI 96734兲, Monica A. Silva,
Pedro Afonso, Rui Prieto, and Ricardo S. Santos 共Univ. of the Azores,
Horta, Portugal兲
1:35
3pAB3. Detecting humpback whale sounds in the Bering Sea: Seamounts are hotspots of marine life in the Azores, acting as feeding
Confounding sounds in a cacophony of noise. Sara L. Heimlich, David K. stations for diverse top predators, including cetaceans. Long-term monitor-
Mellinger, Sharon L. Nieukirk, Holger Klinck 共Cooperative Inst. for Marine ing of remote marine ecosystems is logistically difficult and expensive, in-
Resour. Stud., Hatfield Marine Sci. Ctr., Oregon State Univ., 2030 S. Marine volving high costs in terms of ship time and human resources, as well
Sci. Dr., Newport, OR 97365兲, Kate Stafford, Sue E. Moore, and Phyllis J. as being reliant on sea conditions. Passive acoustic methods are a highly
Stabeno 共Univ. of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105兲 efficient monitoring technique to study the distribution or abundance of
vocalizing cetacean species. In 2007, we began to deploy Ecological Acous- based on their vocalization characteristics. Detections of vessels are being
tic Recorders 共EARs兲—two shallow 共35 m兲 and two deep 共190 m兲 used to determine levels of activity at one of the study sites, Formigas bank
units—around seamounts to explore and monitor the occurrence of ceta- marine reserve, making the EAR a useful tool to monitor protected areas.
ceans, their temporal patterns, and changing levels of activity. A wide vari- The EARs are an effective ecological instrument for monitoring cetaceans
ety of time series acoustic signals were collected, revealing the presence of year-round and will provide a better understanding of the influence of sea-
different species of cetaceans and specific associations between species, mounts on cetaceans’ behavior.
WEDNESDAY AFTERNOON, 20 MAY 2009 PAVILION WEST, 2:15 TO 3:15 P.M.
Session 3pAO
Acoustical Oceanography: Acoustical Oceanography Prize Lecture
Jeffrey A. Nystuen, Chair

Applied Physics Lab., Univ. of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105-6698
Invited Paper
2:20
3pAO1. Seabed characterization and model based processing: Past, present, and future. Martin Siderius 共Dept. of Elect. and
Comput. Eng., Portland State Univ., 1900 SW 4th Ave., Portland, OR 97201, siderius@pdx.edu兲
One of the most active areas of research in acoustical oceanography has been the study of seabed acoustics. This has been partly
motivated by the need for accurate sonar performance prediction, which often depends on knowledge of the seabed properties. There has
also been significant research on environmentally adaptive and model based signal processing such as matched field processing. One of
the obstacles to model based processing has been the required knowledge about seabed properties, which is needed as input. This
dependency, in part, led to the innovation of matched field inversion methods to obtain seabed properties. In recent years, new algo-
rithms have been introduced that use ambient noise 共e.g., from breaking waves兲 as a surrogate sound source to probe the seabed and
estimate geoacoustic properties. These noise methods have received much attention since measurements and processing are simple and
the results are surprisingly good. In fact, current developments in noise processing may be the key to enabling model based methods
that, in the past, were not considered practical. In this presentation a review of seabed inversion methods will be given with discussion
about current developments in noise processing and the potential for renewed interest in model based processing.
WEDNESDAY AFTERNOON, 20 MAY 2009 PAVILION EAST, 12:45 TO 3:15 P.M.
Session 3pBB
Biomedical Ultrasound/Bioresponse to Vibration and Physical Acoustics: Shock Wave Therapy II
Michael R. Bailey, Cochair

Thomas J. Matula, Cochair

Contributed Paper
12:45 using high-speed video cameras and µPIV technique. Two liquid microjets
3pBB1. Interaction of single biological cell with tandem microbubbles in moving in opposite directions can be generated when the second bubble is
microfluidics. Georgy Sankin, Fang Yuan, and Pei Zhong 共Dept. of Mech. produced at the maximum size of the first one. The interaction of these tan-
Eng. Mat. Sci., Duke Univ., 144 Hudson Hall, Durham, NC 27708, gns dem microbubbles with single cell leads to controllable poration of adjacent
@duke.edu兲 cell membrane and dye uptake. µPIV data are compared with cell viability at
various bubble-cell distances and azimuthal orientations. This method pro-
Coupled oscillation of two laser generated microbubbles 共maximum ra- vides a new approach for highly selective cell treatment in situ, applicable to
dius ⫽ 28 µm兲 and associated shear stresses are investigated experimentally. targeted microinjection of macromolecules and gene vectors in microfluidics
Bubble-bubble interaction in a microchannel of 25 µm height is observed devices. 关Work supported in part by NIH.兴
Invited Papers
1:00
3pBB2. Treating heterotopic ossification with shockwaves. Michael W. Chang 共12340 NE 8th St., Ste. 101, Bellevue, WA 98005兲,
Thanaphum Osathanon, and Cecilia Giachelli 共Univ. of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195兲
Heterotopic ossification 共HO兲 is formation of lamellar bone in soft tissue, commonly seen among patients with burns, orthopedic
fractures/procedures, brain/spinal cord injuries, muscle contusions, and rare hereditary disorders. Patients with HO experience pain and
joint limitations, which further exacerbate their disability. Reduction of HO preventatively and/or for treatment has been attempted using
medications, radiation, and surgery with limited success. Recent encouraging clinical HO outcomes using shockwave therapy have been
discussed but treatment mechanisms were unclear. Mechanisms such as spallation, cavitation, squeezing, superfocusing, fatigue, and
layer separation have been proposed for lithotripsy. Mineralized calcium phosphate macroporous nanofibrous fibrin scaffolds were used
as a HO model to study treatment mechanisms. The HO was treated with electrohydraulic shockwave devices. The scaffold calcium
contents decreased from 45.4共3.6兲共untreated兲 to 20.9共18.1兲共OssaTron, 0.71 mJ/mm2兲 and 27.5共23.5兲 ugCa/mg dry weight 共EvoTron,
0.46 mJ/mm2兲 with 200 shocks 共1 Hz兲. Scanning EM of the shockwave-treated HO supports separation of the calcium phosphate from
the fibrin matrix probably contributed by shear and cavitation. Biological responses to shockwaves, such as inflammation, neovascu-
larization, angiogenesis may also play important roles in clinical HO treatment. A unique clinical HO case is discussed to illustrate risks,
benefits, and challenges from shockwave therapy.
1:15
3pBB3. Histotrispy: Urologic applications. William W. Roberts, Timothy L. Hall, Christopher R. Hempel 共Dept. of Urology, Univ. of
Michigan, TC 3879, 1500 East Med. Ctr. Dr., Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5330, willrobe@umich.edu兲, Zhen Xu, J. Brian Fowlkes, and
Charles A. Cain 共Univ. of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI. 48109兲
Histotripsy is an extracorporeal ablative technology that utilizes microsecond pulses of intense ultrasound to produce nonthermal,
mechanical fractionation of targeted tissue. We have previously demonstrated the feasibility of histotripsy ablation in in vivo renal and
prostate models. We sought to assess the chronic tissue response, tolerability, and safety of prostate histotripsy in a chronic in vivo
canine model. Five acute and thirteen chronic canine subjects were anesthetized and treated with histotripsy targeting the prostate.
Pulses consisting of three cycle bursts of 750-kHz ultrasound at a repetition rate of 300 Hz were delivered from a highly focused 15-cm
aperture array. Prostates were harvested at 0, 7, 28, or 56 days after treatment. Transrectal ultrasound imaging provided accurate tar-
geting and real-time monitoring of histotripsy treatment. Consistent mechanical tissue fractionation and debulking of prostate tissue was
seen acutely and at delayed time points without collateral injury. Canine subjects tolerated histotripsy with minimal hematuria or
discomfort. Only mild transient lab abnormalities were noted. Histotripsy is a promising noninvasive therapy for prostate tissue frac-
tionation and debulking that appears safe and well tolerated without systemic side effects in the canine model.
Contributed Papers
1:30 2:15
3pBB4. Improving efficiency of ultrasound histotripsy sources by 3pBB7. Shock waves micro-damage induction in cortical bones:
transmitting at the second harmonic frequency. Timothy A. Bigelow Comparison between experimental and simulations results. Frederic
共Dept. of Elec. and Comput. Eng., Dept. of Mech. Eng., Iowa State Univ., Padilla 共Dept. of Mech Eng., Boston Univ., 110 Cummington St., Boston,
2113 Coover Hall, Ames, IA 50011, bigelow@iastate.edu兲 MA 02115; CNRS LIP UMR 7623, 75006 Paris, France兲 and Robin O.
Cleveland 共Boston Univ., Boston, MA 02115兲
Therapeutic ultrasound has shown potential for improving many aspects
of medical care in recent years. Therapeutic ultrasound often involves high Shock waves 共SW兲 are considered a promising method to treat bone non
pressures or intensities, but pressures and intensities in tissue are limited by unions. One potential mechanisms of action is the initiation of local micro-
nonlinear propagation. The impact of nonlinear propagation is most severe fractures, which may in turn trigger the start of bone healing. In this study,
for therapies involving cavitation where the peak rarefactional pressure a set of eight intact rat femurs have been subjected to SWs 共peak positive
plays the dominate role. As a result, in applications such as histotripsy, the pressure of 40 MPa and peak negative pressure of ⫺8 MPa, PRF of 2 Hz兲.
size and power of the ultrasound source must be significantly increased in The number of SW was varied from 50 to 1500. Micro-CT images of the
order to obtain the pressures needed in vivo. In this study, a new ultrasound specimens were acquired before and after treatment 共16 microns resolution兲.
source design was developed that will help mitigate the effects of nonlinear In parallel, numerical simulations were used to quantify the stresses induced
propagation. Specifically, sound was transmitted at both the fundamental by SWs in cortical bone tissue. We used a 3-D FDTD code to solve the lin-
and the second harmonic with the amplitude and phase of the second har- ear lossless equations that describe wave propagation in solids and fluids. A
monic designed to counter nonlinear propagation effects for varying source 3-D model of a fractured rat femur was obtained from micro-CT data. Re-
powers from 10 to 500 W. The simulations demonstrated a 30% increase in sults demonstrate that damages were induced in the bone tissues from 150
the peak rarefactional pressure relative to a source where only the funda- SWs. Comparison of the location of the induced damages on micro-CT im-
mental was transmitted when the appropriate phase was used for the second ages with predictions of maximum stresses by numerical simulations show
harmonic. that damages principally appeared in regions of highest stresses, suggesting
that SW-induced tremendous stresses in bone tissue might be an important
mechanisms implied in SW bone therapy.
1:45
3pBB5. Skull flexure from blast waves: A mechanism for brain injury
2:30
with implications for helmet design. William C. Moss, Michael J. King
3pBB8. Empirical angle-dependent tortuosity functions and sound
共Lawrence Livermore Natl. Lab., 7000 East Ave., Livermore, CA 94551,
transmission through cancellous bone. Keith Attenborough 共Dept. of
wmoss@llnl.gov兲, and Eric G. Blackman 共Univ. of Rochester, Rochester,
Eng., The Univ. of Hull, Cottingham Rd., Hull HU6 7RX, UK,
NY 14627兲
k.attenborough@hull.ac.uk兲 and Haydar Aygun 共Univ. of Hull, Hull HU6
Traumatic brain injury 关TBI兴 has become a signature injury of current 7RX, UK兲
military conflicts. The debilitating effects of TBI are long-lasting and costly.
Recent literature concerning the angle dependence of sound transmission
Although the mechanisms by which impacts cause TBI have been well re-
through cancellous bone has suggested that it might be due either to elastic
searched, the mechanisms by which blasts cause TBI are not understood.
anisotropy or to microgeometrical anisotropy in the pore structure; e.g., an
Various possibilities have been investigated, but blast-induced deformation
angle-dependent tortuosity. The elastic anisotropy approach has been found
of the skull has been neglected. From numerical hydrodynamic simulations,
able to explain the observed variation in fast wave speed with angle better
we have discovered that nonlethal blasts can induce sufficient flexure of the
than the angle-dependent tortuosity at the cost of underpredicting slow wave
skull to generate potentially damaging loads in the brain, even if no impact
speeds. In reality, it is likely that both influences are present in cancellous
occurs. The possibility that this mechanism may contribute to TBI has im-
bone. Nevertheless the angle-dependent tortuosity approach has been revis-
plications for the diagnosis of soldiers and the design of protective equip-
ited on the basis of orthotropic data for sound transmission through air-filled
ment such as helmets. 关This work performed under the auspices of the U.S.
stereo-lithographical bone replicas 关Attenborough et al., JASA 118, 2779
Department of Energy by Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory under
共2005兲兴. 关Work supported by Leverhulme Grant F/00181/N.兴
Contract DE-AC52-07NA27344兴.
2:45
2:00 3pBB9. Numerical simulation of propagation of acoustic and elastic
3pBB6. Cavitation bubble activity during treatment of cortical bones by waves in human head with fast integral equation solver. Elizabeth
shock waves. Dorothée Bossis 共CNRS LIP UMR 7623, 15 rue de l’Ecole de Bleszynski, Marek Bleszynski, and Thomas Jaroszewicz 共Monopole Res.,
Medecine, 75006 Paris, France兲, Frederic Padilla, and Robin O. Cleveland 739 Calle sequoia, Thousand Oaks, CA 91360兲
共Boston Univ., Boston, MA 02114.兲
An approach to numerical simulations of acousto-elastic waves in the
Shock wave 共SW兲 induced cavitation might be a physical effect by human head is described, and simulation examples are presented. The pri-
which bioeffects on bones are mediated, especially for SW treatment of mary goal of our work is to construct an efficient and high fidelity numerical
bone nonunion. To assess the presence of cavitation and to study bubbles simulation tool for investigating such effects as, e.g., acoustic energy trans-
activity at the surface of cortical bones, we treated rat femurs with SWs us- fer to the inner ear via non-airborne pathways. The solver employs a modi-
ing a clinical SW therapy device 共Ossatron兲. Sequences of 14 images were fied form of the volumetric Lippmann–Schwinger integral equation, adapted
acquired using a high speed camera capable of recording up to 100 million to high material-contrast problems, and an FFT based stiffness matrix com-
frames per second 共Imacon兲. The sequences showed that for all voltage set- pression implemented for distributed-memory systems enabling large scale
tings of the Ossatron a cloud of cavitation bubbles was induced at the sur- 共several million unknowns兲 simulations for realistic geometries. Some of the
face of the bone. The bubbles near the surface of the bone appeared to form new aspects of the technique and its applications include 共a兲 extension of the
and act as a single larger bubble, which collapsed violently against the sur- technique for problems involving large density contrasts,in situations in-
face of the bone. For a voltage setting of 28 kV the collapse time was mea- volving elastic media; 共b兲improved, more economical, and more accurate
sured to be 720 micro-seconds after a single SW and reduced to 620 micro- Galerkin discretization scheme involving linear tetrahedral elements; 共c兲
seconds after 10 SWs at 1 Hz. In the case of a bone with an artificially verification of the solver by comparison of its predictions with an exact ana-
fractured surface cavitation events were found to occur preferentially within lytical solution for a sphere composed with layers supporting both compres-
the fracture gap. Cavitation might therefore be an important mechanisms in sional and shear waves; 共d兲 applications in representative numerical simula-
the SW treatment of bone defects. tions of mechanisms of energy transfer to the inner human ear and
comparative analysis of the pressure distributions in a human head with and rier transform, which requires a large distance probed by the receivers.
without the presence of noise protective devices, carried out with realistic Practical constraints, as in clinical inspection of cortical bones, may reduce
geometry models. 关Work supported by AFOSR兴. the inspected spatial length and therefore the efficiency of this technique.
We propose a technique which takes benefit of using both multiple emitters
3:00 and multiple receivers. This approach derived from the DORT method
adapted to the transmission problem. The singular values decomposition at
3pBB10. Guided waves analysis using multiemitter and multireceiver
arrays. Jean-Gabriel Minonzio, Marilyne Talmant, and Pascal Laugier different frequencies of the transmission matrix between the arrays give the
共Universite Pierre et Marie Curie—Paris 6, Laboratoire d’Imagerie invariants of transmission, which are linked with the guided modes. First,
experiments carried out on different metallic plates are shown. Experimental
Paramétrique, CNRS LIP UMR7623, 75006 Paris, France兲
velocities are in good agreement with Lamb waves theoretical values. In
Structural and material properties of elastic waveguides can be charac- particular, zero group velocity resonance and negative phase velocities are
terized by fitting measured to theoretical guided wave phase velocities. Here shown. These results allows a good evaluation of the thickness and the
emitters and receivers are placed in contact on the same side of the wave- transverse and longitudinal bulk waves velocities. Further applications con-
guide 共i.e., axial transmission geometry兲. Multireceiver arrays allow the de- cerning evaluation of elastic properties of cortical bone are finally
termination of phase velocities using two-dimensional spatial-temporal Fou- mentioned.
WEDNESDAY AFTERNOON, 20 MAY 2009 EXECUTIVE SALON II/III, 1:00 TO 2:00 P.M.
Session 3pID
Interdisciplinary: Hot Topics in Acoustics
Paul E. Barbone, Chair

Dept. of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, Boston Univ., Boston, MA 02215
Invited Papers
1:00
3pID1. Hot topics in youth education outreach. Grace Klonoski 共Optical Society of America, 2010 Massachusetts Ave., N.W., Wash-
ington, DC 20036-1012兲
This presentation will focus on ways in which professional societies and their volunteers can make a lasting, positive difference in
supporting the science and math learning of young students. The introduction will provide a brief overview of trends in student achieve-
ment in math and science and will discuss the availability of qualified teachers in the United States. Four features of effective learning
environments will be described. The remainder of the presentation will be devoted to examples of how scientific communities can
become directly involved in reaching out to students on a local and global scale. A variety of youth programs hosted by the Optical
Society of America 共OSA兲 and the OSA Foundation will be highlighted with an emphasis on the scope, goals, and quantitative results
of each initiative. From a multilingual Web site that provides students, teachers, and parents with basic science information, lesson
plans, and hands-on activities, to the production and worldwide distribution of “optics suitcases” that give students the opportunity to
participate in hands-on demonstrations, OSA’s recent efforts have benefited thousands of individuals in more than 20 countries. The
planned collaboration between ASA and OSA to develop acoustics-focused classroom materials, a Web site, and demonstration kit will
be described.
1:20
3pID2. Auditory attention and the active listener. Barbara Shinn-Cunningham 共Cognit. and Neural Systems, 677 Beacon St., Boston,
MA 02215兲
Traditionally, psychoacousticians and auditory physiologists have focused on how stimulus properties affect perceptual abilities,
measuring just-detectable differences in different acoustic attributes or thresholds for audibility of different sounds. However, in every-
day settings with more than one audible sound source, these low-level abilities are often not the factors limiting understanding of an
important sound source. Instead, the way the brain organizes sound and focuses attention has an enormous impact on what we actually
hear and analyze out of an auditory scene. Recent studies in both perceptual and physiological acoustics are working to uncover how
the intentions and goals of the listener influence processing of sound in the brain. This talk will review some recent advances in auditory
neuroscience that demonstrate the importance of top-down attention on neural processing and perception of sound.
1:40
3pID3. Hot topics of signal processing in acoustics. Ning Xiang 共Graduate program in Archit. Acoust., Rensselaer Polytech. Inst.,
Troy, NY, 12180兲 and David Chambers 共Lawrence Livermore Natl. Lab., Livermore, CA 94551兲
Signal processing is used to some extent in all areas of acoustics, such as extracting relevant information from acoustic measure-
ments made either in the laboratory or in the field, processing signals and/or synthesizing data to cope with demanding tasks raised in
acoustics. Techniques range from simple classical approaches based on Fourier transforms and Gaussian noise, to sophisticated model-
based techniques that incorporate physical/parametric models of the acoustical system. In this paper we highlight new approaches to
signal processing that could be applied to a broad variety of acoustical problems. These include coded signals for architectural-acoustics,
acoustical communications, and medium characterization, Bayesian methods for room acoustics, physical acoustics, and underwater
acoustics including highly nonlinear problems with non-Gaussian noise, and extensions to the familiar Kalman filtering to nonlinear
models. Examples of each approach will be shown that illustrate the advantages and disadvantages of each technique. Additional topics
may be discussed as time allows.
WEDNESDAY AFTERNOON, 20 MAY 2009 PARLOR B/C, 1:00 TO 2:30 P.M.
Session 3pMUa
Musical Acoustics: Acoustics of Bagpipes
D. Murray Campbell, Chair

School of Physics and Astronomy, Univ. of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JZ, U.K.
Invited Papers
1:05
3pMUa1. An introduction to bagpipes of the world. Paul A. Wheeler 共Dept. of Elec. & Comput. Eng., Utah Stat Univ., 4120 Old
Main Hill, Logan, UT 84322-4120兲
When one hears the term “bagpipe,” the Great Highland bagpipe from Scotland comes to mind. There are actually several types of
bagpipes played across Europe and the Middle East, each with its unique characteristics. This paper classifies bagpipes from around the
world based on their construction and acoustic properties. These include: method of filling the bag 共bellows versus mouth pipe兲, bag
properties and materials, reeds 共single or double兲, pipes used for chanters and drones 共cylindrical or conical兲, and general characteristics
of the instrument. The objective of this overview paper is to provide the background for more detailed papers in the session on bagpipes.
1:30
3pMUa2. A brief history and acoustical analysis of the great highland bagpipe. Stanley A. Cheyne 共Dept. of Phys. and Astronomy,
Hampden-Sydney Coll., Hampden-Sydney, VA 23943兲
A brief history and analysis of the great highland bagpipe will be discussed. Although the bagpipe may have originated several
thousands of years ago, the great highland bagpipe, distinguished by three drones and a chanter, is only a few hundred years old. A
discussion of the components and operation will be given. In addition, spectral analysis of the drones and chanter will be discussed and
how the harmonic content of the drones support the notes played on the chanter. A spectral analysis and sound pressure levels of chanter
reeds of varying ages, strengths, and materials will also be presented.
2:00
3pMUa3. Tuning and tone quality of bagpipe drones. R. Dean Ayers 共Phys. Dept., Southern Oregon Univ., 1250 Siskiyou Blvd.,
Ashland, OR 97520, ayersr@sou.edu兲 and Peter R. Nordquist 共Southern Oregon Univ., Ashland, OR 97520兲
Tunes are played on the Great Highland bagpipe using the tone holes of its conical chanter. The much quieter practice chanter has
holes with the same spacings on a narrow cylindrical bore. Differences between spherical waves in a cone and plane waves in a cylinder
give rise to striking differences in pitch and tone quality. Drone pipes do not need to fit into either the conical family or the closed-pipe
family of reed woodwinds, because each drone produces only one note. A bass drone has three cylindrical segments, with diameters that
increase in sequence, followed by an expansion chamber 共bell and constricting cap兲 at the output end. Tuning slides between the cyl-
inders create two additional expansion chambers with large diameters and adjustable lengths. 共A tenor drone has two cylinders and one
tuning slide.兲 Sound waves incident from either direction experience strong reflections at each jump in diameter, resulting in uneven
standing waves and irregular input impedance curves that would be impractical for pipes with tone holes. Experimental results and
computer models are used to relate the shape of a drone’s air column to its tuning and tone quality. 关Work supported by the Paul S.
Veneklasen Research Foundation.兴
WEDNESDAY AFTERNOON, 20 MAY 2009 PARLOR B/C, 2:30 TO 3:30 P.M.
Session 3pMUb
Musical Acoustics: Bagpipe Lecture and Concert
D. Murray Campbell, Chair

School of Physics, Univ. of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH7 3JE, UK
Kevin Carr, a bagpipe performer will demonstrate and discuss various bagpipes from around the world.
WEDNESDAY AFTERNOON, 20 MAY 2009 BROADWAY III/IV, 12:55 TO 3:00 P.M.
Session 3pPA
Physical Acoustics: Influence of Temperature on Sound in Condensed Matter
Albert Migliori, Chair

Los Alamos National Lab., Los Alamos, NM 87545
Invited Papers
1:00
3pPA1. Precise sound velocity measurements on solids and liquids at high pressure and high temperature with direct length
measurement. Baosheng Li 共Mineral Phys. Inst., Stony Brook Univ., Stony Brook, NY 11794, Baosheng.Li@sunysb.edu兲
Sound velocity measurements at pressure and/or temperature provide important information in the material’s structural behavior and
physical properties under extreme conditions. With the application of synchrotron X-radiation sources, new developments have emerged
to facilitate the study properties and structures of crystalline and amorphous materials. In the last decade, we have developed a unique
technique for measuring sound velocity in a cubic type multianvil apparatus installed at X-17B2, National Synchrotron Light Source
共NSLS兲 of Brookhaven National Lab, which allows us to conduct precise velocity measurements on crystalline and noncrystalline ma-
terials at various pressure and temperature conditions by conducting simultaneous X-radiation and ultrasonic interferometry
measurements. In this paper, sound velocities at high temperatures for some ceramics and metals are measured to study the behavior and
property change of these materials undergoing compression/expansion as well as phase transition and structural instabilities. This tech-
nique opens new opportunities for the study of materials that are of interest to many disciplines, such as earth science, materials science,
and condensed matter physics.
1:25
3pPA2. The influence of grain structures on resonance behavior near phase transitions. Timothy W. Darling, Gunes Kaplan 共Phys.
Dept.-NTF Univ. of Nevada, 1664 N. Virginia St., Reno, NV 89557兲, James A. TenCate 共Los Alamos Natl. Lab., Los Alamos, NM
87545兲, Ruth E. A. McKnight, and Michael A. Carpenter 共Univ. of Cambridge, Downing St., Cambridge, UK兲
Inhomogeneities such as grains or plastically deformed regions in materials locally change sound wave velocities and introduce
scatter in the pattern of expected resonance frequencies. The accompanying variation in the components of the free energy may promote,
or block, nucleation and growth of new phases near transition temperatures. Lanthanides and martensites are two groups of materials
with complex phase structures where control of the phase transformation is important in technological applications. Complex oxide
minerals with a wide variety of phase structures are important in understanding the behavior of the earth’s crust. The influence on
mechanical resonances of both the micro 共meso兲 structures and the appearance and growth of phases near transition temperatures will
be discussed. Experimental data on resonance behavior in inhomogeneous materials 共largely lanthanides, transition metals, and
silicates兲, where attempts have been made to control the scale and type of microstructure as they approach phase transitions will be
presented. 关This work receives support from DOE Grant No. DE-FC52-06NA27616 through the University of Nevada Terawatt
Facility.兴
1:50
3pPA3. Temperature dependence of elastic moduli for polycrystalline Pu: Comparison of alpha and gamma phases. I.R. Stroe
共Worcester Polytechnic Inst., 100 Institute Rd., Worcester, MA 01609, izabela@wpi.edu兲, J. B. Betts, C. Pantea, A. Trugman, J. N.
Mitchell, M. Ramos, F. Freibert, C.H. Mielke, and A. Migliori 共Los Alamos Natl. Lab., Los Alamos, NM 87544兲
The elastic properties of pure polycrystalline Pu were investigated as a function of temperature by resonant ultrasound spectroscopy.
For both alpha and gamma phase, shear 共G兲 and longitudinal 共CL兲 elastic moduli were determined simultaneously and the bulk modulus
共B兲 was computed from them. In alpha phase, G and B exhibit the same temperature dependence, but an unusually large change. This
behavior together with a high Gruneiser parameter and an almost temperature independent Poisson ratio is attributed to the 5-f electron
localization delocalization. In the gamma phase, G and B show anomalous temperature behavior: G decreases with temperature while
B is near temperature independent. The Poisson ratio increases with temperature by 4%. This normal behavior of the Poisson ratio is
unusual for Pu.
Contributed Papers
2:15 to be proportional to the square root of Young’s modulus of the material.
3pPA4. Stability of monitoring weak changes in multiply scattering Elastic wave speed in the material is related to the variation of Young’s
media with ambient noise correlation: Laboratory experiments. Larose modulus of the solid constituents. Also considered are temperature depen-
Eric, Hadziioannou Celine, Coutant Olivier, Roux Philippe, and Campillo dence of the wave attenuation, by scattering and absorption, and the effects
Michel 共Lab. de Geophysique interne et Tectonophysique, CNRS & Univ. J. of phonon modes, their amplitude and frequency, on the elastic moduli and
Fourier, Grenoble, France兲 wave dispersion in the material. Previous experimental data have shown a
decrease in elastic moduli at the contact points of solid particles with in-
Previous studies have shown that small changes can be monitored in a
crease in elastic wave frequency. Findings on the variations of elastic wave
scattering medium by observing phase shifts in the coda. Passive monitoring speed in solids with temperature and frequency are compared to analyze any
of weak changes through ambient noise correlation has already been applied
similarity between the effect of wave frequency increase and temperature
to seismology, acoustics, and engineering. Usually, this is done under the increase.
assumption that a properly reconstructed Green function as well as stable
background noise sources are necessary. In order to further develop this
monitoring technique, we performed a laboratory experiment in the 2.5
MHz range in a gel with scattering inclusions, comparing an active 共pulse- 2:45
echo兲 form of monitoring to a passive 共correlation兲 one. Our results show 3pPA6. Resonant ultrasound spectroscopy studies of Fe-based
that temperature changes in the medium can be observed even if the Green superconductors. Veerle Keppens, Lindsey VanBebber, Yanbing Luan
function 共GF兲 of the medium is not reconstructed. Moreover, we establish 共Dept. Mater. Sci. and Eng., The Univ. of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996兲,
that the GF reconstruction in the correlations is not a necessary condition: Michael A. McGuire, Athena Sefat, Brian C. Sales, and David Mandrus
the only condition to monitoring with correlation 共passive experiment兲 is the 共Oak Ridge Natl. Lab., Oak Ridge, TN 37831兲
relative stability of the background noise structure.
The discovery of high superconducting transition temperatures in Fe-
based compounds has generated a frenzy of experimental and theoretical re-
2:30
search activities on these systems. Whereas doping is required to establish
3pPA5. Temperature variation of Young’s modulus and elastic wave
superconductivity, careful studies of the undoped materials are important to
speed in a mixture of solid-particles in liquid. Hasson M. Tavossi 共Dept.
elucidate the underlying physics. Recently, resonant ultrasound spectroscopy
of Phys., Astronomy and Geosciences, Valdosta State Univ., 1500 No.
measurements were carried out on the undoped oxypnictide system
Patterson St., Valdosta, GA 31698兲
LaFeAsO as well as the oxygen-free systems BaFe2As2 and Ba共Fe, Co兲2As2.
The variation of ultrasonic wave speed in the solid-liquid mixtures as a The elastic response of the parent compounds shows a very gradual soften-
function of temperature is studied. The goal of this investigation is to deter- ing corresponding to the structural transition that characterizes these
mine temperature dependence of the elastic moduli of materials consisting systems. Remarkably, this softening persists in the superconducting samples,
of different size solid particles. The elastic wave speed in solids is assumed even though the structural transition in these compounds is suppressed.
WEDNESDAY AFTERNOON, 20 MAY 2009 GALLERIA NORTH AND SOUTH, 1:00 TO 3:20 P.M.
Session 3pSC
Speech Communication: Lexical Effects and Perceptual Processing in Speech (Poster Session)
Eric A. Vatikiotis-Bateson, Chair

Dept. of Linguistics, Univ. of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
All posters will be on display from 1:00 p.m. to 3:20 p.m. To allow contributors an opportunity to see other posters, all contributors of
odd-numbered papers will be at their posters from 1:00 p.m. to 2:10 p.m. and contributors of even-numbered papers will be at their
posters from 2:10 p.m. to 3:20 p.m.
Contributed Papers
3pSC1. Phonetic experience with specific words affects categorical The present study adopts the gating paradigm to investigate the roles of
perception of those words. Mark VanDam 共Boys Town Natl Research Hos- tone, onset sonorancy, and nasal coda in Mandarin spoken word recognition.
pital, 555 N. 30 St., Omaha, NE 68131, vandamm@boystown.org兲 and Rob- Duration-blocked gates generated from eight monosyllabic quadruplets with
ert F. Port 共Indiana Univ., Bloomington, IN 47405兲 matching frequencies of occurrence were used as stimuli. The initial conso-
nant of each syllable formed the first gate, with later gates formed by 40 ms
How does experience with specific words influence linguistic-phonetic increments. Twenty-eight native Mandarin speakers from Beijing were
categories? Listeners were trained over a five-session, listen-and-repeat task asked to identify each gated stimulus by writing down the Chinese
on a set of target words embedded in continuous speech and altered so that characters. Isolation point 共IP兲 based on correct tone identification as well as
the initial stop consonant voice-onset time 共VOT兲 was 80% longer than overall correct word identification 共correct onset, rhyme, and tone兲 were
natural. Voicing boundaries were estimated before and after training using a collected. Results from both conditions showed that tone 1 has an earlier IP
two-alternative, forced-choice perceptual task on an eight-step VOT than tone 4, which has an earlier IP than tones 2 and 3. Sonorant-initial syl-
continuum. Stimuli were highly natural tokens by two stimulus talkers. Part lables have an earlier IP than obstruent-initial syllables, but further analyses
1 of the experiment asked whether exposure to lengthened forms would in- of covariance indicated that this is due to the fact that IP covariates with the
fluence location of the voicing boundary, and, if so, whether that effect duration of the initial consonant. Syllables without a nasal coda have an ear-
would generalize to similar forms. Results showed longer boundaries after lier IP than syllables with a nasal coda. This effect might be due to the in-
exposure to lengthened VOTs for the trained forms, but lengthening did not terference of nasalization on tone perception or the delayed tonal contour
generalize to new forms. Part 2 investigated voicing boundary locations as a realization due to the nasal coda 关Xu, 共1998兲兴.
function of lexical status 共word, nonword兲 and usage frequency 共high, low兲.
Boundary locations indicated expanded VOT regions both for nonwords 3pSC4. Duration and context speech rate as cues to lexical perception
and word segmentation. Molly J. Henry, Laura C. Dilley, Louis N. Vinke,
over words 共opposite to the Ganong effect兲 and for high-frequency words
and Christopher J. Weinland 共Dept. of Psychol., Bowling Green State Univ.,
over low-frequency words; neither lexical status nor usage frequency inter-
Bowling Green, OH 43403, mjhenry@bgsu.edu兲
acted with training. Results suggest a lexical sensitivity to low-level speech
cues, thus offering support for a rich memory language model. Duration and speech rate are traditionally assumed to be filtered out be-
fore lexical lookup takes place, although these factors are known to influ-
3pSC2. Were we or are we? Perception of reduced function words in
ence phoneme perception. Here, the hypothesis was investigated that dura-
spontaneous conversations. Natasha Warner, Dan Brenner, Anna Woods
tion can affect both perceived lexical identity, as well as the perceived
共Box 210028, Univ. of Arizona Dept. of Linguist., Tucson, AZ 85721-0028兲,
number and implied locations of word boundaries relative to the speech
Bejamin V. Tucker 共Univ. of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6G 2E7兲, and
signal. Experiment 1 was a production study which investigated durations of
Mirjam Ernestus 共Univ. Nijmegen, Nijmegen AH6500, the Netherlands兲
vocalic portions of phonetically similar versions of target word strings
Spontaneous, reduced pronunciations diverge greatly from citation which differed in their number of syllables 共e.g., cease versus see us兲; these
forms. The quality of a single segment can change, e.g., /b/ in “about” sur- target word strings were spoken in semantically neutral context sentences.
facing as an approximant. But sounds, syllables, and entire words can also As expected, vocalic durations in target strings with fewer syllables were
be deleted 共e.g., “do you have time?” as 关djutEm兴 with no acoustic trace of shorter than those with more syllables. In Experiment 2, the relative dura-
“have”兲. This work investigates the perception of reduced function words tions of vocalic portions of target strings in sentences from Experiment 1, as
such as “he was” or “we were.” Twenty-two young American English speak- well as sentential context speech rate, were manipulated using speech
ers’ spontaneous conversations with close acquaintances were recorded. resynthesis. Relative duration and context speech rate both affected the
From these, we selected utterances containing items such as “he’s/he was, words that participants heard, as well as the implied number of phonemes
we’re/we were, got him/got them.” When hearing an entire utterance, native and imputed locations of word boundaries. These findings indicate that du-
listeners may clearly perceive “we were,” but on hearing just the “we were” ration plays a significant and underinvestigated role in spoken word recog-
portion, they perceive an unambiguous “we’re.” The portion of the signal nition and word segmentation.
presented to listeners is manipulated to determine the contributions of local 3pSC5. The spread and density of the phonological neighborhood can
acoustic cues, speech rate and coarticulation, semantic and syntactic infor- strongly influence the verbal transformation illusion. James A. Bashford,
mation, and overall bias toward present vs past tense. An auditory and a Jr., Richard M. Warren, and Peter W. Lenz 共Dept. of Psychol., Univ. of
written task are also compared to separate the contribution of intonation Wisconsin-Milwaukee, P.O. Box 413, Milwaukee, WI 53201兲
from that of syntax/semantics. These results begin to elucidate the interplay
of information sources listeners draw upon when parsing spontaneous When a recorded verbal stimulus repeats over and over, adaptation oc-
speech. Future work will compare to non-native listeners’ perceptions. curs and listeners hear competing forms. Reports of these “verbal transfor-
mations” 共VTs兲 were obtained for 36 consonant-vowel 共CV兲 syllables that
3pSC3. The roles of tone and syllable structure in Mandarin spoken varied both in frequency-weighted neighborhood density 共ranging from
word recognition. Yuwen Lai 共Dept. of Linguist., Univ. of British Colum- 12.73 to 90.42兲 and in neighborhood spread 关i.e., for 18 CVs, changes at
bia, 2613 West Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada兲 and Jie Zhang either phoneme position could yield real words 共spread ⫽ 2兲 while for the
共Univ. of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66044-3177兲 remaining 18 CVs, changes at only one position could yield words 共spread
⫽ 1兲兴. The strength of the VT illusion, measured by the amount of time the found that the influence of frequency has an effect on holistically storing
stimuli were heard nonveridically during the 300-s repetition period, de- these bundles. An interaction between word position and the third-order
creased substantially with both increasing neighborhood density 关r⫽⫺0.74, transitional probability 共ABC → D兲 has been established, indicating that
F共1,34兲⫽42.6, p⬍0.0001兴 and increasing spread 关r⫽⫺0.75, F共1,34兲 ⫽ 44.1, greater third-order transitional probabilities predict shorter function word
p⬍0.0001兴. Stepwise regression revealed that density and spread collec- durations in the first and second positions of a bundle, and, therefore, in-
tively accounted for approximately 70% of the variance in illusion strength volve more durational reduction. The current research shows that, just as
关F共1,33兲艌10.0, p⬍0.003 or better兴. These effects are larger than, but gen- frequency affects reduction in spontaneous speech, there is an effect in labo-
erally consistent with, neighborhood effects obtained with other psycholin- ratory produced speech as well. These findings indicate that multiword se-
guistic tasks, and they suggest that VTs can provide a highly sensitive mea- quences are stored as lexical units.
sure of lexical competition. 关Work supported by NIH.兴
3pSC9. Basic word segmentation abilities emerge earlier in infancy than
3pSC6. Using auditory feedback during vocalization: Different previously thought. Elizabeth K. Johnson 共Dept. of Psych., Univ. of Tor-
mechanisms for utterance onset and pitch maintenance. Colin S. Hawco onto Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Rd. North, Mississauga, ON L5L 1C6,
and Jeffery A. Jones 共Dept. of Psych., Wilfrid Laurier Univ., 75 University Canada, elizabeth.johnson@utoronto.ca兲 and Amanda Seidl 共Purdue Univ.,
Ave. West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3C5, Canada兲 West Lafayette, IN 47907兲
During vocalization, auditory feedback is used to attain and maintain a English-learning 7.5- but not 6-month-olds extract word forms from flu-
desired fundamental frequency 共F0兲. The use of auditory feedback to control ent speech 共Jusczyk et al., 1999兲. Thus, English learners are thought to begin
vocalization has been studied using adaptation studies, in which an F0 feed- segmenting words from speech by 7.5 months. However, recent research has
back alteration is maintained across many trials, and using midutterance per- shown that when target words are flanked by a frequent and emotionally sa-
turbations, where a brief F0 change is introduced during an ongoing lient word 共e.g., the infant’s name兲, even 6-month-olds can extract words
utterance. Participants vocalized during two blocks. In an adaptation block, from speech 共e.g., Bortfeld et al., 2005兲. This suggests that basic word seg-
a one semitone F0 shift was maintained for 40 trials, and midutterance per- mentation capabilities may emerge earlier than past studies have suggested.
turbations were introduced by removing the feedback alteration. In a control Using the Headturn Preference Procedure, we tested 6-month-olds’ ability to
block, a midutterance perturbation was introduced in trials, which were ei- segment utterance-flanked words from speech, e.g., “geff” from “At the cir-
ther unshifted or shifted randomly by one semitone at before the onset of cus we met a silly geff.” Infants were familiarized with passages containing
vocalization 共similar to the adaptation trials兲. F0 compensation to midutter- target words in utterance initial and final position, and then tested on their
ance perturbations was identical in all conditions, and was always smaller recognition of these words in isolation. A significant looking time difference
than the compensation to a shift at utterance onset. These results are ex- to familiar versus unfamiliar words was found, indicating that 6-month-olds
plained by a change in the control strategy at utterance onset and mid- segmented the target words from speech. Six-month-olds’ success at seg-
utterance. At utterance onset, auditory feedback is compared to feedback menting utterance-flanked words from speech is particularly interesting be-
predicted by a forward model to ensure the pitch goal is achieved. However, cause infant-directed speech consists of short utterances containing many
after utterance onset, the control strategy switches and stabilization is main- utterance-flanked words. Segmentation of utterance-flanked words could
tained by comparing feedback to previous F0 production. help infants learn the cues needed to extract harder utterance-medial words
from speech 共see Seidl and Johnson, 2006兲.
3pSC7. Auditory-phonetic projection and lexical structure in the
recognition of sine-wave words. Robert E. Remez, Kathryn R. Dubowski, 3pSC10. Phonological competition during the recognition of
Robin S. Broder, Morgana Davids, Yael S. Grossman, Marina Moskalenko, spontaneous speech: Effects of linguistic context and spectral cues.
Jennifer S. Pardo, and Sara Maria Hasbun 共Dept. of Psych., Barnard Col- Susanne Brouwer, Holger Mitterer, and Falk Huettig 共MPI for Psycholin-
lege, Columbia Univ., 3009 Broadway, New York, NY 10027, remez guistics, P.O. Box 310, 6500 AH Nijmegen兲
@columbia.edu兲
How do listeners recognize reduced forms that occur in spontaneous
Speech remains intelligible despite the elimination of canonical acoustic speech, such as “puter” for “computer”? To this end, eye-tracking experi-
correlates of phonemes from the spectrum. Listeners tolerate distortion or ments were performed in which participants heard a sentence and saw four
spectral blur in tone analogs, noise band vocoded speech, and acoustic chi- printed words on a computer screen. The auditory stimuli contained canoni-
meras in utterances ranging from syllables to isolated words and sentences. cal and reduced forms from a spontaneous speech corpus in different
A portion of this flexibility is attributable to short-term perceptual learning amounts of linguistic context. The four printed words were a “canonical
in auditory-to-phonetic projection, though exploiting the properties of lexi- form” competitor 共e.g., “companion”, phonologically similar to
cal neighborhoods plays a role with utterances composed of words. New “computer”兲, a “reduced form” competitor 共e.g., “pupil”, phonologically
tests were conducted to estimate talker learning, segmental sensitivity, and similar to “puter”兲, and two unrelated distractors. The results showed, first,
lexical knowledge in this kind of perceptual versatility. Sine-wave versions that reduction inhibits word recognition overall. Second, listeners look more
of the easy/hard word lists were created, and the performance-level differ- often to the “reduced form” competitor than to the “canonical form” com-
ence between the two lists was used to index the default reliance on lexical petitor when reduced forms are presented in isolation or in a phonetic
processes. Several kinds of preliminary exposure were used to induce sen- context. In full context, however, both competitors attracted looks: early rise
sitivity to a dimension of perceptual learning: sine-wave speech produced by of the “reduced form” competitor and late rise of the “canonical form”
the same talker, sine-wave speech of a different talker, natural speech of the competitor. This “late rise” of the “canonical form” competitor was not ob-
same talker. A comparison of exposure effects on the performance level of served when we replaced the original /p/ from “puter” with a real onset /p/.
easy/hard word recognition offered a clue about the differential contribution This indicates that phonetic detail and semantic/syntactic context are neces-
of talker-based, segment-based, and lexically-based attention in speech per- sary for the recognition of reduced forms.
ception without canonical spectra. Implications for perceptual accounts
3pSC11. Lexical access across different voices. Rochelle S. Newman
based on cue likelihood will be discussed. 关Work supported by NIDCD.兴
共Dept. Hearing & Speech Sci., and Program in Neurosci. and Cognit. Sci.
3pSC8. Function words of lexical bundles: The relation of frequency and Univ. of Maryland, 0100 Lefrak Hall, College Park, MD 20742, rnewman
reduction. Shannon F. Lemke, Antoine Tremblay, and Benjamin V. Tucker @hesp.umd.edu兲
共Dept. of Linguist., Univ. of Alberta, 4-32 Assiniboia Hall, Edmonton, AB,
In many real-world situations, listeners may be trying to attend to one
Canada, T6G 2E7, sflemke@ualberta.ca兲
individual while other voices are speaking in the background. These sepa-
Studies of spontaneous speech have shown frequency effects on the rate streams of sound hit the ear simultaneously. Within a single stream, re-
amount of reduction produced by speakers, demonstrating that predictability search has investigated the extent to which lexical activation is limited by
facilitates production of a target word 关Shi et al. 共2005兲; Jurafsky et al. word boundary information. For example, Gow and Gordon 共1995兲 found
共2001兲; Bell et al. 共2003兲兴. This paper investigates the amount of reduction that multiple-word sequences such as “two lips” may activate words such as
produced in laboratory recorded speech and considers the effect of fre- “tulips” despite the presence of acoustic cues to a word boundary in the
quency on the duration of function words in four-word sequences. It is also middle of the sequence. Yet, no studies have examined whether lexical ac-
cess could “cross” signals entirely. In a series of four experiments, we test simple naming task, and a picture naming task 共ten speakers兲. Latencies
whether lexical access might 共ever兲 cross talker boundaries. We find that were significantly affected by competition, i.e., latencies were longer for
when listeners hear two words spoken by two different voices 共for example, items like “tape cape” and “tape take” than for “tape tape.” However, no
a male saying “two” followed by a female saying “lips”兲 they still activate significant differences were found in competition effects between onset and
the larger cross-voice word “tulips,” despite the presence of strong cues to coda positions. Apart from latency, overall duration increased and clusters
an acoustic boundary. 关Work supported by NSF.兴 formed across words showed less overlap. Observed effects on latency were
largest for picture naming, followed by simple naming and least for delayed
3pSC12. Speaking rate modulates lexical competition in online speech
naming. 关Work supported by NIH DC008780.兴
perception. Eva Reinisch, Alexandra Jesse 共Max Planck Inst. for Psychol-
inguistics, Wundtlaan 1, 6525XD Nijmegen, The Netherlands, 3pSC15. Color effects in audiovisual spoken word recognition. Rachael
Eva.Reinisch@mpi.nl兲, and James M. McQueen 共Radboud Univ. Nijmegen, Frush Holt, Tessa Bent 共Dept. of Speech and Hearing Sci., Indiana Univ.,
and Max Planck Inst. for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands兲 200 S Jordan Ave., Bloomington, IN 47405, raholt@indiana.edu兲, and Luis
Hernandez 共Indiana Univ., Bloomington, IN 47405兲
Durational cues are used in online word recognition to disambiguate
Dutch phrases such as “een共s兲共s兲peer” 关“on共c兲e 共s兲pear”兴: The longer the 关s兴, Although the importance of the visual contribution to speech perception
the more likely listeners consider the target to be 关s兴-initial 关K. E. Shatzman has been known for over 50 years, strong interest in audiovisual speech per-
and J. M. McQueen, Perc. Psychophys. 68, 1–16 共2006兲兴. Here, a series of ception has emerged only recently. In developing a test of audiovisual sen-
eye-tracking experiments show that speaking rate affects perception of du- tence recognition, white balancing and color correcting 共adjusting the
ration and thus modulates lexical competition online. Listeners’ eye- whites, mids, and black bandwidths to compensate for the camera’s inability
movements were recorded while they listened to sentences such as “Ze heeft to fully reproduce human eyesight color spectrum兲 improved visual-only
wel eens peer gezegd” 共“She once said pear”兲. Listeners had to click on spoken word recognition. No differences were found in audiovisual or
printed targets 共peer兲 presented on a computer screen with an 关s兴-initial com- auditory-only modalities. Although improvement was seen across all key
petitor 共speen; “pacifier”兲 and two unrelated distractors. When the preceding words, those with more visible phonemes showed the greatest improvement.
context is faster, the critical 关s兴 should sound longer and match better the To further examine the effects of color in the audiovisual modality specifi-
beginning of “speen.” Listeners indeed looked at the 关s兴-initial competitors cally, the original speech signal was replaced with a signal-correlated noise
more following fast than slow contexts. The opposite was found for and presented to adults in one of three conditions: non-color-corrected,
关s兴-initial targets 共sneeuw; “snow”兲 with non-关s兴-initial competitors 共neef; color-corrected, and color-inverted. Minimal speech cues were sufficient for
“nephew”兲. Context adjacent to the target 共i.e., wel eens兲 influenced target overcoming performance decrements due to small, but not large, color
perception more than nonadjacent context. Nonadjacent context, however, disturbances. Furthermore, in the color-corrected condition, performance in
was sufficient to modulate competition when adjacent context was spoken at visual-only and signal-correlated noise conditions were equivalent, whereas
the same rate as the target. Amount of nonadjacent context at a given rate in the non-color-corrected condition, signal-correlated noise improved per-
affected only off line categorization. formance over visual-only. The results suggest that consideration of minor
color disturbances is warranted if testing visual-only perception; however,
3pSC13. The nonaccommodation of speech errors. Andrea Gormley
significant color disturbances can cause decrements in audiovisual condi-
共Inst. of Cognit. Sci. Rm. 2222, Dunton Tower, Carleton Univ., 1125 Colo-
tions, as well. 关Work funded by the AHRF.兴
nel By Dr. Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada, agormley@connect.carleton.ca兲
3pSC16. Perception of voiced-only and noise-vocoded speech by a
Word-form speech errors are assumed to adapt to the unintended
language-trained chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes). Lisa A. Heimbauer 共1527
environment. For example, in the error ‘bads cat’ for intended ‘bad cats,’ the
Pangborn Station Dr. Decatur, GA 30033, lisa.heimbauer@gmail.com兲,
plural marker ‘s’ assimilates to the voicing of the ‘d’ in ‘bad.’ This phenom-
Michael J. Beran, and Michael J. Owren 共Georgia State Univ., Atlanta, GA
enon, called accommodation, provides evidence that the component respon-
30302-5010兲
sible for errors is processed before the phonological assimilation
component. Previous work on accommodation relies on the researcher to de- The ability of human listeners to understand speech even in altered or
tect accommodation 关D. Boomer and J. Laver, Br. J. Disord. Commun. 3, synthetic forms is argued to be evidence of uniquely human processing
1–12 共1968兲兴. Given that these studies are prone to perceptual bias, the con- abilities. However, extensive early experience with speech may also contrib-
clusion that accommodation is the norm remains open. An acoustic analysis ute to this capability. To investigate this issue two experiments were de-
of errors was conducted to re-address this question. Thirty-two nonword signed to test the ability of Panzee, a 22-year-old language-trained chimpan-
tongue twisters, e.g., ‘tiff tivv tivv tiff,’ were designed to induce voicing er- zee, to recognize words in synthetic form. Like a human child, she was
rors on the coda. Because vowel lengthening before voiced codas is a pho- reared from infancy by human caregivers who routinely spoke to her. She
nological process in English, vowel length can be measured to detect communicates with humans by identifying words using graphical symbols
accommodation. Errors were determined for each participant by measuring 共lexigrams兲. Experimental training and testing were conducted with two dif-
coda percent voicing and vowel duration in a control condition. Results ferent sets of 24 familiar words presented one-per-trial in natural, voiced-
from six participants 共872 errors兲 show that while errors do accommodate only, or noise-vocoded forms, with Panzee choosing one of four lexigrams
共7.6%兲, nonaccommodation 共40.7%兲 occurs more frequently. This result presented on a computer monitor. Experiment 1 showed equivalent perfor-
shows that errors do occur after phonological processing. 关Work supported mance with words heard in natural form versus voiced-only versions, resyn-
by OGS and Carleton University.兴 thesized from only voiced components of a word. Noise-vocoded words pre-
sented in Experiment 2 simulated effects of hearing using a cochlear implant
3pSC14. Planning time effects of phonological competition: Articulatory
and were based on amplitude-modulated noise bands. Performance with
and acoustic data. Christine R. Mooshammer 共Haskins Labs., 300 George
these sounds was significantly higher than chance, but also lower than with
St., New Haven, CT 06511, tine@haskins.yale.edu兲, Louis Goldstein 共USC,
natural words. Results suggest specialized processing mechanisms are not
CA兲, Mark Tiede 共MIT Res. Lab of Electron., MA兲, Manisha Kulshreshtha
necessary to speech perception in the absence of traditional acoustic cues.
共Haskins Labs.,兲, Scott McClure, and Argyro Katsika 共Haskins Labs.,兲
3pSC17. Identifying the common problems of English-to-Japanese
One major cause for speech production variability and errors is compe-
consecutive interpretations performed by Japanese intepreting students.
tition between phonologically similar sequences in an utterance. Since one
Kinuko Takahashi 共Sophia Univ. #306, 4-1-10, Dai, Kamakura-city 247-
recent model of speech production planning 关Nam 共2004兲兴 also posits a sys-
0061 Japan, kinuko@dc4.so-net.ne.jp兲
tematic relation between planning time and kinematic variability, we de-
cided to directly investigate whether competition increases planning time, The purpose of the present paper is to identify the problems that Japa-
i.e., whether it takes longer to initiate a sequence such as “tape cape” com- nese interpreting students may encounter and to establish causes for them in
pared with “tape tape.” Effects of competition in the onset were compared to the expectation that they may help devise a training method. It has been long
competition in the coda 共e.g., “tape take”兲. Results from two studies are wondered why some students become successful interpreters and others do
reported: articulatory latencies from a delayed naming task recorded using not. In order to answer this question, the research was launched to identify
EMA 共four speakers兲, and acoustic latencies from a delayed naming task, a the problems that interpreting students encountered. For this purpose, nine
interpreting students were asked to consecutively interpret four different Neuroimaging, San Diego兲 at the Magnetic Source Imaging Laboratory in
English texts. It was discovered that the participants had a tendency for United Hospital, St. Paul. During the recording session in a magnetically
omissions of interpreting, and omissions occurred due to a number of shielded room, the subjects were instructed to pay attention to the visual
causes. One of them was a problem of speech perception. One of the par- stimuli and articulate the letter from the English alphabet as soon as it was
ticipants, for example, was not able to distinguish “breeze” from “bleed.” To shown on the screen. The averaged epochs and trial-to-trial raw data were
one of the participants, “attendance” sounded like “tendence.” These prob- analyzed using Brain Electrical Source Analysis 共BESA兲 and BrainVoyager
lems seemed to require the participants to take more time to interpret. As a software. Although visual processing of the letters showed similar temporal
result, the participants failed to listen to the following parts, eventually mak- and spatial activation patterns, letter naming did not show uniform activa-
ing further omissions. Therefore, it is necessary for the participants to learn tion patterns in the Broca’s area. Large inter-subject variability was found in
“top-down” processing of comprehension. However, it is necessary to ex- terms of superior temporal, inferior parietal, motor, and supplemental motor
amine the relation between the level of interpreting skills and speech per- involvement. The results are discussed with respect to the technical chal-
ception ability. lenges in implementing MEG with millisecond resolution for presurgical
productive language mapping and potential risks of sensorimotor and lan-
3pSC18. Perceptual normalization for variation in speaking style.
guage deficits.
Antonia D. Vitela, Sarah C. Sullivan, and Andrew J. Lotto 共Speech, Lang.
and Hearing Sci., Univ. of Arizona, 1131 E. 2nd St., Tucson, AZ 85721, 3pSC21. An investigation of brain activation patterns in response to
adv1@email.arizona.edu兲 speechreading. Edward T. Auer, Jr. 共Dept. of Speech-Lang.-Hearing, Univ.
of Kansas, 1000 Sunnyside Ave., Rm. 3001, Lawrence, KS 66045, auer@ku
Ladefoged and Broadbent 关J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 29, 98–104 共1957兲兴 dem-
.edu兲
onstrated that listeners will shift their categorization of a target vowel as a
function of acoustic characteristics of a preceding carrier phrase. These re- The ease of recognizing spoken words on the basis of optical input
sults have been interpreted as an example of perceptual normalization for alone, or speechreading, is known to systematically vary as a function of the
variability resulting from differences in talker anatomy. The present study properties of the stimulus materials. The current study investigated the rela-
examined whether listeners would normalize for acoustic variability result- tionship between cortical responses and the intelligibility of the stimulus
ing from differences in speaking style within a single talker. Two vowel se- materials. Open-set identification performance outside the magnet was used
ries were synthesized that varied between central and peripheral vowels 共the to directly measure the intelligibility of the stimulus materials presented in
vowels in “beat”-“bit” and “bod”-“bud”兲. Each member of the series was the magnet as well as participant speechreading ability. fMRI was used to
appended to one of four carrier phrases that were spoken in either a “clear” measure cortical response to viewing spoken word stimuli that were pre-
or “reduced” speech style. Participants categorized vowels in these eight dicted to vary in their ease of identification. Videos of spoken words were
contexts. A reliable shift in categorization as a function of speaking style contrasted with still face images in a block-design fMRI experiment. Blocks
was obtained for three of four phrase sets. This demonstrates that phrase containing sets of words predicted to be easy speechread were contrasted
context effects can be obtained with a single talker. However, the directions with blocks predicted to be difficult to speechread. Preliminary analyses of
of the obtained shifts are not reliably predicted on the basis of the speaking cortical response to speechreading are consistent with previous studies 关Hall
style of the talker. Instead, it appears that the effect is determined by an in- et al., J. Cog. Neuro. 17共6兲, 939–953 共2005兲兴. Furthermore, evidence of in-
teraction of the average spectrum of the phrase with the target vowel. 关Work creased activation in BA 37 and BA 44 for easy words versus hard words
supported by NIH-NIDCD.兴 was obtained. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that specific
areas are sensitive to the intelligibility of speech read stimuli. 关Work sup-
3pSC19. Neural dynamics of speech perception: Phonemic restoration in
ported by a grant from NIH/NIDCD 共R01DC04856兲.兴
noise using subsequent context. Sohrob Kazerounian and Stephen
Grossberg 共Dept. of Cognit. and Neural Systems, Boston Univ., 677 Beacon 3pSC22. Domain-specific processing of Mandarin tone. Yue Wang 共Dept.
St., Boston, MA, 02215, sohrob@cns.bu.edu兲 of Linguist., Simon Fraser Univ., Burnaby, BC, Canada, V5A 1S6兲, Dawm
Behne 共Norwegian Univ. of Sci. and Technol., Trondheim, Norway兲, Angela
Phonemic restoration describes a class of auditory illusions during which
Cooper, and Jung-yueh Tu 共Simon Fraser Univ., Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6
broadband noise replacing a deleted phoneme can cause the perceptual res-
Canada兲
toration of the deleted phoneme. Phonemic restoration exemplifies the
brain’s ability to complete and understand speech and language in noisy Lexical tone has generally been found to be processed predominantly in
environments. It also clarifies how both past and future acoustical events can the left hemisphere. However, given that tone is carried by a syllable or a
contextually guide completion of a percept that is occluded by noise, and word with segmental information and distinctive meaning, the processing of
highlights that conscious speech is due to bottom-up and top-down contex- tone may not be easily disentangled from that of the phonetic segments and
tual interactions that can operate across hundreds of milliseconds. This work word meaning 关P. Wong, Brain Res. Bull. 59, 83–95 共2002兲兴. Indeed, previ-
develops a neural model that quantitatively simulates restoration phenom- ous research has not examined the lateralization of tone independent of seg-
ena, including the forward development in time of a conscious speech per- mental and lexical semantic information. The present study explores how
cept even in cases where future events control how previously presented syllable-based tonal processing in Mandarin Chinese interacts with these
acoustic events are heard. The model clarifies how acoustic items are stored different linguistic domains. Using dichotic listening, native Mandarin par-
in short-term working memory, and how they interact reciprocally with unit- ticipants were presented with monosyllabic tonal stimuli constructed with
ized representations of item sequences, or list chunks, to generate a resonant the following different linguistic attributes: 共1兲 real Mandarin words with
wave of activation that embodies the consciously heard percept. Model tonal, segmental phonetic, and lexical semantic information; 共2兲 Mandarin
simulations clarify why the presence of noise is necessary for restoration to nonwords with tonal and segmental, but no semantic information; 共3兲 non-
occur, and why in the absence of noise a silence gap is perceived. These words with non-Mandarin segments 共i.e., no native segmental or semantic
properties are traced to the brain’s ability to rapidly and stably learn information兲; and 共4兲 hums of tones 共acoustic pitch information兲 without any
language. segmental or semantic components. Results from these conditions show sig-
nificant differences in lateralization patterns and are discussed in terms of
3pSC20. Towards produtive language mapping: A
the integration of acoustic as well as pre- and post-lexical linguistic domains
magnetoencephalography study of letter naming. Yang Zhang 共Dept. of
in lexical tone processing. 关Work supported by NSERC.兴
Speech-Lang.-Hearing Sci., Univ. of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455兲,
Wenbo Zhang, and Joel Landsteiner 共United Hospital, St. Paul, MN 55102兲 3pSC23. Mismatch negativity reflects the affect of training on speech
perception. McNeel Gordon Jantzen and Katherine Cella 共Dept. of Psych.,
This study aims to examine the sensitivity and specificity of magnetoen-
Western Washington Univ., 516 High St., Bellingham, WA 98225兲
cephalography 共MEG兲 integrated with magnetic resonance imaging 共MRI兲
for productive language mapping using a simple letter naming task. Six An adult’s ability to perceive speech sounds that do not occur in their
healthy adult volunteers participated after screening for handedness and native language is influenced by the relationship between the new and native
medical history of speech, language, hearing, and vision. The data were col- language phonology and by the individual’s capacity to perceive acoustic
lected using a 148-channel whole-head MEG system 共Magnes WH2500, 4D differences. Individual differences are important: even after phonetic train-
ing, adults with similar language backgrounds exhibit significant individual esize that some of that deficiency may occur because of the impaired listen-
differences in their ability to learn difficult non-native speech sounds 关Polka ers’ low speech sensation levels, which results in decreased usefulness of the
共1991兲; Pruitt, Strange, Polka, & Aguilar 共1990兲兴. Neurophysiologic changes speech signal in the noise dips. In the current study, NH listeners were tested
due to learning are also reflected in the mismatch negativity 共MMN兲 re- for their recognition of IEEE sentences in quiet, in steady noise, and in gated
sponse and are indicative of the effects of training 关Naatanen et al. 共1993兲 noise with the speech presented at varying sensation levels. At low levels
and Kraus et al. 共1995兲兴. The present experiment included two groups of six 共10–15 dB SL兲, NH listeners scored nearly 100% correct in quiet. In steady
normal-hearing monolingual American-English speakers. The experimental noise 共at ⫺10 dB signal-to-noise ratio兲 scores for low-level stimuli were
group was trained to identify a voiced, unaspirated, dental stop consonant. also similar to those obtained at higher SLs. However, at low SLs in gated
The control group received no training on the dental. Electrophysiologic re- noise, NH listeners demonstrated less masking release than expected, sug-
sponses were measured for both groups in response to the dental and alveo- gesting that audibility of speech in the dips of noise is important for masking
lar contrasts using a perceptual mapping procedure. Training improved the release even when performance in quiet and in steady noise seems
experimental group’s ability to perceive the non-native contrast. Training ef- optimized. 关Work supported by NIH 5R01DC008306.兴
fects were also reflected in the MMN response, as observed by increased
3pSC27. Listening to natural versus cell phone speech on multiple
duration and decreased onset latency.
simultaneous tasks. Srinivasan Nirmal Kumar 共Dept. of Special Educ. and
3pSC24. The interaction of location with acoustic scale in concurrent Commun. Disord., Barkley Memorial Ctr., Univ. of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lin-
speech recognition. David T. Ives, Martin D. Vestergaard, and Roy D. coln, NE 68583兲 and Carrell Thomas 共Univ. of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln,
Patterson 共Dept. of Physio., Development and Neurosci., Univ. of Cam- NE 68583兲
bridge, Downing St., Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK兲
In typical listening environments, attention is often divided and may
Location and acoustic scale cues have been shown to have a significant have different effects on automatic and controlled processes. Automatic pro-
effect on the recognition of speech in multispeaker environments. The inter- cessing is a fast, parallel process not limited by short-term memory, requires
action of these two cues is less well understood. In this study, subjects are little subject effort, but requires extensive consistent training to develop.
presented with two triplets of concurrent speech syllables with similar tem- Controlled processing is a comparatively slow, serial process limited by
poral envelopes, and asked to recognize a specific target syllable. The task short-term memory, requires subject effort, and little training to develop
was made more or less difficult by changing the location of the distracting 关Schneider and Shiffrin 共1977兲兴. In the present study a methodology was de-
speaker, the scale difference between the two speakers and the relative level veloped to examine effects of controlled and automatic distracters on the
of the two speakers. Scale differences were produced by changing the vocal perception of distorted speech. Specifically, perception of natural and cell
tract length and glottal pulse rate of resynthesized speech: 32 scale differ- phone speech was investigated while listeners performed simultaneous vi-
ences were used. Location cues were produced by convolving heat-related sual and motor tasks. Young, normal-hearing native speakers of English
transfer functions with the stimulus. The target speaker was located directly were presented with SPIN sentences 关Kalikow et al. 共1977兲兴 in a back-
to the front of the listener and the distracting/masking speaker located from ground of multitalker babble 关Bilger et al. 共1984兲兴 using natural and cell
one of five locations 共0, 4, 8, 16, 32 deg兲 on the 0 deg horizontal plane. phone speech. Prior to the start of the experiment, participants had been
Target-to-masker ratios of 0 and ⫺6 dB were used. The results show that trained on visual task using either consistent mapping technique or varied
direction and scale differences cues do interact and this interaction is great- mapping technique. Word recognition scores, pursuit rotor performance, and
est when directional and speaker scale cues are small. 关Research supported visual task performance were compared for natural and cell phone speech.
by the U.K. Medical Research Council 共G0500221, G9900369兲.兴 The relationship between consistently mapped and variably mapped distract-
ers on perceptual and behavioral performance provides information neces-
3pSC25. Does training improve consistency of roughness judgments in a
sary for more detailed models relevant to real-world environments.
matching task? David A. Eddins 共Dept. of Otolaryngol., Univ. of Roches-
ter, 2365 S. Clinton Ave., Rochester, NY 14618, 3pSC28. Seeing a speaker’s face helps stream segregation for younger
David_Eddins@URMC.Rochester.edu兲, Rahul Shrivastav, and Sona A. Pa- and elderly adults. Alexandra Jesse 共Max Planck Inst. for Psycholinguis-
tel 共Univ. of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611兲 tics, Wundtlaan 1, 6525 XD Nijmegen, The Netherlands,
Alexandra.Jesse@mpi.nl兲 and Esther Janse 共Utrecht Inst. of Linguist. OTS
Shrivastav et al. 关J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 119共5兲, 3340 共2006兲兴 reported a
and Max Planck Inst. for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands兲
matching task in which a square wave modulated sawtooth wave 共signal兲
was matched to a series of vowels 共standards兲 to estimate the magnitude of Listening to a speaker while hearing one or more competing speakers in
roughness in voices. Results suggested that listeners found it difficult to iso- the background can be a challenging task, especially for elderly adults. We
late roughness from other voice quality dimensions such as breathiness. In show that younger and elderly listeners 共above the age of 65兲 with varying
the present experiment, a brief training session was added prior to the degrees of age-related hearing loss benefit in stream segregation and speech
matching task to ensure that listeners were attending to variations in rough- processing from seeing the target speaker talk in addition to hearing an au-
ness alone. This training consisted of a rank-ordering task in which listeners dio mix of a target and a competing speaker. This audiovisual benefit was
sorted the 34 test samples of the vowel /a/ in ascending order of roughness. found for response accuracy and speed in a phoneme monitoring task, where
For feedback, these rankings were compared to the rankings made by expert participants indicated by button press the occurrence of given target pho-
listeners. This criterion was used to ensure that all participants understood nemes in the monitored speech of the target speaker. The audiovisual benefit
the dimension of voice quality under study. Listeners who met a specific was larger for younger than for older adults, despite their equivalent perfor-
eligibility criterion completed a modulation matching task to familiarize mance on auditory-only trials and in an off-line phoneme lip-reading task.
them with the matching task itself. Finally, thresholds for the roughness Better lip-reading performance, however, predicted a larger audiovisual
matching task were obtained and compared to thresholds obtained without benefit. The audiovisual benefit was found for both highly visible phonemes
training. The extent to which task-related training can help listeners make 共/p/兲 and poorly visible phonemes 共/k/兲, but was modulated in its size by
perceptual judgments for specific dimensions of voice quality will be segmental visibility. The audiovisual benefit therefore arises from local seg-
discussed. mental visual information but is also at least partially driven by audiovisual
synchrony information that aids in attending to the target speaker.
3pSC26. Masking release at low sensation levels. Peggy Nelson, Elizabeth
Anderson Crump, Yingjiu Nie, and Michelle Hawkinson-Lewis 共Dept. of 3pSC29. The eyes’ footprints on the ears: An investigation of short-term
Speech-Lang.-Hearing Sci., Univ. of Minnesota, 164 Pillsbury Dr. SE, Min- speech intelligibility change. Jing Liang 共Dept. of Psych. and Ctr. for
neapolis, MN 55455, peggynelson@umn.edu兲 Cognit. and Social Neurosci., Univ. of Chicago, 5848 S Univ. Ave., Chicago,
IL 60637, liang@uchicago.edu兲, Steven L. Small, and Howard C. Nusbaum
Previous results have shown that listeners with sensorineural hearing 共Univ. of Chicago, Chicago, IL兲
loss 共SNHL兲 obtain about half of the masking release of their normal-
hearing 共NH兲 counterparts. When speech is amplified sufficiently, listeners Although observation of mouth movements improves auditory speech
with SNHL may score like NH listeners in quiet and in steady noise, yet perception, the extent to which visual information aids speech perceptual
may obtain only half of the expected release from gated noise. We hypoth- learning and affects subsequent audio-only speech perception remains
unknown. The current study investigates whether visual speech information, compared. Words presented in audio-visual 共dynamic face兲 form were rec-
specifically, the synchronized mouth movements of the talking face during ognized better than audio-only and audio-static face stimuli. To test whether
training, helps the listener to perceive audio-only speech more effectively the benefit of audio-visual presentation was due to encoding, retrieval, or
after training. An experimental group was trained to recognize audiovisual both, Experiment 3 crossed presentation modality 共audio-only versus audio-
words presented in noise, while a control group was trained on the same visual兲 from presentation to test phases. Results showed that the audio-
audio speech signal in noise, but with no accompanying mouth movements. visual form is required in both encoding and retrieval to be beneficial.
The control group provides a baseline estimate of what listeners can learn
from the speech signal alone without visual information from the talker’s 3pSC31. Influence of visual speech information on the identification of
mouth movements. Both groups were tested on audio-only speech in noise foreign accented speech. Rebecca K. Reed and Edward T. Auer, Jr 共Dept.
before and after training. All novel words were used in the pretest, training, of Speech-Lang.-Hearing, Univ. of Kansas, 1000 Sunnyside Ave., Rm. 3001,
and posttest. The results demonstrate that visual information aids learning to Lawrence, KS 66045, rxxr@ku.edu兲
recognize audio-only speech in noise, suggesting visual information from a
Seeing a native talker’s face improves speech intelligibility in noise for
talker’s mouth movements during training might change auditory coding of
acoustic speech signals. native perceivers. The intelligibility of foreign accented speech 共English
spoken by native talkers of Mandarin兲 is more susceptible to the effects of
3pSC30. Effects of audio-visual speech information on recognition noise than the speech of native talkers. 关Rogers et al., Lang Speech 47共2兲,
memory of spoken words. Kauyumari Sanchez, Rachel M. Miller, and 139–154 共2004兲兴. The current experiment investigated the influence of see-
Lawrence D. Rosenblum 共Dept. of Psych., Univ. of California, Riverside, ing the non-native talker’s face on the intelligibility of speech presented in
900 University Ave., Riverside, CA 92521兲 noise. Ten talkers 共nine non-native and one native兲 were recorded producing
Audio-visual speech has generally been found to contain more usable 155 sentences each. Talker-specific speech shaped noise was mixed with the
information than audio-only speech. However, there is conflicting evidence audio of the sentences. Eighty-one native perceivers of English 共nine per
of whether seeing the face of a speaker facilitates memory for spoken words non-native talker兲 responded to 20 sentences spoken by the native talker and
关e.g., Sheffert et al., Cog. Tech. 8, 42–50 共2003兲兴. To address this issue, 28 by the non-native talker in each condition 共audio-alone, visual-alone,
three experiments examined whether an audio-visual benefit would be ob- audiovisual兲. Open set identification responses were scored as percent words
served on a word recognition task. Experiment 1 compared recognition of correct for each condition and talker. Preliminary analyses demonstrate that
spoken words both presented and tested in audio-visual versus audio-only although seeing the non-native talker increases intelligibility, the gain is sig-
forms. Audio-visual word stimuli were recognized significantly better than nificantly reduced compared to the native talker. Results will be discussed in
audio-only words. Experiment 2 tested whether this benefit was due to the terms of potential sources of the audiovisual gain. These sources are hypoth-
presence of visible articulatory information or simply more information in esized to be differentially sensitive to the distortions arising in non-native
general. Recognition of words presented 共and tested兲 in audio-only, audio- speech. 关Work supported in part by NIH/NIDCD DC04856 and the Univer-
visual, and audio with accompanying static face image conditions were sity of Kansas, UGRA.兴
WEDNESDAY AFTERNOON, 20 MAY 2009 PAVILION WEST, 1:00 TO 2:05 P.M.
Session 3pUW
Underwater Acoustics and Acoustical Oceanography: Physics-Based Undersea Clutter Model Verification
and Validation II
Juan I. Arvelo, Cochair

Applied Physics Lab., Johns Hopkins Univ., Laurel, MD 20723-6099
Kenneth G. Foote, Cochair

Woods Hole Oceanographic Inst., Woods Hole, MA 02543
Timothy K. Stanton, Cochair

Dept. of Applied Ocean Physics and Engineering, Woods Hole Oceanographic Inst., Woods Hole, MA 02543
Contributed Paper
1:00 from weak undulations in the seabed will be presented. Existing Fresnel-
3pUW1. Propagation focusing in the context of clutter statistics. Chris –Kirchhoff theory for monostatic, vertical incidence on a two-dimensional
Harrison 共NURC, Viale S. Bartolomeo, 400, 19126 La Spezia, Italy, harrison surface is adapted to demonstrate the behavior of the intensity’s scintillation
@nurc.nato.int兲 index in bistatic geometry. In addition, using a simulation of bistatic geom-
etry and a one-dimensional surface, the intensity statistics are extended to
Fluctuations in reverberation 共clutter兲 from scatterers at long range in include autocorrelation function and probability distribution. Bistatic geom-
shallow water can be affected by many mechanisms. Their statistics, in par- etries include source and receiver moving with constant separation, and
ticular the scintillation index, depend not only on the statistics of the scat- moving source with fixed receiver. Fairly modest vertical undulations can
terers 共their physical distribution, shape, orientation, etc.兲 but on the outward result in significant fluctuation due to reflection focusing with scintillation
and return propagation paths. Focusing effects due to forward scattering indices possibly greater than unity.
Invited Paper
1:15
3pUW2. Estimating higher moments of shallow water reverbation for non-Gaussian scatterer distributions. Kevin D. LePage
共NATO Undersea Res. Ctr., Viale San Bartolomeo 400, 19126 La Spezia, Italy兲
Reverberation is described as a random process by which deterministic propagation components weight and sum scattering ampli-
tudes over the sonar footprint. A method of estimating the second, third, and fourth monents of the scattered field pressure is described
for scatterers which have a Chi Squared model for the amplitude pdf. Comparison of theoretical estimates of the fourth moment to
Monte Carlo estimates of the same quantity obtained using a NRL 2-way parabolic equation PERM show good agreement. 关Work
supported by ONR.兴
Contributed Papers
1:35 1:50
3pUW3. Measurement and modeling of broadband Bragg scattering 3pUW4. Validation of a physical model for surface clutter. Trudy L.
from a sinusoidal surface. Dajun Tang and Darrell R. Jackson 共Appl. Phys. Philip, Bruce K. Newhall, and Juan I. Arvelo 共Johns Hopkins Univ. Appl.
Lab., Univ. of Washington, 1013 NE 40th St., Seattle, WA 98105, djtang Phys. Lab., 11100 Johns Hopkins Rd., MS 8-220, Laurel, MD 20723兲
@apl.washington.edu兲 There is a strong need to more accurately represent active sonar system
false contacts in various environments and conditions for the purpose of ac-
While the mechanism of Bragg scattering is well known, most experi-
tive acoustic simulation and synthetic training. A computationally viable ap-
mental work has been concentrated in the area of narrow band sound proach for the generation of physics-based false contacts in a raw beam-
sources and in the far-field. Motivated by underwater detection problems in formed time series that can be injected into a sonar processor was previously
the presence of sediment ripple fields, we report laboratory measurements of developed for bottom clutter. That model is now extended for clutter due to
broadband sound scattering from a sinusoidal surface machined on a poly- rough ocean surface scattering, and is compared with ASIAEX01 data. Con-
urethane board. The surface has a wavelength of 8 mm and peak-to-peak siderations in extending the existing model include: characterizing appropri-
height of 2 mm. Coherently scattered sound data were taken in near-field ate statistics of the rough surface, adding surface scattering clutter to the
geometries and in the frequency band of 150–400 kHz. The measurement sonar model, evaluating the realism of the simulation, and evaluating the
computational burden 共for real-time trainers兲. The output of the simulation
geometry is such that a broad range of Bragg angles corresponding to the
was analyzed for those considerations and then compared to the data. The
frequency band are covered. We observe that the scattered sound demon-
use of a vertical line array allowed physical mechanisms in the data to be
strates a down chirp time dependence when the incident sound is a short isolated, and their clutter data statistics separately determined. After com-
pulse. Models based on first order perturbation theory were developed which paring data statistics to predictions, the need for additional modeled clutter
explain the observed scattered sound in both magnitude and phase. In addi- mechanisms was assessed. This effort was conducted under the auspices of
tion, we also measured second order Bragg scattering. This motivates mod- the Undersea Warfare Business Area Independent Research and Develop-
eling efforts on higher order Bragg scatter. 关Work supported by ONR.兴 ment program of the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory.
WEDNESDAY AFTERNOON, 20 MAY 2009 GRAND BALLROOM, 3:30 TO 5:15 P.M.
Plenary Session and Awards Ceremony
Mark F. Hamilton, Chair

President, Acoustical Society of America
Business Meeting of the Acoustical Society of America
Presentation of Certificates to New Fellows

Russell E. Berger, II D. Lloyd Rice
Suzanne E. Boyce Christine H. Shadle
Douglas S. Brungart Martin Siderius
Richard S. McGowan Aaron M. Thode
Luc Mongeau Doug H. Whalen
Patrick W. Moore Lisa M. Zurk
Trevor R. T. Nightingale
Presentation of Acoustical Society Awards
Medwin Prize in Acoustical Oceanography to Martin Siderius
R. Bruce Lindsay Award to Kelly J. Benoit Bird
2008 Silver Medal in Speech Communication to Winifred Strange
Gold Medal to Thomas D. Rossing
Presentation of Vice President’s Gavel
Presentation of President’s Tuning Fork

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WEDNESDAY MORNING, 20 MAY 2009 GRAND BALLROOM II, 8:55 A.M.

Architectural Acoustics: Measurement and Modeling of Scattering Effects

David T. Bradley, Chair

Diffuseness, an important room acoustics parameter, currently has no ac-

WEDNESDAY MORNING, 20 MAY 2009 GALLERIA NORTH, 8:00 TO 11.45 A.M.

Marc O. Lammers, Chair

WEDNESDAY MORNING, 20 MAY 2009 BROADWAY I/II, 8:30 TO 11:15 A.M.

Acoustical Oceanography and Underwater Acoustics: Environmental Inferences in Inhomogeneous Ocean

Mohsen Badiey, Chair

Biomedical Ultrasound/Bioresponse to Vibration and Physical Acoustics: Shock Wave Therapy I

Michael R. Bailey, Cochair

Thomas J. Matula, Cochair

WEDNESDAY MORNING, 20 MAY 2009 COUNCIL SUITE, 9:00 TO 11:15 A.M.

Thomas R. Howarth, Chair

WEDNESDAY MORNING, 20 MAY 2009 STUDIO SUITE, 8:25 TO 11:45 A.M.

Education in Acoustics and ASA Student Council: Project Listen Up

James M. Sabatier, Chair

10:00 10:15—10:30 Break

Noise: Noise Litigation

John Erdreich, Chair

Physical Acoustics: Infrasound and Outdoor Sound Propagation

D. Keith Wilson, Chair

Psychological and Physiological Acoustics: Impacts of Hearing Impairment

Peggy B. Nelson, Chair

Structural Acoustics and Vibration: General Structural Acoustics

Rudolph Martinez, Chair

WEDNESDAY MORNING, 20 MAY 2009 GRAND BALLROOM I, 8:00 TO 11:50 A.M.

Ingo R. Titze, Chair

WEDNESDAY MORNING, 20 MAY 2009 PARLOR B/C, 7:45 TO 11:30 A.M.

Max Deffenbaugh, Chair

Juan I. Arvelo, Cochair

Kenneth G. Foote, Cochair

Timothy K. Stanton, Cochair

Architectural Acoustics: Absorption Testing and Characterization

Ron Sauro, Chair

1:15 Attempting to correlate the measurements of absorption coefficients in

Architectural Acoustics: American Institute of Architects Short Course

K. Anthony Hoover, Chair

Animal Bioacoustics and Acoustical Oceanography: Autonomous Remote Monitoring Systems

Catherine L. Berchok, Chair

WEDNESDAY AFTERNOON, 20 MAY 2009 PAVILION WEST, 2:15 TO 3:15 P.M.

Acoustical Oceanography: Acoustical Oceanography Prize Lecture

Jeffrey A. Nystuen, Chair

Biomedical Ultrasound/Bioresponse to Vibration and Physical Acoustics: Shock Wave Therapy II

Michael R. Bailey, Cochair

Thomas J. Matula, Cochair

Interdisciplinary: Hot Topics in Acoustics

Paul E. Barbone, Chair

WEDNESDAY AFTERNOON, 20 MAY 2009 PARLOR B/C, 1:00 TO 2:30 P.M.

Musical Acoustics: Acoustics of Bagpipes

D. Murray Campbell, Chair

Musical Acoustics: Bagpipe Lecture and Concert

D. Murray Campbell, Chair

WEDNESDAY AFTERNOON, 20 MAY 2009 BROADWAY III/IV, 12:55 TO 3:00 P.M.

Physical Acoustics: Influence of Temperature on Sound in Condensed Matter

Albert Migliori, Chair

Eric A. Vatikiotis-Bateson, Chair

Juan I. Arvelo, Cochair

Kenneth G. Foote, Cochair

Timothy K. Stanton, Cochair

Plenary Session and Awards Ceremony

Mark F. Hamilton, Chair