MENTAL DISORDER

A mental disorder or mental illness is a psychological pattern or anomaly, potentially reflected in behavior, that is generally associated with distress or disability, and which is not considered part of normal development of a person's culture. Mental disorders are generally defined by a combination of how a person feels, acts, thinks or perceives. This may be associated with particular regions or functions of the brain or rest of the nervous system, often in a social context. The recognition and understanding of mental health conditions have changed over time and across cultures and there are still variations in definition, assessment and classification, although standard guideline criteria are widely used. In many cases, there appears to be a continuum between mental health and mental illness, making diagnosis complex.[1] According to the World Health Organization (WHO), over a third of people in most countries report problems at some time in their life which meet criteria for diagnosis of one or more of the common types of mental disorder A1.MENTAL DISORDER *A Mental Disorder is a health condition characterized by significant dysfunction in an individual's cognitions, emotions, or behaviors that reflects a disturbance in the psychological, biological, or developmental processes underlying mental functioning. *mental illness, arrested or incomplete development of mind, psychopatic disorder, or any other disorder or disability of the mind A2.MENTAL DISEASE *disease /dis.ease/ (dc-zez') any deviation from or interruption of the normal structure or function of any body part, organ, or system that is manifested by a characteristic set of symptoms and signs and whose etiology, pathology, and prognosis may be known or unknown. A3.MENTAL RETARDATION *is a generalized disorder appearing before adulthood, characterized by significantly impaired cognitive functioning and deficits in two or more adaptive behaviours . It has historically been defined as an Intelligence Quotient score under 70. *Signs +Delays in oral language development +Deficits in memory skills +Difficulty learning social rules +Difficulty with problem solving skills +Delays in the development of adaptive behaviors such as self-help or self-care skills +Lack of social inhibitors *TYPES +Profound mental retardation Below 20 +Severe mental retardation 20-34 +Moderate mental retardation 35-49 +Mild mental retardation 50-69 +Borderline intellectual functioning70-84 A4.MENTAL ILLNESS *any various disorders in which a person's thoughts, emotions, or behaviour are so abnormal as to cause suffering to himself, herself or other people.

*Any of various conditions characterized by impairment of an individual's normal cognitive, emotional, or behavioral functioning, and caused by social, psychological, biochemical, genetic, or other factors, such as infection or head trauma. Also called emotional illness, mental disease, mental disorder.

A5.SYNDROME *a group of signs and symptoms that occur together and characterize a particular abnormality or condition *a set of concurrent things (as emotions or actions) that usually form an identifiable pattern

II 1.TYPES OF MENTAL DISORDER *Common Axis I disorders include depression, anxiety disorders, bipolar disorder, ADHD, autism spectrum disorders, anorexia nervosa , bulimia nervosa , and schizophrenia. *Common Axis II disorders include personality disorders: paranoid personality disorder , schizoid personality disorder , schizotypal personality disorder , borderline personality disorder , antisocial personality disorder, narcissistic personality disorder , histrionic personality disorder, avoidant personality disorder, dependent personality disorder , obsessivecompulsive personality disorder ; and intellectual disabilities. *Common Axis III disorders include brain injuries and other medical/ physical disorders which may aggravate existing diseases or present symptoms similar to other disorders. *Axis IV Psychiatry A dimension used with DSM-IV for psychosocial stressors-death, divorce, loss of job, etc in the form of problems; primary support group problems, social environment problems, educational problems, occupational problems, housing problems, economic problems, problems with access to health care, problems related to legal system/crime. Axis I refers broadly to the principal disorder that needs immediate attention; e.g., a major depressive episode, an exacerbation of schizophrenia, or a flare-up of panic disorder. It is usually (though not always) the Axis I disorder that brings the person "through the office door." Axis II lists any personality disorder that may be shaping the current response to the Axis I problem. Axis II also indicates any developmental disorders, such as mental retardation or a learning disability, which may be predisposing the person to the Axis I problem. For example, someone with severe mental retardation or a paranoid personality disorder may be more likely to be "bowled over" by a major life stressor, and succumb to a major depressive episode. Axis III lists any medical or neurological problems that may be relevant to the individual's current or past psychiatric problems; for example, someone with severe asthma may experience respiratory symptoms that are easily confused with a panic attack, or indeed, which may precipitate a panic attack. Axis IV codes the major psychosocial stressors the individual has faced recently;e.g., recent divorce, death of spouse, job loss, etc. Axis V codes the "level of function" the individual has attained at the time of assessment, and, in some cases, is used to indicate the highest level of function in the past year. This is coded on a 0-100 scale, with 100 being nearly "perfect" functioning