Michelle Jun June 13, 2013 Chapters One & Two: Alaskan Panhandle Dispute: o Dispute over the

exact borders of Alaska o 1903, the British didnt want to be involved in any other conflict other than the Boer War in South Africa and determined it was part of Alaska o Canadians were mad because Britain sold out Canadas interest to keep peace with the U S Boer War: o War the British were fighting in South Africa to gain more land o Weary from this war and therefore gave the Lynn Canal to the U S Treatment of Immigrants: o Chinese: Introduced the Chinese Immigration Act in 1885 Had to pay a head tax of $50 when immigrating to Canada 1907, 9000 people vandalized stores owned by Chinese and Japanese immigrants in Vancouver o Sikhs: Virtual ban on East Indian immigration in 1908 because of the Continuous Passage Act. Required immigrants to arrive in Canada with a non-stop route Impossible for Sikhs because no steamships offered non-stop routes Komagata Maru challenged this act by having them travel from Hong Kong to Vancouver, but was refused access into Canada Background Causes of the First World War: Militarism: o The Great Powers competed to have the strongest military resources Great Powers: Britain, France, Germany, Italy, Austria-Hungary, and Russia o Got larger armies and more weapons (Glamourization) o War became acceptable to resolve conflict o Increased international tension resulted in WWI Alliances: o Allies were automatically drawn to war Had to help each other o Triple Alliance: Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy When the war broke out, Italy switched sides to the Triple Entente and joined the war in 1915 o Triple Entente: Also known as the Allies or Entente Cordiale France, Great Britain, and Russia Later Italy joins Imperialism: o Powerful countries established colonies all over the world Exploited the land and resources o Germanys colonies in Africa were experiencing difficulties economically & strategically and werent as advantageous as Britains Wanting more land and resources

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Nationalism: o The Great Powers paid little attention to the nations they colonized o The colonies practiced their own nationalism, showed great pride and patriotism for their mother country o Balkans were an example o Bosnian-Serbs formed the Black Hand Black Hand was a nationalist group who wanted to unite the Slavic people to form the Greater Serbia Later assassinates the Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria Intense loyalty toward and desire to preserve ones own cultural identity, language, and traditions

Immediate Cause of World War One: Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife Sophia, Duchess of Hohenberg on their visit to Bosnia Shot dead by the black hand

Canadas Role in World War One: Canadas Call to Arms: o Canadian Prime Minister Borden offered Canadas help to Great Britain when it declared war on Germany, which was expected At the Western Front 1914-1916: o Canadians fought in the trenches spreading from Belgium to Switzerland War Effort at Home: o P M Borden promised Great Britain half a million men when Canadas population was less than 8 million Conditions on the Home Front 1917: o News of the war finally gets home despite the earlier censorship o Recruitment tails off o Farmers prospered because of overseas markets and kept their sons at home o Borden wanted to force conscription and created the Military Service Act French Canadians opposed strongly at it Breaking the Stalemate: o November 1917, Allies started to use tanks and Germany used infiltration tactics pushed its troops against weak lines in the enemys lines and pushed it as far as possible o Canadas Hundred Days encouraged the end of the war and it finished on November 11, 1918 War Measures Act: PM Borden Allowed the government to do anything for the security, defence, peace, order, and welfare of Canada Battles: Ypres: Germans used chlorine gas Neither side gained much advantage

Michelle Jun June 13, 2013 Somme: Most of the Newfoundland Regiment died FAILED Vimy Ridge: SUCCESS Only Canadian troops; British and French troops have failed before Gained more land, prisoners, and artillery than any other British offensive in the war Passchendaele: General Currie; first Canadian to command Canadian troops FAILED; gained land but the Germans soon recaptured it Paris Peace Conference: Treaty of Versaille: o Signed on June 28, 1919 o Terms of peace agreement o Prime Minister Borden insisted on Canada having a separate seat from Great Britain and sign separately on behalf of Canada Signifies Canadas independence and effort during the war o Had harsh terms for Germany War Guilt Clause meant Germany would have to accept responsibility for causing the war Its territory would be reduced Had to pay war reparations totaling $30 billion League of Nations: o Formed by the Treaty of Versaille o Based on Collective Security for Peace o Could impose economic sanctions o Not very effective; couldnt back up demands Flu Pandemic: Also called the Spanish Flu During 1918-1920 in Canada and the winter of 1918 in Europe Deadly influenza swept across Europe and returning soldiers brought it back home Caused 21 million people worldwide to die, more than the war Small Aboriginal communities were wiped out Chapters Three & Four: Improved Canadian Economy of 1920: U.S. replaces Great Britain as the largest foreign investor in Canada in 1923 o Great Britain is in debt from WW1 & U.S. is wealthier o U.S. needs Canadas raw materials and natural resources o U.S. is closer and therefore lower shipping & transportation costs U.S. starts branch plants in Canada to: o Avoid the Canadian tariffs o Have access to the Imperial Markets

Michelle Jun June 13, 2013 Winnipeg General Strike: May 1919, negotiations broke down and the Winnipeg Trades and Labour Council voted for a general strike 30 000 people walked off the job Winnipeg workers demanded higher pay, better working conditions, and an 8-hour workday Federal government intervened o It changed the Criminal Code; anyone who believed was trying to start a revolution could be arrested and deported without trial o Sent government troops to restore order June 21, 1919: strikers held a protest o Violent when the Royal North-West Mounted Police and the city`s special force charged at the crowd Known as Bloody Saturday; 1 striker dead, 30 injured and many arrested Strikers were defeated and they returned to work after the 43-day protest Distrust between the working and business classes grew deeper The Persons Case of 1929 Fought to declare women as persons under the Canadian law FAMOUS FIVE: o 5 Alberta women who fought for the political status of women o Wanted to be persons under the BNA Act because it states that only persons could hold an office o Appointment of a woman senator o Emily Murphy was the leader o October 18, 1929, women were declared as persons Canadas Growing Independence: 1919: o Participated in the Paris Peace Conference Sings the Treaty of Versaille by itself o Signs the League of Nations on its own 1922: o Mackenzie King refuses Britains call for help during the Chanak Crisis o A Turkish port controlled by Britain as a condition of one of the treaties in the PPC o King brought the issue the Parliament and by the time it was debated, the crisis had ended. o First time Canada did not give automatic support to the British 1923: o Halibut Treaty Canada negotiates a treaty with the U.S. to protect the halibut along the coast of BC and Alaska King insists to sign without a British rep Because it is only between the U.S. and Canada First treaty negotiated independently by Canadians 1926: o King-Byng Crisis

Michelle Jun June 13, 2013 King asks Byng to dissolve Parliament and Byng refuses King challenges Britains influence on Canadas internal politics

1926: o Imperial Conference Dominions of the British Empire (Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, and Irish Free State) requests autonomy Published as the Balfour Report; it acknowledged that Canada was an autonomous community within the British Empire 1931: o The Statute of Westminster Recommendations of the Balfour Report became a law Turns the British Empire into the British Commonwealth Commonwealth countries were considered of equal status with the British Could make its own laws (autonomy) Federal and provincial governments couldnt agree and Canadas constitution was still the BNA Act

Causes of the Great Depression: Overproduction: o When the economy slowed down, companies produced more goods than they sold o At first manufacturers lowered prices and stockpiled goods o They eventually cut back and produced fewer goods o Decrease in production=layoff in factories=people not being able to buy consumer goods Economic Dependence Exports: o Canadas economy heavily depended on exporting primary resources 80% of the economy based on farming, forestry, and mining o Argentina and Australia competed with Canada to sell wheat and crops o Because of competition, prices dropped, and it lowered farmers income and they couldnt pay for their needs Tariffs and U.S. Protectionism: o Hit hard because of close ties with the U.S. economy U.S.= biggest trading partner and investor o U.S. imposed high tariffs on foreign goods Meant to protect U.S. domestic markets (also with Canada) o Protectionism=influenced other to impose tariffs as well Slowed down world trade o Canadian exports decreased and other countries stopped buying Canadian products Speculation and the Stock Market Crash o Improved economy in 1920=expanding businesses and selling stocks o Speculation=assuming full payment of stocks bought on margin on margin=buying 10% of stock down payment with loans high demand with low supply of stocks=prices rise o More stocks became available and prices fell

Michelle Jun June 13, 2013 October 29, 1929, also known as Black Tuesday, the New York Stock Exchange collapsed, followed by Toronto and Montreal Stock Exchanges o Investors who borrowed money to buy shares went bankrupt Drought on the Prairies o During the boom in early 1920s, farmers replaced native grass with wheat crops which used up nutrients in the soil o In 1929, just after the stock crash, the Prairies were hit by a drought which almost lasted eight years Farmers could not grow crops and families struggled o Winds began Fertile topsoil dried up and blew away Constant dirtstorms in 1931 o Plague of grasshoppers Stalled trains, buses, and car radiators Wiped out anything that had grown Debt from WW1 o U.S. lends money during and after WW1 o Countries relied on U.S. trade to make money and to pay the debt o Increased protectionism o Decrease in international trade=several countries could not pay the loans o Britain and France relied on Germanys war reparations o

Responding to the Depression: King believed the Depression was temporary Said he would not give a five cent piece to a conservative government Lost the 1930s election when Bennett and his Conservative had a majority government Bennetts Governments Response: Unemployed Relief Act o Gave provinces $20 million for work-creation programs o The economy did not improve Raised tariffs by an average of fifty percent o Proved to do more harm than good b/c it set up trade barriers against Canada o Prairie Farm Rehabilitation Act in 1935 Help farmers build irrigation systems and reservoirs However, by this time, many had left their farms Establishes the Bank of Canada Canadian Wheat Board o Worked to control prices and marketing of Canadian wheat Red Scare was still dominating in Canada and Bennett made a law outlawing communist agitations Work Camps o Created a national network of work camps for single men o Isolated o They worked on building roads, clearing land, and digging drainage ditches o $0.20 a day o Terrible food and bug infested beds o 170 000 men spent time in these camps

Michelle Jun June 13, 2013 On-to-Ottawa Trek: 1935, more than 1000 men left relief camps in the interior of BC o Protest about camp conditions o Demand higher pay Under the leadership of the Relief Camp Workers Union By the time trekkers had reached Regina, it had over 2000 trekkers and gained national attention Bennett called the RCMP to stop the trekkers in Regina They were confined in a local stadium; only the leaders were able to continue to Ottawa Bennett attacked the leaders as communist radicals and trouble makers Trekkers in Regina resists clearance of the stadium RCMP & the local police battles them for hours, which is later known as the Regina Riot o One officer killed, many injured, and 130 men arrested New political parties: Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (CCF): o Founded in 1932 o J.S. Woodsworth as its leader o Its platforms included the Regina Manifesto Opposed free-markets Supported public ownership of key industries Social programs to help the elderly, unemployed and the sick o By 1939, CCF formed the opposition in BC and Saskatchewan o Socialist Social Credit Party: o Founded in 1935 o William Bible Bill Aberhart as its leader o Its platform: The government should release money into the economy Promised to give $25 vouchers/month to each citizen, but disallowed by the Supreme Court of Canada o Its supporters were mainly from Alberta; many people from Alberta o Anti-capitalism Union Nationale: o Founded in 1936 o Maurice Dupelessis as its leader o Relied heavily on the support of the Roman Catholic church o Its platform: Improved working conditions Social insurance programs Publicly owned power companies System of farm credits o Supporters were rural voters, French-Canadians, and Roman Catholics o Nationalist

Michelle Jun June 13, 2013 Chapters 5 & 6: Causes of the Second World War: Appeasing Hitler: 1938, Policy of Appeasement was signed o It gave in to the demands of the aggressor, hoping no more demands would be made It was signed with the British Prime Minister Chamberlain Nazi-Soviet Non-aggression Pact: Hitler and Stalin signed a non-aggression pact in 1939, promising that they would not attack each other Failure of the League of Nations: When Japan took control of Manchuria, China asked the League of Nations to take action o Tried to negotiate but Japan withdrew from the league When Italy attacked Abyssinia, the league voted to impose trade sanctions o However, oil, crucial import for Italy was not sanctioned and therefore not effective Hitlers Road to War: 1933: Hitler becomes the chancellor of Germany 1935: Saar is returned to Germany, which is rich in resources 1936: Hitler orders troops into Rhineland and occupies it Defiance of the Treaty of Versaille as it was supposed to be demilitarized 1938: March- annexation of Austria Goes against the treaty again but Britain and France does not act again October- annexation of Sudetenland 1939: March- invades Czechoslovakia Policy of appeasement was proved a failure Non-aggression pact is signed with Stalin Danzing and Polish Corridor threatened September- invasion of Poland (September 1, 1939) Briain and France respond immediately & order Germany to retreat by September 3rd Germany ignores the deadline and Britain & France declare war (September 3, 1939) Eight Battles of WW2: Evacuation at Dunkirk: May 26, 1940~June 4, 1940 Allied troops in the French port of Dunkirk had to escape before Germany took over the town o British navy gathered every boat that could navigate the English Channel 340 000 Allied soldiers, thousands more than expected, were rescued France surrendered on June 22, 1940 o Britain & the Commonwealth stood alone Battle of Britain: July 1940~September 1940

Michelle Jun June 13, 2013 The Royal Air Force had to be defeated for Hitlers Operation Sea Lion, his plan to invade Britain July 1940, Luftwaffe started a massive bombing campaign o Aimed at destroying the harbour and shipping facilities in southern Europe August 24, 1940, Germans bombed London In retaliation, the RAF bombed Berlin Hitler got enraged and ordered to bomb London and other British cities o Known as the Blitz Hitler could not defeat the RAF even though he had more planes because of o Radar systems o Spitfires & Hurricanes (effective fighter planes) o Allies got reinforcements from Canada and other Commonwealth nations More than 23 000 were killed Operation Barbarossa: June 22, 1941~early 1943 Germans reached the outskirts of Moscow & St.Petersburg by autumn FAILED because of the weather 300 000 German casualties and they surrendered in early 1943 Failure of the non-aggression pact o Soviet Union joins the war on the Allies side War in the Pacific: December 7, 1941 Japan bombs the US naval base in Pearl Harbour More than 2400 killed & much of the American fleet was destroyed Japan then bombed the US territory of the Philippines December 8, 1941, US joins the Allies & declares war on Japan Battle of Hong Kong: Hours after bombing Pearl Harbour, Japan attacked Hong Kong, a British colony 20 000 Allied soldiers Black Christmas 1941, every Canadian soldier was killed or taken prisoner The treatment encouraged the anti-Japanese sentiment Battle of the Atlantic: The Royal Canadian Navy only had 13 ships in the beginning of the war o Embarked on a building and training program & had 400 vessels by the end First three years, it seemed as the Allies would lose German submarines pounded convoys, sinking hundreds of ships Britain cracked the German naval code Canada built corvettes, which escorted convoys across the ocean o Small warships-quick but not stable Germans were defeated in May 1943 Dieppe: August 19, 1942 / French port Stalin demanded the Allies would invade Europe from the west to weaken Germany Trial run to test new equipment and technology Plan: 4 pre-dawn attacks along the coast, followed by the main attack on Dieppe Allied tanks were ineffective because they could not move on the steep, pebbled beach

Michelle Jun June 13, 2013 Because of miscommunication, commanders sent reinforcements, who also died 5000 fought and over half died FAILED HORRIBLY Italian Campaign: Battle of Sicily: July 10, 1943 & lasted 38 days Canada captured the island Lost 562 soldiers Mussolini was overthrown and Italy surrendered Battle of Ortona: Captured smaller towns first Captured Ortona on December 28, 1943 In total, 6000 Canadians were killed in Italy D-Day: June 6, 1944 Allies launch a full scale invasion of Europe o Operation Overlord Landed troops on 5 beaches along the coast of Normandy Allies managed to keep the details a secret from the Germans Canadians at Juno Beach were successful o Advanced 9km in one day Disrupted German transportation and communication through paratroopers Battle of the Scheldt: October 1944, given the task of clearing enemy troops in the Scheldt River in Belgium Canadians won after a month of fighting o Allowed Allies to bring in supplies into Germany Battle of the Rhineland: February 8, 1945 An attack to drive the Germans over the Rhine River and out of the Netherlands March 10, Germany withdrew and Canada continued north to liberate Holland Canadians worked hard to liberate the Netherlands Victory in Europe: Germany surrenders on May 7, 1945 Hitler commits suicide in Berlin before he could be captured May 8 as Victory in Europe (VE) Day Japan Surrenders: August 6, 1945, Americans drop and atomic bomb over Hiroshima o Manhattan Project- top secret plan to develop an atomic bomb Three days after, on August 9, 1945, the atomic bomb is dropped on Nagasaki It killed 100 000 people and wounded 100 000 Japan surrenders on August 14, 1945 o After 6 years, the war was finally over worldwide Canadas War At Home:

Michelle Jun June 13, 2013 1941, Wartime Prices and Trade, set up in 1939, froze all wages and prices to try to prevent inflation Co-operative Commonwealth Federation party became popular King brought in unemployment insurance program in 1940 1945, Family Allowance Program o Cradle to grave social security began (social insurance by the government from birth to death) The Cold War: Fought With PEEPAS: Propaganda Espionage Economically Politically Arms Race / Race for Space Surrogate Wars US Politics Economics Democracy Capitalist USSR Communist Totalitarian

The Gouzenko Affair: 1945, Igor Gouzenko, discovered proof of Soviet spy rings in Canada This was the first Canadian acknowledgement of the Cold War The Cold War at Home: The public was shocked The government started preparing for war o Schools ran drills NATO & the Warsaw Pact: Canada is a middle power; has international influence Canada, US, Britain, and other Western European nations form NATO o North Atlantic Treaty Organization o NATO in alliance -> attack one = attack all US = most powerful, therefore American policy was first and foremost NATO accepts West Germany as a member, which causes the Soviet Union to initiate the Warsaw Pact in 1955 o Military alliance with East European communist countries The Northern Hemisphere is divided Canada had to adapt its defense policy to those of its allies Canada and the United Nations: October 1945, 51 countries sign a charter which establishes the United Nations Based on collective security, like the League of Nations was Canada = strong supporter of the UN who aided refugees from wars/natural disasters and worked on development projects along with peacekeeping NORAD: North American Aerospace Defence Command; made in 1958 Canada and the US join in continental air defence against the threats of the USSR 3 lines of radar stations across Canada to detect Soviet attacks o Pinetree Line

Michelle Jun June 13, 2013 o Mid-Canada Line o Distant Early Warning (DEW) Line (over the North Pole) American military came into bases in Canada, which compromised Canadian sovereignty

The Korean Conflict: Korea was divided after WW2 Soviet Union and Communist China supported N. Korea US supported S. Korea N. Korea invades South Korea in 1950 UN wants its members to help South Korea o UN force was led by American Douglas MacArthur; he tries to send invaders back to N. Korea Ceasefire reached in 1953, urged by Lester Pearson, Canadas Minister of External Affairs Canadas forgotten war, since it was in between WW2 and the Vietnam War War is not over, as they have yet to sign a peace treaty The Suez Crisis: Suez canal was the shortest sea route from Europe to the Indian Ocean o Privately owned by British and French investors until 1956 Egypt took control of the canal and threatened to ban ships from and to Israel US threatens retaliation against Soviet involvement while Canadas opinion is divided o Conservatives support Britain, while Liberals denounced Britain and French intervention UNEF; United Nations Emergency Force created to cease hostilities o Led by a Canadian general; created by Lester Pearson o Remained stationed until 1967 Canada gains the reputation of being an impartial and peace loving country Red Menance: Threat from the Soviet Union and its allies Many Canadians feared the spread of communism, but refused to outlaw communism, unlike the US There were many injustices in Canada, however; o Union leaders who sought better rights for better work conditions for workers were suspected o Denfence industries secretly checked their employees and dismissed the ones being suspected as communists o RCMP Special Branch put artists, peace activists, and intellectuals under surveillance The Avro Arrow (Supersonic Jet): Avro Arrow project was launched by Canada PM Diefenbaker cancels the project Canada was a large player

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