Sweet but horrible, easy yet difficult, what else???

Tenses, Tenses, and Tenses

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REPORTED SPEECH

Note the reported erbs below! " to#inf$ agree, offer, refuse, *claim, *promise, *threaten, demand "#in%$ apologise for, complain to sb of, deny, suggest, insist on, admit (to), boast about/ of, etc." that clause explain, inform sb., exclaim/remark sb " to#inf$ warn, invite

, forbid, *remind, ask, order, advise, allow, beg ! how explain to sb. in reported "uestions# ask, in"uire, want to know, wonder, etc. $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$

erbs can be used with that#clause

TENSES TENSES
/resent 'imple /resent 0ontinuous /resent /erfect /resent /erfect 0ontnuous /ast 'imple /ast 0ontinuous /ast /erfect past perfect continous 1uture 'imple +OD,-S/+D$ PER.ECT/ will can can/will be able to shall (for advice/offers) may must (obligation) mustn*t (obligation) must (logical assumption) modal perfect tenses COND(T(ON,-S// // type 2 0onditional tense type 3 4 5 0onditionals

TENSE CH,N5E
/ast 'imple /ast 0ontinuous /ast /erfect /ast /erfect 0ontinuous /ast 'imple//ast /erfect /ast 0ont.//erfect 0ont. /ast /erfect /ast perfect continuous 0onditional (would) +OD,-S/+D$ PER.ECT -ould could, also could/would be able to (for future ref.) should/would might had to/to be to/should

D(RECT SPEECH
%ina said, 9) want to study hard this week: 9)*m cleaning the room today.: 9%im has broken your vase.: 9) have been working all day: 9) tried to phone you: 97e was cleaning the room.: 9(abi had left before ) came.: 9)*d been working till yesterday: 9) will talk to him about it.: +OD,-S/+D$ PER.ECT//##/ 9) will buy a house one day: 9) can get a +ob in ,ondon: 97e*ll be able to come next week: 9-hen shall ) give you a call<: 9%hat man may help you: 9) must feed my dog first: 9you mustn*t smoke here: 9%im must be hungry: 9you could have visited me first: COND(T(ON,-S////##//## 9)f you try it, you will/can learn it:

(ND(RECT )REPORTED* SPEECH

%ina said (to me)/told me (that)& &she wanted to study hard that week. &'he was cleaning the room. &%im had broken my vase. &she had been working all day. &she (had) tried to phone me. &he was cleaning/had been cleaning the &(abi had already left before ) came. &she*d been working till the day before. &she would talk to him about that. +OD,-S/+D$PER.ECT//////// &she would buy a house one day. &she could get a +ob in ,ondon. &he*d be able to come the week after. &she should she give me a call. &that man might help me.. &she must/had to feed her dog first. &) mustn*t/was not to smoke there. &%im must be hungry. &) could have visited her first. COND(T(ON,-S/////////// &)f you tried it, you would/could learn it.

mustnt/be to/shouldnt

not

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D(RECT SPEECH ' the

must remain the same COND(T(ON,-S//// 0hange in .ep. 'peech do not chan%e

exact words someone used# 6( a2 e3haus# ed,* %im said. REPORTED SPEECH' the exact meaning of what someone said but not the exact words# Ti2 said )that* he was e3hausted4tired. that can be omitted$ NOTE tell is always followed by a personal ob+ect# 7e told 2e (that) he was tired. Say is used with(out) a personal ob+ect but when used with a personal ob+ect, it is always followed by the preposition to# 7e said that4he said to 2e that he was tired.
0hange of Pronouns ( s(he), we they, you )/we, they they, s(he) s(he), it it , neutral state2ent ) 8 %here is no need to worry 8 ) said that there was no need to worry. $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$

Ti2e E3pressions!

No change in tenses

when#

remain or change according to the meaning of the sentence now then, at that time immediately today, to# ni%ht that day, that night yesterday the previous day, the day before to2orrow the following day, the next day this wee1 that week last wee1 the previous week, the week before ne3t wee1 the following week three days a%o three days before here there co2e go

6 an introductory /reported verb is in present simple, present /erfect or future. 'ara says, 9/apa is here: 7 'ara says papa was here. 8 'ara says papa is here. 9 .eported verb is in the present tense when# a reporting/reading the content of the letter, report, article, etc. b conveying/passing on any messages c reporting something someone says very often. a %he letter says that ) must& b 7e says he has to leave now. c /apa often says that ) am too na=ve for this world. : %enses either change or remain the same in indirect speech when reporting# a up-to-date affairs/states b (eneral truths/law of nature b %he teacher said that water boils/boiled at 2>> degree 0. ; the tenses in reported speech is not usually changed when#

a indirect speech action is still happening or going to take place. b after time con+unctions, e.g. after, before, when, etc. a ,inda said she is working on&(still working on&) b he said he had got a +ob after he (had) finished his degree.

Reported 0uestions
(ntroduced with the erbs! ask, want to know (very common), wonder, in"uire erbs are written in affirmative expressions such as, oh, well$$, please, you 1now, etc. are omitted -h-"uestions (what, why, where, who, what, how long, when, etc.) in direct speech remain the same in reported "uestions should the "uestion begins with auxiliary verbs (is, do, have, etc$) or a modal ( can, will, may, etc.) we use if/whether in .ep. "uestions

6 'hould the statement reported on the same day, in the same place, one would say# 'amantha said, 9 ) will come here tomorrow:
7 'he said she would

0hange of tenses$$

would, could, might, should ought to, had better, used to, musn*t. re2ain the sa2e

go there the next day. 8 'he said that she would come here to# 2orrow$ (;o change necessary) 9 if we no longer believe the direct statement we would say# 8 'he said she was %oin% to come but ) don*t think so.

Reported
commands

re"uest,

suggestions,

(ntroduced with the erbs ask, beg, suggest, tell, re"uest, plead, etc. " to-infinitive, -ing form or that-clause 'he told me to do all the housework +ohn asked her not to leave 'he suggested going for a drink