Midterm Review

Early Civilizations:
1. Name the four early civilizations - Egypt, Mesopotamia, China( Xia, Shang, Zhou), and Harappan (Indus valley, India) 2. What were they located near and why They were located near rivers due to the fertility of the surrounding soil, which in turn benefitted agriculture. 3. Defined the Neolithic Revolution and what it caused Establishment of civilizations, agricultural, and religions 4. 5 Characteristics of a civilization Government, Culture, Religion, Established home, Economy 5. How women were regarded in a patriarchial society Depending on the severity of the patriarchal society depends how women were treated, if it were strictly patriarchal, women were under the control of men (male dominance) If it was loosely patriarchal women were freer and more equal to men. 6. 2 Claim to Fame of the Phoenicians Maritime trade (large connections) and written alphabet 7. Code of Hammurabi-define Babylonian law code based on Lex Talionis (eye for an eye tooth for a tooth) Written by the Babylonian king Hammurabi.

India:
1. Define: Karma, Dharma, Moksha, Varna, Caste, Jati Karma: Hindu concept that the sum of good and bad in a persons life will determine his or her status in the next life. Dharma: Hindu concept of obedience to religious and moral laws and order. Moksha: Hindu concept of the salvation of the soul. Varna: Hindu word for caste. Caste: Each of the hereditary classes of Hindu society, distinguished by relative degrees of ritual purity or pollution and of social status. 2. Name castes from highest to lowest 3. Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas, Shudras, Harijans (untouchables)

China:
1. Define: Warring States

City-states began to collide with empire and create chaos, when there were various city state structures, apparent after the collapse of Zhou dynasty (note all the citystates were independent) 2. Explain each of three philosophies: Confucianism, Daoism, Legalism Confucianism: philosophy based on the teachings of the Chinese philosopher Kong Fuzi, or Confucius, that emphasizes order, the role of the gentleman, obligation to society, and reciprocity. Daoism: Chinese philosophy with origins in the Zhou dynasty; it is associated with legendary philosopher Laozi, and it called for a policy of inaction. Legalism: Chinese philosophy from the Zhou dynasty that called for harsh suppression of the common people. 3. Reason why Ming dynasty adopted NeoConfucianism The Ming dynasty adopted Neo-Confucianism because Neo-Confucianism emphasized the values of self-discipline, filial piety, and obedience to established rulers, all of which appealed to Ming and Qing emperors 4. Reasons why Ming dynasty sent Zheng He to the Indian Ocean and reasons why they Stopped. The Ming dynasty sent Zheng He to the Indian Ocean in order to establish a Chinese presence in the Indian Ocean basin. The expeditions had two main purposes: to impose imperial control over foreign trade with China and to impress foreign peoples with the power and might that the Ming dynasty had restored to China. The expeditions were stopped in the mid-1430s because the Confucian ministers, who mistrusted Zheng and the eunuchs who supported the voyages, argued that the resources committed to the expensive expeditions would go to better uses if devoted to agriculture. Moreover, during the 1420s and 1430s, the Mongols mounted a new military threat from the northwest, and land forces urgently needed financial support 5. Define Mandate of Heaven The Divine Right to rule in China (If stolen God gave them the right to rule now since he allowed them to steal it) 6. 2 claims to fame for each dynasties of China (remember the dynasty song) Shang: Oracle Bones and The Investiture of the Gods Zhou: Confucianism and Mandate of Heaven, decentralized city states Qin: Unification of China and Terracotta Army, Legalism Han: Invention of Paper and Silk Road, chinese roman empire Sui: The Grand Canal of China and Standardization, Conscripted labor Tang: equal field system, Civil service exams, Buddhism Song: Pre industrial, foot binding and Confucianism Yuan: (Mongol dynasty) Chinese= segregated Ming: Great Wall (most of it), Tributary states, Djunks/Zheng He

Neoconfucianism 7. In 16th and 17th century, what China imported a lot of Silver 8. Reasons for collapse of Han Empire (and Roman Empire) Rome- disease and external struggles (invaders), revolts, weak rulers, economy. Han- Disease and peasant revolts, revolts (yellow turban), and government review, financial collapse 9. In classical China, which class of people were highest in social structure Scholars (Confucian) 10. Compare Han China with Roman Empire(-Good things) A lot of trade, expansion, educated scholar/philosophers, taxes. 11. Technologies that were spread to Europe and West Africa from China Gun powder, stirrups, saddles, iron metallurgy, silk, rice.

Africa:
1. Iron Technology-where and what Bantu in Sub-Saharan Africa developed it by themselves 2. Bantu Migration- 2 claims to fame Spread of language (then evolves/branched) Spread of agriculture and iron metallurgy. 3. Define Kinship Tribes and communities formed by family relationships (clan/ tribe based in which the eldest male is the leader) 4. Effects of the spread of Islam in Africa The spread of Islam Prompted for more trade in the Swahili Coast and North Africa (Egypt+Ghana) Also Islam DID NOT change role of women in Africa where women were important and had many rights. In Ghana Mansamusa took Hajj to Mecca, then education and building of Mosques (Timbuktu)

Trade:
1. What was exported out of: Roman Empire, Greece, India, China, America, South Eastern Asia. R.E= Wheat, Greece=Olives and grapes, India=peppers/spices, China=rice, America=Maize, potatoes, SEA=Manchu, other spices 2. What animals/foods originated in America, Mongolia, China, India, Malaysia America=llama, maize, potatoes, Mongolia=Horses, China=Rice, Oxen, Malaysia=peppers, India= Spices 3. Trade routes facilitated the spread of Religions: which ones went where on which trade route? Silk Road= Buddhism, Christianity and Islam, IOT+TSTR=Islam

4. Introduction of new food leads to what? Population increase due to better nutrition. 5. Role of India in the Indian Ocean Trade Route Cultural diffusion, Spread of Islam, trade between Africa India China etc. 6. Role of Muslims and Chinese in the Indian Ocean Trade Route from 700-1200 Muslim= spread influence into India and Swahili Coast China= Ming Dynasty set up tributary states after building large 9 mast Djunks 7. Define the three legs of Indian Ocean Trade route and who trade what 3 legs are China India and the Swahili coast. China=silk, rice, porcelainIndia=spicesAfrica=slaves, Gold, Ivory 8. Define the three legs of the Triangular (Atlantic) Trade route and what was traded Africa, Europe, Hispaniola. Europe sent manufactured goods, America sent raw materials like sugar, tobacco, (cash crops), also fur. Africa sent Slaves to Americas, and gold and ivory to Europe and some to Americas. 9. Reason that Islamic Civilization had economic prosperity. (Location) It was located in the exact center between Roman empire, India, near Africa and Near China. The empire had access to all the prominent trade routes and could take part in all trade between the large empire/dynasties 10. Reasons that Europe wanted to trade directly with Asia Europeans= loved spices and wanted more, and through Muslims could get it but very expensive so decided to find a direct passage due to bad relations and cheaper products directly from Asia.

Religions:
1. Islam-5 claim to fames -5 pillars of Islam -2 dynasties (Umayyad and Abbasid) -Al-Andaluz -Mohammed prophet -Unified everyone under one religion, yet allowed other religions for Jizya (tax) -Split in 2 factions (Suni and Shiite)(Abu, Ali) -Koran=main book, Hadith=sayings of Mohammed, Sharia=social laws 2. Similarities in religions of Europe and Asian philosophies from 1000-1450 Were based on religion/ peoples beliefs. 3. Name 3 religions that have missionaries Christianity, Islam, Buddhist 4. The role of monasteries and monks in society Christian monasteries= only place of literacy, monks=literate and transcribed books. Buddhist monasteries= Backs the Tang dynasty (in collapse of Tang and Song were persecuted) Also Monasteries were where people now went to do conscripted labor and be educated. 5. Reason why Islam spread in 7th and 8th centuries.

Umayyad dynasty was very powerful and conquered large masses of land. 6. Where Islam and Hinduism spread. Islam and Hinduism reached Malaysia through trade and the prettiest temples/mosques are there. 7. Beliefs of Judaism Believe in only one God Yaoweh, Moses+ 10 commandments, Abraham= main patron. 8. Place all the religious and philosophical leaders in order of existence

9. How Judaism, Christianity and Islam are similar All are monotheistic religions, Islam includes Christianity and Judaism

Medieval Europe/Byzantine
1. Political structure of Medieval Europe compared to India Both were de centralized with one person who tried to unify the area, but when he died was the end of unification in Europe, in India was decentralized as well. India also had the Sultanate of Delhi and other prominent political leaders. In Europe they had a feudalist system with lords and serfs 2. Name the two countries that benefitted from trade with the Middle East from Europe during the Renaissance Italy and France 3. Byzantine Empire-rulers relationship with God God ordained the emperor 4. What changed in Europe during the change from Medieval times to Renaissance Trade reemerged and all of the art that came from Middle East sparked it. Reemergence of arts (DaVinci, Raphael, Donatello, Michelangelo) 5. Define and describe Feudalism Serfs worked under a lord and provide services in exchange for protection 6. Compare Medieval Europe to India in 700-1200 CE. India was a trade hub while medieval Europe wasnt a trading place. India made more money and advanced more culturally. 7. Who defeated the Byzantine Empire and when Ottoman Turks, 1453 8. What religion did Byzantine become and why Islamic, since the Ottoman Turks were Islamic. 9. Where did Vikings invade and settle

Scandinavia

Mongols:
1. Name and locate the four Caliphates Yuan dynasty (China), Chagatai (Central Asia), Ilkhanate (Persia), Golden Horde (Russia) 2. Reason that Japan was never conquered Storms (typhoons) Kamikaze Divine wind 3. Eurasia: benefits and negatives Large area connecting Asia and Europe. Silk road=safer trade route, and it was uncultured with many places to influence and places to trade in. Diplomacy increased. 4. Silk Road: how Mongols viewed the trade route Greatly depended on it for travel, trade, they made it safe and protected it. (even put a passport system) Also set up route for Diplomacy 5. How Mongols ruled China Mongols and Chinese were segregated. Chinese= lower class and could not learn Mongol language, could not dress like Mongols, etc.

Europe-Renaissance to 1450
1. Reasons for explorations Need for another trade route to Asia due to bad relationship with Muslims 2. Reasons for trade ports in Africa Control Gold, slave, and port cities so they can tax the boats that come into the port to trade. 3. Role of women-jobs- in time of 1000-1450 Patriarchal but more egalitarian since women could work 4. Two main countries that benefited from trade in the Mediterranean in 1500s Italy and Ottoman empire