VOLUME 9 NUMBER 2 2007 ISSN 1562-3920

EURASIAN

CHEMICO-
TECHNOLOGICAL
JOURNAL

The International Higher Education

Academy of Sciences
 Eurasian Chemico-Technological Journal
Quarterly Journal of the International Higher Education Academy of Sciences
The Eurasian Chemico-Technological Journal is an international, peer-reviewed journal covering all
branches of chemistry and chemical technology. The Journal particularly welcomes papers on new mate-
rials and chemical technologies, modern problems of organic synthesis, physical chemistry and chemical
physics, solid state and soft matter research, electro-, photo-, radiation- and plasma-chemistry, colloids
and nanotechnology, catalysis and surface science, polymers.
The Journal publishes reviews and full research articles. We also welcome contributions based on the
research presented at the conferences held in Europe and Asia. All submitted manuscripts are peer-
reviewed by the members of the Editorial Board and international referees.

Editor-in-Chief Associate Editors

Z.A. Mansurov, Vitaliy Khutoryanskiy
School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Reading, UK
al-Farabi Kazakh National University,
v.khutoryanskiy@reading.ac.uk
Karasai Batyr Str., 95, Almaty, 480012, Kazakhstan.
E-mail: mansurov@kazsu.kz Alsayed Abdel Aal
Surface Protection & Corrosion Control Laboratory,
Central Metallurgical Research & Development Institute,
Cairo, Egypt
foralsayed@gmail.com
Editorial Board
A.A. Aal A.G. Merzhanov
Central Metallurgical Research & Development Institute, Institute of Structural Macrokinetics and Material Science,
Cairo, Egypt Chernogolovka, Russia
M.J.M. Abadie A.S. Mukasyan
Universite Montpellier 2, Montpellier, France University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, USA
M.M.H. Ayoub A.K. Murzagaliev
National Research Center, Cairo, Egypt NIPI TransNeft, the Central Asia Scientific & Design Institute,
Almaty, Kazakhstan
W. Brostow
University of North Texas, Denton, USA I.P. Parkin
University College London, UK
M. Burkitbaev
al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan L.A. Petrov
Institute of Catalysis, Sofia, Bulgaria
B.R. Churagulov
Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia B. Rand
Z. Dashevsky University of Leeds, UK
Ben-Gurion University, Israel P.D. Sarkisov
M. Frenklach Russian Chemico-Technological University, Moscow, Russia
University of California, Berkeley, USA
G.A.Tolstikov
Z.R. Ismagilov Institute of Organical Chemistry, Novosibirsk, Russia
Boreskov Institute of Catalysis, Novosibirsk, Russia
B. Viswanathan
A.A. Konnov Indian Institute of Technology, Madras, India
Free University, Brussels, Belgium
J. Warnatz
T. Kume Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute, Japan
K.A. Zhubanov
A.A. Mantashyan Institute of New Chemical Technologies and Materials of al-
Institute of Chemical Physics, Erevan, Armenia Farabi Kazakh State National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan.
VOLUME 9 NUMBER 2 2007 ISSN 1562-3920

EURASIAN

CHEMICO-
TECHNOLOGICAL
JOURNAL

The International Higher Education

Academy of Sciences
Papers to appear in the next issue:

L.I. SVAROVSKAYA, L.K. ALTUNINA and D.A. FILATOV (TOMSK, RUSSIA)

Biodegradation of Oil Hydrocarbons by Soil Microflora Activated with
Photoluminescence Films

M.T.A. EL-KHAIR, F.M. FAIROUZ, A.M. EL-SHEIKH and

A.N.A. AZIM (CAIRO, EGYPT)
Microstructure and Interface Characterization of CP-Mg and AZ91 Composite Alloys

KH.S. KARIMOV, P.H. DRAPER, F.A. KHALID, I. QAZI,

T.A. KHAN and U. SHAFIQUE (SWABI, PAKISTAN)
Copper Phthalocyanine Surface-type Photocapacitive Sensor

S. ERTUL, M. BAYRAKCI (KONYA, TURKEY)

Synthesis of Asymmetrical Macrocyclic Ligands and Their Metal Complexes

News
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EURASIAN CHEMICO-TECHNOLOGICAL JOURNAL is published quarterly (four number in a

year) by Institute of New Chemical Technologies and Materials of al-Farabi Kazakh National University,
95 Karasai Batyr Str, Almaty, 480012, Kazakhstan.

Any inquiry relating to subscriptions should be sent to:

Dr. V. Khutoryanskiy, University of Reading, School of Pharmacy
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E-mail: v.khutoryanskiy@reading.ac.uk

Abstracted in − Chemical Abstracts; Referativnyi Zhurnal, VINITI; Cambridge Scientific Abstracts; SCOPUS
 2007 al-Farabi Kazakh National University Printed in Kazakhstan
 Eurasian ChemTech Journal 9 (2007) I

Research on Advanced Materials and Processes

Alsayed Abdel Aal
Surface Protection & Corrosion Control Laboratory, Central Metallurgical Research & Development Institute,
P.O. 87 Hellwan, Cairo, Egypt

Materials science is one of the oldest forms of engineering and applied science, deriving from the
manufacture of ceramics. Modern materials science evolved directly from metallurgy, which itself evolved
from mining. A major breakthrough in the understanding of materials occurred in the late 19-th century,
when Willard Gibbs demonstrated that thermodynamic properties relating to atomic structure in various
phases are related to the physical properties of a material. Important elements of modern materials sci-
ence are a product of the space race: the understanding and engineering of the metallic alloys, and silica
and carbon materials, used in the construction of space vehicles enabling the exploration of space. Mate-
rials science has driven, and been driven by, the development of revolutionary technologies such as
plastics, semiconductors, and biomaterials. Materials science studies the fundamental physical and chemical
basis for the controlled combination of atoms to form new compounds, phases, and microstructures, as
well as the characterization of the resulting structures and properties. The great diversity of materials
reflects the enormous variety in the strength and directionality of atomic bonding. Indeed, the bulk prop-
erties of a material are determined by its atomic architecture. In this prespective, this issue focused on the
advanced materials and processing. The include articles related to the microfiltration and ultrafiltration
processes, squeeze casting, hydrothermal synthesis, oxidation-reduction roasting, waste water treatment
and recovery and corrosion prevention and thin films.
One of the significant materials is the metallic alloys of aluminium, zinc, copper and magnesium.
While the alloys of the other three metals have been relatively recently developed. Due to the chemical
reactivity of these metals, they are always subjected to the corrosion. Thus, great efforts have been made
to increase the corrosion resistance of these alloys. The protection of metals from corrosion is a very
important problem from the economical point of view and for its implication on the environment. Corro-
sion prevents the wide utilization of some interesting materials such as Zn-Al-Cu alloys in strategic
applications such as car engine, and therefore, many studies have been carried out in order to develop
successful corrosion prevention strategies. Anodic passive layer on zinc is one of the most important and
widely used metallic coatings for corrosion protection of iron or steel under atmospheric outdoor and
indoor exposition. An important step in the repair and protection against corrosion damage is the safe
removal of corrosion and protective coatings without further damage to the integrity of the substrate.
Laser technology offers an alternative to methods currently being used on the orbiter that is safer for the
worker, less labor intensive, and environmentally cleaner.
Another application of material science in industry is the making of composite materials. In last years,
the development of composite materials is observed in many industrial branches among others in the
aircraft industry, automotive and armaments ones as well as in electrical engineering and electronics, etc.
Considerable attention is focused on Al metal matrix because of their superior properties such as a low
coefficient of expansions and high specific strengths in comparison with most of conventional materials.
Al matrix composite reinforced with particles, whiskers and ceramic fiber used to substitute steel due to
superior hardness and heat resistance characteristics of the particles distributed in matrix. In general,
material metal matrix based on magnesium and its alloys reinforced with ceramic particulates have been
produced by stir casting, powder metallurgy squeeze casting, and spray forming. In addition, the tech-
nique adopted for fabrication and the nature of interface between matrix and reinforcement have high
influences on the corrosion behavior of Al matrix composite.

 2007 al-Farabi Kazakh National University Printed in Kazakhstan

II Eurasian ChemTech Journal 9 (2007)

Other than metals and alloys, ceramics are also an important part of materials science. Beside their
mechanical and thermal stability, their unique electrical, optical and magnetic properties have become of
increasing importance in many key technologies including communications, energy conversion and storage,
electronics and automation. Barium titanate is one of the most important ferroelectric ceramics with a
photorefractive effect and piezoelectric properties. The special properties of nanomaterials have been
attracted much interest. Thus, many techniques have been proposed to prepare this material such as wet
chemical synthesis methods, including sol-gel, microemulsion, hydrothermal synthesis and polymeric
precursors method.
Nanostructured materials have attracted much interest in the last decade due to their size-dependent
unique mechanical, physical and chemical properties. Nanosized materials exhibit electronic and optical
properties somewhat different from the same bulk materials because of their quantum tunable electronic
properties, which emerge as a function of size, the so-called quantum size effect. One of the principal
differences of the nanostructured materials, compared to the bulk ones, is that they include more defects
such as vacancies, voids, grain boundaries and dislocations. Numerous methods have been developed for
the synthesis of nanosized materials of semiconductors. Copper selenide semiconductors are tremendously
important technologically and economically because of wide applications in solar cell, as an optical filter
and as super ionic material. Synthesis of II–IV semiconductor nanocrystals has attracted great attention
in the past few years. The methods employed for the syntheses include solution-based methods, solvo-
thermal and sonochemical procedures, precursor decomposition, and the use of confined media such as
zeolites and micelles.
Among the industrial carbon materials, activated carbon is widely applied to remove organic and
inorganic contaminants from water and air due to its high adsorption capacity. Activated carbons are
derived from precursors of botanical origin, mineral origin, or polymeric materials. Agro-waste biomaterials
including date pits, coconut shells, almond shells, peach stones, apricot stones, plum stones, cherry stones,
apple pulp, and nutshells can be used for the production of activated carbon. The production of activated
carbon from an undesirable agriculture mass such as rice husk has become a research topic of a great
interest due to the higher quality of obtained carbon than that produced by traditional methods.
Recently, manganese has attracted attention of developers and researchers due to its significant role in
the development of various industrial activities such as steel production, dry batteries, dietary additives
preparation, fertilizers, fine chemicals and some medicines .According to geological surveys, Egyptian
Sinai region has abundant reserves of low-grade manganese ore. However, recovering only one element
from the ore is not cost effective. With the ever-depleting supply of valuable elements such as cobalt,
nickel, copper, zinc, chromium, vanadium and molybdenum. Hence, the low-grade manganese ores can
be considered as a potential source of these elements. The task of comprehensively recovering them from
low-grade manganese ore becomes significant.
Ore minerals are generally oxides, sulfides, silicates, or native metals (such as copper) that are not
commonly concentrated in the Earth’s crust or noble metal such as gold. The metals of interest are
extracted from the waste rock and from the ore minerals by processing of their ores. Because chromium
ore is a strategic mineral, substantial interest is involved in practical methods of extracting chromium ore
values from chromium ore sources. Titanium raw materials play important role as a source of titanium
and titanium dioxide. Several methods have been developed to recover TiO2 from slag. Removing of
impurities in slag can be carried out by sulfatisation and chlorination. A number of processes for bene-
ficiation titaniferous ore materials involve oxidizing the ore to convert its iron content entirely to the
ferric state, reducing the oxidized material so as to convert its iron content, either wholly or in part, to
metallic iron, and finally leaching the reduced product. These slag particles undergoes oxidation-reduc-
tion roasting are more readily amenable to acid leaching.
Over the past decade, the use of microfiltration and ultrafiltration processes has been increasing in
popularity for water and wastewater treatment applications, primarily due to increasing public health
concerns with respect to potable water quality, as well as the emergence of lower cost membranes. More-
over, compared to conventional technologies, membrane filtration processes offer the advantages of re-
ducing the amount of treatment chemicals needed, requiring a smaller footprint, and reducing labor

http://eurasianchemtech.vub.ac.be/
 Eurasian ChemTech Journal 9 (2007) III

requirements since the processes can be easily automated. However, membrane fouling causes a reduc-
tion in total permeate yield, increases operational difficulties and ultimately increases the overall opera-
tional and capital costs associated with membrane processes. Gas sparging is a common strategy used to
minimize and prevent fouling on membrane surfaces. Gas sparging is known to enhance permeate flux
by back-transport of material (i.e. foulant) away from membrane surfaces.
With the introduction of rigorous environmental regulations, the waste water has to be treated to
remove the pollutants such as oil results from the processes of production, transportation and refining of
crude oil. Industrial wastes from oil refining, mainly oily water are discharged into the canal which
represents an environmental burden. In most cases, such oily waste water can be treated either by me-
chanical treatment or physico-chemical treatmenttreatment. However, bioremediation of oil contami-
nated wetlands, including fresh and salty water by micro flora is an expanding field that has increasingly
come to the attention of the world via a series of high-profile oil spills. Based on this technique, the
petroleum hydrocarbons and related compounds can be degraded by microorganisms (bacteria, yeasts,
and hyphal fungi) which are widely spread in marine water, fresh water and soil habitats.
Many pieces of electrical equipment such as televisions and computers contain printed circuit boards
as well as other electrical items such as washing machines, which are increasingly using printed circuit
boards for features such as timers and preprogramming. Printed circuit boards are particularly problem-
atic to recycle because of the heterogeneous mix of organic material, metals, and glass fibre. Currently,
waste printed circuit boards are either incinerated, which can lead to the formation of toxic brominated
compounds derived from the brominated flame retardants contained in the circuit boards, or sent to
landfill, which can lead to toxic compounds leaching into the water supply. As an alternative to off-site
disposal, printed circuit boards can be handled and processed to recover the metal value used to re-
manufacture the boards. Old electronic equipment may be disassembled and the usable parts salvaged.
The recovery of metals such as copper, lead and tin from scrap printed circuit boardsusing a combination
of leaching and electrodeposition attracts a lot of interests.

http://eurasianchemtech.vub.ac.be/
 Eurasian ChemTech Journal 9 (2007) 97-103

The Study of the Formation of Sodium Chromate from El-Baramiya

High-Silica Chromite Ore Concentrate Using Hydrated Lime
F.M.S. El-Dars1*, M.E.H. Shalabi2, H.A.M. Abuzeid3, M.G. Khalifa4 and A.B. Farag1
1
Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Helwan, Egypt
2
Central Metallurgy Research and Development Institute, Cairo Egypt
3
National Research Center, Cairo, Egypt
4
El-Tabbin Metallurgical Institute, Cairo, Egypt

Abstract
The formation of sodium chromate from a mixture of high-silica chromite ore concentrate (48.8%),
soda ash and hydrated lime was investigated. Hydrated lime was added to an optimal mixture of Cr2O3:Na2CO3
(mole ratio 1:2.5) (mole ratio of CaO 0-3) and the materials were roasted at 1000°C for 60 min and PO2 0.21
atm. Results revealed a significant decrease in sodium chromate yield (from 42% to 25%) as the (CaO/
Cr2O3) mole ratio increased from 0-0.5. Increasing the (CaO/Cr2O3) mole ratio above 1.0, an optimal chro-
mate yield of 70% was achieved at the mole ratio of 2.5. In addition, roasting of optimal mixtures of soda
ash, chromite ore and hydrated lime (CaO) (mole ratio 2.5:1:2.5) within the temperature range of (900-
1000°C) provided a maximum chromate yield of 92% at 1000°C after 2 hours. Overall, the data revealed
that while the hydrated lime addition significantly increased the reaction product yield, it also increased the
process energy of activation from 112 kJ/mole for the Na2CO3:Cr2O3 (mole ratio 2.5:1) mixture to 171.6 kJ/
mole during roasting time (40-100 minutes).

Introduction charged for roasting within a rotary kiln furnace [3,4].

The economics of chromite ore recovery depends
upon the occurrence of the mineral and its chemical
composition [1]. In Egypt, sufficient reserves of
chromite ore are present at El-Baramiya region in
the Eastern Desert [2]. Nevertheless, this ore requires
more dressing to increase Cr percentage for large-
scale production of chrome chemicals – such as so-
dium chromate and chromium metal – the essential
materials for local industries. However, in order to
promote the production of these chemicals within
Egypt, local options must be examined so as not to
increase the economic burden incurred by the im-
porting of these chemicals.
Technically, for the production of chromate salts,
a mixture of dried, crushed and ground chromite ore
with soda ash (as a source of sodium carbonate) is
*corresponding author. E-mail: fkledars@hotmail.com
In order to obtain an optimal yield, an oxidizing at-
mosphere is maintained during this process and the
temperature in the firing zone is controlled between
1100-1150°C.
Generally, the rate of the chromate formation re-
action was reported to be influenced by a number of
variables, namely: the reaction temperature, the par-
tial pressure of gas, size of materials and the compo-
sition of the reaction mixture [5-13]. Higher chromate
yields were obtained after roasting the ore within the
temperature range of 750-1200°C [6,7,9,13-15]. As
well, it was reported that the yield of sodium chro-
mate obtained was dependent upon the partial pres-
sure of oxygen maintained during roasting [8].
Concerning the materials size, previous studies have
shown that maintaining the particle size less than
0.074 mm increased the rate of ore oxidation [3].
Moreover, it was reported that the agglomeration of
the feed mix and the use of palletized raw materials
[7] or briquettes [13] controlled losses during the
roasting procedure as well as provided for higher
chromate salt yields.

 2007 al-Farabi Kazakh National University Printed in Kazakhstan

98 Sodium Chromate-Hydrated Lime

Regarding the composition of the roasted mixture,
earlier work indicated that roasting of mixtures of
chromite ore with soda ash and lime, calcium oxide
and/or dolomite increased the rate of chromate for-
mation [13]. El-Tawil et al. [7] found that adding CaO
accelerated the rate of ore roasting in the presence of
soda ash. As well, the data revealed that the energy
of activation for the reaction was reduced to 201 kJ/
mole and it was concluded that the rate-controlling
step was a solid diffusion mechanism. From another
perspective, Ozer et al. [16] showed that the kinetics
of the chromite conversion into sodium chromate in
the presence of soda ash and limestone at 750-900°C
and at 8% O2 was 2-nd order with respect to Cr2O3
and the reaction had energy of activation of 157 kJ/
mole. More recently, Shalabi et al. [13] reported that
the rate controlling was solid-solid mechanism at the
end of reaction when dolomite was added to a mix-
ture of chromate ore concentrate and soda ash.
However, while production of chromate salts is
not undertaken in Egypt on an industrial scale, this
study aimed to examine the reaction of the forma-
tion of sodium chromate using local ore concentrated,
soda ash and available raw materials. In this context,
the kinetics of the reaction of formation of sodium
chromate from an optimal mixture of Cr2O3 ore con-
centrate and Na2CO3 (1:2.5 mole ratio) [12,13] by
the addition of hydrated lime (based on CaO con-
tent) as a catalyst. The study was conducted in a tube
furnace at PO2 0.21 atm (open air system) to attest the
influence of temperature and change in CaO/Cr2O3
mole ratio within the reaction mixture.
Experimental
Materials
Representative samples of El-Baramiya region
chromite concentrate for these investigations were
provided by the Beneficiation Unit of the CMRDI.
Soda ash (90% Na2CO3) was obtained from Misr
Chemical Co. (El-Max, Alexandria) and hydrated
lime from the Egyptian Iron and Steel Co. in Helwan.
Table 1 illustrates that the chromite ore concentrate
used had a Cr2O3 of 48.8% as well as oxides of Mg,
Al and Fe. Hydrated Lime material contained mainly
63.15% CaO and 0.5% MgO with over 34% of igni-
tion loses. Table 2 revealed that the raw materials
used (chromite ore concentrate, lime and soda ash)
had a particle size over 0.074 mm and, thus, were
ground in the mill until ∼100% of the material passed
through the 0.074 mm screen.
Briquetting/Roasting Procedures
The materials were mixed thoroughly together
then charged to a special mold (3 cm long and 1 cm
inner diameter) and shaped using a manual hydrau-

Table 1
Chemical analysis of chromite ore concentrates and hydrated lime (wt.%)

Raw materials FeO Cr2O3 SiO2 CaO Al2O3 MgO Na2O + K2O + Cl L.O.I.
Chromite ore
10 . 2 48.8 6.5 1.2 15 . 2 16.8 − 0.65
concentrate
Hydrated lime − − 0.80 63.15 − 0.5 − 34.7
L.O.I: Ignition Loses

Table 2
Particle size distribution for raw materials used

Particle size, mm Chromite ore concentrate Soda ash Lime

+ 0 . 3 16 5.01 4 6
+ 0.2- 0316 20.51 5 22
+ 0.1- 0.2 36.1 29 38
+ 0.074- 0.1 18.5 10 20
- 0.074 19 . 8 8 52 14

Eurasian ChemTech Journal 9 (2007) 97-103

 F.M.S. El-Dars et al.
lic pressing machine. The study was conducted in a
vertical tube open (open air system) to allow for the
introduction of air into the furnace during roasting
(from up downwards) and maintaining the reaction
PO2 at 0.21 atm accordingly. The roasting reactor used
consisted of a heavy-duty temperature controlled tube
furnace inside which a nickel-chrome wire basket of
a diameter 5 cm hung vertically on a balance. A Ni-
Ni/Cr thermocouple was set in the middle of the tube
furnace and the temperature inside the furnace was
held constant at 900-1000°C (±1°C) using a voltage
regulator. A typical roasting procedure conducted was
as follows:
• The system was checked for operation efficiency
and corrective measures, if required, were taken
accordingly;
• The required weight of agglomerated materials
was charged into the basket and then into the re-
actor assembly when the furnace temperature
reached the experimental predestined value (900,
925°C, etc.);
• After a predetermined period, roasting was stopp-
ed, the basket with the roasted products was re-
moved, and briquettes were cooled in a desiccator;
• Chemical analysis of the samples was conducted
after each individual run was performed [12].
Chemical determination of sodium chromate [12]
Procedure
1 g of the roasted briquette or pellet (green color)
was dissolved in 400 ml distilled water and the solu-
tion was heated at 95-98°C and stirred for 15 min.
After filtration, 25 ml of the filtrate (yellow color)
was drawn out into a 500-ml conical flask and acidi-
fied with 10-15 ml 2N H2SO4. From a burette, 40-50
ml of 0.02 N solution of Mohr's salt was precisely
delivered into the flask. The solution was diluted with
100 ml distilled water and the excess Mohr's salt was
back-titrated with standard permanganate solution to
a grayish color (combination of the green color of
Cr3+ with the pink color of MnO4– ions). After the end –
point was reached, 1-2 extra drops of permanganate
were added to ensure a distinct pink color was obtain-
ed, indication of over-titration. The procedure was
repeated three or more times and an average was cal-
culated. For the blank, 25 ml the Mohr's salt solution
was titrated in presence of 10-15 ml of sulfuric acid.
The percentage of sodium chromate obtained was
calculated according to the following equation [7]:
Eurasian ChemTech Journal 9 (2007) 97-103
99
Chromate recovery (expressed as chromic
oxide) = (Chromic oxide as sodium chromate/
chromic oxide in the sample)×100%
Results and Discussion
The Effect of Hydrated Lime Addition on the
Chromic Oxide Recovery
El-Dars et al. [12] indicated that an optimum amo-
unt of Cr2O3 recovery for the same ore concentrate
was obtained with a Cr2O3:Na2CO3 mole ratio = 1:2.5
roasted at ∼1000°C and for 40 min. During this work,
the CaO mole ratio of hydrated lime was varied from
0-3.0 relative to the mixture Cr2O3 mole ratio = 1.
Briquetting conditions (briquette pressure ∼75 kg/cm2
and briquette height 1.5 cm) were maintained. Fig-
ure 1 shows that the Cr2O3 recovery in solution de-
creased to a minimum of 24.9% at CaO/Cr2O3 mole
ratio = 0.5:1, while it reached a maximum of 70% at
2.5:1 mole ratio. The former result may be attributed
to the dissociation of lime hydroxide Ca(OH)2 to CaO
leading to an increase in the briquette porosity and,
subsequently, decreasing the contact between mix-
ture particles. The increased chromate yield at CaO/
Cr2O3 mole ratio = 2.5:1 may be attributed to the re-
action between calcium oxide after dissociation with
SiO2, Fe2O3 and Al2O3 to form calcium silicate, cal-
cium ferrite, and calcium magnesium aluminate and,
thus, increasing the free sodium carbonate reacting
within the mixture. Above this mole ratio, the increase
in hydrated lime leads to an increase in melt forma-
tion and subsequently, a decrease in the briquette
porosity leading to a decrease in Cr2O3 % recovery.
80
70
Chromate recovery, %.
60
50
40
30
20
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
Lime, mole ratio
Fig. 1. The effect of varying lime mole ratio on chromate
recovery % (as chromic oxide).
 100 Sodium Chromate-Hydrated Lime

Kinetics of the Formation of Sodium Chromate and lime in air (PO2 = 0.21 atm) at 60% chromate
in the Presence of Hydrated Lime recovery (expressed as chromic oxide) was a solid
diffusion mechanism with Ea = 106 kJ/mole [11].
The kinetics of roasting of a briquette composed
of a mixture of chromite ore concentrate; soda ash 0.4
and CaO (mole ratio 1:2.5:2.5) were studied within For 900 C.
the temperature range of 900-1000°C (Fig. 2). Figu- For 925 C.
re 2 shows that as the temperature and time increased, 0.3
For 950 C.

1/3 2
(1- (1 - R ) )
the chromic recovery (R%) increased providing a For 975 C.
maximum of 91.8% at 1000°C and after 120 min. 0.2 For 1000 C.

100
Sodium chromate recovery, %

90
0.1
80
70
0
60
For 900 C. 0 20 40 60 80 100 120
50
40 For 925 C. Time, min
30 For 950 C.
Fig. 3. Plot of (1 – (1 – R)1/3)2 and time for the final reac-
20 For 975 C.
tion period (20-120 min) at different temperatures.
10 For 1000 C.
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120
y = -17445x + 7.7136
Time, min
-6.5
Fig. 2. The effect of varying the roasting time and tem-
perature on sodium chromate recovery from briquettes of
chromite ore concentrate, soda ash and lime (1:2.5:2.5).
lnk

To determine the rate controlling step or mecha- -6.0

nism for these isotherms, different models were tried
and the following model was found to be the most
acceptable [17]:
k2t = [1 – (1 – R)1/3]2 = f (R)
where R is the decimal fraction of chromic oxide re-
covery, t is the time of reaction (min), k is the rate
constant (min–1).
The plot between [1 – (1 – R)1/3]2 and lnt is illust-
rated in Fig. 3 indicated a linear relationship. To deter-
mine the energy of activation, the Arrhenius equation
for lnk where plotted versus the inverse of the reac-
tion temperature (Fig. 4). From this figure, the acti-
vation energy was found to be around 171.635 kJ/
mole that corresponds to a solid diffusion controlled
mechanism [9]. Ansari et al. [18] concluded that if
the energy increased to between 121-158 kJ/mole,
the reaction mechanism was solid-state diffusion
controlled. As well, El-Tawil et al. [7] found that the
chromite ore and sodium carbonate reaction with CaO
had an Ea reduction from 261 to 201 kJ/mole (re-
flecting a solid diffusion control mechanism). Also,
roasting of chromite ore concentrate with soda ash
(1) -5.5
0.0007 0.0008 0.0009
-1
1/T, K
Fig. 4. Arrhenius plot for lnk versus 1/T (K–1) for the final
reaction period at different temperatures (20-120 min).
Factors Affecting the Extraction of Sodium
Chromate in Distilled Water
Briquettes of the reaction mixture of chromite ore
concentrate, soda ash and CaO (1:2.5:2.5) roasted at
1000°C for 2 hrs were subjected to a set of experi-
mental investigations to determine the optimum so-
dium chromate extraction conditions in solution.
Factors studied were: stirring time in solution, solu-
tion temperature and solid-liquid ratio.

Eurasian ChemTech Journal 9 (2007) 97-103

 F.M.S. El-Dars et al. 101

The Effect of Solution Stirring Time 99

1 g of the roasted mixture was dissolved in dis- 94

Chomate recovery, %
tilled water where an optimal solid/liquid ratio =
89
1:400 and water temperature of 100°C were main-
tained and the stirring time was varied from 5 to 15 84
min. Figure 5 shows that the recovery increased with
the increase in stirring time, which may be attributed 79
to fact that increasing the stirring time increased the
chance of complete liberation of sodium chromate 74
and, subsequently, enhanced its dissolution efficiency
69
[12,13]. The optimum stirring time that gave approxi-
40 50 60 70 80 90 100
mately 91.8% chromic oxide recovery was 12 min.
Water temperature, °C

100 Fig. 6. The effect of varying solution temperature on chro-

mate recovery %.
95
increased (Fig. 7), reflecting the increased dissolu-
90
Chromate recovery, %

tion of sodium chromate molecules in water.

85
100
80
95
75
Chromate recovery, %

90
70
85
65
80
60
5 7 9 11 13 15 75
Stirring time, min. 70
Fig. 5. The effect of varying the stirring time on chro-
65
mate recovery % in solution.
100 200 300 400
Liquid/Solid ratio
The Effect of Solution Temperature
Fig. 7. The effect of varying the liquid/solid ratio on chro-
The effect of varying the extraction solution tem- mate recovery % in solution.
perature from 40°C to 100°C was investigated at the
optimum conditions (solid/liquid ratio = 1:400) and X-ray Diffraction of the Reaction Products of
12 min stirring time. The results indicated that as the Chromite Ore Concentrate, Soda Ash and Lime
temperature of the water increased the chromic oxi-
de recovery % increased (Fig. 6), which may be attri- X-ray diffraction of the final product of roasting
buted to the increase in chromate dissolution [12,13]. chromite ore concentrate, soda ash and lime (CaO)
(mole ratio= 1:2.5:2.5) at 1000°C for 2 hrs is illus-
The Effect of Varying the Liquid/Solid Ratio trated in Fig. 8.
From this diagram, it was clear that the major
The effect of varying the liquid/solid ratio upon compounds formed during roasting were Na2CrO4
the chromic oxide recovery was investigated at the and Na2CrO4⋅4H2O. Other compounds detected were
optimum conditions 100°C water temperature and 12 CaCrO4, β-Ca2SiO4, Ca3Al2O6, Ca3Al10O18 and CaO⋅
min stirring time. The results indicated that as the Fe2O3. Essentially, 42 reactions may take place dur-
liquid/solid ratio increased the dissolution efficiency ing the roasting process of chromite concentrate and

Eurasian ChemTech Journal 9 (2007) 97-103

102 Sodium Chromate-Hydrated Lime

ash and hydrated lime CaO (mole ratio = 1:2.5:2.5)

f d c d f ef during the temperature range of 900-1000°C yielded
e a g e f a aa f a e
a b c gg a f d a 91.8% Cr2O3 recovery. The study data concluded
a b ae be g bd
that kinetics of the formation of sodium chromate
from this optimal mixture was solid diffusion mecha-
42 38 34 30 26 22 18 nism with the apparent activation energy being 171.63
2θ kJ/mole. As well, it revealed that the optimal and
Fig. 8. X-ray diffraction of the final product of roasting
economic conditions for maximum chromate recove-
chromite ore concentrate, soda ash and hydrated lime (mole ry % (expressed as chromic oxide) from this mixture
ratio 1:2.5:2.5) (temperature 1000°C and for 2 hours). in solution were:
a) stirring time = 12 minutes;
sodium carbonate [19]. In the case a mixture of chro- b) solid/liquid ratio = 1:400;
mate concentrate roasted with sodium carbonate and c) water extraction temperature = 100°C.
lime was used, this extends to an overall 61 reac-
tions [7,20]. From these reactions, Na2CrO4 is formed References
because of the reaction of FeCr2O4 and MgCr2O4 with
Na2CO3, NaAlO2, NaFeO2, and Na2SiO3. This inter- 1. Papp, J. Chromium, US Geological Survey, 2000.
mediate chromium in the presence of oxygen and 2. Morsi, I.M., Shalabi, M.E.H., El-Barawy, K.A.
excess of reacting compounds leads to the formation and El-Tawil, S.Z., "Chromium recovery from
of Na2CrO4 and other compounds identified by the chromite concentrate by sintering roasting tech-
X-ray diffractogram. Reactions that may be involved nique", Refectory Materials Extraction, Process-
in the above product formations are: ing and Applications, K. Nons, C. Liddell, D.R.
Sadaway and R.G. Bautista (editors), The Mine-
a) CaO⋅Fe2O3: rals, Metals & Materials Society, 1990, pp. 87-97.
Fe2O3 + Na2CO3 = 2 NaFeO2 + CO2 (2) 3. Kirk, O., "Encyclopedia of Chemical Technolo-
gy", 2-nd edition, Vol. 5, 1984.
2NaFeO2 + CaO (hydrated lime) = 4. Hosdowich, J.M., Chromium, Vol. 2, Reinhold
= Na2O + CaO⋅Fe2O3 (3) Publishing Corp., NY, 1965, pp. 65-92.
5. Kireeva, M.A. and Kashirskaya, I.Ya., Deposit-
b) β-Ca2SiO4:
ed Doc., VIN III, 2326-84, 1984, p. 11.
SiO2 + Na2CO3 = Na2SiO3 + CO2 (4) 6. Stephen, C. and Lawson, F. "Alkali roasting of
chromite", AIMM, Proc. Vol. 28, 1984, pp. 247-
2CaO + Na2SiO3 = Na2O + β-Ca2SiO4 (5) 251.
c) CaCrO4: 7. El-Tawil, Z, Morsi, I. M., Shalabi, M.E.H. and
Mohamed, O.A., "Soda ash roasting of chromite
CaCO3 = CaO + CO2 (6) ore concentrate pellets", Neue Hutte, 36 (4),
Cr2O3 + 2CaO + 3/2O2 = 2CaCrO4 (7) 1991, pp. 140-145.
8. Tripathy, A.K., Ray, H.S. and Pattanayak, P.K.,
d) Ca3Al10O18: "Kinetics reaction between chromium sesqui-
Al2O3 + Na2CO3 = 2NaAlO2 + CO2 (8) oxide and anhydrous Na2CO3 in oxidizing atmos-
pheres", Trans. Inst. Min. Metall. Sect. C (May-
3CaO + 10NaAlO2 = 5Na2O + Ca3Al10O18 (9) Aug), 1994, pp. 147-151.
9. Shalabi, M.E.H., El-Hussiny, N.A., Zaher, F.M.S.,
Conclusions El-Ebiary, N.N. and El-Afifi, S.Y., "Kinetic of
Formation of sodium chromate from El-Bara-
As the CaO in hydrated lime/Cr2O3 mole ratio in- miya Chromite Ore Concentrate with soda ash
creased from 0-3, the chromic oxide recovery de- briquetting", Gospadarka Surowcami Mineral-
creased to a minimum at 0.5 (24.5%) and then nymi, 15, 1999, pp.111-131.
increased to a maximum (70%) at 2.5 (CaO/Cr2O3 10. Shalabi, M.E.H., El-Hussiny, N.A., Shebl, F.Z.,
mole ratio). The results indicated that roasting of an El-Afifi, S.Y., XXI International Mineral Pro-
optimal mixture of chromite ore concentrate, soda cessing Congress, Rome, B, 2000, pp. 16-21.

Eurasian ChemTech Journal 9 (2007) 97-103

 F.M.S. El-Dars et al.
11. Shalabi, M.E.H., El-Hussiny, N.A., Shebl, F.M.Z.,
El-Afifi, S.Y., "The role of O2, N2 and a mixture
of both with varying proportions of N2 on the
formation of sodium chromate", The Transac-
tions of the Egyptian Society of Chemical Engi-
neers, 27(2), 2001, pp. 474- 485.
12. El-Dars, F.M.S., Abuzeid, H.A.M., Khalifa, M.G.,
Shalabi, M.E.H. and Farag, A.B. "Formation of
Sodium Chromate from Chromite Ore Concen-
trate and Soda Ash Briquetting and factors af-
fecting its recovery", Egyptian Journal of Che-
mistry, 45 (2), 2002, pp. 299-312.
13. Shalabi, M.E.H, Khalifa, M.G, Abuzeid, H.A.M,
El-Dars, F.M.S, and Farag, A. B. The study of
the formation of Sodium Chromate from El-
Baramiya high-silica Chromite Ore Concentrate
using dolomite, The Journal of Ore Dressing,
Vol. 8 issue 15, 2006, pp. 11- 20.
14. Vilnyanski, Y. and Pudovkina, O.N. "The Che-
mistry of the Production of Sodium Chromate",
J. Appl. Chem. USSR, 1947, (20):794.
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103
15. Bruen, C.P., Low, W.W. and Smalley, E.W. US
Patent: US3816095: Method for recovering
Chromium values from chromite ore, Allied
Chemical Corporation, N.Y., USA, 1974.
16. Ozer, A., Gulaboglu, S.M., Bayrakeeken, S.G.
and Ahmet, K. Kim. Muchendisligi Semp, No.
4, 1992, pp. 31-36.
17. Jander, W. and Anorg, Z., Allg Chem., No. 163,
1927, p. 1.
18. Ansari, O., A. Khier, S. and Singer, J. ARE Iron
and Steel Making, 1990, 11:237-246.
19. Jorochova and Ponelckee M, Chemistry and
Technology of Chromium Trode (YHUVUM),
1975, pp. 29-38.
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Received 13 February 2007.
 Eurasian ChemTech Journal 9 (2007) 163

BOOK REVIEW

Dictionary of Schiff Bases. Pt 1. By Bakhtiyar O. Minbayev (KazNTU named after K.I. Satbayev
Republic of Kazakhstan) Almaty. 2001, 2005. 319 p. ISBN 9965-583-23-7
Dictionary of Schiff Bases. Pt 2. By Bakhtiyar O. Minbayev (KazNTU named after K.I. Satbayev
Republic of Kazakhstan) Almaty. 2004. 310 p. ISBN 9965-673-86-1

During the last decade, the organic compounds with double bond carbon-nitrogen with generalized formula
RR'C=NR'' so-called Azomethines, Imines, Aldimines, Ketimines and Schiff Bases have attracted much atten-
tion of researchers as synthons and intermediates for using in organic synthesis, analytical, coordination, physi-
cal, organic and supramolecular chemistry, as promising biological active compounds in medicine and as liquid
crystals in electronics. It was also found that they may be used as a suitable subjects for investigation of the
crucial problems of theoretical organic and physical chemistry.
For over 30 years the author has made seminal contributions to the general area of the chemistry of organic
compounds containing carbon double bond nitrogen and has published numerous research articles and books in
Russian on chemistry of Schiff Bases: "The Schiff Base", "Physico-Chemical Properties of Schiff Bases", "Spectral
Characteristics of Schiff Bases".
As intended by the author this book will be an important reference book for scientists who work with organic
compounds containing carbon double bond nitrogen and a useful catalog for graduate and post-graduate stu-
dents studying carbonyl compounds and their nitrogen derivatives
This book covers the physico-chemical (boiling and melting points, density, index of refraction, optical
rotation dispersion, dipole moment, yields in %), spectral (IR, UV, PMR, NMR, NQR and mass-spectrometry
circular dichroism) and crystallographical data, liquid crystalline and biological properties of more than 8000
representatives of this important class of organic compounds.
The author prof. B.O. Minbayev, has done an outstanding job of compilation data given by different re-
searchers into a very cohesive and a very readable book All entries in the compilation were organized according
to the molecular formula index system. The elements in the molecular formula were given according to the Hill
convention (C, H, than other elements in alphabetical order). For a book of nearly encyclopedic reference, it is
unusually easy to read the author's sensitivity to style is evident.
The book consists of two parts, the part I of which for the first tune was published in 2001, but its revised and
completed edition was republished in 2005. The first three chapters in part I include the data of Schiff Bases of
Saturated Unsaturated Aliphatic Aldehydes and Aromatic Aldehydes. The recommended reviews and books on
Schiff Bases chemistry also were given at the end of part I. In part II were given the data of Schiff Bases of other
carbonyl compounds.
The author has organized the material into chapters mainly on the basis of types of carbonyl components. A
listing of the 12 chapters will give readers the overall scope of material covered: (Chapter 1) Schiff Bases of
Aliphatic Aldehydes; (Chapter 2) Schiff Bases of Alicyclic Aldehydes; (Chapter 3) Schiff Bases of Aromatic
Aldehydes; (Chapter 4) Schiff Bases of Heterocyclic Aldehydes; (Chapter 5) Schiff Bases of Some Function-
ally Substituted Carbonyl Compounds; (Chapter 6) Elementorganic Derivatives of Schiff Bases; (Chapter 7)
Schiff Bases of Aliphatic Ketones; (Chapter 8) Schiff Bases of Halogenated Ketones; (Chapter 9) Schiff Bases
of Alicyclic Ketones; (Chapter 10) Schiff Bases of Aromatic Ketones; (Chapter II) Schiff Bases of Steroidal
Ketones; (Chapter 12) Schiff Bases of Heterocychc Ketones.
Overall, this book represents a valuable and timely resource of information, which is expected to be espe-
cially useful to graduate students and researchers, and should be included in all scientific libraries.

Director of Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry,

Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences,
Member of RAS, Dr., Prof. Trofimov B.A.

 2007 al-Farabi Kazakh National University Printed in Kazakhstan

Vol.9. No.2. pp.81-164

Recovery of Metal Values from Useless Printed Circuit Boards

M. Rabah, M. Mosa and G.M. Aly ..................................................................................... 129
9
__
2
Preparation of Porous Activated Carbons from Rice Husk
with Alkali Activation
A.G. Gadalla, S.S. Younis, M.F.M. Fahmy, N.N. Ibiari and Joseph Y. Farah .................... 139

Gas Sparged Adsorber for Decolourization Dye Effluent

M.M. Nassar, T.E. Farrag and J.Y. Farah ............................................................................ 147
EURASIAN CHEMICO-TECHNOLOGICAL JOURNAL

Bioremediation of Industrial Wastes of Oil Refineries as an

Environmental Solution for Water Pollution
T. Raafat, N.Sh. El-Gendy, L. Farahat, M. Kamel and E.A. El-Shafy................................ 153

Book Review. "Dictionary of Schiff Bases" by Bakhtiyar O. Minbayev

B.A. Trofimov ..................................................................................................................... 163
2007
Eurasian Chemico-Technological Journal
Quarterly Journal of the International Higher Education Academy of Sciences

VOLUME 9 NUMBER 2 2007

Contents

Research on Advanced Materials and Processes

A.A. Aal .............................................................................................................................. I

Enhancing Corrosion Resistance of Stainless Steel 304

Using Laser Surface Treatment
I.M. Ghayad, M.A. Shoeib, T. Mattar, R.M AbuShhaiba and H.M. Hussein ..................... 81

Non-Toxic Plant Extract as Corrosion Inhibitor for Chill Cast

Al-Zn-Mg Alloy in Caustic Soda Solution
F.A. Ayeni, V.S. Aigbodion and S.A Yaro .......................................................................... 91

The Study of the Formation of Sodium Chromate from El-Baramiya

High-Silica Chromite Ore Concentrate Using Hydrated Lime
F.M.S. El-Dars, M.E.H. Shalabi, H.A.M. Abuzeid,
M.G. Khalifa and A.B. Farag.............................................................................................. 97

Thermal Treatment of Titania Slag under

Oxidation-Reduction Conditions
T.A.I. Lasheen and M.E.H. Shalabi .................................................................................... 105

Application of Statistical Design to Optimize the Preparation of Barium

Titanate Nanopowders via Oxalate Precursor Method
M.M. Rashad, R.S. Mohammed, A.A. El-Midany,
A.T. Kandil and I.A. Ibrahim .............................................................................................. 113

Film Stability on Zn-Al-Cu Alloy in Universal Buffer

A.A. Mazhar, A.G. Gad-Allah, S.A. Salih and R.H. Tammam .......................................... 121

(continued on inside back cover)