BME 382

Engineering Models of Physiological Systems

Project on Lung Model with Distributed l!eoli

Note: Answers are in red Use your SIMULINK Lung Model to answer the following questions. (An outline of SIMULINK model is attached as a figure at the end of this ro!ect descri tion." Part "# $niform Lung res%onding to different &'ygen Demands #hen the demand for o$ygen increases from your %ody organs & in articular' during muscular e$ercise & then your ulmonary and cardio(ascular systems must ad!ust to ro(ide and distri%ute an o$ygen su ly equal to the increased demand. )our autonomic control systems will ad!ust %oth your cardiac out ut and your (entilation. #e already *now that the autonomic controls sense arterial %lood ressure and use that to control the circulation. +U, -. What particular variable could your autonomic system sense in order to most sensitively control ventilation? .otential (aria%les that the autonomic system might %e a%le to sense include /" Mi$ed (enous .01 in the %lood coming out of the main ulmonary artery. 1" Arterial .01 in the %lood running through the main arteries. 2" .ercent 3emoglo%in Saturation in mi$ed (enous %lood. 4" .ercent 3emoglo%in Saturation in arterial %lood. It would %e useful to see how these (aria%les change when you (ary the o$ygen demand' %ut *ee the cardiac out ut and the (entilation unchanged. #hy *ee 50 and 6A fi$ed 7 ,hat will allow you to see the ure effect of a change in o$ygen demand & which your %ody would then use to alter 6A and 50. Use your lung model with uniform distri%ution of %oth (entilation and erfusion to fill in the data in the following ta%le: (es%onse of $niform Lung to )arying &'ygen Demand * while +& and ) remain constant at +& ,-./ L0min and ) , - L0min 0$ygen 8emand 6enous .01 Arterial .01 6enous 3% Sat Arterial 3% Sat (millimoles9min" (mm3g" (mm3g" ( ercent" ( ercent" : ;;.<= //<.2 :4.: :=.::>: /2 <=./? ::.= :1.; :=.4<14 /? </.;1 =4.>/ =:.? :?.4214 1/ 42.?/ ;2.4= =4.1 :4.142< 1< 21.>= 4>./? ;?.= =>.<?;? N0,@: ,he A saturation of hemoglo%in is determined %y art of the formula we used to con(ert .01 to 01 concentration. A3% Sat B .01C2 9 ( 1<C2 D .01C2 " E />> N0,@: 0$ygen demand is the ,0,AL demand & the sum of %asal and e$ercise demand.

.L0, all of these (aria%les on a gra h li*e the one shown %elow FF

1uestions to Discuss Based on the (esults Shown in this Plot# A" #hich (aria%le is the least sensitive to changes in o$ygen demand7 #hich is the most sensitive? ,he (aria%le that is least sensiti(e is the (enous Arterial 3% Saturation. ,he (aria%le that is most sensiti(e is the arterial .01' %ecause it has the stee de th slo e' therefore if any change ha en it will cause a sensiti(e reaction. +" As you thin* a%out how your %odyGs autonomic control system might ha(e %een HdesignedI' which (aria%le would %e the %est sensor to ro(ide feed%ac* that will %e used to control (entilation 7 FF the one that is least sensiti(e or the one that is most sensiti(e 7 @E.LAIN your choice. ,he (aria%le that would %e the %est sensor to ro(ide feed%ac* that would %e used control (entilation is arterial .01' which is most sensiti(e. 6entilation is the rate at which gas is enters and lea(es the lungJ thus as (entilation changes the %ody must ad!ust to counter%alance the change. 5" 8uring an o eration when you are under full anesthesia' your (entilatory control system does not wor* well. 5onsequently' the anesthesiologist monitors your (entilatory state and then ad!usts the degree of mechanical (entilation he ro(ides. ,he anesthesiologist uses an oximeter as his sensor. ,his is a de(ice attached to the ti of one of your fingers that shines red light through the tissues in your finger. As the ercent saturation of

hemoglo%in changes' 3% changes the colors it a%sor%s from this light. ()ou see this commonly as arterial %lood ha(ing a redder color than (enous %lood." ,he anesthesiologist uses this measure of Aarterial 3% saturation to control (entilation for you. 50M.AK@ how good a measure the anesthesiologist is using as a feed%ac* signal that he monitors to the feed%ac* signal you suggested in art +. #ill his signal wor* as well as the one you suggested7 If not' what might the anesthesiologist need to %e alert for7 5om ared to art + the anesthesiologist does not ha(e a good feed%ac* if he is using the A arterial 3% saturation to control (entilation. Lrom loo*ing at Ligure / gra h a%o(e' the A arterial 3% saturation is not as sensiti(e for a feed%ac* as the arterial .01. Arterial .01 is a good feed%ac* signal that monitors me during an o eration. +ecause the arterial .01 is sensiti(e it will alert the anesthesiologist if there is a decrease in the (entilation. 8" Kead a%out the carotid sinus & an organ in your %ody & and comment on how well it is suited to its hysiological role. A carotid sinus is at the origin of the internal carotid artery located in the human nec*. ,he carotid sinus is well suited to its hysiological role %ecause it contains numerous %arorece tors (sensor located in the %lood (essel that detects the ressure of %lood flowing". H,he sensor can send a message to the central ner(ous system (5NS" to increase or decrease total eri heral resistance and cardiac out utI (Wikipedia". ,his shows how the sinus is needed to human sur(i(al. Part 2# (es%onse of a uniform lung to breathing at high altitude At /1'>>> feet' which is a common altitude for hi*ers in the Koc*y Mountains' the artial ressure of o$ygen in the ins ired air has declined to />> mm3g. ,o see how a healthy' uniform lung will res ond to this challenge' fill in the data in the following ta%le %y using your SIMULINK model: .01 ins ired air mm3g /<> />> />> />> 6entilation L9min < < /> < 5ardiac 0ut ut L9min <.; <.; <.; //.1 Arterial .01 mm3g ::.= 2<.>= ?4.:/ 24.42 Arterial 3% Sat ercent :=.4< ?2.4 :;.4 ?1.2

1uestions to answer in your discussion# /" 5omment on how well increasing (entilation counteracts the challenge of high altitude (ersus how well increasing cardiac out ut does. As the (entilation increases and the cardiac out ut remains the same' thus the arterial .01 increases. ,he reason why is %ecause since there is an increase in air flow thus'

arterial .01 will counteract the more inta*e of 01 into the %lood. #hen cardiac out ut' which is %lood flow increases the arterial .01 will remain close to arterial .01 that has a lower ins ired air. 1" +ased on your understanding of gas e$change in the lung' @E.LAIN why one com ensation (increasing 50 or 6A" wor*s %etter than the other. (3IN,: recall the material %alance equation that we used to calculate the flu$ of 01 deli(ered %y an al(eolus." ) 2+3 F 5A"B Llu$ (moles of 01 deli(ered er minute" B M(5a F 5(" ,he com ensation that wor*s %est according to the equation is 6A' %ecause 6A is the concentration of air flow it will increase as the concentration of ins ired air decreases. Part 3# a 4&4 5$436&(M L$47 55 (e%onse to a Pulmonary Embolism Use your SIMULINK model to study the effect of a %lood clot that may tra(el from where it formed in a systemic (ein (often in a leg" through the right heart and into the ulmonary arteries. ,he %lood clot cannot ass along as the ulmonary arteries %ranch and narrow' so e(entually it %ecomes lodged in a smaller ulmonary artery. ,he clot then %loc*s all %lood flow downstream to al(eoli that would normally ha(e %een fed from the %loc*ed artery. ,o simulate this in your model' alter the distri%ution of erfusion in your distri%uted Lung SIMULINK model. Ma*e ,#0 of the al(eoli recei(e only a >.>>>>/ fraction of the total cardiac out ut (M". Since the total of all the distri%utions must B /' ad!ust the other fractional distri%utions too. #ith the lung in this simulated N0NFUNIL0KM state' use your SIMULINK model to determine the data in the ,a%le on the ne$t age: 4&45$436&(M L$47 with a %ulmonary embolism bloc8ing blood flow to 9:; of al!eoli Situation 6entilation 5ardiac 0ut ut Arterial .01 Arterial 3% Sat L9min L9min mm3g ercent UNIL0KM < <.; ::.= LUNN :=.4<14/ 4>A em%olism < <.; 2<.<; (uncom ensated" ?4.1/12: 4>A em%olism D < = 4=.?< Increased 50 ==.//;1= 4>A em%olism D = <.; :?.;: Increased 6A :=.2</;4 1uestion to Discuss# +ased on your understanding of gas e$change in the lung' @E.LAIN why one method of com ensation wor*s %etter than the other.

,he method of 4>A em%olism D increased 6A showed an increase in arterial .01 %ac* to almost uniform lung. ,he reason why is %ecause as (entilation increases' thus the arterial .01 increases. 6A and arterial .01 are directly ro ortional to each other. ,he %lood clot will cause 4>A of the al(eoli to %e %loc*edJ this is shown %y changing M. Nas goes from high concentration to low concentration' so ressure will reach equili%rium' %y increase 6A. Part 9# a 4&4 5$436&(M L$47 55 (e%onse to a Broncho5S%asm 5hronic o%structi(e ulmonary disease (50.8" is one of the main causes of limited lifeF style and e(en death. In some cases' the disease is not uniform and only arts of the lung are affected. ,he ro%lem re(ol(es around a constriction of airways %y inflammation or acti(e contraction of the smooth muscle surrounding the airways. )ou will model this in your SIMULINK model %y altering the distri%ution of (entilation in your model. Ma*e ,#0 of the al(eoli recei(e only a >.>>>>/ fraction of the total (entilation (6A". Since the total of all the distri%utions must B /' ad!ust the other fractional distri%utions too. K@M@M+@K to reset the distri%ution of erfusion to N0KMAL (i.e.' undo the changes you made for .art 2." #ith the lung in this simulated N0NFUNIL0KM state' use your SIMULINK model to determine the data in the ,a%le %elow:

4&45$436&(M L$47 with a broncho5s%asm bloc8ing !entilation to 9:; of al!eoli Situation Ins ired 6entilation 5ardiac 0ut ut Arterial .01 Arterial 3% .01 L9min L9min mm3g A Sat UNIL0KM LUNN /<> < <.; ::.= :=.4<14/ 4>A %loc*ed /<> < <.; ;4.?= (uncom ensated" :4.<;4;? 4>A %loc*ed D /<> = <.; ;?.;: Increased 6A :<.1>2?; 4>A %loc*ed D /<> < = ?>.<; Increased 50 :<.?4/;/ 4>A %loc*ed D 2>> < <.; ?1.2/ increased .01 air :;.>2/2: Muestion to 8iscuss: 8o any of these com ensations wor* well to alle(iate the ro%lem7 @E.LAIN %ased on your *nowledge of gas e$change in the lung. ,he 4>A %loc*ed D increased 50 and 4>A %loc*ed D increased .01 air with ins ired .01 of 2>> ha(e shown an increase in arterial 3% A Sat. ,he reason why is %ecause M will com ensate for the 6A decrease %y 4>A. ,his can %e seen from this equation: ) (5I F 5A"B Llu$ (moles of 01 deli(ered er minute" B 1(5a F 5(". As 6A decreases either concentration of ins ired gas has to increase or the %lood flow (M" decrease to com ensate for the change.