6.

003: Signals and Systems

From LPs to CDs
and how 6.003 helps get you there
December 8, 2011
1

":;'

Edisons Phonograph
2
Edisons Phonograph
3
Edisons Phonograph
4
Edisons Phonograph
5
Edisons Phonograph
6
Image by Infrogmation on Wikimedia Commons.
Edisons Phonograph
7
Photo of Pioneer record player removed due to copyright restrictions.
Edisons Phonograph
8
Edisons Phonograph
9
Photo of Grado phono cartridge removed due to copyright restrictions.











Edisons Phonograph
LPs: 100 years of optimization good delity, but
fragile: easily scratched
lots of distortions: e.g., wow and utter
expensive
CDs: much higher delity
nearly indestructible
very low distortion
inexpensive
many of these advantages made possible by concepts from Signals
and Systems!
10
Edisons Phonograph
11
Image by Dante Alighieri on Wikimedia Commons.
Whats on a CD?
12
0.83-3.56 Jlm
k"'" protective layer (plus label)
reflective layer (typically aluminum)
polycarbonate (injection molded)
~ ~ +--
~ ~ ~ +--
Image by Dante Alighieri
on Wikimedia Commons.











Edisons Phonograph
LPs: 100 years of optimization good delity, but
fragile: easily scratched
lots of distortions: e.g., wow and utter
expensive
CDs: much higher delity

nearly indestructible
very low distortion
inexpensive
many of these advantages made possible by concepts from Signals
and Systems!
13
Whats on a CD?
14
0.83-3.56 Jlm
k"'" protective layer (plus label)
reflective layer (typically aluminum)
polycarbonate (injection molded)
~ ~ +--
~ ~ ~ +--
Image by Dante Alighieri
on Wikimedia Commons.



Whats on a CD?
Continuous signal (audio)
Discrete storage (pits and lands)
sampling!
15


...
Whats on a CD?
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
10 100 1000 10000 100000
T
h
r
e
s
h
o
l
d

(
d
B

S
P
L
)
Frequency (Hz)
Dadson & King, 1952
Yeowart, Brian, &
Tempest, 1967
Green, Kidd, &
Stevens, 1987
16
is = 44.1kHz
!
Xm Ct)
Anti-aliasing
xCt)
Sample and
xCt)
Analog-to-
x [n)
digital
CT filter hold
converter
Whats on a CD?
17
Xm(f)
Ideal
anti-al iasi ng
filter
-20 20 f (kHz)
Whats on a CD?
18
XU)
JMM IM M(
o 44.1 f (kHz)
X(!)
J (\ 11 (\ 111(\ (JI(\ l1i(
o 20t 44.1 f (kHz)
24.1

Without
anti-aliasing
filter

With ideal
anti-aliasing
filter
Whats on a CD?
19

----
0
co
"0
-20
1
---
<l>
"0
-40
:::J
-
c
-60
0>
co
-80

0
---- 0>
<l>
"0
---
-500
<l>
0>
C

-1000
1 0
1 0
1
1 0
2
Frequency (kHz)
Whats on a CD?
20
jm
Whats on a CD?
21
----
0
co
"0
-20
1
---
<l>
"0
-40
:::J
-
c
-60
0>
co
-80

0
---- 0>
<l>
"0
---
-500
<l>
0>
C

-1000
1 0
1 0
1
1 0
2
Frequency (kHz)
Whats on a CD?
22
Is = 176.4kHz
Whats on a CD?
23
0 176.4 f (kHz)
XU)
, ,

, ,

A
0 176.4 f (kHz)
Whats on a CD?
24
Q)
-g -40
-
c
0)
~ -80 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
~ 0
- r = ~ ~ ~ ~ : ~ ~ : ~ ~
0)
Q)
::s.-200
Q)
0)
~ -400 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ____ ; : : : : : : ~ ~ ~
10 10
1
10
2
10
3
Frequency (kHz)
Whats on a CD?
25
Is = 176.4kHz
Whats on a CD?
26

o
Q) -40
"0
::::l
-80
0)
20. r 24.1 kHz 88.2 kHz.
-120

!-40 N
0) -80 "' v..----------
c :
-120 __ __
o O. 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
DT frequency, Q/21t
Whats on a CD?
27

t::
co
0..
>.
1
~
c
en
co
E
-1
-1
24.1 = 0.1366
176.4 20
..cfIII/J-......... / / = 0.1134
o
, 176.4
1
Real part
2
o
3
Whats on a CD?
28
<J.)
'"d
;::I
0.2
0.1
p,
S
<r;
n
Whats on a CD?
29

X(Q)
n m
m OT
m fl
OT signal
after sampling
_ filter
at 176 kHz
0 27t
Q
Y(Q)
ffi
&
ffi n
After
filtering with
OT filter
0 27t
Q
Ydown(Q)
J (\ 11 (\ 111(\ 11(\ l1i[
0 27t
Q
Whats on a CD?
30
LPs: 100 years of optimization, good fidelity, but
fragile: easily scratched
lots of distortions: e.g., wow and flutter
expensive
CDs: much higher fidelity /
nearly indestructible v /
very low distortion v
very cheap
many of these advantages made possible by
concepts from Signals and Systems!
Whats on a CD?
31
Whats on a CD?
Audio --7 bits:
sampling
filtering
DT processing of CT signals
downsampling
Next issue: how to you build a player?
32

YdownCQ)
Whats on a CD?
33

J {\ 11 {\ 111{\ 11 {\ 11 (
Spectrum
of samples
on CD
Upsampled
4 X O
After
filtering with
DT filter
o 211: Q
DT filter
.. ... . m ....
nffiffiffimffiffiffi ffiffiffiffiffiffiffifl
o 211: Q
ill ffi ffi
o 211:
Q
Whats on a CD?
34
Whats on a CD?
35
0.83-3.56 Jlm
k"'" protective layer (plus label)
reflective layer (typically aluminum)
polycarbonate (injection molded)
~ ~ +--
~ ~ ~ +--
Image by Dante Alighieri
on Wikimedia Commons.
Whats on a CD?
36
Whats on a CD?
37

Interferometric sensing: 6.003 explanation
mirror
~ f\ f\ f\ f\ f\ [t
VVVVVV
II: 11
b
Whats on a CD?
38

Interferometric sensing: 6.003 explanation
mirror
~ f\ f\ f\ f\ f\ [t
VVVVVV
12
b
Whats on a CD?
39

Interferometric sensing: 6.003 explanation
mirror
~ f\ f\ f\ f\ f\ [t
VVVVVV
II: 11
b
Whats on a CD?
40

Interferometric sensing: 6.003 explanation
mirror
~ f\ f\ f\ f\ f\ [t
VVVVVV
12
b
Whats on a CD?
41

Interferometric sensing: 6.003 explanation
mirror
bl f\!\!\!\[
VVVV
b
Whats on a CD?
42

Focusing with feedback control
front view
of quadrant
detector
Whats on a CD?
43

Focusing with feedback control
quadrant
detector
front view
of quadrant
detector
Whats on a CD?
44

Focusing with feedback control
quadrant
detector
front view
of quadrant
detector
Whats on a CD?
45

Focusing with feedback control
front view
of quadrant
detector
Whats on a CD?
46

Focusing with feedback control
quadrant
detector
front view
of quadrant
detector
Whats on a CD?
47

Focusing with feedback control
quadrant
detector
front view
of quadrant
detector
Whats on a CD?
48

Focusing with feedback control
electromagnetic positioner
front view
of quadrant
detector
A+C- 8- D
Whats on a CD?
49
Whats on a CD?
50
Image removed due to copyright restrictions. Please see Brain, Marshall.
"How CDs Work: CD Player Components." HowStuffWorks, April 2000.

Focusing with feedback
+
controller
focusing

magnet
7'
1'-
A+C-8-0
quadrature
sensor
Whats on a CD?
51

Translating pits to bits
Whats on a CD?
52

Translating pits to bits
Whats on a CD?
53

Translating pits to bits
Whats on a CD?
54

Translating pits to bits
Whats on a CD?
55

Translating pits to bits
Whats on a CD?
56

Translating pits to bits
Whats on a CD?
57

Translating pits to bits
Whats on a CD?
58

Translating pits to bits
Whats on a CD?
59

Translating pits to bits
Whats on a CD?
60

Translating pits to bits
Whats on a CD?
61
Translating pits to bits
Whats on a CD?
62
Tracking with feedback control
Whats on a CD?
63
Whats on a CD?
Tracking with feedback control
64
Whats on a CD?
Tracking with feedback control
65
Whats on a CD?
Tracking with feedback control
66
Whats on a CD?
Tracking with feedback control
67

Tracking with feedback control
Whats on a CD?
68

Tracking with feedback control
Whats on a CD?
69

Tracking with feedback control
Whats on a CD?
70
Whats on a CD?
Tracking with feedback control
71
E-F-t?-
positioner
Whats on a CD?
Tracking with feedback control
72
Whats on a CD?
73
Image removed due to copyright restrictions. Please see Brain, Marshall.
"How CDs Work: CD Player Components." HowStuffWorks, April 2000.

Tracking the tracks with feedback
desired C71
track --+.
location
+
~
controller ~
track drive
motor
E-F
differential
sensor

,
Whats on a CD?
74
Whats on a CD?
LPs: 100 years of optimization, good fidelity, but
fragile: easily scratched
lots of distortions: e.g., wow and flutter
expensive
CDs: much higher fidelity /
nearly indestructible v /
very low distortion v/
very cheap v
many of these advantages made possible by
concepts from Signals and Systems!
75

From LPs to CDs -
and how 6.003 helps get you there
f , = 176.4kHz
Sampling
S I
I

Frequency (kHz)
Filtering

Feedback
., ,
Real part
DT processing of CT signals
Whats on a CD?
76
Whats on a CD?
References:
The history of the Edison Cylinder Phonograph
http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/edhtml/edcyldr.html
Audio Compact Disk An Introduction by Kelin J. Kuhn
http://audio18.stormloader.com/Audio/compact_disc/audioCD.htm
How CDs Work by Marshall Brain
http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/cd.htm



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6.003 Signals and Systems
Fall 2011
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