Technical Feasibility Study

Kishangarh Watershed
21 22 December 2013 Emmanuel Hospital Association By Dennyson & Vimal

Contents
Objective:...................................................................................................................................................................................................... 3 Methodology:............................................................................................................................................................................................... 3 Assessment team ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 3 Background .................................................................................................................................................................................................. 3 Kishangarh ................................................................................................................................................................................................... 4 Village Bila, Panchayat Matipura ......................................................................................................................................................... 5 Village Surai, Panchayat Matipura ...................................................................................................................................................... 6 Village Matipura, Panchayat Matipura .............................................................................................................................................. 7 Village: Nagada, Pachayat: Nagada ...................................................................................................................................................... 9 Village: Chapner, Pachayat: Nagada.................................................................................................................................................... 9 Village: Tipari, Pachayat: Nagada........................................................................................................................................................ 10 Observation & Discussion: .................................................................................................................................................................... 10 Suggestion and recommendations: ..................................................................................................................................................... 11 Images: Plight of women and children ....................................................................................................................................... 13 Images: Detorirating land cover .................................................................................................................................................... 14 Images: Water stress .......................................................................................................................................................................... 15 Panna Topo Map NG 44 -14........................................................................................................................................................... 16 Resource Map: Village Bilo .............................................................................................................................................................. 17 Resource Map: Village Surai ........................................................................................................................................................... 18 Resource Map: Village Matipura ................................................................................................................................................... 19 Resource Map: Village Tipari ........................................................................................................................................................ 20 Resource Map: Village Nagada ....................................................................................................................................................... 21

Kishangarh Watershed Feasibility Study

Objective:
EHA seeks to start a watershed intervention in identified 10 villages Kishangarh watershed area, for the year 2014 - 2017. The objective of the study was to assess technical feasibility and recommend suitable approaches for watershed interventions in targeted villages. As the time was limiting factor six out of the 10 villages were assessed.

Methodology:
The study started with a brainstorming session with the project team before visiting the field. The following methods were adapted during this study at the field level; PRA tools - problem matrix with gender perspective, resource mapping, focus group discussion and transect walk. An introduction to Geo tagging of water sources, land capability survey and measuring water table of existing wells was given to project staff. The study concluded with a debriefing session with the project team.

Assessment team
The assessment team was headed Mr. Abraham Dennyson Programme Manager (FNS). Two teams of were dispatched separately to do the study in three villages each. Headed by agricultural engineers from EHA Mr. Abraham Dennyson Programme Manger (FNS), Patna and Mr. Vimal Navin Rao Project Director Spandana project Laknadon. Team A: 1. Abram Dennyson 2. Ashok 3. Tapas 4. Chanda Team B: 1. Vimal Rao 2. Prabhu Saran 3.

Background
Chhatarpur district in located on the central portion on the plateau of Bundelkhand in M.P. between 0 0 0 0 north latitudes 24 06 and 25 20 and east longitude 79 59 and 80 26 falls under the survey of India toposheet No. 54O, 54P, 63D. The district is bounded by Mohaba district U.P in the north, Panna district, in the east Tikamgarh district in the west and Sagar & Damoh district in the south. Irrigated are in Chhatarpur is as here below Irrigated Area by tube wells by canals By other means by open wells Total sq km 16.99 204.66 336.29 1707.87 2265.81 % 1% 9% 15% 75% 100%

The normal annual rainfall of Chhatrpur district is 1068.3mm. The district receives maximum rainfall during south west monsoon i.e. June to September about 90.2%. About 65% of the district is occupied by Bundelkhand granite in northern & north central part with a thin soil cover. It is very hard & compact with well developed joints. The joints are open at the surface and persist to about 20 m below land surface. However, beyond 45m these are very tight, thus restricting the storage and movement of ground water.

Kishangarh Watershed Feasibility Study

The topography and soil cover, as well as underlying rocks, in Chhatarpur district are such which forces most of the rainfall to go as runoff instead of recharging the aquifers. It is thus essential that available resources are utilized judiciously as well as conserved The limestone units in Bijawar also hold promise for ground water development. The tube well tapping the top weathered portion as well as deeper joints and fracture should have a 200 mm diameter assembly with 1.60 mm slots in the weathered portion and the bore hole can be left naked below the weathered zone. The naked portion of the bore hole should also be developed properly through hydro fracturing. The suitable rig for the area is DTH preferably having rotary / DTH system

Kishangarh
The area selection is good as the topography is undulating and the area falls in semi arid area which makes it vulnerable to drought and community face a lot of problem because the rainwater is not properly harvested to recharge the aquifers/ ground water sources. It is good that the area reports to have sufficient wells to monitor the water level fluctuations and impact the interventions would bring to the watershed.

Kishangarh Watershed Feasibility Study

Village Bila, Panchayat Matipura

The community live there for more than five generation in this place. There are 74 households in the village Livelihood: According to baseline survey the average cultivable landholding per house is 1.5 acres. Some

traditional crops like Jowar, Kudo, Urda, Kutki and Sama have been abandoned since 10 years now because the yield has reduced. Farmers now cultivate Wheat, Channa, Mustard, Soya, Till, Urd and Maize. The farmers claim that they have abandoned due to low yield and returns. The agriculture yield is insufficient to feed the family round the year; agricultural yield has to be supplemented through casual labour and Public Distribution Scheme (PDS) supply. Non Timber Forest Produce like Mauva, Cheronji, Tendu Pati also supplement their earnings. Households have cow for milk for own consumption (tea) and some households goat 5 10 Mature adult goat would earn Rs 2000/ each Soil: The Soil is Reddish brown lateritic and depth varies from very shallow to shallow and basically stony. Vegetative cover is shrubs or brushwood type. The topography is gently to moderately sloping towards the valley. Annually one seasonal crop is grown in arable land. Last year different farmers had grown different crops like Channa, Wheat, Urd, Soya, and Mustard. However the crop was lost due to untimely heavy rain (during harvesting season) Water: Their water source is Kishangarh nalla (???) There have been watershed activities happening in this village. There are six ponds all of them holding water from July Oct/ Nov (currently dry 20 Dec). There is hand pump delivering water upto 11 months and one open well in the downstream providing water throughout the year. Pond5 could be a good option to deepen and do lining as the seepage is too high to improve the water holding capacity. Fine clay lining or LDPE film lining with 30-60 cms soil cover is adequate for bed-lining. Field bunding waste land that drain water into this pond also needs to be done farm bunding ideally along contours into small plots.
Latitude Longitude Altitude Depth (m) Water table(m) Dimension Metres Aspect Yield Months Purposes

S no

Source Name

Kishangarh Watershed Feasibility Study

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Pond1 Pond2 Pond3 Pond4 Pond5 Pond6 Hand Pump Bore well Open Well

N2426.530 N2426.624 N2426.537 N2426.475 N2426.354 N2426.203 N2426.160 N2426.355 N2426.380

E07944.213 E07944.407 E07944.475 E07944.473 E07944.588 E07944.446 E07944.185 E07944.897 E07944.701

498.3 495 501 494.4 489.6 487.9 500.5 493.3 466

GL GL GL GL GL GL 54.55 NA 7

Dry Dry Dry Dry Dry Dry 24.24 NA 1.52

50 40 80 80 80 110 0.10 NA 4.3

Long bund Long bund Long bund Long bund Long bund Long bund Dia Casing NA Dia

Jul - Aug Jul - Aug Jul - Aug Jul - Sep Jul - Sep Jul-Nov JanNov JanOct

Irrigation Irrigation Irrigation Irrigation Irrigation Irrigation Drinking Failed Domestic

Village Surai, Panchayat Matipura

The community claims about 130 household in the village and only about 50 household have proper legal landholding. Rest cultivate the land but do not have papers (Patta). They claim to live there for over 120 years

Livelihood: According to the baseline survey the average landholding cultivable landholding is 2 acres. However the average area they till - among the members during the FGD could be more; close to 3.7 acres. They have stopped planting millets (Kodo, Kutki, Bajra, Sama, Jowhar) since 6 years. Last year farmers have cultivated Mustard, Urd, Arhar and Channa. There are few farmers who take more than one crop a year. Soil: The Soil is Reddish brown lateritic and depth varies from shallow to medium depth and rocky beneath. This type of soil has poor water retaining capacity. Vegetative cover is shrubs or brushwood type. The topography is gently sloping towards the valley with severe gully erosion seen in some places. Water: Watershed activities had happened in the past in the villages. Farm bunding was done for about 15 20 acres through EKta Parisad 7 years ago and trough DPIP 5 years ago. These activities were of some benefit but not sustained. There is a pond which provides water for irrigation from Jul to Dec. A drain (Nalla) from the pond is also used for irrigation by farmers by the same period of time. A series of stop

Kishangarh Watershed Feasibility Study

dams with proper spillway in this drain could be a good option to slow the velocity and allow percolation of water. This will also improve the irrigation opportunity along its stretch. There are two walled open wells and one Kacha open well available. One hand pump provides water for drinking and domestic purpose round the year. Two other hand pumps which are available are not reliable.
S no 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Source Name Pond1 Open Well Nalla Open Well Open Well Hand Pump Hand Pump Hand Pump Latitude N2425.834 N2425.834 N2425.746 N2425.760 N2425.766 N2425.740 N2425.806 N2425.844 Longitude E07942.318 E07942.318 E07942.308 E07942.346 E07942.381 E07942.488 E07942.475 E07942.468 Altitude 497.8 497.8 488.3 487.9 488.9 494.5 489.7 489.8 3.03 7.58 75.76 75.76 75.76 Depth (m) GL Water table(m) 0.45 0.30 0.15 1.06 0.61 15.15 30.30 30.30 Dimension Metres 200 5.45 3000 6.06 6.06 0.10 0.10 0.10 Aspect Long bund Dia Long drain Dia Dia Dia casing Dia casing Dia casing Jul-Dec Jul - Mar Jul - Mar Jan-Dec Broken 200 lits Yield Months Jul-Dec Purposes Irrigation Irrigation Irrigation Domestic Domestic Domestic Drinking Drinking

Village Matipura, Panchayat Matipura

There are about 134 Households in the Matipura village. Forest protection committee is there in the village but not aware of when its meetings are happen. The villager claimed that forest protection committee records and attendance are also been forged. Livelihood: Traditional crops like Kudo, Kutki, Sama and loyila have been abandoned as they are now not allowed to cultivate in new cleared forest land. The land issue is also a pressing issue as mentioned by the members as forest department is taking back land that they once used to cultivate. Farmers take 1 or 2 crop a year like Soaya bean, Mustard, Urd, Arhar and Till The agricultural yield is not sufficient for sustaining the family through the year. Casual labour and seasonal migration are the other techniques for supplementing their income. PDS provides wheat, oil and sugar but very irregular. They find labour employment with forest department and some migrate to Delhi. Men from 20 out of 134 HH migrate for work to other states Soil: The Soil is Reddish brown lateritic and depth varies from shallow to Medium and basically stony. Vegetative cover is shrubs or brushwood type. The topography is gently to moderately sloping towards the valley. Annually one or two seasonal crop is grown in arable land. Water: There are two ponds available at the villages. One pond providing water from Jul Dec another through the year though limited water after Dec. There are about seven hand pumps providing drinking and domestic water. There is a drain (nalla) connecting the two ponds and bricked one open by the side of the drain.
S no 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Source Name Hand Pump1 Hand Pump2 Hand Pump3 Hand Pump4 Hand Pump5 Hand Pump6 Hand Pump7 Pond1 Pond2 5+ acre size 10 acre size 0.45 0.91 Latitude Longitude Altitude Depth (m) Water table(m) 21.21 24.24 24.24 Dimension Metres 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 100 200 Aspect Dia casing Dia casing Dia casing Dia casing Dia casing Dia casing Dia casing Long bund Long bund Jul - Dec Jan-Dec Yield Months Jan-Dec Jan-Dec Purposes Drinking Drinking Domestic Domestic Domestic Domestic Domestic Irrigation Irrigation

Kishangarh Watershed Feasibility Study

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Open Well Nalla

24.24

0.91 Dry

7.58 500 Long

Jan-Dec 6 months

Drinking

Kishangarh Watershed Feasibility Study

Village: Nagada, Pachayat: Nagada

Figure 1: Village: Nagda, Chapner & Tipari

The problem matrix indicated that for Men the Tiger Reserve area is the major problem that the village faces at the moment as the forest department has demarcated major area of village Nagada. However, the second issue in priority matrix has potential to be resolved is water. And third in the rank is Land deed. Men also show concern on issues of Road and wild animals by ranking it fourth, but kept the health on fifth rank and substance abuse as sixth in the priority. According to Women Water and health both are on the top of the priority ranking second is land deed and third is Tiger reserve area. The issue of substance abuse, wild animals and pasture for animal jointly came fourth in the priority ranking by women. Here both genders agree on common needs that is water, Land deed and Tiger reserve buffer zone. Health and substance abuse are the issues mostly faced by the women and hence were given priority by them in the problem priority ranking.

Village: Chapner, Pachayat: Nagada

The problem matrix indicated that the Tiger reserve is definitely a problem as it topped the problem priority ranking. However, Land deed is the major concern that comes in the second rank and wild/domestic animals damage comes on the third rank and water comes at the fourth rank just before health. Corruption was also shared as one of the problem in general talk with the villagers. The PRI leaders take most of the money that comes as grant for the villager. Here we were told that the cost for one well in this area is 3 lakhs for 30 feet due to hard strata, there are many well that were dug till 15 feet and it is believed that the whole money is booked with the help of the supervisor. Both genders agree on Land deed and Tiger reserve buffer zone. However, Water and health are usually more important issues for women.

Kishangarh Watershed Feasibility Study

The well are used for drinking as well as irrigation purpose and sometimes it takes 3 days to recoup the water level after utilized. There are 4 stream initiated from the village.

Village: Tipari, Pachayat: Nagada

The problem matrix indicated that the men of the village are taking up Unemployment and water as top issue. Tiger reserve buffer zone comes second on the problem priority ranking. Land deed/right comes as third and domestic and wild animal problem come fourth according to them. The women were very clear and ranked Tiger reserve buffer zone as the top problem and Water scarcity as second and land deed/right as third problem. Unemployment is given least priority by women

Observation & Discussion:

It was observed that all target villages are water stressed and land cover is deteriorating. However water stress among the 10 villages also can be ranked on the basis of prevailing environment. For example village Bila is needier than villages Matipura or Surai. Villages are located on plateau or ridges while the arable lands are by the valley. Relatively the plateau is more parched than that of the valley. Slope is mostly gentle (less than 3%) and Moderate (3-5%) and some places strong (5 15%) and steep (15 25%). The ridge area devoid of water is also quickly losing the top soil due to erosion and it would be difficult for the villages to do agriculture in the future. Soil type is mostly Reddish brown lateritic (Muram) of varying depth from very shallow (less than 20cm) to medium depth (50 - 90cm). In some places is the soil is mixed type Reddish brown lateritic and black soil called domat (two types). The red soil usually loose has average soil depth of 60cm and the mix soil also called domat (two soil type) has average soil depth of 150cm and the black soil has an average depth of 270cm. The target area falls in Panna tiger reserve buffer zone. As forest department is trying to evict or reclaim the forest land, land cultivated for generations are been notified as forest land. Provisions under the Scheduled Tribes and other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of forest Rights) Act 2006 need to be understood. The community need to be trained in advocating for their rights. Forest Rights committee are defunct; existing committees need to be revived and strengthened. The prevailing environment provides opportunity to improve water and land productivity. There is general trend of giving up traditional /indigenous crops for contemporary crops. The traditional indigenous crops (eg. Millets) were sturdy, drought resistant and less was consuming unlike the newly practiced crops (Soya bean, Maize or wheat). With lack of water it was observed that the standing crops were water stressed and it was evident that yield is going to be poor or will fail in the absence of rain. The land cover appears severely deteriorated almost no grass cover was seen except for some shrubs and brushwood. Community rears goats and cows and the fodder available is also of poor quality under the given circumstances. It is obvious the productivity of cattle is very poor. The community mention that the milk yield is only enough for making tea not for selling. It was also noted there is huge number of stray cattle which add additional pressure on the fodder and water requirement of the community. These stray cattle are unproductive animals set off from nearby villages. The state government enforces strict ban of trafficking cattle for slaughter and the number of this stray cattle is growing. The central groundwater board (CGWB) notes that 85% of the irrigated area is irrigated through open wells in Chhatarpur district. This is probably a indication of traditional best practice. The open wells can act as a reservoir, recharge well and does not tamper the deep confined aquifers. Baseline record shows following data: Village No of Open Wells Average water table below G.L.

Kishangarh Watershed Feasibility Study

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Measured in Nov 2013 1. Motipura 9 6 12 5 4 13 8 2. Chapner 3. Surai 4. Malwara 5. Raichur 6. Bila 7. Nagda

Metre 1.8 1.8 2.4 3.2 4.2 5.3 5.8

Feet 6 6 8 10.5 14 17.5 19

Suggestion and recommendations:

1. Since the target area falls under Panna tiger reserve buffer zone, it will be good to work alongside forest right committee or forest protection committee. This approach is imperative since legal landholding is an issue among the community. Or at the least all land work should be done through the community itself.

2. It is good to start from where the current situation is. A through water resource mapping including physical visit and geo tagging is mandatory. For some reason baseline survey data has failed to capture the previous watershed activities. This will also provide a direction as to what has worked and what has not so far. 3. The approach has to be ridge to valley and integrated. The reason the previous watershed activities have not lived to the expectation is because of piecemeal approach (one pond here, one well there and some field bunding elsewhere). 4. Priority would be to reduce soil erosion and improve soil moisture in gentle and moderate slopes. This can be achieved through farm or contour bunding. Bunding using stone and rock might be good option. 5. There a string indication in CGWB document indicating that open wells might be good option for irrigation source along with stop dams and field bunding 6. In order see immediate results in might be good to start with existing water structures. De-silting, deepening, lining ponds and wells, stabilising drains and streams are some the option. This has to be done during summer season. 7. Watershed interventions can be planned using locally available resources. For example, the ample availability of the stones and rocks can be utilized for farm bunds, contour bunds, stop dams and gully plugs. 8. Promote traditional crops which are more drought resistant and less water intensive. For example: Millets crops (kodo, kutki, sama etc), Desi wheat and other local varieties keeping in mind market availability for same. 9. Farmers need to be trained in improved agricultural practices. For example seeds available with the farmers are limited or poor quality; providing improved quality seed and training them in collaboration with KVK will be good strategy. 10. Promote organic farming to improve soil quality and reduce use of chemical fertilizers as it further deteriorates the soil and makes it susceptible to erosion. 11. Improved irrigation techniques need to be practiced so as to improve productivity of water. For example sprinkler irrigation is a far better option compared to flooding in order to reduce water loss due to evaporation and seepage.

Kishangarh Watershed Feasibility Study

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12. Developing grasslands and pasture for fodder will be good strategy. However, motivating the community to practice restricted grazing and keeping away stray animals is mandatory.

Kishangarh Watershed Feasibility Study

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Images: Plight of women and children

Kishangarh Watershed Feasibility Study

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2 Very low quality fodder stored for dry season

3:Water stressed crops

4: Rocky ravines

5: Deteriorated green cover

Images: Detorirating land cover

Kishangarh Watershed Feasibility Study

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6 Dried up tanks/ponds

7: Tank/ pond location is questionable in ter,s of altitude

8: Pond not deep (same as ground level)

9: Tank/Pond dried up by November

Images: Water stress

Kishangarh Watershed Feasibility Study

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Panna Topo Map NG 44 -14

Kishangarh Watershed Feasibility Study

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Resource Map: Village Bilo

Kishangarh Watershed Feasibility Study

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Resource Map: Village Surai

Kishangarh Watershed Feasibility Study 18

Resource Map: Village Matipura

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Resource Map: Village Tipari

Kishangarh Watershed Feasibility Study 20

Resource Map: Village Nagada

Kishangarh Watershed Feasibility Study

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