Consistent speed control under 220/120Vac Power Supply

Zongwang L
College of Information Science and Engineering Henan University of Technology Zhengzhou 450001, China zongwang.lv@gmail.com
AbstractA phase-angle-control technique to control the speed of the motor under 220Vac and 120Vac mains is presented. In this circuit a triac is used to control the conduction angles of the motor so that the motor performs the consistent speed. The method is simple and cost-effective, without using the integration ICs. This method is proposed to use a new generation motors of hairdryer. Keywords- Phase control; Umotor; triac; speed control

Fuyan Sun
College of Information Science and Engineering Henan University of Technology Zhengzhou 450001, China fuyan.sun@gmail.com III will show the corresponding hardware prototype and the wave forms. The results will demonstrate the availability for traveller hairdryers. A conclusion will follow at last. II. WORKING PRINCIPLE

I.

INTRODUCTION

At the end of 2001, I proposed a dual-voltage (120/220Vac) adapter for driving motors. The circuit was originated from the idea of voltage doubler. At that moment much valuable comment on that design is gotten. In short, the circuit yields a number of drawbacks as follows : i. ii. Generate too high output voltage around 300Vdc, Use bulk capacitors in circuit,

iii. Necessarily involve full diode bridge, which is costly for ac motor applications, iv. Be poor at mains current quality and power factor, v. Restrict for low power applications (i.e, less than 300W), After that, a new design had to be initiated. The above drawbacks also became the precautions in the design process. In this paper, the new dual-voltage adapter will be presented. The circuit is applied to the Umotor E15048 inside a Conair hairdryer. Having met with Conairs representative, we set an agreement that JE only focus on how to keep the air flow (i.e., motor speed) constant under both 120 and 220Vac conditions and Conair will be responsible for the heater arrangement. As described in [1], triac has been widely used for many ac control applications such as motor-speed control[1-4] and light dimming, etc. Its prominent features include bidirectional current conduction, high current capability, low cost and low EMI, etc. Therefore, in my new design, triac is used to control the motor conduction angle[5-7] so that a constant motor speed can be maintained in both 120 and 220 Vac input conditions. The working principle will be discussed on Section II. Section

A. The load of AC Motors A simple phase-angle-control circuit is shown in Fig. 1(a) and the relative load voltage VL is shown in Fig. 1(b). The ac switch, triac, is connected to the load in series. Another bidirectional switching device, namely diac, is commonly used in the triggering circuit of triac, and it turns on when the voltage across it exceeds its breakover voltage limit. In each half-cycle of the ac mains, the firing capacitor C gets charged through the load RL and Ra. If total resistance is equal to R, the charging rate merely is subject to the RC time constant. At the beginning, the triac is off. When the capacitor voltage rises over the breakover voltage vb of the diac, the diac switches on and hence, causes the discharged current to turn the triac on. The firing angle, , at which the diac turns on is adjustable by varying the value of the charging resistor R, which is the voltage control across the load. If the load is a universal motor, R will become the speed control. This circuit will be modified and then applied to a dualvoltage hairdryer. In order to keep the constant air flow, the fan motor has to perform constant speed in two different supply voltages. Fig. 2 shows the proposed principle. The firing angle of the triac keeps at a minimum value min for desired speed under 120Vac, whilst at a maximum max under 220Vac condition. Both firing angles are automatically obtained by sensing the amplitude of the ac mains.
load + - vL

+ + - vC

vb

(a)

(b)

Fig. 1. Schematic and waveform of phase-angle-control method.

Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NNSF) (Grant No. 6100109961174056) and the PH.D Foundation Project of Henan University of Technology(Grant No. 2009BS062).

978-1-4244-8165-1/11/$26.00 2011 IEEE

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120Vac

vmotor

min

min

capacitance; hence, tuning flexibility of max will be restricted. As a result, a variable resistor VR1 has to connect with C1 in order to achieve the adjustment of max. For the sake of the EMI reduction from T1, the combo of R3 and C3 function as a snubber to absorb the high frequency switching noise. VR2 is an optional device for speed adjustment in both 120 and 220Vac mains conditions. B. The Load of DC motor Proposed adapter is also applied to any dc motors with a fullwave rectifier as shown in Fig. 4. The block of the dual-voltage adapter represents the circuitry in Fig. 3.

Fig. 2(a) Changes of motor voltage under 120 Vac conditions

220Vac

vmotor

max

max

M
Fig. 2(b) Changes of motor voltage under 220Vac conditions

DC motor

Figure 3 shows the schematic of the proposed circuit with an universal motor. A zener diode ZD1 is responsible for interpreting the mains amplitude. As the breakover voltage of ZD1 is 200V, no current can pass through it with 120Vac input; thus, the relay keeps in off state. The minimum firing angle min is merely subject to the time constant of R2C2 if VR2 is negligible. When the mains becomes 220Vac, the relay is turned on because the zener diode has been reverse-biased. Assume the resistance of VR1 is zero, the effective firing capacitance will be equal to the sum of C1 and C2 (C1 and C2 are connected in parallel); hence, the corresponding firing angle will increase to max. Under two different mains voltages, the changes in topological states are summarized on the Table I.
TABLE I.
TOPOLOGICAL STATES IN 120/220VAC CONDITIONS

120/ 220Vac

Dual voltage adaptor

Fig. 4 Arrangement for the load of dc motor

The rectifier is used to convert ac mains current into dc for motoring. The adapter behaves the same topological states as described on Table I. III. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS

Mains voltage

Relay contact

Firing angle

Motor speed

120Vac 220Vac

Open Closed

Minimum Increased

Nominal Unchanged

Fuse

D1 1N4004

Umotor VR2
(Optional for speed control)

An U-motor E15048 with the fan load of Conair hairdryer is under test. According the specification of Conair, the motor operates at the nominal speed of 11000 rpm in 120Vac condition. In the original configuration of the hairdryer, the motor links with a heater resistor in order to achieve the desired speed. By using the proposed circuit as shown in Fig. 3, using the combo of C2 at 22nF and R2 at 300K can obtain the motor speed at 11000rpm in 120Vac condition. The firing angle of 260 is resulted. The corresponding waveforms of the motor voltage and the firing voltage across C2 are shown in Fig. 5.

ZD1 1N5388 200V, 5W R1 C1 1K, 1/2W 0.068u 120/ 220Vac C0 22u 50V

R2 300k

MT2 T1 BT136

R3 470 C3 0.022u

D2 DB3 VR1 20k,1/4W C2 SPST 0.022u Relay

MT1

Fig. 3. Schematic of proposed dual voltage adapter applied to Umotor

In design point of view, the desired max (i.e., motor speed) can be tailor-made if C1 is a trimmer capacitor. However, the trimmer capacitor usually limits for small capacitance (<50nF) and generally behaves low reliability of accuracy. On the other hand, the fixed-value capacitors also limits the choices in

Fig. 5 Waveforms of motor voltage (upper) and C2 voltage (lower) in 120Vac.

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ii.

Automatic operation,

iii. Applicable to very high power motors, depending on the capability of triac, iv. v. Speed adjustment (optional), Cost-effective (no ICs used for control).

The future study will focus on how to replace the relay with a low-power triac, in order to get further cost down. ACKNOWLEDGMENT The research was partially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NNSF) (Grant No. 61001099, 61174056) and the PH.D Foundation Project of Henan University of Technology(Grant No. 2009BS062).
Fig. 6 Waveforms of motor voltage (upper) and C2 voltage (lower) in 220Vac.

As the breakover voltage of D2 is 30V, it is found that the triac starts conducting when the voltage across C2 is over 30V. Under 220Vac condition, the relay will conduct and then connect C1 and VR1 across C2. In experiment it is observed that C1 at 68nF and VR1 at 20K can cause the speed nearly at 11000rpm. and the firing angle around 1060. The waveforms of motor voltage and C2 voltage are shown Fig. 6. It is noted that since the peak-voltage across C2 is less than 40V, many low-cost relay (say, reed relay) easily sustain such a low voltage stress; thus, the relay can keep long life. IV. CONCLUSION

REFERENCES
[1] [2] G.F. Franklin, et al. "Feedback control of Dynamic Systems", 3rd ed. Addison - Wesley, 1994. Y. Zhai,G Liu, Research and implementation of the new method of the rotation speed control for the single-phase asynchronous motor, Journal of Institute of Chemical Technology, Vol 27(1), pp: 54-57, February 2010.(In Chinese) G. Zhang, G. Yin, Design of AC servo motor speed control system based on the single-chip microcomputer, Electronic Measurement Technology, Vol 32(1), pp:105-107, January 2009. (In Chinese) X Y Liu, Y Y Dong, P-fuzzy Self-adaptive PID Control System for BLDCM Based on DSP Motor Technology, 2011.3, pp. 23-26, March 2011 (In Chinese) N. Mohan, T. M. Undeland, W. P. Robbins, Power Electronics : Converters, applications and design New York : Wiley, 1995. J. Vithayathil, Power Electronics Principles and Applications McGraw-Hill, 1995 U. Huh, J. Lee, A Torque Control Strategy of the Brushless DC Motor With Low Resolution Encoder Proceedings of 1995 International Conference on Power Electronics and Drive Systems. PEDS95. IEEE N.Y.1995

[3]

[4]

[5] [6] [7]

A new dual-voltage adapter has been presented. The features of the circuit include: i. Consistent 220Vac, motor performance under 120Vac/

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