Morphology Analysis

Created by Aam Karnamah

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STIBA INVADA Jl. Brigjen Darsono No. 20 By Pass (Cideng) Cirebon Telp. (0231) 3388321, 209669

Morphology Analysis

PREFACE

Alhamdulillah, Praise to Allah, because His Blessing and mercy to the writer to complete the paper which very simple its contents. The paper was made for to study subject about Morphology Analysis in Photography. Hopefully The Paper can be utilized as one of the reference, guidance and also guide to reader in education administration. Thanks to all who have helped and writer cannot be mentioned one by one, so that this paper be finished. As the proverb says THERE IS NO IVORY THAT IS NOT CRACKED, of course this paper writer still many insuffiency. Writer really allows all readers to give their suggestion to improve its content in order to be made as one of the good examples for the next paper.

Cirebon, January 2014 Writer

Aam Karnamah

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Morphology Analysis

CONTENTS

Preface ................................................................................................................ ii Contents .............................................................................................................. iii CHAPTER I Introduction ................................................................................................ 1 CHAPTER II Highlight of Theories .................................................................................. 2 CHAPTER III Data Presentation and Discussion ............................................................... 9 CHAPTER IV Conclusion ................................................................................................... 15 References ........................................................................................................... 16 Appendices

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CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

Human language is both creative and motivated. Human beings are able to produce an infinite number of words, such as camcorder from camera recorder, forester is name for forestry students, silver queen is name of brand chocolate bar, blogger is a person who writes a blog. These words are not formed arbitrarily but rather according to certain patterns or rules, these rules of word formation as well as the analysis of the internal structure of words. That case, we study in morphology. From Wikipedia, in linguistics, morphology is the identification, analysis, and description of the structure of a given language's morphemes and other linguistic units, such as root words, affixes, parts of speech, intonations and stresses, or implied context. In other word, morphology is the study of the structure of words & how words are formed (from morphemes). Many aspects have morphological processes, one of them in photography. Photography is one of the many hobbies that are popular today. It has become an exciting activity. The photography science was attracted the interest of many people. Therefore, the writer tried to analyze the words and terms in photography that has morphological process.

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Morphology Analysis

CHAPTER II HIGHLIGHT OF THEORIES

A. Morphology Morphology as a sub-discipline of linguistics was named for the first time in 1859 by the German linguist August Schleicher who used the term for the study of the form of words. Today morphology forms a core part of linguistics. From Wikipedia morphology In linguistics, is the identification, analysis, and description of the structure of a given language's morphemes and other linguistic units, such as root words, affixes, parts of speech, intonations and stresses, or implied context. In contrast, morphological typology is the classification of languages according to their use of morphemes, while lexicology is the study of those words forming a language's wordstock. Morphology, which is the study of the internal structure of words. Before we can examine the structure of words, we must recognize the entity known as morpheme. Morpheme can be defined as the smallest meaningful morphological unit of a language that cannot be further divided or analyzed. In other words, morpheme can be described as the minimal units of meaning.Note:In Linguistics, morphemes are indicated by bracemarks ({ }). There are two kinds of morphemes: 1. Bound Morpheme Bound morpheme cannot be uttered alone with meaning. It always added to one or more morphemes to form a word. From the previous examples: {s} in books, {re} in replay, {ly} in cheaply, {en} in brighten. Bound morphemes mostly refer to morphemes that can occur as affixes.

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2. Free Morpheme Free morpheme are morphemes that can stand by themselves as a single word that are those which can stand alone as words of a language, such as the words that we saw earlier: {book}, {table}, {bag}, {deliver}, {learn}.

B. Compound In linguistic, a compound is lexeme (less precisely a word) that consist of move than on steam. Compounding forms a complex base from a combination of smaller bases - almost always two. Such as white house, blackboard, toy factory. 1. Compound Verbs Two or more words combined to form a single verb. Examples : a. V+V = stir-fry, freeze-dry b. N-V = air condition, steam clean c. A +V = dry-clean, whitewash d. P+V = overcook, underestimate, outran, overcook 2. Compound Adjectives A compound adjective is an adjective that comprises more than one word. Example : a. N+A = oil-rich b. A+A = squeaky-clean c. P+A = under-full, overactive 3. Compound Nouns A compound is a noun that is made with two or more words. Example : a. N+N = football b. A+N = full-moon, blackboard, software c. V+N = playtime, drop-hammer d. P+N = overcoat, outpost

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4. Headed and headless compounds English has two kinds of compounds. Headed and headless compounds behave differently. a. Headless compounds are compounds words where the meaning is not specified by any of parts. Examples : 1) Flatfeet ( is not a kind of foot but medical term) 2) Faint-heart ( is not a kind of heart but kind of person) 3) Sabre-tooth ( is not kind of tooth, it is a prehistoric tiger) b. Headed compounds are specified by the head word in the whole compound. Example : 1) White house (kind of houses) 2) Blackboard (kind of boards)

C. Inflection Inflectional morphology is one of the two main branches of morphology, the other being derivational morphology. In a nutshell, inflectional morphology distinguishes different inflections of the same lexeme, whereas derivational morphology distinguishes different lexemes that are related to one another; but they both use much the same range of morphological resources to do it. For example, the -ing of paintin. Looks examples: (1) He was painting a picture. (2) We bought a painting. In (1), painting is just one of the four distinct forms of the lexeme PAINT (the verb PAINT), contrasting with paints, painted and paint. In (2) it is a distinct lexeme, the noun PAINTING, whose two inflected forms are painting and paintings. Here are the main differences between inflectional and derivational morphology:
1.

Inflectional morphology relates forms of the same lexeme; derivational morphology relates distinct lexemes.

2.

Inflections are distinct word classes with distinct grammar (e.g. there are rules that mention `singular' and `plural'), whereas derivational

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morphology

creates

new

lexemes

which

are

grammatically

indistinguishable from underived members of the same word classes (e.g. apart from their morphology, the grammar does not distinguish derived nouns like PAINTING from simple ones like BOOK).
3.

Inflectional morphemes are always 'outside' derivational ones; e.g. the plural of PAINTING is {paintings}, not {paintsing}.

D. Derivation In linguistics, derivation is the process of forming a new word on the basis of an existing word, e.g. happiness and unhappy from happy, or determination from determine. It often involves the addition of a morpheme in the form of an affix, such as -ness, un- and -ation in the preceding examples. Derivational morphology often involves the addition of a derivational suffix or other affix. Such an affix usually applies to words of one lexical category (part of speech) and changes them into words of another such category. For example, the English derivational suffix -ly changes adjectives into adverbs (slow slowly). Examples of English derivational patterns and their suffixes: 1. adjective-to-noun: -ness (slow slowness) 2. adjective-to-adjective: -ish (red reddish) 3. verb-to-adjective: -able (drink drinkable) 4. verb-to-noun (abstract): -ance (deliver deliverance) 5. verb-to-noun (agent): -er (write writer)

E. Blending Blend is process of creating new word by containing the parts of two different words, usually the beginning of one word and the end of another. Example : 1. Camcorder (camera + recorder) 2. Emotion ( emote +icon) 3. Globish (global+English)

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F. Acronym An acronym is a pronounceable abbreviation formed from the initial components in a phrase or a word. These components may be individual letters (as in laser) or parts of words (as in Benelux and Ameslan). There is no universal agreement on the precise definition of various names for such abbreviations (see nomenclature) nor on written usage (see orthographic styling). In English and most other languages, such abbreviations historically had limited use, but they became much more common in the 20th century. Acronyms are a type of word formation process, and they are viewed as a subtype of blending. Comparing a few examples of each type : 1. Pronounced as a word, containing only initial letters
a. b.

NATO: North Atlantic Treaty Organization Laser: Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation

2. Pronounced as a word, containing non-initial letters a. Gestapo: Geheime Staatspolizei (secret state police) b. Interpol: International Criminal Police Organization 3. Pronounced as a word, containing a mixture of initial and non-initial letters a. AIDS: acquired immunodeficiency syndrome b. Radar: radio detection and ranging 4. Pronounced as a word or as a string of letters, depending on speaker or context a. FAQ: ([fk] or ef-a-cue) frequently asked question b. SQL: ([sikwl] or ess-cue-el) Structured Query Language. 5. Pronounced as a combination of spelling out and a word a. CD-ROM: (cee-dee-[rm]) Compact Disc read-only memory b. JPEG: (jay-[p]) Joint Photographic Experts Group 6. Pronounced only as a string of letters a. BBC: British Broadcasting Corporation b. USA: The United States of America

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7. Pronounced as a string of letters, but with a shortcut a. IEEE: (I triple E) Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers b. NAACP: (N double A C P) National Association for the Advancement of Colored People 8. Shortcut incorporated into name a. E3: (E three) Electronic Entertainment Exposition b. W3C: (W three C) World Wide Web Consortium 9. Multi-layered acronyms a. GAIM (former name of Pidgin): GTK+ AOL Instant Messenger b. GIMP: GNU Image Manipulation Program 10. Recursive acronyms, in which the abbreviation refers to itself a. GNU: GNU's not Unix! b. PHP: PHP hypertext pre-processor (formerly personal home page) 11. Pseudo-acronyms, which consist of a sequence of characters that, when pronounced as intended, invoke other, longer words with less typing (see also Internet slang) a. CQ: cee-cue for "seek you", a code used by radio operators b. Q8: cue-eight for "Kuwait" 12. Acronyms whose last abbreviated word is often redundantly included anyway a. ATM machine: Automated Teller Machine machine b. PIN number: Personal Identification Number number

G. Borrowing Loanwords are words adopted by the speakers of one language from a different language (the source language). A loanword can also be called a borrowing. The abstract noun borrowing refers to the process of speakers adopting words from a source language into their native language. "Loan" and "borrowing" are of course metaphors, because there is no literal lending process. There is no transfer from one language to another, and no "returning" words to the source language. The words simply come to be used by a speech

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community that speaks a different language from the one these words originated in. Borrowing is a consequence of cultural contact between two language communities. Borrowing of words can go in both directions between the two languages in contact, but often there is an asymmetry, such that more words go from one side to the other. In this case the source language community has some advantage of power, prestige and/or wealth that makes the objects and ideas it brings desirable and useful to the borrowing language community. For example, the Germanic tribes in the first few centuries A.D. adopted numerous loanwords from Latin as they adopted new products via trade with the Romans. Few Germanic words, on the other hand, passed into Latin. The actual process of borrowing is complex and involves many usage events (i.e. instances of use of the new word). Generally, some speakers of the borrowing language know the source language too, or at least enough of it to utilize the relevant word. They (often consciously) adopt the new word when speaking the borrowing language, because it most exactly fits the idea they are trying to express. If they are bilingual in the source language, which is often the case, they might pronounce the words the same or similar to the way they are pronounced in the source language. For example, English speakers adopted the word garage from French, at first with a pronunciation nearer to the French pronunciation than is now usually found. Presumably the very first speakers who used the word in English knew at least some French and heard the word used by French speakers, in a French-speaking context.

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CHAPTER III DATA PRESENTATION AND DISCUSSION

In this chapter writer took ten data presentations from the terms of photography. Looks at the table below: No. 1.
Article

Source of Data
from

Focus of Analysis Tripod

Morphology Aspects Borrowing

www.luminous-

landscape.com:
Using a tripod to photograph HDR brackets helps keep the frames from shifting between shots.

2.

Article

from

www.luminous-

Fisheye

Headless compound

landscape.com: (This image was taken with my iPhone using an Olloclip fisheye lens and processed using Snapseed)

3.

Image :

ISO

Acronym

4.

Article

from

www.luminous-

Digicam

Blending

landscape.com: Nowthe latest punch-up is between DSLRs and digicams. What you say? Digicams? Get a life!

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5.

Article

from

www.luminous-

DSLR

Acronym

landscape.com: Nowthe latest punch-up is between DSLRs and digicams.

6.

Image :

Paparazzi

Borrowing

7.

Article from p.dremer.net : Freezing is a very common

Freezing

Derivation

technique. Given a scene with an object that moves at a certain speed, the photographer can capture it with a high shutter speed and freeze the action.

8.

Article from p.dremer.net : Given a scene with an object that moves at a certain speed, the photographer can capture it with a high shutter speed and freeze the action.

Photographer

Derivation

9.

Article from photography.nationalgeographic.com : We've all had the experience: Driving through a beautiful landscape, you stop at every scenic overlook to make photographs sure to capture the

Landscape

Borrowing

grandeur of what you see.

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10.

Article from digital-photographyschool.com: Taking silhouette photos is an intermediate photography skill. The technique is a little tricky, and it will take some trial and error on your first few attempts before you become proficient.

Silhouette

Borrowing

From the table above, we know that a word tripod as first data presentation, is borrowing word. The word tripod comes via Latin "tripodis", genitive of "tripus", which is the romanization of Greek "" (tripous), "three-footed" (gen. "" - tripodos), ultimately from "-" (tri-), "three times" (from "" - tria, "three") + "" (pous), "foot". The earliest attested form of the word is the Mycenaean Greek ti-ri-po-de, written in Linear B syllabic script. In other word, tripod is a three-legged stand or support, as for a camera. Secondly, we have fisheye. In photography, it is describes an extreme wide-angle lens that has an angle of view exceeding 100 - sometimes more than 180 - and that renders a scene as highly distorted. That word has process morphological headless compound is compounds words where the meaning is not specified by any of parts. Fisheye is not a kind of eye or fishs eye but an extreme wide-angle lens. Why it is called fisheye, because it resembles a fish eye. It consists of two free morphemes, {fish} and {eye}. Thirdly, ISO (International Standards Organization) is the number represents the film's sensitivity to light. A higher ISO number indicates the film is more sensitive and requires less light for a proper exposure. That word is acronym that pronounced as a word or as a string of letters, depending on speaker or context. It can be spoken [
]. s- ] or [asa], but in photography, it spoken [ s-

Fourthly, Digicam included blend word, it is process of creating new word by containing the parts of two different words. Digicam is a blend the

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beginnings of two words, digital camera became digicam. Digicam or digital camera is a camera that encodes digital images and videos digitally and stores them for later reproduction. Fifthly, DSLR (Digital Single Lens Reflex) is the most professional cameras have always been single lens reflex cameras. Word of DSLR is acronym that pronounced only as a string of letters. Sixthly, Paparazzi or paparazzo (singular) is a photographer who shoots candid, surreptitious or surprise shots, but not posed pictures, of celebrities and their families, often for publication in tabloids and magazines about the famous. Word of Paparazzi/paparazzo is borrowing word (the taking over of words from other languages). Paparazzi from Italian language [paparattsi]. From Wikipedia, etymology of word "paparazzi" is an eponym originating in the 1960 film La Dolce Vita directed by Federico Fellini. One of the characters in the film is a news photographer named Paparazzo (played by Walter Santesso). In his book Word and Phrase, Robert Hendrickson writes that Fellini took the name from an Italian dialect word that describes a particularly annoying noise, that of a buzzing mosquito. As Fellini said in his interview to Time magazine, "Paparazzo ... suggests to me a buzzing insect, hovering, darting, stinging." Those versions of the word's origin are confirmed by Treccani, the most authoritative Italian encyclopaedia, but sometimes contested. For instance, in the Abruzzi dialect spoken by Ennio Flaiano, co-writer of La Dolce Vita, the term "paparazzo" refers to the local clam (Venerupis decussata), and is also used as a metaphor for the shutter of a camera lens. There is a similarity with Italian words "pappatacio" and "zanzara", two kinds of common mosquitoes. The English usage of the word paparazzo is traced to Italian poet Margherita Guidacci, in her translation of George Gissings travel book By the Ionian Sea (1901), in which a restaurant owner is called Coriolano Paparazzo. The name was supplied by the screenwriter of Federico Fellini's La Dolce Vita, Ennio Flaiano, who in turn got it from Margherita Guidacci's Sulla riva dello Jonio (1957). By the late 1960s the word, usually in the Italian plural form paparazzi,

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had entered English as a generic term for intrusive photographers. A person who has been photographed by the paparazzi is said to have been "papped". In an interview with Fellini's screenwriter Ennio Flaiano, he said the name came from the Italian translation based on a 1901 southern Italy travel narrative by Victorian writer George Gissing, By the Ionian Sea. He further states that either Fellini or Flaiano opened the book at random, saw the name, and decided to use it for the photographer. This story is further documented by a variety of Gissing scholars and in the book A Sweet and Glorious Land: Revisiting the Ionian Sea (St. Martin's Press, 2000) by John Keahey, and Pierre Coustillas. Seventhly, freezing, in photography, freezing is a technique that given a scene with an object that moves at a certain speed, the photographer can capture it with a high shutter speed and freeze the action. That word is nouns derived (a
distinct lexeme, the noun freezing) from members of other word classes (V N),

freeze as verb and add suffix ing become freezing (noun). Freezing has two morphemes, {freeze} it is free morpheme and {-ing} it is bound morpheme. Eighthly, photographer is a person who takes photographs. That word is nouns derived from nouns (N N), photograph as noun and add suffix er become photographer (noun). It shows that word is person. Photographer has two morphemes, {photograph} it is free morpheme and {-er} it is bound morpheme. Ninth, landscape included borrowing word. Word history of landscape, first recorded in 1598, was borrowed as a painters' term from Dutch during the 16th century, when Dutch artists were pioneering the landscape genre. The Dutch word landscape had earlier meant simply "region, tract of land" but had acquired the artistic sense, which it brought over into English, of "a picture depicting scenery on land." Interestingly, 34 years pass after the first recorded use of landscape in English before the word is used of a view or vista of natural scenery. This delay suggests that people were first introduced to landscapes in paintings and then saw landscapes in real life. landscape photography is just that pictures of nature or landscapes. Landskip (originally a term in painting), from Middle Dutch

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lantscap region; related to Old English landscipe tract of land, Old High German lantscaf region. The last data presentation, silhouette is also included borrowing word from French. The word "silhouette" derives from the name of tienne de Silhouette, a French finance minister who, in 1759, was forced by France's credit crisis during the Seven Years War to impose severe economic demands upon the French people, particularly the wealthy. Because of de Silhouette's austere economies, his name became synonymous with anything done or made cheaply and so with these outline portraits. Prior to the advent of photography, silhouette profiles cut from black card were the cheapest way of recording a person's appearance. The term "silhouette", although existing from the 18th century, was not applied to the art of portrait-making until the 19th century. In the 18th and early 19th century, profiles or shades as they were called were made by one of 3 methods: (1) painted on ivory, plaster, paper, card, or in reverse on glass; (2) hollow-cut where the negative image was traced and then cut away from light colored paper which was then laid atop a dark background; and (3) cut & paste where the figure was cut out of dark paper (usually free-hand) and then pasted onto a light background. In photography, a silhouette is defined as an outline that appears dark against a light background. More specifically, it is where your subject is seen as a black shape without detail against a brighter background.

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CHAPTER IV CONCLUSION

From results discussion about morphology analysis in term of photography, so writer has reviewed conclude that the following section on morphology may help we to either rehearse what we have learnt so far in our presentation and around us. As we freely navigate through this section on morphology, we will be able to test our analytical skills and enhance our linguistic knowledge of words according to our own interests and specific needs. However, problems remain. The most difficult is combinatory ambiguity. Some word forms,such as fisheye. May be if someone does not know about photography, they can think that word is eye of fish. Actually, many words in round us that changing morphology but sometimes we do not realize it even in daily activities we use it. As we see in the data presentations of terms photography, it that a lot of borrowing words, such as tripod, paparazzi. It may be because the word photography itself is borrowing word. Photography derived from the Greek (phos), meaning "light", and (graph), meaning "drawing, writing", together meaning "drawing with light"). Tens of thousands of English vocabulary, approximately 80% are the result of borrowing words (loanwords). Of course, that borrowing words just a metaphor, because the English did not ask for permission to borrow and also never intend to restore the word to its owner. Those words entered into English vocabulary in directly or via other languages first.

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REFERENCES

Carstairs, Andrew McCarthy. An Introduction to English Morphology. Edinburgh University Press. Dharmawan, Bagas. Belajar Fotografi dengan Kamera DSLR. Pustaka baru Press. http://en.wikipedia.org http://weddingkumagazine.wordpress.com/2010/06/02/beberapa-istilahdan-singkatan-dalam-fotography/#more-29 http://www.betterphoto.com/exploring/allDefinitions.asp http://www.luminous-landscape.com/essays/digicams-vs-dslrs.shtml http://p.dremer.net/articles/motion-photography-techniques-panningsmearing-freezing/ http://www.thefreedictionary.com/landscape http://photography.nationalgeographic.com/photography/phototips/landscape-photography-tips/ http://digital-photography-school.com/silhouette-photography-technique http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/dick/enc2010/articles/inflectionalmorphology.htm

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APPENDICES

1. Tripod and fisheye Using a tripod to photograph HDR brackets helps keep the frames from shifting between shots. (This image was taken with my iPhone using an Olloclip fisheye lens and processed using Snapseed)

2. ISO

3. Digicam and DSLR

The New Battle Royal

No sooner does is one battle over than another begins. Just a few years ago it was between film and silicon. Now the latest punch-up is between DSLRs and digicams. What you say? Digicams? Get a life! No, actually, this competition is quite real. One couldn't have said so as little as 12 months ago, but the game has changed (as it does rather quickly these days), and so a fresh look at these two distinct camera categories is in order with a summer 2004 perspective.

4. Paparazzi

5. Freezing and photographer Freezing is a very common technique. Given a scene with an object that moves at a certain speed, the photographer can capture it with a high shutter speed and freeze the action. In practice, this is the default amateur motion photography technique as in most cases it doesnt require any advanced knowledge from the photographer. In order to achieve an accurate focus it is recommended to enable the camera focus points according to the object location in the planned composition. This way the photograph can be taken without recomposing while taking the photograph, a step which will obviously cause lost of focus while capturing high speed motion. A common problem is in scenarios in which theres not enough lights in the scene, resulting in a low shutter speed and a blurred moving object. In order to achieve the best result it is recommended to work with the camera in aperture priority mode (Av in Canon / A in Nikon) and consider the following variables according to the scene motion speed & the available light:

Aperture Aperture can be widened to enable lens highest speed (a first step can be to simply use the lens widest aperture). ISO ISO can be raised in order to achieve fast enough shutter speed. Focal length If ISO & Aperture modifications are not providing satisfactory results, considering going for a shorter focal length. Flash In certain scenarios, flash can be used to add lights to scene (we will not dive into it in this tutorial).

Example Freezing Photo :

6. Landscape
By Robert Caputo, August 2007 From Photography Field Guide: Landscapes and Ultimate Photography Field Guide: Landscapes We've all had the experience: Driving through a beautiful landscape, you stop at every scenic overlook to make photographs sure to capture the grandeur of what you see. You get home, look at the pictures, and find them flat and boring. All the elements that enthralled you at the time are there, but not the feeling. Why? When we look at a landscape, our eyes travel over it and selectively focus on the elements that we find appealing. Our field of vision encompasses a great deal of the scene, but our eyes and brains have the ability to ignore all except the most alluring details. Lenses and sensors or film cannot do this by themselves. They need help. Time is the most important investment you can make in getting good landscape pictures. When you arrive in a place you've never visited before, spend time scoutingdriving or hiking to different locations, finding different vantage points. Carry a compass to figure out where the sun will rise and set, and imagine how the place would look in different kinds of light. This can take some practice because you also have to look at where the light will not be falling. Photographing a canyon, for example, you might see that the west wall will be beautifully lit in the early morning, if the canyon is deep, however, the east wall will be in such complete shadow that your camera will be capable of rendering it only as a great black blob. Unless this is the effect you want, you'll either have to modify your composition, shoot it later in the day, or plan to return on an overcast day when both sides will be photographable.

Example Landscape Photo :

7. Silhouette

Technique for Shooting Silhouettes

Taking silhouette photos is an intermediate photography skill. The technique is a little tricky, and it will take some trial and error on your first few attempts before you become proficient. Silhouette photography requires that we use pure back lighting. That is, we want to place our subject so that we maximize the amount of light in the scene coming from behind the subject. As an example, lets describe how we would best set up a shot of a silhouetted woman standing alone on a beach at sunset. Sunlight will be our only source of light, and it will be coming from behind the subject. We will not be utilizing any reflectors or fill flash. Example Silhouette Photo :