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CHAPTER XVII

VOICE (, GENUS) I. Point of View. For a discussion of the nature of the verb see cha ter VIII, Con!u"ation of the Verb, I and II# (a) $I%TI&CTIO& 'ET(EE& VOICE A&$ TRA&%ITIVE&E%% # %ee II, (b), and cha ter VIII, VI, for a discussion of this oint# The )atter )i"ht have been *e++ reserved for s,nta-, but it see)ed *orth *hi+e to set forth at once the funda)enta+ facts about voice# It is here assu)ed, therefore, that one understands that voice per se does not dea+ *ith the .uestion of transitive or intransitive action# That oint concerns the verb itse+f, not the voice# Active and )idd+e verbs )a, be either transitive or intransitive# Passive verbs )a, even be transitive, thou"h usua++, intransitive, in one sense of /transitive#0 'ut 1 i+ders+eeve2 ho+ds that /a transitive verb is a verb that asses over to a assive rather than one that asses over to an ob!ect#0 That is truer of 3atin than of 1ree4, *hich, /*ith a +ord+iness that re)inds one of En"+ish,0 )a4es a assive out of an, 4ind of an active# Ter)ino+o", in s,nta- is o en to dis ute at )an, oints, but I see on+, ho e+ess confusion here un+ess voice is 4e t to its rea+ )eanin"# In 56hner71erth8 it is he+d that /the active has a doub+e )eanin",0 either intransitive or transitive# 9, oint is that the voice per se has nothin" to do *ith that .uestion# %o)e verbs are intransitive, so)e are transitive, so)e are used either *a,# This freedo) in the use of verbs increased ti++ in the +ater 1ree4 verbs that *ere once intransitive beco)e transitive#: 'ru")ann; ro er+,
Gildersleeve GILDERSLEEVE, B. L., Editions of Pindar and Justin Martyr. , Latin Grammar. Many editions sin e !"#$. , %otes on Sta&l's Synta( of t&e Gree) Ver* +!,!-.. , %umerous arti les in t&e /meri an Journal of P&ilolo0y. ! /m. Jour. of P&ilol., !,-", 1. 2$,. 34&ner5Gert& 367%ER5GER87, Ausf# 1ra))# d# "riech# % r# :# Auf+# of 56hner# T+# II, 'de# I, II +!",", !,-9.. 2 Bd. I, 1. ",. : Jann., 7ist. G). Gr., 1. :;$. Bru0mann BR<GM/%%, 3., Elements of =om1arative Grammar of t&e Indo5Germani Lan0ua0es +translation *y >ri0&t, !",;.. , 1riechische 1ra))ati4# :# Auf+# +!,--., t&e ed. ?uoted. Vierte ver)ehrte Auf+# of /. 8&um* +!,!:.. , 1rundri< der ver"+# 1r# d# indo"# % rachen# 8# Auf+#, 'de# I, II +!",$@!,!:.. , 5ur=e ver"+eichende 1ra))ati4 der indo"er)anischen % rachen +!,-9.. 9 Grie &. Gr., 1. 9#$.

se arates the .uestion of transitive and intransitive verbs fro) that of voice (cf# iterative, intensive, inchoative, desiderative verbs)# %o)e of the intransitive uses of verbs *ere due to the absence of the ref+e-ive ronoun, as in (94# >?>), (Ac# 8@?;:)#A The )odern 1ree4 reserves the sa)e freedo) in the use of transitive and intransitive verbs and has ecu+iarities of its o*n#2 (b) 9EA&I&1 OF VOICE# Voice re+ates the action to the sub!ect# The use of voice then is to direct attention to the sub!ect, not to the ob!ect# That concerns transitive and intransitive verbs# %tah+8 uts it cris +,? /The voice of the verb describes a re+ation of the verb7idea to the sub!ect#0 (c) &A9E% OF THE VOICE%# Cf# cha ter VIII, VI, (b)# The na)es co)e fro) $ion,sius Thra- (about '#C# :B), but /he has no in4+in" of a )idd+e sense,0: sho*in" that a+read, the )idd+e is disa earin" before the assive# The ter)ino+o", is ver, oor# 1i+ders+eeve; ca++s the fashion of the 1er)ans /a ositive+, indecent no)enc+ature,0 since the, ca++ the voices genera (), /based on a fancied rese)b+ance to the "enders#0 (e in En"+ish fo++o* the French voix (3atin vox), found first in this sense in the Grammatica graeca nova of C# (e++er (A#$# 2>:A)#A (d) HI%TORD OF THE VOICE%# %ee cha ter VIII, VI, (c), (d), (e)# Cf# a+so Cannaris, Historical Gr., # :>8 f#E 9ou+ton, Prol., # 2A8# In the ro7ethnic +an"ua"e there *ere
; Je**., V. and D.'s 7and*., 1. :!". ! 8&um*., 7and*., 1. !!2 f. Sta&l S8/7L, J. M., 5ritisch7historische %,nta- des "riech# Verbu)s der 4+ass# Aeit. +!,-$.. 2 3rit.5&ist. Synt. d# "riech# Verbu)s, 1. 92. : 8&om1son, Synt., 1. !;". 9 %otes on Sta&l's Synt. of t&e G). Ver* in /m. Jour. of P&ilol., !,-", 1. 2$;. ; Riem. and GoelBer, Synt., 1. 2::. Jannaris J/%%/RIS, /. %., / 7istori al Gree) Grammar +!",$.. , Cn t&e 8rue Meanin0 of t&e +=lass. Rev., !,-:, 11. ,: ff... Moulton MC<L8C%, J. 7., / Grammar of %. 8. Gree). Vol. I, Prole0omena +!,-#.. :d ed. +!,-".. , =&ara teristi s of %. 8. Gree) +8&e E(1ositor, !,-9.. , Ein+eitun" in die % rache des &# T# +!,!!.. , Grammati al %otes from t&e Pa1yri +8&e E(1ositor, !,-!, 11. 2$!@2"2D !,-:, 11. !-9@!2!, 92:@9:,. 8&e =lassi al RevieE, !,-!, 11. :!@:$, 9:9@99!D !,-9, 11. !-#@ !!2, !;!@!;;.. , Introdu tion to %. 8. Gree) +!",;.. 2d ed. +!,-9.. , Lan0ua0e of =&rist +7astin0s' Cne5vol. D. B., !,-,..

robab+, both active and )idd+e# Cf# $e+br6c4, Vergl. Syntax, 'd# II, # ;2:# There *as no assive as there *as none in the %ans4rit, save in the resent s,ste)#> The rise of the assive )eanin" *ith the use of )idd+e and active endin"s *as sure to brin" confusion and a tendenc, to*ards si) +ification# It *as inevitab+e that the three voices shou+d "o bac4 to t*o# In the actua+ outco)e, the assive, thou"h an inter+o er, ousts the )idd+e of its for)s and of )ost of its uses#@ In the )odern 1ree4 vernacu+ar, therefore, *e find on+, t*o voices as to for), for the assive has ta4en over the )eanin" of the )idd+e a+so (Thu)b, Handb., # 2++ f#)# In the be"innin" there *ere on+, active and )idd+e# In the end *e find on+, active and assive# (e) HE3P FRO9 THE %A&%5RIT # The verb deve+o )ent in the Indo71er)anic +an"ua"es has been )ore inde endent than that of nouns# 3atin, for instance, has recast
, %. 8. Gree) in t&e Li0&t of Modern Dis overy +=am*r. Bi*l. Essays, !,-,, 11. 9#!@ ;-;.. , 8&e S ien e of Lan0ua0e +!,-:.. MC<L8C%, >. F., and GEDE%, /. S., / =on ordan e to t&e Gree) 8estament +!",$.. MC<L8C% and MILLIG/%, Le(i al %otes from t&e Pa1yri +8&e E(1os., !,-".. , 8&e Vo a*ulary of t&e %. 8. Illustrated from t&e Pa1yri and ot&er %on5Literary Sour es. Part I +!,!9., II, III. Del*r4 ) DELBR6=3, B., Ab+ativ 3oca+is Instru)enta+is +!"#$.. , 1rundri< der ver"+# 1ra))# d# indo"# % rachen# %,nta-# 'de# III@V +!",:, !",$, !,--.. , Introdu tion to t&e Study of Lan0ua0e +!""2.. Ein+eitun" in das % rachstudiu)# ;# Auf+# (2FB;)# A# Auf+# +!,!:.. , %,nta4tische Forschun"en# A 'de# +!"$!@!""".. # >&itney, Sans. Gr., 1. 2-!. $ Jann., 7ist. G). Gr., 1. :#2. 8&um* 87<MB, /., $ie Forsch# 6ber die he++en# % r# in den Cahren !,-2@!,-9 +/r &. f. Pa1. :, 11. 99:@ 9$:.. , $ie "riech# % rache i) Geita+ter des He++enis)us +!,-!.. , $ie s rach"esch# %te++# des bib+# 1riech# +8&eol. Rund., !,-2.. , Handbuch der "riech# Dial. +!,-,.. , Handbuch d# neu"riech# Vo+4ss rache# 8# Auf+# +!,!-.. , Handbuch des %ans4rits. I, Grammati) +!,-;.. , Hnters# 6ber d# % # As er i) 1riech# +!"",..

its verb7s,ste), and it is .uite difficu+t to co) are the 1ree4 and 3atin voices# %ans4rit and 1ree4 have reserved the voices best of a++# Hence the %ans4rit can thro* a "ood dea+ of +i"ht on the 1ree4 voices#2 (f) $EFECTIVE VER'%# &ot a++ verbs *ere used in a++ the voices# %o)e *ere used on+, in one, so)e in t*o, so)e in a++ three# Then a"ain, so)e verbs had one voice in one tense, another voice in another tense# This is !ust +i4e the %ans4rit,8 and !ust *hat one *ou+d e- ect fro) a +ivin" +an"ua"e in contrast *ith an artificia+ one# 'ru")ann,: indeed, divides verbs, as to voices, accordin" to this rinci +e (those *ith active on+,, )idd+e on+,, *ith both, etc#)# In the &# T# '+ass (Gr. of N. . G!., # 2IB) finds the sa)e "enera+ use of the voices as in the o+der 1ree4, the sa)e difficu+t, in differentiatin" the voices, and the sa)e /arbitrariness0 in the use of individua+ verbs# 'ut )uch of this difficu+t, is due to co)in" at the )atter *ith reconceived ru+es# '+assJ treat)ent of the voices is .uite unsatisfactor,# Cf# further for this )atter, cha ter VIII, VI, (d)# II. The Active Voice ( ). The %toics ca++ed the active a+so# (a) 9EA&I&1 OF THE ACTIVE VOICE# In this voice the sub!ect is )ere+, re resented as actin" or e-istin", for state (cf# !") )ust be inc+uded as *e++ as action# It is not certain *hether the active or the )idd+e is the o+der, but the active is far the )ore co))on# (b) EITHER TRA&%ITIVE OR I&TRA&%ITIVE# There is nothin" ecu+iar in the &# T# about this# Each verb has its o*n histor,# One ori"ina++, transitive )a, beco)e intransitive and vice versa#; Cf# #$ *hich )a, be intransitive #$" (9t# 8>?;>E cf# the inter!ectiona+ #, Cas# ;?2:) or transitive % &' (3u# 2F?:A)# In # (Ac# 8@?2:, 2@) the ob!ect is robab+, understood (( ))# Cf# a+so &*$ in 9t# >?8I and 8 Cor# F?2B# +,,$ is usua++, transitive, even in Co# 2:?8 (cf# Ac# 88?8:), but it is intransitive in Ac# 8@?2; (-.,, KrushedJ)# Cf# +,$ in Cas# A?2I (tr#) and in 9t# 2:?8> (intr#)# %o ./$ is transitive in 3u# @?:I, but intransitive in 9t# A?;A# 0$ is usua++, transitive (9t# 2B?I), but see 9t# 8>?;># &,1$ is transitive in Rev# 2B?@, but intransitive in 2;?># 2/$ is transitive e-ce t *hen used *ith adverbs, *hen, as in ancient 1ree4, it )a, be intransitive# Cf# 3 4 -/ (9t# ;?8;), /$ -/ (94# A?8:), % -/ (Co# 22?2@), 5$ -/ (Ac# @?2), 6 ) -/ (Ac# 8;?8A)# ,$ is transitive in 9t# I?8B, but intransitive in 3u# F?28# In Ac# @?;8 7$ is intransitive, thou"h a+so transitive e+se*here# In the &# T# ".8$ is transitive and the sa)e is true of "8$# 'ut in Te-t# Rec# "9 is intransitive in 9t# 8@?A@# Cf# 8$ intransitive in 3u# ;?;B and 78$ in Heb# 28?2A# 3et these serve as s eci)ens of )an, such verbs in the &# T# 9odern 1ree4 is s ecia++, rich in intransitive active verbs (Thu)b, Handb., # 228) and verbs that osci++ate fro) one use to the other# (c) EFFECT OF PREPO%ITIO&% I& CO9PO%ITIO&# These )a, )a4e the verb transitive or the resu+t )a, be !ust the o osite# As e-a) +es of transitive co) ounds fro) an intransitive simplex ta4e .$ (Heb# 22?8F), but intransitive in 3u# 2>?8># %o / ( :/; (3u# 2F?2), / ( (22?;8)# On the other hand, instransitive co) ounds abound# The co) ounds of #$ (si) +e- either tr# or intr#) *hich are often intransitive are $ (9t# @?2:), $ (9t# F?F), $ (Ac#
! Giles, =om1. P&ilol., 1. 9-9 f. 2 >&itney, Sans. Gr., 1. 2--. : Grie &. Gr., 11. 9;, ff. =f. 8&om1son, Synt., 1. !;,. 9 =f. Jann., 7ist. G). Gr., 1. :;$.

2:?22), $ (3u# 2I?:F), <$ (Co# :?I), but not $# Cf# a+so $" in 94# ;?8F# (ith .,,$ note .,,$ in 94# ;?:@ and the ecu+iar .,; in 2;?@8# E-a) +es of severa+ intransitive co) ounds of -/$ occur in the &# T# Thus /$ (94# 2;?;2), /$ (94# >?2F), /$ (3u# 2;?@E Ac# 2F?88), /$ (2 Pet# 8?>), /$ (9t# @?2A), </$ (Ph# ;?@)# Here the substantive has dro ed out in )ost cases and the verb co)es to stand a+one (cf# /$ ))# Cf# "$ (9t# 8?28), ,$ (Ro# 2>?2@) and '$ (Co# 22?F)# 8$ is transitive in Ac# 2;?2I, but intransitive in Heb# ;?;, 2B# Cf# $ in Ac# 8@?;:# 7$ sho*s intransitive co) ounds *ith = (Ac# A?88), = (Ac# :?8>), = (3u# 8?:F)# The )odern 1ree4 sur asses even the in its faci+it, for )a4in" a++ sorts of co) ound verbs (tr# and intr#) and in articu+ar verbs co) ounded *ith nouns, +i4e '7 and *'/ (2 Ti)# A?2B)# Cf# Thu)b, Handb., # 228# (d) $IFFERE&T TE&%E% VARD# Thus *here both second and first aorists occur, the second is intransitive and the first transitive# Cf# - (3u# >?I), but - &' (94# F?:>)# This distinction a +ies to a++ the co) ounds of >"# Acts 8@?8I () is no e-ce tion, as ( ) is to be su +ied# %o)e of the /stron"0 or ri)itive erfect actives are intransitive *hen the resent is transitive# Thus ? (2 Cor# 2>?F) fro) $@ ',$, (9t# 2B?>) fro) ',,9"@ A (3u# 2:?8A) fro) B"@ (Ro# 8?2F) fro) $@ (Cas# A?8) fro) $# 9ou+ton2 see)s to confuse /transitive0 *ith /active,0 and /intransitive0 *ith /)idd+e0 in his discussion of these erfects? /(e have a nu)ber of cases in *hich the Kstron"J erfect active attaches itse+f in )eanin" to the )idd+e#0 The )idd+e is not in itse+f intransitive, nor is the active in itse+f transitive# /The con!ecture that the erfect ori"ina++, had no distinction of active and )idd+e, its erson7endin"s bein" ecu+iar throu"hout, affords the )ost robab+e e- +anation of the facts? *hen the )uch +ater = erfect arose, the distinction had beco)e universa+#0 It is doubt+ess true that in the ri)itive = erfect there *as no distinctive )idd+e for)# 'ut *h, see4 for a )idd+e sense in the ri)itive erfect active because it ha ens in )an, cases to be intransitiveL It does ha en that (Co# 2?;) is found *ith " and ,,9 (Co# 2@?2) fro) -/", t*o intransitive )idd+es# It is a+so true that future )idd+es are the ru+e *ith a fe* verbs *hich have this ri)itive, but not a+*a,s intransitive, erfect# %o it is *ith (trans#, Ac# >?22), >,7 (trans#, Rev# 22?2@), (intr# as the verb itse+f is, 3u# 2:?8), 9/ (trans#, Heb# I?>)# %o *ith (Co# 2?2A, intr# +i4e the verb itse+f), thou"h *" (so)e 9%%# in 3u# 2F?;B) is future erfect )idd+e# CD (Co# 2B?;) is transitive, thou"h defective, *hi+e - (Cas# 2?>), +i4e >$ (94# 2B?2), is intransitive# 'ut 7 (Co# 2F?88) is transitive# (e) THE ACTIVE A% CAH%ATIVE# 'ut this usa"e is not due to the voice, and is, besides, co))on to a++ +an"ua"es#8 Cf# the Hebre* Hi hi+ con!u"ation# Viteau (/Essai sur +a %,nta-e des Voi- dans +e 1rec du &# T#,0 "ev#e de P$ilologie, 2IF;, # 8) sa,s that the 1ree4 voices *ou+d not be stran"e to a Ce* *ho *as used to the seven
! Prol., 1. !;9. 2 =f. Jann., 7ist. G). Gr., 1. :;,. Viteau VI8E/<, J., Essai sur +a s,nta-e des voi- dans +e "rec du &# T# +Rev. de P&il., !",9.. , Mtude sur +e "rec du &# T# I, Le Ver*e +!",:.D II, Le SuGet +!",#..

con!u"ations of the Hebre* verb# 'ut the oint is not strict+, ara++e+# In one sense this idio) is due to the fact that *hat one does throu"h another he does hi)se+f#: Cf# 6 E, &) ,, (9t# A?;A), strict+, causative# 'ut in Co# 2F?2, -,. 6 F, 6 :) G "$, the other 4ind of causative occurs# %o a+so *ith " (Ac# 2>?:)# There *as indeed a re)ar4ab+e increase in the 3XX in the nu)ber of verbs used in the causative sense, )an, of *hich had been usua++, intransitive# Cf# .,8$, *hich occurs :> ti)es in the causative sense in the 3XX (cf# Cud"# F?>)#; The Hebre* Hi hi+ is art+, res onsib+e for this increase#2 %ee further verbs in =$, +i4e 9,'$ (1a+# 8?;)# (f) ACTIVE (ITH REF3EXIVE%# Certain+, there is nothin" unusua+ in this construction# Cf# 4 9' (94# 2A?:B), -., A9' (Co# 82?I), / A9H (3u# 2@?:)# Cf# Co# 82?2I# '+ass8 indeed sa,s that the /active for )idd+e0 occurs# One hesitates to subscribe to that dictu)# It is indeed true that the use of the ref+e-ive ronoun *ith the active brin"s out )uch )ore shar +, the ref+e-ive re+ation than the )ere )idd+e# It is not necessar, to sa, that 9,H (8 Cor# 22?8B) is used /for0 the )idd+e# It is true that 1$ in the su +ants the Attic ", but this is not due to a confusion of voice# (ith $ the &# T# does sho* a nu)ber of e-a) +es of the active *here the )idd+e *as )ore co))on in the Attic, thou"h the &# T# "enera++, has H .,@ ,'@ @ 9# And the 9%%# var, "reat+, bet*een active and )idd+e of $ *ith *ords +i4e " (Co# 2;?8:), ' (Ac# I?8), 9$" (8:?2:), but not *ith 9".8, (94# 2A?2), (3u# 2I?@ f#), 97 (Ac# 8:?28), '," (Rev# 22?@)# 'ut this is recise+, *hat *e find in the (inscri tions and a ,ri)# Cf# Rader)acher, N. . Gr., # 28B# %o even .1$ and ,$ (9a,ser, Gr., # :I>)# The sa)e tendenc, a ears in )odern 1ree4 (Thu)b, Handb., # 22;)# Cf# * I J" <) (9t# 8>?>A)# In these e-a) +es '+ass has in ), !ud")ent read too )uch into the active voice# 'ut it is certain that in / A9H (3u# 28?2) there is )ore e) hasis on the ref+e-ive idea than in 79, (28?2A)# Cf# 9ou+ton, Prol., # 2A@# (g) I9PER%O&A3 ACTIVE# %o)e i) ersona+ verbs occur in the active# Cf# / K 7K (2 Pet# 8?>), and -.* (Cas# A?2@)# ($) I&FI&ITIVE%# These do not a+*a,s ref+ect the force of the voice, es ecia++, in the /e e-e"etic0 use,: +i4e our En"+ish /fair to see,0 /"ood to eat#0 Cf# and ,.H, 9t# A?;B# The infinitive has no voice in %ans4rit# %ee further under Infinitive (ch# XX, Verba+ &ouns)#
: Gildersleeve, Synt. of =l. G)., 1. #:. 9 =. and S., Sel., 1. $#. ! 8&a )., Gr. of t&e C. 8. in G)., 1. 29. 2 Gr. of %. 8. G)., 1. !":. Raderma &er R/DERM/=7ER, L., &eut# 1ra))ati4# $as 1riechisch des &# T# i) Gusa))enhan" )it der Vo+4ss rache +!,!!.. Mayser M/HSER, E., 1ra))ati4 der "riech# Pa ,ri aus der Pto+e)Ner=eit# 3aut7 und (ort+ehre +!,-#.. : =f. Gildersleeve, Synt., 1. #:.

(i) ACTIVE VER'% A% PA%%IVE% OF OTHER VER'% #; Thus $ is )ore co))on than the assive of $ L=$M, thou"h e-a) +es of this assive occur in the &# T# (Rev# >?22, etc#)# (# H# read 4 -/ in 9t# 2@?2A rather than 4 / (cf# 4 4, etc#)# %o $ (Ac# 8@?2@, 8>, 8F) occurs as assive of .,,$, but note .,, in 9t# I?28# Cf# 1i+ders+eeve, Syntax, # @A# In 2 Cor# 22?2I 8$ has the c+assic turn KI a) to+d#J 'ut in A?2 8 the assive itse+f occurs in the sense KIt is re orted#J 'ut in a++ such cases the distinction bet*een the voices is not rea++, +ost# III. The Middle Voice ( " ). (a) ORI1I& OF THE 9I$$3E# %ee cha ter VIII, VI, (c), for the uncertaint, as to the riorit, of active and )idd+e# That .uestion is an o en one and )ust be +eft o en# 'oth active and )idd+e a ear in %ans4rit and in Ho)er# The rehistoric situation is ure+, s ecu+ative# 3o"ica++, the active *ou+d see) to co)e first, thou"h the difference in for) )a, be due to variation in sound (abla#t)#2 Probab+, at first there *as neither active nor )idd+e, the distinction bein" a deve+o )ent# In the %ans4rit8 *e )eet a fu++ s,ste) of both active and )idd+e for)s for a++ the tenses (not a++ the )odes), the artici +e, ho*ever, havin" on+, a artia+ s,ste) and the infinitive no voice at a++# 'ut each verb has its o*n deve+o )ent and that *as b, no )eans unifor)# %o)e had a ver, +i)ited use as to voice, tense and )ode# In Ho)er indeed the )idd+e is rather )ore co))on than in +ater 1ree4#: It is on+, in the %ans4rit, Gend (O+d Persian), 1ree4 and 1othic that the )idd+e is 4e t as a distinct voice#; In the 1othic on+, re)nants of the )idd+e are found,A *hi+e in 3atin the )idd+e as a se arate voice disa ears#> It is ver, difficu+t to run a ara++e+ bet*een the 3atin and 1ree4 voices# 'ut there is a considerab+e re)nant of 3atin )idd+es +i4e miror% se&#or% #tor (cf# $rae"er, Hist. Syntax, # 2;A ff#)# The fina+ disa earance of the 1ree4 future and aorist )idd+e before the assive is *e++ s4etched b, Cannaris#@ 'ut at first *e are not to thin4 of the assive at a++, that inter+o er that fina++, drove the )idd+e out of use# (b) 9EA&I&1 OF THE 9I$$3E# It is ur"ed that the ter) /)idd+e0 is "ood because the voice in )eanin" stands bet*een the active and the assive#I 'ut, unfortunate+, for that idea, the )idd+e is o+der than the assive# It is true that the assive arose out of the
9 8&om1son, Synt., 1. !$2. ! Moulton, Prol., 1. !;2. 2 >&itney, Sans. Gr., 1. 2--. : Monro, 7om. Gr., 1. $. 9 =f. C. 7offmann, $as PrNsens der indo"er# 1runds r#, !"",, 1. 2;. In t&e Bantu lan0ua0e Mr. Dan =raEford finds !# voi es +refle(ive, re i1ro al, intensive, et ., all &avin0 s1e ial forms.. ; Giles, =om1. P&ilol., 1. 9-#. # I*., 1. 9-;. Drae0er DR/EGER, 7ist. Synta( d. lat. S1ra &e +!"$"@!""!.. $ 7ist. G). Gr., 1. :#2 f. " =lyde, G). Synt., 1. ;$.

)idd+e and that the )idd+e )ar4s a ste to*ards the assive# The assive idea e-isted before there *as a se arate assive for), a thin" never true of a++ tenses and a++ verbs# The Hebre* Hith ae+ con!u"ation is so)e*hat ara++e+,2 but not *ho++, so# The on+, difference bet*een the active and )idd+e voices is that the )idd+e ca++s es ecia+ attention to the sub!ect# In the active voice the sub!ect is )ere+, actin"E in the )idd+e the sub!ect is actin" in re+ation to hi)se+f so)eho*# (hat this recise re+ation is the )idd+e voice does not sa,# That )ust co)e out of the conte-t or fro) the si"nificance of the verb itse+f# 1i+ders+eeve8 is c+ear+, ri"ht in ho+din" that the inter retation of the difference bet*een active and )idd+e is in )an, cases )ore +e-ica+ than "ra))atica+# /The )idd+e adds a sub!ective e+e)ent#0: %o)eti)es the variation fro) the active is too )inute for trans+ation into En"+ish# This /*ord for oneJs se+f0 is often ver, difficu+t of trans+ation, and *e )ust not fa++ into the error of e- +ainin" the force of the )idd+e b, the En"+ish trans+ation# (c) OFTE& $IFFERE&CE FRO9 ACTIVE ACHTE# As e-a) +es note? J$, KI ta4eJE J", KI ta4e to ),se+fJ (KchooseJ)E ""$, KI re)indJE ""N", KI re)ind ),se+fJ (Kre)e)berJ)E /$, KI ho+d offJE /", KI ho+d ),se+f offJ (KabstainJ)E $", KI "ive bac4JE ", KI "ive bac4 of ), o*nJ (Kse++J)E ',,9", KI destro,JE ',,9", KI erishJE O$, KI fastenJE #", KI touchJE #/$, KI ru+eJE #/", KI be"inJE .9,8$, KI counse+JE .9,8", KI ta4e counse+J (Kde+iberateJ)E "$, KI )arr,J (Kbride"roo)J), "" (KbrideJ)E 8$, KI "ive to tasteJE 8", KI tasteJE 7$, KI enro+JE 7" KI indictJ (but Kenro+ oneJs se+fJ in 3u# 8?A)E 1$, KI +endJE 1", KI borro*JE $, KI teachJE ", KI "et tau"htJE B", KI +aceJE >", KI standJE ,$, KI esca e noticeJE ,", KI for"etJE "'$, KI +et,J "'", KI hireJE 8$, KI )a4e to ceaseJE 8", KI ceaseJE $, KI ersuadeJE ", KI obe,JE 7$, KI sho*JE 7", KI a earJE 7.$, KI fri"htenJE 7.", KI fear#J These e-a) +es in the &# T# i++ustrate the difference bet*een the t*o voices#; (d) THE H%E OF THE 9I$$3E &OT O'3I1ATORD#A This re)ar4 )a, sound +i4e a truis), but it is !ustified *hen one can read this? /As the active is used in +ace of the )idd+e, so the )idd+e often stands for the active *hich *ou+d natura++, be e- ected#02 ( iner8 a+so s ea4s of the t*o voices bein" used /interchan"eab+,#0 'ut (iner +oses one
! EEald, 7e*. Gr., I 29:. 2 /m. Jour. of P&ilol., !,-", 1. 2$$. : Viteau, Essai sur +a %,nt# des Voi-, 1. !$. =f. Moulton, Prol., 1. !;:. 9 =f. Jann., 7ist. G). Gr., 1. :#-D =lyde G). Synt., 1. ;" f.D Farrar, Gr. Synt., 1. !!$ f.D 8&om1son, Synt., 11. !#" ff. ; Gildersleeve, Synt. of =lass. G)., 1. ##. ! Blass, Gr. of %. 8. G)., 1. !";. >iner >I%ER, G. B., $e verboru) cu) rae # co) os# in &# T# Hsu +!":9@!"9:.. , 1ra))# d# neut# % rachidio)s (2I88)# @# Auf+# von 36ne)ann +l"#$.. 2 >.58&., 1. 2;#.

of his e-a) +es, for (# H# have 9,H in 3u# 2A?F, as in verse ># (iner correct+, sa,s that /it de ended on the *riter0 *hich he *ou+d use# Of course, but that is not to sa, that no distinction e-isted# In Cas# ;?8 f#, !H G & ,".@ ' 4 !H, the )idd+e see)s rather on ur ose (K,e as4 for ,ourse+ves a)iss,J Farrar, G!. Syntax, # 22I)# '+ass: ca++s this /an arbitrar, interchan"e,0 thou"h he ad)its in "enera+ the &# T# use of !$ for ordinar, re.uests (as fro) 1od), but !" in business transactions (its usua+ use in the &# T#, 9t# 8@?8BE 3u# 8:?8:)# This )a, be the ver, oint in Cas# ;?8 f# and 2 Co# A?2;# 9ou+ton; a"rees *ith 9a,or (Ca)es in loco) on the correctness of the distinction# 9a,or (in loco) sa,s? /(hen !H is thus o osed to !H, it i) +ies usin" the *ords, *ithout the s irit of ra,er#0 %ee the sa)e distinction dra*n in 94# >?88O8AE 2B?:A, :I (9t# 8B?8B, 88)E 2 Co# A?2A# '+ass (Gr. of N. . G!., # 2I> note) observes that HerodJs offer to %a+o)e "ave her business re+ations to hi) !ustif,in" her use of the )idd+e (94# >?8; f#)# (hen the active and the )idd+e occur side b, side the attention is dra*n to the distinction# It is to be reca++ed a"ain that the sa)e verb varied in different sta"es of the +an"ua"e in the voice used# Hence it is hard+, ertinent to brin" an indict)ent a"ainst the &# T# *riters, because the )idd+e is not used *ith a++ verbs !ust as it *as in the Attic 1ree4# As a )atter of fact, Ho)er differs fro) the Attic# '+ass (Gr. of N. . G!., # 2I>) succinct+, sa,s that /the &e* Testa)ent *riters *ere erfect+, ca ab+e of reservin" the distinction bet*een the active and the )idd+e#0 %o in 94# 2;?;@ note " ( "/, *hi+e in 9t# 8>?A2 *e have ( "/ &)# In 9atthe* *e have the ronoun &) and ' su +antin" the )idd+e in 9ar4 (cf# Rader)acher, N. . Gr., # 28B f#)# Rader)acher (op. cit., # 22F), ho*ever, as a resu+t of his researches, finds in the /Unsic$er$eit im Gebra#c$ des 'edi#ms#0 The oint of the )idd+e is not the sa)e a+*a,s# %o in Ac# @?8; "8PKassist,J not K*ard off fro) oneJs se+f,J but the force of the )idd+e is resent# %o in Co+# 8?2A, 9" I /, it is not Kundress,J but Kthro* off fro) oneJs se+f#J Cf# a+so ,) in E h# 2?8: and ,) in ;?2B# 9ou+ton2 sho*s that there is as )uch freedo) in the a ,ri in the use of active and )idd+e as in the &# T# Thus I J and I J (1# H# :>, '#C# FA) occur side b, side# %o "HPnubere fe++ out of use# %ee a+so II, (f)# (e) EITHER TRA&%ITIVE OR I&TRA&%ITIVE# Thus I "( $ I /H (94# @?:) and % &) (>?A>), but * (>?A8) and !8 (>?A>) are intransitive# The )idd+e is not, therefore, intransitive in itse+f# That is a )atter that be+on"s to the verb7ste)# As to the future )idd+es, +i4e .", see discussion a +itt+e +ater# %o)e verbs, indeed, are transitive in the active, but intransitive in the )idd+e (',,9"@ ',,9"@ 7$@ 7")# Cf# Hat=ida4is, Einl., # 8B2 ff#E Tho) son, Syntax, # 2>2#
Farrar F/RR/R, F. >., Gree) Synta( +!"$#.. : Gr. of %. 8. G)., 1. !"#. 9 Prol., 1. !#-. ! Prol., 1. !;" f. 7e ites also 9P ,', B.<. $$; +iiJ/.D... But t&e 1a1. use t&e middle also. 7atBida)is 7/8AID/3IS, G. %., Ein+eitun" in die neu"riechische 1ra))ati4 +!",2.. 8&om1son 87CMPSC%, F. E., / Synta( of /tti Gree). %eE ed. +!,-$..

(f) $IRECT 9I$$3E# It is necessar, to discuss the various uses of the )idd+e, but the divisions )ade b, the "ra))arians are )ore or +ess arbitrar, and unsatisfactor,# The, are fo++o*ed here )ere+, for convenience# The )idd+e voice is ver, broad in its sco e and no one *ord, not even ref+e-ive, covers a++ the "round# It is essentia++, the voice of ersona+ interest so)e*hat +i4e the dative case# 1rosse ((eitr)ge *#r Syntax des griec$isc$en 'edi#ms #nd Passiv#ms, 2IF2, # ;) denies that the ref+e-ive is the ori"ina+ use of the )idd+e# 'ut Rutherford (+irst G!. Syntax, 2IFB, # @;), derives both assive and )idd+e out of the ref+e-ive use# For the various uses of the )idd+e in Ho)er, *ho is s ecia++, fond of this voice, see 9onro, Homeric Gr., # @# 'ut, curious+,, 9onro )entions /the Intransitive use0 as one of the se arate idio)s of the )idd+e# &ear+, ever, "ra))arian8 has his o*n division of these /uses0 of the )idd+e, none of *hich the 1ree4s the)se+ves had# 1i+ders+eeve: is !ust+, i) atient *ith this overrefine)ent and observes that /one )ust needs fa++ bac4 on the *a, of the +an"ua"e,0 *hich /is ca ricious in such )atters#0 It is need+ess to ta4e u hi+oso hica+ abstractions +i4e /sub!ective0 and /ob!ective#0 It is not ossib+e to te++ *hether the direct )idd+e (ref+e-ive )idd+e) *as the ori"ina+ use of the voice or not# The direct )idd+e is co) arative+, rare in Ho)er and in the ear+, 1ree4 "enera++,# ; It be"an in the to disa ear, before the active and the ref+e-ive ronoun (cf# &# T#), but the direct )idd+e revived a"ain as the indirect )idd+e disa eared before the assive because of /its subt+e )eanin"#02 Hence in &eo7He++enic /a+)ost ever, transitive verb, if active, ad)its of a direct )idd+e#08 In )odern 1ree4 this direct ref+e-ive is near+, the so+e use of the )idd+e#: The )odern 1ree4 has no distinction in for)s bet*een )idd+e and assive, but the )idd+e si"nification survives# Thus ,81" )eans KI bathe ),se+fJ (Thu)b, Handb., # 222, 22;)# Thu)b finds the direct ref+e-ive use co))on# 9ou+ton; ractica++, confines this idio) in the &# T# to * (9t# 8@?A), Khe han"ed hi)se+f,J and even here 9ou+ton su""ests Kcho4edJ as a truer En"+ish trans+ation# This is indeed /a surviva+ fro) c+assica+ 1ree4,0 but there see) to be other &# T# e-a) +es a+so# The

Rut&erford R<87ERFCRD, >. G., / =&a1ter in t&e 7istory of /nnotation +!,-;.. , 8&e %eE P&ryni &us +!""!.. Monro MC%RC, D. B., 7omeri Grammar +!""2.. 2d ed. +!",!.. First ed. used. 2 =f. Farrar, G). Synt., 1. !!$D Bru0., Grie &. Gr., 11. 9;, ff.D 3.5G., Bd. I, 11. !-- ff.D Sta&l, 3rit.5&ist. Synt., 11. 9, ff. : /m. Jour. of P&ilol., !,-", 1. 2$". 9 Monro, 7om. Gr., 1. $. ! Jann., 7ist. G). Gr., 1. :#-. 2 I*. : Moulton, Prol., 1. !;#. 9 I*.

e-a) +e cited b, (inerA fro) Co# I?AF (cf# a+so 28?:>), 8., is assive, as 9ou+ton> oints out# 'ut in Q ,9" (8 Pet#8?88) the direct )idd+e is evident, as 9ou+ton ad)its in the ,ppendix ( # 8:I)# Cf# ,8 (Is# 2?2>), K*ash ,ou#J &ote a+so ,8, K*ashed ,ourse+vesJ (2 Cor# >?22, correct trans+ation in )ar"in of Rev# V#)# A "ood e-a) +e a+so is "'" (94# 2;?A;), K*ar)in" hi)se+fJ (Rev# V#)# It is rather "ratuitous to doubt the direct )idd+e 9, K re are hi)se+fJ (2 Cor# 2;?I)# 'ut 9ou+ton adds "( 8,,9 (3u# @?>) to (inerJs +ist and i++ustrates b, /the i++iterate conte) orar, a ,rus O#P# 8FA, "( ,8,, A0 (active and ref+e-ive ronoun)# %o a+so R$ ((# H#, 94# @?;) and .$ ()ar"#) are both direct )idd+es# S4 (Ac# 28?I), K"ird ,ourse+f,J is a+so direct )idd+e# "1 (Co+# 8?8B) is robab+, direct )idd+e, Ksub!ect ,ourse+ves to ordinances#J And < (Co+# :?2I) )a, be a+so# T" (Kfasten ),se+f to,J KtouchJ) is rea++, the direct )idd+e (94# I?88)# 0'" (Ph# :?2:) is Kstretchin" ),se+f for*ard#J Cf# a+so <," (Ac# 8B?8@), K*ithdra* ),se+fJE '" (Ro# 2:?8), K+ine oneJs se+f u a"ainst#J In the case of .,," it is robab+e that *e have the direct )idd+e Kc+othe oneJs se+fJ (9t# >?8F)# The accusative of the thin" is added in Rev# :?2I# It is ossib+e to re"ard 8 (9t# 8>?;A) as direct )idd+e# U (3u# 8?A) )a, be )ere+, the direct )idd+e, Kenro+ hi)se+f,J thou"h the causative idea is ossib+e# In 3u# 28?2A 79, (K"uard ,ourse+ves fro)J) fo++o*s the c+assic idio)# U/'" ,,,$ (E h# ;?8) is a+so the direct )idd+e, Kho+din" ,ourse+ves bac4 fro) one another#J The sa)e thin" is true of / !$,8$ (Ac# 2A?8F)# In 2 Pet# A?A 78 ".;, K"ird ,ourse+ves *ith hu)i+it,,J *e )a, have the sa)e idio)# In Ac# 2I?A, 9/ V ,'?, *e )a, have the direct )idd+e, Khe+d hi)se+f to the *ord#J There are to be added, besides, so)e of the causative )idd+es, +i4e . (Ac# 88?2>), K"et ,ourse+f ba ti=edJ (cf# ., 2 Cor# 2B?8)# It is true that the +ist is not a +ar"e one, but the idio) is c+ear+, not obso+ete in the &# T# The causative )idd+e has a *ider use a+so, as *i++ be sho*n direct+,# (g) CAH%ATIVE OR PER9I%%IVE 9I$$3E # Cf# the 1er)an sic$ lassen# This occasiona+ use of the )idd+e does not distin"uish it fro) the active and occurs both *ith the direct and the indirect use of the )idd+e#2 It is !ust so in )odern 1ree4 (Thu)b, Handb., # 22; f#)# It is, +i4e transitive and intransitive, )ore the notion of the *ord than a hase of the )idd+e voice#8 In +ater 1ree4 the causative sense occurs on+, *ith the direct )idd+e#: It is not to be for"otten that ori"ina++, there *as no assive for) at a++# The verb7idea and the conte-t then a+one decided the voice as bet*een )idd+e and assive# Even in the aorist and future, *here the assive +ater has a distinct for), the +ine *as not a+*a,s shar +, dra*n, es ecia++, in the future# 9ore about this a +itt+e +ater# 'ut in the aorist in articu+ar one hesitates to find a assive voice in the )idd+e for), thou"h it so)eti)es ha ens# %o)e fe* of these causative )idd+es cou+d be e- +ained as assives, but b, no )eans a++# Certain+, ,*"9 (Ac# 2A?88) is a true )idd+e# A considerab+e residuu) re)ains# /In Tb#P# :A (iiQ'#C#) A96 !, K*i++ "et
; >.58&., 1. 2;:. # Prol., 1. !;#. ! Gildersleeve, Synt. of =lass. Gr., 1. #$. 2 8&om1son, Synt. of /tt. G)., 1. !#2. : Jann., 7ist. G). Gr., 1. :#!.

hi)se+f accused,J is a )idd+e#0; In Ac# 88?2>, . G ',9 I W" 9, *e have the causative )idd+e, one a direct, the other an indirect, )idd+e, K"et ,ourse+f ba ti=ed and "et ,our sins *ashed a*a,#J %o then . ((# H# te-t in 2 Cor# 2B?8) is causative, thou"h )an, 9%%# read .# '+assA has eccentric notions of te-tua+ criticis), for he re!ects the )idd+e here and contends for it in 3u# 22?:I on the authorit, of one )inuscu+eR '+ass> a+so ar"ues that the sense of K+etJ or Ka++o*J be+on"s to the assive rather than to the )idd+e, but this is b, no )eans certain# Thus H and H (2 Cor# >?@) )a, be )idd+es (cf# actives in ne-t verse), K+et ,ourse+ves be *ron"ed and robbed#J This er)issive sense of the )idd+e is c+ose+, a++ied to the causative and a roaches the assive#2 In 3u# 8?A )a, be (see (f) above) causative, Khave hi)se+f enro++ed,J thou"h 7 (8?2) is assive# In 9t# A?;8 is Kto have )one, +entJ (Kto borro*J)# X; (9t# 8B?2) is Kto +et out for *a"esJ (Kto hireJ)# In 2 Cor# 22?>, $@ Y *9P (or *8), *e find the er)issive )idd+e# Cf# *9 ( 7, (Ac# 82?8;)# 'ut ' (1a+# A?28) is causative, Khave the)se+ves castratedJ (cf# $eut# 8:?2)# %o ,8, accordin" to te-t of Rev# V# (2 Cor# >?22)# In Rev# :?A .,H co)es rather c+ose to the assive sense# %ee (f) above# In 3u# 2;?2I, 2F, -/ " Z", *e have a construction )ore +i4e )odern En"+ish# The causative idea in 7,; I V [V (E h# 2?2B) is not due to the voice, but to the verb itse+f (='$)# ($) I&$IRECT 9I$$3E# In the f+ourishin" eriod of the +an"ua"e this *as b, far the )ost fre.uent use, but it fina++, faded before the active and the intensive (ref+e-ive) ronoun or the assive#8 In 2 Cor# 2A?8I, <, the assive )a, bear the )idd+e force (Find+a,, Expos. Gr. .% in loco)# 'ut in "enera+ the indirect )idd+e is abundant and free in the &# T# In the )odern 1ree4 Thu)b "ives no instances of the indirect )idd+e# The recise shade of the resu+tant )eanin" varies ver, "reat+,# The sub!ect is re resented as doin" so)ethin" for, to or b, hi)se+f# Often the )ere ronoun is sufficient trans+ation# Each *ord and its conte-t )ust deter)ine the resu+t# Thus in Heb# F?28, !$ ,8$ <", Cesus is re resented as havin" found eterna+ rede) tion b, hi)se+f# He found the *a,# In 9t# 2>?88, ,.'" &', KPeter ta4es Cesus to hi)se+f#J In 94# F?I, .,", Kthe disci +es the)se+ves sudden+, +oo4in" round#J In 3u# I?8@, & 8 J", Kdid not ut a "ar)ent on hi)se+f#J In I?A8, ' &, the *ord has rea++, chan"ed )eanin", Kthe, beat the)se+ves for "rief as to herJ (Kbe*ai+ed herJ), actua++, a direct )idd+e# /(e have, in fact, to var, the e-act re+ation of the ref+e-ive er etua++, if *e are to re resent the )idd+e in the for) a ro riate to the articu+ar e-a) +e#0: That is recise+, the case# %o ," (9t# 2B?2) re resents Cesus as ca++in" the disci +es to hi)se+f# Cf# !,)" (Ac# 2B?8:)# %o ,". (Ro# 2A?@E cf# a+so ,.) is Kta4e to ,ourse+ves#J ,)" (Ac# 8A?22) is KI ca++ u on CSsar in ), beha+f#J
9 Moulton, Prol., 1. !#2. ; Gr. of %. 8. G)., 1. !"$. # I*., 1. !";. ! 8&om1son, Synt., 1. !#2. 2 Jann., 7ist. G). Gr., 11. :#-, :#2. : Moulton, Prol., 1. !;$.

J" (Ph# 2?88) is KI ta4e for ),se+fJ (KchooseJ), *hi+e (9t# 2B?F), thou"h on+, in the )idd+e, )eans K rovide for ,ourse+vesJ (K rocureJ)# In " ( "/ (94# 2;?;@), the ossessive is robab+, sufficient, Kdra*in" his o*n s*ordJ (cf# \&) in 9t# 8>?A2)# 0*" I J" (Ac# 2I?>) is rather Ksha4in" out his c+othes fro) hi)se+f,J *hi+e I /H (9t# 8@?8;) is robab+, Khe hi)se+f *ashed his hands#J In $H &' (Ac# 2:?;>E cf# Ro# 22?2) the idea is K,e ush it a*a, fro) ,ourse+vesJ (Kre!ectJ)# U (Ac# A?I) is K,e "ave a*a, for ,our o*n interestJ (Kso+dJ)# 07 (Ac# A?8) )eans K4e t bac4 for hi)se+f#J In 8" /4 (Ac# F?:F) the *o)en *ere Ksho*in" "ar)ents be+on"in" to the)se+ves#J &ote the fu+ness of )eanin" in (Ac# 8B?8I)# Cf# H (1a+# ;?2B), " (8 Cor# ;?8), " (2 Ti)# >?8B)# In 1; (Co# 82?@) *e have Khe "irded round hi)se+f#J F (Heb# 28?8A) is Kbe" off fro) ,ourse+vesJ (Kre!ectJ)# In Co+# ;?A, 6 6 *1'", *e have Kbu,in" the o ortunit, for ,ourse+ves out of the o en )ar4et#J U" (Heb# 28?2) is K+a,in" aside fro) ,ourse+ves ever, *ei"ht#J In *,* (3u# 2B?;8) *e have Kshe se+ected for herse+fJ (KchoseJ)# 0& (3u# 2>?2F) is Khe ut c+othes on hi)se+f,J thou"h this )a, be direct )idd+e *ith accusative of thin" added# 1'" (8 Cor# :?2I) is robab+, Kbeho+din" for ourse+ves in a )irror#J In Ro# :?8A, ] ^ ', note that it *as 1odJs o*n %on *ho) he set forth# This free indirect ref+e-ive use ca)e to be the t, ica+ )idd+e in the f+ourishin" eriod of the 1ree4 +an"ua"e# &o fi-ed ru+e can be +aid do*n for the trans+ation of this or an, other use of the )idd+e# Even /de onents0 +i4e /" )a, be indirect )idd+es# This *ord fro) / (Knecessit,J) )eans KI )a4e for ),se+f *hat is necessar, *ith so)ethin"J (9ou+ton, Prol., # 2AI)# An interestin" "rou of )idd+es occurs in Ac# 8;?88O8A, .,@ ;"@ *"@ '"@ ""@ ,"9@ 89@ ","# These are not a++ /indirect0 )idd+es, as is obvious# Cf# a+so .,,'" (Ac# 8@?:I) and ,. (Ro# 2;?:)# It is interestin" to note the difference bet*een H/ in Ac# 2>?2> (the da)se+ *ho furnished "ain for her )asters) and / in Ac# 2F?8; ($e)etrius *ho furnished "ain for his crafts)en and hi)se+f)# %o $ is Kto e-ercise suasion,J and " Kto ad)it suasion to oneJs se+fJ (9ou+ton, Prol., # 2AI)# (i) RECIPROCA3 9I$$3E # %ince A94 *as used in the reci roca+ sense, it *as natura+ for the )idd+e to fa++ in *ith this idio)# Thus 9.9,8 (9t# 8>?;), Kthe, counse++ed *ith one another,J does not differ radica++, fro) *, (3u# 2;?@), Kthe, se+ected the first seats for the)se+ves#J2 %o a+so .9,8 (Co# 28?2B), 9 (F?88), 9"9 (2 Cor# A?F), (>?2), "/ (Co# >?A8), ,'" (Ac# 2F?I# In 94# F?:;, 6 ,,,9 ,/, *e have assive de onent *ith reci roca+ ronoun)#8 The reci roca+ )idd+e survives in )odern 1ree4 (Thu)b, Handb., # 22;)# For c+assic e-a) +es see 1i+ders+eeve, Syntax, # >># (-) RE$H&$A&T 9I$$3E# Here the ronoun and the )idd+e both occur# This idio) is found as ear+, as Ho)er and indicates a di)ness in the force of the )idd+e on the art of the s ea4er# /The effect is artificia+0 accordin" to Tho) son#: 1i+ders+eeve (Syntax, # >I) sees in this idio) the effort to brin" out )ore c+ear+, the ref+e-ive force of the )idd+e# 9ou+ton (Prol., # 2>8) cites fro) the a ,ri A96 !, Tb#P# :A (iiQ'#C#)# This redundance robab+, be"an ver, natura++,# Thus in Ac# @?AI, I
! Moulton, Prol., 1. !;$. 2 =f. Jann., 7ist. G). Gr., 1. :#!. : Synt. of /tt. G)., 1. !##.

J" &4, the ersona+ ronoun is added, not the ref+e-ive# %o in <' I , 9 and .,) 6 J"' 9 (28?I) and #, 9 ( 7, (9t# >?2@)# Cf# I /H (9t# 2A?8) *ithout the ronoun# %o in 3u# 2;?2, G &G _ 8", the &G *avers bet*een )ere ersona+ and intensive# Cf# the active in E h# A?8@, Z &6 A9V# 'ut in Co# 2F?8; the 3XX .uotation is "iven as "\A9H, *hi+e in 9t# 8@?:A it is )ere+, "# &ote a+so 96 /'" (Tit# 8?@) and )"\"9V (Ac# 8B?8;)# %ee a+so &6 A9K ! 9J' (Ac# @?82) and 2 Ti)# :?2: A9H )# 9ost of the e-a) +es, ho*ever, in the &# T# occur *ith verbs *hich are not found in the active# Cf# 3u# F?8: $ A9', Ac# 8;?2B I G "9) ,)", 8>?8 E" "9', Ph# :?28 "96 5$ ,1"# (!) $D&A9IC ($EPO&E&T) 9I$$3E# /I *ou+d fain ca++ the dri 7 an )idd+e, the )idd+e, the )idd+e that is ut at the botto) to catch the dri in"s of the other uses#0; And this is the )ost difficu+t use of the )idd+e to e- +ain# %o)e *riters distin"uish bet*een the d,na)ic and the de onent# Others, +i4e Tho) son,A )a4e the d,na)ic inc+ude the de onent# The na)e /de onent0 is ver, unsatisfactor,# It is used to )ean the +a,in" aside of the active for) in the case of verbs that have no active voice# 'ut these verbs in )ost cases never had an active voice# 9ou+ton2 is c+ear+, ri"ht in his contention that the ter) in rea+it, a +ies as *e++ to active verbs that have no )idd+e as to )idd+e verbs that have no active# The ter) is usua++, a +ied to both )idd+es and assives that have no active (C+,de, G!. Syntax, # >2)# Others8 use the ter) for )idd+e verbs that have no +on"er a ref+e-ive idea# 'ut /de onent0 is a ver, oor definition# &or is the *ord /d,na)ic0 )uch better# (inerJs re)ar4: is not ver, +ucid? /Fro) 9idd+e verbs are to be carefu++, distin"uished $e onents#0 The, are indeed either transitive or intransitive, but so)e are in the )idd+e voice, others assive# 'ut the oint about a++ the /d,na)ic0 )idd+es is that it is hard to see the distinctive force of the voice# The .uestion is raised *hether these verbs have +ost the )idd+e idea or never had it# /3i4e the rest of us, %tah+ has to "o into ban4ru tc,,0 1i+ders+eeve; re)ar4s on %tah+Js atte) t to e- +ain this use of the )idd+e# 9ou+ton (Prol., # 2AI) thin4s that in these verbs /it is use+ess to e-ercise our in"enuit, on inter retin" the )idd+e, for the deve+o )ent never ro"ressed be,ond the rudi)entar, sta"e#0 'ut these verbs ersist in the )odern 1ree4 (Thu)b, Handb., # 22:)# It is ossib+e that the 1ree4s *ere )ore sensitive to the e-act force of this )idd+e than *e are, !ust as the, used the intensive artic+es so free+,# (here "uessin" is a++ that *e can do, is it not c+ear that these /d,na)ic0 )idd+es re resent the ori"ina+ verb before the distinction *as dra*n bet*een active and )idd+eL The French sa,s -e m.aper/ois, KI erceive#J The intensive force of this )idd+e is artia++, seen in verbs of )enta+ action *hich are so co))on in 1ree4, +i4e !" (3u# F?;A), " (3u# 28?F), " (Ro# :?F), 1" (Ac# 8A?2:),
9 Gildersleeve, /m. Jour. of P&ilol., !,-", 1. 2$$. ; Synt., 1. !#!. ! Prol., 1. !;:. =lyde =LHDE, J., Gree) Synta( +!"$#.. 2 8&om1son, Synt., 1. !#!. : >.58&., 1. 2;". 9 /m. Jour. of P&ilol., !,-", 1. 2$".

..)" (Tit# :?I), ,"." (Ac# ;?2:, but note ,".$ in the sa)e sense in Ph# :?28), ,," (Heb# 22?88), ," (9t# 2>?A), 5/" (Ro# F?:), `" (Ph# :?I), ,1" (Ph# ;?I), "" (Ac# 8>?8A), ""7" (Ro# F?2F), 7" (Ro# I?:8)# I i)a"ine that the ersona+ interest of the sub!ect is not so difficu+t to reco"nise in such verbs, es ecia++, since in a *ord +i4e ,"." it is not /de onent,0 but occurs a+so in the active# The a ,ri var,,A as does the &# T# in the use of )" and 4 *ith nouns# Thus *e have 9".8, (94# 2A?2), but " 8" (E h# 2?2>)# There is the ut)ost freedo) in the )atter in the &#T# &ot a++ the /de onents0 of )enta+ action are )idd+es in the aorist# Cf# .8,"@ 9""@ ","@ &,."# These are co))on+, ca++ed assive de onents in the resent as *e++ as in the aorist and future, but the )atter is not c+ear b, an, )eans# At an, rate there are )idd+e verbs *hich are ver, hard to e- +ain, +i4e ", (9t# I?8>), #,," (Co# ;?2;), 7" (Ro# 2>?2F), "8" (Ac# 8?;B), -/" (Co# 2?:F), 1" (9t# 8A?2>), 1" (9t# 8>?AA), " (9t# 2:?2), 9" (Ac# 8B?;E cf# se&#or)# H" is robab+, assive# It is not hard to see the ref+e-ive idea in /" (9t# 2B?2;)# F.," is a+*a,s )idd+e in the &# T# (cf# 94# :?A), accentin" the )ove)ent of the e,es or concern e- ressed in the +oo4# There are a+so assive de onents that corres ond to this +ist that rea++, do not see) to be assive in idea, +i4e .8,"@ 8"@ 7."# %o)e of these verbs have both )idd+e and assive for)s, +i4e " L@ M@ /" L*@ /M# &ot a++ of these )idd+e /de onents0 have )idd+e for)s in a++ tenses# Cf# @ _,@ ,,9@ -,# Then, a"ain, so)e verbs have the de onent or d,na)ic )idd+e on+, in the future, +i4e a", thou"h Ho)er is fond of the )idd+e for)s of this verb#2 'ut the aorist and future )idd+e ca++ for s ecia+ treat)ent# (l) 9I$$3E FHTHRE, THOH1H ACTIVE PRE%E&T # %o)e verbs, active in the other tenses, have the future on+, in the )idd+e# &o rea+ e- +anation of this heno)enon is 4no*n# For a +ist see cha ter VIII, VI, (d)# %o)e of the) are rea++, se arate verbroots, as ^$@ a"b $@ 7"# Others re resent a s ecia+ variation of the future for), +i4e )"@ )"@ ", but both "" and ")"# Others are re"u+ar enou"h, +i4e 8"@ =."@ ;"@ -"@ 9""@ *"@ 78*"# In other instances the o+d c+assic )idd+e has vanished in the &# T# before the active future, as in W"$@ $@ W$@ ,$@ ,8$@ *$@ *$@ R8$@, etc# %o)e verbs, +i4e 8$@ 1$, use either voice in the future# %o)e of these )idd+e futures create no difficu+t,# Tho) son8 ca++s the) a++ /strict )idd+es,0 but )ost of the) are as /de onent0 as the verbs in the revious section# C+,de: .uotes CurtiusJ e- +anation that an act in the future +ies )ain+, in the )ind of the s ea4er# 'ut on the *ho+e the )atter re)ains une- +ained, thou"h the nu)ber has "reat+, decreased in the
; Moulton, Prol., 1. !;,. ! Monro, 7om. Gr., 1. $. So t&e ot&er 1oets. 8&om1son, Synt., 1. !#;. 2 Synt., 1. !#;. : G). Synt., 1. #-. =urtius =<R8I<S, G., Gree) Etymolo0y. 2 vols. +!""#.. , %tudien =ur "riech# und +at# 1ra))ati4 +!"#"@!"$"..

&# T# as in the "enera++,#; %ee a+so $ieterich, Unters#c$., # 8BAE Rader)acher, N. . Gr., # 28B# 9ou+ton2 !ust+, ta4es /the e-istence of this +ar"e c+ass of futures as additiona+ evidence of a c+ose connection bet*een the )idd+e f+e-ion and the stressin" of the a"entJs interest in the action of the verb#0 The use of the )idd+e future (and occasiona++, aorist) as assive co)es under the assive voice, for it is rea++, assive# %ee under IV# (m) THE 9I$$3E RETREATI&1 I& THE &# T# This is ha enin" because of the active (cf# W"$ above) as *e++ as the assive# This is true of the in "enera+#8 There *as a considerab+e a)ount of variation and even of confusion a)on" *riters in the +ater eriod#: $ifferent *ords had different histories in the )atter# 'ut *e have !ust seen fro) the +ist of /d,na)ic7de onent0 )idd+es +ent, of evidence that fro) the da, of Ho)er on the function of the )idd+e voice *as indistinct in )an, verbs#; /The accurac, *ith *hich the )idd+e *as used *ou+d natura++, var, *ith the *riterJs 1ree4 cu+ture#0A And, it )a, be added, *ith the authorJs fee+in"s at the )o)ent# The !ud")ent of % i)co-> is ri"ht, that the )idd+e /is one of the refine)ents in 1ree4 idio) *hich is erha s be"innin" to be b+urred in so)e of the &# T# *riters, but is reserved to a "reater or +ess e-tent in )ost#0 'ut it is no )ore /b+urred0 than in other *riters of the # It is si) +, that a++ the distinctions of ear+ier ti)es did not survive *ith a++ the verbs# On the *ho+e, in the &# T#, !4 is used co++o.uia++, and !)" for the )ore e+evated st,+e, but usa"e varies *ith different *riters as in the 3XX# Cf# Abbott, 0o$annine Gr., # :IF# %o <$ in Heb# ;?2, but <)" in Ro# :?8:# 'ut the chan"e in the &# T# is )ain+, in the disuse of the )idd+e, not in a ne* use of it# Fro) Ho)er to )odern 1ree4 +ent, of )idd+es are hard to define, and the &# T# is no )ore
9 Moulton, Prol., 1. !;9. Dieteri & DIE8ERI=7, 3., Hntersuchun"en =ur 1eschichte der % rache von der he++en# Geit bis =u) !-. Ja&r&. n. =&r. +!",".. ! Moulton, Prol., 1. !;;. =f. Monro, 7om. Gr., 1. 92. 2 Jann., 7ist. G). Gr., 1. :#: f. : 7atB., Einl., 11. !,9 ff. =f. 8&um*, 7ellen., 1. !2$. 9 Moulton, Prol., 1. !;" f. ; I*., 1. !;,. Sim o( SIM=CK, >. 7., 8&e Lan0ua0e of t&e %. 8. +!",-.. , 8&e >riters of t&e %. 8. # Lan0. of t&e %. 8., 1. ,;. /**ott /BBC88, E. /., =lue. / Guide t&rou0& Gree) to 7e*reE +!,-9.. , Jo&annine Grammar +!,-#.. , Jo&annine Vo a*ulary +!,-;..

erratic than the rest of 1ree4, not to sa, of the (9ou+ton, Prol., # 2AF)# 'ut the de+icate distinctions bet*een the active and the d,na)ic )idd+e are +ost in )odern 1ree4 (Thu)b, Handb., # 228), if indeed the, ever rea++, e-isted# IV. The Passive Voice ( ). (a) ORI1I& OF THE PA%%IVE# %ee cha ter VIII, VI, (e), for a discussion of the rise of the assive voice#@ In %ans4rit the )idd+e *as +iab+e to be used in the assive sense#2 As is *e++ 4no*n in Ho)er, the future assive for)s do not occur e-ce t t*o, " and (%tah+, Syntax, # >>), and the distinction bet*een aorist )idd+e and aorist assive is indistinct# Indeed, strict+, s ea4in", there *as no assive voice as to for) in 1ree4, as there *as none in the ori"ina+ Indo71er)anic s eech#8 The assive sense *as deve+o ed in various +an"ua"es in different *a,s# This sense )a, be due to verbs of state, but 1ree4 fe++ u on various devices +i4e the active of so)e verbs (4 -/$@ /$), the )ere use of the )idd+e, the deve+o )ent of t*o s ecia+ tenses b, the use of active endin"s (aorist) and )idd+e (future) *ith a s ecia+ suffi-# In Ho)er: .,"@ "@ /'" occur as assives !ust +i4e .,,"@ -/"# /Even in Attic /'" a ears as a assive, / bein" +ate#0; In Ho)er a+so the distinctive aorist assive for) so)eti)es has ractica++, the active or )idd+e si"nification#A This )uch of re etition is necessar, to "et the osition of the assive c+ear+, before us# It is rea++, no voice at a++ in for) as co) ared *ith the active and )idd+e# Cf# French -e me tro#ve and the use of ref+e-ive ronouns in En"+ish# (b) %I1&IFICA&CE OF THE PA%%IVE# The sub!ect is re resented as the reci ient of the action# He is acted u on# The na)e / assive0 co)es fro) patior (cf# /$ <' in 9t# 2@?28)# U (94# F?:2) occurs as *e++ as # The use of " as the transitive assive (Ac# 8I?8B) of " is so)e*hat different# The idea of havin" an e- erience is ver, va"ue and a++o*s *ide +ibert,# The oint to note is that at first this idea had no distinctive for) for its e- ression# On+, the conte-t and the force of the verb itse+f cou+d )a4e it c+ear# The future assive, bein" bui+t u on the ear+ier aorist assive, ref+ects the Aktionsart of the aorist#> (c) (ITH I&TRA&%ITIVE OR TRA&%ITIVE VER'%# /Theoretica++, the assive ou"ht to be for)ed fro) transitive verbs on+, *ith an accusative ob!ect#0@ 'ut 1ree4 fo++o*s no such narro* ru+e# That is an artificia+ ru+e of the 3atin *hich 1ree4 4no*s nothin" about#I Cf# H <6 4 :9$ (Ac# 88?:B)# Other &# T# e-a) +es are (94# 2B?;A), ,H (Ac# 2F?;B), &H (Heb# 2:?2>),
$ =f. 3.5G., Bd. I, 11. !2! ff. ! >&itney, Sans. Gr., 11. 2-!, 2$;. 2 8&om1son, Synt., 1. !#2. : =f. Bru0., Grie &. Gr., 1. 9#9. 9 Gildersleeve, /m. Jour. of P&ilol., !,-", 1. 2$". ; Sterrett, 8&e Dial. of 7om., %. 2$. # Bru0., Grie &. Gr., 1. 9#9. $ Gildersleeve, /m. Jour. of P&ilol., !,-", 1. 2$,. " =f. Jann., 7ist. G). Gr., 1. :;,.

$" (1a+# 8?22), "9H (Ac# >?:), /"1 (9t# 8?28)# '+ass (Gr. of N. . G!., # 2IA) notes that /on+, in 3u# 8?8> do *e have c &V /""#0 The assive is used *ith both active and )idd+e verbs# Thus *e have fro) ,1" both ," and ,# Cf# '" and fro) "# (d) THE PA%%IVE H%HA33D I&TRA&%ITIVE # 'ut it is not necessari+, so# $, for instance, is transitive in the assive, d / (8 Th# 8?2A), and note /" ( ^' (Ac# 2I?8A)# %ee a+so 2 Cor# F?2@E 3u# @?8AE F?8AE 1a+# 8?@# Transitive assives are usua++, verbs that in the active have t*o accusatives or an accusative of the thin" *ith the erson in the dative or ab+ative# This accusative of the thin" is retained in the assive# Cf# 8 I ,' ) ) (Ro# :?8), ..,"9 ,I ,9 (Rev# @?F)# For fu++ +ist see /Accusative0 in cha ter XI, Cases# Cf# a+so ( O,9 8 " (Ac# 8I?8B)# The transitive assive /de onents,0 +i4e "( 7. &8 (9t# 2B?8>), ca++ for s ecia+ discussion a +itt+e +ater# Certain+, there is no / assive0 sense in 9# The vernacu+ar2 in +ater ti)es referred the active to assive# Cf# !) (3u# 28?8B) as a &# T# i++ustration# In W (Ac# 82?8;) the assive a arent+, has the force of K+etJ or K"etJ (cf# the causative )idd+e)# Cf# a+so " (1a+# A?8)#8 It is ossib+e so to re"ard H and H (2 Cor# >?> f#)# %o)eti)es, indeed, it is difficu+t to te++ *hether a verb is )idd+e or assive# Cf# $/G &,1 (9t# 22?A), /'" (Ro# :?F), 9") (E h# >?2B)# Indeed, as a+read, said, in a++ the 1ree4 tenses save the aorist and the future it is a+*a,s an o en .uestion *hether *e have )idd+e or assive# /The dividin"7+ine is a fine one at best0 (9ou+ton, Prol., # 2>8)# On+, the conte-t and the verb7idea can decide# %o *ith " (9t# 8@?>:), P (3u# 2B?;B) and 9.1Z (2B?;2), .1 (9t# 22?28)# Cf# erfects in Ac# 2:?8E 8A?28E Ro# ;?82E 2 Pet# ;?2E Co# F?88# (e) AORI%T PA%%IVE# This tense ca++s for s ecia+ co))ent# As a+read, stated, in Ho)er the aorist )idd+e for), +i4e the other )idd+e for)s, *as so)eti)es used as assive#: In itse+f there is no reason *h, this shou+d not be so# The distinctive assive aorist (second and first) "re* u side b, side *ith this use of the aorist )idd+e# 07 and -. are rea++, the sa)e for) at botto)#2 Out of this intransitive aorist active (cf# ',$,) "re* the so7ca++ed second aorist assive for)s (=) *ith active endin"s# (e have 8. (Co# I?AF) fro) the transitive 8$ (cf# , fro) ,,$, etc#) and / (Co# 2;?8I) fro) the intransitive /$# It is robab+e that N so)eti)es (as in 94# 2>?>) is )ere+, intransitive, not assive, in idea# 9ou+ton (Prol., # 2>:) sa,s /often#0 In 2 Cor# 2A?2A f#, etc#, the true assive /e) hasi=es the action of 1od#0 'ut < (Ro# 2B?:) is )ore +i4e+, assive in sense, +i4e " (2 Th# ;?2;), K*as ut to s+ee J (9ou+ton, Prol., # 2>8)# 9ou+ton .uotes fro) the a ,ri /a ure+, )idd+e use of ", Kfe++ as+ee J,0 ` %",, " -, Ch#P# : (iiiQ'#C#)# He finds a /c+ear assive0 in B I '. H ", F#P# 22B (iQA#$#), but ,, (3u# 2A?2A) can be e- +ained as assive or )idd+e in sense# In a fe* verbs (-@ ) a distinction *as deve+o ed#8 (# F# 9ou+ton thin4s ((iner7 9#, # :2A, n# A) that /a faint assive force0 )a, be observed in in the &# T#,
! Jann., 7ist. G). Gr., 1. :;,. 2 =f. Blass, Gr. of %. 8. G)., 1. !";. : Seymour, 8&e 7om. Dial., 1. $9. =f. Bru0., Grie &. Gr., 1. 9#9. ! Giles, =om1. P&ilol., 1. 9!-D Bru0., Grie &. Gr., 1. 9#;.

but hard+, in 94# :?8;# Cf# a+so intransitive " in 9t# 28?8A, 8># 0 in )odern 1ree4 is aorist assive for $, Kstand,J and for $, K +aceJ (Thu)b, Handb., # 2;A)# The correct te-t ((# H#) in Ac# 82?: is 7 ( 8 (active), not 7 ( assive)# 'ut sti++ so)e 9%%# do have this transitive second aorist assive artici +e# If one 4ee s in )ind the ori"in of this aorist assive for) (fro) the active), he )a, be the +ess sur rised to find it a+so transitive +i4e the active# A+read, in Ho)er this *as true# The so7ca++ed assive /de onents,0 verbs *hich had no active, for)ed the aorist *ith the assive for)# 'ut the, *ere not a+*a,s intransitive# %o)e of the) *ere so, +i4e 8" (9t# I?F), ""," (9t# 8@?:), 8" (9t# 2@?2>), but )ost of the) are rea++, transitive# The, robab+, re resent a surviva+ of the o+d active ori"in of the aorist assive for)s#: As e-a) +es of the transitive assive de onents note .9, (9t# 2?2F), (3u# A?28), 9" (9t# 2?8B), ", (3u# 2B?:;), 7. (9t# 2;?A)# These assive aorists have recise+, the construction that the )idd+e or active *ou+d have so far as case is concerned# The distinctive assive sense is absent# %o)e of the /de onents0 have both a )idd+e and a assive aorist *ith a distinct assive sense# Thus note the )idd+e and assive voices side b, side in " and (3u# 28?F)# It so ha ens that this conte-t is fu++ of assive for)s# %o)e of the) in the strict assive sense, +i4e 9/4 (28?2), 9,9"" G ] & ,97 (28?8), $ (28?8), 9 and 9/ (28?:), $,) and & - ,," (28?>), N" (28?@), 7 (28?2B)# 'ut note a+so the assive de onents 7. (28?; f#), 7. (28?A), 7.H (28?@)# Cf# a+so * (Ac# 2I?8@) and / (2A?;), *here the voices are distin"uished, 3 "9 (9t# 88?22) and 6 6 &H (9t# >?2), ," (Heb# 22?2F) and , (3u# 88?:@), ! (3u# F?;8) and ! (9t# I?2:), 8 (Co+# 2?2:) and 8 (8 Ti)# ;?2@), / (3u# @?82) and / (Ac# :?2;)# One )a, note a+so Z (Heb# 28?2F) and -/ " Z" (3u# 2;?2F, erfect assive)E *,* (94# 2:?8B), but ^ ,," (3u# F?:A)E 7 (Ac# 8@?:I) and % " (2 Cor# ;?I)# It is ossib+e to see a difference a+so bet*een (Co# 2?2;) and $ (9t# >?2B)# U (9t# 8A?F) steadi+, drove out (Ac# :?28), thou"h both are used transitive+, *ith no difference in sense# The a ,ri )ore fre.uent+,2 have ", thou"h both for)s continue in the # Cf# a+so , (3u# 82?2;), ,/ (94# F?:;), 9" (Rev# 2:?:), thou"h *ith assive sense in 8 Th# 2?2B# As a resu+t of this inroad of the co) arative+, ne* assive for)s the aorist )idd+e for)s vanished# In )odern 1ree4 the assive aorist for) is a+)ost invariab+, used for both the )idd+e and the assive ideas# This tendenc, seen in the &# T# (and the rest of the ) has triu) hed over the aorist )idd+e#8 In Ro# 2B?:, K 8Z ) ) &/ <, the Rev# V# trans+ates Kthe, did not sub!ect the)se+ves to the ri"hteousness of 1od#J
2 Blass, Gr. of %. 8. G)., 1. !"!. : See &. VIII, VI, +e., for list of t&ese %. 8. 1assive aorists. ! Moulton, Prol., 1. !#!. 2 =f. Jannaris, 7ist. G). Gr., 1. :#2D 7atB., Einl., 11. !,# ff.D Je** in V. and D.'s 7and*., 1. :!;.

(f) FHTHRE PA%%IVE# As has been )entioned severa+ ti)es a+read,, Ho)er has on+, t*o future assive for)s (second futures)# The assive voice indeed occurs but rare+, in the 'Totian dia+ect#: The future in =" is co) arative+, +ate# At first, certain+,, the distinction bet*een assive and )idd+e (and active a+so, =@ =) *as /a distinction of function, not of for)#0; It is not sur risin" to find the )idd+e future for) in Ho)er used *ith the assive sense (cf# a++ the other tenses save aorist), *here the for)s for the t*o voices are identica+# In +ater rose the future )idd+e for) continued to be used in the assive sense even in the "reat rose *riters (Herodotus, Thuc,dides, Xeno hon, P+ato, $e)osthenes)#2 In the 3XX Con,beare and %toc4 (Selections, # @A f#) find the sa)e idio)# Cf# E-# 28?2B, & , e &) f$ $@ G ) & 9 e &)# It is .uite *ithin bounds, therefore, to s ea4 of /)edio7 assives0 in the future as in the aorist#8 The idio) a ears in the a ,ri#: %o narro* is the dividin"7+ine bet*een )idd+e and assive# Is .,H (Rev# :?A) )idd+e or assive in senseL The sa)e a)bi"uit, e-ists as to ' (1a+# A?28)# Considerin" the rather +ar"e +ist of verbs; that once used the )idd+e future as assive in sense the idio) is rare in the &# T# In "enera+, therefore, the future assive for) has )ade its +ace secure b, the ti)e of the # Even verbs that have no active for) have the future assive as *e++ as the future )idd+e# Thus " (94# 2;?:2), but " (3u# 28?F)E !" (Ac# 8I?8@), but ! (9t# I?I)E and in Ro# 8?8> , is assive in sense# 'ut the future assive for) *as destined, +i4e the other futures, to disa ear as a distinct for)# On+, the co) ound tense occurs in the )odern 1ree4#A 'ut, )ean*hi+e, the future assive for) too4 over the uses of the vanishin" future )idd+e for)s#> It is ossib+e to find a assive sense in (3u# 2B?>), "", (Heb# @?82), , (9t# I?22), "'" (2 Cor# 2A?A2), ,, (9t# 2F?A)# Cf# a+so 9" (Rev# 2@?I), (3u# 2>?:2), 7 (9t# 8;?:B), < (2 Cor# 2A?8I)#@ In 2 Cor# 2A?8I note a+so <K, *hich reinforces the ar"u)ent for the true assive# 'ut the future assive )a, a+so be devoid of the assive idea and even transitive !ust +i4e the aorist assive# Cf# " (9t# 8A?:@), 6 9J' (9t# 82?:@), 7." (Heb# 2:?>)# The assive 7 (3u# 2B?;8) has the usua+ sense, but one *onders if in g 7" (Ac# 8>?2>) the assive voice is transitive
: =laflin, Synt. of t&e BLot. Dial., 1. #$. 9 Gildersleeve, Synt. of =lass. G)., 1. #!. ! Gildersleeve, i*., 1. $: f. =f. 7artel, Abri< der 1r# d# ho)# und herod# $ia+#, !""", 1. 9-. =ony*eare and Sto ) =C%HBE/RE and S8C=3, Sele tions from t&e LKK. / Grammati al Introdu tion +!,-;.. 2 Bru0., Grie &. Gr., 1. 9#: f. : Moulton, Prol., 1. !#2. 9 =lyde, G). Synt., 1. #!D 8&om1son, Synt. of /tt. G)., 1. !$!. ; =f. 8&um*, 7and*., 11. !!;, !2;. # Jann., 7ist. G). Gr., 1. :#:. $ Moulton, Prol., 1. !#:. =f., for t&e LKK, 7el*in0, Gr., 1. ,".

and even causative (cf# Is# 2?28)# Cf# the e-a) +es of ref+e-ive assives in the 3XX (Con,beare and %toc4, Sel., # @>), +i4e a7PKsho* th,se+fJ (25i# 2I?2)# It is ossib+e, of course, for g to be attracted to the case of 8$ fro) h (Kin *hich,J K*hereinJ)# Then 7" *ou+d be KI *i++ a ear to thee#J &ote the ne* resent " (Ac# 2?:)# 'ut the future )idd+e ersisted in "@ 9"@ ","@ 8" # (g) THE A1E&T (ITH THE PA%%IVE VOICE# As a+read, noted, the 1ree4 has no difficu+t, in usin" a verb in the assive *hich *as not used *ith the accusative in the active# Thus note ,H (Ac# 2F?;B), H <6 4 :9$ (Ac# 88?:B), 9" 6 &, (1a+# 8?@)#2 A fe* verbs idio)atica++, use the dative *ith the assive# Thus ; V 8,? (Ac# F?8;), < (Ro# 2B?8B), 7 (9t# 2?8B), i7 (2 Cor# 2A?@ f#), (9t# >?2)#8 The direct a"ent is )ost co))on+, e- ressed b, <' (9t# ;?2), the inter)ediate b, (9t# 2?88)# The a"ent (see cha ter on Pre ositions) is a+so e- ressed b, ' (8 Cor# :?2I), (1a+# ;?;), (Co# 2@?@)# %ee a+so discussion under Instru)enta+ Case (cha ter XI, Cases) for discussion of &V *ith G " (3u# 8:?2A), *hether dative or instru)enta+# In the &# T#, as in ancient 1ree4 (1i+ders+eeve, Syntax, # @8), the instru)ent is so)eti)es ersonified and treated as an a"ent# Cf# ," <6 "9 ,9'"1 (9t# 22?@)# ($) I9PER%O&A3 CO&%TRHCTIO&# This is the usua+ idio) in the Co tic in +ieu of the absence of the assive# 'ut it is often rather rhetorica+ than s,ntactica+ as 9ou+ton sho*s#: He co) ares a+so the French on, the 1er)an man, the En"+ish one# (e++hausen; sho*s ho* in the Ara)aic this i) ersona+ +ura+ *as co))on# One notes !) (3u# 28?8B), *here a assive *ou+d be ossib+e# Cf# 99 G .,,9 G (Co# 2A?>) *here the assive occurs in # &ote in articu+ar * G 99 & (Co# 2A?>)# Cf# a+so 7$ & (Rev# 28?>)# The use of the i) ersona+ assive +i4e 8 and ^",H (Ro# 2B?2B) is another )atter and ca++s for no co))ent# It is rare in 1ree4 as co) ared *ith 3atin (1i+ders+eeve, Syntax, # @@)# Cf# the +ura+ in 2B?2; f# %ee a+so the ersona+ construction in 2 Cor# 2A?28 ! j [6 8 k#

! =f. Gildersleeve, Synt., et ., 1. $$. 2 =f. Blass, Gr. of %. 8. G)., 1. !";. : Prol., 1. ;" f. >ell&ausen >ELL7/<SE%, J., Ein+# in die drei ersten Evan"e+ien +!,-;.. 2. /us0. +!,!!.. 9 Einl., 1. 2; f.

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