Analysis of Jetfires

Efficacy of water spray protection against
butane jet fires impinging on Liquefied

Petroleum Gas (LPG) storage tanks
Prepared by
Shell Global Solutions (UK)
for the Health and Safety Executive
CONTRACT RESEARCH REPORT

298/2000
Efficacy of Water Spray Protection Against Butane Jet Fires

Impinging on LPG Storage Tanks
LC Shirvill and JF Bennett

HSE Consultancy
Shell Global Solutions (UK)
Cheshire Innovation Park
PO Box 1
CHESTER
CH1 3SH
Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) storage tanks are often provided with water sprays to protect
them in the event of a fire. In 1996 a project (Contract No. 3383/R75.009) was undertaken to
study, at full-scale, the performance of a water spray system on an empty 13 tonne LPG vessel
under conditions of jet fire impingement from a nearby release of liquid propane. The results,
reported in HSE report CRR 137/1997, showed that a typical water deluge system found on an
LPG storage vessel cannot be relied upon to maintain a water film over the whole vessel
surface in an impinging propane jet fire scenario.
The objective of the work described in this report (Contract No. 3985/R75.041) was to extend
the understanding to include butane jet fires. These were known to have somewhat different
characteristics and may result in different conclusions to those drawn from the earlier work
with propane.
A total of twenty butane tests are reported and these provide a direct comparison with the
propane study. The results were in fact similar in that the water deluge did not always prevent
dry patches appearing along the top of the vessel, although these were generally smaller than
with the propane jet fires. The deluge also had a similar significant effect on the fire itself,
reducing the luminosity and smoke, and resulting in a lower rate of wall temperature rise at the
dry patches, when compared with the un-deluged case. One of the tests was repeated and run
for a longer duration, 10 minutes, at which time the maximum temperature of the small dry
patch had stabilised at 360oC. In the final test this was repeated again for more than twice this
time, but with one of the spray nozzles blocked to produce a larger dry patch. The maximum
temperature of this larger patch stabilised at 580oC. At this temperature the steel wall will be
severely weakened but may not necessarily fail.
The results of this study will be used by the HSE in assessing the risk of accidental fires on
LPG installations leading to BLEVE incidents.
This report and the work it describes were funded by the Health and Safety Executive. Its
contents, including any opinions and/or conclusions expressed, are those of the author(s) alone
and do not necessarily reflect HSE policy.
Crown copyright 2000

Applications for reproduction should be made in writing to:
Copyright Unit, Her Majestys Stationery Office,
St Clements House, 2-16 Colegate, Norwich NR3 1BQ
First published 2000
ISBN 0 7176 1856 0
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be
reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted
in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical,
photocopying, recording or otherwise) without the prior
written permission of the copyright owner.
ii
CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................1
2. EXPERIMENTAL PLAN ................................................................................................1
3. DESCRIPTION OF EQUIPMENT..................................................................................2
3.1 BUTANE SUPPLY AND DISCHARGE SYSTEM ....................................................2
3.2 BUTANE FLOW MEASUREMENT..........................................................................2
3.3 BUTANE PRESSURES AND TEMPERATURES .....................................................4
3.4 TARGET VESSEL AND TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENTS ..............................4
3.5 DELUGE WATER SUPPLY AND DELIVERY SYSTEM.........................................6
3.6 AMBIENT WEATHER MONITORING ....................................................................8
3.7 DATA LOGGING ......................................................................................................8
3.8 PHOTOGRAPHY AND VIDEO.................................................................................9
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION .......................................................................................9
4.1 TESTS DEL0401 TO DEL0423 .................................................................................9
4.2 TESTS DEL0424 AND DEL0425 ............................................................................14
5. CONCLUSIONS ............................................................................................................17
6. REFERENCES...............................................................................................................17
7. APPENDICIES A-T .......................................................................................................18
iii
iv
1. INTRODUCTION
Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) storage tanks are often provided with water sprays, referred to
as water deluge, to protect them in the event of a fire. This protection has been shown to be
effective in a pool fire(1) but uncertainties remained regarding the degree of protection afforded
in a jet fire resulting from a liquid or two-phase release of LPG. The essential difference
between a pool fire and a jet fire is that the latter can result in higher velocities and in the
extreme case of a high-pressure natural gas jet fire water deluge has been shown to be totally
ineffective(2).
In 1996 a project (Contract No. 3383/R75.009) was undertaken to study, at full-scale, the
performance of a water spray system on an empty 13 tonne LPG vessel under conditions of jet
fire impingement from a nearby release of liquid propane. The results, reported in HSE report
CRR 137/1997(3), showed that a typical water deluge system found on an LPG storage vessel
cannot be relied upon to maintain a water film over the whole vessel surface in an impinging
propane jet fire scenario. The results of this study have been used by the HSE in assessing the
risk of accidental fires on LPG installations leading to BLEVE incidents, but they are specific
to propane fires only.
The objective of the work described in this report was to extend the understanding to include
butane jet fires, using the same equipment and a similar experimental plan to provide a direct
comparison with the propane study. Butane jet fires were known to have somewhat different
characteristics and it was felt that this may result in different conclusions to those drawn from
the earlier work with propane.
Section 2. of this report describes the experimental plan, developed in consultation with the
HSE sponsor, and Section 3. describes the equipment used. Selected results are presented and
discussed in Section 4. The complete sets of results for each of the twenty valid tests are
contained in Appendices A-T. Section 5. presents the conclusions drawn from the work,
however it should be noted that the data gathered has only been analysed to the extent that it
could be accurately presented. A more detailed analysis may reveal additional features.
2. EXPERIMENTAL PLAN
The plan was to repeat the earlier propane study using butane to provide a direct comparison.
The same hole sizes and distances, based on credible accident scenarios considered in the HSE
model ALIBI (Assessment of LPG Installations leading to Bleve Incidents)(4), were used.
The butane jet fires, from 12.5, 25 and 50 mm holes, were to impinge on a target vessel (an
empty 13 tonne LPG tank) from distances of 1, 3 and 5 m. The parametric study was based
on this 3x3 test matrix and each set of conditions were to be carried out both with the water
deluge on before the fire, and with a 30 s delay in initiating the deluge. It was decided that the
short duration tests without any water deluge, carried out in the propane study, would not be
repeated as sufficient data on heat transfer without water could be obtained during the first 30 s
of the delayed deluged tests.
Our aim was to release butane under conditions closely similar to those that would occur if a
pipe were punctured or severed on an LPG installation. The 12.5 and 25 mm holes were to be
sharp-edged orifice plates on the end of a 50 mm pipe to achieve liquid releases of
approximately 1 and 4 kg/s, respectively. The 50 mm release would be full-bore from the pipe,
resulting in a liquid release of approximately 9 kg/s.
The tests were to be of longer duration than typically used in the earlier propane study, and if
time permitted one test would be repeated and run for at least 10 minutes.
3. DESCRIPTION OF EQUIPMENT
The equipment used was the same as in the earlier propane tests, but with some modifications
to more precisely control the discharge conditions, and more thermocouples on the target vessel
to achieve better spatial resolution.
3.1 BUTANE SUPPLY AND DISCHARGE SYSTEM
A schematic diagram of the butane supply, control and measurement system is shown in
Figure 1. The LPG storage tank, containing commercial grade butane, was elevated to achieve
a positive liquid head at the discharge orifice. The objective was to maintain the liquid butane
at just above its vapour pressure at the point of discharge and to achieve this in a controlled
manner it was necessary to over-pressure the storage with nitrogen. During the tests, the
nitrogen pressure was maintained using an Alfa Laval ECA-40 controller and Valtek pressure
control valve. Using this arrangement some nitrogen becomes dissolved in the butane. Samples
were taken after two of the tests and analysed, the results are given in Section 4.
The butane was discharge from the tank through three independent valves into a common
50 mm i.d. pipe into an existing supply line. This line was constructed from 149 mm i.d.
stainless steel pipe and extended for about 25 metres between the storage tank and the
discharge platform. Several manual and remotely operated valves were located in the line,
together with thermal pressure relief valves. At the discharge platform the line reduced to
50 mm i.d. stainless steel and terminated in the final, remotely operated, valve used to initiate
the release. Spool pieces, also 50 mm internal diameter, were used beyond the final valve to
achieve the three discharge distances of 1, 3 and 5 metres. Details of the discharge distances
are shown in Figure 2. The 12.5, 25.0 mm releases were through sharp-edged orifice plates and
the 50 mm release was full-bore.
3.2 BUTANE FLOW MEASUREMENT
The mass flow rate of the butane was measured using a Coriolis-force mass flow meter,
mounted in the butane delivery line, approximately 8 m upstream of the final valve. This flow
meter comprised a Micro Motion flow sensor and a mass flow transmitter. The sensor was
calibrated by the manufacturer and is accurate to within 0.5% of the mass flow rate. The mass
flow transmitter relayed the output of the flow sensor to the data logging system, described in
Section 3.7. The butane mass flow rate achieved was not controlled but governed by the
diameter of the release orifice and the exit conditions.
Target vessel
Exit conditions:- pressure, barg.,

temperature, deg C.
N
2 inch LPG discharge line
LPG:- mass flow rate, kg/s.
Water supply
Tank liquid head conditions:pressure, barg.
temperature, deg C.
Water:- flow rate, l/min.

pressure, barg.
6 inch LPG discharge line
LPG storage tank

Water recirculation
Tank vapour head conditions:pressure, barg.
Vapour pressure make-up
Water pump
Nitrogen source
Buffer tank
Water storage tanks
Figure 1
Schematic diagram of fuel / water storage and release systems
5000
3000
1000
Figure 2
Fuel discharge point locations
3.3 BUTANE PRESSURES AND TEMPERATURES

The static pressure and temperature of the butane was measured at a number of locations.
Pressure and temperature at the exit of the storage tank, together with pressure and temperature
close to the release point.
The storage tank liquid head pressure was measured using an Ellison Sensors Intl Ltd.
PR3100 pressure transmitter located in the liquid discharge from the tank. The range of this
instrument was 0-20 bar, with a typical accuracy of 1.0% full scale, and a calibration was
performed prior to installation. This instrument also served the Alfa Laval ECA-40 controller
to maintain the nitrogen pressure blanket on the storage tank.
A further Ellison Sensors Intl Ltd. PR3100 pressure transmitter, with a measuring range of 06 bar, with a typical accuracy of 1.0% full scale, was used to measure the pressure at the exit
measurement position, 0.2 m upstream of the release point. The transmitter was calibrated on
site, before and after the test series, using a Druck DPI 600 series digital pressure calibrator.
The butane temperature was measured in the supply line and at the exit measurement position,
using stainless steel sheathed mineral insulated type T thermocouples protruding inside the
pipe. The thermocouple has an accuracy of 0.5C, and was connected via suitable
compensating cable to the data logger.
Data from the pressure transducers and temperature transmitters were recorded on the logging
system described in Section 3.7 and converted to engineering units by applying the relevant
calibration coefficients for each instrument.
3.4 TARGET VESSEL AND TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENTS
The target vessel was a redundant 13 tonne LPG storage bullet which had been modified for
these experiments. The cylindrical shell was 2.17 m dia. x 7.5 m long, and fitted with
torispherical end caps. The total surface area of the vessel was estimated to be 61.3 m2 (based
on the simplifying assumption of spherically dished end caps), 51.15 m2 over the developed
cylindrical surface. To measure the temperature of the 12 mm thick wall of the shell, 85
thermocouples were attached to the internal surface. These comprised the original locations, 1
to 56 for tests prior to this series plus an extra 29 thermocouples, 57 to 85. These were placed
in an area that could be subjected to hot spots and could therefore provide increased
resolution of the surface temperatures. The locations of these thermocouples are indicated and
defined in Figures 3 to 5.
At all locations the thermocouples were attached directly to the steel by capacitance discharge
welder. The welder, type TAU, was supplied by Cooperheat Ltd. Solid conductor, 0.7 mm
dia., type 'K' thermocouple wire supplied by Omega was used. Each leg of the thermocouple
was welded separately to the steel, approximately 5 mm apart. Thus the steel becomes part of
the thermocouple junction and the thermocouple accurately and unambiguously measures the
steel temperature. The thermocouple cable was extended out of and beyond the vessel into a
junction box. In this box type 'K' connector blocks were used to transfer the thermocouple
output signals into multicored type 'V' compensating cables and hence to the data collection
point.
Centre line of vessel

7000.0
6000.0
5000.0
4625.0
4250.0
3875.0
3687.5
3500.0 to Centre Line
3312.5
3125.0
2750.0
2375.0
2000.0
1000.0
E
F
DA
EA
DB
EB
CA
FA
Figure 3
Thermocouple ring locations
9
16
57
61
10
58
62
17
24
60
18
59
4
15
12
14
3
67
63
64
69
66
70
19
20
22
21
13
Ring B
Ring A
23
11
Ring C
68
71
25
32
Ring D
Ring CA
73
26
74
72
79
75
76
78
77
65
31
27
Flame
Direction
28
30
29
80
33
40
Ring E
Ring DB
Ring DA
85
34
81
41
82
48
84
Ring EA
Ring EB
49
53
42
83
39
35
47
36
38
Ring FA
50
56
54
44
46
37
Ring F
43 52
45
51
55
Ring G
Ring H
Ring I
Figure 4
Thermocouple locations on the various rings
The type 'K' thermocouple wire used to measure the vessel temperatures was supplied to
tolerance class 2 (International Thermocouple Reference Tables: IEC 584-2:1882 and BS 4937
Part 20:1983), giving a tolerance value of +/- 2.5C or 0.0075 x T, which ever is the greatest,
within the limits of -40C to +1200C. Although suitable for lower temperatures, these
thermocouples may not meet the tolerance value below -40C.
13
21
29
37
45
51
55
14
22
30
38
46
Bottom
Bottom rear
Rear
23
15
59
16
Top rear
60
31
65
24
77
66
32
69
61
62
67
57
17
71
Top front
52
56
49
53
50
54
51
55
Thermocouple
83
78
40
84
79
80
85
75
33
81
48
74
25
68
58
Front
63
47
Water spray
nozzle
73
70
Top of vessel
39
41
72
64
76
82
10
18
26
34
42
11
19
27
35
43
12
20
28
36
44
13
21
29
37
45
Bottom front
Bottom
Figure 5
Development of thermocouple locations
3.5 DELUGE WATER SUPPLY AND DELIVERY SYSTEM

The deluge system was designed by Wormald Fire Systems to achieve a minimum application
rate of 10.2 litres/min./m2 over the whole exposed surface of the vessel, in accordance with
NFPA 15(5). This design was originally used in an investigation of the efficacy of water deluge
systems used on offshore facilities (2) but it is identical to that commonly used to protect LPG
storage bullets, the design application rate being just above the minimum of 9.8 litres/min./m2
specified in HSG 34(6).
Twenty four spray nozzles were used in sets of four around the vessel at an axial spacing of
1475 mm, Figure 6. This Wormald design called for a total water flow rate into the system of
1064 litres/min. delivered at 2.4 barg, and this was the nominal flow rate used in all of the
tests. The vessel is 2.17 m dia. thus each set of four nozzles is spraying on an area of 10.06 m2.
It is interesting to note that this results in an actual application rate of 17.6 litres/min./m2 on
the cylindrical shell of the vessel, some 73% excess over the design value. This large excess is
apparently an inevitable consequence of incremental spray nozzle sizes, the minimum spacing
required to ensure complete coverage and the hydraulic gradient required to achieve a minimum
pressure of 1.4 barg at the most hydraulically remote nozzle, in this particular case.
Centre line of vessel
1475
1475
1475
1480
2460
2460
1480
Figure 6
The target vessel indicating deluge nozzles
The spray nozzles were Wormald type MV21-110, manufactured from leaded-gunmetal with
brass diffuser plates.
Figure 7, shows a photograph of the deluge operating and it can be seen that a water film was
obtained over the whole surface of the vessel.
Figure 7
The target vessel with deluge nozzles operating
The layout of the water supply system is included in Figure 1. Water for the deluge was stored
in two large tanks in which the levels were balanced. A single outlet supplied water to a skid
mounted water pump driven by a diesel engine. The speed of the pump could be varied
manually. Water was discharged into a 150 mm nominal bore pipe leading to the deluge
system. Remotely operated valves enabled the water to be recirculated to the storage tanks.
This arrangement permitted the pump engine to be brought up to operating temperature under
working conditions and also enabled water at the required rate to flow into the deluge system at
the desired instant during delayed deluge experiments.
Deluge water pressure was measured with a Druck series PTX500 static pressure transducer.
This instrument operated within the range of 0 to 10 barg with a typical accuracy of +/-1.0% of
full scale and was calibrated on site using a Druck TPI 600 series digital pressure calibrator.
The water flow rate was measured using a Krohne IFM1080 flow meter uprated to operate
between 0 and 3000 litres/min. This instrument was supplied with a calibration produced by
the Dutch Office of Measures and Weights. An uncertainty of +/-1.0% is quoted by the
supplier.
3.6 AMBIENT WEATHER MONITORING
Equipment was deployed to monitor the ambient weather conditions in the vicinity of the test
facility. The wind speed was monitored using four Vector Instruments A100 cup type
anemometers, located at heights of 1.2, 2.9, 6.0 and 6.4 m above the discharge axis on weather
mast located to the west of the facility. The wind conditions were also measured using a Gill
Instruments, Solent logging ultrasonic anemometer, located at a height of 10.0 m above the
ground, equating to 8.2 m above the discharge axis. This instrument provided horizontal and
vertical wind speed components together with the wind direction.
The cup type anemometers can measure wind speed in the range 0 to 25 m/s and the accuracy
is quoted by the manufactures as 1%. The ultrasonic anemometer is capable of measuring
horizontal wind speeds in the range 0 to 60 m/s. The wind speed accuracy is 2.5% between 0
and 30 m/s. The accuracy of the vertical component is within 5% of the horizontal
component. Wind direction is measured in meteorological format i.e. as the direction the wind
is coming from, measured clockwise from north, with an accuracy of 2% for wind speeds
between 0 and 30 m/s.
The ambient temperature and relative humidity were measured using a Vaisala HMD 30YB
transmitter. This instrument was mounted on the control cabin roof. The atmospheric pressure
was also monitored using a Vaisala PTA427 transmitter. The accuracy of the measurements,
quoted by the manufacturers, are 0.2C for the temperature, 2% for the relative humidity
between 0 and 90% and 3% between 90 and 100%, and 0.2 mbar for the atmospheric
pressure.
Data from all the ambient weather monitoring equipment was recorded on the logging system
described in Section 3.7 and converted to engineering units applying the relevant calibration
coefficients for each instrument.
3.7 DATA LOGGING
Data from all instruments were recorded using a PC based computer logging system. This
system is based on multiplexing of signals at remote locations using equipment manufactured
by Computer Instrumentation Limited. The concept of using this approach is based on limiting
the amount of cabling running between the computer and the instrumentation. Individual cables
from the instruments are fed into a multiplexer system located close to a group of instruments
from which only one signal cable is returned to the computer. This system also has the added
advantage that signals can be amplified by the multiplexer close to their source, thus avoiding
the transmission of small signal levels over long distances.
Each instrument channel was sampled at once per second for the duration of each test.
3.8 PHOTOGRAPHY AND VIDEO
A video and photographic record was made of each test.
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.1 Tests DEL0401 to DEL0423

To complete the 3x3x2 test matrix (12.5, 25 and 50 mm holes, from distances of 1, 3 and 5 m,
with deluge on before the fire, and with a 30 s delay) a total of 23 tests were carried out to
achieve 18 valid tests. Tests DEL0401, DEL0406, DEL0407, DEL04014 and DEL04015 were
deemed invalid, due to sudden changes in the wind or failure to reach steady flow conditions,
and are not reported. Table 1 shows hole sizes, stand-off distances, and series test numbers for
the 18 valid tests, together with the time averaging period used in deriving the subsequent data
tables. Each test was run for at least 3 minutes and stopped when the vessel temperatures
appeared to have stabilised, or in one case just under 7 minutes was reached.
Table 1
Series test numbers and averaging periods
Deluge on
Hole dia., mm
Test number
12.5
Stand off
distance, m.
1
12.5
Deluge delayed by 30 s.
Test number
DEL0402
Averaging
period, s.
9 to 335
DEL0403
Averaging
period, s.
56 to 277
DEL0417
9 to 402
DEL0416
57 to 244
12.5
DEL0418
7 to 364
DEL0419
97 to 279
25.0
DEL0404
6 to 231
DEL0405
57 to 235
25.0
DEL0412
4 to 302
DEL0413
56 to 252
25.0
DEL0420
6 to 302
DEL0421
57 to 243
50.0
DEL0408
9 to 243
DEL0409
62 to 302
50.0
DEL0410
20 to 208
DEL0411
56 to 221
50.0
DEL0422
8 to 242
DEL0423
63 to 302
Table 2 shows the time averaged wind speeds and directions for each test. The averaged wind
speeds of between 3 and 10 m/s were slightly higher than those encountered in the earlier
propane tests, 1.6-7.8 m/s. A south westerly co-flowing wind would have ensured that the jet
fire was central on the target vessel, however, a cross wind generally from the quadrant
between west and north was deemed acceptable.
Table 2
Series winds speeds and directions
Deluge on
Hole dia., mm
Stand off
distance, m.
Wind speed,
m/s
12.5
12.5
Wind speed, m/s
2.98
Wind
direction,
degs.
8
2.49
Wind
direction,
degs.
314
3.87
271
4.27
271
12.5
6.40
260
8.64
261
25.0
3.09
276
3.11
280
25.0
3.78
262
3.60
266
25.0
10.06
264
7.70
264
50.0
2.83
284
2.86
289
50.0
2.92
250
3.03
249
50.0
9.23
265
9.23
267
Table 3 shows the butane discharge conditions for each test. The nitrogen used to over-pressure
the butane storage was just sufficient to achieve fully liquid releases. The exit temperature,
measured just upstream of the hole, remained close to ambient, confirming that no flashing had
occurred at that point and that fully liquid releases had been achieved.
Table 3
Series discharge conditions
Deluge on
Hole dia.,
mm
Mass flow
rate, kg/s
12.5
Stand off
distance,
m.
1
12.5
1.02
7.6
12.5
1.01
25.0
25.0
Mass
flow
rate, kg/s
1.01
Exit
temperature,
deg C
8.9
Exit
pressure,
barg.
1.3
1.4
1.03
7.6
1.4
7.1
1.4
0.90
6.5
1.4
3.87
6.6
1.2
3.86
6.6
1.2
3.77
8.1
1.5
3.63
8.0
1.6
25.0
4.02
8.0
1.4
3.88
8.8
1.4
50.0
9.40
5.6
1.0
8.71
4.5
1.0
50.0
8.94
5.5
1.2
8.54
T/C failed
1.3
50.0
9.61
8.3
1.1
9.10
7.8
1.1
1.00
Exit
Exit
temperature, pressure,
deg C
barg.
10.1
1.3
10
Liquid butane samples were taken from the storage tank part way through use of the first and
second deliveries of commercial butane. The results are shown in Table 4. Both samples
contained some propane, which is not uncommon in commercial butane. As expected a small
amount of the nitrogen used to over-pressure the storage had dissolved in the butane
Table 4
Analysis of butane samples
Component
Sample 1
% mole
Sample 2
% mole
Propane
11.6
4.0
Isobutane
21.1
21.9
N-butane
65.2
70.7
Trans-2-butene
0.1
0.1
Isopentane
1.4
2.6
N-pentane
0.2
0.5
Nitrogen
0.3
0.2
The full results from each of the 18 tests are contained in Appendices A to R. Each appendix
contains:
a summary of the test conditions
Figure x1 showing the fuel conditions during the test
Figure x2 showing the water deluge conditions during the test
Figures x3-x17, for each ring of thermocouples, showing the target vessel temperatures
during the test
Figures x18 and x19, development of the vessel surface with temperature contours, at 30 s
after ignition on the delayed deluge tests only, and for all at the end of the test .
Table 5 summarises the results, showing the different vessel wall temperature regimes found in
each test. The 120oC criterion, also used in the earlier propane study, was chosen based on the
work of Lev and Strachan(7) which showed that this temperature may be taken as "indicative of
having achieved critical conditions for failure of the water film".
Table 5 shows that when starting with the deluge on, only the larger releases result in dry
patches. The largest dry patch being in test DEL0422 (50 mm hole, 5 m distance) where 4
thermocouples exceeded 120oC, also see Appendix Q, Figure Q18.
With the deluge delayed by 30 seconds dry patches are more readily formed but for the smallest
hole size these do not persist. Again the largest dry patch occurred with the largest hole and the
greatest distance, test DEL0423, also see Appendix R, Figure R19.
11
Table 5
Series temperature regimes
Deluge on
Hole dia.,
mm
Stand off
distance,
m.
Maximum
temp., deg
C
Number
of T/Cs
exceeding
120 deg C
12.5
93
12.5
12.5
Maximum
temp., deg
C
Number
of T/Cs
exceeding
120 deg C
Number
of T/Cs
staying in
excess of
120 deg C
0
137
10
Number of
T/Cs
staying in
excess of
120 deg C
0
95
137
10
98
98
25.0
103
185
19
25.0
101
239
30
25.0
174
283
18
50.0
140
229
28
50.0
107
292
26
50.0
233
332
20
Figure 8 shows an example of some target vessel wall temperatures during test DEL0409
(50 mm hole, 1 m distance, delayed deluge). The thermocouple responses plotted were chosen
to illustrate the different types of behaviour found in all of the tests. The last two digits of the
identifier give the thermocouple location, see Figure 5 in Section 3.4, thus TK-40925 is
thermocouple 25 located at the top of the vessel in the centre.
250
TK-40925
TK-40963
150
TK-40964
TK-40966
100
TK-40969
120 degs
50
Time from ignition, s.
Figure 8
Example of wall temperatures during test DEL0409
12
300
270
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
0
0
Temperature, deg C.
200
The water deluge was initiated 30 seconds after ignition and the flow fully established by
50 seconds. At some thermocouples locations, e.g. 63 and 64, a water film was quickly
established and the wall temperature never exceeded the 120oC criterion. At location 66 a water
film was established at 50 seconds even though the wall had initially exceeded 120oC. At
locations 69 and 25 it is clear that once the water flow is fully established the rate of
temperature rise is reduced. After 90 seconds a water film is established at location 69 and the
temperature drops 120oC. At location 25, the temperature continues to rise at the reduced rate.
This reduced rate of temperature rise of dry patches was also seen in the earlier propane study
and results from the combustion process being affected by the water sprays. Less soot is
formed in the flame resulting in less luminosity and a reduction in the heat transfer by radiation
to the vessel surface. This is most clearly illustrated by reference to Figures 9 and 10. These
photographs were taken during test DEL0413, before and after establishment of the deluge.
Figure 9
Test DEL0413 before deluge
Figure 10
Test DEL0413 with deluge
13
In all of the tests where this behaviour was observed (DEL0409, DEL0411, DEL0413 and
DEL0423) we have estimated the reduction in the rate of temperature rise at dry patches by
comparing the essentially linear temperature rise before the water comes on, with that
immediately after the deluge has become fully established. The results do not allow specific
reductions in rate of temperature rise or heat transfer to be associated with particular
conditions, but typically the reduction is a factor of between 2 and 5, similar to that found with
propane (between 1.5 and 5.8) (3).
Some releases from 1 m and 3 m resulted in liquid butane impinging on the target vessel with
local low temperatures on the vessel wall. Test DEL0409 is a good example, see Appendix F,
Figures F18 and F19. In some tests some liquid butane poured onto the ground after hitting the
vessel and produced a pool fire under the vessel.
4.2 TESTS DEL0424 AND DEL0425
Test DEL04024 was a repeat of test DEL0413 (25 mm hole, 3 m distance, delayed deluge) run
for 10 minutes to establish the equilibrium temperature reached by a small dry patch. Test
DEL04025 was a further repeat of this test, but with one nozzle blocked to induce a larger dry
patch, and run for more than 20 minutes to establish the equilibrium temperature reached by a
larger dry patch.
Table 6 shows hole sizes, stand-off distances, and series test numbers for these two tests,
together with the time averaging period used in deriving the subsequent data tables.
Table 6
Long duration test numbers and averaging periods
Deluge on
Hole dia., mm
25.0
Stand off
distance, m.
3
25.0
Test number
Averaging
period, s.
Test number
DEL0424
Averaging
period, s.
59 to 611
DEL0425
57 to 1578
Table 7 shows the time averaged wind speeds and directions for each test.
Table 7
Long duration tests wind speeds and directions
Deluge on
Wind speed,
m/s
Hole dia., mm
Stand off
distance, m.
25.0
5.55
Wind
direction,
degs.
259
25.0
7.40
261
14
Wind
direction,
degs.
Wind speed, m/s
Table 8 shows the butane discharge conditions for each test.
Table 8
Long duration tests discharge conditions
Deluge on
Hole dia.,
mm
25.0
Stand off
distance,
m.
3
25.0
Mass flow
rate, kg/s
Exit
Exit
temperature, pressure,
deg C
barg.
Mass
flow
rate, kg/s
4.31
Exit
temperatur
e, deg C
7.7
Exit
pressure,
barg.
1.5
4.57
6.9
1.5
The full results from both of the tests are contained in Appendices S and T. Each appendix
contains:
a summary of the test conditions
Figure x1 showing the fuel conditions during the test
Figure x2 showing the water deluge conditions during the test
Figures x3-x17, for each ring of thermocouples, showing the target vessel temperatures
during the test
Figures x18 and x19, development of the vessel surface with temperature contours, at 30 s
after ignition on the delayed deluge tests only, and for all at the end of the test .Table 9
summarises the results, showing the different vessel wall temperature regimes found in each
test.
Table 9
Long duration tests temperature regimes
Deluge on
Maximum
temp., deg
C
Number
of T/Cs
exceeding
120 deg C
Number of
T/Cs
staying in
excess of
120 deg C
372
27
581
19
13
Hole dia.,
mm
Stand off
distance,
m.
25.0
25.0
Maximum
temp., deg
C
Number
of T/Cs
exceeding
120 deg C
15
Number
of T/Cs
staying in
excess of
120 deg C
Figure 11 shows some of the dry spot wall temperatures during tests DEL0424 and DEL0425.
Dry spot temperatures
600
500
Temperature, deg, C.
400
TK-42517
TK-42560
300
TK-42561
TK-42562
TK-42566
TK-42567
200
120 degs
TK-42417
TK-42457
100
1560
1500
1440
1380
1320
1260
1200
1140
1080
960
1020
900
840
780
720
660
600
540
480
420
360
300
240
180
120
60
Figure 11
Dry spot wall temperatures during tests DEL0424 and DEL0425
The maximum temperature reached by the small dry spot (thermocouple location 17) in test
DEL0424 was 360oC after 10 minutes. See also Appendix S, Figure S19, for details of the dry
spot.
The maximum temperature reached by the large dry spot (thermocouple location 62) in test
DEL0425 was 580oC. It appears that thermocouple location 67 may be on the edge of the dry
patch as the temperature was falling during the second half of the test. The gap in the data
around 23 minutes was caused by the necessity to change disks in the data logging system. See
also Appendix T, Figure T19, for details of the dry spot. The blocked water spray nozzle was
the one above thermocouple location 24, see Figure 5 in Section 3.4.
At the maximum temperature of 580oC the steel wall will be severely weakened but may not
necessarily fail, resulting in a BLEVE if the vessel had contained LPG.
Figure 12
Test DEL0425
16
5. CONCLUSIONS
The following conclusions are based on an analysis of the data sufficient only to allow it to be
accurately reported. A more detailed analysis may reveal additional features.
1.
The results from the twenty tests reported show that a typical water deluge system
found on an LPG storage tank cannot be relied upon to maintain a water film over the
whole tank surface in an impinging butane jet fire scenario.
2.
The results are similar to those found in the earlier propane work, although any dry
patches were generally smaller with the butane jet fires. The deluge also had a similar
significant effect on the fire itself, reducing the luminosity and smoke, and resulting in
a lower rate of wall temperature rise at the dry patches, when compared with the undeluged case, typically by a factor between 2 and 5.
3.
The equilibrium temperature reached by a small dry patch was about 360oC after 10
minutes, in one repeated test, run until an equilibrium temperature had been reached.
4.
The equilibrium temperature reached by a larger dry patch, induced by blocking one of
the spray nozzles, was 580oC after about 20 minutes.
5.
Some releases resulted in liquid butane impinging on the target vessel with local low
temperatures on the vessel wall. In some tests some liquid butane poured onto the
ground after hitting the vessel and produced a pool fire under the vessel.
6. REFERENCES
1.
Billinge, K, Moodie, K and Beckett, H. The use of Water Sprays to Protect Fire
engulfed Storage Tanks, 5th International Symposium on Loss Prevention and Safety
Promotion in Process Industries, 1986.
2.
Shirvill, LC and White, GC. Effectiveness of Deluge Systems in Protecting Plant and
Equipment Impacted by High-Velocity Natural Gas Jet Fires, ICHMT 1994
International Symposium on Heat and Mass Transfer in Chemical Process Industry
Accidents, Rome 1994.
3.
Bennett, JF, Shirvill, LC and Pritchard, MJ. Efficacy of Water Spray Protection
Against Jet Fires Impinging on LPG Storage Tanks, HSE Contract Research Report
137/1997.
4.
Goose, MH. Recent Developments with ALIBI, a Model for Site Specific Prediction of
LPG Tank BLEVE Frequency, IChemE Symposium Series No. 139, Major Hazards
Onshore and Offshore II, Manchester 1995.
5.
NFPA 15, Water Spray Fixed Systems, National Fire Protection Association.
6.
HSG 34, The Storage of LPG at fixed Installations, HMSO.
7.
Lev, Y and Strachan, DC. A Study of Cooling Water Requirements for the Protection
of Metal Surfaces Against Thermal Radiation, Fire Technology, August 1989.
17
7. APPENDICIES A-T
18
Appendix A - DEL0402
Averaging period
9 - 335
seconds after ignition
12.50
1.00
1.02
1.33
10.13
mm
m
kg/s
barg
deg. C
Summary of Release Exit Conditions

Discharge hole diameter:
Stand-off Distance:
Butane mass flow rate:
Exit static pressure:
Exit temperature
Deluge Flow
Water sprays:
Water pressure
Water flow rate
Deluge on
2.35
1069.75
barg
litres/min
Ambient Weather Conditions

Wind speed (cup anemometer 1 at 1.2m)
Horizontal wind speed (sonic at 8.2m)
Vertical wind speed (sonic at 8.2m)
Wind direction
Relative humidity
Ambient temperature
Atmospheric pressure
2.7
2.8
3.1
3.2
No data
No data
8.31
87.2
12.2
961.1
Thermocouples not operating properly

15, 79
19
m/s
m/s
m/s
m/s
m/s
m/s
degrees clockwise from North
%
deg C
mbar
Fuel flow 0402

5.0
4.5
4.0
Mass flow, kg/s

& Pressure, barg.
3.5
Mass flow , kg/s
3.0
Vapour pressure,
barg
Liquid head
pressure, barg
Discharge
pressure, barg
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
330
300
270
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
0.0
Figure A1 - Fuel conditions
Water flow 0402

3.00
2.00
1.50
Water pressure,
barg
1.00
Water flow rate,

m^3/min
0.50
Figure A2 - Water deluge conditions
20
330
300
270
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
0.00
0
Pressure, barg
& Flow m^3/min
2.50
Ring A
400
350
Temperature, deg C.
300
TK-40201
250
TK-40202
200
TK-40203
TK-40204
150
120 deg C.
100
50
330
300
270
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
0
Figure A3 - Temperatures - thermocouples 1 - 4
Ring B
400
350
TK-40205
250
TK-40206
200
TK-40207
TK-40208
150
120 deg C.
100
50
21
330
300
270
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
0
0
Temperature, deg C.
300
Ring C
400
350
TK-40209
Temperature, deg C.
300
TK-40210
TK-40211
250
TK-40212
200
TK-40213
TK-40214
150
TK-40215
TK-40216
100
120 deg C.
50
330
300
270
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
Ring CA
400
350
TK-40257
250
TK-40258
TK-40259
200
TK-40260
TK-40261
150
120 deg C.
100
50
22
330
300
270
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
0
0
Temperature, deg C.
300
Ring D
400
350
TK-40217
TK-40218
Temperature, deg C.
300
TK-40219
250
TK-40220
TK-40221
200
TK-40222
TK-40223
150
TK-40224
100
TK-40262
120 deg C.
50
330
300
270
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
Figure A7 - Temperatures - thermocouples 17 - 24 plus 62
Ring DA
400
350
TK-40263
250
TK-40264
TK-40265
200
TK-40266
TK-40267
150
120 deg C.
100
50
23
330
300
270
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
0
0
Temperature, deg C.
300
Ring DB
400
350
Temperature, deg C.
300
250
TK-40268
TK-40269
200
TK-40270
120 deg C.
150
100
50
330
300
270
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
Ring E
400
350
TK-40225
TK-40226
TK-40227
250
TK-40228
TK-40229
200
TK-40230
TK-40231
150
TK-40232
100
TK-40271
120 deg C.
50
24
330
300
270
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
0
0
Temperature, deg C.
300
Ring EA
400
350
Temperature, deg C.
300
250
TK-40272
TK-40273
200
TK-40274
120 deg C.
150
100
50
330
300
270
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
Ring EB
400
350
TK-40275
250
TK-40276
TK-40277
200
TK-40278
TK-40279
150
120 deg C.
100
50
25
330
300
270
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
0
0
Temperature, deg C.
300
Ring F
400
350
TK-40233
TK-40234
Temperature, deg C.
300
TK-40235
250
TK-40236
TK-40237
200
TK-40238
TK-40239
150
TK-40240
100
TK-40280
120 deg C.
50
330
300
270
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
Ring FA
400
350
TK-40281
250
TK-40282
TK-40283
200
TK-40284
TK-40285
150
120 deg C.
100
50
26
330
300
270
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
0
0
Temperature, deg C.
300
Ring G
400
350
TK-40241
Temperature, deg C.
300
TK-40242
TK-40243
250
TK-40244
200
TK-40245
TK-40246
150
TK-40247
TK-40248
100
120 deg C.
50
330
300
270
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
Ring H
400
350
TK-40249
250
TK-40250
200
TK-40251
TK-40252
150
120 deg C.
100
50
27
330
300
270
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
0
0
Temperature, deg C.
300
Ring I
400
350
TK-40253
250
TK-40254
200
TK-40255
TK-40256
150
120 deg C.
100
50
28
330
300
270
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
0
0
Temperature, deg C.
300
BOTTOM
Water spray
nozzle
Thermocouple
REAR
480
360
TOP
240
120
FRONT
-20
Temperature
scale
BOTTOM
Figure A18 Development of vessel with temperature contours at 335s after ignition.
29
Appendix B - DEL0403
Averaging period
56 - 277
Summary of Release Conditions

Stand-off Distance:
Exit temperature
12.50
1.00
1.01
1.31
8.86
mm
m
kg/s
barg
deg. C
Deluge Flow
Water sprays:
Water pressure
Water flow rate
Delayed by 30 secs
2.35
1069.38
barg
litres/min

Wind direction
Relative humidity
Ambient temperature
2.0
2.0
2.2
2.3
2.49
0.9
314.29
88.7
12.0
961.6

15, 53, 54, 55, 79
30
m/s
m/s
m/s
m/s
m/s
m/s
%
deg C
mbar
Fuel flow 0403

5.0
4.5
4.0
Mass flow, kg/s

& Pressure, barg.
3.5
Mass flow , kg/s
3.0
Vapour pressure,
barg
Liquid head
pressure, barg
Discharge
pressure, barg
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
270
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
0.0
Figure B1 - Fuel conditions
Water flow 0403

3.00
2.00
Water pressure,
barg
1.50
Water flow rate,

m^3/min
1.00
0.50
Figure B2 - Water deluge conditions
31
270
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
0.00
0
Pressure, barg
& Flow m^3/min
2.50
Ring A
400
350
Temperature, deg C.
300
TK-40301
250
TK-40302
200
TK-40303
TK-40304
150
120 deg C.
100
50
270
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
0
Figure B3 - Temperatures - thermocouples 1 - 4
Ring B
400
350
TK-40305
250
TK-40306
200
TK-40307
TK-40308
150
120 deg C.
100
50
32
270
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
0
0
Temperature, deg C.
300
Ring C
400
350
TK-40309
Temperature, deg C.
300
TK-40310
TK-40311
250
TK-40312
200
TK-40313
TK-40314
150
TK-40315
TK-40316
100
120 deg C.
50
270
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
Ring CA
400
350
TK-40357
250
TK-40358
TK-40359
200
TK-40360
TK-40361
150
120 deg C.
100
50
33
270
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
0
0
Temperature, deg C.
300
Ring D
400
350
TK-40317
TK-40318
Temperature, deg C.
300
TK-40319
250
TK-40320
TK-40321
200
TK-40322
TK-40323
150
TK-40324
100
TK-40362
120 deg C.
50
270
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
Figure B7 - Temperatures - thermocouples 17 - 24 plus 62
Ring DA
400
350
TK-40363
250
TK-40364
TK-40365
200
TK-40366
TK-40367
150
120 deg C.
100
50
34
270
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
0
0
Temperature, deg C.
300
Ring DB
400
350
Temperature, deg C.
300
250
TK-40368
TK-40369
200
TK-40370
120 deg C.
150
100
50
270
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
Ring E
400
350
TK-40325
TK-40326
TK-40327
250
TK-40328
TK-40329
200
TK-40330
TK-40331
150
TK-40332
100
TK-40371
120 deg C.
50
35
270
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
0
0
Temperature, deg C.
300
Ring EA
400
350
Temperature, deg C.
300
250
TK-40372
TK-40373
200
TK-40374
120 deg C.
150
100
50
270
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
Ring EB
400
350
TK-40375
250
TK-40376
TK-40377
200
TK-40378
TK-40379
150
120 deg C.
100
50
36
270
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
0
0
Temperature, deg C.
300
Ring F
400
350
TK-40333
TK-40334
Temperature, deg C.
300
TK-40335
250
TK-40336
TK-40337
200
TK-40338
TK-40339
150
TK-40340
100
TK-40380
120 deg C.
50
270
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
Ring FA
400
350
TK-40381
250
TK-40382
TK-40383
200
TK-40384
TK-40385
150
120 deg C.
100
50
37
270
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
0
0
Temperature, deg C.
300
Ring G
400
350
TK-40341
Temperature, deg C.
300
TK-40342
TK-40343
250
TK-40344
200
TK-40345
TK-40346
150
TK-40347
TK-40348
100
120 deg C.
50
270
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
Ring H
400
350
TK-40349
250
TK-40350
200
TK-40351
TK-40352
150
120 deg C.
100
50
38
270
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
0
0
Temperature, deg C.
300
Ring I
400
350
TK-40353
250
TK-40354
200
TK-40355
TK-40356
150
120 deg C.
100
50
39
270
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
0
0
Temperature, deg C.
300
BOTTOM
Water spray
nozzle
Thermocouple
REAR
120
80
TOP
40
0
FRONT
-20
Temperature
scale
BOTTOM
Figure B18 Development of vessel with temperature contours at 30s after ignition.
BOTTOM
Water spray
nozzle
Thermocouple
REAR
480
360
TOP
240
120
FRONT
-20
Temperature
scale
BOTTOM
Figure B19 Development of vessel with temperature contours at 277s after ignition.
40
Appendix C - DEL0404
Averaging period
6 - 231

Stand-off Distance:
Exit temperature
25.0
1.00
3.87
1.23
6.62
mm
m
kg/s
barg
deg. C
Deluge Flow
Water sprays:
Water pressure
Water flow rate
Deluge on
2.34
1071.53
barg
litres/min

Wind direction
Relative humidity
Ambient temperature
2.3
2.5
2.7
2.8
3.09
0.9
276.20
91.3
11.7
962.0

15, 79
41
m/s
m/s
m/s
m/s
m/s
m/s
%
deg C
mbar
Fuel flow 0404

6.0
5.5
5.0
Mass flow, kg/s

& Pressure, barg.
4.5
4.0
Mass flow , kg/s
3.5
Vapour pressure,
barg
Liquid head
pressure, barg
Discharge
pressure, barg
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
0.0
Figure C1 - Fuel conditions
Water flow 0404

3.00
2.00
1.50
Water pressure,
barg
1.00
Water flow rate,

m^3/min
0.50
Figure C2 - Water deluge conditions
42
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
0.00
0
Pressure, barg
& Flow m^3/min
2.50
Ring A
400
350
Temperature, deg C.
300
TK-40401
250
TK-40402
200
TK-40403
TK-40404
150
120 deg C.
100
50
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
0
Figure C3 - Temperatures - thermocouples 1 - 4
Ring B
400
350
TK-40405
250
TK-40406
200
TK-40407
TK-40408
150
120 deg C.
100
50
43
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
0
0
Temperature, deg C.
300
Ring C
400
350
TK-40409
Temperature, deg C.
300
TK-40410
TK-40411
250
TK-40412
200
TK-40413
TK-40414
150
TK-40415
TK-40416
100
120 deg C.
50
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
Ring CA
400
350
TK-40457
250
TK-40458
TK-40459
200
TK-40460
TK-40461
150
120 deg C.
100
50
Figure C6 - Temperature - thermocouples 57 - 61
44
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
0
0
Temperature, deg C.
300
Ring D
400
350
TK-40417
TK-40418
Temperature, deg C.
300
TK-40419
250
TK-40420
TK-40421
200
TK-40422
TK-40423
150
TK-40424
100
TK-40462
120 deg C.
50
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
Figure C7 - Temperatures - thermocouples 17 - 24 plus 62
Ring DA
400
350
TK-40463
250
TK-40464
TK-40465
200
TK-40466
TK-40467
150
120 deg C.
100
50
45
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
0
0
Temperature, deg C.
300
Ring DB
400
350
Temperature, deg C.
300
250
TK-40468
TK-40469
200
TK-40470
120 deg C.
150
100
50
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
Ring E
400
350
TK-40425
TK-40426
TK-40427
250
TK-40428
TK-40429
200
TK-40430
TK-40431
150
TK-40432
100
TK-40471
120 deg C.
50
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
0
0
Temperature, deg C.
300
Figure C10 - Temperature - thermocouples 25 - 32 plus 71
46
Ring EA
400
350
Temperature, deg C.
300
250
TK-40472
TK-40473
200
TK-40474
120 deg C.
150
100
50
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
Ring EB
400
350
TK-40475
250
TK-40476
TK-40477
200
TK-40478
TK-40479
150
120 deg C.
100
50
47
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
0
0
Temperature, deg C.
300
Ring F
400
350
TK-40433
TK-40434
Temperature, deg C.
300
TK-40435
250
TK-40436
TK-40437
200
TK-40438
TK-40439
150
TK-40440
100
TK-40480
120 deg C.
50
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
Figure C13 - Temperatures - thermocouples 33 - 40 plus 80
Ring FA
400
350
TK-40481
250
TK-40482
TK-40483
200
TK-40484
TK-40485
150
120 deg C.
100
50
48
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
0
0
Temperature, deg C.
300
Ring G
400
350
TK-40441
Temperature, deg C.
300
TK-40442
TK-40443
250
TK-40444
200
TK-40445
TK-40446
150
TK-40447
TK-40448
100
120 deg C.
50
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
Ring H
400
350
TK-40449
250
TK-40450
200
TK-40451
TK-40452
150
120 deg C.
100
50
49
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
0
0
Temperature, deg C.
300
Ring I
400
350
TK-40453
250
TK-40454
200
TK-40455
TK-40456
150
120 deg C.
100
50
50
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
0
0
Temperature, deg C.
300
BOTTOM
Water spray
nozzle
Thermocouple
REAR
480
360
TOP
240
120
FRONT
-20
Temperature
scale
BOTTOM
Figure C18 Development of vessel with temperature contours at 231s after ignition.
51
Appendix D - DEL0405
Averaging period
57 - 235

Stand-off Distance:
Exit temperature
25.0
1.00
3.86
1.23
6.62
mm
m
kg/s
barg
deg. C
Deluge Flow
Water sprays:
Water pressure
Water flow rate
Delayed by 30 secs
2.36
1069.69
barg
litres/min

Wind direction
Relative humidity
Ambient temperature
2.1
2.3
2.5
2.6
3.11
0.9
279.81
92.1
11.6
962.4

15, 79
52
m/s
m/s
m/s
m/s
m/s
m/s
%
deg C
mbar
Fuel flow 0405

6.0
5.5
5.0
Mass flow, kg/s

& Pressure, barg.
4.5
4.0
Mass flow , kg/s
3.5
Vapour pressure,
barg
Liquid head
pressure, barg
Discharge
pressure, barg
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
0.0
Figure D1 - Fuel conditions
Water flow 0405

3.00
2.00
Water pressure,
barg
1.50
Water flow rate,

m^3/min
1.00
0.50
Figure D2 - Water deluge conditions
53
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
0.00
0
Pressure, barg
& Flow m^3/min
2.50
Ring A
400
350
Temperature, deg C.
300
TK-40501
250
TK-40502
200
TK-40503
TK-40504
150
120 deg C.
100
50
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
0
Figure D3 - Temperatures - thermocouples 1 - 4
Ring B
400
350
TK-40505
250
TK-40506
200
TK-40507
TK-40508
150
120 deg C.
100
50
54
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
0
0
Temperature, deg C.
300
Ring C
400
350
TK-40509
Temperature, deg C.
300
TK-40510
TK-40511
250
TK-40512
200
TK-40513
TK-40514
150
TK-40515
TK-40516
100
120 deg C.
50
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
Figure D5 - Temperature - thermocouples 9 - 16
Ring CA
400
350
TK-40557
250
TK-40558
TK-40559
200
TK-40560
TK-40561
150
120 deg C.
100
50
55
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
0
0
Temperature, deg C.
300
Ring D
400
350
TK-40517
TK-40518
Temperature, deg C.
300
TK-40519
250
TK-40520
TK-40521
200
TK-40522
TK-40523
150
TK-40524
100
TK-40562
120 deg C.
50
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
Figure D7 - Temperatures - thermocouples 17 - 24 plus 62
Ring DA
400
350
TK-40563
250
TK-40564
TK-40565
200
TK-40566
TK-40567
150
120 deg C.
100
50
56
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
0
0
Temperature, deg C.
300
Ring DB
400
350
Temperature, deg C.
300
250
TK-40568
TK-40569
200
TK-40570
120 deg C.
150
100
50
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
Ring E
400
350
TK-40525
TK-40526
TK-40527
250
TK-40528
TK-40529
200
TK-40530
TK-40531
150
TK-40532
100
TK-40571
120 deg C.
50
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
0
0
Temperature, deg C.
300
57
Ring EA
400
350
Temperature, deg C.
300
250
TK-40572
TK-40573
200
TK-40574
120 deg C.
150
100
50
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
Ring EB
400
350
TK-40575
250
TK-40576
TK-40577
200
TK-40578
TK-40579
150
120 deg C.
100
50
58
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
0
0
Temperature, deg C.
300
Ring F
400
350
TK-40533
TK-40534
Temperature, deg C.
300
TK-40535
250
TK-40536
TK-40537
200
TK-40538
TK-40539
150
TK-40540
100
TK-40580
120 deg C.
50
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
Ring FA
400
350
TK-40581
250
TK-40582
TK-40583
200
TK-40584
TK-40585
150
120 deg C.
100
50
59
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
0
0
Temperature, deg C.
300
Ring G
400
350
TK-40541
Temperature, deg C.
300
TK-40542
TK-40543
250
TK-40544
200
TK-40545
TK-40546
150
TK-40547
TK-40548
100
120 deg C.
50
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
Ring H
400
350
TK-40549
250
TK-40550
200
TK-40551
TK-40552
150
120 deg C.
100
50
60
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
0
0
Temperature, deg C.
300
Ring I
400
350
TK-40553
250
TK-40554
200
TK-40555
TK-40556
150
120 deg C.
100
50
61
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
0
0
Temperature, deg C.
300
BOTTOM
Water spray
nozzle
Thermocouple
REAR
120
80
TOP
40
0
FRONT
-20
Temperature
scale
BOTTOM
Figure D18 Development of vessel with temperature contours at 30s after ignition.
BOTTOM
Water spray
nozzle
Thermocouple
REAR
480
360
TOP
240
120
FRONT
-20
Temperature
scale
BOTTOM
Figure D19 Development of vessel with temperature contours at 235s after ignition.
62
Appendix E - DEL0408
Averaging period
9 - 243

Stand-off Distance:
Exit temperature
50.0
1.00
9.40
1.04
5.63
mm
m
kg/s
barg
deg. C
Deluge Flow
Water sprays:
Water pressure
Water flow rate
Deluge on
2.40
1067.29
barg
litres/min

Wind direction
Relative humidity
Ambient temperature
1.8
1.9
2.2
2.3
2.83
0.9
284.31
93.1
11.2
963.2

15, 79
63
m/s
m/s
m/s
m/s
m/s
m/s
%
deg C
mbar
Fuel flow 0408

11.0
10.0
9.0
8.0
Mass flow, kg/s
& Pressure, barg.
Mass flow , kg/s

7.0
Vapour pressure,
barg
Liquid head
pressure, barg
Discharge
pressure, barg
6.0
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
0.0
Figure E1 - Fuel conditions
Water flow 0408

3.00
2.00
1.50
Water pressure,
barg
1.00
Water flow rate,

m^3/min
0.50
Figure E2 - Water deluge conditions
64
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
0.00
0
Pressure, barg
& Flow m^3/min
2.50
Ring A
400
350
Temperature, deg C.
300
TK-40801
250
TK-40802
200
TK-40803
TK-40804
150
120 deg C.
100
50
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
0
Figure E3 - Temperatures - thermocouples 1 - 4
Ring B
400
350
TK-40805
250
TK-40806
200
TK-40807
TK-40808
150
120 deg C.
100
50
65
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
0
0
Temperature, deg C.
300
Ring C
400
350
TK-40809
Temperature, deg C.
300
TK-40810
TK-40811
250
TK-40812
200
TK-40813
TK-40814
150
TK-40815
TK-40816
100
120 deg C.
50
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
Ring CA
400
350
TK-40857
250
TK-40858
TK-40859
200
TK-40860
TK-40861
150
120 deg C.
100
50
66
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
0
0
Temperature, deg C.
300
Ring D
400
350
TK-40817
TK-40818
Temperature, deg C.
300
TK-40819
250
TK-40820
TK-40821
200
TK-40822
TK-40823
150
TK-40824
100
TK-40862
120 deg C.
50
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
Figure E7 - Temperatures - thermocouples 17 - 24 plus 62
Ring DA
400
350
TK-40863
250
TK-40864
TK-40865
200
TK-40866
TK-40867
150
120 deg C.
100
50
67
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
0
0
Temperature, deg C.
300
Ring DB
400
350
Temperature, deg C.
300
250
TK-40868
TK-40869
200
TK-40870
120 deg C.
150
100
50
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
Ring E
400
350
TK-40825
TK-40826
TK-40827
250
TK-40828
TK-40829
200
TK-40830
TK-40831
150
TK-40832
100
TK-40871
120 deg C.
50
68
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
0
0
Temperature, deg C.
300
Ring EA
400
350
Temperature, deg C.
300
250
TK-40872
TK-40873
200
TK-40874
120 deg C.
150
100
50
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
Ring EB
400
350
TK-40875
250
TK-40876
TK-40877
200
TK-40878
TK-40879
150
120 deg C.
100
50
69
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
0
0
Temperature, deg C.
300
Ring F
400
350
TK-40833
TK-40834
Temperature, deg C.
300
TK-40835
250
TK-40836
TK-40837
200
TK-40838
TK-40839
150
TK-40840
100
TK-40880
120 deg C.
50
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
Ring FA
400
350
TK-40881
250
TK-40882
TK-40883
200
TK-40884
TK-40885
150
120 deg C.
100
50
70
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
0
0
Temperature, deg C.
300
Ring G
400
350
TK-40841
Temperature, deg C.
300
TK-40842
TK-40843
250
TK-40844
200
TK-40845
TK-40846
150
TK-40847
TK-40848
100
120 deg C.
50
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
Ring H
400
350
TK-40849
250
TK-40850
200
TK-40851
TK-40852
150
120 deg C.
100
50
71
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
0
0
Temperature, deg C.
300
Ring I
400
350
TK-40853
250
TK-40854
200
TK-40855
TK-40856
150
120 deg C.
100
50
72
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
0
0
Temperature, deg C.
300
BOTTOM
Water spray
nozzle
Thermocouple
REAR
480
360
TOP
240
120
FRONT
-20
Temperature
scale
BOTTOM
Figure E18 Development of vessel with temperature contours at 243s after ignition.
73
Appendix F - DEL0409
Averaging period
62 - 302

Stand-off Distance:
Exit static pressure
Exit temperature
50.0
1.00
8.71
1.05
4.51
mm
m
kg/s
barg
deg. C
Deluge Flow
Water sprays:
Water pressure
Water flow rate
Delayed by 30 secs
2.37
1064.02
barg
litres/min

Wind direction
Relative humidity
Ambient temperature
2.1
2.2
2.4
2.5
2.86
0.9
289.47
93.2
11.1
963.5

15, 79
74
m/s
m/s
m/s
m/s
m/s
m/s
%
deg C
mbar
Fuel flow 0409
11.0
10.0
9.0
Mass flow, kg/s
& Pressure, barg.
8.0
Mass flow , kg/s
7.0
Vapour pressure,
barg
Liquid head
pressure, barg
Discharge
pressure, barg
6.0
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
300
270
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
0.0
Figure F1 - Fuel conditions
Water flow 0409

3.00
2.00
Water pressure,
barg
1.50
Water flow rate,

l/min
1.00
0.50
Figure F2 - Water deluge conditions
75
300
270
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
0.00
0
Pressure, barg
& Flow m^3/min
2.50
Ring A
400
350
Temperature, deg C.
300
TK-40901
250
TK-40902
200
TK-40903
TK-40904
150
120 deg C.
100
50
300
270
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
0
Figure F3 - Temperatures - thermocouples 1 - 4
Ring B
400
350
TK-40905
250
TK-40906
200
TK-40907
TK-40908
150
120 deg C.
100
50
76
300
270
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
0
0
Temperature, deg C.
300
Ring C
400
350
TK-40909
Temperature, deg C.
300
TK-40910
TK-40911
250
TK-40912
200
TK-40913
TK-40914
150
TK-40915
TK-40916
100
120 deg C.
50
300
270
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
Ring CA
400
350
TK-40957
250
TK-40958
TK-40959
200
TK-40960
TK-40961
150
120 deg C.
100
50
77
300
270
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
0
0
Temperature, deg C.
300
Ring D
400
350
TK-40917
TK-40918
Temperature, deg C.
300
TK-40919
250
TK-40920
TK-40921
200
TK-40922
TK-40923
150
TK-40924
100
TK-40962
120 deg C.
50
300
270
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
Figure F7 - Temperatures - thermocouples 17 - 24 plus 62
Ring DA
400
350
TK-40963
250
TK-40964
TK-40965
200
TK-40966
TK-40967
150
120 deg C.
100
50
78
300
270
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
0
0
Temperature, deg C.
300
Ring DB
400
350
Temperature, deg C.
300
250
TK-40968
TK-40969
200
TK-40970
120 deg C.
150
100
50
300
270
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
Ring E
400
350
TK-40925
TK-40926
TK-40927
250
TK-40928
TK-40929
200
TK-40930
TK-40931
150
TK-40932
100
TK-40971
120 deg C.
50
Figure F10 - Temperature - thermocouples 25 - 32 plus 71
79
300
270
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
0
0
Temperature, deg C.
300
Ring EA
400
350
Temperature, deg C.
300
250
TK-40972
TK-40973
200
TK-40974
120 deg C.
150
100
50
300
270
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
Figure F 11 - Temperature - thermocouples 72 - 74
Ring EB
400
350
TK-40975
250
TK-40976
TK-40977
200
TK-40978
TK-40979
150
120 deg C.
100
50
Figure F12 - Temperature - thermocouples 75 - 79
80
300
270
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
0
0
Temperature, deg C.
300
Ring F
400
350
TK-40933
TK-40934
Temperature, deg C.
300
TK-40935
250
TK-40936
TK-40937
200
TK-40938
TK-40939
150
TK-40940
100
TK-40980
120 deg C.
50
300
270
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
Figure F13 - Temperature - thermocouples 33 - 40 plus 80
Ring FA
400
350
TK-40981
250
TK-40982
TK-40983
200
TK-40984
TK-40985
150
120 deg C.
100
50
81
300
270
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
0
0
Temperature, deg C.
300
Ring G
400
350
TK-40941
Temperature, deg C.
300
TK-40942
TK-40943
250
TK-40944
200
TK-40945
TK-40946
150
TK-40947
TK-40948
100
120 deg C.
50
300
270
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
Ring H
400
350
TK-40949
250
TK-40950
200
TK-40951
TK-40952
150
120 deg C.
100
50
82
300
270
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
0
0
Temperature, deg C.
300
Ring I
400
350
TK-40953
250
TK-40954
200
TK-40955
TK-40956
150
120 deg C.
100
50
83
300
270
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
0
0
Temperature, deg C.
300
BOTTOM
Water spray
nozzle
Thermocouple
REAR
120
80
TOP
40
0
FRONT
-20
Temperature
scale
BOTTOM
Figure F18 Development of vessel with temperature contours at 30s after ignition.
BOTTOM
Water spray
nozzle
Thermocouple
REAR
480
360
TOP
240
120
FRONT
-20
Temperature
scale
BOTTOM
Figure F19 Development of vessel with temperature contours at 302s after ignition.
84
Appendix G - DEL0410
Averaging period
20 - 208

Stand-off Distance:
Exit temperature
50.0
3.00
8.94
1.17
5.46
mm
m
kg/s
barg
deg. C
Deluge Flow
Water sprays:
Water pressure
Water flow rate
Deluge on
2.38
1065.47
barg
litres/min

Wind direction
Relative humidity
Ambient temperature
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
2.92
1.0
249.70
95.5
10.5
981.5

15, 79
85
m/s
m/s
m/s
m/s
m/s
m/s
%
deg C
mbar
Fuel flow 0410

10.0
9.0
8.0
Mass flow, kg/s

& Pressure, barg.
7.0
Mass flow , kg/s
6.0
Vapour pressure,
barg
Liquid head
pressure, barg
Discharge
pressure, barg
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
180
150
120
90
60
30
0.0
Figure G1 - Fuel conditions
Water flow 0410

3.00
2.00
1.50
Water pressure,
barg
1.00
Water flow rate,

m^3/min
0.50
Figure G2 - Walter deluge conditions
86
180
150
120
90
60
30
0.00
0
Pressure, barg
& Flow m^3/min
2.50
Ring A
400
350
Temperature, deg C.
300
TK-41001
250
TK-41002
200
TK-41003
TK-41004
150
120 deg C.
100
50
180
150
120
90
60
30
0
Figure G3 - Temperatures - thermocouples 1 - 4
Ring B
400
350
TK-41005
250
TK-41006
200
TK-41007
TK-41008
150
120 deg C.
100
50
87
180
150
120
90
60
30
0
0
Temperature, deg C.
300
Ring C
400
350
TK-41009
Temperature, deg C.
300
TK-41010
TK-41011
250
TK-41012
200
TK-41013
TK-41014
150
TK-41015
TK-41016
100
120 deg C.
50
180
150
120
90
60
30
Ring CA
400
350
TK-41057
250
TK-41058
TK-41059
200
TK-41060
TK-41061
150
120 deg C.
100
50
88
180
150
120
90
60
30
0
0
Temperature, deg C.
300
Ring D
400
350
TK-41017
TK-41018
Temperature, deg C.
300
TK-41019
250
TK-41020
TK-41021
200
TK-41022
TK-41023
150
TK-41024
100
TK-41062
120 deg C.
50
180
150
120
90
60
30
Figure G7 - Temperatures - thermocouples 17 - 24 plus 62
Ring DA
400
350
TK-41063
250
TK-41064
TK-41065
200
TK-41066
TK-41067
150
120 deg C.
100
50
Figure G8 - Temperature - thermocouples 63 - 67
89
180
150
120
90
60
30
0
0
Temperature, deg C.
300
Ring DB
400
350
Temperature, deg C.
300
250
TK-41068
TK-41069
200
TK-41070
120 deg C.
150
100
50
180
150
120
90
60
30
Ring E
400
350
TK-41025
TK-41026
TK-41027
250
TK-41028
TK-41029
200
TK-41030
TK-41031
150
TK-41032
100
TK-41071
120 deg C.
50
180
150
120
90
60
30
0
0
Temperature, deg C.
300
Figure G10 - Temperatures - thermocouples 25 0 32 plus 71
90
Ring EA
400
350
Temperature, deg C.
300
250
TK-41072
TK-41073
200
TK-41074
120 deg C.
150
100
50
180
150
120
90
60
30
Ring EB
400
350
TK-41075
250
TK-41076
TK-41077
200
TK-41078
TK-41079
150
120 deg C.
100
50
180
150
120
90
60
30
0
0
Temperature, deg C.
300
91
Ring F
400
350
TK-41033
TK-41034
Temperature, deg C.
300
TK-41035
250
TK-41036
TK-41037
200
TK-41038
TK-41039
150
TK-41040
100
TK-41080
120 deg C.
50
180
150
120
90
60
30
Figure G13 - Temperatures - thermocouples 33 - 40 plus 80
Ring FA
400
350
TK-41081
250
TK-41082
TK-41083
200
TK-41084
TK-41085
150
120 deg C.
100
50
180
150
120
90
60
30
0
0
Temperature, deg C.
300
92
Ring G
400
350
TK-41041
Temperature, deg C.
300
TK-41042
TK-41043
250
TK-41044
200
TK-41045
TK-41046
150
TK-41047
TK-41048
100
120 deg C.
50
180
150
120
90
60
30
Ring H
400
350
TK-41049
250
TK-41050
200
TK-41051
TK-41052
150
120 deg C.
100
50
180
150
120
90
60
30
0
0
Temperature, deg C.
300
93
Ring I
400
350
TK-41053
250
TK-41054
200
TK-41055
TK-41056
150
120 deg C.
100
50
94
180
150
120
90
60
30
0
0
Temperature, deg C.
300
BOTTOM
Water spray
nozzle
Thermocouple
REAR
480
360
TOP
240
120
FRONT
-20
Temperature
scale
BOTTOM
Figure G18 Development of vessel with temperature contours at 208s after ignition
95
Appendix H - DEL0411
Averaging period
56 - 221

Stand-off Distance:
Exit temperature
50.0
3.00
8.54
1.28
Thermocouple failed
mm
m
kg/s
barg
deg. C
Flow Measurement
Water sprays:
Water pressure
Water flow rate
Delayed by 30 secs
2.35
1071.28
barg
litres/min

Wind direction
Relative humidity
Ambient temperature
2.6
3.0
3.1
3.0
3.03
0.9
248.76
95.0
10.9
981.6

Fuel exit temperature, 15, 79
96
m/s
m/s
m/s
m/s
m/s
m/s
%
deg C
mbar
Fuel flow 0411

10.0
9.0
8.0
Mass flow, kg/s

& Pressure, barg.
7.0
Mass flow , kg/s
6.0
Vapour pressure,
barg
Liquid head
pressure, barg
Discharge
pressure, barg
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
0.0
Figure H1 - Fuel conditions
Water flow 0411

3.00
2.00
Water pressure,
barg
1.50
Water flow rate,

l/min
1.00
0.50
Figure H2 - Water deluge conditions
97
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
0.00
0
Pressure, barg
& Flow m^3/min
2.50
Ring A
400
350
Temperature, deg C.
300
TK-41101
250
TK-41102
200
TK-41103
TK-41104
150
120 deg C.
100
50
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
0
Figure H3 - Temperatures - thermocouples 1 - 4
Ring B
400
350
TK-41105
250
TK-41106
200
TK-41107
TK-41108
150
120 deg C.
100
50
98
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
0
0
Temperature, deg C.
300
Ring C
400
350
TK-41109
Temperature, deg C.
300
TK-41110
TK-41111
250
TK-41112
200
TK-41113
TK-41114
150
TK-41115
TK-41116
100
120 deg C.
50
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
Figure H5 - Temperature - thermocouples 9 - 16
Ring CA
400
350
TK-41157
250
TK-41158
TK-41159
200
TK-41160
TK-41161
150
120 deg C.
100
50
99
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
0
0
Temperature, deg C.
300
Ring D
400
350
TK-41117
TK-41118
Temperature, deg C.
300
TK-41119
250
TK-41120
TK-41121
200
TK-41122
TK-41123
150
TK-41124
100
TK-41162
120 deg C.
50
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
Figure H7 - Temperature - thermocouples 17 - 24 plus 62
Ring DA
400
350
TK-41163
250
TK-41164
TK-41165
200
TK-41166
TK-41167
150
120 deg C.
100
50
100
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
0
0
Temperature, deg C.
300
Ring DB
400
350
Temperature, deg C.
300
250
TK-41168
TK-41169
200
TK-41170
120 deg C.
150
100
50
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
Ring E
400
350
TK-41125
TK-41126
TK-41127
250
TK-41128
TK-41129
200
TK-41130
TK-41131
150
TK-41132
100
TK-41171
120 deg C.
50
101
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
0
0
Temperature, deg C.
300
Ring EA
400
350
Temperature, deg C.
300
250
TK-41172
TK-41173
200
TK-41174
120 deg C.
150
100
50
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
Ring EB
400
350
TK-41175
250
TK-41176
TK-41177
200
TK-41178
TK-41179
150
120 deg C.
100
50
102
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
0
0
Temperature, deg C.
300
Ring F
400
350
TK-41133
TK-41134
Temperature, deg C.
300
TK-41135
250
TK-41136
TK-41137
200
TK-41138
TK-41139
150
TK-41140
100
TK-41180
120 deg C.
50
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
Ring FA
400
350
TK-41181
250
TK-41182
TK-41183
200
TK-41184
TK-41185
150
120 deg C.
100
50
103
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
0
0
Temperature, deg C.
300
Ring G
400
350
TK-41141
Temperature, deg C.
300
TK-41142
TK-41143
250
TK-41144
200
TK-41145
TK-41146
150
TK-41147
TK-41148
100
120 deg C.
50
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
Ring H
400
350
TK-41149
250
TK-41150
200
TK-41151
TK-41152
150
120 deg C.
100
50
104
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
0
0
Temperature, deg C.
300
Ring I
400
350
TK-41153
250
TK-41154
200
TK-41155
TK-41156
150
120 deg C.
100
50
105
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
0
0
Temperature, deg C.
300
BOTTOM
Water spray
nozzle
Thermocouple
REAR
120
80
TOP
40
0
FRONT
-20
Temperature
scale
BOTTOM
Figure H18 Development of vessel with temperature contours at 30s after ignition.
A
BOTTOM
Water spray
nozzle
Thermocouple
REAR
480
360
TOP
240
120
FRONT
-20
Temperature
scale
BOTTOM
Figure H19 Development of vessel with temperature contours at 221s after ignition.
106
Appendix I - DEL0412
Averaging period
4 - 302

Stand-off Distance:
Exit temperature
25.0
3.00
3.77
1.55
8.07
mm
m
kg/s
barg
deg. C
Flow Measurement
Water sprays:
Water pressure
Water flow rate
Deluge on
2.38
1066.87
barg
litres/min

Wind direction
Relative humidity
Ambient temperature
2.9
3.1
3.4
3.5
3.78
1.3
261.67
94.2
11.3
982.2

15, 79
107
m/s
m/s
m/s
m/s
m/s
m/s
%
deg C
mbar
Fuel flow 0412

6.0
Mass flow, kg/s

& Pressure, barg.
5.0
Mass flow , kg/s
4.0
Vapour pressure,
barg
Liquid head
pressure, barg
Discharge
pressure, barg
3.0
2.0
1.0
300
270
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
0.0
Figure I1 - Fuel conditions
Water flow 0412

3.00
2.00
1.50
Water pressure,
barg
1.00
Water flow rate,

l/min
0.50
Figure I2 - Water deluge conditions
108
300
270
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
0.00
0
Pressure, barg
& Flow m^3/min
2.50
Ring A
400
350
Temperature, deg C.
300
TK-41201
250
TK-41202
200
TK-41203
TK-41204
150
120 deg C.
100
50
300
270
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
0
Figure I3 - Temperature - thermocouples 1 - 4
Ring B
400
350
TK-41205
250
TK-41206
200
TK-41207
TK-41208
150
120 deg C.
100
50
Figure I4 - Temperatures - thermocouples 5 - 8
109
300
270
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
0
0
Temperature, deg C.
300
Ring C
400
350
TK-41209
Temperature, deg C.
300
TK-41210
TK-41211
250
TK-41212
200
TK-41213
TK-41214
150
TK-41215
TK-41216
100
120 deg C.
50
300
270
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
Ring CA
400
350
TK-41257
250
TK-41258
TK-41259
200
TK-41260
TK-41261
150
120 deg C.
100
50
110
300
270
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
0
0
Temperature, deg C.
300
Ring D
400
350
TK-41217
TK-41218
Temperature, deg C.
300
TK-41219
250
TK-41220
TK-41221
200
TK-41222
TK-41223
150
TK-41224
100
TK-41262
120 deg C.
50
300
270
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
Figure I7 - Temperatures - thermocouples 17 - 24 plus 62
Ring DA
400
350
TK-41263
250
TK-41264
TK-41265
200
TK-41266
TK-41267
150
120 deg C.
100
50
111
300
270
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
0
0
Temperature, deg C.
300
Ring DB
400
350
Temperature, deg C.
300
250
TK-41268
TK-41269
200
TK-41270
120 deg C.
150
100
50
300
270
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
Ring E
400
350
TK-41225
TK-41226
TK-41227
250
TK-41228
TK-41229
200
TK-41230
TK-41231
150
TK-41232
100
TK-41271
120 deg C.
50
112
300
270
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
0
0
Temperature, deg C.
300
Ring EA
400
350
Temperature, deg C.
300
250
TK-41272
TK-41273
200
TK-41274
120 deg C.
150
100
50
300
270
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
Ring EB
400
350
TK-41275
250
TK-41276
TK-41277
200
TK-41278
TK-41279
150
120 deg C.
100
50
113
300
270
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
0
0
Temperature, deg C.
300
Ring F
400
350
TK-41233
TK-41234
Temperature, deg C.
300
TK-41235
250
TK-41236
TK-41237
200
TK-41238
TK-41239
150
TK-41240
100
TK-41280
120 deg C.
50
300
270
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
Ring FA
400
350
TK-41281
250
TK-41282
TK-41283
200
TK-41284
TK-41285
150
120 deg C.
100
50
114
300
270
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
0
0
Temperature, deg C.
300
Ring G
400
350
TK-41241
Temperature, deg C.
300
TK-41242
TK-41243
250
TK-41244
200
TK-41245
TK-41246
150
TK-41247
TK-41248
100
120 deg C.
50
300
270
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
Ring H
400
350
TK-41249
250
TK-41250
200
TK-41251
TK-41252
150
120 deg C.
100
50
115
300
270
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
0
0
Temperature, deg C.
300
Ring I
400
350
TK-41253
250
TK-41254
200
TK-41255
TK-41256
150
120 deg C.
100
50
Figure I17 - Temperatures - thermocouples 53 -56
116
300
270
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
0
0
Temperature, deg C.
300
BOTTOM
Water spray
nozzle
Thermocouple
480
REAR
360
240
TOP
120
FRONT
-20
Temperature
scale
BOTTOM
Figure I18 Development of vessel with temperature contours at 302s after ignition.
117
Appendix J - DEL0413
Averaging period
56 - 252

Stand-off Distance:
Exit temperature
25.0
3.00
3.63
1.59
7.97
mm
m
kg/s
barg
deg. C
Flow Measurement
Water sprays:
Water pressure
Water flow rate
Delayed by 30 secs
2.37
1063.13
barg
litres/min

Wind direction
Relative humidity
Ambient temperature
2.9
3.0
3.3
3.3
3.60
1.1
265.91
94.5
11.4
982.3

15, 79
118
m/s
m/s
m/s
m/s
m/s
m/s
%
deg C
mbar
Fuel flow 0413

6.0
5.5
5.0
Mass flow, kg/s

& Pressure, barg.
4.5
4.0
Mass flow , kg/s
3.5
Vapour pressure,
barg
Liquid head
pressure, barg
Discharge
pressure, barg
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
0.0
Figure J1 - Fuel conditions
Water flow 0413

3.00
2.50
1.50
Water pressure,
barg
1.00
Water flow rate,

m^3/min
0.50
-0.50
Figure J2 - Water deluge conditions
119
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
0.00
0
Pressure, barg
& Flow m^3/min
2.00
Ring A
400
350
Temperature, deg C.
300
TK-41301
250
TK-41302
200
TK-41303
TK-41304
150
120 deg C.
100
50
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
0
Figure J3 - Temperatures - thermocouples 1 - 4
Ring B
400
350
TK-41305
250
TK-41306
200
TK-41307
TK-41308
150
120 deg C.
100
50
120
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
0
0
Temperature, deg C.
300
Ring C
400
350
TK-41309
Temperature, deg C.
300
TK-41310
TK-41311
250
TK-41312
200
TK-41313
TK-41314
150
TK-41315
TK-41316
100
120 deg C.
50
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
Ring CA
400
350
TK-41357
250
TK-41358
TK-41359
200
TK-41360
TK-41361
150
120 deg C.
100
50
121
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
0
0
Temperature, deg C.
300
Ring D
400
350
TK-41317
TK-41318
Temperature, deg C.
300
TK-41319
250
TK-41320
TK-41321
200
TK-41322
TK-41323
150
TK-41324
100
TK-41362
120 deg C.
50
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
Figure J7 - Temperatures - thermocouples 17 - 24 plus 62
Ring DA
400
350
TK-41363
250
TK-41364
TK-41365
200
TK-41366
TK-41367
150
120 deg C.
100
50
122
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
0
0
Temperature, deg C.
300
Ring DB
400
350
Temperature, deg C.
300
250
TK-41368
TK-41369
200
TK-41370
120 deg C.
150
100
50
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
Ring E
400
350
TK-41325
TK-41326
TK-41327
250
TK-41328
TK-41329
200
TK-41330
TK-41331
150
TK-41332
100
TK-41371
120 deg C.
50
Figure J10 - Temperatures - thermocouples 25 - 32 plus 71
123
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
0
0
Temperature, deg C.
300
Ring EA
400
350
Temperature, deg C.
300
250
TK-41372
TK-41373
200
TK-41374
120 deg C.
150
100
50
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
Ring EB
400
350
TK-41375
250
TK-41376
TK-41377
200
TK-41378
TK-41379
150
120 deg C.
100
50
124
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
0
0
Temperature, deg C.
300
Ring F
400
350
TK-41333
TK-41334
Temperature, deg C.
300
TK-41335
250
TK-41336
TK-41337
200
TK-41338
TK-41339
150
TK-41340
100
TK-41380
120 deg C.
50
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
Figure J13 - Temperatures - thermocouples 33 40 plus 80
Ring FA
400
350
TK-41381
250
TK-41382
TK-41383
200
TK-41384
TK-41385
150
120 deg C.
100
50
125
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
0
0
Temperature, deg C.
300
Ring G
400
350
TK-41341
Temperature, deg C.
300
TK-41342
TK-41343
250
TK-41344
200
TK-41345
TK-41346
150
TK-41347
TK-41348
100
120 deg C.
50
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
Ring H
400
350
TK-41349
250
TK-41350
200
TK-41351
TK-41352
150
120 deg C.
100
50
126
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
0
0
Temperature, deg C.
300
Ring I
400
350
TK-41353
250
TK-41354
200
TK-41355
TK-41356
150
120 deg C.
100
50
127
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
0
0
Temperature, deg C.
300
BOTTOM
Water spray
nozzle
Thermocouple
REAR
120
80
TOP
40
0
FRONT
-20
Temperature
scale
BOTTOM
Figure J18 Development of vessel with temperature contours at 30s after ignition.
BOTTOM
Water spray
nozzle
Thermocouple
REAR
480
360
TOP
240
120
FRONT
-20
Temperature
scale
BOTTOM
Figure J19 Development of vessel with temperature contours at 252s after ignition.
128
Appendix K - DEL0416
Averaging period
57 - 244

Stand-off Distance:
Exit temperature
12.5
3.00
1.03
1.41
7.58
mm
m
kg/s
barg
deg. C
Flow Measurement
Water sprays:
Water pressure
Water flow rate
Delayed by 30 secs
2.32
1071.90
barg
litres/min

Wind direction
Relative humidity
Ambient temperature
3.2
3.4
3.8
3.8
4.27
1.1
270.57
93.5
10.8
982.9

15, 24, 53, 54, 55, 79
129
m/s
m/s
m/s
m/s
m/s
m/s
%
deg C
mbar
Fuel flow 0416

4.0
3.5
3.0
Mass flow, kg/s
& Pressure, barg.
Mass flow , kg/s

2.5
Vapour pressure,
barg
Liquid head
pressure, barg
Discharge
pressure, barg
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
0.0
Figure K1 - Fuel conditions
Water flow 0416

3.00
2.50
1.50
Water pressure,
barg
1.00
Water flow rate,

m^3/min
0.50
-0.50
Figure K2 - Water deluge conditions
130
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
0.00
0
Pressure, barg
& Flow m^3/min
2.00
Ring A
400
350
Temperature, deg C.
300
TK-41601
250
TK-41602
200
TK-41603
TK-41604
150
120 deg C.
100
50
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
0
Figure K3 - Temperature - thermocouples 1 - 4
Ring B
400
350
TK-41605
250
TK-41606
200
TK-41607
TK-41608
150
120 deg C.
100
50
131
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
0
0
Temperature, deg C.
300
Ring C
400
350
TK-41609
Temperature, deg C.
300
TK-41610
TK-41611
250
TK-41612
200
TK-41613
TK-41614
150
TK-41615
TK-41616
100
120 deg C.
50
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
Ring CA
400
350
TK-41657
250
TK-41658
TK-41659
200
TK-41660
TK-41661
150
120 deg C.
100
50
132
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
0
0
Temperature, deg C.
300
Ring D
400
350
TK-41617
TK-41618
Temperature, deg C.
300
TK-41619
250
TK-41620
TK-41621
200
TK-41622
TK-41623
150
TK-41624
100
TK-41662
120 deg C.
50
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
Figure K7 - Temperature - thermocouples 17 - 24 plus 62
Ring DA
400
350
TK-41663
250
TK-41664
TK-41665
200
TK-41666
TK-41667
150
120 deg C.
100
50
133
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
0
0
Temperature, deg C.
300
Ring DB
400
350
Temperature, deg C.
300
250
TK-41668
TK-41669
200
TK-41670
120 deg C.
150
100
50
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
Ring E
400
350
TK-41625
TK-41626
TK-41627
250
TK-41628
TK-41629
200
TK-41630
TK-41631
150
TK-41632
100
TK-41671
120 deg C.
50
134
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
0
0
Temperature, deg C.
300
Ring EA
400
350
Temperature, deg C.
300
250
TK-41672
TK-41673
200
TK-41674
120 deg C.
150
100
50
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
Ring EB
400
350
TK-41675
250
TK-41676
TK-41677
200
TK-41678
TK-41679
150
120 deg C.
100
50
135
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
0
0
Temperature, deg C.
300
Ring F
400
350
TK-41633
TK-41634
Temperature, deg C.
300
TK-41635
250
TK-41636
TK-41637
200
TK-41638
TK-41639
150
TK-41640
100
TK-41680
120 deg C.
50
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
Ring FA
400
350
TK-41681
250
TK-41682
TK-41683
200
TK-41684
TK-41685
150
120 deg C.
100
50
136
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
0
0
Temperature, deg C.
300
Ring G
400
350
TK-41641
Temperature, deg C.
300
TK-41642
TK-41643
250
TK-41644
200
TK-41645
TK-41646
150
TK-41647
TK-41648
100
120 deg C.
50
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
Ring H
400
350
TK-41649
250
TK-41650
200
TK-41651
TK-41652
150
120 deg C.
100
50
137
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
0
0
Temperature, deg C.
300
Ring I
400
350
TK-41653
250
TK-41654
200
TK-41655
TK-41656
150
120 deg C.
100
50
138
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
0
0
Temperature, deg C.
300
BOTTOM
Water spray
nozzle
Thermocouple
REAR
120
80
TOP
40
0
FRONT
-20
Temperature
scale
BOTTOM
Figure K18 Development of vessel with temperature contours at 30s after ignition.
BOTTOM
Water spray
nozzle
Thermocouple
REAR
480
360
TOP
240
120
FRONT
-20
Temperature
scale
BOTTOM
Figure K19 Development of vessel with temperature contours at 244s after ignition.
139
Appendix L - DEL0417
Averaging period
9 - 411

Stand-off Distance:
Exit temperature
12.5
3.00
1.02
1.38
7.57
mm
m
kg/s
barg
deg. C
Flow Measurement
Water sprays:
Water pressure
Water flow rate
Deluge on
2.33
1063.40
barg
litres/min

Wind direction
Relative humidity
Ambient temperature
2.8
3.0
3.4
3.4
3.87
1.1
270.63
94.0
10.7
983.1

15, 24, 53, 54, 55, 79
140
m/s
m/s
m/s
m/s
m/s
m/s
%
deg C
mbar
Fuel flow 0417

4.0
3.5
3.0
Mass flow, kg/s
& Pressure, barg.
Mass flow , kg/s

2.5
Vapour pressure,
barg
Liquid head
pressure, barg
Discharge
pressure, barg
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
390
360
330
300
270
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
0.0
Figure L1 - Fuel conditions
Water flow 0417

3.00
2.00
1.50
Water pressure,
barg
1.00
Water flow rate,

m^3/min
0.50
Figure L2 - Water deluge conditions
141
390
360
330
300
270
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
0.00
0
Pressure, barg
& Flow m^3/min
2.50
Ring A
400
350
Temperature, deg C.
300
TK-41701
250
TK-41702
200
TK-41703
TK-41704
150
120 deg C.
100
50
390
360
330
300
270
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
0
Figure L3 - Temperatures - thermocouples 1 - 4
Ring B
400
350
TK-41705
250
TK-41706
200
TK-41707
TK-41708
150
120 deg C.
100
50
142
390
360
330
300
270
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
0
0
Temperature, deg C.
300
Ring C
400
350
TK-41709
Temperature, deg C.
300
TK-41710
TK-41711
250
TK-41712
200
TK-41713
TK-41714
150
TK-41715
TK-41716
100
120 deg C.
50
390
360
330
300
270
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
Ring CA
400
350
TK-41757
250
TK-41758
TK-41759
200
TK-41760
TK-41761
150
120 deg C.
100
50
143
390
360
330
300
270
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
0
0
Temperature, deg C.
300
Ring D
400
350
TK-41717
TK-41718
Temperature, deg C.
300
TK-41719
250
TK-41720
TK-41721
200
TK-41722
TK-41723
150
TK-41724
100
TK-41762
120 deg C.
50
390
360
330
300
270
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
Figure L7 - Temperatures - thermocouples 17 - 24 plus 62
Ring DA
400
350
TK-41763
250
TK-41764
TK-41765
200
TK-41766
TK-41767
150
120 deg C.
100
50
144
390
360
330
300
270
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
0
0
Temperature, deg C.
300
Ring DB
400
350
Temperature, deg C.
300
250
TK-41768
TK-41769
200
TK-41770
120 deg C.
150
100
50
390
360
330
300
270
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
Ring E
400
350
TK-41725
TK-41726
TK-41727
250
TK-41728
TK-41729
200
TK-41730
TK-41731
150
TK-41732
100
TK-41771
120 deg C.
50
145
390
360
330
300
270
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
0
0
Temperature, deg C.
300
Ring EA
400
350
Temperature, deg C.
300
250
TK-41772
TK-41773
200
TK-41774
120 deg C.
150
100
50
390
360
330
300
270
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
Ring EB
400
350
TK-41775
250
TK-41776
TK-41777
200
TK-41778
TK-41779
150
120 deg C.
100
50
146
390
360
330
300
270
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
0
0
Temperature, deg C.
300
Ring F
400
350
TK-41733
TK-41734
Temperature, deg C.
300
TK-41735
250
TK-41736
TK-41737
200
TK-41738
TK-41739
150
TK-41740
100
TK-41780
120 deg C.
50
390
360
330
300
270
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
Ring FA
400
350
TK-41781
250
TK-41782
TK-41783
200
TK-41784
TK-41785
150
120 deg C.
100
50
147
390
360
330
300
270
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
0
0
Temperature, deg C.
300
Ring G
400
350
TK-41741
Temperature, deg C.
300
TK-41742
TK-41743
250
TK-41744
200
TK-41745
TK-41746
150
TK-41747
TK-41748
100
120 deg C.
50
390
360
330
300
270
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
Ring H
400
350
TK-41749
250
TK-41750
200
TK-41751
TK-41752
150
120 deg C.
100
50
148
390
360
330
300
270
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
0
0
Temperature, deg C.
300
Ring I
400
350
TK-41753
250
TK-41754
200
TK-41755
TK-41756
150
120 deg C.
100
50
149
390
360
330
300
270
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
0
0
Temperature, deg C.
300
BOTTOM
Water spray
nozzle
Thermocouple
REAR
480
360
TOP
240
120
FRONT
-20
Temperature
scale
BOTTOM
Figure L18 Development of vessel with temperature contours at 411s after ignition.
150
Appendix M - DEL0418
Averaging period
7 - 364

Stand-off Distance:
Exit temperature
12.5
5.00
1.01
1.43
7.14
mm
m
kg/s
barg
deg. C
Flow Measurement
Water sprays:
Water pressure
Water flow rate
Deluge on
2.29
1058.06
barg
litres/min

Wind direction
Relative humidity
Ambient temperature
4.8
5.4
6.0
6.1
6.40
1.3
259.69
92.4
10.3
984.6

15, 24, 53, 54, 55, 79
151
m/s
m/s
m/s
m/s
m/s
m/s
%
deg C
mbar
Fuel flow 0418

4.0
3.5
3.0
Mass flow, kg/s
& Pressure, barg.
Mass flow , kg/s

2.5
Vapour pressure,
barg
Liquid head
pressure, barg
Discharge
pressure, barg
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
360
330
300
270
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
0.0
Figure M1 - Fuel conditions
Water flow 0418

3.00
2.00
1.50
Water pressure,
barg
1.00
Water flow rate,

m^3/min
0.50
Figure M2 - Water deluge conditions
152
360
330
300
270
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
0.00
0
Pressure, barg
& Flow m^3/min
2.50
Ring A
400
350
Temperature, deg C.
300
TK-41801
250
TK-41802
200
TK-41803
TK-41804
150
120 deg C.
100
50
360
330
300
270
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
0
Figure M3 - Temperatures - thermocouples 1 - 4
Ring B
400
350
TK-41805
250
TK-41806
200
TK-41807
TK-41808
150
120 deg C.
100
50
153
360
330
300
270
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
0
0
Temperature, deg C.
300
Ring C
400
350
TK-41809
Temperature, deg C.
300
TK-41810
TK-41811
250
TK-41812
200
TK-41813
TK-41814
150
TK-41815
TK-41816
100
120 deg C.
50
360
330
300
270
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
Ring CA
400
350
TK-41857
250
TK-41858
TK-41859
200
TK-41860
TK-41861
150
120 deg C.
100
50
154
360
330
300
270
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
0
0
Temperature, deg C.
300
Ring D
400
350
TK-41817
TK-41818
Temperature, deg C.
300
TK-41819
250
TK-41820
TK-41821
200
TK-41822
TK-41823
150
TK-41824
100
TK-41862
120 deg C.
50
360
330
300
270
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
Figure M7 - Temperatures - thermocouples 17 - 24 plus 62
Ring DA
400
350
TK-41863
250
TK-41864
TK-41865
200
TK-41866
TK-41867
150
120 deg C.
100
50
155
360
330
300
270
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
0
0
Temperature, deg C.
300
Ring DB
400
350
Temperature, deg C.
300
250
TK-41868
TK-41869
200
TK-41870
120 deg C.
150
100
50
360
330
300
270
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
Ring E
400
350
TK-41825
TK-41826
TK-41827
250
TK-41828
TK-41829
200
TK-41830
TK-41831
150
TK-41832
100
TK-41871
120 deg C.
50
156
360
330
300
270
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
0
0
Temperature, deg C.
300
Ring EA
400
350
Temperature, deg C.
300
250
TK-41872
TK-41873
200
TK-41874
120 deg C.
150
100
50
360
330
300
270
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
Ring EB
400
350
TK-41875
250
TK-41876
TK-41877
200
TK-41878
TK-41879
150
120 deg C.
100
50
157
360
330
300
270
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
0
0
Temperature, deg C.
300
Ring F
400
350
TK-41833
TK-41834
Temperature, deg C.
300
TK-41835
250
TK-41836
TK-41837
200
TK-41838
TK-41839
150
TK-41840
100
TK-41880
120 deg C.
50
360
330
300
270
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
Ring FA
400
350
TK-41881
250
TK-41882
TK-41883
200
TK-41884
TK-41885
150
120 deg C.
100
50
158
360
330
300
270
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
0
0
Temperature, deg C.
300
Ring G
400
350
TK-41841
Temperature, deg C.
300
TK-41842
TK-41843
250
TK-41844
200
TK-41845
TK-41846
150
TK-41847
TK-41848
100
120 deg C.
50
360
330
300
270
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
Ring H
400
350
TK-41849
250
TK-41850
200
TK-41851
TK-41852
150
120 deg C.
100
50
159
360
330
300
270
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
0
0
Temperature, deg C.
300
Ring I
400
350
TK-41853
250
TK-41854
200
TK-41855
TK-41856
150
120 deg C.
100
50
Figure M17 - Temperatures - 53 - 56
160
360
330
300
270
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
0
0
Temperature, deg C.
300
BOTTOM
Water spray
nozzle
Thermocouple
REAR
480
360
TOP
240
120
FRONT
-20
Temperature
scale
BOTTOM
Figure M18 Development of vessel with temperature contours at 364s after ignition.
161
Appendix N - DEL0419
Averaging period
92 - 279

Stand-off Distance:
Exit temperature
12.5
5.00
0.90
1.44
6.52
mm
m
kg/s
barg
deg. C
Flow Measurement
Water sprays:
Water pressure
Water flow rate
Delayed by 30 secs
2.33
1072.62
barg
litres/min

Wind direction
Relative humidity
Ambient temperature
6.5
7.2
7.9
8.1
8.64
1.3
261.15
91.8
10.5
984.5

15, 53, 54, 55, 79
162
m/s
m/s
m/s
m/s
m/s
m/s
%
deg C
mbar
Fuel flow 0419

4.0
3.5
3.0
Mass flow, kg/s
& Pressure, barg.
Mass flow , kg/s

2.5
Vapour pressure,
barg
Liquid head
pressure, barg
Discharge
pressure, barg
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
270
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
0.0
Figure N1 - Fuel conditions
Water flow 0419

3.00
2.50
1.50
Water pressure,
barg
1.00
Water flow rate,

m^3/min
0.50
-0.50
Figure N2 - Water deluge conditions
163
270
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
0.00
0
Pressure, barg
& Flow m^3/min
2.00
Ring A
400
350
Temperature, deg C.
300
TK-41901
250
TK-41902
200
TK-41903
TK-41904
150
120 deg C.
100
50
270
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
0
Figure N3 - Temperature - thermocouples 1 - 4
Ring B
400
350
TK-41905
250
TK-41906
200
TK-41907
TK-41908
150
120 deg C.
100
50
164
270
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
0
0
Temperature, deg C.
300
Ring C
400
350
TK-41909
Temperature, deg C.
300
TK-41910
TK-41911
250
TK-41912
200
TK-41913
TK-41914
150
TK-41915
TK-41916
100
120 deg C.
50
270
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
Ring CA
400
350
TK-41957
250
TK-41958
TK-41959
200
TK-41960
TK-41961
150
120 deg C.
100
50
165
270
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
0
0
Temperature, deg C.
300
Ring D
400
350
TK-41917
TK-41918
Temperature, deg C.
300
TK-41919
250
TK-41920
TK-41921
200
TK-41922
TK-41923
150
TK-41924
100
TK-41962
120 deg C.
50
270
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
Figure N7 - Temperature - thermocouples 17 - 24 plus 62
Ring DA
400
350
TK-41963
250
TK-41964
TK-41965
200
TK-41966
TK-41967
150
120 deg C.
100
50
166
270
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
0
0
Temperature, deg C.
300
Ring DB
400
350
Temperature, deg C.
300
250
TK-41968
TK-41969
200
TK-41970
120 deg C.
150
100
50
270
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
Ring E
400
350
TK-41925
TK-41926
TK-41927
250
TK-41928
TK-41929
200
TK-41930
TK-41931
150
TK-41932
100
TK-41971
120 deg C.
50
167
270
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
0
0
Temperature, deg C.
300
Ring EA
400
350
Temperature, deg C.
300
250
TK-41972
TK-41973
200
TK-41974
120 deg C.
150
100
50
270
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
Ring EB
400
350
TK-41975
250
TK-41976
TK-41977
200
TK-41978
TK-41979
150
120 deg C.
100
50
168
270
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
0
0
Temperature, deg C.
300
Ring F
400
350
TK-41933
TK-41934
Temperature, deg C.
300
TK-41935
250
TK-41936
TK-41937
200
TK-41938
TK-41939
150
TK-41940
100
TK-41980
120 deg C.
50
270
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
Ring FA
400
350
TK-41981
250
TK-41982
TK-41983
200
TK-41984
TK-41985
150
120 deg C.
100
50
169
270
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
0
0
Temperature, deg C.
300
Ring G
400
350
TK-41941
Temperature, deg C.
300
TK-41942
TK-41943
250
TK-41944
200
TK-41945
TK-41946
150
TK-41947
TK-41948
100
120 deg C.
50
270
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
Ring H
400
350
TK-41949
250
TK-41950
200
TK-41951
TK-41952
150
120 deg C.
100
50
170
270
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
0
0
Temperature, deg C.
300
Ring I
400
350
TK-41953
250
TK-41954
200
TK-41955
TK-41956
150
120 deg C.
100
50
171
270
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
0
0
Temperature, deg C.
300
BOTTOM
Water spray
nozzle
Thermocouple
REAR
120
80
TOP
40
0
FRONT
-20
Temperature
scale
BOTTOM
Figure N18 Development of vessel with temperature contours at 30s after ignition.
BOTTOM
Water spray
nozzle
Thermocouple
REAR
480
360
TOP
240
120
FRONT
-20
Temperature
scale
BOTTOM
Figure N19 Development of vessel with temperature contours at 279s after ignition.
172
Appendix O - DEL0420
Averaging period
6 - 302

Stand-off Distance:
Exit temperature
25.0
5.00
4.02
1.38
8.04
mm
m
kg/s
barg
deg. C
Flow Measurement
Water sprays:
Water pressure
Water flow rate
Deluge on
2.33
1070.60
barg
litres/min

Wind direction
Relative humidity
Ambient temperature
8.1
8.6
9.3
9.5
10.06
1.2
263.74
87.3
11.4
982.8

15, 24, 79
173
m/s
m/s
m/s
m/s
m/s
m/s
%
deg C
mbar
Fuel flow 0420

5.0
4.5
4.0
Mass flow, kg/s

& Pressure, barg.
3.5
Mass flow , kg/s
3.0
Vapour pressure,
barg
Liquid head
pressure, barg
Discharge
pressure, barg
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
300
270
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
0.0
Figure O1 - Fuel conditions
Water flow 0420

3.00
2.00
1.50
Water pressure,
barg
1.00
Water flow rate,

m^3/min
0.50
Fuel O2 - Water deluge conditions
174
300
270
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
0.00
0
Pressure, barg
& Flow m^3/min
2.50
Ring A
400
350
Temperature, deg C.
300
TK-42001
250
TK-42002
200
TK-42003
TK-42004
150
120 deg C.
100
50
300
270
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
0
Figure O3 - Temperatures - thermocouples 1 - 4
Ring B
400
350
TK-42005
250
TK-42006
200
TK-42007
TK-42008
150
120 deg C.
100
50
175
300
270
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
0
0
Temperature, deg C.
300
Ring C
400
350
TK-42009
Temperature, deg C.
300
TK-42010
TK-42011
250
TK-42012
200
TK-42013
TK-42014
150
TK-42015
TK-42016
100
120 deg C.
50
300
270
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
Ring CA
400
350
TK-42057
250
TK-42058
TK-42059
200
TK-42060
TK-42061
150
120 deg C.
100
50
176
300
270
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
0
0
Temperature, deg C.
300
Ring D
400
350
TK-42017
TK-42018
Temperature, deg C.
300
TK-42019
250
TK-42020
TK-42021
200
TK-42022
TK-42023
150
TK-42024
100
TK-42062
120 deg C.
50
300
270
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
Figure O7 - Temperatures - thermocouples 17 - 24 plus 62
Ring DA
400
350
TK-42063
250
TK-42064
TK-42065
200
TK-42066
TK-42067
150
120 deg C.
100
50
177
300
270
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
0
0
Temperature, deg C.
300
Ring DB
400
350
Temperature, deg C.
300
250
TK-42068
TK-42069
200
TK-42070
120 deg C.
150
100
50
300
270
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
Ring E
400
350
TK-42025
TK-42026
TK-42027
250
TK-42028
TK-42029
200
TK-42030
TK-42031
150
TK-42032
100
TK-42071
120 deg C.
50
178
300
270
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
0
0
Temperature, deg C.
300
Ring EA
400
350
Temperature, deg C.
300
250
TK-42072
TK-42073
200
TK-42074
120 deg C.
150
100
50
300
270
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
Ring EB
400
350
TK-42075
250
TK-42076
TK-42077
200
TK-42078
TK-42079
150
120 deg C.
100
50
179
300
270
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
0
0
Temperature, deg C.
300
Ring F
400
350
TK-42033
TK-42034
Temperature, deg C.
300
TK-42035
250
TK-42036
TK-42037
200
TK-42038
TK-42039
150
TK-42040
100
TK-42080
120 deg C.
50
300
270
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
Ring FA
400
350
TK-42081
250
TK-42082
TK-42083
200
TK-42084
TK-42085
150
120 deg C.
100
50
180
300
270
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
0
0
Temperature, deg C.
300
Ring G
400
350
TK-42041
Temperature, deg C.
300
TK-42042
TK-42043
250
TK-42044
200
TK-42045
TK-42046
150
TK-42047
TK-42048
100
120 deg C.
50
300
270
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
Ring H
400
350
TK-42049
250
TK-42050
200
TK-42051
TK-42052
150
120 deg C.
100
50
181
300
270
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
0
0
Temperature, deg C.
300
Ring I
400
350
TK-42053
250
TK-42054
200
TK-42055
TK-42056
150
120 deg C.
100
50
182
300
270
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
0
0
Temperature, deg C.
300
BOTTOM
Water spray
nozzle
Thermocouple
REAR
480
360
TOP
240
120
FRONT
-20
Temperature
scale
BOTTOM
Figure O18 Development of vessel with temperature contours at 302s after ignition.
183
Appendix P - DEL0421
Averaging period
57 - 243

Stand-off Distance:
Exit temperature
25.0
5.00
3.88
1.37
8.83
mm
m
kg/s
barg
deg. C
Flow Measurement
Water sprays:
Water pressure
Water flow rate
Delayed by 30 secs
2.35
1063.58
barg
litres/min

Wind direction
Relative humidity
Ambient temperature
6.2
6.6
7.3
7.4
7.70
1.6
264.36
86.0
11.4
982.8

15, 24, 79
184
m/s
m/s
m/s
m/s
m/s
m/s
%
deg C
mbar
Fuel flow 0421

5.0
4.5
4.0
Mass flow, kg/s

& Pressure, barg.
3.5
Mass flow , kg/s
3.0
Vapour pressure,
barg
Liquid head
pressure, barg
Discharge
pressure, barg
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
0.0
Figure P1 - Fuel conditions
Water flow 0421

3.00
2.50
1.50
Water pressure,
barg
1.00
Water flow rate,

m^3/min
0.50
-0.50
Figure P2 - Water deluge conditions
185
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
0.00
0
Pressure, barg
& Flow m^3/min
2.00
Ring A
400
350
Temperature, deg C.
300
TK-42101
250
TK-42102
200
TK-42103
TK-42104
150
120 deg C.
100
50
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
0
Figure P3 - Temperatures - thermocouples 1 - 4
Ring B
400
350
TK-42105
250
TK-42106
200
TK-42107
TK-42108
150
120 deg C.
100
50
186
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
0
0
Temperature, deg C.
300
Ring C
400
350
TK-42109
Temperature, deg C.
300
TK-42110
TK-42111
250
TK-42112
200
TK-42113
TK-42114
150
TK-42115
TK-42116
100
120 deg C.
50
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
Ring CA
400
350
TK-42157
250
TK-42158
TK-42159
200
TK-42160
TK-42161
150
120 deg C.
100
50
187
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
0
0
Temperature, deg C.
300
Ring D
400
350
TK-42117
TK-42118
Temperature, deg C.
300
TK-42119
250
TK-42120
TK-42121
200
TK-42122
TK-42123
150
TK-42124
100
TK-42162
120 deg C.
50
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
Figure P7 - Temperatures - thermocouples 17 - 24 plus 62
Ring DA
400
350
TK-42163
250
TK-42164
TK-42165
200
TK-42166
TK-42167
150
120 deg C.
100
50
188
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
0
0
Temperature, deg C.
300
Ring DB
400
350
Temperature, deg C.
300
250
TK-42168
TK-42169
200
TK-42170
120 deg C.
150
100
50
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
Ring E
400
350
TK-42125
TK-42126
TK-42127
250
TK-42128
TK-42129
200
TK-42130
TK-42131
150
TK-42132
100
TK-42171
120 deg C.
50
189
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
0
0
Temperature, deg C.
300
Ring EA
400
350
Temperature, deg C.
300
250
TK-42172
TK-42173
200
TK-42174
120 deg C.
150
100
50
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
Ring EB
400
350
TK-42175
250
TK-42176
TK-42177
200
TK-42178
TK-42179
150
120 deg C.
100
50
190
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
0
0
Temperature, deg C.
300
Ring F
400
350
TK-42133
TK-42134
Temperature, deg C.
300
TK-42135
250
TK-42136
TK-42137
200
TK-42138
TK-42139
150
TK-42140
100
TK-42180
120 deg C.
50
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
Ring FA
400
350
TK-42181
250
TK-42182
TK-42183
200
TK-42184
TK-42185
150
120 deg C.
100
50
191
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
0
0
Temperature, deg C.
300
Ring G
400
350
TK-42141
Temperature, deg C.
300
TK-42142
TK-42143
250
TK-42144
200
TK-42145
TK-42146
150
TK-42147
TK-42148
100
120 deg C.
50
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
Ring H
400
350
TK-42149
250
TK-42150
200
TK-42151
TK-42152
150
120 deg C.
100
50
192
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
0
0
Temperature, deg C.
300
Ring I
400
350
TK-42153
250
TK-42154
200
TK-42155
TK-42156
150
120 deg C.
100
50
193
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
0
0
Temperature, deg C.
300
BOTTOM
Water spray
nozzle
Thermocouple
REAR
120
80
TOP
40
0
FRONT
-20
Temperature
scale
BOTTOM
Figure P18 Development of vessel with temperature contours at 30s after ignition.
A
BOTTOM
Water spray
nozzle
Thermocouple
REAR
480
360
TOP
240
120
FRONT
-20
Temperature
scale
BOTTOM
Figure P19 Development of vessel with temperature contours at 243s after ignition.
194
Appendix Q - DEL0422
Averaging period
8 - 242

Stand-off Distance:
Exit temperature
50.0
5.00
9.61
1.08
8.31
mm
m
kg/s
barg
deg. C
Flow Measurement
Water sprays:
Water pressure
Water flow rate
Deluge on
2.33
1073.54
barg
litres/min

Wind direction
Relative humidity
Ambient temperature
7.3
7.9
8.6
8.7
9.23
1.6
264.75
88.5
11.3
982.5

15, 24, 79
195
m/s
m/s
m/s
m/s
m/s
m/s
%
deg C
mbar
Fuel flow 0422
10.0
8.0
Mass flow, kg/s
& Pressure, barg.
Mass flow , kg/s

Vapour pressure,
barg
Liquid head
pressure, barg
Discharge
pressure, barg
6.0
4.0
2.0
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
0.0
Figure Q1 - Fuel conditions
Water flow 0422

3.00
2.00
1.50
Water pressure,
barg
1.00
Water flow rate,

m^3/min
0.50
Figure Q2 - Water deluge conditions
196
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
0.00
0
Pressure, barg
& Flow m^3/min
2.50
Ring A
400
350
Temperature, deg C.
300
TK-42201
250
TK-42202
200
TK-42203
TK-42204
150
120 deg C.
100
50
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
0
Figure Q3 - Temperatures - thermocouples 1 - 4
Ring B
400
350
TK-42205
250
TK-42206
200
TK-42207
TK-42208
150
120 deg C.
100
50
197
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
0
0
Temperature, deg C.
300
Ring C
400
350
TK-42209
Temperature, deg C.
300
TK-42210
TK-42211
250
TK-42212
200
TK-42213
TK-42214
150
TK-42215
TK-42216
100
120 deg C.
50
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
Ring CA
400
350
TK-42257
250
TK-42258
TK-42259
200
TK-42260
TK-42261
150
120 deg C.
100
50
198
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
0
0
Temperature, deg C.
300
Ring D
400
350
TK-42217
TK-42218
Temperature, deg C.
300
TK-42219
250
TK-42220
TK-42221
200
TK-42222
TK-42223
150
TK-42224
100
TK-42262
120 deg C.
50
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
Figure Q7 - Temperatures - thermocouples 17 - 24 plus 62
Ring DA
400
350
TK-42263
250
TK-42264
TK-42265
200
TK-42266
TK-42267
150
120 deg C.
100
50
199
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
0
0
Temperature, deg C.
300
Ring DB
400
350
Temperature, deg C.
300
250
TK-42268
TK-42269
200
TK-42270
120 deg C.
150
100
50
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
Ring E
400
350
TK-42225
TK-42226
TK-42227
250
TK-42228
TK-42229
200
TK-42230
TK-42231
150
TK-42232
100
TK-42271
120 deg C.
50
200
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
0
0
Temperature, deg C.
300
Ring EA
400
350
Temperature, deg C.
300
250
TK-42272
TK-42273
200
TK-42274
120 deg C.
150
100
50
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
Ring EB
400
350
TK-42275
250
TK-42276
TK-42277
200
TK-42278
TK-42279
150
120 deg C.
100
50
201
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
0
0
Temperature, deg C.
300
Ring F
400
350
TK-42233
TK-42234
Temperature, deg C.
300
TK-42235
250
TK-42236
TK-42237
200
TK-42238
TK-42239
150
TK-42240
100
TK-42280
120 deg C.
50
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
Ring FA
400
350
TK-42281
250
TK-42282
TK-42283
200
TK-42284
TK-42285
150
120 deg C.
100
50
202
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
0
0
Temperature, deg C.
300
Ring G
400
350
TK-42241
Temperature, deg C.
300
TK-42242
TK-42243
250
TK-42244
200
TK-42245
TK-42246
150
TK-42247
TK-42248
100
120 deg C.
50
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
Ring H
400
350
TK-42249
250
TK-42250
200
TK-42251
TK-42252
150
120 deg C.
100
50
203
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
0
0
Temperature, deg C.
300
Ring I
400
350
TK-42253
250
TK-42254
200
TK-42255
TK-42256
150
120 deg C.
100
50
204
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
0
0
Temperature, deg C.
300
BOTTOM
Water spray
nozzle
Thermocouple
REAR
480
360
TOP
240
120
FRONT
-20
Temperature
scale
BOTTOM
Figure Q18 Development of vessel with temperature contours at 242s after ignition.
205
Appendix R - DEL0423
Averaging period
53 - 302

Stand-off Distance:
Exit temperature
50.0
5.00
9.10
1.11
7.84
mm
m
kg/s
barg
deg. C
Flow Measurement
Water sprays:
Water pressure
Water flow rate
Delayed by 30 secs
2.33
1066.29
barg
litres/min

Wind direction
Relative humidity
Ambient temperature
7.5
8.1
8.7
8.8
9.23
1.5
266.66
87.9
11.3
982.5

15, 24, 79
206
m/s
m/s
m/s
m/s
m/s
m/s
%
deg C
mbar
Fuel flow 0423

10.0
9.0
8.0
Mass flow, kg/s

& Pressure, barg.
7.0
Mass flow , kg/s
6.0
Vapour pressure,
barg
Liquid head
pressure, barg
Discharge
pressure, barg
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
300
270
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
0.0
Figure R1 - Fuel conditions
Water flow 0423

3.00
2.00
Water pressure,
barg
1.50
Water flow rate,

m^3/min
1.00
0.50
Figure R2 - Water deluge conditions
207
300
270
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
0.00
0
Pressure, barg
& Flow m^3/min
2.50
Ring A
400
350
Temperature, deg C.
300
TK-42301
250
TK-42302
200
TK-42303
TK-42304
150
120 deg C.
100
50
300
270
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
0
Figure R3 - Temperatures - thermocouples 1 - 4
Ring B
400
350
TK-42305
250
TK-42306
200
TK-42307
TK-42308
150
120 deg C.
100
50
208
300
270
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
0
0
Temperature, deg C.
300
Ring C
400
350
TK-42309
Temperature, deg C.
300
TK-42310
TK-42311
250
TK-42312
200
TK-42313
TK-42314
150
TK-42315
TK-42316
100
120 deg C.
50
300
270
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
Ring CA
400
350
TK-42357
250
TK-42358
TK-42359
200
TK-42360
TK-42361
150
120 deg C.
100
50
209
300
270
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
0
0
Temperature, deg C.
300
Ring D
400
350
TK-42317
TK-42318
Temperature, deg C.
300
TK-42319
250
TK-42320
TK-42321
200
TK-42322
TK-42323
150
TK-42324
100
TK-42362
120 deg C.
50
300
270
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
Figure R7 - Temperatures - thermocouples 17 - 24 plus 62
Ring DA
400
350
TK-42363
250
TK-42364
TK-42365
200
TK-42366
TK-42367
150
120 deg C.
100
50
210
300
270
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
0
0
Temperature, deg C.
300
Ring DB
400
350
Temperature, deg C.
300
250
TK-42368
TK-42369
200
TK-42370
120 deg C.
150
100
50
300
270
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
Ring E
400
350
TK-42325
TK-42326
TK-42327
250
TK-42328
TK-42329
200
TK-42330
TK-42331
150
TK-42332
100
TK-42371
120 deg C.
50
211
300
270
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
0
0
Temperature, deg C.
300
Ring EA
400
350
Temperature, deg C.
300
250
TK-42372
TK-42373
200
TK-42374
120 deg C.
150
100
50
300
270
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
Ring EB
400
350
TK-42375
250
TK-42376
TK-42377
200
TK-42378
TK-42379
150
120 deg C.
100
50
212
300
270
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
0
0
Temperature, deg C.
300
Ring F
400
350
TK-42333
TK-42334
Temperature, deg C.
300
TK-42335
250
TK-42336
TK-42337
200
TK-42338
TK-42339
150
TK-42340
100
TK-42380
120 deg C.
50
300
270
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
Ring FA
400
350
TK-42381
250
TK-42382
TK-42383
200
TK-42384
TK-42385
150
120 deg C.
100
50
213
300
270
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
0
0
Temperature, deg C.
300
Ring G
400
350
TK-42341
Temperature, deg C.
300
TK-42342
TK-42343
250
TK-42344
200
TK-42345
TK-42346
150
TK-42347
TK-42348
100
120 deg C.
50
300
270
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
Ring H
400
350
TK-42349
250
TK-42350
200
TK-42351
TK-42352
150
120 deg C.
100
50
214
300
270
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
0
0
Temperature, deg C.
300
Ring I
400
350
TK-42353
250
TK-42354
200
TK-42355
TK-42356
150
120 deg C.
100
50
215
300
270
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
0
0
Temperature, deg C.
300
BOTTOM
Water spray
nozzle
Thermocouple
REAR
120
80
TOP
40
0
FRONT
-20
Temperature
scale
BOTTOM
Figure R18 Development of vessel with temperature contours at 30s after ignition
.
A
BOTTOM
Water spray
nozzle
Thermocouple
REAR
480
360
TOP
240
120
FRONT
-20
Temperature
scale
BOTTOM
Figure R19 Development of vessel with temperature contours at 302s after ignition.
216
Appendix S - DEL0424
Averaging period
59 - 611

Stand-off Distance:
Exit temperature
25.0
3.00
4.31
1.50
7.66
mm
m
kg/s
barg
deg. C
Flow Measurement
Water sprays:
Water pressure
Water flow rate
Delayed by 30 secs
2.32
1070.09
barg
litres/min

Wind direction
Relative humidity
Ambient temperature
4.2
4.7
5.2
5.3
5.55
1.0
259.45
92.0
11.1
982.1

15, 23, 24, 79
217
m/s
m/s
m/s
m/s
m/s
m/s
%
deg C
mbar
Fuel flow 0424

6.0
5.5
5.0
Mass flow, kg/s

& Pressure, barg.
4.5
4.0
Mass flow , kg/s
3.5
Vapour pressure,
barg
Liquid head
pressure, barg
Discharge
pressure, barg
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
600
570
540
510
480
450
420
390
360
330
300
270
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
0.0
Figure S1 - Fuel conditions
Water flow 0424

3.00
2.00
Water pressure,
barg
1.50
Water flow rate,

m^3/min
1.00
0.50
Figure S2 - Water deluge conditions
218
600
570
540
510
480
450
420
390
360
330
300
270
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
0.00
0
Pressure, barg
& Flow m^3/min
2.50
Ring A
400
350
Temperature, deg C.
300
TK-42401
250
TK-42402
200
TK-42403
TK-42404
150
120 deg C.
100
50
600
570
540
510
480
450
420
390
360
330
300
270
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
0
Figure S3 - Temperatures - thermocouples 1 - 4
Ring B
400
350
TK-42405
250
TK-42406
200
TK-42407
TK-42408
150
120 deg C.
100
50
219
600
570
540
510
480
450
420
390
360
330
300
270
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
0
0
Temperature, deg C.
300
Ring C
400
350
TK-42409
Temperature, deg C.
300
TK-42410
TK-42411
250
TK-42412
200
TK-42413
TK-42414
150
TK-42415
TK-42416
100
120 deg C.
50
600
570
540
510
480
450
420
390
360
330
300
270
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
Ring CA
400
350
TK-42457
250
TK-42458
TK-42459
200
TK-42460
TK-42461
150
120 deg C.
100
50
220
600
570
540
510
480
450
420
390
360
330
300
270
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
0
0
Temperature, deg C.
300
Ring D
400
350
TK-42417
TK-42418
Temperature, deg C.
300
TK-42419
250
TK-42420
TK-42421
200
TK-42422
TK-42423
150
TK-42424
100
TK-42462
120 deg C.
50
600
570
540
510
480
450
420
390
360
330
300
270
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
Figure S7 - Temperatures - thermocouples 17 - 24 plus 62
Ring DA
400
350
TK-42463
250
TK-42464
TK-42465
200
TK-42466
TK-42467
150
120 deg C.
100
50
221
600
570
540
510
480
450
420
390
360
330
300
270
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
0
0
Temperature, deg C.
300
Ring DB
400
350
Temperature, deg C.
300
250
TK-42468
TK-42469
200
TK-42470
120 deg C.
150
100
50
600
570
540
510
480
450
420
390
360
330
300
270
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
Ring E
400
350
TK-42425
TK-42426
TK-42427
250
TK-42428
TK-42429
200
TK-42430
TK-42431
150
TK-42432
100
TK-42471
120 deg C.
50
222
600
570
540
510
480
450
420
390
360
330
300
270
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
0
0
Temperature, deg C.
300
Ring EA
400
350
Temperature, deg C.
300
250
TK-42472
TK-42473
200
TK-42474
120 deg C.
150
100
50
600
570
540
510
480
450
420
390
360
330
300
270
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
Ring EB
400
350
TK-42475
250
TK-42476
TK-42477
200
TK-42478
TK-42479
150
120 deg C.
100
50
223
600
570
540
510
480
450
420
390
360
330
300
270
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
0
0
Temperature, deg C.
300
Ring F
400
350
TK-42433
TK-42434
Temperature, deg C.
300
TK-42435
250
TK-42436
TK-42437
200
TK-42438
TK-42439
150
TK-42440
100
TK-42480
120 deg C.
50
600
570
540
510
480
450
420
390
360
330
300
270
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
Ring FA
400
350
TK-42481
250
TK-42482
TK-42483
200
TK-42484
TK-42485
150
120 deg C.
100
50
224
600
570
540
510
480
450
420
390
360
330
300
270
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
0
0
Temperature, deg C.
300
Ring G
400
350
TK-42441
Temperature, deg C.
300
TK-42442
TK-42443
250
TK-42444
200
TK-42445
TK-42446
150
TK-42447
TK-42448
100
120 deg C.
50
600
570
540
510
480
450
420
390
360
330
300
270
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
Ring H
400
350
TK-42449
250
TK-42450
200
TK-42451
TK-42452
150
120 deg C.
100
50
225
600
570
540
510
480
450
420
390
360
330
300
270
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
0
0
Temperature, deg C.
300
Ring I
400
350
TK-42453
250
TK-42454
200
TK-42455
TK-42456
150
120 deg C.
100
50
Figure 17 - Temperatures - thermocouples 53 - 5
226
600
570
540
510
480
450
420
390
360
330
300
270
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
0
0
Temperature, deg C.
300
BOTTOM
Water spray
nozzle
Thermocouple
REAR
120
80
TOP
40
0
FRONT
-20
Temperature
scale
BOTTOM
Figure S18 Development of vessel with temperature contours at 30s after ignition.
BOTTOM
Water spray
nozzle
Thermocouple
REAR
480
360
TOP
240
120
FRONT
-20
Temperature
scale
BOTTOM
Figure S19 Development of vessel with temperature contours at 611s after ignition.
227
Appendix T - DEL0425
Averaging period
57 - 1578

Stand-off Distance:
Exit temperature
25.0
3.00
4.57
1.50
6.92
mm
m
kg/s
barg
deg. C
Flow Measurement
Water sprays:
Water pressure
Water flow rate
Delayed by 30 secs
2.35
1044.80
barg
litres/min

Wind direction
Relative humidity
Ambient temperature
5.9
6.4
7.0
7.1
7.40
1.3
260.52
87.3
11.3
981.7

15, 79
228
m/s
m/s
m/s
m/s
m/s
m/s
%
deg C
mbar
0
30
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
270
300
330
360
390
420
450
480
510
540
570
600
630
660
690
720
750
780
810
840
870
900
930
960
990
1020
1050
1080
1110
1140
1170
1200
1230
1260
1290
1320
1350
1380
1410
1440
1470
1500
1530
1560
Pressure, barg
& Flow m^3/min
0
30
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
270
300
330
360
390
420
450
480
510
540
570
600
630
660
690
720
750
780
810
840
870
900
930
960
990
1020
1050
1080
1110
1140
1170
1200
1230
1260
1290
1320
1350
1380
1410
1440
1470
1500
1530
1560
Mass flow, kg/s

& Pressure, barg.
Fuel flow 0425
6.0
5.5
5.0
4.5
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
4.0
Mass flow , kg/s
3.5
Vapour pressure,
barg
Liquid head
pressure, barg
Discharge
pressure, barg
1.0
0.5
0.0
Figure T1 - Fuel conditions
Water flow 0425
3.00
2.50
2.00
1.50
Water pressure,
barg
1.00
Water flow rate,
m^3/min
0.50
0.00
Figure T2 - Water deluge conditions
229
0
30
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
270
300
330
360
390
420
450
480
510
540
570
600
630
660
690
720
750
780
810
840
870
900
930
960
990
1020
1050
1080
1110
1140
1170
1200
1230
1260
1290
1320
1350
1380
1410
1440
1470
1500
1530
1560
Temperature, deg C.
0
30
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
270
300
330
360
390
420
450
480
510
540
570
600
630
660
690
720
750
780
810
840
870
900
930
960
990
1020
1050
1080
1110
1140
1170
1200
1230
1260
1290
1320
1350
1380
1410
1440
1470
1500
1530
1560
Temperature, deg C.
Ring A
600
550
500
450
400
TK-42501
350
TK-42502
300
TK-42503
250
TK-42504
200
120 deg C.
150
100
50
Figure T3 - Temperatures - thermocouples 1 - 4
Ring B
600
550
500
450
400
TK-42505
350
TK-42506
300
TK-42507
250
TK-42508
200
120 deg C.
150
100
50
230
0
30
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
270
300
330
360
390
420
450
480
510
540
570
600
630
660
690
720
750
780
810
840
870
900
930
960
990
1020
1050
1080
1110
1140
1170
1200
1230
1260
1290
1320
1350
1380
1410
1440
1470
1500
1530
1560
Temperature, deg C.
0
30
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
270
300
330
360
390
420
450
480
510
540
570
600
630
660
690
720
750
780
810
840
870
900
930
960
990
1020
1050
1080
1110
1140
1170
1200
1230
1260
1290
1320
1350
1380
1410
1440
1470
1500
1530
1560
Temperature, deg C.
Ring C
600
550
500
450
TK-42509
400
TK-42510
TK-42511
350
TK-42512
300
TK-42513
250
TK-42514
200
TK-42515
150
TK-42516
100
120 deg C.
50
Ring CA
600
550
500
450
400
TK-42557
350
TK-42558
300
TK-42559
250
TK-42560
200
TK-42561
150
120 deg C.
100
50
231
0
30
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
270
300
330
360
390
420
450
480
510
540
570
600
630
660
690
720
750
780
810
840
870
900
930
960
990
1020
1050
1080
1110
1140
1170
1200
1230
1260
1290
1320
1350
1380
1410
1440
1470
1500
1530
1560
Temperature, deg C.
0
30
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
270
300
330
360
390
420
450
480
510
540
570
600
630
660
690
720
750
780
810
840
870
900
930
960
990
1020
1050
1080
1110
1140
1170
1200
1230
1260
1290
1320
1350
1380
1410
1440
1470
1500
1530
1560
Temperature, deg C.
Ring D
600
550
500
TK-42517
450
TK-42518
400
TK-42519
350
TK-42520
300
TK-42521
250
TK-42522
200
TK-42523
150
TK-42524
TK-42562
100
50
120 deg C.
Figure T7 - Temperatures - thermocouples 17 - 24 plus 62
Ring DA
600
550
500
450
400
TK-42563
350
TK-42564
300
TK-42565
250
TK-42566
200
TK-42567
150
120 deg C.
100
50
232
0
30
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
270
300
330
360
390
420
450
480
510
540
570
600
630
660
690
720
750
780
810
840
870
900
930
960
990
1020
1050
1080
1110
1140
1170
1200
1230
1260
1290
1320
1350
1380
1410
1440
1470
1500
1530
1560
Temperature, deg C.
0
30
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
270
300
330
360
390
420
450
480
510
540
570
600
630
660
690
720
750
780
810
840
870
900
930
960
990
1020
1050
1080
1110
1140
1170
1200
1230
1260
1290
1320
1350
1380
1410
1440
1470
1500
1530
1560
Temperature, deg C.
Ring DB
600
550
500
450
400
350
TK-42568
300
TK-42569
250
TK-42570
200
120 deg C.
150
100
50
Ring E
600
550
500
TK-42525
450
400
TK-42526
TK-42527
350
TK-42528
300
TK-42529
250
TK-42530
200
TK-42531
150
TK-42532
TK-42571
100
50
120 deg C.
233
0
30
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
270
300
330
360
390
420
450
480
510
540
570
600
630
660
690
720
750
780
810
840
870
900
930
960
990
1020
1050
1080
1110
1140
1170
1200
1230
1260
1290
1320
1350
1380
1410
1440
1470
1500
1530
1560
Temperature, deg C.
0
30
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
270
300
330
360
390
420
450
480
510
540
570
600
630
660
690
720
750
780
810
840
870
900
930
960
990
1020
1050
1080
1110
1140
1170
1200
1230
1260
1290
1320
1350
1380
1410
1440
1470
1500
1530
1560
Temperature, deg C.
Ring EA
600
550
500
450
400
350
TK-42572
300
TK-42573
250
TK-42574
200
120 deg C.
150
100
50
Ring EB
600
550
500
450
400
TK-42575
350
TK-42576
300
TK-42577
250
TK-42578
200
TK-42579
150
120 deg C.
100
50
234
0
30
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
270
300
330
360
390
420
450
480
510
540
570
600
630
660
690
720
750
780
810
840
870
900
930
960
990
1020
1050
1080
1110
1140
1170
1200
1230
1260
1290
1320
1350
1380
1410
1440
1470
1500
1530
1560
Temperature, deg C.
0
30
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
270
300
330
360
390
420
450
480
510
540
570
600
630
660
690
720
750
780
810
840
870
900
930
960
990
1020
1050
1080
1110
1140
1170
1200
1230
1260
1290
1320
1350
1380
1410
1440
1470
1500
1530
1560
Temperature, deg C.
Ring F
600
550
500
TK-42533
450
400
TK-42534
TK-42535
350
TK-42536
300
TK-42537
250
TK-42538
200
TK-42539
150
TK-42540
TK-42580
100
50
120 deg C.
Ring FA
600
550
500
450
400
TK-42581
350
TK-42582
300
TK-42583
250
TK-42584
200
TK-42585
150
120 deg C.
100
50
235
0
30
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
270
300
330
360
390
420
450
480
510
540
570
600
630
660
690
720
750
780
810
840
870
900
930
960
990
1020
1050
1080
1110
1140
1170
1200
1230
1260
1290
1320
1350
1380
1410
1440
1470
1500
1530
1560
Temperature, deg C.
0
30
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
270
300
330
360
390
420
450
480
510
540
570
600
630
660
690
720
750
780
810
840
870
900
930
960
990
1020
1050
1080
1110
1140
1170
1200
1230
1260
1290
1320
1350
1380
1410
1440
1470
1500
1530
1560
Temperature, deg C.
Ring G
600
550
500
450
TK-42541
400
TK-42542
TK-42543
350
TK-42544
300
TK-42545
250
TK-42546
200
TK-42547
150
100
TK-42548
120 deg C.
50
Ring H
600
550
500
450
400
TK-42549
350
TK-42550
300
TK-42551
250
TK-42552
200
120 deg C.
150
100
50
236
0
30
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
270
300
330
360
390
420
450
480
510
540
570
600
630
660
690
720
750
780
810
840
870
900
930
960
990
1020
1050
1080
1110
1140
1170
1200
1230
1260
1290
1320
1350
1380
1410
1440
1470
1500
1530
1560
Temperature, deg C.
Ring I
600
550
500
450
400
TK-42553
350
TK-42554
300
TK-42555
250
TK-42556
200
120 deg C.
150
100
50
237
BOTTOM
Water spray
nozzle
Thermocouple
REAR
120
80
TOP
40
0
FRONT
-20
Temperature
scale
BOTTOM
Figure T18 Development of vessel with temperature contours at 30s after ignition.
BOTTOM
Water spray
nozzle
Thermocouple
REAR
480
360
TOP
240
120
FRONT
-20
Temperature
scale
BOTTOM
238
BOTTOM
Water spray
nozzle
Thermocouple
REAR
480
360
TOP
240
120
FRONT
-20
Temperature
scale
BOTTOM
239
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Analysis of Jetfires

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Analysis of Jetfires

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Efficacy of water spray protection against

butane jet fires impinging on Liquefied

CONTRACT RESEARCH REPORT

Efficacy of Water Spray Protection Against Butane Jet Fires

LC Shirvill and JF Bennett

Crown copyright 2000

Exit conditions:- pressure, barg.,

LPG:- mass flow rate, kg/s.

Water:- flow rate, l/min.

6 inch LPG discharge line

LPG storage tank

Vapour pressure make-up

Water storage tanks

3.3 BUTANE PRESSURES AND TEMPERATURES

Centre line of vessel

3.5 DELUGE WATER SUPPLY AND DELIVERY SYSTEM

4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

4.1 Tests DEL0401 to DEL0423

Time from ignition, s.

Table 8 shows the butane discharge conditions for each test.

Time from ignition, s.

HSG 34, The Storage of LPG at fixed Installations, HMSO.

seconds after ignition

Summary of Release Exit Conditions

Ambient Weather Conditions

Thermocouples not operating properly

Fuel flow 0402

Mass flow, kg/s

Mass flow , kg/s

Time from ignition, s.

Figure A1 - Fuel conditions

Water flow 0402

Water flow rate,

Time from ignition, s.

Figure A2 - Water deluge conditions

Figure A3 - Temperatures - thermocouples 1 - 4

Time from ignition, s.

Figure A4 - Temperatures - thermocouples 5 - 8

Time from ignition, s.

Figure A5 - Temperatures - thermocouples 9 - 16

Time from ignition, s.

Figure A6 - Temperatures - thermocouples 57 - 61

Time from ignition, s.

Figure A7 - Temperatures - thermocouples 17 - 24 plus 62

Time from ignition, s.

Figure A8 - Temperatures - thermocouples 63 - 67

Time from ignition, s.

Figure A9 - Temperatures - thermocouples 68 - 70

Time from ignition, s.

Figure A10 - Temperatures - thermocouples 25 - 32 plus 71

Time from ignition, s.

Figure A11 - Temperatures - thermocouples 72 - 74

Time from ignition, s.

Figure A12 - Temperatures - thermocouples 75 - 79

Time from ignition, s.

Figure A13 - Temperatures - thermocouples 33 - 40 plus 80

Time from ignition, s.

Figure A14 - Temperatures - thermocouples 81 - 85

Time from ignition, s.

Figure A15 - Temperatures - thermocouples 41 - 48

Time from ignition, s.

Figure A16 - Temperatures - thermocouples 49 - 52

Time from ignition, s.

Figure A17 - Temperatures - thermocouples 53 - 56