1. CHARTS A chart is a combination of pictorial, grapich, numerical or vertivcal material which presents a clear visual summary.

Edgar Dale defines charts as, a visual symbol summarizing or comparing or contrasting or ferforming other helpful services in exsplaining subject matter!. "he main function of the charts is always to show relationships such as comparisons, relative amounts, developments, processes, classification and organization. #se of chart$ %. motivaties the students &. shows continuity in the process '. shows relationships by mean of facts, figures and statistic (. presents matter symbolically ). presents abstract ideas in visual forn *. summarizes information +. shows the development of structures ,. creates problems and stimlates thin-ing .. encourages utilization of other media of communication &. /01"E21 "he poster can be defined as a grafich representation of some strong emotional appeal thatt is carried through a combination of grafihic aids li-e pictures, cartoons lettering and other visual arts on a placard. 3t aims for conveying the specific message, teaching a particular thing, giving a general idea etc. /oster exert a great influence on the observer. 4ow to use posters /osters are very useful in students5 project wor-. Divice the class into groups and each group can decide what message their post is going to have. "he completed posters, together with the students5 other project wor-, such as reports and maps, can then be displayed around the schoool.

3. FLASHCARD 6lashcards are small cards with a picture or symbol on them used both in teaching and in development wor-. 3n the classroom, flashcards are commonly used o teach reading. A picture , for example, of an elephant may be drawn or stuc- on a card and the word 7elephant5 written underneath it or on a different card. "he students are encouraged to associate the picture and te

words through variouns 7loo- and say5 activities and games, for example, -im5s game, /aris, and so on. 3n teaching nd development wor-, flashcards may have pictures symbols drawn or painted on them. "hey are particulary useful for stimulating discussion in small groups, as well as for sharing information and reminding people of a recommended process with posters, research the local situation and pre test them. 4ow to use flashcard "o use flashcard in a classroom situation, such as learning to read show the picture and the word togethe. As- students to loo- at the picture and say the word. "hen they loo- at the word and say it again. After presenting a number of words with picture that the students already -now, as- for volunteers to come out and match pictures and words. 8hen the students have learnt to read the words, you can divide them into teams and play reading games using the flashcards. 4.GRAPHS 9raph is defined as a visual representation of numerical data. 9raph is fundamentally a toll for expressing number relationships, which is much easier to visualize than can be done if the statement were made only in words and figures. 3t often a judicious techni:ue for analyzing, comparing and prophesying of facts which are vital to an intelligent study of a problem. 5. MAP A map is a flat drawing or representation of an area, such as a village, which shows the location of natural and man made features and resources. A map is drawn or made to be smaller than real life and is not always to scale. ;ap made by students or communities may ta-e several days or wee-s to build up, as they gain confidence through the procces. <eave any map with the group you have made it with. 3f you want to -eep a copy, ma-e your own or ta-e photograps. ;a-ing a map in a classroom can help to teach students about the concept of maps and how to interpret them. 3t can help the student to reflect on their own surroundings.