Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
Department of Ele tron! " # Comm$n! at!on En%!neer!n% La& Se""!on No' 002 Pa%e No'()5 Ele tron! In"tr$mentat!on EC * +0+ Enrolment No' 0,-5 .at / No'
Performance Evaluation:
Name
Performing on Extra regular First Submission Second Submission
Grade and Remarks by the Tutor ! "larity about the ob#ective of the ex$eriment %! "larity about the $roblem statement &! Submitted the 'ork in desired format (! Sho'n ca$ability to solve the $roblem )! "ontribution to the team 'ork! *thers:
Grade
"
signature
4. Theory: -iodes0 like all semiconductor devices0 are governed by the $rinci$les described in 1uantum
$hysics! *ne of these $rinci$les is the emission of s$ecific2fre1uency radiant energy 'henever electrons fall from a higher energy level to a lo'er energy level! + diode intentionally designed to glo' like a lam$ is called a light-emitting diode0 or LED! -iodes made from a combination of the elements gallium0 arsenic0 and $hos$horus 3called gallium-arsenide-phosphide/ glo' bright red0 and are some of the most common .E-s manufactured! ,y altering the chemical constituency of the PN #unction0 different colors may be obtained! Some of the currently available colors other than red are green0 blue0 and infra2red 3invisible light at a fre1uency lo'er than red/! The schematic symbol for an .E- is a regular diode sha$e inside of a circle0 'ith t'o small arro's $ointing a'ay 3indicating emitted light/
Symbol of LED ! This notation of having t'o small arro's $ointing a'ay from the device is common to the schematic symbols of all light2emitting semiconductor devices! "onversely0 if a device is light2 activated 3meaning that incoming light stimulates it/0 then the symbol 'ill have t'o small arro's $ointing toward it! 4t is interesting to note0 that .E-s are ca$able of acting as light2sensing devices: they 'ill generate a small voltage 'hen ex$osed to light0 much like a solar cell on a small scale! This $ro$erty can be gainfully a$$lied in a variety of light2sensing circuits! ,ecause .E-s are made of different chemical substances than normal rectifying diodes0 their for'ard voltage dro$s 'ill be different! Ty$ically0 .E-s have much larger for'ard voltage dro$s than rectifying diodes0 any'here from about !5 volts to over & volts0 de$ending on the colour! Ty$ical o$erating current for a standard2si6ed .E- is around %7 m+ F*R8+R- "9+R+"TER4ST4": 8hen o$erating an .E- from a -" voltage source greater than the .E-:s for'ard voltage0 a series2connected ;dro$$ing; resistor must be included to $revent full source voltage from damaging the .E-! .E- starts emitting light as its for'ard voltage reaches at a $articular level and its intensity 'ill increase further 'ith the increase in a$$lied for'ard voltage!
Circuit arran ement of LED in !or"ard bias RE<ERSE "9+R+"TER4ST4": .E-s emit no light 'hen reverse biased! 4n fact0 o$erating .E-s in reverse direction 'ill 1uickly destroy them if the a$$lied voltage is 1uite large!
&. *2, C3+)+CTE),ST,C: The static voltage2current characteristics for a >ener diode are sho'n in Fig (!
-ate
@odified on