2

Biyani's Think Tank

Concept based notes

Mathematics-III
(B.Tech)

Swati Jain
Assistant Professor Deptt. of Engineering Biyani International Institute of Engineering and Technology

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M-III

Published by :

Think Tanks Biyani Group of Colleges

Concept & Copyright :

Biyani Shikshan Samiti

Sector-3, Vidhyadhar Nagar, Jaipur-302 023 (Rajasthan) Ph : 0141-2338371, 2338591-95 Fax : 0141-2338007 E-mail : acad@biyanicolleges.org Website :www.gurukpo.com; www.biyanicolleges.org

Edition : 2013

Price : While every effort is taken to avoid errors or omissions in this Publication, any mistake or omission that may have crept in is not intentional. It may be taken note of that neither the publisher nor the author will be responsible for any damage or loss of any kind arising to anyone in any manner on account of such errors and omissions.

Leaser Type Setted by : Biyani College Printing Department

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Preface

am glad to present this book, especially designed to serve the needs of the students. The

book has been written keeping in mind the general weakness in understanding the fundamental concepts of the topics. The book is self-explanatory and adopts the Teach Yourself style. It is based on question-answer pattern. The language of book is quite easy and understandable based on scientific approach. Any further improvement in the contents of the book by making corrections, omission and inclusion is keen to be achieved based on suggestions from the readers for which the author shall be obliged. I acknowledge special thanks to Mr. Rajeev Biyani, Chairman & Dr. Sanjay Biyani, Director (Acad.) Biyani Group of Colleges, who are the backbones and main concept provider and also have been constant source of motivation throughout this Endeavour. They played an active role in coordinating the various stages of this Endeavour and spearheaded the publishing work. I look forward to receiving valuable suggestions from professors of various educational institutions, other faculty members and students for improvement of the quality of the book. The reader may feel free to send in their comments and suggestions to the under mentioned address.

Note:

A feedback form is enclosed along with think tank. Kindly fill the feedback form and submit it at the time of submitting to books of library, else NOC from Library will not be given.

Author

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M-III

Syllabus

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Unit-1

Introduction
Q.1 Write down the engineering application f optimization. Ans. Engineering Application of Optimization:i) Design of air craft and aerospace structures for minimum weight. ii) Finding the optimal trajectories of space vehicles. iii) Design of civil eng. Structures like frames, bridges foundation, towers dams and chimneys for minimum cost. iv) Minimum weight design of structure for earth quack wind and other types of random loading. v) Design of water resources systems for min. benefits. vi) Optimal plastic designs of structure. vii) Optimum design of linkages, come, glass, m/c tools & other mechanical components. viii) Selection of machining condition in metal cutting processes for min production cost. ix) Design of material handling equipments like conveyers, trucks & cranes for min. cost. x) Design of pumps, turbines & heat transfer equip for max efficiency. xi) Optimum design of electrical machinery like motors, generators & transformers. xii) Optimum designs of electrical net works. xiii) Shortest route taken by a salesman visiting different cities during his on tour. xiv) Optimal production planning, controlling & scheduling. xv) Analysis of statistical data & building empirical models from experimental models from experimental results to obtain the most occur rate representation of physical phenomenon. xvi) Optimum design of chemical processing equipment and plants. xvii) Design of optimum pipeline network for process industry. xviii) Planning of maintenance & replacement of equipment to reduce operation costs. xix) Inventory control xx) Allocation of resources of service among several activities to max the benefit
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M-III

xxi)

Controlling the waiting and idle times and querying in production line to reduces the costs. xxii) Planning the best strategy to obtain maximum profit in the, presence of competitor. xxiii) Optimum design of control system. Q.2 Classify Optimization Techniques?

Ans. Classified Optimization Techniques are follows1. (a) Normative models: These models provide best solutions to problems are called perspective models. E.g. LPP, PERT, CPM. (b) Predictive Models: these models describes the system, the models predict outcome of certain events e.g.:- election result on TV. (c) Descriptive models: These models describe the system being studied & is biased on observations, survey etc. e.g.:- Organization Charts. Structure based models: (a) These models give visual representations of real systems & are easily under standable e.g. blue prints of proposed building maps etc. (b) Analogue Models:- These models represent a system by a set of properties & resemble these systems physically e.g. flow diagrams. 3. Symbolic models: (a) Deterministic Models: It is a mathematical model in which the parameters have its values & there is no ambiguity about the Para meters involved e.g. LPP (b) Stochastic Process: It is mathematical models in which variables are used & properties are associated with this variable. 4. Time Reference band models: a) Static Models: Represent and system at a given pt. of line e.g. invertery control models. b) Dynamic Models: Here time factor is taken into consideration e.g. Dynamic programming. Stimulation models: These models are used to explore alternating strategies for the solution of a Problem a complex system that cannot be expressed

2.

5.

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mathematically does not have an optimal solution are treated with the help of stimulation models. Q.3 Determine the maximum & minimum values of the function. f (x) = 12x-45x4+40x3+5 Ans. f (x) = 60x4 180x3+120x2 = 0 = 60x2 [x2-3x+2] = 0 = 60x2 [x2-2x-x+2] = 0 x = 0, 1, 2, 3 f (x) = [60x2 (x-2) (x-2)] = 0 = 60x2 (x-2) (x-1) f (x) = 240x3 540x2 + 240x f (1) = 240 540 +240 =48 540 = - Ve x = 1 is maximum f (2) = 240 8 -540 4 + 240 2 = 1920 2160 + 480 = 2400 2160 = +Ve f (x) = 720x2 1080x + 240 f (0) = 240 x = 0 is neither maxima or minima

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M-III

Unit-2

Linear Programming
Q.1 Write the dual of LPP Min. Zp = 2x + 3y + 5z Subject to x + 3y 5 2x + y + z 7 With x, y, z 0 Ans. Subtracting surplus variables S, and S2, the problem can be written asMinimum Zp = 2x +3y + 5z + 0S, + 0S2 Subject to 1x + 3y + 0z-1s, +0S2 = 5 2x + 1y + 1z + 0S - 1S2 = 7 With x, y1, S1, S2 0 The dual of the above problem is Maximum ZD = 5W1 + 7W2 Subject to 1W1 + 2W2 2 3W1 + 1W2 3 W1 + 1W2 5 The constraint - 1W1 + OW2 0 => W1 0 The constraint 0W1 1W2 0 => W2 0 With W1, W2 unrestricted Q.2 Solve the following transportation problem Sources Destinations A B C P 18 21 30 Q 28 23 19 R 46 22 23 Demand 75 50 60 (bj)

Availability (ai) D 26 22 37 30 55 65 95

Ans. Solving this problem using North-West corner rule:Sources Destinations A B C D P 18 21 30 26 Q 28 23 19 22 R 46 22 23 37

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Availability ai 55 65 95

10

Demand bj

75

50

60

30

ai = bj = 215 It is a balanced transportation problem. A 18 (55) 28 46 75 A 28 (20) 46 20 B 23 (45) 22 50 B 22 (5) B 21 23 22 50 B 23 22 50 C 19 23 60 C 23 C 30 19 23 60 C 19 23 60 D 22 37 30 D 37 D 26 22 37 30 D 22 37 30 aio 45 95 ai 65 95 aio 55 65 95

P Q R Bj

Q R bj

Q R bj

R bj

aio 95

R bj

C 23 (60) 60 D 37 (30) 30

D 37 30

a01 90

R bj

a01 30

Minimum cost Z = 18*55 + 28*20 + 23*45 + 22*5 + 23*60 + 37*30 = 5195 m+n1 = 3 + 4 1 = 6 = no. of allocations It is the B.F.S. solutions.
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11

Q.3

Solve the following transportation problem: Sources P Q R Demand (bj) A 18 28 46 75 Destinations B C 21 30 23 19 22 23 50 60 Availability (ai) D 26 22 37 30 55 65 95

Ans.

Solving it using Vogels method. A 18 (55) 28 (20) 46 75 10 17 B 21 23 22 (50 50 1 1 C 30 19 (15) 23 (45) 60 4 4 D 26 22 (30) 37 30 4 15 (ai) 55 65 95 Penalty-I 3 3 1 Penalty-II 3 1

P Q R bj P-I P-II

Table 3.1 Calculating 1st penalties for rows and columns Maximum Penalty = 10 Making maximum possible also for X11 in lowest cost cell (1, 1) of these columns X11 = Minimum (75, 55) = 55 Row R is row saturated. Calculating row penalties Maximum penalty = 18 for C and then so on. So, finally making all the allocations in the given problem (Refer Table 3.1) Test of optimality: Assigning u, u, u to columns calculating ui and vj, from ui + vj = Cij for occupied cells. u + v = 18 u + v2 = 28 u + v = 19 u + v = 22 u + v = 23 Taking u = 0 v = 18
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12

u = 10 v = 9 u = 12 u = 14 v = 8 Zij = Cij ui -1 for unoccupied also Z = 21 (0+8) = + ve Z = 30 (0+14) = + ve Z = 26 (0+12) = + ve Z = 23 (10+8) = + ve Z = 37 (14+12) = + ve As, all Zij are positive, the solution is optimal Z minimum = 55*18 + 20*28 + 15*19 + 30*22 + 50*22 + 45*23 = Rs. 4630

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M-III

13

Unit-3

Project Scheduling
Q.1 A project consists of eight activities with the following informationActivity A B C D E F G H Predecessor Activities X X X A B C D, E F, G Estimated optimistic 1 1 2 1 2 2 3 1 Duration most likely 1 4 2 1 5 5 6 2 in days pessimistic 7 7 8 1 14 8 15 3

Draw the PERT network and find (i) The expected completion time of the project (ii) The 95% confidence limit for the project duration. Ans. The expected time and variance of each activity are given asActivity A B C D E F G H to 1 1 2 1 2 2 3 1 tm 1 4 2 1 5 5 6 2 tp 7 7 8 1 14 8 15 3 te= 2 4 3 1 6 5 7 2 = (tp-to)/36 1 1 1 0 4 1 4 1/9

The network of the project is as-

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14

E = 2 2

A2
1

L2 = 9
5

E3 =4 B4
3

7 2
6 7

6 L3 = 4

E1 = 0 L1 = 0

C3
4

E6 = 17 L6 = 17 Taking time of occurrence of first event E1 = 0 We haveE2 = E1 + t12 = 0 + 2 = 2 E3 = E1 + t13 = 0 + 4 = 4 E4 = E1 + t14 = 0 + 3 = 3 E5 = max {E3 + t35, E2 + t25} = Max {4+6, 2+1} = 10 E6 = max {E5 + t56, t4 + t46} = Max {10+7, 3 +5} = 17 E7 = E6 + t67
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E7 = 19 L7 = 19

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15

= 17 + 2 = 19 Taking L7 = E7 = 19 L6 = L7 t67 = 19 2 = 17 L5 = L6 t56 = 17-7 = 10 L4 = L6 t46 = 17-5 = 12 L3 = L5 t34 = 10- 6 =4 L2= L5 t25 = 10- 1 =9 L1 = Min {L3 t13, L2 t12, L4 t14} = Min {4-4, 9-2, 12-3} =0 So L1 = E1 = 0 L3 = E3 = 0 L5 = E5 = 10 L6 = E6 = 17 L7 = E7 = 19 So the critical path is 1 3, 3 5, 5 6, 6 7 Critical activities are B E G H Expected duration of the project = 19 days Variance of the project time, = = = So,
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1+4+4+0.108 9.108

16

= 3.02

For normal distribution, the limiting Z value where the probability is 0.95 is Z 1.645 Where = So T limiting = 19 + 1.645 1.645 3.02

= 24.52 days Q.2 The job times of three jobs on machines M1, M2 are as given belowM1 M2 J1 2 3 J2 4 5 J3 3 2 Total 9 Hours 10 Hours

Determine the job sequence and calculate the total timed and idle times of the machines if the job order be M1, M2 Ans. Minimum time taken by any job = 2 hours for J1 on M1 and J3 on M2 So lilt Ji first and J3 in the last. Then J2 will be listed in the middle. The Job sequence is J1 Machine order is M1 M2 So every job will be done first on M1 and then on M2 Jobs Machine M (Job- in) at (Job-out) at time time t=0 t=0 2 2+4=6 6 6+3=9 Machine M Waiting for (Job-in) at M time 2h 0+2 =2 6-5=1 h is 5+1=6 waiting as a>11 so 11 waiting=0 (Job-out) at time 2+3 = 5 6+5=11 11+2=13h J2 J3

J J J

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M-III

17

Total time spent, T=13h Waiting time for M1 = 13-9=4h Waiting time for M2 = 2+1+0=3h

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Unit-4

Laplace Transformation
Q.1 Find using convolution theorem Ans. Acc to convolution theorem = = = {[cos[au+b(t-u)] + cos[au-b (t-u)]} du = = ( = Q.2 [sin at sin bt] + [sin at + sin bt}] = du

[a sin at b sin b t] Ans.

L [t u(t-3)] by second shifting theorem Where u (t 3) =

Ans. =

[t u (t-3)]= = Put t-3=Z dt=dz t=3 to => Z=0 to = = e-3s = e-3s = e-3s = e-3s = [6+95 + 1285] Ans.
- SZ - SZ

( Z + 9 + 6Z) dz Z dz +
SZ 9

dz +

- SZ

dz

Q.3

Solve the equation

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19

Ans.

A (S+a) (S-a) + B (S+a) (S-a) + C (S+a) (S+a) = 1 Put S = a B = (a + a) (a + a) + C (a + a) (a + a) = 1 2aC(2a) = 1 4a C = 1

Put S = - a A (-a+a) (-a-a) + B (a + a) (-a-a) + 0 = 1 2a B (- 2a) = 1 - 4aB=1

Equating the coefficient of constant term = A (-a) + B (-a) + C (a) a

= Aa

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20

= = = = =

+ +

Ans.

Q.4

Solve the equation

Ans.

- (i) A (S + 4) + B (S + 1) = 2S - 1 Put S= -4 A (-4+4) + B (-4+1) = 2 (-4) -1 - 3B = -9 => B = - 9/-3 => B=3 Put S= -1 A (-1+4) + B (-1+1) = - 2 -1 3A = -3
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21

A = -1 Put in equation (i)

= = Ans.

Q.5 Ans.

Solve the equation.

Resolving into partial fraction

= = sin at sin hat

sin at

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22

Q.6

Find the inverse Laplace transform of

Ans.

+ (cos3t + Q.7 Ans

Find the inverse Laplace Transform of

Ans.

According to Convolution Theorem = = = = cos at =

+
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M-III

23

sin = + =

0 ( sin
cos at sin at

cos

)+ 42 2 ( sin

cos

)0

cos at sinat
+2

sin cos +

Ans.

Q.8

Apply convolution theorem to evaluate

Ans.

Convolution theorem to evaluate

= f (t) = cos at g (t) = sin at By Convolution Theorem =

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24

sin a (t-u) du = = = = sin at sin at Q.9 Evaluate cos (2at-at) Ans. cos at sin at + cos at (cos 2 at-1) cos at du

Ans.

4S+5 = A(S+1) (S+2)+B(S+2)+C(S+1) Put S= - 1 4+5 =B B=1

Put S= - 2 8+5=C C=-3

Put S=0 5 = 2A + 2 3
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M-III

25

5+1=2A

A=3

3 + +

+ -

-3

Ans.

Q.10

Evaluate the inverse L.T. of (i)

Ans.

Since 4S + 12S + 9 = (2S + 3) =

+
3s + 4 = A (2s+3) + B Put +4 =B +4 =B =B

Setting S=0 4 = 3A + B
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26

4 = 3A4 + = 3A =A A= =

= =

(6-t) (6-t) Ans.

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M-III

27

Unit-5

Numerical Analysis
Q.1 The ordinate of normal curve as give by normal table. x y .0 0.3989 0.2 0.3910 0.4 0.3683 0.6 0.3332 0.8 0.2897

Calculate 1) Y (0.25) 2) Y(0.62) 3) Y(0.46) Ans. X 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 Y 0.3989 0.3910 - 0.0227 0.3683 - 0.0351 0.3332 - 0.0435 0.2897 - 0.0084 - 0.0134 0.0050 1st diff. - 0.0079 - 0.0148 0.0014 0.0036 2nd diff. 3rd diff. 4th diff.

Forward diff:Pn (x0+ hu) = y + u ( y (x0+hu) = y (0.25) x0 + hu = 0.25 0.2 + 0.2 4 = 0.25 u = 0.25 y (0.25) = 0.3910+0.25(-0.0227)+ (0.0050) = 0.38852187 Backward Pn (xn+hu)=yn+u yn+ ii) Y (0.62)
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y +

y +

(-0.0134)+

(0.0050)

= 0.3910-0.005675-0.09375 (-0.0134) + (- 0.1875)

yn+u(u+1)(u+2) y+

ny

28

Y(x0+ hu) = y (0.62) 0.6 0.2 u = 0.62 u = 0.1 y(0.62)=0.3332+0.1(-0.0351+ = 0.3332-0.00351+ (-0.0134) + (-0.0134) + (2.1) 10.0014 (0.0014)

= 0.3332-0.00351 + 0.055 (-0.0134) + 0.0385 (0.0014) = 0.3332-0.00351-0.00737+0.0000539 = 0.3332539-0.004247 = 0.3290069 iii) y (0.43) Central diff. 6. Pn(x+hu)=y +u( y)+ + ( )+ ( y ) y (x0 + hu) = y (0.431) 0.4 + 0.2 4=0.43 u = 0.03/02 = 0.15 y (0.43)=00.3683+15 (-0.0289) + = 0.3683-0.004335 + + + (0.0032) (0.0032)

7.

= 0.3683-0.004335+0.0001507-0.00062 = 0.36845075-0.004397 = 0.36405375 Using the Lagranges interpolation method find the value of Y when x=10 form the followingx y y= + y =f (10) = = = + + 5 12 + + + 6 13 9 14 11 16 13 16 + 16

8.

The following table gives the value of a freq. of regular interval. x .0 .5 1.0 1.5 2.0

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29

.3939

.3521

0.2420

.1295

0.0540

Evaluate 1) dy/dx at x=1.4 2) dy/dx at x=1.4

X .0 .5 1.0 1.5 2.0

Y .3939 .3521

1st diff. - 0.0418

2nd diff.

3rd diff.

4th diff.

- 0.0683 - 0.1101 0.0659 - 0.0024 - 0.1125 0.0394 - 0.037 - 0.0755 -0.0265

.2420 .1295 0.0540

Backward Pn(xn + hu) = Pn (x + hu) = 1.4 1.5 + 0.5 u = 1.4 u= = = [-0.1125 + 0.3 (-0.0024) + 0.133 (0.0654)] [-0.1125 0.00072 0.0087647] = [-0.1219847] = - 0.243964 = - 0.2439 ii) Pn (xn + hu) = Pn (xn + hu) = 1.4 1.5 + .5 u = 1.4 us = - 0.2 = - 0.2

= (0.669) = 2.676
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30

9. Ans.

Evaluate

using trapezoidal value = [(y - yn) + 2 (y + y + yn-1)]

x y

4 0.602

4.2 0.623

4.4 0.643

4.6 0.662

4.8 0.681

[(0.602+0.716 +2 (0.602+0.643+0.662+0.681+0.698+0.716] = 0.1 [1.318 + 213.307)] = 0.1 [1.318 + 6.614] = 0.1 [7.932] = 0.7932 10. Ans. Y= x y 0 1 Evaluate using Simpsons 1/3 rule. [(Y+Yn) + 4 (Y + Y3 + Y5 + - - - - + Yn-1)+ 2 [Y+Y + - - - +Yn-2] .dx 1 2.72 2 7.39 3 20.09 4 54.60

.dx = [1+54.60) + 4 (2.72 + 20.09) + 2 (7.39 + 54.60)] [55.6 + 4 (22.81) + 2 (61.99)] = [55.6 + 6 + 91.24 + 123.98] = 11. = 90.273 using Simpsons 3/8th rule [(yo+yn) +3 (y+y+y t - - - - ) + 2 (y3 + y6 + - - - )] x Y 0 1 = = = = 0.773025
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Evaluate

0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.999 0.961 0.971 0.862 0.8

0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 0.735 0.671 0.609 0.552 0.5

[ (1 +0.5) +3/0.999 + 0.862 + 0.8 +0.0671+0.609)

+1/0.917+0.735+0.552)] =

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12. Ans.

Use Picards method solve , given that for x=x=2, y = 0 Y = Y + x = x = 2 y =0 Y= 0 + Y (1) = 0 Y (1) = 0 = [x] Y (2) = 0 + =0+ Y (3) = 0 + = = = x + x/3 + x/15 Y(4) = 0 + = = Y(5) = = =x+ + + + + + )dx ))dx ) n

+
+ + +

) )}dx )dx

13.

Using Eulers Method to solve = given Y=1, at at x=0 Find y for n=0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5 Yn+1 = Yn + f (Xn, Yn) But Y=y = 1 & x=x = 0 = 1 + 0.1 Y = Y +hf (X ,Y) = 1.1 + 0.1
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32

= 1.1 + 0.1 = = 1.1 + 0.1 (0.847) = 1.1 + 0 .0847 = 1.1847 Y3 = Y2 + 2 , Y2 ) = = 1.2180 Y = Y3 + hf (X3, Y3) = Y5 = Y + hf (X, Y) = 1.2843 + 0.1 f (0.4, 1.2843) = = 1.2843 + 0.1 = 1.2843 + 0.1 (0.609) = 1.3452 Y6 = Y5 + hf (X5, y5) = 1.3452 + 0.1 f (0.5, 1.3452) =

= 1.3452 + 0.1 (0.5669) = 0.07625 14. Use Millhes P.C. Method, to solve the equation f (x,y) = x-y at x=0, 8 with y(01=0, 0.2 Ans. Y(P) (n+1) = Yn-3 + F* n+1 =f (xn+1, Yn+1) x y n=3
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[2fn-2 - fn-1+2fn]

Y(c) (n+1) = yn-1 + (fn-1 + 4fn+ f*n+1)

0 0

0.2 0.447

0.4 0.632

0.6 0.774

0.8 0.89

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Y3 + 1 = Y0 + 4 [2 f - f + 2f3] =0+ f (x) = x-y2 F = 0.2 (0.447) = 0.2 0.199 = 0.001 F3 = 0.6 (0.774) = 0.6-0.599 = 0.001 [2 f - f + 2f3] F= 0.4 (0.632)8 = 0.4 0.399 =.001

Y = 0.266 [2(0.001)- 0.001+2(0.001)] = 0.266 [0.002 0.001 + 0.002] = 0.266 [0.003] = 0.000798 F = f (x, y(P)) = f (0.8, 0.000798) = 0.8 (0.000798) = 0.8 0.0000006368 = 0.799 Y (c) n+1 = Yn-1 + [fn-1 + 4fn +fn+1] Y (c) = y + = 0.4 + = = = 0.4 + 0.0536 = 0.4536 15. Apply 4th order Runge Kutta method to find approx value of y at x=0.2 given = x+y Ans. For x = x = 0 y=y = 1 x = x = 0, y = y = 1 K = hf (Xn, Yn) = 0.2f (0,1) = 0.2 (1) = 0.2 K = hf (Xn+h/2, Yn+K/2) = 0.2 f (0+0.2/2, 1+0.2/2)
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[f2 + 4F3 + 0.799] [0.001 + 0.004 + 0.799] [0.804]

34

= 0.2 f (0.11.1) = 0.2 (1.2) = 0.24 K3 =hf (Xn+h/2, Xn+K/2) = 0.2 f (0.1, 1 + 0.24/2) = 0.2 f (0.1, 01.12) = 0.2 = 0.244 K = hf (Xn+h, Yn + K3) = 0.2 P (0.2, 1+0 2.244) = 0.2 (1.444) = 0.2888 (K + 2 K + 2K3 + K4) = = 1/6 (1.4568) =0.2428 Y = Y + K = 1+00.2428 = 1.2428 n=1 K=0.2 f (0.2, 1.2428) = 0.2 (1.4428) 0.28856 K = 0.2 f = 0.2 f (0.3, 1.38708) = 0.2 (1.68708) = 0.337416 , 12428 = 0.2 f (0.3, 1.411508) = 0.2 (1.711508) = 0.3423016 K = (0.2+0.2, 1.2428 + 0.3423016) = (0.4, 1.5851016) = 1.9851016 K = (K + 2K + 2K+K) = = 3.6330968 = 0.605516133 = K = 0.605
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Y = Y + K = 1.2428 + 0.605 = 1.18478 17. Ans. Solve the following difference Yn+3-Yn+2+5Yn+1-2Yn=0 Eyn +4Eyn+5Ey-2yn=0 (E+4E+5E-2)yn=0 For A.E. (m + 4m +5m-1) = 0 (m-1) (m-3m+21=0 (m-1) (m-1) (m-2) = 0 m=1,1,2 C.F = ((1+(2n) (1)n + (3 (2)n P.I = 0 Yn = C.F + P.I = (G + (2n) (1)n + (3 (2)n Ans. Solve difference equation un +2-74n+1 +12un= cosn. Given Equation can be written cosn (E-7E+12)un=cosn A.E. is E-7E +12=0 E-4E-3E+12=0 E (E-4) -3 (E-4)=0 E=3, 4 n C.F = 1 (3) + (2/4)n cosn cosn

19. Ans.

cosn 16 Solve the following different equation (2E-5E+2)Yn=0 A.E. = 2m - 5m + 2 = 0 = 2m-4m-m+2=0 = (m-2) (2m-1) =0 m = 2, C.F = C (2)n + C (1/2)n Function is equal to 0 so only C.F. will be calculated.
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20.

Solve the following g by Eulers modified method with one step to obtain the value of y at x=0.1, when, = x + y, with Y=0.99 at x=0 = x+y x =0.1 y=0.94 at x=0 Y* = Y + hf (X0,Yn) h = 0.1 x = x = 0 y = y = 0.94 Y* = 0.94 + 0.1 f (0.094) = 0.94 +0.1 0.94 = 1.034 Y = Y +h/2 [f (X, Y) + f (X, Y*)] Y (0.1) = Y = 0.94 + = 1.0392 {0.94 + 1.044}

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