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State v. Cohrs, 484 N.W.2d 223 (1992)
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484 N.W.2d 223
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Court of Appeals of Iowa.
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STATE of Iowa, Appellee,
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v.
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Ronald J. COHRS, Appellant.
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No. 90\u8211\'3f1427.
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Feb. 25, 1992.
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Defendant was convicted in the District Court, Johnson County,
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Thomas M. Horan
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and
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Larry J. Conmey
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, JJ., of possession of cocaine. Defendant appealed. The Court of Appeals,
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Oxberger
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, C.J., held that search was not conducted in violation of \u8220\'3fknock and a
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Affirmed.
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Officer\rquote s conduct did not constitute violation of \u8220\'3fknock and ann
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When defendant is alleging error involving constitutional right, Court of Appeal
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Manner of Entry; \u8201\'3fWarning and Announcement
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Statutory \u8220\'3fknock and announce rule\u8221\'3f embodies reasonableness re
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}
I.C.A. \u167\'3f 808.6
;
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.
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Exigent circumstances will excuse compliance with constitutional and statutory a
nnouncement requirements.
}
I.C.A. \u167\'3f 808.6
;
}
.
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Announcement of purpose
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Even if probable cause exists for arrest of person within, Fourth Amendment is v
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t warrant, except where persons within already know of officer\rquote s authorit
y and purpose, or where officers are justified in belief that persons within are
in imminent peril of bodily harm, or where those within, made aware of presence
of someone outside (because, for example, there has been knock at door), are th
en engaged in activity which justifies officers in belief that escape or destruc
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}
I.C.A. \u167\'3f 808.6
;
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.
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Two principal purposes underlying \u8220\'3fknock and announce rule\u8221\'3f ar
e to protect persons who might be injured by violent resistance to unannounced e
ntries by law enforcement officers and to protect householder\rquote s right of
privacy for few seconds between time of announcement and actual entry to make ot
herwise valid arrest or search.
}
I.C.A. \u167\'3f 808.6
;
}
.
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By leaving his apartment door ajar, defendant exhibited diminished expectation o
f privacy for purposes of \u8220\'3fknock and announce rule.\u8221\'3f
}
I.C.A. \u167\'3f 808.6
;
}
.
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Linda Del Gallo
}}}
, State Appellate Defender, and Patricia Reynolds Lapointe, Asst. State Appellat
e Defender, for appellant.
\par
}
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
Bonnie J. Campbell
}}}
, Atty. Gen.,
}

Roxann M. Ryan
}}}
, Asst. Atty. Gen., J. Patrick White, County Atty., and David Tiffany, Asst. Cou
nty Atty., for appellee.
\par
}
}
}
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Heard by
}
OXBERGER
}}}
, C.J., and
}
SCHLEGEL
}}}
and
}
HABHAB
}}}
, JJ.
\par
}
}
}
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Opinion
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OXBERGER
}}}
, Chief Judge.
\par
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}
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\par
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{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
Iowa City officer Michael Brotherton executed a search warrant at the apartment
of Ronald Cohrs. Officer Brotherton found the door to the apartment unlocked and
slightly ajar. He knocked on the door. When someone inside asked \u8220\'3fwho\
rquote s there?\u8221\'3f, he replied \u8220\'3fMike Brotherton\u8221\'3f. When
the apartment\rquote s occupant did not come to the door or make any further res
ponse, Brotherton pushed the door open slightly, looked inside, and saw Cohrs su
rrounded by items which looked like drug paraphernalia. At some point Brotherton
said the word \u8220\'3fpolice,\u8221\'3f but there is a dispute as to precisel
y when he did so. The State asserts Brotherton said the word \u8220\'3fpolice\u8
221\'3f before looking in the door and seeing drug paraphernalia; Cohrs asserts
Brotherton did not say the word \u8220\'3fpolice\u8221\'3f until he and other of
ficers were entering the door, after they had already looked in and seen drug pa
raphernalia.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
After entering the apartment, the officers seized drugs and drug-related items,
and Cohrs was charged with drug offenses. A jury found him guilty of two counts
of possession of cocaine. He has appealed from the resulting convictions.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
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Cohrs contends the evidence seized from his apartment should have been suppress
ed because the search was conducted in violation of the \u8220\'3fknock and anno
unce\u8221\'3f rule. He contends the officer\rquote s conduct constituted a viol
ation of this rule because the officer broke into the apartment without first gi
ving notice of his authority and purpose.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
[2]
}}}
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf5 \i0
}
SCOPE OF REVIEW: We review de novo where a constitutional right is involved. Wh
en a defendant is alleging error involving a constitutional right, such as here,
we make an independent evaluation of the totality of the relevant circumstances
to determine if such an error was made.
}
dType=Y&serNum=1975119679&pubNum=595&originationContext=document&vr=3.0&rs=cblt1
.0&transitionType=DocumentItem&contextData=(sc.RelatedInfo)#co_pp_sp_595_658" }{
\fldrslt
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf5 \i1
Rinehart v. State,
}
}
234 N.W.2d 649, 658 (Iowa 1975)
}}}
;
}
\fldrslt
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf5 \i1
State v. Jeffries,
}
}
417 N.W.2d 237, 239 (Iowa App.1987)
}}}
.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
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[3]
}}}
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf5 \i0
}
}
{\f2 \b1 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
*225
}
}
KNOCK AND ANNOUNCE RULE:
}
Iowa Code section 808.6
}}}
provides in relevant part:
\par
}
}
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{\li200 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
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{\li1000 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri800 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
The officer may break into any structure or vehicle where reasonably necessary t
o execute the warrant if, after notice of this authority and purpose the officer
\rquote s admittance has not been immediately authorized.
\par
}
}
}
}
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
Implicit in prior case law is the assumption that the \u8220\'3fknock and announ
ce rule\u8221\'3f in
}
Iowa Code section 808.6
}}}
embodies the reasonableness requirement for a Fourth Amendment search.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i1
See
}
}
\fldrslt
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf5 \i1
State v. Brown,
}
}
253 N.W.2d 601, 602 (Iowa 1977)
}}}
(constitutional implications found to exist within the knock and announce rule)
.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
[4]
}}}
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf5 \i0
}
}
[5]
}}}
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf5 \i0
}
EXIGENT CIRCUMSTANCES: Abundant authority exists for the proposition that exige
nt circumstances will excuse compliance with constitutional and statutory announ
cement requirements.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i1
State v. Brown,
}
}
at 603. Even if probable cause exists for the arrest of a person within, the fo
urth amendment is violated by an unannounced police intrusion into a private hom
e, with or without an arrest warrant, except (1) where the persons within alread
y know of the officer\rquote s authority and purpose, or (2) where the officers
are justified in the belief that persons within are in imminent peril of bodily
harm, or (3) where those within, made aware of the presence of someone outside (
because, for example, there has been a knock at the door), are
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i1
then engaged in activity which justifies the officers in the belief that an esca
pe or the destruction of evidence is being attempted.
}
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i1
Id.
}
}
at 603; citing
}
.0&transitionType=DocumentItem&contextData=(sc.RelatedInfo)#co_pp_sp_708_1636" }
{\fldrslt
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf5 \i1
Ker v. California,
}
}
374 U.S. 23, 47, 83 S.Ct. 1623, 1636, 10 L.Ed.2d 726, 746 (1963)
}}}
. (Emphasis added). The first and third exceptions mentioned above are pertinent
here. The record indicates that the door was ajar. By virtue of the door being
open, there is nothing which indicates that Cohrs could not have already viewed
the officer and have known of his purpose.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
Regarding the third exception above, the officer, in this case, knew the basis u
pon which the warrant had been issued. The warrant was sought based upon informa
tion that Cohrs had a white powdery substance in his room. Cohrs was made aware
of the officer\rquote s presence outside his dwelling when the officer knocked o
n the door. Officer Brotherton had sufficient information that Cohrs was engaged
in an activity which would justify a belief that during the interval of announc
ing his name and the time of his entry in which there was no response Cohrs woul
d be attempting to escape or destroy the evidence. Cohrs asserts the record cont
ains no allegations that the officers involved claimed they were aware of any ex
igent circumstances before the door was opened. We find that inherent within the
circumstances leading to the issuance of the warrant and the silence which foll
owed the officer\rquote s knocking and announcing his name that exigent circumst
ances arose.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
[6]
}}}
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf5 \i0
}
It has been said that two principal purposes underlie the knock and announce ru
le.
}
.0&transitionType=DocumentItem&contextData=(sc.RelatedInfo)#co_pp_sp_595_4" }{\f
ldrslt
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf5 \i1
State v. Iverson,
}
}
272 N.W.2d 1, 4 (Iowa 1978)
}}}
; citing
}
.0&transitionType=DocumentItem&contextData=(sc.RelatedInfo)" }{\fldrslt
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf5 \i1
State v. Valentine,
}
}
264 Or. 54, 504 P.2d 84 (1972)
}}}
, cert. den.,
}
.0&transitionType=DocumentItem&contextData=(sc.RelatedInfo)" }{\fldrslt
412 U.S. 948, 93 S.Ct. 3001, 37 L.Ed.2d 1000 (1973)
}}}
. One is to protect persons who might be injured by violent resistance to unanno
unced entries by law enforcement officers, and the other is to protect the house
holder\rquote s right of privacy for the few seconds between the time of announc
ement and actual entry to make an otherwise valid arrest or search.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i1
Id.
}
}
at 4. Cohrs asserts that both purposes in this case were thwarted. We disagree.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
In the present case, Officer Brotherton knocked on the door, received a response
from the defendant, and was then met by silence. Cohrs asserts that the officer
placed himself in potential danger by \u8220\'3fbarging\u8221\'3f into the dwel
ling. Where endangerment of the officer is concerned knocking and announcing his
name upon request, Officer Brotherton clearly made Cohrs aware that a person un
known to Cohrs was seeking entry. The officer knew his presence had been exposed
in a potentially criminal setting. Here, an even greater potential exists for d
anger to the officer who stands by waiting. Critical seconds pass by while oppor
tunities exist for evidence to be destroyed or weapons to be
}
{\f2 \b1 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
*226
}
}
acquired and used. Additionally, the door to the dwelling was partially open. R
egardless of the degree to which the door was ajar, the officer could not be cer
tain his presence had not been viewed from within. Absent this certainty, no off
icer can be reasonably expected to stand by and await a potentially dangerous re
sponse. We find, in balancing the potential dangers present, the officer\rquote
s decision to enter rather than wait was reasonably necessary. Such conduct unde
r the circumstances did not subject him to any greater potential endangerment th
an that which already existed.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
[7]
}}}
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf5 \i0
}
The State argues that Cohrs exhibited a diminished expectation of privacy by le
aving his door ajar. We agree and find that under the totality of the circumstan
ces, whatever minimal invasion of Cohrs\rquote privacy which occurred between t
he time the officer knocked and gave his name and the announcement \u8220\'3fpol
ice,\u8221\'3f there was sufficient foundation to make the search reasonable.
}
We affirm the trial court.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
AFFIRMED.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
}
}
}
}
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