CHAPTER XIX

MODE () Introductory. For a brief sketch of the number of the mo es an the reasons for treatin! the in icati"e as a mo e see Con#u!ation of the $erb% cha&ter $III% $% (a)' References are there !i"en to the &ertinent (iterature' The use of is !i"en a brief treatment be(o) in connection )ith the mo es' The sub#ect of con#unctions is i"i e for (o!ica( consistenc*' The Paratactic Con#unctions be(on! to the same i"ision )ith Paratactic +entences% )hi(e H*&otactic Con#unctions fa(( un er H*&otactic +entences' The con#unctions cou( of course be treate in se&arate cha&ter or as a i"ision of the cha&ter on Partic(es (XXI)' That )i(( be there one ($% ,) for Paratactic Con#unctions' H*&otactic Con#unctions )i(( there recei"e on(* summar* treatment an can best be iscusse in etai( in connection )ith subor inate c(auses' An there are a "anta!es in the &resent metho ' It nee s to be sai a(so that the i"ision of the treatment of mo es into those of In e&en ent an +ubor inate +entences (A an -) is &ure(* arbitrar* an for the sake of c(earness' There is no rea( ifference in the meanin! of a mo e in an in e&en ent an a e&en ent sentence' The si!nificance of each mo e )i(( be sufficient(* iscusse un er A (In e&en ent +entences)' The inc(usion of a(( the subor inate c(auses un er mo e is (ike)ise for the sake of &ers&icuit*' $oice% tense% mo e thus stan out shar&(*', The ifficu(t* of makin! a c(ear istinction in the si!nificance of the mo es has a(rea * been iscusse in cha&ter $III% &&' ./, ff' A moo is a mo e of statement% an attitu e of min in )hich the s&eaker concei"es the matter state '/ A&o((onius D*sko(os first escribe moo s as ' That is a correct escri&tion of the function of moo as istinct from "oice an tense'. The mo e is the manner of the affirmation% )hi(e "oice an tense ha"e to o )ith the action of the "erb ("oice )ith re(ation of the sub#ect to the action of the "erb% tense )ith the state of the action)' -ut e"en so the matter is not a()a*s c(ear' The mo e is far an a)a* the most ifficu(t theme in 0reek s*nta1' Our mo ern !rammatica( nomenc(ature is ne"er so c(ums* as here in the effort to e1&ress 2the e(icate accurac* an beaut* of those s(i!ht nuances of thou!ht )hich the 0reek ref(ecte in the s*nthetic an manifo( forms of his "erb'3, +o a&&ea( is ma e to &s*cho(o!* to he(& us out' 2If the moo s are % )h* is not e"er* utterance mo a(4 5h* oes not e"er* utterance enote a state of the sou(4 A uni"ersa( &s*cho(o!* )ou( be a uni"ersa( s*nta1'3/ E"er* utterance oes enote a state of the sou(' This is one ar!ument for treatin! the in icati"e as a mo e' The "erb is necessari(* mo a( from this &oint of "ie)' -ut the term is natura((* confine to the finite "erb an enie to the infiniti"e an &artici&(e'

1 Jann., Hist. Gk. Gr., pp. 445 ff., has this plan. I had already made my outline before reading his treatment of the subject. !hompson, "ynt. of #tt. Gk., p. 1$5. % &f. 'rug., Griech. Gr., p. 4($) *.+G., I, p. ,,) "tahl, *rit.+hist. "ynt., p. "andys, Hist. of &lass. "cholarship, III, p. 45$. 1 -arrar, Gk. "ynt., p. 1%.. Gildersl., /# "yntactician among the 0sychologists,1 #m. Jour. of 0hilol., Jan., 1(1,, p. 24. ,. "ee

Dion*sius Thra1 oes ca(( the infiniti"e a mo e% but he is not !enera((* fo((o)e '. 0 i( ers(ee"e6 notes a(so that 2moo s are tem&ora( an tenses mo a('3 He sees that the or er moo s an tenses is the natura( se7uence in the En!(ish (cf' cha&ter $III% $% &' ./8)% but he fo((o)s the or er tenses an moo s in his Syntax of Classical Greek% thou!h it is har to se&arate them in actua( stu *' 0i( ers(ee"e9 (aments a(so that came to be a&&(ie to "oice an to mo e (cf' enc(itic )or s as to accent)% 2but after a(( tone of utterance is not so ba a escri&tion of moo '3 It is &ossib(e that at the be!innin! the in icati"e )as use to e1&ress a(( the "arious moo s or tones of the s&eaker% as the accusati"e case ori!ina((* inc(u e the )ho(e fie( of the ob(i7ue cases' It )as on(* !ra ua((* that the other moo s )ere e"e(o&e b* the si e of the in icati"e (thus (imitin! the sco&e of the in ') to accent certain 2moo s of min % i'e' "arious sha es of esire%3: more shar&(*' Thom&son ca((s this e"e(o&ment 2artificia(%3 since no other race but the 0reeks ha"e &reser"e these fine istinctions bet)een in icati"e% sub#uncti"e% o&tati"e% im&erati"e% not to sa* in#uncti"e an future in icati"e (a(most a mo e to itse(f)' -ut that is too se"ere a term% for the mo es )ere a !ra ua( e"o(ution' The in#uncti"e )as the unau!mente in icati"e% (ike , , , , , , ', Mou(ton/ sa*s; 2+*ntactica((* it re&resente the bare combination of "erba( i ea )ith the en in! )hich su&&(ies the sub#ect< an its
% &f. "teinthal, Gesch. d. "prach3., pp. %,(, . $. Gilderslee4e GI5678"57797, '. 5., 7ditions of 0indar and Justin :artyr. ;;;, 5atin Grammar. :any editions since 1$.2. ;;;, <otes on "tahl=s "ynta> of the Greek 9erb ?1(1,@. ;;;, <umerous articles in the #merican Journal of 0hilology. 4 #m. Jour. of 0hilol., AAIII, p. 1 2) AAA, p. 1. 5 Ib., AAA, p. 1) "ynt. of &lassic. Gk., p. 2(. . !hompson, "ynt., p. 51,. 1 :oulton, 0rol., p. 1.5. :oulton :BC5!B<, J. H., # Grammar of <. !. Greek. 9ol. I, 0rolegomena ?1(,.@. %d ed. ?1(,$@. ;;;, &haracteristics of <. !. Greek ?!he 7>positor, 1(,4@. ;;;, Ein(eitun! in ie +&rache es =' T' ?1(11@. ;;;, Grammatical <otes from the 0apyri ?!he 7>positor, 1(,1, pp. 21D $ ) 1(,%, pp. 1,4D1 1, 4 %D4%(. !he &lassical 8e4ie3, 1(,1, pp. %1D%2, 4%4D441) 1(,4, pp. 1,.D 11 , 151D155@. ;;;, Introduction to <. !. Greek ?1$(5@. d ed. ?1(,4@. ;;;, 5anguage of &hrist ?Hastings= Bne+4ol. 6. '., 1(,(@.

&re"ai(in! use )as for &rohibitions% if )e ma* #u !e from the +anskrit% )here it sti(( remains to some e1tent a(i"e' The fact that this &rimiti"e moo thus occu&ies !roun a&&ro&riate to the sub#uncti"e% )hi(e it su&&(ies the im&erati"e u(timate(* )ith near(* a(( its forms% i((ustrates the s*ntactica( nearness of the moo s' +ince the o&tati"e a(so can e1&ress &rohibition% e"en in the =' T' (Mk' ,,;,6)% )e see ho) much common !roun is share b* a(( the sub#ecti"e moo s'3 >es% an b* the in icati"e a(so' The &resent in icati"e is often a &ractica( future' Ori!ina((* the sub#uncti"e ha the short "o)e( (cf' ! in Homer)' The istinction bet)een the in icati"e an sub#uncti"e is not a()a*s c(ear'. The sub#uncti"e in Homer is often mere(* futuristic' The affinit* bet)een the sub#uncti"e an the o&tati"e is "er* c(ose' The in icati"e continue to be use in the "o(iti"e sense (&ast tenses) an of comman (future tense)' Thus the other mo es )ere (u1uries of the (an!ua!e rather than necessities% )hi(e the in icati"e )as the ori!ina( &ossessor of the fie( ' As a(rea * sho)n (cha&ter $III% $) the in#uncti"e sur"i"e in the im&erati"e an sub#uncti"e' The future in icati"e continue to fu(fi( the function of a(( the mo es (cf' the in icati"e before the rise of the other mo es)' Thus the future in icati"e ma* be mere(* futuristic% or "o(iti"e% or e(iberati"e' The same thin! is true of the sub#uncti"e an the o&tati"e' Cf' Mou(ton% Prol.% &' ,?6 f' Thom&son (Syntax% &' ,?:) curious(* sa*s that 2the in icati"e% ho)e"er% assume some of the functions of the other moo s'3 If he ha sai 2retaine %3 he )ou( ha"e it ri!ht' He ha #ust sai &ro&er(* enou!h; 2It )ou( be an error% )ith re!ar both to their ori!in an functions% to re!ar the moo s as se&arate an )ater@ti!ht com&artments'3 The ear(* &rocess )as from sim&(icit* to "ariet* an then from "ariet* to sim&(icit* (cf' a!ain the histor* of the cases)' The stru!!(e bet)een the mo es has continue unti( in the mo ern 0reek )e ha"e &ractica((* on(* the in icati"e an the sub#uncti"e% an the* are in some instances a(ike in soun (Thumb% Handb.% &' ,,9 f')' The sub#' is 2consi erab(* re uce 3 in use in
;;;, <. !. Greek in the 5ight of :odern 6isco4ery ?&ambr. 'ibl. 7ssays, 1(,(, pp. 4.1D 5,5@. ;;;, !he "cience of 5anguage ?1(,%@. :BC5!B<, E. -., and G767<, #. "., # &oncordance to the Greek !estament ?1$(2@. :BC5!B< and :I55IG#<, 5e>ical <otes from the 0apyri ?!he 7>pos., 1(,$;@. ;;;, !he 9ocabulary of the <. !. Illustrated from the 0apyri and other <on+5iterary "ources. 0art I ?1(14@, II, III. Ib. &f. also !hompson, "ynt. of #ttic Gk., p. 51,. !he injuncti4e had /a meaning ho4ering bet3een the imperati4e, conjuncti4e and optati4e.1 % Giles, :an., p. 45(. !hompson !HB:0"B<, -. 7., # "ynta> of #ttic Greek. <e3 ed. ?1(,2@. !humb !HC:', #., Die Forsch' Aber ie he((en' +&r' in en Bahren 1(, D1(,4 ?#rch. f. 0ap. %, pp. 44%D 42%@. ;;;, Die !riech' +&rache im Ceita(ter es He((enismus ?1(,1@. ;;;, Die s&rach!esch' +te((' es bib(' 0riech' ?!heol. 8und., 1(, @.

the mo ern 0reek' The o&tati"e has isa&&eare entire(*% an the im&erati"e% outsi e the secon &erson% an the future in icati"e are e1&resse b* &eri&hrasis' E"en the infiniti"e an the &artici&(e in the " ha"e fe(t the inroa s of the sub#uncti"e', It is true that as a ru(e )e see the mo es to best a "anta!e in the sim&(e sentence%/ thou!h essentia((* the meanin! in the com&oun sentence is the same' -ut it is true% as 0i( ers(ee"e. ur!es% that 2the &re ominance of &arata1is o"er h*&ota1is is a matter of st*(e as )e(( as of &erio ' H*&ota1is ho( s fast to constructions that &arata1is has aban one ' The futura( sub#uncti"e abi es efiant(* in the e&en ent c(ause of tem&ora( sentences an ares the future in icati"e to in"a e its omain' The mo a( nature of the future% obscure in the &rinci&a( sentence% forces itse(f u&on the most su&erficia( obser"er in the e&en ent c(ause'3 In a broa sense the in icati"e is the mo e of ob#ecti"e statement in contrast )ith the sub#ecti"e mo es e"e(o&e from it' -ut the escri&tion nee s mo ification an is on(* true in a !enera( sense' The =' T' i iom as of the " in !enera( )i(( be foun to iffer from the c(assic 0reek i iom here more than is true of the construction of the tenses'6 The isa&&earance of the o&tati"e is res&onsib(e for &art of this chan!e' -ut the effort must no) be ma e to ifferentiate the four mo es in actua( usa!e )hate"er ma* be true of the ori!ina( i ea of each' That &oint )i(( nee iscussion a(so' The "ernacu(ar in a(( (an!ua!es is fon of &arata1is' +ee P fister% 2Die &arataktische Darste((un!sform in er "o(kstAm(ichen ErDEh(un!3 (Woch. f. klass. Phil.% ,F,,% &&' ?8FG?,.)' A. INDEPENDENT OR PARATACTIC SENTENCES (#$%% &'()% ) I. The Indicative Mode (* +,-* or . /01 ). ,' MEA=I=0 OF THE I=DICATI$E MODE' The name is not istincti"e% since a(( the mo es 2in icate'3 It is not true that the in icati"e !i"es 2abso(ute rea(it*%39 thou!h it is the 2mo us rectus'3 It oes e1&ress 2(Haffirmation &ure et sim&(e'3, The in icati"e oes state a thin! as true% but oes not !uarantee the reality of the thin!' In the nature of the case on(* the statement is un er
;;;, Han buch er !riech' 6ial. ?1(,(@. ;;;, Han buch ' neu!riech' $o(kss&rache' /' Auf(' ?1(1,@. ;;;, Han buch es +anskrits. I, Grammatik ?1(,5@. ;;;, Inters' Aber ' +&' As&er im 0riech' ?1$$(@. 1 !hompson, "ynt., p. 4(4. In the "ans. it 3as the subjuncti4e that 3ent do3n in the fight. &f. Ehitney, "ans. Gr., p. ,1 f. Ib., p. 4(5. % #m. Jour. of 0hilol., Jan., 1(,(, p. . 4 'lass, Gr. of <. !. Gk., p. ,5. 0fister 0-I"!78, Die &arataktische Darste((un!sform in er "o(kstAm(ichen ErDEh(un! ?Eoch. f. klass. 0hil., 1(11, pp. $,(D$1%@. 5 'ernhardy, 5iss' +*nt' er !riech' +&rache, p. %$4. 1 9andacle, JHO&tatif 0rec, 1$(2, p. 111.

iscussion' A c(ear !ri& on this &oint )i(( he(& one a(( a(on!' The in icati"e has nothin! to o )ith rea(it* (2an sich3)'/ The s&eaker presents somethin! as true'. Actua(it* is im&(ie % to be sure% but nothin! more'6 5hether it is true or no is another matter' Most untruths are to( in the in icati"e mo e' The true trans(ation into Jatin of /0" )ou( be finitus or definitus'9 Indicativus is a trans(ation of +,-*' The in icati"e is the most fre7uent mo e in a(( (an!ua!es' It is the norma( mo e to use )hen there is no s&ecia( reason for em&(o*in! another mo e' The assertion ma* be 7ua(ifie or un7ua(ifie ': This fact oes not affect the function of the in icati"e mo e to make a efinite% &ositi"e assertion' Cf' Bo' ,.;?% for instance' A fine stu * of the in icati"e mo e is affor e in Bo' ,;,G,?% )here )e ha"e it .? times% chief(* in in e&en ent sentences' The sub#uncti"e occurs on(* three times (,;K f')' The use of 2, 3, 2, 4 5, ,06, 6, 5, 3!% etc'% has the note of certitu e an confi ent statement that i((ustrate fine(* the in icati"e mo e' /' LI=D+ OF +E=TE=CE+ I+I=0 THE I=DICATI$E' (a !ither "eclarative or Interro#ative' The mere ec(aration &robab(* (an (o!ica((*) &rece es in use the 7uestion'K -ut there is no essentia( ifference in the si!nificance of the mo e' This e1tension of the in icati"e from sim&(e assertion to 7uestion is true of a(( In o@0ermanic ton!ues'? Cf' Mt' /;/< Mk' 6;K< Bo' ,;,F' The sim&(e assertion is easi(* turne to 7uestion' Cf' 3,7 80 39 ! -:, 37 3,7 !, ;% an ,* ! ,< 30!, (Mt' /9;.9G.F)' For the chan!e from 7uestion to sim&(e assertion see , => 3? ,,7 (Bo' ,,;/: f')' Cf' Ac' /:;/K' The formu(a @ is sometimes use for the ans)er% as in Mt' /K;,,< Ju' //;K8< Bo' ,?;.K' +o a(so @ A, in Mt' /:;/9% :6' The 7uestion )ithout interro!ati"e )or s is seen in Mt' ,.;/?< Bo' ,.;:< Ac' /,;.K< Ro' /;/,G/.< K;K% etc' +ometimes it is ifficu(t to te(( )hether a sentence is ec(arati"e or interro!ati"e% as in , Cor' ,;,.< Ro' ?;.. f' For this "er* reason the 0reek use "arious interro!ator* &artic(es to make &(ain the 7uestion' Thus B0 9 C +9$ (Ac' ?;.8' =ote the &(a* on the "erb)' Cf' Ju' ,?;?< 0a(' /;,K' It is rare a(so in the JXX (cf' 0en' ,?;F< .K;,8< Ber' 6;,8)% but 0 is common', It is a s(i!ht (iterar* touch in Juke an Pau(' The use of D in a 7uestion is e((i&tica(' It is rea((* a con ition )ith the conc(usion not e1&resse or it is an in irect 7uestion (cf' Mk' ,9;66< Ju' /.;:< Ph' .;,/)' It is use in the =' T'% as in the JXX 7uite often (0en' ,K;,K% etc')' This construction )ith a irect 7uestion is unc(assica( an ma*

*.+G., 'd. I, p. ,1. % Ib. Der Re en e ste((t et)as a(s )irk(ich. 4 Jann., Hist. Gk. Gr., p. 445. 5 8iem. and GoelFer, "ynt., p. (2 f. . 'urton, :. and !., p. 2%. 2 Jann., Hist. Gk. Gr., p. 445. $ 'lass, Gr. of <. !. Gk., p. ,5. 1 9iteau, Mtu e sur (e 0rec u =' T' Je $erbe, p. . "ome editors read 0 in Gal. G12, but see 'lass, Gr. of <. !. Gk., p. 5(. "ee 0 in :t. 1$G1.

be ue to the +e&tua!int ren erin! of the Hebre) b* D as )e(( as b* !"'/ Cf' Mt' ,/;,8% ED F : 66 0,=< see a(so Mt' ,F;.< Mk' ?;/.< Ju' ,.;/.< //;6F< Ac' ,;:< K;,< ,F;/< /,;.K< //;/9' =ote fre7uenc* in Juke' In Mk' ,8;/ (&ara((e( to Mt' ,F;.) the 7uestion is in irect' The i iom% thou!h sin!u(ar% has 2attaine to a(( the ri!hts of a irect interro!ati"e3. b* this time' The i iom ma* be i((ustrate b* the Jatin an )hich in (ater )riters )as use in irect 7uestions' +o si% use in the $u(!ate to trans(ate this D% became in (ate Jatin a irect interro!ati"e &artic(e' A simi(ar e((i&sis a&&ears in the use of D (cf' Heb' .;,,) in the ne!ati"e sense of a stron! oath (from the JXX a(so)'6 The &artic(e 2 is foun in the JXX Bob /9;9 -% but not in the =' T'9 +o far the 7uestions are co(our(ess' The use of interro!ati"e &ronouns an a "erbs is% of course% abun ant in the =' T' Thus 7% either a(one as in Mt' .;K% )ith 0 as in Mt' /6;69% )ith 0 as in Mt' F;9% )ith G as in Ju' .;,8': +ee the oub(e interro!ati"e 7 7 in Mk' ,9;/6' For 7 = (&re icati"e use of =) see Ju' ,:;/' For the e((i&sis )ith H 7 (cf' 8 7 in Mt' F;,,< D 7 in Mk' ,6;6) see Mt' F;6% an for 7 I note Ju' /;6F (cf' 7 J in Bo' ,6;//)' The use of 7 in Ac' ,/;,? an ,.;/9 is interestin!' %7 is an accusati"e a "erb in Mk' ,8;,?' A sort of &ro(e&sis or oub(e accusati"e occurs in A K 7 A (Mk' ,;/6)' Other &ronouns use in irect 7uestions are ,: (Mk' ,,;/?)% ,* (Mk' :;.?)% ,,* (Mt' ?;/K)' The sense of J in Mt' /:;98 is is&ute % as of J in Mk' /;,:< F;,,% /?< Bo' ?;/9', The use of interro!ati"e a "erbs is fre7uent' Cf' ,* (Mt' /9;.?)< L5 ,* (Mt' ,K;,K)< ,< (Ju' ,8;/:)< ,= (Ju' ?;/9)< , (Mt' ,?;/,)' A(ternati"e 7uestions are e1&resse b* M a(one as in , Cor' F;?% or )ith 7NM as in Mt' F;9' The case of O 7 is ifferent (Mt' K;F)' E1c(amations are sometimes e1&resse b* the re(ati"e forms% (ike P P0: in Ro' ,8;,9% but more fre7uent(* b* the interro!ati"e &ronouns (ike ,* (Mk' ,9;6)< ,7 (0a(' :;,,)< 7 (Ju' ,/;6F)< , (Mt' /.;.K)' Cf' ,* in Mt' :;/.' (b Positive and %e#ative' If an affirmati"e or ne!ati"e ans)er is e1&ecte % then that fact is sho)n b* the use of 4 for the 7uestion e1&ectin! the affirmati"e re&(* an b* !" for the ne!ati"e ans)er' As a matter of fact% an* ans)er ma* be actua((* !i"en' It is on(* the expectation that is &resente b* 4 or !"' This use of 4 is (ike the Jatin nonne' +o 4 Q Q R*! 3,0-!$ (Mt' K;//)' Cf' Mt' :;/9< ,.;/K< ,.;99< Ju' ,/;:< ,9;?< ,K;,K< , Cor' F;,< ,6;/.< Bas' /;9< Heb' .;,:% etc' This is the common c(assic construction' The use of 4 ma* su!!est in i!nation as in 4 +,07S 4$ (Mk' ,6;:8' Cf' 4 +,07 4 in "erse :,)' +o )ith 4 ,S 0-5$ (Ac' ,.;,8)' +ur&rise is in icate b* 4 0 in Ac' /,;.?' T47 is common' Cf' Ju' :;.F' T4= occurs once in the =' T' (Bo' ,?;.K)' The &resence of !" sho)s that the ans)er 2no3 is antici&ate (the on(* instance of !" )ith the in icati"e in a &rinci&a( sentence)'

&f. 'lass, Gr. of <. !. Gk., p. .,. % E.+!h., p. 5,(. 4 8obertson, "hort Gr. of the Gk. <. !., p. 12(. 5 9iteau, Je $erbe, p. .

. &f. 8obertson, "hort Gr. of the Gk. <. !., p. 12$. 1 "ee ch. A9, 0ronouns.

0i( ers(ee"e/ ca((s 4 2the mascu(ine ne!ati"e3 an !" 2the feminine ne!ati"e'3 There is certain(* a feminine touch in the use of !" b* the )oman at BacobHs )e(( )hen she came to the "i((a!e' +he refuse to arouse o&&osition b* usin! 4 an e1cite their curiosit* b* !"' Thus !" U* 3 / V0*$ (Bo' 6;/F)'. The e1am&(es in the =' T' are "er* numerous' The sha es of ne!ati"e e1&ectation an sur&rise "ar* "er* !reat(*' Each conte1t su&&(ies a s(i!ht(* ifferent tone' Cf' Mt' K;F% ,:< ,/;/.< /:;//% /9< Mk' 6;/,< Ju' :;.F< Bo' :;:K< K;/:% .9% 6K% 9, f'< /,;9< Ro' F;,6< ,,;,' -oth 4 an !" ma* occur in contrast in the same sentence' +o !1 8 05, = <, O / *! = 4 $ (, Cor' F;?)' Cf' Ju' :;.F !" -W -W /:> 4 +!-*0 D 6* 3!, =$ The use of !" is common (cf' 47)', The combination !1 4 )i(( be iscusse in the cha&ter on Partic(es% but it ma* be note here that 4 is the ne!ati"e of the "erb )hi(e !" is the interro!ati"e &artic(e e1&ectin! the ans)er 2no'3 The En!(ish trans(ation e1&ects the ans)er 2*es%3 because it i!nores !" an trans(ates on(* 4' Cf' , Cor' F;6% 9< ,,;//< Ro' ,8;,?% ,F' The construction is in the JXX (Bu !' :;,.% etc') an in c(assic 0reek' It is a rhetorica( 7uestion% not a sim&(e interro!ati"e'/ The kin s of sentences o"er(a& ine"itab(* so that )e ha"e a(rea * trans!resse into the territor* of the ne1t !rou&' As a(rea * sho)n% the in icati"e is use in ifferent(* )ith or )ithout the ne!ati"e in either ec(arati"e or interro!ati"e sentences' The !rou&s thus o"er(a&' Cf'% for instance% Bo' ,;/G?' The ne!ati"e of a ec(arati"e in e&en ent sentence )ith the in icati"e is 4' This outri!ht 2mascu(ine3 ne!ati"e suits the in icati"e' 5ith 7uestions% ho)e"er% it is ifferent% as has a(rea * been sho)n' Thus it is true that !" ma e a 2rai 3 into the in icati"e% as 4 i in the ear(* (an!ua!e into the sub#uncti"e'. The o&tati"e uses either 4 or !"% but that is another stor*' The in icati"e )ith 4 makes a &ointe enia(' =ote the &ro!ressi"e abru&tness of the -a&tistHs three enia(s in Bo' ,;/8 f' .' +PECIAJ I+E+ OF THE I=DICATI$E' (a Past Tenses. ( &or Courtesy' It is true that the in icati"e 2is suite b* its )ho(e character on(* to &ositi"e an ne!ati"e statements% an not to the e1&ression of contin!encies% )ishes% comman s or other sub#ecti"e conce&tions'36 That is &erfect(* true' The in icati"e is the norma( mo e for sa*in! a thin!' The other mo es 0i( ers(ee"e9 a&t(* terms 2si e moo s'3 I consi er% as a(rea * e1&(aine % the in icati"e the mo e par excellence% an I oubt the "a(ue of such (an!ua!e as 2the mo a( uses of the in icati"e'3: It is not so much that the in icati"e 2encroache u&on the other moo s% an in so oin! assume their functions% es&ecia((* in e&en ent sentences%3K as that the in icati"e% &articu(ar(* in e&en ent sentences% retaine to some e1tent a(( the functions of a(( the mo es' It is true%
#m. Jour. of 0hilol., Jan., 1(1,, p. 2$. % &f. also Jo. 4G%%. 1 'lass, Gr. of <. !. Gk., p. 54. 'urton, <. !. :. and !., p. 12(. % &f. Gildersl., #m. Jour. of 0hilol., Jan., 1(1,, p. 2$. 4 :oulton, 0rol., p. 1((. 5 "ynt. of &lassic Gk., 0t. I, H %.5. . :onro, Hom. Gr., p. %5.

as a(rea * sai % that the in icati"e )as a()a*s the most "iri(e of a(( the mo es an has out(i"e them a((' -ut% after the other mo es became fu((* e"e(o&e % these (ess fre7uent uses of the in icati"e seeme anoma(ous' The courteous or &o(ite use of the im&erfect in icati"e is the sim&(est of these s&ecia( constructions' Here the in icati"e is use for irect assertion% but the statement is thro)n into a &ast tense% thou!h the &resent time is contem&(ate ' 5e o this in En!(ish )hen )e sa*; 2I )as #ust thinkin!%3 2I )as on the &oint of sa*in!%3 etc' +o Ac' /9;//% 36*! 4W = +09, +=' A!ri&&a oes not b(unt(* sa* 6! (cf' Pau( in , Tim' /;?< 9;,6) nor 36*! % )hich )ou( su!!est unrea(it*% a thin! not true' He oes )ish' He cou( ha"e sai 67! (cf' Ac' /:;/F% )here Pau( uses the o&tati"e)% but the sim&(e 36*! is better' The o&tati"e )ou( ha"e been much )eaker', In / Cor' ,;,9 36*! ,0*0 has its natura( reference to &ast time' Cf' 36" in / Bo' ,/ an Phi(' ,.% 36*!% not N)ou( ha"e (ike H as -(ass (Gr. of %. '. Gk.% &' /8K) has it' In 0a(' 6;/8% M K ,0: ,0W X!Y 0% Pau( is s&eakin! of &resent time (cf' I +,0=!)' He &uts the statement in the im&erfect as a &o(ite i iom' The use of 5 is seen in Ro' ,:;,F' The usua( force of the mo e an tense a&&ears in M in Bo' :;/,' The ne!ati"e brin!s out shar&(* the e(ement of )i(( (cf' Ju' ,F;,6< Mt' //;.)' In Ro' F;.% 4*! 80 +! A 4W 3? +,W = V0=% the same courteous (e"en &assionate) i iom occurs' It is not Z! as in / Cor' ,.;K (he oes not are &ra* such a &ra*er)% nor i he o it (cf' Z Ac' /K;/F)' He )as% ho)e"er% on the "er!e of oin! it% but re) back' 5ith this e1am&(e )e come c(ose to the use of the in icati"e for unrea(it*% the so@ca((e 2unrea(3 in icati"e' +ee a(so cha&ter on Tense' ( Present %ecessity( )bli#ation( Possibility( Propriety in 'enses of the Past' This is the usua( 2&otentia(3 in icati"e' The im&erfect of such "erbs oes not necessari(* refer to the &resent'/ Thus in Bo' 6;6% 4W 0 8 [ !07% it is sim&(* a necessit* in &ast time about a &ast e"ent' +o : in Bo' 6;/8% /6 e1&resses a &resent necessit*' This use of the im&erfect thus iffers from either the &resent or the or inar* im&erfect' The i iom is (o!ica( enou!h'. It )as a necessit* an the statement ma* be confine to that &hase of the matter% thou!h the necessit* sti(( e1ists' +o Ju' /6;/:% 4 = ,: W V0*$ Cf' a(so Mt' ,?;..< /.;/.< /9;/K< Ju' ,,;6/< ,.;,: (cf' : in "erse ,6)< Ac' /K;/,' It is an eas* ste& from this notion to that of an ob(i!ation )hich comes o"er from the &ast an is not (i"e u& to' The &resent non@fu(fi(ment of the ob(i!ation is (eft to the inference of the rea er or hearer' It is not forma((* state ' It ha&&ens that in the =' T' it is on(* in the subor inate c(auses that the further e"e(o&ment of this use of comes% )hen on(* the &resent time is referre to' Thus in Ac' /6;,F% \ 3, = ,0:' The* ou!ht to be here% but the* are not' Our En!(ish 2ou!ht3 is (ike)ise a &ast form about the &resent as )e(( as about the &ast', +o / Cor' /;.% +-] ^ ! 70' In Heb' F;/:% 3, 4W , ,:% there is an im&(ie con ition an is &ractica((* an a&o osis of the secon @c(ass con ition% )hich see' The same &rocess is seen in the other )or s' Thus in / Cor' ,/;,,%
2 !hompson, "ynt. of #ttic Gk., p. 1$.. 1 E.+!h., p. $%. *.+G., 'd. I, p. ,4 f. % 'lass, Gr. of <. !. Gk., p. ,.. 1 Bur transl. therefore often fails to distinguish the t3o senses of in Gk. Gildersl., "ynt., 0t. I, p. 144 f. &f. chapter on !ense.

3? _- X-] X!< 7% )e ha"e a sim&(e &ast ob(i!ation' +o in Ju' K;6,< Heb' /;,K' =ote common use of the &resent tense a(so% as in Ac' ,K;/F' Cf' ` a-7! ,[ ,,"! (Ju' ,K;,8)% )here the ob(i!ation comes on from the &ast' -ut in , Cor' 9;,8% 3, a-7 0 3 = *! 3F:% )e ha"e mere(* &resent time un er consi eration an a &ractica( a&o osis of a secon @c(ass con ition im&(ie ' I o not a!ree )ith Mou(ton/ that in such instances has been 2 ro&&e '3 It sim&(* )as not nee e to su!!est the unrea(it* or non@rea(iDation of the ob(i!ation' The conte1t ma e it c(ear enou!h' V0" occurs on(* once in the =' T' (Bas' .;,8)% )hereas ,0" (Attic) is not foun at a((% nor F (but 3F*) nor 3F['. -ut 3 is use of the &resent time' +o Bo' ,,;.K' Cf' the a&o osis in the secon @c(ass con ition )ithout in Bo' F;..< Ac' /:;./' The use of P +[ (Co(' .;,?) an C 4 +[ (E&h' 9;6) are both &ertinent% thou!h in subor inate c(auses' =ote in &articu(ar 4 80 [ 4W b[ (Ac' //;//)% NHe is not fit to (i"e'H In Mt' /:;/6% W 2 4Q D 4 3"% )e ha"e the a&o osis )ithout of a con ition of the secon c(ass ( etermine as unfu(fi((e )' There is no con ition e1&resse in / Pet' /;/,% 0: 80 2 4: !1 3,5 1 /W [ ' Mou(ton6 fin s the ori!in of this i iom in the con itiona( sentence% but 5iner9 sees in it mere(* the 0reek )a* of affirmin! )hat )as necessar*% &ossib(e or a&&ro&riate in itse(f' +o 0i( ers(ee"e': The mo ern 0reek &reser"es this i iom (Thumb% Handb.% &' ,/?)' The use of ! in Re"' .;/ a&&roaches this &otentia( in icati"e' Cf' Thom&son% Syntax% &' /K6' For the use of the infiniti"e rather than the in icati"e see ON,: in Ju' ,:;,K' +o a(so H an sub#uncti"e as in Bo' :;K' Cf' $iteau% *e +erbe% &' /,' The use of R7 or !0= )ith an aorist oes not occur in the =' T' Cf' Bannaris% Hist. Gk. Gr.% &' 669' ( 'he ,podosis of Conditions of the Second Class' This matter has a(rea * been touche on s(i!ht(* an is treate at (en!th un er Con itiona( +entences' It can be
0rol., p. ,,. % 'lass, Gr. of <. !. Gk., p. ,.. 4 0rol., p. ,,. Einer EI<78, G. '., De "erborum cum &rae&' com&os' in =' T' Isu ?1$%4D1$4%@. ;;;, 0ramm' ' neut' +&rachi ioms (,?//)' K' Auf(' "on JAnemann ?l$.2@. 5 E.+!h., p. $ . . "ynt., 0t. I, p. 144. 9iteau 9I!7#C, J., Essai sur (a s*nta1e es "oi1 ans (e !rec u =' T' ?8e4. de 0hil., 1$(4@. ;;;, Mtu e sur (e !rec u =' T' I, 5e 9erbe ?1$(%@) II, 5e "ujet ?1$(.@. Jannaris J#<<#8I", #. <., # Historical Greek Grammar ?1$(2@. ;;;, Bn the !rue :eaning of the " ?&lass. 8e4., 1(,%, pp. (% ff.@.

mere(* sketche here' The con ition is not a()a*s e1&resse an usua((* is &resent' The use of % ho)e"er% in the a&o osis is not ob(i!ator*', 5e kno) "er* (itt(e about the ori!in an meanin! of an*ho)' It seems to ha"e a emonstrati"e sense ( efinite% then% in that case) )hich )as shifte to an in efinite use' Cf' W *, 8 '/ 0i( ers(ee"e inter&rets it as a &artic(e 2use to co(our the moo s of the 0reek (an!ua!e'3 5ith the &ast tenses of the in icati"e in in e&en ent sentences it is a efinite &artic(e' The effort to e1&ress unrea(it* b* the in icati"e )as a some)hat ifficu(t &rocess' In Homer 2the unrea( im&erfect in icati"e a()a*s refers to the &ast'3. +o in Heb' ,,;,9' =othin! but the conte1t can sho) )hether these &ast tenses are use in o&&osition to the &ast or the &resent' The " recei"e this i iom of the unrea( in icati"e 2from the ear(ier a!e as a fu((* !ro)n an norma( usa!e% )hich it &rocee e to (imit in "arious irections'36 In Bo' ,9;// )e ha"e a !oo i((ustration of this construction' 5e kno) that c!07 4 is in o&&osition to the &resent rea(it* because it is fo((o)e b* = K ,0*- 4 ' The same thin! is seen in "erse /6 )hen = K d50 fo((o)s' In "erse ,F e 3-7 is use % the usua( construction' In Ju' ,K;: 3 an X," are use after the &rotasis D (first@c(ass con ition)' This is a mi1e con ition' +o a(so the mar!ina( rea in! in 5' H' in Bo' ?;.F is 3,: after D 3 an is fo((o)e b* = K b: (cf' abo"e)' The absence of seems more noticeab(e in BohnHs 0os&e(' Cf' Bo' ,F;,,% 4 A 3F7 ] 3!= 4!7 D !1 2 ! 5'9 Pau( has the same: i iom' Thus 0a(' 6;,9 D W @ R-!@ X!< 3F0F 39 ! an Ro' K;K 1 c!07 4 5 D !1 8 *!, " 80 3,!7 4 f D !1

/ *!' The M++' "ar* in the su&&ort of as in 0a(' 6;,9% )here ELJP (an cDc) ha"e it' In Bo' ,?;.:% - oes not ha"e % )hi(e in ?;,F% D oes not ha"e it% an the other M++' iffer in the &osition of ', This &artic(e comes near the be!innin! of the c(ause% thou!h not at the be!innin!' It oes not &rece e 4 (cf' 0a(' ,;,8)' It is sometimes re&eate in successi"e a&o oses (cf' Bo' 6;,8)% but not a()a*s (cf' Ju' ,/;.F)' Cf' L Ahner@0erth% - ' I% &' /6K' On the use of in !enera( see Thom&son% Syntax% &&' /F, ff' Hoo!e"een ("octrina Partic. *in#uae Graecae% e ' sec'% ,?8:% &' .9) makes mean sim&(* debeo% a "er* oubtfu( inter&retation' 2The a ition of to an in icati"e a&o osis &ro uce much the same effect as )e can e1&ress in )ritin! b* ita(iciDin! Nif'H3/ This em&hasis su!!ests that the con ition )as not rea(iDe ' The &a&*ri (ike)ise
1 'lass, Gr. of <. !. Gk., p. ,5. Gildersl., "ynt., 0t. I, p. 1.$ f. % Gildersl., #m. Jour. of 0hilol., Jan., 1(,(, p. 1.. &f. "tahl, *rit.+hist. "ynt., p. 51 f. 4 :oulton, 0rol., p. 1((. 5 Here

# read .

. 'ut not in #cts. &f. 'lass, Gr. of <. !. Gk., p. ,.. 1 'lass, Gr. of <. !. Gk., p. ,.. *Ihner+Gerth *JH<78+G78!H, Ausf' 0ramm' ' !riech' +&r' .' Auf(' of LAhner' T(' II% - e' I, II ?1$($, 1(,4@. :oulton, 0rol., p. ,,.

occasiona((* sho) the absence of '. The con ition is not a()a*s e1&resse ' It ma* be efinite(* im&(ie in the conte1t or (eft to inference' +o +? 3? @ *g e ,0F 4* (Ju' ,F;/.) an 3? 3? 3!! e W 3!W @ *g (Mt' /9;/K)' Here the con ition is im&(ie in the conte1t% a construction thorou!h(* c(assica(' -ut% in &rinci&a( c(auses% there is no instance of )ith a &ast tense of the in icati"e in a fre7uentati"e sense'6 It on(* sur"i"es in re(ati"e% com&arati"e or tem&ora( c(auses (cf' Mk' :;9:< Ac' /;69< 6;.9< , Cor' ,/;/< Mk' .;,,< ,,;,F)' +o D in Mk' ,9;:% ` h=' -oth the aorist an the im&erfect tenses are use thus )ith in these subor inate c(auses' There )as consi erab(e ambi!uit* in the use of the &ast tenses for this 2unrea(3 in icati"e' =o har an fast ru(e cou( be (ai o)n' A &ast tense of the in icati"e% in a con ition )ithout % natura((* meant a sim&(e con ition of the first c(ass an escribe &ast time (cf' Heb' ,/;/9)' -ut in certain conte1ts it )as a con ition of the secon c(ass (as in Bo' ,9;//% /6)' E"en )ith it is not certain9 )hether &ast or &resent time is meant' The certain a&&(ication to &resent time is &robab(* &ost@ Homeric': The im&erfect mi!ht enoteK a &ast con ition% as in Mt' /.;.8< /6;6. (Ju' ,/;.F)< Bo' 6;,8< ,,;/,% ./< , Bo' /;,F< Heb' ,,;,9% or% as common(*% a &resent con ition (cf' Ju' K;.F)' The aorist )ou( natura((* enote &ast time% as in Mt' ,,;/,' The t)o tenses ma* come in the same con ition an conc(usion% as in Bo' ,6;/?' The &ast &erfect is foun in the &rotasis% as in Mt' ,/;K< Bo' ,F;,,' Once the rea( &ast &erfect meets us in the conc(usion (, Bo' /;,F)' An note e i in Bo' ,6;K' ( Impossible Wishes' These im&racticab(e )ishes )ere intro uce in Attic b* or D 0% )hich use a(so _- )ith the infiniti"e' From this form a &artic(e )as e"e(o&e I- (au!ment(ess) )hich took the &(ace of H an D 0' The ro&&in! of the au!ment is note in Hero otus (Mou(ton% Prol.% &' /8,)' As a matter of fact% this unfu(fi((e )ish occurs on(* three times in the =' T'; once )ith the aorist about the &ast% I-* 36 (, Cor' 6;?)% an t)ice )ith the im&erfect about the &resent (/ Cor' ,,;,< Re"' .;,9)' j- occurs once a(so )ith the future (0a(' 9;,/)' Man* of the M++' (DcEF0LJ) rea _- in / Cor' ,,;,% an a fe) o the same in , Cor' 6;?' The i iom occurs in the JXX an in the inscri&tions' Cf' +ch)*Der% Per#.% &' ,K.' The mo ern 0reek e1&resses such )ishes b* or an im&erf' or aorist (Thumb% &' ,/?)' For 0! in 0a(' /;/% of unrea(iDe &ur&ose% see Fina( C(auses' Ra ermacher (%. '. Gr.% &' ,/K) 7uotes I- !% Achi((es Tatius% II% /6% . an _- 3? !Y 3,0% E&ict'% "iss.% //% ,/'
% Ib. &f. :oulton, &lass. Kuart., #pr., 1(,$, p. 14,. :oulton ?0rol., p. ,,@ cites 3ithout B.0. 5 . ?iiL#.6.@ 4 ,06, B.0. 5%, ?iiL#.6.@ , +,, 8ein. 0. 2 ?iiL'.&.@ 4 +,, all apodoses of d class conditions. !he mod. Gk. here uses the conditional ?!humb, Handb., p. 1(5@. 4 'lass, Gr. of <. !. Gk., p. ,2. &f. Gildersl., "ynt., 0t. I, p. 12, f. 5 &f. Good3in, :. and !., H %((. . :onro, Hom. Gr., pp. %. f. 2 :oulton, 0rol., p. ,1. "ch3yFer "&HEMN78 ?"&HE7IN78@, 7., Die 5e(ts&rachen es A(tertums ?1(, @. 8adermacher 8#678:#&H78, 5., =eut' 0rammatik' Das 0riechisch es =' T' im Cusammenhan! mit er $o(kss&rache ?1(11@.

(b The Present. In Mt' ,/;.?% , ! +,W = !: D:% the &resent seems rather abru&t', In Bo' ,/;/,% 0, ! W k= D:% this is fe(t so stron!(* that it is trans(ate ; N+ir% )e -ould see Besus'H +ee a(so Bo' :;:K' Cf' 36*! in Ac' /9;// an 4F7! in /:;/F' There oes not seem to be the same abru&tness in 5 in , Cor' K;K' Cf' a(so -7! in K;/?' There )ere &robab(* e(icate nuances of meanin! )hich sufficient(* softene these )or s% sha in!s )hich no) esca&e us' There is no ifficu(t* about +0: in / Cor' ,/;F' In a case (ike X,5 c (cf' 30*!) in Bo' /,;.% the su!!estion or hint is in the fact% not in the statement' The in icati"e is a efinite assertion' The nature of the case su&&(ies the rest' In , Cor' ,8;//% O ,0b=! W 0$ the in icati"e notes the fact% )hi(e the sur&rise an in i!nation come out in the interro!ati"e form' The 7uestion in Bo' ,,;6K% 7 ,=!$ is "er* strikin!' It ma* be 7uestione / if the &oint is the same as 7 ,<!$ (cf' Bo' :;/?)% (ike the Jatin .uid faciamus/ The sub#uncti"e of e(iberation su!!ests oubt on the )ho(e sub#ect or e1&resses a )ish to o somethin!' -(ass, cites the co((o7uia( Jatin for &ara((e(s for this i iom' -ut )e o not nee such &ara((e(s here' The in7uir* of Caia&has is rather in i!nant &rotest a!ainst the inacti"it* of the +anhe rin than a &uDD(e 7uan ar* as to )hat the* shou( o' The in icati"e suits e1act(* his &ur&ose' He char!es them )ith oin! nothin! an kno)in! nothin! an makes a efinite &ro&osa( himse(f' 5iner sees the &oint c(ear(*'/ The same use of 5 note abo"e a&&ears in 7uestions of e(iberation as in F5!$ (Mt' ,.;/?)' +o 6 +,5$ (Bo' ,?;.F)' Cf' Ju' ,?;6,' Possibi(it* or ut* ma* be e1&resse in 7uestions a(so% as in ,< +8 : ,0 I$ (Mt' ,/;.6)< 7 ! : ,: H 5<$ (Ac' ,:;.8)' This is the ana(*tica( metho rather than trustin! to the mo e'. 2It is foun &ossib(e% an more con"enient% to sho) the mo a( character of a c(ause b* means of &artic(es% or from the rift of the conte1t% )ithout a istinct "erba( form'36 (c The Future. The future in icati"e 2)as ori!ina((* a sub#uncti"e in the main39 an it has a istinct mo a( e"e(o&ment' This fact comes out in the fact that the future tense of the in icati"e is a ri"a( of the sub#uncti"e% the o&tati"e an the im&erati"e': Jike the sub#uncti"e an o&tati"e the future ma* be mere(* futuristic (&ros&ecti"e) or e(iberati"e or "o(iti"e' This matter has been iscusse at (en!th un er Tenses% )hich see' As an e1am&(e of the mere(* futuristic note Mt' ,,;/?% of the "o(iti"e see Ju' ,.;F% of the e(iberati"e note Bo' :;:?' II. The Su !unctive Mode (. X,1 ). +ome of the 0reek !rammarians ca((e it . "% some . !6"% some . X,"' -ut no one of the names is ha&&*% for the mo e is not a()a*s
1 &f. 9iteau, Je $erbe, p. 1. #gainst 'lass, Gr. of <. !. Gk., p. 1,. 1 Ib. &f. !hompson, "ynt., p. 1$2. E.+!h., p. $4. % 'lass, Gr. of <. !. Gk., p. 1,. 4 :onro, Hom. Gr., p. %5. 5 :oulton, 0rol., p. 1((. . !hompson, "ynt., p. 1$.

subor inate% since it is use free(* in &rinci&a( c(auses% nor is it the on(* mo e use in subor inate c(auses' -ut the best one is . "' ,' REJATIO=+ TO OTHER MODE+' The e"e(o&ment of the mo es )as !ra ua( an the ifferentiation )as ne"er abso(ute(* istinct' (a 'he ,orist Sub0unctive and the &uture Indicative' These are c(ose(* a((ie in form an sense' It is 7uite &robab(e that the future in icati"e is #ust a "ariation of the aorist sub#uncti"e' Cf' !, ,7!, -!' The sub#uncti"e is a()a*s future% in subor inate c(auses re(ati"e(* future' Hence the t)o forms continue si e b* si e in the (an!ua!e' There is a &ossib(e istinction' 2The sub#uncti"e iffers from the future in icati"e in statin! )hat is thou!ht (ike(* to occur% not &ositi"e(* )hat )i(( occur'3, -ut in the be!innin! (cf' Homer) it )as &robab(* not so' -ru!mann (Griech. Gr.% &' 6FF) &ointe (* conten s that man* so@ca((e future in icati"es are #ust 2emanci&ate short@ "o)e( con#uncti"es'3 Cf' 0i(es% 1anual% &&' 66:G66?< Mou(ton% Prol.% &' ,6F' (b 'he Sub0unctive and the Imperative' These are c(ose(* a((ie ' In ee % the first &erson im&erati"e in 0reek% as in +anskrit%/ is absent in usa!e an the sub#uncti"e has to be em&(o*e instea ' There is a &ossib(e instance of the sub#uncti"e as im&erati"e in the secon &erson in +o&hoc(es% but the te1t is uncertain'. The use of !" an the aorist sub#uncti"e in &rohibitions of the secon an thir &ersons is a(so &ertinent' Thus the sub#uncti"e is in c(ose affinit* )ith the im&erati"e' (c 'he Sub0unctive and the )ptative' The* are rea((* "ariations of the same mo e' In m* Short Grammar of the Greek %. '.6 I ha"e for the sake of c(earness !rou&e them to!ether' I treat them se&arate(* here% not because I ha"e chan!e m* "ie)% but in or er to !i"e a more e1hausti"e iscussion' The c(oseness of the connection bet)een the
1 !hompson, Gk. "ynt., 1$$%, p. 1%%. 'rugmann '8CG:#<<, *., 7lements of &omparati4e Grammar of the Indo+Germanic 5anguages ?translation by Eright, 1$(5@. ;;;, 0riechische 0rammatik' .' Auf(' ?1(,,@, the ed. Ouoted. $ierte "ermehrte Auf(' of #. !humb ?1(1%@. ;;;, 0run riO er "er!(' 0r' ' in o!' +&rachen' /' Auf('% - e' I, II ?1$(2D1(1%@. ;;;, LurDe "er!(eichen e 0rammatik er in o!ermanischen +&rachen ?1(,4@. Giles GI57", 0., # "hort :anual of &omparati4e 0hilology. d ed. ?1(,1@. ;;;, !he Greek 5anguage ?7ncyc. 'ritannica, 1(1,@. Ehitney, "ans. Gr., p. 1.. "ophocles "B0HB&57", 7. #., Greek 5e>icon of the 8oman and 'yFantine 0eriod ?1$$$@. % &f. Gildersl., "ynt., 0t. I, p. 14(. 4 0p. 1 (D1%1.

sub#uncti"e an the o&tati"e is manifest in the +anskrit' 2+ub#uncti"e an o&tati"e run c(ose(* &ara((e( )ith one another in the o( est (an!ua!e in their use in in e&en ent c(auses% an are har (* istin!uishab(e in e&en ent'39 In the +anskrit the sub#uncti"e isa&&eare before the o&tati"e sa"e in the im&erati"a( uses' It is )e(( kno)n that the 2Jatin sub#uncti"e is s*ncretistic% an oes ut* for the 0reek con#uncti"e an o&tati"e'3: De(brAck% in ee % insists that the t)o mo es ori!ina((* ha the same form an the same meanin!'K De(brAckHs "ie) has carrie the bu(k of mo ern o&inion' -ut 0i(es? is #ustifie in sa*in!; 2The ori!ina( meanin! of these moo s an the histor* of their e"e(o&ment is the most ifficu(t of the man* "e1e 7uestions of com&arati"e s*nta1'3 It is true that the sub#uncti"e in 0reek refers on(* to the future% )hi(e the o&tati"e is not boun to an* s&here', -ut the o&tati"e is usua((* re(ati"e(*/ future (ike our 2shou( %3 2cou( %3 etc' The use of the sub#uncti"e )as !reater in HomerHs time than after)ar s' The in e&en ent sub#uncti"e in &articu(ar )as more free(* use in E&ic than in Attic' In the mo ern 0reek. the sub#uncti"e has not on(* is&(ace the o&tati"e% but the future in icati"e an the infiniti"e' -ut e"en so in mo ern 0reek the sub#uncti"e is re(ati"e(* re uce an is a(most confine to subor inate c(auses (Thumb% Handb.% &&' ,,9% ,/:)' The fut' in ' in mo ern 0reek is rea((* lm an sub#' 0' Hami(ton6 o"erstates it in sa*in!; 2This monarch of the moo s% )hich stan s abso(ute an a(one% has a(( the other moo s e&en ent on it'3 It is &ossib(e that ori!ina((* these t)o moo s )ere use in ifferent(*'9 $an ac(e: ar!ues for a ra ica( ifference bet)een the t)o moo s% but he oes not sho) )hat that ifference is' There )ere istinctions e"e(o&e be*on a
5 Ehitney, "ans. Gr., p. 1.. . !hompson, "ynt. of #ttic Gk., 1(,2, p. 1(1. 6elbrIck 675'8J&*, '., Ab(ati" Joca(is Instrumenta(is ?1$.2@. ;;;, 0run riO er "er!(' 0ramm' ' in o!' +&rachen' +*nta1' - e' IIID9 ?1$(%, 1$(2, 1(,,@. ;;;, Introduction to the "tudy of 5anguage ?1$$ @. Ein(eitun! in as +&rachstu ium' 6' Auf(' (,F86)' 9' Auf(' ?1(1%@. ;;;, +*ntaktische Forschun!en' 9 - e' ?1$21D1$$$@. 2 Die 0run (' ' !riech' +*nt' , p. 115 f. $ &omp. 0hilol., p. 5, . 1 Gildersl., #m. Jour. of 0hilol., Jan., 1(,(, p. 11. &f. 'Pumlein, Cnters. Iber griech. :odi ?1$4., p. 5 f.@. % &f. 9. and 6., Handb., p. % 1 f. Hamilton H#:I5!B<, !he <egati4e &ompounds in Greek ?1$((@. 4 5atin of the 5atins and Greek of the Greeks, p. %. 5 'ergaigne, De con#uncti"i et o&tati"i in in oeuro&' (in!uis. 9andacle 9#<6#&57, 5=Bptatif Grec ?1$(2@.

oubt in actua( use%K but the* are not of a ra ica( nature' The Iranian% +anskrit an the 0reek are the on(* (an!ua!es )hich ha both the sub#uncti"e an o&tati"e' The +anskrit ro&&e the sub#uncti"e an the 0reek fina((* is&ense )ith the o&tati"e as the Jatin ha one (on! a!o'? /' ORI0I=AJ +I0=IFICA=CE OF THE +I-BI=CTI$E' De(brAckF is c(ear that 2)i((3 is the fun amenta( i ea of the sub#uncti"e% )hi(e 2)ish3 came to be that of the o&tati"e' -ut this &osition is shar&(* cha((en!e to@ a*' 0oo )in,8 enies that it is &ossib(e 2to inc(u e un er one fun amenta( i ea a(( the actua( uses of an* moo in 0reek e1ce&t the im&erati"e'3 He a mits that the on(* fun amenta( i ea a()a*s &resent in the sub#uncti"e is that of futurit* an c(aims this as the &rimiti"e meanin! from the i iom of Homer' -ru!mann,, enies that a sin!(e root@i ea of the sub#uncti"e can be foun ' He cuts the 0or ian knot b* three uses of the sub#uncti"e (the volitive% the deliberative% the futuristic)' 5' 0' Ha(e, i entifies the e(iberati"e an futuristic uses as the same' +onnenschein/ sees no istinction bet)een "o(iti"e an e(iberati"e% to )hich Mou(ton. a!rees' 2The ob#ection to the term N e(iberati"e%H an to the se&aration of the first t)o c(asses% a&&ears to be )e(( !roun e '3 He a s; 2A comman ma* easi(* be &ut in the interro!ati"e tone'3 That is true' It is a(so true 2that the future in icati"e has carrie off not on(* the futuristic but a(so the "o(iti"e an e(iberati"e sub#uncti"es'3 -ut for &ractica( &ur&oses there is )is om in -ru!mannHs i"ision' +tah(6 sees the ori!in of a((
. 5=optatif grec, p. >>iii. 2 Ib., p. iii. $ Jolly, Ein La&ite( ' "er!(' +*nt'% Der Lon#unkti" un O&tati", p. 11(. ( Die 0run (', p. 11. f. &f. "ynt., II, pp. %4( ff. Good3in GBB6EI<, E. E., Greek Grammar. 9arious editions. ;;;, "ynta> of the :oods and !enses of the Greek 9erb. 8e4. 7d. ?1$(,@. 1, :. and !., #pp., 8elation of the Bptati4e to the "ubjuncti4e and other :oods, p. %21. 11 Griech. Gr., p. 4((. Hale H#57, E. G., !he #nticipatory "ubj. in Gk. and 5at. ?"tud. &l. 0hil., 1$(5@. ;;;, !he Cum &onstructions ?"tudies in &lass. 0hil., 1$$2@. ;;;, !he Brigin of "ubj. and Bpt. &onditions in Gk. and 5at. ?Har4ard "tudies in &lass. 0hilol., 1(,1@. 1 !he #nticipatory "ubjuncti4e in Gk. and 5at., "tud. &lass. 0hil. ?&hicago@, I, p. .. "ee discussion of these three uses of fut. ind. under !ense. &l. 8e4., A9I, p. 1... % 0rol., p. 1$4.

the sub#uncti"e uses in the notion of )i((' The future meanin! !ro)s out of the "o(iti"e' M utDbauer9 fin s the fun amenta( meanin! of the sub#uncti"e to be the attitu e of e1&ectation' This )as its ori!ina( i ea' A(( e(se comes out of that' 5ith this 0i( ers(ee"e: a!rees; 2The sub#uncti"e moo is the moo of antici&ation%3 e1ce&t that he ra)s a shar& istinction bet)een 2antici&ation3 an 2e1&ectation'3 2Antici&ation treats the future as if it )ere &resent'3 He thinks that the futuristic sub#uncti"e is a 2 ea ene im&erati"e'3K -ut Monro? on the )ho(e thinks that the futuristic meanin! is o( er than the "o(iti"e' +o the !rammarians (ea us a merr* ance )ith the sub#uncti"e' Eum(einF enies that the sub#uncti"e is mere &ossibi(it*' It aims after actua(it*% 2a ten enc* to)ar s actua(it*'3 At an* rate it is c(ear that )e must seek the true meanin! of the sub#uncti"e in &rinci&a( c(auses% since subor inate c(auses are a (ater e"e(o&ment% thou!h the futuristic i ea best sur"i"es in the subor inate c(ause',8 In a sense HermannHs notion is true that three i eas come in the mo es (Wirklichkeit( 12#lichkeit( %ot-endi#keit)' The in icati"e is Wirklichkeit% the im&erati"e is %ot-endi#keit% )hi(e the sub#uncti"e an the o&tati"e are 12#lichkeit' I ha"e "enture in m* Short Grammar,, to ca(( the sub#uncti"e an o&tati"e the mo es of oubtfu( statement% )hi(e the in icati"e is the mo e of &ositi"e assertion an the im&erati"e that of comman in! statement' The mo es% as a(rea * seen% o"er(a& a(( a(on! the (ine% but in
"tahl "!#H5, J. :., Lritisch@historische +*nta1 es !riech' $erbums er k(ass' Neit. ?1(,2@. 4 *rit.+hist. "ynt., p. %5 f. :utFbauer :C!N'#C78, &., Die 0run be eutun! es Lon#unkti"s un O&tati"s un ihre Ent)ick' im 0riech' ?1(,$@. ;;;, Die 0run (a!en er !riech' Tem&us(ehre un ?1(,(@. 5 Lon#unkti" un O&tati", p. $ f. . "ynt., 0t. I, p. 142. 2 Ib., p. 14$. :onro :B<8B, 6. '., Homeric Grammar ?1$$ @. d ed. ?1$(1@. -irst ed. used. $ Hom. Gr., p. %1. 'Pumlein 'QC:57I<, Intersuchun!en Aber ie !riech' Mo i un ;;;, Intersuch' Aber !riech' Partike(n ?1$.1@. ( Cnters. Aber ie !riech' Mo i, p. %5. &f. EetFel, De Con#uncti"i et O&tati"i a&u 0raecos Isu, p. 2. 1, Hammerschmidt, Pber ie 0run b' "on Lon#unkti" un O&tati", p. 4. 11 0p. 1 (D1%1. #s a matter of fact both 6elbrIck and Good3in fail to establish a sharp distinction bet3een the subjuncti4e and the optati4e. &f. Giles, :an., p. 5,4. ie Partike(n un ?1$4.@. es hom' Tem&us!ebrauchs . I ?1$(%@, II

a !enera( )a* this out(ine is correct' The sub#uncti"e in &rinci&a( sentences a&&ears in both ec(arati"e an interro!ati"e sentences' Cf' D0" 5! ,0W W * (Ro' 9;,)% 7 ,5 X!:$ (, Cor' ,,;//)' It is foun in both &ositi"e an ne!ati"e statements' Cf' <! O !1 <!$ (Mk' ,/;,6)% !1 75! 4*, +8 5! (Bo' ,F;/6)' It is the moo of oubt% of hesitation% of &ro&osa(% of &rohibition% of antici&ation% of e1&ectation% of broo in! ho&e% of im&erious )i((' 5e sha((% then% o best to fo((o) -ru!mann' .' THREEFOJD I+A0E' The three uses o e1ist% )hate"er their ori!in or or er of e"e(o&ment', (a &uturistic' This i iom is seen in Homer )ith the ne!ati"e 4 as in 4K 5!% NI ne"er sha(( see'H It is an em&hatic future'/ This em&hatic future )ith the sub#uncti"e is common in Homer )ith or an once )ithout' 0i( ers(ee"e. ca((s this the 2Homeric sub#uncti"e%3 but it is more than oubtfu( if the usa!e )as confine to Homer' Mou(ton (Prol.% &' /.F) 7uotes P' 0i(es as sa*in!; 2This like oes for man* ia(ects )hat the sub#uncti"e i for 0reek% &uttin! a statement in a &o(ite% inoffensi"e )a*% assertin! on(* "erisimi(itu e'3 =ote the &resence of the sub#uncti"e in the subor inate c(auses )ith 3 lDm'6 The &resence of 4 here an there )ith the sub#uncti"e testifies to a fee(in! for the futuristic sense' +ee f 4 n (Ber' :;?)' In the mo ern 0reek% Thumb (Handb.% &' ,F9) !i"es e K ,S% )here is for 4' The &ractica( e7ui"a(ence of the aorist sub#uncti"e an the future in icati"e is e"i ent in the subor inate c(auses% &articu(ar(* those )ith D, H, J an J' Cf' ` ,0S (Heb' ?;.)' This is manifest in the JXX% the =' T'% the inscri&tions an the (ate &a&*ri' 9 -(ass: &ronounces P 05, 6S (Mk' 6;/:) 27uite im&ossib(e3 a!ainst -DJo' -ut Mou(tonK 7uotes 4 n from inscri&tions .,K% .F,% .F9% .FF al. in 3amsay4s Cities and 5ishoprics of Phry#ia% ii% .F/' For the &a&*ri% Mou(ton (Prol.% &' /68) notes -' I' .8. ("iQA'D') ,05RNI )i(( furnish%H A' P' ,66 ("QA'D') 5RNI )i(( come'H The itacisms in pS an p &ro"e (ess% as Mou(ton notes' The e1am&(es in the &a&*ri of itacistic p, pS are 2innumerab(e'3 In Ac' 9;,9% 5' H' &rint HN3, (-% some cursi"es)' Ra ermacher (%. '. Gr.% &' ,.:) is 7uite &re&are to take ,< - (Mt' /.;..)R,< -F' This is &robab(* e(iberati"e% but he makes a better case for 3 Q F0Q 7 (Ju' /.;.,)' -(ass, notes that 2the mi1ture of the fut' in ' an aorist con#' has% in com&arison )ith the c(assica( (an!ua!e% ma e consi erab(e &ro!ress'3 He
1 &f. Giles, :an., p. 5,5. :onro, Hom. Gr., p. 1($. % "ynt., 0t. I, p. 15%. 4 'rug., Griech. Gr., p. 5,%. 5 :oulton, 0rol., p. 4,. . Gr. of <. !. Gk., p. % 1. 2 0rol., p. 4,. 8amsay 8#:"#M, E. :., &ities and 'ishoprics of 0hrygia. ;;;, "t. 0aul the !ra4eller ?1$(.@. 4ols. ?1$(5, 1$(2@.

refers to +o&hoc(es% *exicon% &' 69% )here ,5 is 7uote asR30< '/ In a &rinci&a( c(ause in C(em'% Hom. XI' .% )e ha"e q5Nn% an -(ass has note a(so in Is' ..;/6 +-n 80 4: . c!07' 5e cannot% in ee % trace the i iom a(( the )a* from Homer' 2-ut the root@i eas of the sub#uncti"e chan!e remarkab(* (itt(e in the mi((ennium or so se&aratin! Homer from the 0os&e(s< an the moo )hich )as more an more )innin! back its o( omain from the future tense ma* )e(( ha"e come to be use a!ain as a N!nomic futureH )ithout an* kno)(e !e of the anti7uit* of such a usa!e'3. It )as certain(* &rimiti"e in its sim&(icit*6 e"en if it )as not the most &rimiti"e i iom' The use of 4 )ith the sub#' i continue here an there after HomerHs a*' 5e fin it in the JXX% as in Ber' :;? (abo"e) an in the Phr*!ian inscri&tion (abo"e)' In fact% in certain constructions it is common% as in !1 4 after "erbs of fearin! an caution' Cf' / Cor' ,/;/8 an M++' in Mt' /9;F (!" , 4 +0S)' It is e"en &ossib(e that the i iom 4 !" is to be thus e1&(aine ' 0i( ers(ee"e9 remarks on this &oint; 2It mi!ht e"en seem easier to make 4 be(on! to D<% thus combinin! ob#ecti"e an sub#ecti"e ne!ati"es% but it must be remembere that 4 )ith the sub#uncti"e ha ie out (e1ce&t in !1 4) before this construction came in'3 The "ernacu(ar ma*% ho)e"er% ha"e &reser"e 4 )ith the sub#' for 7uite a )hi(e' Bannaris: confi ent(* connects 4 in this i iom )ith the sub#' an e1&(ains !" as an abbre"iation of !"' If either of these e1&(anations is true% the =' T' )ou( then &reser"e in ne!ati"e &rinci&a( sentences the &ure(* futuristic sub#uncti"e' -urtonK is c(ear that an*ho) 2the aorist sub#uncti"e is use )ith 4 !" in the sense of an em&hatic future in icati"e'3 The ancient 0reek sometimes em&(o*e the &resent sub#uncti"e in this sense% but the =' T' oes not use it' -ut the JXX has it% as in Ber' ,;,F' +o in Is' ,,;F )e fin 4 !1 ," 4K !1 5' The future in ' )ith 4 !" is rare in the =' T'% but 4 !" )ith the aorist sub#' a&&ears in the 5' H' te1t ,88 times', It cannot be sai that the ori!in of this 4 !" construction has been so("e ' 0oo )in/ states the &rob(em )e((' The t)o ne!ati"es ou!ht to neutra(iDe each other% bein! simplex% but the* o not (cf' !1 4)' The e1am&(es are &art(* futuristic an &art(* &rohibitor*' E((i&sis is not satisfactor* nor com&(ete se&aration (0i( ers(ee"e) of the t)o ne!ati"es' Perha&s 4 e1&resses the em&hatic enia( an !" the &rohibition )hich come to be b(en e into the one construction' At an* rate it is &ro&er to cite the e1am&(es of em&hatic enia( as instances of the futuristic
1 Gr. of <. !. Gk., p. ,$. "ee also HatF., 7inl., p. 1$. % :oulton, 0rol., p. 1$.. 4 Good3in, :. and !., pp. , %2 . 5 Justin :artyr, p. 1.(. . Hist. Gk. Gr., p. 44(. 'urton 'C8!B<, 7. 6., "ynta> of the :oods and !enses of the <. !. Gk. %d ed. ?1(,(@. 2 <. !. :. and !., p. 2$. 1 :oulton, 0rol., %d ed., p. 1(,. 'ut in the Germ. ed., p. %,,, :oulton names 24. He had gi4en 2$ in the first 7ngl. ed. :. and !., pp. %$( ff. "ee also pp. 1,1D1,5.

sub#uncti"e' Thus 4 !" +<, 4] 4 !" 37,5 (Heb' ,.;9)< 4 !1 +,S (Mk' F;6,)< 4 4 !1 ,75 (Mk' ,6;/9)' Cf' Ju' :;.K etc' +ee 4 !" in both &rinci&a( an subor inate c(auses in Mk' ,.;/' +ee a(so Tense' It is a rhetorica( 7uestion in Ju' ,?;K (note a(so ,0!:) rather than a e(iberati"e one' In Re"' ,9;6 )e ha"e the aor' sub#' an the fut' in ' si e b* si e in a rhetorica( 7uestion% 7 4 !1 -6n, 0, F W I!$ +ee a(so the 7 3F X!< LF -7 ,0 ,0W 4*N ,S 4Q$ (Ju' ,,;9)' It is ifficu(t to see here an*thin! "er* 2 e(iberati"e3 about ,S as istinct from LF' It ma* be mere(* the rhetorica( use of the futuristic sub#' in a 7uestion' Ha"e the !rammars been correct in e1&(ainin! a(( these sub#uncti"es in 7uestions as 2 e(iberati"e34 Certain(* the future in ' is "er* common in rhetorica( an other 7uestions in the =' T' (b +olitive' There is no oubt about the &resence of the "o(iti"e sub#uncti"e in the =' T' The &ersona( e7uation un oubte (* cuts some fi!ure in the sha es of meanin! in the moo s% here as e(se)here'. 0i( ers(ee"e6 )ou( in ee make this 2im&erati"e sense3 the on(* meanin! of the moo in the stan ar (an!ua!e after Homer' He oes this because the e(iberati"e sub#uncti"e e1&ects an im&erati"e ans)er' -ut% as a(rea * seen% that is a moote 7uestion' -ru!mann9 takes &ains to remark that the e(ement of 2)i((3 in the "o(iti"e sub#uncti"e be(on!s to the s&eaker% not to the one a resse ' It is &ure(* a matter of the conte1t' It occurs in both &ositi"e an ne!ati"e sentences an the ne!ati"e is a()a*s !"' The usa!e is common in Homer': Monro inter&rets it as e1&ressin! 2)hat the s&eaker resolves or insists u&on'3 In &rinci&(e the hortator* sub#uncti"e is the same as the &rohibiti"e use )ith !"' It )as a necessit* for the first &erson% since the im&erati"e )as eficient there' Mou(ton, "entures to treat this hortator* use of the first &erson sub#' un er the im&erati"e% since the +anskrit !rammars !i"e the $e ic sub#uncti"e of the first &erson as an or inar* &art of the im&erati"e' The other &ersons of the +anskrit sub#' are obso(ete in the e&ic &erio ' Thus bharma, bharata, bharantu are com&are )ith -05!, -0, -0*5 (Attic for " -05)' Mou(ton/ a&&ea(s a(so to the combination of the first an secon &ersons in constructions (ike 370 5! (Mk' ,6;6/)' This e1am&(e i((ustrates )e(( the "o(iti"e i ea in 5!'. The first &erson is usua((* foun in this construction' Cf' a(so 5! (Bo' ,,;K)< -5! ,75! (, Cor' ,9;./)< 5! (Ro' 9;,% correct te1t)< -0<! (Ph' .;,9)< 00<! "-5! (, Th' 9;:)' Cf' Ju' F;.. in &articu(ar (infiniti"e an sub#')' In , Cor' 9;?% _ d0b5!% the sub#uncti"e is hortator* an r is an inferentia( &artic(e' Cf' further Heb' ,/;,< , Bo' 6;K' As e1am&(es )ith !" see !1 75! (Bo' ,F;/6)< !1 5! (, Th' 9;:)' The construction continue to f(ourish in a(( sta!es of the (an!ua!e'6 5e ha"e = +,75! (Mk' ,/;K' Cf' = % Mt' /?;:) an - 5! (Mt' /K;6F)' In - the sin!u(ar has become
% Giles, :an., p. 5,5. 4 "ynt., 0t. I, p. 14$. 5 Griech. Gr., p. 5,,. . :onro, Hom. Gr., p. 1(2. 1 0rol., p. 125. Ib. % "ee 1 &or. 1,G2D( for the change from first to second persons.

stereot*&e '9 This use of - )as fina((* shortene into in the mo ern 0reek an came to be uni"ersa( )ith the hortator* sub#uncti"e of the first &erson an e"en for the thir &erson im&erati"e in the "ernacu(ar (as e S for 35)' In the =' T' - is not *et a mere au1i(iar* as is our 2(et3 an the mo ern 0reek ' It is more (ike 2 o (et me !o'3: Ra ermacher (%. '. Gr.% &' ,.6) 7uotes - 7F5!% E&ict' I% F% ,9' In the first &erson sin!u(ar the =' T' a()a*s has - or =0 )ith the hortator* sub#uncti"e'K Thus - 365 (Mt' K;6)RJu' :;6/ an =0 +,75 (Ac' K;.6% JXX)' Mou(ton, cites - 3? 41 0"5 from O' P' 6,. (Roman &erio )' 5e o not ha"e to su&&ose the e((i&sis of H% for - is here the au1i(iar*' In Bo' ,/;K% - 41 H 0"S% it is har (* &robab(e that - is #ust au1i(iar*%/ thou!h in the mo ern 0reek% as a(rea * state % is use )ith the thir &erson' In the secon &erson )e ha"e on(* the ne!ati"e construction in &rohibitions )ith the aorist sub#uncti"e% a "er* o( i iom. (see Tenses% Aorist)' 2The future an the im&erati"e bet)een them carrie off the o( #ussi"e use of the sub#uncti"e in &ositi"e comman s of / an . &erson' The o( ru(e )hich in (NAn!(icisticH) Jatin ma e sileas an entire(* !rammatica( retort iscourteous to the Pub(ic OratorHs sileam/S)hich in the ia(ect of E(is3 (to !o on )ith Mou(tonHs rather (on! sentence) 2&ro uce such &hrases as 3,! ,"s t*0!0SN(et =ico romus atten to it%H has no &(ace in c(assica( or (ater 0reek% un(ess in +o&h'% Phil.% .88 (see Bebb)' A oubtfu((* J(' P' ,% /: ff' "s' ? (iiiQ-'C')% Tb' P' 6,6 (iiQA'D')'3 +ee Mou(ton% Prol.% &' ,K?' In the JXX% Ber' ,?;?% note 3,0-n% &ara((e( )ith +,0-"5 in ,?;,,' In the mo ern 0reek
4 Jann., Hist. Gk. Gr., p. 442. 5 'lass, Gr. of <. !. Gk., p. ,$. 'ut see - 5! ?:k. 15G%.@, though read -.

6 here

. :oulton, 0rol., p. 12.. Jannaris ?Hist. Gk. Gr., p. 44$@ deri4es u from L lLm, u. 2 It 3as rare in classic Gk. not to ha4e or -0 or some such 3ord. &f. Good3in, :. and !., p. $$) Gildersl., "ynt., 0t. I, p. 14$ f. !he 4oliti4e subj. is common in mod. Gk. ?!humb, Handb., p. 1 .@ both for e>hortations, commands, prohibitions and 3ishes. It occurs in the late pap. for 3ish, as F9S, 0.B>y. I, 1 $, (. "o in the inscr. = ,S, 0ontica III, . , $ ?#nderson+&umont+GrRgoire@. 8adermacher ?<. !. Gk., p. 1 $@ cites also !7 5, #cta !homae, p. 1 (. 1 0rol., p. 125. Ib. % 6elbrIck, "ynt., p. 1 ,) :onro, Hom. Gr., p. 4,. Jebb J7'', 8. &., #ttic Brators. d ed. ?1$(%@. ;;;, Introduction to the Iliad and the Bdyssey. ?1$( @. ;;;, Bn the 8elation of &lassical to :odern Greek ?#ppendi> to 9incent and 6ickson=s Handbook to :od. Gk., 1$$2@.

)e ha"e )ishes for the future in the sub#'% since the o&t' is ea ' +o / W -FS% N0o forbi H (Thumb% Handb.% &' ,/K)' Ra ermacher (%. '. Gr.% &' ,.9) fin s the sub#' for )ish in (ate &a&*ri an inscri&tions' It is e"en in the JXX% Ruth ,;F A% Q 0 X!: q0 +,% but - has o&tati"e' In the $e a the &rohibiti"e m is foun on(* )ith the con#uncti"e% thus seemin! to sho) that the im&erati"e )as ori!ina((* use on(* in &ositi"e sentences' This i iom of !" an the aorist sub#' he( its o)n stea i(* in the secon &erson' This &oint has been iscusse at some (en!th un er Tenses' Take as i((ustrations the fo((o)in!; !1 -6n (Mt' ,;/8)< !1 !7 (9;,K)< !1 DS (:;,.)' The use of J0 an /0Y )ith !" an the aorist sub#' is to be note ' +ome of these are e1am&(es of as*n eton #ust (ike -' Thus J0 ! !K ,S (Mk' ,;66< cf' Mt' ?;6)' +o a(so J0 !" (Re"' //;F) )here the "erb ,"S is not e1&resse ' Cf' JXX J0 ," (Heb' ?;9) /0Y ! 55 (Mt' F;.8)% an /0Y !1 0: (/6;:)' 5ith 6, it is not a()a*s c(ear )hether )e ha"e as*n eton (&arata1is) or a subor inate c(ause (h*&ota1is)' In Ju' /,;?% 6, !" ,[% )e ma* (&' FF:) ha"e &arata1is as is &ossib(e, in Heb' ,/;/9% 6, !1 ,0"' Cf' Ac' ,.;68< 0a(' 9;,9' These forms occur )ith the thir &erson a(so% as 6, !" X!Y ,"S (Mt' /6;6)' -ut% per contra% see , Cor' ,8;,/ (!" L in Co(' /;?)' In , Th' 9;,9% /0Y !" W + = +,Q% &arata1is is &robab(e' -ut the thir &erson aorist sub#' occurs )ith !" a(one as in !" G 4W 3F"S (, Cor' ,:;,,)< !" 7 ! *FS -0 A (/ Cor' ,,;,:)< !" X!Y 3F,"S (/ Th' /;.)' E(se)here !" an the aorist im&erati"e occur in the thir &erson' Ra ermacher (%. '. Gr.% &' ,.6) 7uotes !" an . &erson aor' sub#' from " )riters% inscr' an &a&*ri' Care(ess )riters e"en use !1 U 5 ,n% -' 0' I' III% ?/6% ,K' E"en E&ictetus (II% //% /6) has !1 4* +,-7S' =o (ess "o(iti"e is an e1am&(e )ith 4 !"% (ike 4 !1 3 (Mt' 9;/8)% )hich is &rohibiti"e' +o 4 !1 7S (Bo' ,.;?)< 4 !1 ,7S (Ju' ,;,9)' There is the )i(( of 0o in D< v O !7 07 4 !1 ,0S (Mt' 9;,?) in the thir &erson' In Mt' /9;F% !" , 4 !1 +0S .!: X!:% the sub#' is &robab(* futuristic (or e(iberati"e)' In a (ate &a&*rus% O' P' ,,98% : ("iQA'D')% note :F 1 !7 3FS )here the . &ers' sub#'Rim&erati"e (ike Jatin' There are e1am&(es in the =' T' )here H seems to be mere(* an intro uctor* e1&(eti"e )ith the "o(iti"e sub#uncti"e' Thus H 3,n (Mk' 9;/.)< H +65 (,8;9,)< H ,0 (/ Cor' ?;K)< H !!5! (0a(' /;,8' =ote &resent tense)< H -6[ (E&h' 9;..) &ara((e( )ith +,5' Cf' HN9S lQm mar!in of 5' H'% E&h' ,;,K' Mou(ton/ fin s in the &a&*ri (-' I' 6?% iiQiii A'D') 38 +6n n d0n H /!* 9!' +o a(so he cites H 4W !1 5,"S% F' P' ,,/ (FF A'D')% an H !K < *5 R50"S (Cicero% ,tt. "i' 9)' The mo ern 0reek uses an sub#' as im&erati"e for both secon an thir &ersons (Thumb% Handb.% &' ,/K f')' =ote a(so !1 H +9S .!Y% -' 0' I' ,8KF (A'D% 6,)% not H !"' Mou(ton (Prol.% &' /6?) 7uotes E&ict'% I$% ,% 6,% H !1 !50W w, +] H !S' The use of 5 H (cf' Mk' :;/9< ,8;.9< Bo' ,K;/6) &rece e this i iom' Mou(ton. e"en su!!ests that ,0 H !1 D ,0!* (Mk' ,6;.?) is as much &arata1is as /0Y - (Ju' ,/;,9)' This 2inno"ation3 in the " takes the &(ace of J,5 an the future in ' Mou(ton (Prol.% &'
1 'ut 'lass ?Gr. of <. !. Gk., p. 2$@ holds the opposite 4ie3. 0rol., p. 12(. % Ib., p. 12$.

,KK note) cites J,5 ! !1 30:% P(ato% ..K -% N onHt te(( me%H )here J,5RNin )hich case'H The use of !" after )or s of caution an a&&rehension is &robab(* &aratactic in ori!in', Mou(ton/ notes the use of the &resent sub#' )ith e1&ressions of )arnin! as )e(( as the aorist' Thus in Heb' ,/;,9% 3,,= !" x7b ,07 3n' -ut this construction bor ers so c(ose(* on subor inate c(auses% if not c(ear o"er the (ine% that it )i(( be best iscusse there' +ubor inate c(auses sho) man* e1am&(es of the "o(iti"e sub#uncti"e (as c(auses of esi!n% &robab(* &aratactic in ori!in% Mou(ton% Prol.% &' ,?9)' +ee ] y 05! (Heb' ,/;/?)' +ee iscussion of +ub' C(auses' (c "eliberative' There is no !reat amount of ifference bet)een the hortator* ("o(iti"e) sub#uncti"e an the e(iberati"e' The "o(iti"e is connecte )ith the e(iberati"e in Mk' :;/6 f'% 7 D"5!> 5 H Q' Thus ,"5!% Nsu&&ose )e o it%H an 7 ,"5!$ N)hat are )e to (must )e) o4H o not "ar* much' The interro!ati"e. is a 7uasi@im&erati"e' 0i( ers(ee"e6 notes in P(ato (rare e(se)here in Attic) a 2number of hesitatin! ha(f@7uestions )ith !" or !1 4 an the &resent sub#uncti"e'3 It is &ossib(e that )e ha"e this construction in Mt' /9;F% !" , 4 !1 (5' H' mar!' #ust 4) +0S .!: X!:' It is but a ste& to the e(iberati"e 7uestion'9 This is either &ositi"e or ne!ati"e% as in Mk' ,/;,6% <! O !1 <!$ +o a(so 4 !" as in Bo' ,?;,,% 4 !1 ,75 4*$ Cf' a(so Ju' ,?;K< Re"' ,9;6' The aorist or the &resent tense occurs as in Ju' .;,8% 7 G ,"5!$ an in Bo' :;/?% 7 ,<!$ so 5 in Heb' ,,;./' Cf' the in icati"e 7 ,=!$ in Bo' ,,;6K an the future 7 G 30=!$ (Ro' F;,6)' The 7uestion ma* be rhetorica( (cf' Mt' /:;96< Ju' ,6;.6< Bo' :;:?< Ro' ,8;,6) or interro!ati"e (cf' Mt' :;.,< ,?;/,< Mk' ,/;,6< Ju' //;6F)': The kinshi& bet)een e(ib' sub#' an e(ib' fut' in ' is seen in Mk' :;.K% +05! 9!$ The first &erson is the one of most fre7uent occurrence (cf' Ro' :;,)% 7 D"5! (Mk' :;/6)' -ut e1am&(es are not )antin! for the secon an thir &ersons' Thus ,< - +,W [ 075 [ $ (Mt' /.;..)< 7 $ (Ju' /.;.,)' +ee further Mt' /:;,6< Ro' ,8;96' It is sometimes uncertain )hether )e ha"e the sub#uncti"e or the in icati"e% as in L0 ,0<!$ (Mt' ,,;.) an 3,5 X!Y$ (, Cor' ,,;//)' -ut note 7 ,5 X!:$ in the (ast &assa!e' In Ju' ,,;9 )e ha"e both 7 LF an ,S' +o 7 : (Mk' ?;.K% ACD 9) ma* be com&are )ith 7 9 (Mt' ,:;/:)', This ambi!uit* a&&ears in 7 ,"5$ an 5 7 ,"5 in Ju' ,:;. f' The e(iberati"e sub#' is retaine in in irect 7uestions' Cf' Mt' :;., )ith Mt' :;/9' The kinshi& bet)een the e(iberati"e sub#' in in irect 7uestions an the im&erati"e an the "o(iti"e sub#uncti"e is seen in Ju' ,/;6 f'% !1 -6[NX,7F5 K X!: 7 -6[z -6" ' The e(iberati"e sub#'% (ike the "o(iti"e% has "arious intro uctor* )or s )hich make as*n eton (&arata1is)' These become set &hrases (ike -, J0' Thus ,=
1 &f. 'lass, Gr. of <. !. Gk., p. 1 f. 0rol., p. 12$. % :onro, Hom. Gr., pp. 1((, (.

4 "ynt., 0t. I, p. 15 . &f. Good3in, :. and !., p. ( . 5 'lass, Gr. of <. !. Gk., p. 11. . 'urton, <. !. :oods and !enses, p. 22. 1 'lass, Gr. of <. !. Gk., p. 1,. &f. *.+G., !l. I, p. 1.

 d!5!$ (Mt' /:;,K)% ,5!$ (Ju' F;96)' In Ju' ,?;6, )e ha"e 7 ,"5$ an H +65 as the re&(*% usin! H in the brief ans)er' Cf' further Mt' ,.;/?' In Bo' ,?;.F% 6 G +,5% )e &robab(* ha"e the sub#' a(so' +ome M++' ha"e D ,F5!$ in Ju' //;6F'/ 5e ma* (ea"e further iscussion of the sub#' to the subor inate c(auses' 5e ha"e no e1am&(es in the =' T' of )ith the sub#' in in e&en ent sentences (but see an the sub#' in Homer)' In subor inate c(auses is "er* common% thou!h not necessar*% as )i(( be seen'. (Cf' iscussion of D, J') -ut Bannaris6 !i"es instances of )ith the sub#' in &rinci&a( c(auses (futuristic) in Po(*bius% Phi(o% P(utarch% 0a(en% etc' 5ith the isa&&earance of the fut' in '% the o&t' an the im&er'% the sub#' has the fie( as the 2&ros&ecti"e moo '3 It is foun in the mo ern 0reek as in 7 8 7S (Thumb% Handb.% &' ,/:)' III. The O"tative Mode (. 41 ). It has a(rea * been sho)n that the o&tati"e oes not iffer ra ica((* from the sub#uncti"e' Bannaris9 ca((s the o&tati"e the 2secon ar* sub#uncti"e'3 ,' HI+TOR> OF THE OPTATI$E' For the facts see cha&ter on Con#u!ation of the $erb' It is an interestin! histor* an is )e(( out(ine b* Bannaris: in his ,ppendix +% 2The Moo s Chief(* +ince A' (Ancient 0reek) Times'3 It retreate first from e&en ent c(auses an he( on (on!est in the use for )ish in in e&en ent sentences (ike ' -ut e"en here it fina((* )ent o)n before the fut' in ' an sub#' The o&tati"e )as a (u1ur* of the (an!ua!e an )as &robab(* ne"er common in the "ernacu(ar' Certain(* it is "er* rare in the "ernacu(ar " (both inscri&tions an &a&*ri)' It is a (iterar* moo that fa e before the march of the sub#' In a hun re &a!es of the 1emorabilia of Xeno&hon the o&tati"e occurs .98 times' He ha a 2h*&erortho o1 (o"e of the moo '3, P(atoHs Phaedo sho)s it /98 times in a corres&on in! s&ace% but +trabo has it on(* K:% Po(*bius .K% Dio orus +icu(us ,. times in a hun re &a!es'/ The :K e1am&(es in the =' T' are in harmon* )ith the " usa!e' 0i( ers(ee"e &ithi(* sa*s; 2The o&tati"e% )hich starts (ife as a )ish of the s&eaker% becomes a notion of the s&eaker% then a notion of somebo * e(se% an fina((* a !nomon of ob(i7uit*3 (,. 6. of Phil.% ,F8?% &' /:6)' In the JXX the o&tati"e is rare% but not so rare as in the =' T'% thou!h e"en in the JXX it is re&(ace b* the sub#' (Thackera*% Gr.% &' ,F.) as in the (ate &a&*ri an inscri&tions (Ra ermacher% %. '. Gr.% &&' ,/?% ,.9)'
Ib. % &f. 0aley, !he Gk. 0articles, p. 5. "ee 7oppin( 5eitr. 8u !nt-ick. und W9rd. der Ideen 9ber die Grundb. d. #riech. 1odi ?1$$,@. 4 Hist. Gk. Gr., p. 5.4. Bn the subj. see further 7arle, &l. 0apers, p. 5 Ib., p. 45,. . Ib., pp. 5.,D5.2. 1 Gildersl., #m. Jour. of 0hil., Jan., 1(,(, p. 1(. #ccording to 9andacle ?5=Bptatif Grec, p. 51@ P(ato et XTn' 2ont onnT U (Ho&tatif (a &(us !ran e e1tension &ossib(e< XTno&hon mar7ue (Ha&o!Te.1 !he optati4e he also describes as /un instrument Hune T(icatesse infinie.1 "ee further *upff, Der 0ebr' ' O&t' bei Dio ' +ic' (,F8.)< Reik% Der O&t' bei Po(*b' un Phi(o ?1(,2@. "chmid, Der 0ebr' es O&tati"s bei Dio ' +ic', 1(,%, p. . !hackeray 1.

/' +I0=IFICA=CE' There is no efinite istinction bet)een the sub#uncti"e an the o&tati"e in the +anskrit'. The Jatin &ut a(( the bur en on the sub#'% as the 0reek fina((* i ' The +anskrit fina((* ma e the o&tati"e o most of the )ork' In a )or % the o&tati"e is a sort of )eaker sub#uncti"e'6 +ome )riters make the o&t' time(ess an use efinite(* of the &ast'9 It is rather a 2softene future3: sometimes f(un! back into the &ast for a Standpunkt' 5e o notK kno) 2)hether the o&t' ori!ina((* e1&resse )ish or su&&osition'3 The name oes not si!nif* an*thin!' It 2)as in"ente b* !rammarians (on! after the usa!es of the (an!ua!e )ere sett(e '3? The* #ust !a"e it the name 4" because at that time the on(* use it ha )ithout )as that of )ishin!' The name is no &roof that )ishin! )as the &rimiti"e or the on(* function or the rea( meanin! of the mo e' 5e ha"e &recise(* the same ifficu(t* as in the sub#uncti"e' In ee % the o&tati"e has three "a(ues% #ust (ike the sub#uncti"e% "iD' the futuristic (&otentia()% the "o(iti"e ()ishes) an the e(iberati"e', In the first an thir kin s is usua((* &resent% but not a()a*s' -ru!mann/ notes on(* t)o% omittin! the e(iberati"e as some scho(ars o for the sub#' He oes reckon a thir use in in irect iscourse% but this is mere(* the o&t' in subor inate sentences an ma* be either of the three norma( usa!es' The rare fut' o&t' in in irect iscourse i((ustrates the &oint (not in the =' T')' There is no oubt of the istinction bet)een the futuristic (&otentia() )ith ne!ati"e 4 (cf' futuristic sub#' in Homer) an the "o(iti"e use )ith !" (cf' sub#' a!ain)'. -ut there )as a(so a 2neutra( sense3 that can har (* be c(asse either as futuristic or "o(iti"e'6 0i( ers(ee"e9 ca((s this the 2o&tati"e in 7uestions%3 usua((* )ith ' This is the e(iberati"e use' .' THE THREE I+E+' (a &uturistic or Potential' 5e be!in )ith this )hether it is the first in time or not' De(brAck: has taken se"era( &ositions on this &oint' The use of the ne!ati"e 4 here
!H#&*78#M, H. "!., # Grammar of the B. !. in Greek. 9ol. I, Introduction, Brthography and #ccidence ?1(,(@. ;;;, 8elation of "t. 0aul to &ontemporary !hought ?1(,,@. % Ehitney, "ans. Gr., p. 1$. In the original speech there 3as no clear distinction bet3een the subj. and the opt. ?&urtius, !emp. und :odi, 1$4., p. ..@. 4 Good3in, :. and !., p. %$4. 5 'Pumlein, Griech. :odi, p. 122. . :onro, Hom. Gr., p. 2 Ib., p. %1. $ Good3in, :. and !., p. %25. 1 Giles, :an., p. 51,. Griech. Gr., pp. 5,4 ff. % Good3in, :. and !., p. %25. 4 Ib., p. 4. 5 "ynt., 0t. I, p. 154. "tahl ?*rit.+hist. "ynt., p. %. f.@ notes a /concessi4e opt.,1 3hich is an o4errefinement. It is merely a 3eakened form of 3ish ?*.+G., 'd. I, p. $@ or of the potential use. (.

sho)s its kinshi& )ith the future (cf' fut' in ' an aorist sub#' in Homer)'K The )as not a()a*s &resent in Homer an it is not the that !i"es the &otentia( i ea to the mo e' In &oetr* the use )ithout continue ' 2The o&tati"e is the i ea( moo of the 0reek (an!ua!e% the moo of the fanc*'3? Mou(tonF &uts it c(ear(*; 2It )as use to e1&ress a future in a mi( er form% an to e1&ress a re7uest in eferentia( st*(e'3 Ra ermacher cites from E&ictetus% II% /.% ,% e f +{N x| +% sho)in! c(ear(* that the o&t' an the fut' in ' are some)hat &ara((e(' Mou(ton (Prol.% &' ,F6) cites Deut' /?;/6 ff'% )here the o&t' an fut' in ' a(ternate in trans(atin! the same Hebre)' I o not a!ree )ith Ra ermacher (%. '. Gr.% &' ,/?) in seein! in M ,0: (0a(' 6;/8) a mere e7ui"a(ent of ! ' +ee im&erfect in ' The &resence of !i"es 2a contin!ent meanin!3,8 to the "erb an makes one think of the une1&resse &rotasis of the fourth@c(ass con ition' The i iom has "anishe as a (i"in! form from the "ernacu(ar " in the =' T' times', It a&&ears on(* in JukeHs )ritin!s in the =' T' an is an e"i ent (iterar* touch' The JXX sho)s it on(* ,F times outsi e of 6 Maccabees an .8 )ith it'/ Mou(ton. notes one &a&*rus )hich oes not ha"e (cf' Homer)% thou!h he )ou( sus&ect the te1t an rea as Mahaff* oes 4K e}~ 3,7,!% Par' P' :. (iiQ-'C')' -ut curious(* enou!h Juke has on(* one instance of this 2softene assertion3 a&art from 7uestions' That is in Ac' /:;/F (critica( te1t) 4F7! ' This fact sho)s ho) obso(ete the i iom is in the "' The use of here a"oi s the &assionateness of the mere o&tati"e (0i( ers(ee"e% Syntax% &' ,9K)' The other e1am&(es in JukeHs )ritin!s are a(( in 7uestions an ma* be com&are )ith the sub#' in e(iberati"e 7uestions' On(* t)o e1am&(es a&&ear of the o&t' )ith in irect 7uestions'
. &f. his Lon#unkti" un O&tati"% +*ntaktische Forschun!en% Att'@in ische +*nt' In the last of these he suggests that the potential and 3ishing functions are distinct in origin. 2 :onro, Hom. Gr., p. 1(. $ Gildersl., "ynt., 0t. I, p. 15%. ( 0rol., p. 1(2. 1, Ib., p. 1... 1 :oulton, 0rol., p. 1(2 f.) 'lass, Gr. of <. !. Gk., p. 0rol., p. 1(2. % Ib., p. 1($. He notes also 4 :acc. 5G1%, 9 3ithout . In the pap. u is usually present 3ith the potential opt. ?8adermacher, <. !. Gk., p. 1 (@. "ometimes 5 occurs 3ith the opt., as 5N+,0" in Joh. 0hilop. :ahaffy :#H#--M, J. 0., # "ur4ey of Greek &i4iliFation ?1$(2@. ;;;, Greek 5ife and !hought ?1$(.@. ;;;, 0rogress of Hellenism in #le>ander=s 7mpire ?1(,5@. ;;;, !he Greek Eorld under 8oman "3ay ?1$(,@. ;;;, Ehat Ha4e the Greeks 6one for &i4iliFationS ?1(,(@. ,.

The* are ,< 80 e 7! 38 !" /" !$ (Ac' ?;.,' The on(* instance of a &rotasis in connection )ith an o&tati"e a&o osis in the =' T') an 7 e / ,0!* U $ (Ac' ,K;,?)' -oth are rhetorica( 7uestions an the secon has a e(iberati"e tone< see (c)' In Ac' /;,/% E has 7 e ' Mou(ton (Prol.% &' ,F?)' cites 7 e { from Bob .,;., an ho( s that it oes not iffer from 7 { e(se)here (=um' ,,;/F)' The other instances of an the o&t' are a(( in in irect 7uestions% but the construction is not ue to the in irect 7uestion' It is mere(* retaine from the irect' The use of the o&tati"e in an in irect 7uestion )hen the irect )ou( ha"e the in icati"e or the sub#uncti"e is not the &oint' This is mere(* the c(assic se7uence of mo es in in irect 7uestions' +ee Ju' ?;F% 3,095 7 ' +o Ju' //;/. (cf' : in /6)' Cf' Ac' /,;..' In Ju' ,;/F% D a s an M++' "ar* )ith some of the other e1am&(es (cf' Ju' ,?;.:)' +o is correct in Ju' ,9;/:' Mou(ton (Prol.% &' ,F?) cites Esth' ,.;. ,!N,< e +7 an inscr' Ma!nes' /,9 (iQA'D') 3,05|N7 e ," +< 7' Mou(ton (Prol.% &' ,F?) ar!ues for 2a minimum of ifference3 in the e1am&(es of in irect 7uestions )ith an )ithout ' The ifference is in the direct 7uestion' The e1am&(es )ith (5' H'Hs te1t) in in irect 7uestions are Ju' ,;:/< :;,,< F;6:< ,9;/:< Ac' 9;/6< ,8;,K'6 In a(( of these instances the e(iberati"e e(ement is un oubte (* &resent< see (c)' The same thin! is true of Ju' .;,9 (!" ,)% Ac' ,K;/K (D)% but Ac' /9;,: (,0 M in in irect iscourse for sub#' of the irect) is futuristic' (b +olitive' Mou(ton, ca((s this use the 2O&tati"e Pro&er%3 a curious concession to the mere name' It has been the most &ersistent construction of the o&tati"e% an (in in e&en ent c(auses) thirt*@ei!ht of the si1t*@se"en e1am&(es of the =' T' come un er this cate!or*'/ Fifteen of the thirt*@ei!ht instances be(on! to !1 % once in Ju' /8;,:% an the other fourteen in Pau(Hs E&ist(es (,8 in Romans% , in , Cor'% . in 0a(')' Thumb consi ers the rare use of !1 in mo ern 0reek (the on(* re(ic of the o&tati"e) a (iterar* &henomenon% but Mou(ton. notes that Pa((is retains it in Ju' /8;,:' Mou(ton com&ares the &ersistence of the En!(ish o&tati"e in the &hrase 2be it so%3 2so be it%3 2be it ne"er so humb(e%3 etc'6 +o he notes it in the &a&*ri for oaths% &ra*ers an )ishes'9 O' P' /68 (iQA'D') G % O' P' K,9 (iiQA'D') !% O' P' 9/: (iiQA'D') 70% J' Pb' (iiQ-'C') ` 7 % -' M' /, (iiQ-'C') K ' The =' T' e1am&(es are a(( in the thir &erson e1ce&t Phi(' /8% 39 R7!' One is a curse ! ! - (Mk' ,,;,6) an is e7ui"a(ent to the im&erati"e' 2There is a stron! inc(ination to use the im&erati"e instea of the o&tati"e% not on(* in re7uests% )here the im&erati"e has a (e!itimate &(ace in c(assica( 0reek as )e((% but a(so in im&recations%
4 'urton, :. and !., p. $,) 'lass, Gr. of <. !. Gk., p. 1 0rol., p. 1(4. 'urton, <. !. :. and !., p. 2() :oulton, 0rol., p. 1(4. % Ib., p. 4,. 0allis 0#55I", #., # -e3 <otes on the Gospel ?1(,%@. ;;;, t o" ?1(, @. !he <. !. ?Gospels@ in modern Greek 4ernacular. 4 &f. "3eet, <e3 7ng. Gr.G "ynt., pp. 1,2 ff. 5 :oulton, 0rol., p. 1(5 f. ,.

)here it takes the &(ace of the c(assica( o&tati"e; +! 5% 0a(' ,;? f' Cf' , Cor' ,:;//'3: On(* in Mk' ,,;,6 an Ac' ?;/8% W +00* @ % o )e ha"e the o&tati"e in im&recations in the =' T' The o&t' comes "er* near the im&er' in ancient 0reek sometimes (0i( ers(ee"e% &' ,99)' Cf' 7% P' Par' /: (-'C' ,:.)' In Ac' ,;/8% )here the JXX (Ps' ,8F;?) has 6% Juke !i"es 65'K There are on(* /. e1am&(es of the "o(iti"e o&tati"e in in e&en ent c(auses outsi e of !1 ' Pau( has ,9 of this /. 2(Ro' ,9;9% ,.< Phi(' /8< / Tim' ,;,:% ,?< 6;,:% an the rest in , an / Th')% )hi(e Mark% Juke% Acts% Hebre)s% , Peter an / Peter ha"e one a&iece% an Bu e t)o'3? The* are a(( e1am&(es of the aorist o&tati"e e1ce&t the &resent in Ac' ?;/8' The ne!ati"e is !" an is not use ' In / Th' .;,: { is o&t'% not the sub#' 9S' In , Th' .;,/ the conte1t sho)s that ,0 is o&t' (not aor' inf' nor aor' mi (e im&erati"e)', The rare use of the "o(iti"e o&t' )ith D (t)e("e cases in the =' T'% but four be(on! to in irect 7uestions)% )i(( be iscusse un er Con itiona( +entences' If H { is the correct te1t in E&h' ,;,K% )e &robab(* ha"e a "o(iti"e o&tati"e% the H bein! mere(* intro uctor* (cf' e1am&(es )ith the sub#')'/ It is har (* a case of fina( H )ith the o&tati"e' -(ass. rea s Q here sub#' after -' In mo ern 0reek Dr' Rouse fin s &eo&(e sa*in! not !1 % but / W 8 -FS (Mou(ton% Prol.% &' /6F)% thou!h is not here necessar* (Thumb% Handb.% &' ,/K)' The ancient i iom )ith an D 0 is not foun in the =' T'% as state a(rea * se"era( times' j- )ith the future in ' occurs for a future )ish (0a(' 9;,/)' (c "eliberative' There is (itt(e more to a here' The JXX6 !i"es instances of 7 {$ (=um' ,,;/F< Bu !' F;/F< / +am' ,?;..% etc') )ithout as in Homer% )here a e(iberati"e sub#' )ou( be a missib(e' +ee a(so Ps' ,/8 (,,F);.% 7 7 7 ,07 $ In Ju' :;,, Mou(ton9 remarks that 7 e ," in the in irect 7uestion is 2the hesitatin! substitute for the irect 7 ,"!$3 5h* not rather su&&ose a 2hesitatin!3 ( e(iberati"e) irect 7uestion (ike 7 e / ,0!* U $ (Ac' ,K;,?)' As a(rea * remarke % the conte1t sho)s oubt an &er&(e1it* in the in irect 7uestions )hich ha"e an the o&t' in the =' T' (Ju' ,;:/< :;,,< F;6:< ,9;/:< Ac' 9;/6< ,8;,K)' The "erbs (3, , D[ !*, 3,, ,*0) a(( sho) this state of min ' +ee in irect 7uestion D 6
. 'lass, Gr. of <. !. Gk., p. 2 Ib. $ :oulton, 0rol., p. 1(5. 1 !hey are all e>>. of the third person sa4e 0hil. ,. Here is the list ?3ith 'urton=s errors corrected by H. "cott@G :k. 11G14) 5u. 1G%$) ,G1.) #c. $G ,) 8o. %G4, ., %1) .G , 15) 2G2, 1%) (G14) 11G1, 11) 15G5, 1%) 1 &or. .G15) Gal. G12) %G 1) .G14) 1 !h %G11, 1 bis) 5G % bis) !h. G12 bis) %G5, 1.) !im. 1G1., 1$) 4G1.) 0hil. ,) Heb. 1%G 1) 1 0et. 1G ) 0et. 1G ) Ju. , (. :oulton, 0rol., p. 1(.. % Gr. of <. !. Gk., p. 11. 4 :oulton, 0rol., p. 1(4. 5 Ib., p. 1($. Bn the /de4elopment principle1 of the opt. see :utFbauer, *onj. und Bpt., p. 155. ,.

in Ac' /9;/8 after +,0!' Cf' /K;.F' The e(iberati"e o&t' un oubte (* occurs in Ju' .;,9% b!5 !" , 4W / V0*' It is not therefore &ressin! the o&tati"e un u(* to fin remnants of the e(iberati"e use for it (cf' sub#' an fut' in icati"e)' I#. The I$"erative (. ,01 ). ,' ORI0I= OF THE IMPERATI$E' +ee cha&ter on Con#u!ation of the $erb for iscussion of the "arious e"ices use b* this (atest of the mo es in or er to !et a footho( ' 0i(es%, after !i"in! the histor* of the im&erati"e forms (fi"e se&arate strata)% curt(* ismisses it as not &ro&er(* a mo e an ec(ines to iscuss it un er s*nta1' +o Ra ermacher &asses it b* in his %. '. Gr. Mou(ton%/ on the other han % takes it u& 2first amon! the moo s3 because 2it is the sim&(est &ossib(e form of the "erb'3 It is the sim&(est in one of its forms (ike the inter#ectiona( % but it is a(so the (atest of the mo es an is )ithout a istinct set of en in!s' -esi es% it ne"er is(o !e the aorist sub#' from the secon &erson in &rohibitions an fina((* !a"e u& the fi!ht a(( a(on! the (ine' The mo es )ere s(o)er than the tenses in makin! shar& istinctions an*ho)% an in the +anskrit 2no istinction of meanin! has been estab(ishe bet)een the mo es of the &resent@s*stem an those (in the o( er (an!ua!e) of the &erfect@ an aorist@s*stems'3. The ambi!uit* of the im&erati"e &ersists in the secon &erson &(ura( &resent )here on(* the conte1t can eci e the mo e' Thus 30Y (Bo' 9;.F)< , (,6;,)< +Y (, Pet' ,;:)< D!: (/;9)< : (Ro' ,.;:)< 7b (, Cor' :;6)< cf' Bo' ,/;,F' The &erfect form (Bas' ,;,F< Heb' ,/;,K) sho)s the same situation' /' MEA=I=0 OF THE IMPERATI$E' In its ori!ina( si!nificance it )as eman 6 or e1hortation' -ut% as )i(( be sho)n% it )as not confine to this sim&(e i ea' -esi es% the notion of comman (or &rohibition) )as e1&resse in "arious )a*s before the im&erati"e )as e"e(o&e ' These uses of the other mo es continue to e1ist si e b* si e )ith the im&erati"e ti(( the =' T' time' E1am&(es of this )i(( be !i"en irect(*' The im&erati"e itse(f )as e1ten e to inc(u e "arious sha es of the future in '% the sub#' an the o&t' There is a !enera( sense in )hich the im&erati"e is istinct% as is seen in +,Y @ 30@ X!< (Mt' 9;66)% but this i ea of comman easi(* softens to a&&ea( as in 0, <, +,! (Mt' ?;/9)' .' DI+APPEARA=CE OF THE IMPERATI$E FORM+' It )as the (ast mo e to !et on its feet' It fo((o)e the o&tati"e into ob(i"ion sa"e in the secon &erson (Thumb% Handb.% &' ,96)' There the forms he( on in the main% but the &resent sub#uncti"e )ith !" came a(so into use instea of !" an the &resent im&er'% an fina((* the hortator* (&ositi"e) sub#' a(so a&&eare as im&er' In the thir &erson (both &ositi"e an ne!ati"e )ith !") an the sub#' ro"e out the im&erati"e' Thus the im&erati"e forms in mo ern 0reek &resent a )reck% if in ee the* )ere e"er much e(se', The im&erati"e% (ike the sub#uncti"e% is a()a*s future in time% thou!h it ma* a&&(* to the immediate future as in 27uit that'3
1 :an., pp. 4.4D42%, 5, . 0rol., p. 121. % Ehitney, "ans. Gr., p. ,.

4 6elbrIck, "ie Grundl., p. 1 ,. 1 &f. Jann., Hist. Gk. Gr., pp. 44(, 451, 555 ff.) 9. and 6., Handb. ?Jebb@, p. % !humb, Handb., p. 1 2. f.)

6' AJTER=ATI$E+ FOR THE IMPERATI$E' These% un er a(( the circumstances% can be (o!ica((* treate before the im&erati"e itse(f' In ee % the* ha"e a(rea * been iscusse in the &rece in! remarks on tense an mo e% so that (itt(e in a ition is re7uire ' (a 'he &uture Indicative' +ee ch' X$III% Tense% )here it is sho)n that the +olitive &uture is the e7ui"a(ent of the im&erati"e' The fut' in '% (ike the sub#' an the o&t'% ma* be mere(* futuristic or "o(iti"e% or e(iberati"e' The "o(iti"e future is a matter of conte1t an tone of "oice% to be sure% but that is true a(so of the sub#' an o&t'% an % in truth% of the rea( im&erati"e' -ut more of the 2tone of the im&erati"e3 further on' En!(ish% as )e(( as 0reek% continues to use this "o(iti"e future' -oth &ositi"e an ne!ati"e (4) comman s are !i"en b* the fut' in ' The ne!ati"e is sometimes !" as in !1 6" D (Demosthenes)% !1 3F (-' I' ,FK% iQA'D')% ! !" (C(em'% Hom.% III% :F)'/ +o a(so 4 !" )ith the fut' in ' is sometimes &rohibition% as in 4 !1 = (Mt' ,:;//)' Cf' a(so 0a(' 6;.8' -ut it is commonest in the sim&(e future (ike @ IS (Mt' /K;6)< X!: I (/K;/6)< 3* (Ju' ,.;F)< 4 (Mt' :;9)% etc' It is true that this use of 4 &ro"es the ori!in of this i iom to be 2a &ure(* futuristic form%3. as is the case )ith the 7uestion 4 ,S 0-5$ (Ac' ,.;,8)% but the tone of this future is "o(iti"e (im&erati"a()' The Jatin use of the "o(iti"e future coinci es )ith that of the 0reek' 0i( ers(ee"e6 sa*s; 2It is not a mi( er or !ent(er im&erati"e' A &re iction ma* im&(* resist(ess &o)er or co( in ifference% com&u(sion or concession'3 The e1act sha e of i ea in this "o(iti"e future must be )atche as c(ose(* as in the im&erati"e itse(f' Cf' (Mt' ,;/,) )ith @ IS (Mt' /K;6)' -(ass9 enies that this is a 2c(assica(3 i iom (a!ainst 0i( ers(ee"e) an rather minimiDes its use in the =' T' Man* of the e1am&(es o come from the O' T' (JXX) (e!a( (an!ua!e' Certain(* in the JXX the fut' in ' often re&(aces the im&erati"e un er the inf(uence of the Hebre) (Thackera*% Gr.% &' ,F6)' -ut e1am&(es occur )here the t)o are e7ui"a(ent' Cf' +," in Mt' 9;6.% )ith +,Y in 9;66% 30: in Mt' /,;.% )ith , in Mk' ,,;.' +ome M++' ha"e 5 rather than in Mt' /8;/:' (b 'he Sub0unctive' The "o(iti"e sub#uncti"e is 7uite to the &oint' In the first &erson this use of the sub#' he( its o)n a()a*s in (ieu of the im&erati"e' It is nee (ess to re&eat the iscussion of this matter (see Sub0unctive in this cha&ter)' The use of J )ith the sub#' in an im&erati"a( sense is seen in Mk' 9;/. (:;/9)< E&h' 9;.. is there iscusse a(so' Cf' Tit' /;6' Jet !1 75! 4*, +8 5! (Bo' ,F;/6) ser"e as an e1am&(e' +o in the secon &erson the aorist sub#' he( its &(ace in &rohibitions &ast " times to the &ractica( e1c(usion of the aor' im&er' )ith !"' The t)o constructions e1iste in the " si e b* si e )ith the thir &erson' Thus !1 95 (Mt' :;.) an !" 3F"S (, Cor' ,:;,,)' Cf' * an !1 +,0-n in Mt' 9;6/' The fina( trium&h of the sub#' o"er the im&erati"e (sa"e in the secon &erson) has been sho)n' Cf' the fate of the o&t' before the sub#' (c 'he )ptative' There is on(* one e1am&(e% ! ! - (Mk' ,,;,6)% in the =' T' The istinction bet)een a curse an a &rohibition is not "er* !reat' The &ara((e( &assa!e in Mt' /,;,F has, 4 ! 3 = 0,W ("o(iti"e sub#')'
:oulton, 0rol., p. 122. &f. Gildersl., "ynt., p. 112. % :oulton, 0rol., p. 122. 4 "ynt., 0t. I, p. 11.. &f. E.+!h., p. %1.. 5 Gr. of <. !. Gk., p. ,(. 1 :oulton, 0rol., p. 12(.

(d 'he Infinitive' The i iom is "er* fre7uent in Homer'/ It occurs chief(* after an im&erati"e' The comman is carrie on b* the infiniti"e' There is no nee for sur&rise in this construction% since the &robabi(it* is that im&erati"e forms (ike :F ((ike the Jatin le#imini% Homeric !) are infiniti"e in ori!in'. It is true that the accent of the e itors for the aorist acti"e o&tati"e is ifferent from the aorist acti"e inf' in forms (ike , ,0 (, Th' .;,, f')% but the M++' ha no accent' 5e cou( &ro&er(* &rint the infiniti"e if )e )ishe '6 +o as to ,0 (/ Th' /;,K) )here the accent is the same for both infiniti"e an o&tati"e (the im&er' form aor' mi ' sec' sin!(' is ,0)' Cf' 6, an 6,7% one an the same form' The i iom is (ess fre7uent in the Attic9 outsi e of (a)s an ma1ims% but ha&&ens to be the one infiniti"e construction that is a(i"e in the Pontic ia(ect to@ a*', Mou(ton/ e1&resses sur&rise at the rarit* of this use of the inf' in the =' T'% since it is common in the &a&*ri' Cf' 3F:, !<% A' P' ?: (iQA'D')' Mou(ton (Prol.% &' /6?) notes that -urkitt (!van#. da: 1epharr. ii% /9/ f') rea s = K ,[ +: !1 +-: in Mt' /.;/.' -(ass. notes a(so a re"i"a( of the sim&(e inf' or the accusati"e an infiniti"e in the (ater (an!ua!e in (e!a( &hraseo(o!*' He e1&(ains the i iom as an e((i&sis% but Mou(ton is un oubte (* correct in re#ectin! this theor*' There is no nee of a "erb of comman un erstoo in "ie) of the et*mo(o!* of a form (ike 6,' The use of 70 as !reetin! in e&ist(es ()ith the nominati"e) is e1&(aine in the same )a*' Cf' Ac' ,9;/.< /.;/:< Bas' ,;,' It is the abso(ute use of the infiniti"e as often' It is "er* common in the &a&*ri% as #0 < ,0 70% P' Petr' II% 1i% , (iiiQ-'C')' +o Mou(ton (Prol.% &' ,?8) enies the necessit* of the e((i&sis of a "erb of comman ' In Ro' ,/;,9 70 an 7 are c(ear(* &ara((e( )ith 4: !1 0Y' +o in Ph' .;,: : is to be com&are )ith the hortator* -0<!' -(ass6 nee (ess(* )ishes to emen the te1t in / Tim' /;,6% so as not to rea !1 !:' This use of the inf' occurs a(so in Tit' /;F' 5e &robab(* ha"e the same construction in !1 !7 (/ Th' .;,6)% thou!h it ma* be e1&(aine as &ur&ose' In , Cor' 9;,/ 07 is the sub#ect inf' In Ju' F;. after A, the 7uotation be!ins )ith )K 0 an is chan!e to !" (in irect comman )' In Mk' :;? f' both forms are in irect (one )ith H !K 05% the other )ith !1 3)' The mar!' in 5'H' has !1 3' The M++' often "ar* bet)een the mi (e inf' an im&er' or sub#' 5iner9 thinks that e1&ositors ha"e been un u(* an1ious to fin this use of the infiniti"e in the
:onro, Hom. Gr., p. 1. . % Giles, :an., p. 4.$. 4 :oulton, 0rol., p. 12(. 5 'lass, Gr. of <. !. Gk., p. .

1 HatF., 7inl., p. 1( . &f. !humb, Hellen., p. 1%, f. 0rol., p. 12( f. 'urkitt 'C8*I!!, -. &., "yriac -orms of <. !. 0roper <ames ?1(1 @. % Gr. of <. !. Gk., p. 4 Ib. 5 E.+!h., p. %1.. .

=' T' -ut it is there' +ee further cha&ter XX% $erba( =ouns' (e 'he Participle' 5iner: foun much ifficu(t* in the abso(ute use of the &artici&(e in the =' T' The so@ca((e !eniti"e abso(ute is common enou!h an the &artici&(e in in irect iscourse re&resentin! a finite "erb' It )ou( seem but a sim&(e ste& to use the &artici&(e% (ike the infiniti"e% in an in e&en ent sentence )ithout irect e&en ence on a "erb' 5iner a mits that 0reek &rose )riters ha"e this construction% thou!h 2se( om'3 He e1&(ains it on the !roun of e((i&sis of the co&u(a as is so common )ith a #ecti"es (cf' Mt' 9;.G,,)' He &asses the &oets b* (often the truest in e1 of the "ernacu(ar) an a mits 2the -*Dantine use of &artici&(es sim&(* for finite "erbs'3 T' +' 0reen, sa*s; 2The abso(ute use of the &artici&(e as an im&erati"e is a marke feature of the (an!ua!e of the =' T'3 He e1&(ains it as an 2Aramaism'3 To this 5' F' Mou(ton/ e1&resses sur&rise an a mits on(* 2the &artici&ia( anaco(uthon%3 )hich% b* the )a*% is "er* much the same thin!' -ut B' H' Mou(ton. has foun a number of e1am&(es in the &a&*ri )here the &artici&(e is fair(* common for the in icati"e' The instances in the &a&*ri of the &artici&(e in the sense of the im&erati"e are not numerous% but one of them seems "er* c(ear' Thus Tb' 9F (iQ-'C') 3 38 ,0 ! 3, ! ,0!*0' It is &rece e b* a !eniti"e abso(ute' Mou(ton !i"es another e7ua((* so; 0' .9 (iQ-'C') 3,!*! H] X7' Mou(ton6 cites a(so the Jatin form sequimin (d,*!) for the secon mi (e &(ura( &resent in icati"e' The simi(ar (ookin! form sequimin
. Ib., pp. %5, ff. 1 Gr., p. 1$,. :oulton :BC5!B<, E. -., and G767<, #. "., # &oncordance to the Greek !estament ?1$(2@. E.+:oulton, p. 2% , n. 5. :oulton :BC5!B<, J. H., # Grammar of <. !. Greek. 9ol. I, 0rolegomena ?1(,.@. %d ed. ?1(,$@. ;;;, &haracteristics of <. !. Greek ?!he 7>positor, 1(,4@. ;;;, Ein(eitun! in ie +&rache es =' T' ?1(11@. ;;;, Grammatical <otes from the 0apyri ?!he 7>positor, 1(,1, pp. 21D $ ) 1(,%, pp. 1,4D1 1, 4 %D4%(. !he &lassical 8e4ie3, 1(,1, pp. %1D%2, 4%4D441) 1(,4, pp. 1,.D 11 , 151D155@. ;;;, Introduction to <. !. Greek ?1$(5@. d ed. ?1(,4@. ;;;, 5anguage of &hrist ?Hastings= Bne+4ol. 6. '., 1(,(@. ;;;, <. !. Greek in the 5ight of :odern 6isco4ery ?&ambr. 'ibl. 7ssays, 1(,(, pp. 4.1D 5,5@. ;;;, !he "cience of 5anguage ?1(,%@. % 0rol., p. 4 Ib. %.

im&erati"e has an infiniti"e ori!in% as a(rea * sho)n' +ee cha&ter XX% $erba( =ouns% for other e1am&(es an further iscussion' On the )ho(e% therefore% )e must a mit that there is no reason per se )h* the =' T' )riters shou( not use the &artici&(e in (ieu of the im&erati"e' It is% of course% a (oose construction% as e((i&sis is an anaco(uthon is% but it is not the mark of an une ucate &erson' In the &a&*rus e1am&(e (Tb' 9F) !i"en abo"e 0renfe(( an Hunt ca(( the )riter 2an officia( of some im&ortance'3 Mou(ton9 a(so trans(ates Thumb: concernin! the 2han!in! nominati"e3 (common in c(assica( an " 0reek) as sa*in! that the usa!e 2is the &recursor of the &rocess )hich en s in mo ern 0reek )ith the isa&&earance of the o( &artici&ia( construction% on(* an abso(ute form in p bein! (eft'3 In the e((i&sis of the co&u(a it is not a()a*s c(ear )hether the in icati"e or the im&erati"e is to be su&&(ie ' Cf' W / * (/ Cor' ,;.)' +ha(( )e su&&(* 3 or M5 l5m as )e ha"e it in , Cor' ,:;//4 In a case (ike , Pet' .;? f' it is &(ain that the une1&resse )ou( be im&erati"e% but Mou(ton notes the curious fact that (im&erati"e) oes not a&&ear in the =' T' at a((% thou!h )e ha"e fi"e times% 5 or M5 fourteen% an 5 t)ice'K There are instances more or (ess oubtfu(% as 3,07 (, Pet' 9;K)% )hich is natura((* taken )ith ,9 as Mou(ton, no) a mits' He e"i ent(* reacte too stron!(* a!ainst 5iner' This use of the &artici&(e shou( not be a&&ea(e to if the &rinci&a( "erb is &resent in the imme iate conte1t' +ometimes it is a matter of &unctuation as in Ju' /6;6K% )here 5' H' !i"e in the mar!in +0F! +,W k01! X!: !00 5% instea of k0"!z X!:' The mar!ina( &unctuation takes the &artici&(e as an im&erati"e' The M++' sometimes "ar*% as )hen C !i"e 37F in / Cor' ?;/6% )hi(e -% etc'% ha"e 3!'/ -ut a number of unmistakab(e e1am&(es a&&ear both in Pau( an Peter% thou!h 2Pau( )as not so fon of this construction as his brother a&ost(e'3. Thus (, Pet' /;,/) must be so e1&(aine or taken as anaco(uthon (cf' +,)' +o X,*! (, Pet' /;,?< .;,) remin s one of E&h' 9;//% an 2echo3 accor in! to Mou(ton' Other e1am&(es occur in , Pet' .;K% F% &ossib(* ,: a(so< 6;? ff' -esi es +*! an ,b (E&h' 6;/ f') an X,*! (9;/) in Pau( the most outstan in! e1am&(e is in Ro' ,/;F f'% ,: f' These &artici&(es occur in the mi st of im&erati"es or infiniti"es as im&erati"es (,/;,9)' The as*n eton makes it im&ossib(e to connect )ith an* "erb' In "erse : a&&ears as a &ractica( in icati"e' Mou(ton6 a s to these / Cor' F;,, f' an Co(' .;,:' +ee a(so Heb' ,.;9' -ut Ji!htfoot9 &ut in a
5 Ib., p. 5.

. Hellen., p. 1%1. 2 :r. H. "cott notes the absence of in the H. 8. &onc. of the 5AA, in 9eitch, in *Ihner+'l., :ayser, Helbing, !hackeray. In Goodspeed=s Inde> 0at. he finds it only in 1 &lem. 45G1, and the accent is doubtful here. He finds it also in !est. AII 0at. 8eub. .G1. It could ha4e been used in <apht. %G and in Ign. 7ph. 1,G . 1 0rol., p. 1$1, against his former 4ie3 in 7>positor, 9I, >. 45,. Ib. % Ib. 4 Ib. 5 Bn &ol. %G1. f.

)or of caution )hen he sai ; 2The abso(ute &artici&(e% bein! (so far as re!ar s moo ) neutra( in itse(f% takes its co(our from the !enera( com&(e1ion of the sentence'3 The &artici&(e is not technica((* either in icati"e% sub#uncti"e% o&tati"e or im&erati"e' The conte1t must eci e' In itse(f the &artici&(e is non@finite (non@mo a() (ike the infiniti"e% thou!h it )as sometimes ra)n out into the mo a( s&here' 9' I+E+ OF THE IMPERATI$E' (a Command or !xhortation' In !enera( the im&erati"e kee&s )ithin the same (imits obser"e in the c(assica( (an!ua!e% but that is not a narro) !roo"e': It is the moo of the assertion of oneHs )i(( o"er another or the ca(( of one to e1ert his )i((' Thus +,Y @ 30@ X!< (Mt' 9;66)< D W !:* ,0*F (:;:)< , 70 (, Th' 9;,:)' Mou(ton, fin s the im&erati"es 2norma( in ro*a( e icts% in (etters to inferiors% an amon! e7ua(s )hen the tone is ur!ent% or the )riter in is&ose to mu(ti&(* )or s'3 The im&erati"es in Re"' //;,, are &robab(* hortator*' (b Prohibition' This is #ust a ne!ati"e comman an iffers in no res&ect sa"e the &resence of the ne!ati"e !"' Thus !1 07 (Mt' K;,)% !1 -6: (Bo' :;/8)' Often the &resence of the im&erati"e in the mi st of in icati"es is sho)n b* !" as in !1 ,Y (, Cor' :;F)' 5e o% in ee % ha"e 4 )ith the im&erati"e in marke contrast% )here the force of the ne!ati"e is !i"en to that rather than to the mo e' Thus in , Pet' .;.% 5 4 /N*!, +] / 0,W [ 07 05,' The same e1&(anation a&&(ies to 4 !*N+8 7 in , Pet' /;,?% but !1 !* is re!u(ar in Bas' ,;//% etc'% because of 7 un erstoo ' In cases of contrast )ith 4N+ ()ith &artici&(es an im&erati"es) the reason for 4 is thus a&&arent (H' +cott)' In Mt' 9;.K Z ((ike 7) is the &re icate ((ike a substanti"e)% not the ne!ati"e of 5' In / Tim' /;,6 3,] 4K 0"! (a &arenthetica( e1&ression of !1 !: use as an im&erati"e)% the ne!ati"e !oes s&ecifica((* )ith the sin!(e )or 0"!' Cf' a(so , Cor' 9;,8' The u&shot is that !1 remains the ne!ati"e of the im&erati"e' Cf' !" ! *, ,0 (Ju' ,,;K)' (c !ntreaty' A comman easi(* sha es off into &etition in certain circumstances' The tone of the eman is softene to &(ea in!'/ Mou(ton. notes that the im&erati"e has a eci e tone about it' 2The !rammarian Hermo!enes asserte harshness to be a feature of the im&erati"e< an the so&hist Prota!oras e"en b(ame Homer for a ressin! the Muse at the be!innin! of the Iliad )ith an im&erati"e'36 The =' T' sho)s a shar& e&arture in the use of the im&erati"e in &etitions (rare in the o( er 0reek an in the ")' The &ro&het &(ea s )ith the im&erati"e% not )ith &otentia( o&tati"e or future in icati"e' Besus s&oke )ith authorit* an not as the scribes'9 2Moreo"er% e"en in the (an!ua!e of &ra*er the im&erati"e is at home% an that in its most ur!ent form% the aorist' 0i( ers(ee"e obser"es (on Bustin Mart*r% &' ,.K)% NAs in the Jor Hs Pra*er% so in the ancient 0reek (itur!ies the aorist im&er' is a(most e1c(usi"e(* use ' It is the true term for

. 'lass, Gr. of <. !. Gk., p. 1 0rol., p. 12%. Gildersl., "ynt., 0t. I, p. 15$. % 0rol., p. 12 . 4 Ib. 5 :t. 2G (.

1.

instant &ra*er'H3, 0i( ers(ee"e/ enies that the =' T' sho)s 2the abso(ute in ifference that some scho(ars ha"e consi ere to be characteristic of He((enistic 0reek3 in the use of the im&erati"e' He cre its Mr' MoD(e* )ith the obser"ation that 2the aorist im&erati"e is re!u(ar(* use in bib(ica( 0reek )hen the eit* is a resse < an fo((o)in! out this !enera(iDation Herr Lrieckers% a &u&i( of ThumbHs% has ma e a statistica( stu * of the occurrences of the t)o tenses in Homer% Hesio % +a&&ho% Vsch*(os% +o&hoc(es% Euri&i es% Aristo&hanes% )ith the resu(t that in &ra*ers a resse b* men to men both &resent an aorist are often use % )hereas in &ra*ers a resse b* men to !o s the aorist (ar!e(* &re ominates'3 E1am&(es. of the im&erati"e in &etitions a&&ear in Mk' F;//% 6" .!:% (Ju' ,K;9) ,0* .!: ,7% (Bo' ,K;,,) "0 4@ 3 Q R*!7 ' (d Permission' A(( this is in strict (ine )ith the ancient 0reek'6 A !oo i((ustration is seen in Mt' /:;69% ,W +,' This is not a 7uestion nor necessari(* iron*' It is too (ate to o Christ an* !oo b* kee&in! a)ake' He )ith ra)s his &(ea for )atchfu(ness' There is iron* in ,09 (Mt' /.;./)% thou!h it is the &ermissi"e use of the im&erati"e' The note of &ermission is struck in 35 an 3,0-"5 (Mt' ,8;,.)' Cf' the fut' in ' in Ju' ,8;:' +ee further 50b5 (, Cor' K;,9)< +75 (,6;.?% 5' H' mar!')' In / Cor' ,/;,: 5 is (ike our NJet it be soH or N0rante 'H In Mt' ?;., +,* is entreat*% X, (./) is &ermissi"e' In , Cor' ,,;: 05 is &robab(* hortator*' (e Concession or Condition' It is an eas* ste& from &ermission to concession' This a(so is c(assica('9 Take Bo' /;,F% W W =, 3 0 .!0 30< 4*' This is much the same as 38 ' It is not a strict comman ' 5e ha"e &arata1is )ith 7% but it is e7ui"a(ent in i ea to h*&ota1is )ith 3' +o )ith +7 Q 6*g, -F +-] X!< (Bas' 6;K f')< + 3 < 0< (JXX)% 3,- / V0* (E&h' 9;,6)' +ee a(so !1 07, 4 !1 0[z !1 b, 4 !1 [z +,, +,"z 7, " X!: (Ju' :;.K f')' Then a!ain !0! 3,] 3!7, , +,95 (Mt' ,?;/:)' +o a(so = ,7 b"S (Ju' ,8;/?)< 0 I (Bo' ,;.F)' Cf' = ,"5 (Mt' 6;,F)' +ometimes t)o im&erati"es are connecte b* 7 )hen the first su!!ests concession' Thus E&h' 6;/:% R07b !1 c!0' +o a(so 30 (Bo' K;9/)' Cf' 0 (Bo' ,;6:)' This seems sim&(e enou!h' (f In ,syndeton' It is a re!u(ar c(assic i iom, to ha"e , -0 )ith another im&erati"e' )ith (Bas' 9;,) is an inter#ection (ike =0 + !
1 :oulton, 0rol., p. 12%. #m. Jour. of 0hilol., #pr., 1(,(, p. %5. :oFley :BN57M, -. E., <otes on the 'ibl. Cse of the 0resent and #orist Imperati4e ?Journ. of !heol. "tud., 1(,%, i4, pp. 2(D $ @. % &f. 'urton, <. !. :. and !., p. $,. 4 &f. Gildersl., "ynt., 0t. I, p. 15$) :iller, !he 5imitation of the Imperati4e in the #ttic Brators, #m. Jour. of 0hilol., 1$( , pp. %((D4%.. 5 &f. *.+G., 'd. I, p. %.. 1 Gildersl., "ynt., 0t. I, p. 1. .

(Mt' ,F;/,) an = (Mt' /?;:)' +ee a(so Bo' 6;/F< /,;,/< Re"' ,F;,K' More common is q, an X, )ith another im&erati"e' +o q, ,0< (Mt' 9;/6)< X, +,7 (/?;,8)' +ee further Mt' ?;6< ,?;,9< /,;/?< /K;:9< Mk' ,;66< :;.?% etc' In Mt' ,:;: )e ha"e /0Y ,0' Cf' a(so Ju' ,/;,9' -ut as*n eton occurs in Mt' /6;:% /0Y !1 0:' +o /0Y 6, (Mk' ?;,9)' In Mt' F;.8 the &ersons an numbers are ifferent% /0Y ! 55' In Re"' ,F;,8% J0 !"% the "erb )ith !" is not e1&resse ' For J0 ," see a(so Heb' ?;9 (JXX)' The sim&(est form of as*n eton is seen in Ph' .;/% 6,, 6,, 6,' (# In Subordinate Clauses' The reason for treatin! this sub#ect here is that it is so rare that one ma* not catch it in the iscussion of subor inate c(auses' It is )e(( estab(ishe % thou!h rare% in Demosthenes% J*sias% P(ato% Thuc* i es an the tra!ic &oets'/ The case of r at the be!innin! of a c(ause is not &ertinent% for there it is a mere inferentia( con#unction% as% for instance% , Cor' .;/,% r ! 5' Here r is not a h*&otactic con#unction' =either is the recitati"e J in &oint% as in / Th' .;,8% = ,0! X!:, J 4 30b, !K 35' In , Cor' ,;., there is &robab(* an e((i&sis of after H% an the im&erati"e 5 is in the irect 7uotation after 0,' In , Pet' ,;:% 3 +Y (&robab(* im&erati"e)% 5' H' be!in a ne) sentence% but &oints back irect(* to 0Q as its antece ent' The same situation occurs in , Pet' .;. )ith ^ 5' In both e1am&(es the im&erati"e a&&ears )ith the re(ati"e' T)o other instances of this construction are foun in , Peter (a &ecu(iarit* of this E&ist(e)' The* are +7 (9;F) an D O [ (9;,/)' 5e see it a(so in Heb' ,.;K% ^N!!:% an in / Tim' 6;,9% ` @ -' Cf' O' P' ,,/9% ,F (iiQA'D')% ! 0W +,W ,5 +*5; o* at the be!innin! of the sentence )as har (* fe(t as a re(ati"e (inferentia( &artic(e)% but see , Cor' ,6;,.% W ,05', (h 'he 'enses' This matter recei"e a e7uate iscussion un er Tenses' It ma* sim&(* be note here that in &ositi"e sentences the aorist im&erati"e is natura((* common% es&ecia((* fre7uent in the =' T' Cf' N,0*F (Mt' :;:)' The istinction bet)een the &resent an the aorist is )e(( seen in B0 W 06* ,0, (Bo' 9;?)' +ee a(so Bo' /;,: an Ac' ,/;?' As an e1am&(e of the &eri&hrastic &resent note 5 (Ju' ,F;,K)' The &erfect is a(most non@e1istent% but note ,-7!5 (Mk' 6;.F)' The &resent im&er' secon &erson a(one occurs in &rohibitions )hich are forbi en as in course of action or as a &resent fact (N7uit oin! itH)'/ Cf' Ro' :;,. for shar& ifferences in i ea bet)een !1 ,0 (course of action) an ,0" (at once an for a(()' In the thir &erson a &rohibition ma* be either in the aorist im&erati"e or the aorist sub#' +ee the sub#' mo e for further remarks concernin! the fai(ure of the secon &erson im&erati"e aorist in &rohibitions' (i In Indirect "iscourse' This sub#ect )i(( recei"e a e7uate treatment un er this hea (see be(o))' A(( that is attem&te here is to in icate that% )hen the im&erati"e is not 7uote irect(* (cf' / Th' .;,8)% it ma* be e1&resse in an in irect comman either b* the infiniti"e (cf' 5 !1 ,0! !K ,0,: in Ac' /,;/,) or b* a con#unction (ike H as in Mk' :;?% or thro)n into a e(iberati"e 7uestion as in X,7F5 7 -6[ (Ju' ,/;9)' %. De"endent or &y"otactic Sentences (#T%% &'()% )
Ib., p. 1.2. 1 &f. 'rug., Griech. Gr., p. 511. Gildersl., "ynt., 0t. I, p. 1.4. "ee also !hompson, "ynt., p. 1(, f.

Introductory. (a ;se of 1odes in Subordinate Sentences' There is no essentia( ifference in the meanin! of the mo es in subor inate c(auses from the si!nificance in in e&en ent sentences' The i"ision is not ma e on the basis of the mo es at a((' Jea"in! out the im&erati"e because of its rarit* in subor inate sentences% the other three mo es occur in a(most a(( the subor inate c(auses' The same mo e@i eas are to be sou!ht here as there' The subor inate c(auses make no chan!e in the meanin! of mo e% "oice or tense' -urton. oes sa*; 2Others% ho)e"er% !i"e to the moo or tense a force ifferent from that )hich the* usua((* ha"e in &rinci&a( c(auses' Hence arises the necessit* for s&ecia( treatment of the moo s an tenses in subor inate c(auses'3 I cannot a!ree to this as the reason for the se&arate treatment' +ometimes in in irect iscourse after secon ar* tenses there ma* be a se7uence of mo es (true a(so in ancient 0reek )ith fina( c(auses after secon ar* tenses)% but that is so s(i!ht a matter that it bears no sort of &ro&ortion to the subor inate c(auses as a )ho(e' 0i( ers(ee"e (,. 6. of Phil.% XXXIII% 6% &' 6?F) re!ar s the subor inate sentence as 2the Ararat in the f(oo of chan!e3 an &arata1is an h*&ota1is as (ar!e(* a matter of st*(e' +ome of the mo a( uses ha"e sur"i"e better in the subor inate c(auses% as% for instance% the futuristic aorist sub#' (cf' J +0" in Mt' ,8;..)% but the subor inate c(ause i not create the i iom' Ori!ina((* there )ere no subor inate sentences', 2In e&en ent c(auses the choice of the moo is etermine b* the nature of each in i"i ua( case3/ as is true a(so of in e&en ent sentences' The 7ua(ification ma e abo"e about the se7uence of mo es )as a()a*s o&tiona( an is absent from the =' T' e1ce&t a fe) e1am&(es in Juke' The !reat )ea(th of subor inate c(auses in 0reek )ith "arious nuances eman se&arate iscussion' -ut )e a&&roach the matter )ith "ie)s of the mo es a(rea * attaine ' (b 'he ;se of Con0unctions in Subordinate Clauses' In cha&ter XXI% Partic(es% fu(( s&ace )i(( be !i"en to the con#unctions (co@or inatin!% is#uncti"e% inferentia(% subor inatin!)' Here it is on(* &ertinent to note the (ar!e &art &(a*e in the 0reek (an!ua!e b* the subor inatin! con#unctions' It must be a mitte that the (ine of c(ea"a!e is not abso(ute' The &aratactic con#unctions )ere first on the fie( '. Po&u(ar s&eech has a()a*s ha a fon ness for &arata1is'6 In the mo ern 0reek "ernacu(ar 2the &ro&ensit* for &arata1is has consi erab(* re uce the ancient 0reek )ea(th of e&en ent constructions3 (Thumb% Handb.% &' ,?9)' Hence (on! &erio s are rare' +o the Hebre) use both as &aratactic an h*&otactic' In the 0reek 7 )e see a &artia( &ara((e('9 In Mt' /:;,9% 7 ! = +? X!: ,095% the 7 is a(most e7ui"a(ent to 3' +o often in Juke% as in F;9,% 3 KN7% the 7 c(ause is ((ike J) the (o!ica( sub#ect of 3' The common use of the recitati"e J i((ustrates )e(( the c(ose connection bet)een subor inate an in e&en ent sentences' The J sho)s that the c(ause is the ob#ect of the &rece in! "erb% but the c(ause is &reser"e in the irect (co@or inate) form' Cf' J 6-!: (Bo' ,8;.:)' Thus a!ain a
% <. !. :. and !., p. $1. 1 'rug., Griech. Gr., p. 55 . Jann., Hist. Gk. Gr., p. 45 . % 'rug., Griech. Gr., p. 55 . 4 Jann., Hist. Gk. Gr., p. 451. 5 &f. :onro, Hom. Gr., p. 1(4.

subor inate c(ause ma* be so (oose(* connecte )ith the &rinci&a( c(ause as to be "irtua((* in e&en ent', Thus the re(ati"e% as in Jatin% often intro uces a &rinci&a( sentence% a &ara!ra&h% forsooth% as 3 (Ju' ,/;,) an +] ^ (,/;.)' -ut% on the )ho(e% )e can ra) a &rett* c(ear (ine bet)een the in e&en ent an the e&en ent c(ause b* means of the con#unctions' The case of as*n eton% treate e(se)here (cf' The +entence)% concerns chief(* &arata1is% but some e1am&(es occur in h*&ota1is% as in 3NA, (Ju' ,,;,) )here the A, c(ause is the (o!ica( sub#ect of 3' (c *o#ical +arieties of Subordinate Clauses' Each subor inate c(ause sustains a s*ntactica( re(ation to the &rinci&a( c(ause after the ana(o!* of the case@re(ations' The norma( com&(ete sentence has sub#ect% &re icate% ob#ect' Each of these ma* recei"e further am&(ification (see cha&ter X% The +entence)' The &re icate ma* ha"e a substanti"e (as sub#ect or ob#ect)' This substanti"e ma* be escribe b* an a #ecti"e' An a "erb ma* be use )ith &re icate% a #ecti"e or substanti"e' Thus the sentence is bui(t u& aroun the &re icate' In the same )a* each subor inate sentence is either a substanti"e (sub#ect or ob#ect (ike an J c(ause)% an a #ecti"e (ike J or an a "erb (ike J,' This is therefore a &oint to note about each subor inate c(ause in or er to !et its e1act s*ntactica( re(ation to the &rinci&a( c(ause' It ma* be re(ate to the &re icate as sub#ect or ob#ect% or to the sub#ect or ob#ect as a #ecti"e% or to either as a "erb' A re(ati"e c(ause ma* be no) substanti"e% no) a #ecti"e an no) a "erb' In sim&(e truth most of the con#unctions ha"e their ori!in as re(ati"e or emonstrati"e &ronouns' In LAhner@0erth/ the subor inate c(auses are a(( iscusse from this stan &oint a(one' Thumb (Handb.% &&' ,?: ff') fo((o)s this &(an' One 7uestions the )is om of this metho % thou!h in itse(f scientific enou!h' -urton. has carefu((* )orke out a(( the subor inate c(auses from this stan &oint% thou!h he oes not a o&t it' Then% a!ain% one ma* i"i e these c(auses accor in! to their form or their meanin!'6 $iteau9 combines both i eas an the resu(t is rather confusion than c(arification' There ma* be a series of subor inate c(auses% one e&en ent on the other' +o in , Cor',;,6% 40< J 4 X!< 36, D !1 07, :, H !" ,S J D W 3!W I! d6,7' +ee a(so Mk' :;99 an section ,8 in this cha&ter' The infiniti"e an the &artici&(e are use a(so in subor inate c(auses% but the* o not irect(* concern the &rob(em of the mo es sa"e in in irect iscourse' The* are so im&ortant an &artake of the functions of both noun an "erb to such an e1tent that the* eman a se&arate cha&terSXX' ,' REJATI$E +E=TE=CE+' (a 3elative Sentences )ri#inally Paratactic' The re(ati"e J% as is )e(( kno)n% )as first an ana&horic substanti"e &ronoun', At first the re(ati"e c(ause )as &aratactic% a

1 :onro, Hom. Gr., p. 1(4. !l. II, . 'd., pp. %54D45(. % <. !. :. and !., p. $ . 4 :onro, Hom. Gr., p. 1(4 f. 5 Je $erbe; +*nta1e es Pro&ositions, pp. 41D144. 1 'rug., Griech. Gr., p. 55..

&rinci&a( sentence (ike the other'/ Cf' ` 0 in Homer% )here J ma* be taken. as emonstrati"e or re(ati"e' In its sim&(est form the re(ati"e )as unnecessar* an )as not e"en a connecti"e' It )as #ust a re&etition of the substanti"e'6 2The re(ati"e force arises )here J (an its con!eners) connects an complements'39 In ee % the re(ati"e sentence is &robab(* the o( est form of &arata1is': It is on(* b* e!rees that the re(ati"e c(ause came to be re!ar e as a subor inate c(ause'K As a matter of fact% that )as not a()a*s the case% as has been seen in such e1am&(es as 3 , +] ^ (Ju' ,/;,% .)' -ut it is not true that this subor ination is ue to the use of the sub#uncti"e mo e'? The effect of case@assimi(ation (cf' !en er an number) an of incor&oration of the antece ent )as to (ink the re(ati"e c(ause "er* c(ose to the &rinci&a( sentence'F Cf' Heb' ,.;,,' (b 1ost Subordinate Clauses 3elative in )ri#in' This is true not mere(* of J an J )hich are accusati"e forms,8 of J% but a(so of other a "erbs% (ike the ab(ati"e P, J,5, L5' These subor inatin! con#unctions therefore are most(* of re(ati"e ori!in',, Cf' H, /,* an &erha&s D; #07, 3,7, 0, !0 are not re(ati"e' Thus the subor inate c(auses o"er(a&' -urton%, in ee % inc(u es L5 un er re(ati"e sentences' That is not necessar*% since thus near(* a(( the subor inate c(auses )ou( &ro&er(* be treate as re(ati"e sentences' +ee the re(ati"e ori!in of "arious con#unctions )e(( )orke out b* +chmitt%/ 5eber. an Christ'6 These c(auses are main(* a "erbia(% thou!h ob#ecti"e (an sub#ect@c(ause a(so) J (in irect iscourse) is substanti"e sim&(*' The )or P
Ib., p. 55(. % :onro, Hom. Gr., p. 1$.. "tahl, Hist.+krit. "ynt., p. 5 %, points out that the relati4e sentence is either /synthetic or parathetic.1 4 "chmitt, Pber en Irs&run! es +ubstanti"satDes mit Re(ati"&artik' im 0riech' , 1$$(, p. 1 . 5 !hompson, "ynt. of #ttic Gk., p. %$%. . -renFel, Die Ent)ick' es re(at' +atDb' im 0riech', 1$$(, p. 4. 2 !hompson, "ynt., p. %$%. $ 'aron, Je Pronom Re(at' et (a Con#' en 0rec, 1$( , p. .1. ( 'rug., Griech. Gr., p. 552. It 3as not al3ays done ?attraction@ either in Herod. or !huc. &f. 8eisert, Cur Attraktion er Re(ati"sEtDe in er !riech' Prosa , p. %, f. 1, 'rug., Griech. Gr., p. 5.1. 11 !hompson, "ynt., p. %$4. 1 <. !. :. and !., pp. 1 . ff. "chmitt "&H:I!!, 0., Pber en Irs&run! es +ubstanti"satDes mit Re(ati"&artike(n im 0riech' ?1$$(@. Pber en Irs&run! es +ubstanti"satDes mit Re(ati"&artik' im 0riech' Eeber E7'78, 0., Ent)ick' er AbsichtssEtDe. Heft I ?1$$4@, Heft II ?1$$5@. % Ent)icke(un!s!esch' er AbsichtsEtDe' 4 Der +ubstanti"s' un as Re(' P.

occurs in Homer )ith the three "a(ues of emonstrati"e% re(ati"e an con#unction (cf' En!(ish 2that3)'9 -ut here )e &ass b* these con#unctions from re(ati"e or emonstrati"e roots': The re(ati"e &ronoun a(one% a&art from the a "erbia( uses% intro uces the most fre7uent subor inate c(ause% &robab(* a(most e7ua( in some authors to a(( the other c(asses &ut to!ether' In , Peter the re(ati"e construction is "er* common' Cf' , Pet' ,;:G ,/< /;/,G/6' At an* rate it is the chief means of &erio ic structure'K Take as an instance the &erio in Ac' ,;,G/' =ote ^, 0 y .!0, q, % a(( the subor inate c(auses in the sentence e1ce&t infiniti"e an &artici&(es' +ee a(so , Cor' ,9;,G/% )here four re(ati"es occur an 7 *g is a(most (ike a re(ati"e' Cf' further Ro' F;6 f' The re(ati"e sentence ma* be re&eate in efinite(* )ith or )ithout 7' (c 3elative Clauses ;sually ,d0ectival' The* are so c(asse b* LAhner@0erth'? The escri&ti"e use fo((o)e the ori!ina( substanti"e i iom #ust as the re(ati"e itse(f )as &rece e b* the emonstrati"e' Thus the use of the re(ati"e c(ause as sub#ect or ob#ect (ike / an the &artici&(e is &erfect(* consistent' +o ` e 3!K F W +,7 ! (Ju' F;6?)' Cf' a(so Mk' F;.K< Ac' ,:;,/' The escri&ti"e character of the re(ati"e c(ause is )e(( sho)n in 1 !0 = ,! J 3 x[! = (E&h' :;,K)' Cf' J in , Tim' .;,:' The a #ecti"a( use of the re(ati"e sentence is accente b* the use of the artic(e )ith it in Ro' ,:;,K% ,: @ 8 7 8 ,08 1 1 X!: 3! ,=' Here the re(ati"e c(ause is a #ecti"a(% but in itse(f a mere inci ent bet)een an ,=' The c(ause is sim&(* a #ecti"a( )ith ,Y J in Ju' ,/;?' That comes to be its most usua( character' +o )ith ] y in Heb' ,/;/?' (d 1odes in 3elative Sentences' There is nothin! in the re(ati"e &ronoun or the construction of the c(ause per se to ha"e an* effect on the use of the mo e', The re(ati"e% as a matter of fact% has no construction of its o)n'/ In !enera( in e&en ent c(auses the choice of the mo e is etermine b* the nature of the in i"i ua( case'. Outsi e of re(ati"e c(auses the choice in the =' T' is &ractica((* confine to the in icati"e an the sub#uncti"e' The o&tati"e ho( s on in one or t)o e1am&(es' 5ith the re(ati"e some e1am&(es of the im&erati"e occur% as has a(rea * been sho)n' Cf' , Cor' ,6;,.< Tit' ,;,.< / Tim' 6;,9< , Pet' 9;F< Heb' ,.;K' Cf' J " (Heb' .;,)' -ut the mo e is not ue at a(( to the re(ati"e' In a )or % the re(ati"e occurs )ith a(( the constructions &ossib(e to an in e&en ent sentence'6 The in icati"e is% of course% the natura( moo to use if one )ishes to make a irect an c(ear@cut assertion' Thus 4 ` +-[ 1 D7 (Mk' ,8;/F)' Cf' Bo' ,8;,/' The "arious uses of the sub#uncti"e occur )ith the re(ati"e' The e(iberati"e sub#' is seen in ,= 3 W
5 'aron, Je Pronom Re(' et (a Con#onction en 0rec, p. 1%,. . -renFel, Die Ent)' es re(' +atDb' im 0riech', p. 4. 2 J. &lassen, -eob' Aber en homerischen +&rach!eb', 1$.2, p. .. $ 'd. II, pp. 4 , ff. 1 "ee, per contra, 'aron, Je Pronom Re(' et (a Con#onction en 0rec, pp. .1 ff. :onro, Hom. Gr., p. 1$(. % Jann., Hist. Gk. Gr., p. 45 . 4 !hompson, "ynt., p. %$%.

! ! J, W , !8 < !< ! -5$ (Mk' ,6;,6< Ju' //;,,)'9 Prof' Ear(e% in a fine &a&er on 2The +ub#' of Pur&ose in Re(ati"e C(auses in 0reek3 (Class. Papers% ,F,/% &&' /,. ff') sho)s ho) Xeno&hon% +o&h'% Euri&'% P(ato an other Attic )riters use the i iom' Cf' Xen'% ,nab.% II% 6% /8% 4 LF 3: J, -5' +ee a(so Tarbe((% Class. 3evie-% Bu(*% ,?F/% 2The De(iberati"e +ub#' in Re(ati"e C(auses in 0reek'3 The sub#' ma* be "o(iti"e as in Ac' /,;,:% ,0] F<! )57 % an in Heb' ?;.% J +: = ` ,0S (cf' ` ,0-0 in Heb' F;K)' In Heb' ,/;/?% ] y 05!% the sub#' ma* be concei"e as either "o(iti"e (hortator*) or mere(* futuristic% more &robab(* "o(iti"e (ike 5!' C(ear(* futuristic is the sub#' in Mt' ,:;/?% H 4 !1 5 ' These e1am&(es a&&ear iso(ate ' Cf' sub#' )ith r (not re(ati"e) as in , Cor' 9;?% r d0b5! ( e(iberati"e)' -ut the futuristic sub#'% so rare in the in e&en ent sentence after Homer% is "er* common in the re(ati"e c(ause )ith C an sometimes )ithout ' It is not the that etermines the sub#'% but the sub#' usua((* has ' Thus ` 80 38 S an ` ] e +,S Rec' (Mk' ?;.9)' Cf' J 0"S (Bas' /;,8)% thou!h ALJP rea 0" (itacism)' Cf' Mt' ,8;.. an .?' In such re(ati"e sentences the future in icati"e is a(so "er* common% the t)o forms bein! c(ose(* a((ie in form an sense' Cf' ` e /!" (Ju' ,/;?)' +ee a(so J /!" an J +0" (Mt' ,8;./ f')' (e "efinite and Indefinite 3elative Sentences' 0oo )in, has ma e &o&u(ar the custom of ca((in! some re(ati"e sentences 2con itiona( re(ati"es'3 He has been fo((o)e b* -urton'/ Bannaris. consi ers con itiona( re(ati"e c(auses 2"irtua((* con ense c(auses ca&ab(e of bein! chan!e into con itiona( &rotases'3 A(most an* sentence is ca&ab(e of bein! chan!e into some other form as a &ractica( e7ui"a(ent' The re(ati"e c(ause ma* in ee ha"e the resu(tant effect of cause% con ition% &ur&ose or resu(t% but in itse(f it e1&resses none of these thin!s' It is (ike the &artici&(e in this res&ect' One must not rea into it more than is there' Cf' ` (Mk' 6;F) an / 5 (Mt' ,.;F)' Cf' in Mk' 6;/.' One mi!ht as )e(( sa* that / !65 (Bo' ,.;/8) is the same thin! as ` !6 (cf' Mt' ,8;.?)' There is a chan!e from &artici&(e to re(ati"e c(ause in Mt' ,8;.K f'% 6, f' Cf' Mt' ,/;.8% ./< Ju' F;98' +o then ,!5 (Bo' ,.;/8) is a con itiona( c(ause'6 It is true that J oes not occur in the =' T'% but an J iffer in conce&tion after a((% thou!h the &oint is a fine one' The M++' sometimes "ar* bet)een an J as )e see in Mk' ?;.6< , Cor' K;,.' In Bo' ,6;,. f' note J e D" an 3 D"' =ote the istinction bet)een ` 0! an 0! in / Cor' /;,8' In Mk' ?;.6 f' note N` 38 S' 5hat is true is that the re(ati"e sentences are either efinite or in efinite' It is not a 7uestion of mo e nor of the use of % but mere(* )hether the re(ati"e escribes a efinite antece ent or is use in an in efinite sense' The efinite re(ati"e is )e(( i((ustrate b* / Th' .;.% ,W
5 'lass, Gr. of <. !. Gk., p. 12, e>plains this subj. as due to a /final meaning.1 6 in :k. reads -!. 7arle 7#857, :. 5., &lassical 0apers ?1(1 @. 1 :oods and !enses, p. 1(2. <. !. :. and !., p. 11(. % Hist. Gk. Gr., p. 42,. 4 &f. 8obertson, "hort Gr. of the Gk. <. !., p. 1.(.

 3 / 0 ` 07F% or Mk' ,;/% W * ! ` 1 /* !' +o a(so 0 ] y 05! (Heb' ,/;/?)' Cf' ` ,0S (Heb' ?;.)' -ut in efinite is ` , " 4Q (Mk' 6;/9)' In the same "erse ` 4 is in efinite% but ` is efinite' In efinite a(so is J f (Mt' ,6;.:) an J e f (Mk' :;9:)' +o a(so )ith ,Y ` 30: (Ju' ,/;,8) an ,Y ` e /!" (,/;?)' Cf' ` (,K;.,) )ith ` 38 b"S (,K;..) an ` ] e +,' Cf' Ac' K;.% K< 0a(' 9;,K' That it is not a 7uestion of mo e is thus c(ear' Cf' ` 38 S )ith ` +, (Mk' ?;.9)' Thus note in Mk' 6;/9 ` 80 " 4Q% but in Ju' ?;,? ` e 80 S " 4Q', +o in Ju' ,/;? )e ha"e ,Y ` e /!" 3 3!7% but in Mt' ,8;./ ,Y J /!" 3 3!7' The use of J is &ertinent' It is either in efinite% as here% from the sense of RNan* oneH or efinite from the sense of RNsomebo * in &articu(ar%H as in Ju' F;.8% 0 4Q H y )5[ 7' E1am&(es of the efinite use of J ma* be seen in Mt' K;/:< ,:;/?< //;/< /K;99% :/% etc' The in efinite use is seen in ,Y J + (Mt' K;/6)% J (Mt' ,.;,/)% J X9 (Mt' /.;,/)% but a&&arent(* no instance of J an the future in ' occurs' The in efinite use of J )ith the sub#' an is uniform (,, e1am&(es)% as in J 38 (0a(' 9;,8)% J e ,"S (Mt' ,/;98)' Cf' Co(' .;,K' 5e a(so fin J +0" (Mt' ,8;..)% J 0"S (Bas' /;,8)% but the efinite use in Mk' F;,' In / Cor' ?;,/% D . ,0!7 ,0*, W 38 S, 4,0*, 4 W 4 % there is a &ointe istinction bet)een the sub#uncti"e an the in icati"e mo es'/ Thus the in icati"e occurs )ith either the efinite or the in efinite an the sub#uncti"e )ith the in efinite ,// times% the efinite on(* Mk' F;,RMt' ,:;/?' One ma* make a &ositi"e statement about either a efinite or an in efinite re(ati"e or a oubtfu( assertion about either' The (ines thus cross% but the matter can be ke&t istinct' The istinction is c(ear(* &ercei"e b* Da)son 5a(ker'. The sub#uncti"e )ith the in efinite re(ati"e% (ike that )ith J an 3% is futuristic (cf' a(so future in icati"e)' Mou(ton (Prol.% &' ,?:) ar!ues that% since this sub#' is futuristic an the aorist escribes com&(ete action% the aorist sub#' here is rea((* a future &erfect' 2Thus Mt' 9;/,% ` e -S% Nthe man )ho has committe mur er'H3 -ut this seems rather (ike an effort to intro uce the Jatin i iom into the 0reek an is "er* 7uestionab(e' (f 'he ;se of in 3elative Clauses' This is the &(ace for more iscussion of % thou!h% sooth to sa*% the matter is not &erfect(* c(ear' +ee a(so Con itions' It is &robab(* kin to the Jatin an an the 0othic an% an ha a&&arent(* t)o meanin!s% Ne(seH an Nin that case rather'H Monro, ar!ues that the &rimar* use of an is )ith &articu(ar an efinite e1am&(es' Mou(ton (Prol.% &' ,::) trans(ates Homeric 3? 4W L5! b* the +cotch NIH(( #ist tak her m*se(H'H There )as thus a (imitation b* circumstance or con ition' The use of )ith re(ati"e% tem&ora( an con itiona( c(auses 2ties them u& to &articu(ar occurrences3 (Mou(ton% Prol.% &' ,?:)' It is not a()a*s 7uite so eas* as that' This use of mo a( a&&ears rare(* in mo ern 0reek (Thumb% Handb.% &' ,??)' 2It is a kin of (ea"en in a 0reek sentence< itse(f untrans(atab(e% it ma*
1 9iteau, Je $erbe, p. 1%(. &f. E.+!h., p. %,2. Ealker E#5*78, 6., 7lementary Greek "ynta> ?1$(2@. % 7lem. Gk. "ynt., 1$(2, p. 2. &f. 'Pumlein, Cnters. etc., p. %15. 1 Hom. Gr., p. .% f.

transform the meanin! of a c(ause in )hich it is inserte 3 (Mou(ton% Prol.% &' ,:9)' That is &uttin! it a bit stron!' I shou( rather sa* that it )as an inter&reter of the sentence% not a transformer' Mou(ton counts ,K/ instances of mo a( l3m in the =' T' (&' ,::)' Matthe) (ea s )ith 99% then Mark .8% 0os&e( of Juke /? an Acts on(* ,8% Pau(Hs E&ist(es /K% the Bohannine )ritin!s on(* /8% Hebre)s ,% Bames ,' Mr' H' +cott fears that these fi!ures are not correct% but the* are a&&ro1imate(* so' The M++' "ar* "er* much' These e1am&(es occur )ith in ' or sub#' Mou(ton fin s K.F cases of mo a( in the JXX (Hatch an Re &ath)' Of these 68 are )ith o&t' (/: aorist)% 9: )ith in ' (6, aorist% : im&'% , &(u&'% , &res'% K fut' in ')% the rest )ith sub#' Ra ermacher (%. '. Gr.% &' ,:9) fin s mo a( in the " ecreasin! an unessentia( )ith in '% sub#' or o&t' in re(ati"e% tem&ora(% fina( or con itiona( c(auses' The use )ith in efinite or !enera( statements )as rare in Homer% but !ra ua((* came to be more fre7uent' -ut in the =' T' some e1am&(es of the efinite use of sur"i"e es&ecia((* in tem&ora( c(auses' +o in Re"' ?;,% J MF' -ut J " (Mk' ,,;/9) ma* be !enera(' There is oubt a(so about J RK 3 (,,;,F)' -ut in Mk' :;9:% J e f% the construction is ren ere more efinite b* % thou!h J, e D,0 in the same "erse is in efinite' In Mt' ,6;.: )e ha"e J f% )hich is not more efinite than MarkHs construction'/ In Re"' ,6;6% J, e X,% the construction is in efinite' In Ac' /;69 an 6;.9% * A% )e ha"e re&etition an so a !enera( statement to that e1tent' In Mk' .;,,% J 4W 390% it is !enera(' In most instances in the =' T'% therefore% the use of is c(ear(* in in efinite re(ati"e c(auses )hether )ith the in icati"e or sub#uncti"e'. It cannot be sai that is necessar* )ith the in efinite re(ati"e an the in icati"e' It oes not occur in the =' T' )ith J an the future in '% but )e ha"e both J /!" (Mt' ,8;./) an ` e /!" (Ju' ,/;?)< ` (Ju' ,K;.,) an ` e +, (Mk' ?;.9)' For ` an fut' in ' see C om&ernass% "e Sermone Pis'% &' .?' Ra ermacher (%. '. Gr.% &' ,69) cites ` ] e +"% Inscr' Petersen@Juschan% 3eisen% &' ,K6% =' //.% /,' As a(rea * seen% the re(ati"e )ith the sub#' usua((* has % as D e ,* D0 (Ju' ,8;?)< J ,0,"S (,8;.9)' Cf' e 6 (,8;//)' In a fe) e1am&(es the best M++' o not ha"e % as in J +0" (Mt' ,8;..)< J 0"SN,7S (Bas' /;,8)' The use of 3 (ike has been sho)n (cf' Ortho!ra&h*) to be "er* common )ith re(ati"es at this &erio ' It is immateria( )hich is foun ' +o ` 38 S an ` ,"S (Mt' 9;,F)' The M++' often "ar* bet)een 3 an % as in Mt' ,8;,6< Ac' K;K' +o a(so J 38 (Mt' K;,/) an J e D" (Mt' /,;//)' -ut in the =' T'% as in the &a&*ri% is t)ice as common in re(ati"e c(auses' Ra ermacher (%. '. Gr.% &' ,69) 7uotes JN37,5% Inscr' Per!' /6F% /:% an ` +,0FS (or e +,;) I' 0r' XII% ,% :K,' Mou(ton (Prol.% &' ,:F) cites C'P'R' /.K (iiQA'D')% J 4Q ,0' He (ib.% &' ,:?) 7uotes J] e , F'P' ,.: (i"QA'D')% J 38 ,06*! -'M' .., (iiQA'D')' The is not re&eate )ith the secon "erb' +o ` e ,"S FS (Mt' 9;,F)' There is no instance of in a re(ati"e c(ause )ith an o&tati"e in the =' T'
Hatch and H#!&H and 8760#!H, &oncordance to the 5AA ?1$(2@. Per contra see E.+!h., p. %,.. % 'lass ?Gr. of <. !. Gk., p. 12@ Ouotes e e from an inscr. in 9iereck=s "ermo Graecus, p. %$. &ompernass &B:078<#"", De +ermone 0r' $o(!' Pisi iae Phr*!iae7ue meri iona(is ?1$(5@.

-ut in 0en' ..;,8 the JXX has P ,0*5, =' +o 38 % F'P' (see Mou(ton% Cl. 3ev.% ,F8,% &' ./)' Ra ermacher (%. '.( Gr.% &' ,.,) cites ] ` e !0 0- from Phi(o' There is one instance of )ith the infiniti"e in the =' T' (/ Cor' ,8;F)% H ! *F5 P e 3-6: X!Y% but is here &robab(* the same as 3 an P RNas if'H The u&shot of it a(( is that has no &ecu(iar construction of its o)n' It is more fre7uent )ith the sub#uncti"e than )ith the in icati"e in re(ati"e sentences% but is not abso(ute(* essentia( )ith either mo e', In the Attic the sub#' is in"ariab(e )ith % but 2in the (ess cu(ture He((enistic )riters3 (Mou(ton% Prol.% &' ,::) it occurs )ith the in ' a(so' Curious(* in the 0os&e( of Bohn occurs )ith J on(* in the neuter (Abbott% 6ohannine Grammar% &' .86)' A()a*s in the =' T' J 3J un(ess in Mk' :;/. the correct te1t is J ` 3 as in mar!in of 5' H' The te1t is &robab(* correct (cf' Ju' ,8;.9< Ac' .;/.% etc')' (# Special ;ses of 3elative Clauses' As in Jatin%, the re(ati"e c(ause ma* im&(* cause% &ur&ose% resu(t% concession or con ition% thou!h the sentence itse(f oes not sa* this much' This is ue to the (o!ica( re(ation in the sentence' The sense !(i es from mere e1&(anation to !roun or reason% as in ` 3, 4W = ,[ (0a(' /;,8)' In , Cor' .;,K% / W = = u* 3 3 X!:% there is an ar!ument in H' This is c(ear(* true/ in Ro' :;/% H +,! n c!0, < b"! 3 4n$ Cf' a(so Ac' ,8;6,% H -! ,7! 4Q' +ee 0a(' 9;6% H 3 *!g =' Cf' Jatin <ui( <uippe <ui' A !oo e1am&(e is seen in Ro' ?;./% J = D7 = 4 3-7' Cf' a(so C ! (Re"' .;/) an the common +] ^ (Ju' ,;/8)' Cf' Ac' ,8;6K< Ro' ,;/9% ./< Ph' /;/8< Co(' .;9' On(* the in ' mo e occurs in the =' T' in this construction'. Pur&ose is a(so foun in re(ati"e c(auses (cf' Jatin <ui=ut is)' Either the future in ' or the sub#' is use for this construction' 5hen the sub#' occurs it is &robab(* "o(iti"e'6 +o -urton9 )ou( e1&(ain a(( the cases of sub#' of &ur&ose )ith re(ati"es% but )ron!(*' The use in Mk' ,6;,6 is ana(o!ous to the retention of the sub#' of e(iberation in an in irect 7uestion' Cf' the sub#' of &ur&ose )ith re(ati"e c(ause in Attic 0reek': -ut the sub#' construction is Homeric ((ike Jatin a(so)' The Attic i iom is the future in '% an the future in ' a(so
&l. Rev. Cl. Rev., &lassical 8e4ie3 ?5ondon@. 1 &f. *.+G., 'd. II, pp. 4 1, 4 4. #bbott #''B!!, 7. #., &lue. # Guide through Greek to Hebre3 ?1(,4@. ;;;, Johannine Grammar ?1(,.@. ;;;, Johannine 9ocabulary ?1(,5@. 1 6raeger, Hist. "ynt., 'd. II, p. 5 2. &f. 'urton, <. !. :. and !., p. 11$. % &f. *.+G., 'd. II, 0. 4 1. 4 :oulton, 0rol., p. 1$5. 5 <. !. :. and !., p. 1 .. . Good3in, :. and !., p. 12.

a&&ears in the =' T' +o ` (Mk' ,;/RMt' ,,;,8RJu' K;/K)% ` X!Y +!" (, Cor' 6;,K) )hich ma* be contraste )ith the mere(* e1&(anator* re(ati"e J 37 ! in the same sentence' +o H +,9 4Q (Mt' /,;6,)< ,0,0 (Ac' K;68< E1' ./;,)< 4 5 ` ,0"5 (Ju' ,,;:) )here the Attic 0reek )ou( K ha"e J' +ometimes H occurs )here a re(ati"e mi!ht ha"e been use ' +o / Cor' ,/;K 3* ! *NH ! -7bS% (Bo' 9;K) 4 5 05, H 6S !% (F;.:) H ,5 D 4*' Cf' 0a(' 6;9< Re"' ,F;,9' $iteau? strikin!(* com&ares Mt' ,8;/:% ` 4 +,-" an ` 4 5"% )ith Mk' 6;//% 38 !1 H -05n an H S D -0*' The "ariet* of construction )ith J is i((ustrate b* Mt' /6;/ (Ju' /,;:)% ` 4 "% an Mk' ,.;/% ` 4 !1 n' The c(assic i iom &referre the fut' in ' for &ur&ose )ith the re(ati"e (+chmi % ,tticismus% I$% &' :/,)% but Isocrates (I$% 66) has 3-] -!<' Ra ermacher (%. '. Gr.% &' ,.?) cites for the " Dio ' XI% /,% .% ] U 0*,N +S< XI$% ?% .% ] ^ 3F5< Ach' Tatius% I$% ,:% ,.% uN6S% etc' Pur&ose is often contem&(ate resu(t so that the consecuti"e i ea fo((o)s natura((* that of esi!n' On(* the in ' future is use in the =' T'% un(ess one fo((o)s -(ass, in takin! ` ,0S (Heb' ?;.) as resu(t' A !oo instance of the future in ' is in Ju' K;6% F* 3 ,0FS% )hich ma* be &rofitab(* com&are / )ith the non@fina( use of H in Bo' ,;/K% F H 5' -urton. &refers to ca(( this a 2com&(ementar* (imitation of the &rinci&a( c(ause%3 a sort of secon ar* &ur&ose' -ut the notion is rather that of contem&(ate resu(t' The re(ati"e enotes a kin of conse7uence from a &articu(ar 7ua(it* or state'6 +ee a(so Ph' /;/8 4 5 D* JN!0!"% Mk' ,8;/F 4 ` +-[ 1 D7% Ju' K;6F 7 U* 3 ` c!07 +-7$ Cf' / Th' .;. ,W ` )ith , Bo' ,;F ,W H' An e1am&(e9 of the concessi"e use of H is seen in Bas' 6;,6% H 4 3,7 [ Z0 ,7 . b51 X!<' The con itiona( use of the re(ati"e c(ause is on(* true in a mo ifie sense% as a(rea * sho)n' The re(ati"e J an J% )hether )ith or )ithout % oes not mean H or 3 % thou!h the t)o constructions are "er* much a(ike' There is a simi(arit* bet)een (Mk' F;.9) an ` S (,8;6.)' -ut I o not a!ree to the notion of 0oo )in: an -urtonK that in the re(ati"e c(auses )e ha"e a fu((@f(e !e set of con itiona( sentences on a &ar )ith the scheme )ith the con itiona( &artic(es' That
2 &f. 'lass, Gr. of <. !. Gk., p. 1$. $ "ee 9iteau, Je $erbe, p. 1%5. "chmid "&H:I6, E., Der Atticismus in seinen Hau&t"ertretern' 6 - e' ?1$$2D1$(2@. 1 Gr. of <. !. Gk., p. 1$. 'lass, ib., cites also W = in :k. 1G2. % <. !. :. and !., p. 1 .. 4 &f. *.+G., 'd. II, p. 4 .

5 'urton, <. !. :. and !., p. 11$. . :. and !., pp. 1(5 ff. 2 <. !. :. and !., pp. 11( ff.

&roce ure is entire(* too force an artificia( for the 0reek free om an for the facts' There is a !enera( sort of &ara((e( at some &oints% but it is confusion in s*nta1 to tr* to o"er o it )ith carefu( etai( as $iteau? oes' is not confine to the re(ati"e an con itiona( sentences% but occurs )ith L5, ,07, P% an J,5 (tem&ora( an fina( c(auses)' The in efinite re(ati"e (ike ` 38 S (Mk' ?;.9) or J /!" (Mt' ,8;./) is 7uite simi(ar in i ea to a con itiona( c(ause )ith 3 or ' -ut% after a((% it is not a con itiona( sentence an* more than the so@ca((e causa(% fina(% consecuti"e re(ati"e c(auses are rea((* so' It is on(* b* the conte1t that one inferentia((* !ets an* of these i eas out of the re(ati"e' A(( that is true about the in efinite re(ati"e c(auses has a(rea * been e1&(aine un er that iscussion' I therefore &ass b* an* treatment of the kin s of con itiona( sentences in connection )ith the re(ati"e c(auses' (h %e#atives in 3elative Clauses' 5hen the sub#' occurs the ne!ati"e is !"% as in ` e !1 S (Ju' ?;,?)% but 4 !" is foun in Mk' ,.;/% ` 4 !1 n' +o in Mk' F;,RMt' ,:;/? )e ha"e 4 !"' 5ith the in icati"e the ne!ati"e is 4% as in ` 4 !6 (Mt' ,8;.?)< ` 80 4 ] X!< (Ju' F;98)' Occasiona((* )hen the re(ati"e is in efinite the sub#ecti"e ne!ati"e !" occurs )ith the in icati"e' +o !1 ,0 = (/ Pet' ,;F)< ` !1 /!: (, Bo' 6;.)< C !1 : (Tit' ,;,,)' +o a(so D in Ac' ,9;/F' Mou(ton (Prol.% &' ,K,) ca((s this use of !" a sur"i"a( of (iterar* construction' He !i"es a(so some &a&*ri e1am&(es (ib.% &' /.F) of !" in re(ati"e c(auses; -'I' ,,6 (iiQA'D') +,5 4Q !" 6:% C'P'R' ,F (i"QA'D') C !1 -9' The use of !" in re(ati"e c(auses is more common in the " than in the c(assic 0reek (Ra ermacher% %. '. Gr.% &' ,K,)' He cites e1am&(es from (ate 0reek )riters' There is nothin! !aine b* e1&(ainin! 4 in re(ati"e c(auses after the fashion of D 4 in con itiona( sentences as is one b* -urton', /' CAI+AJ +E=TE=CE+' (a Paratactic Causal Sentences' These o not &ro&er(* be(on! here% but there are so man* of them that the* com&e( notice' The common inferentia( &artic(e 0 intro uces an in e&en ent% not a e&en ent% sentence' Pau( uses it usua((* to intro uce a se&arate sentence as in Ro' /;/?< , Cor' ,9;F' In , Cor' ,8;,K both I an 0 occur' It )i(( be treate in the cha&ter on Partic(es' Phrases (ike +] ^ (Ju' ,/;.)% * (Mt' /K;?)% *,0 (, Cor' ?;,.)% J (Ac' /:;,F)% ] D7 (/ Tim' ,;:% ,/)% U 0 (Ju' K;6K) are not a()a*s re!ar e as forma((* causa(' The construction is sometimes &aratactic' In ee % the subor ination of the J an * c(auses is often rather (oose'/ Thus there is "er* (itt(e ifference bet)een J (be!ins the sentence )ith 5' H') in , Cor' ,;/9 an 0 in ,;/:' Cf' a(so 3," in ,;//' +ee further J in / Cor' 6;:< K;?% ,6% an * in Ro' .;/8< ?;K' The causa( sentence is &rimari(* &aratactic' +ee Mt' :;9< Ju' ,,;./< , Cor' ,9;/F< Heb' ,8;/' The subor inate re(ati"e is a (ater e"e(o&ment', (b With Subordinatin# Con0unctions' One ma* sa* at once that in the =' T' the mo e is a()a*s the in icati"e' There is no com&(ication that arises sa"e )ith 3,7 )hen the a&o osis of a con ition of the secon c(ass is use )ithout the &rotasis as in Heb' ,8;/% 3, 4 e 3,' Here the construction is not ue at a(( to 3,7' In the same )a* )e e1&(ain 3, in Heb' F;/: an 3, a-7 0 in , Cor' 9;,8' There is
$ Je $erbe, pp. 1%. ff. 1 <. !. :. and !., p. 1$,. 'lass, Gr. of <. !. Gk., p. 24. &f. also 'urton, <. !. :. and !., p. ($. 1 &f. <ilsson, Die Lausa(sEtDe im 0riech' bis Arist' I% Die Poesie .

e((i&sis a(so in the rhetorica( 7uestion in , Cor' ,9;/F% 3, 7 ,"$ -ut in Ac' 9;.? f' t)o com&(ete con itiona( sentences (3 an D% &rotasis an a&o osis) occur )ith J' In a )or % it ma* be sai that the in icati"e is use &recise(* as in the &aratactic sentences' Cf' Bo' ,6;,F% / 3? b< X!: b"' The ne!ati"e is usua((* 4 as in , Bo' /;,:' Once in the =' T'% Bo' .;,?% J !1 ,,7% )e ha"e !"% but 4 is seen in , Bo' 9;,8% J 4 ,,7' 2The former states the char#e% <uod non crediderit% the (atter the sim&(e fact% <uod non credidit3 (Mou(ton% Prol.% &' ,K,)' Cf' I !" in E&ictetus I$% 6% ,,< I$% 9% ?GF' Cf' Abbott% 6oh. Gr.% &&' ,:/% 9.9' The istinction is subt(e% !" bein! more sub#ecti"e an i ea(' In Heb' F;,K% 3, !1 * (or !" ,) D% )e (ike)ise meet !"' In -' 0' I' 9.8 (iQA'D')% 3, !1 +0 4nNJ 4 ,! ,0* % note 3, lm !" an J 4 )ith true istinction' 5ith 4 )e ha"e the ob#ecti"e fact% )ith !" the e(ement of b(ame (!!-) a&&ears' 2The com&arison of P(utarch )ith the =' T' sho)s a !reat a "ance in the use of J !"3 (Mou(ton% Prol.% &' /.F)' Cf' a(so E' J' 0reen% Gildersleeve Studies% &&' 6K, ff'< Ra ermacher% %. '. Gr.% &' ,K,' He cites J !1 % E&ictetus I$% ,8% .6' It is makin! inroa s on J 4' 5e sometimes ha"e +] ^ in a tru(* causa( sense as in Ju' ,;/8% an that is true a(so of J in Mt' ,6;K' In Heb' /;,? 3 is &ractica((* causa(' +o a(so 3-] is causa( in Ro' 9;,/< / Cor' 9;6< Ph' 6;,8' Cf' 8RNif ri!ht%H P' O1*' .? (A'D' 6F)' The c(assica( 3-] oes not occur in the =' T' +ee 3-] 9% Non con ition that he !i"e%H P' O1*' /K9 (A'D' ::)' Then P ma* ha"e a(most the force of a causa( &artic(e as in Bo' ,F;..< Mt' :;,/ (cf' Ju' ,,;6% 0)< / Tim' ,;.' The same thin! is true of 9 in Bo' ,K;/' ] J is causa( in Heb' K;/8 (F;/K) an 3-] J in Mt' /9;68% 69' +o * in Ju' ,F;F (cf' ,;K)' In Ac' ,K;., HJP' rea *' =one of these &artic(es are strict(* causa(% but the* come to be so use in certain conte1ts in the (ater 0reek' 5e ha"e P J in / Cor' 9;,F< P J W y 3 V0Q *! 5 dQ (cf' our 2since that3)' Here the $u(!ate has <uoniam' -ut in / Cor' ,,;/, the $u(!ate ren ers P J b* <uasi% as in / Th' /;/% P J 3' Cf' -(ass% Gr. of %. '. Gk.% &' ./, f' It is foun a(so in Esther 6;,6 an is &ost@c(assica(', o* is foun in the Jucan )ritin!s% the Pau(ine E&ist(es% Hebre)s% Bames an , Peter' In the mo ern 0reek/ it takes the form 7' Once (Ro' ?;/,) some M++' (5' H' rea J) ha"e * in the sense of ob#ecti"e J (NthatH) as in (ater 0reek (cf' (ate Jatin <uia=<uod)' Instances of causa( * ma* be seen in Ju' ,;,.< Ro' ,;,F% etc' It is com&oun e of an J (cf' En!(ish 2for that3)' In Ph' /;/: * is causa( an J is ec(arati"e' In mo ern 0reek * sur"i"es in . 0' The "ernacu(ar has +-=, 3,", 7 (Thumb% Handb.% &' ,F6)'

Green G877<, )" for 4 before 5ucian ?"tudies in Honour of '. Gilderslee4e, 1(, @. Gildersleeve Studies Gildersleeve Studies. 9olume in honour of 0rof. Gilderslee4e of Johns Hopkins ?1(, @. 1 9iteau, Je $erbe, p. ($. Jann., Hist. Gk. Gr., p. 454.

-ut a(( other causa( &artic(es are insi!nificant besi e J )hich !re) stea i(* in use'. It )as ori!ina((* mere(* re(ati"e an &aratactic'6 In , Bo' 6;. note JNJ an J J in Ro' 6;/,' It is accusati"e neuter re(' J (cf' J e ,0,"S% Ju' ,8;.9) an is more common as the ob#ecti"e &artic(e in in irect iscourse (sub#ect or ob#ect c(ause) than as a causa( con#unction' In , Bo' 9;F J occurs t)ice% once as causa( an once as ob#ecti"e &artic(e' In / Th' .;K f' e1e!esis a(one can etermine the nature of J' In Bo' .;,F Chr*sostom takes JRNbecause'H Cf' a(so Bo' ,:;?G,, (see Abbott% 6ohannine Gr.% &' ,9?)' The En!(ish 2the reason that3 ("ernacu(ar 2the reason )h*3) is simi(ar' It is "er* common in , Bohn in both senses' In Bo' ,;,9 ff' causa( J occurs three times in succession' In Ju' F;6F% 35! 4W J 4 +: !] .!<% the &resent is use because of a sort of im&(ie in irect iscourse' In Mk' F;.? 5' H' rea J 4 ' A !oo e1am&(e of causa( J is seen in Ro' 9;?' The &recise i ea con"e*e b* J "aries !reat(*' In Bo' F;,K% 7 @ ,0 4=, J gF @ R-!$ the use of J )a"ers bet)een ob#ecti"e an causa(' Cf' a(so Mk' :;,K' -ut )e nee not a&&ea( to the Hebre)9 for a #ustification of this ba(ancin! of t)o i eas b* J' +o in Bo' /;,?% 7 !: .!:, J = ,:$ Akin to this construction is that in Bo' ,6;//% 7 J% )hich is shortene into 7 J in Ac' 9;6% F' There is a corres&on ence sometimes bet)een 8 = an J (Bo' ,8;,K)< 8 7 an J (Ro' F;., f')' T4 J ma* be either ob#ecti"e or causa( as in Ph' 6;,,% ,K< / Th' .;F' In the ancient 0reek it meant Nnot on(* o I sa* that% but I a(so sa*'H -ut in the =' T' it either means NI sa* this not becauseH or NI o not mean to sa* that%H an usua((* the (atter accor in! to Abbott', 5e must ha"e a )or about 3,7, 3,", 3,",0' As a matter of fact 3,",0 (note the com&osition) a&&ears in the =' T' on(* in Ju' ,;, (JukeHs c(assica( intro uction)' This is un oubte (* a (iterar* touch'/ ," is rea b* 5' H' in Ju' K;, an Ac' ,.;6:% but 3, is &ut in the mar!in' Ei!ht other e1am&(es remain% a(( in Juke (0os&e( an Acts) an Pau( (, Corinthians an Phi(i&&ians)' Cf' Ju' ,,;:< , Cor' ,;/, f' ,7% obso(escent in the (ate 0reek%. is a(most confine to Juke% Pau(% the author of Hebre)s' E(se)here in Matthe)% Mark an Bohn' T)o of these are e1am&(es of the tem&ora( use (Mk' ,9;6/< Ju' K;, 5' H' mar!')' The or inar* causa( sense is )e(( i((ustrate in Mt' /,;6:% 3, D ,0-" A' The c(assica( i iom of the e((i&sis )ith 3,7 has a(rea * been mentione an is re(ati"e(* fre7uent in the =' T' Cf' Ro' .;:< ,,;//< , Cor' ,6;,:< ,9;/F< Heb' F;/:< ,8;/' It occurs in the sim&(est form in 3, ,< (Ro' .;:) an 3, 7 (, Cor' ,9;/F)' In , Cor' ,6;,:% 3, 3% it is e7ui"a(ent to Nother)iseH an in Ro' ,,;// to Ne(se%H 3, @ 3,"S' The a&o osis of a con ition of the secon c(ass occurs in , Cor' 9;,8< Heb' F;/:< ,8;/'

% Ib. 4 :onro, Hom. Gr., p. 1$(. 5 #s 9iteau does in Je $erbe, p. 1,,. !he 5AA does sho3 the idiom, as in 1 *i. 1G$, 7 J 7; 1 Joh. Gr. p. 1. . 9iteau, Je $erbe, p. 1,1. % Jann., Hist. Gk. Gr., p. 454.

$erbs of emotion in c(assica( 0reek sometimes use D (concei"e as an h*&othesis) rather than J (a irect reason)'6 The =' T' sho)s e1am&(es of !b5 D in this sense (Mk' ,9;66< , Bo' .;,.)% thou!h !b5 J is foun a(so6 (Ju' ,,;.?< 0a(' ,;:)' is the =' T' construction9 )ith +5 (Ju' ,.;,6)< 3F!! (Mt' ,,;/9)< 405 (Ju' ,?;,,)< ! (Mk' 6;.?)< 705 (Ju' ,8;/8)< 5 (Bo' K;/.)' Cf' J an 3-] in Ph' 6;,8' On the &ossib(e causa( use of J an J see artic(e b* +he&&ar % The Cl. 3ev.% +e&t'% ,F,.' ( 3elative Clauses' This construction in the ear(ier 0reek% (ike the Jatin% ha either the sub#' or the o&t' The Attic a e the future in ' )hich (ar!e(* is&(ace the sub#' an the o&t'. The =' T' fo((o)s the Attic use of the fut' in ' Cf' H +,9 (Mt' /,;6,)< \ "! (Ac' :;.)' +ee , Cor' 6;,K% ` +!"' -(ass6 e1&(ains the occasiona( return to the sub#' as ue to H' +ee J, -5 (Mk' ,6;,6)< ,0] F<! (Ac' /,;,:)< ` ,0S (Heb' ?;.)< ] y 05! (,/;/?)' R a ermacher (%. '. Gr.% &' ,.?) 7uotes -' I' III% ?// (iiQA'D') U0 0* 7 l`m 48 KS% Dio orus% XI$% ?% .% ] ^ 3F5 8 7' The =' T' har (* uses the re(ati"e c(ause of &ur&ose as free(* as the Attic 0reek' ( 'he Infinitive' A brief statement is a(one necessar* here% since the infiniti"e recei"es fu(( iscussion in the ne1t cha&ter' +uffice it to sa* that the infiniti"e is e1cee in!(* common in the =' T' for the notion of &ure &ur&ose' $ota)9 counts some ,%/?9 such instances of the sim&(e infiniti"e of &ur&ose in 2bib(ica( 0reek'3 He !i"es the fi!ures for the =' T' a(one as /,,' He notes that 2this use of the infiniti"e is secon on(* to that of !enera( ob#ect in or er of re(ati"e fre7uenc* of occurrence'3 Mou(ton
4 &f. ib. 4 &f. ib. 5 9iteau, Je $erbe, p. 1,1. % Good3in, :. and !., pp. 1. ff. 4 Gr. of <. !. Gk., p. 12. 8adermacher 8#678:#&H78, 5., =eut' 0rammatik' Das 0riechisch es =' T' im Cusammenhan! mit er $o(kss&rache ?1(11@. 9ota3 9B!#E, &. E., !he Cse of the Infiniti4e in 'ibl. Greek ?1$(.@. 5 !he Inf. in 'ibl. Gk., p. 1,. :oulton :BC5!B<, J. H., # Grammar of <. !. Greek. 9ol. I, 0rolegomena ?1(,.@. %d ed. ?1(,$@. ;;;, &haracteristics of <. !. Greek ?!he 7>positor, 1(,4@. ;;;, Ein(eitun! in ie +&rache es =' T' ?1(11@. ;;;, Grammatical <otes from the 0apyri ?!he 7>positor, 1(,1, pp. 21D $ ) 1(,%, pp. 1,4D1 1, 4 %D4%(. !he &lassical 8e4ie3, 1(,1, pp. %1D%2, 4%4D441) 1(,4, pp. 1,.D 11 , 151D155@. ;;;, Introduction to <. !. Greek ?1$(5@. d ed. ?1(,4@.

(Prol.% &' /89) notes that the inf' of &ur&ose is more common in the =' T' than in Attic% an he a!rees )ith Thumb ('heol. *it.% ,F8.% &' 6/,) in the theor* that this fre7uenc* of the inf' of &ur&ose in the " is ue to the Ionic ia(ect' It has sur"i"e in the Pontic ia(ect of mo ern 0reek% thou!h e(se)here is&(ace b* an the sub#' Cf' d!5! -: (Mt' /:;,K) an d!5! H -S (Mk' ,6;,/)' The te(ic inf' is common in the " )riters !enera((* (Ra ermacher% %. '. Gr.% &' ,9/)' Cf' Xeno&hon of E&h'% .F.% /?% 3 ,0F' It is commonest )ith "erbs of mo"ement (Mou(ton% Prol.% &' /89)% as in 38 +6< +? ,0[% Par' P' 6F (iiQ-'C')' This infiniti"e ma* be reso("e easi(* into the ori!ina( ati"e (or (ocati"e)% as in Bo' /,;.% X,5 c% NI !o a@fishin!H< Mt' /;/% M! ,0[% N)e )ent u& for )orshi&&in!'H, It is eas* to see the &ur&ose in the ati"e form of ,0[% but (ess c(ear in the (ocati"e c (&robab(* ue to s*ncretism)' Mou(ton/ su!!ests that the (ocati"e )as ori!ina((* a sort of esi!ne resu(t an !ra ua((* the (ine of c(ea"a!e "anishe bet)een the t)o forms as )as true of H (an ut)' 2The bur en of makin! &ur&ose c(ear is in a(( these cases thro)n on the conte1t< an it cannot be sai that an* ifficu(t* resu(ts% e1ce&t in a minimum of &(aces'3 This i iom has a much )i er ran!e in Homer than in Attic )riters an is a!ain more &re"a(ent in the =' T' than in the Attic'. A fe) e1am&(es must suffice; 4 2 =, +8 ,0< (Mt' 9;,K)<
;;;, 5anguage of &hrist ?Hastings= Bne+4ol. 6. '., 1(,(@. ;;;, <. !. Greek in the 5ight of :odern 6isco4ery ?&ambr. 'ibl. 7ssays, 1(,(, pp. 4.1D 5,5@. ;;;, !he "cience of 5anguage ?1(,%@. :BC5!B<, E. -., and G767<, #. "., # &oncordance to the Greek !estament ?1$(2@. :BC5!B< and :I55IG#<, 5e>ical <otes from the 0apyri ?!he 7>pos., 1(,$;@. ;;;, !he 9ocabulary of the <. !. Illustrated from the 0apyri and other <on+5iterary "ources. 0art I ?1(14@, II, III. !humb !HC:', #., Die Forsch' Aber ie he((en' +&r' in en Bahren 1(, D1(,4 ?#rch. f. 0ap. %, pp. 44%D 42%@. ;;;, Die !riech' +&rache im Ceita(ter es He((enismus ?1(,1@. ;;;, Die s&rach!esch' +te((' es bib(' 0riech' ?!heol. 8und., 1(, @. ;;;, Han buch er !riech' 6ial. ?1(,(@. ;;;, Han buch ' neu!riech' $o(kss&rache' /' Auf(' ?1(1,@. ;;;, Han buch es +anskrits. I, Grammatik ?1(,5@. ;;;, Inters' Aber ' +&' As&er im 0riech' ?1$$(@. 1 :oulton, 0rol., p. ,4. Ib., p. ,2.

/ k= +"N,0[ X,W = 6* (6;,)< 4 2 7 (Mk' /;,K)< ,0! += (Ac' ,8;..)' Cf' Ju' ,?;,8< Ac' ,,;/9< ,/;,.< ,.;66% etc' Jess fre7uent is the inf' )ith = for the i ea of &ur&ose' $ota)6 notes but .6 such e1am&(es of irect &ur&ose in the =' T'% thou!h the O' T' sho)s K.6' These .6 are a(most confine to Matthe)% Juke an Acts' Cf' = +, (Mt' /;,.)< = ,:0 (Ju' ?;9)< = D: (Ac' .;/)' +ee both to!ether in Ju' ,;K: f'% KF< /;//% /6% ,0[N = =' For a fu(( iscussion see 2Articu(ar Infiniti"e3 ($erba( =ouns)' Pau( seems to a"oi it as a ru(e' -ut see Ro' :;:< Ph' .;,8' The use of r an the inf' for &ure &ur&ose is rare in the =' T'% some ha(f@ oDen instances'9 On(* &robab(e e1am&(es shou( be c(aime (&' ,8?F)' Thus r 36 (Mt' ,8;,)' Cf' Mt' ,9;..< /6;/6< /K;,< Ju' 6;/F< /8;/8' Ra ermacher (%. '. Gr.% &' ,:8) cites P' O1*' I% 9/% K (./9 A'D')% 3, r 1 0- ,0-5[' For further e1am&(es of te(ic r in the inscri&tions an )riters of the " see Loch% )bservationes #rammaticae% &' /8' It is more fre7uent in the JXX' Ra ermacher e"en cites a case of fina( r )ith the sub#' in a (ate &a&*rus% -' 0' I' III% ?K6% 0- X!: r ,!' There are t)o e1am&(es of P in 5' H'% P d! (Ju' F;9/% other e itors r) an P , D,: (Heb' K;F)' In Ac' /8;/6 most e itors ha"e P <% but not 5' H' The articu(ar infiniti"e )ith &re&ositions is "er* common in the =' T' as in the JXX% about one@ha(f of a(( the e1am&(es of the articu(ar infiniti"e': For a iscussion of &re&ositions )ith the inf' see $erba( =ouns' -oth D * an ,0W * occur )ith the inf' in the &a&*ri% the (atter more fre7uent(*' The* both seem 2to carr* the thou!ht of a remoter &ur&ose'3 (Mou(ton% Prol.% &' //8') Mou(ton cites -' I' //: (iQA'D') J,5 Dn ,0 lmN,0W W :% O' P' /.K (iiQA'D') J,5 -07SN,0W W !1N 3' The &a&*ri ha"e D W 3 ! !!-[ as a 2recurrent formu(a'3 Cf' P' Fi' / (iiiQA'D') 6 times' Mou(ton !i"es numerous &a&*ri references for te(ic D *' The e1am&(es )ith D * are the most common of a(( in the =' T' (K/ instances)' As a ru(e these in icate &ur&ose more or (ess stron!% thou!h not a()a*s' It is &articu(ar(* common in Pau( (98 e11'% H' +cott)' +o D W 0[ (Ro' ,;,,)% D W A (?;/F)' Cf' , Th' .;9< E&h' ,;,/< Ph' ,;,8)' The instances of ,0W * are fe) (,/) an chief(* in Matt' an Pau(' Cf' ,0W W [ (Mt' :;,)< ,0W W (E&h' :;,,)', ( 'he Participle' The future &artici&(e% so common in this construction in the Attic 0reek% has near(* "anishe from the =' T' as from the rest of the "' A fe) remnants sur"i"e (ike 0 7 95 (Mt' /K;6F)% +6 ,0"5 an ,"5 (Ac' /6;,,% ,K)' Cf' Ac' ?;/K' +o a(so the &resent &artici&(e occasiona((* occurs )here &ur&ose is im&(ie ' Thus +,! +, (Ac' ,9;/K)' Cf' ,! + (Thuc' $II% /:% F)'/ Cf' a(so Mk' .;.,' A !oo e1am&(e is Ac' .;/:% +, 4W 4=' +ee Partici&(e ($erba( =ouns) an Tense for further remarks'
% 'lass, Gr. of <. !. Gk., p. 4 Inf. in 'ibl. Gk., p. 1. 5 Ib., p. 1,. . Ib., p. 1(. 1 &f. 'urton, <. !. :. and !., p. 1.1 f. 'lass, Gr. of <. !. Gk., p. 1($. %.

(d Su 'Fina( C(auses (really ob0ect or sub0ect clauses like J clauses)' There are a consi erab(e number of c(auses )hich are not &ure &ur&ose an *et are not resu(t' The* are the bri !e% in a sense% bet)een the t)o e1tremes' The* are foun )ith "erbs of stri"in!% beseechin!% comman in!% fearin!' In some instances the c(ause is har (* more than an ob#ect@c(ause' The same con#unctions are here use in !enera(% an this sho)s that no har an fast (ine )as ra)n in the matter' $arious i"isions are ma e of these "erbs'. -urton6 ca((s them ob#ect@c(auses of e1hortin!% of stri"in!% of fearin!% of sub#ect an &re icate% of com&(ementar* an e&e1e!etic c(auses% of concei"e resu(t' -ut e"en so the* o"er(a& an run into one another' ( ' Here a!ain the main con#unction is H' A(( these "arieties note b* -urton are seen )ith H sa"e )ith "erbs of fearin!' As )e ha"e seen%, there )ere t)o ten encies in the "' One )as the s&rea of the Ionic use of the inf' of &ur&ose% the other )as the )i e e1tension of H in 5estern He((enistic' +o the H in the non@fina( or sub@fina( sense% once rare%/ no) comes to be e1cee in!(* common' The e"e(o&ment came on soon after the c(ose of the c(assica( a!e'. -ut Thackera* (Gr.% &&' /6% ,F6) fin s it rare in the JXX' It came to be use in a(most an* sense that the infiniti"e bore an fina((* is&(ace it' This )eakene use of H is one of the characteristics of the " an is rich(* i((ustrate in the =' T'% &articu(ar(* in the )ritin!s of Bohn' Thus in Mt' 9;/F% !-0 H +,*% the H c(ause is the sub#ect of !-0 an is a sub#ect@ c(ause in the nominati"e case' There is a !reat "ariet* of &hrases6 )hich thus use H' +o +0W H (Mt' ,8;/9< ,?;:)' Cf' , Pet' 6;. (inf')' +ee a(so W H (Mt' ?;?)% thou!h e(se)here inf'< F H (Bo' ,;/K)% but inf' in , Cor' ,:;6% as often< " X!: H (Bo' ,?;.F)< 3" r0 H (Bo' ,/;/.)< 3! D 3* 3 H (, Cor' 6;.)< 3!W 60<! 3 H (Bo' 6;.6)< :NH (Ju' ,K;/)< =, H S (Ju' ,;6.)< b: H (, Cor' 6;/)< 08 H (Ph' /;/)' Thus the H c(ause is seen to be either nom' or acc'% sim&(*% or in a&&osition )ith a substanti"e' In Bohn9 the a&&ositiona( use is "er* fre7uent' +o q H (Bo' ,K;.)< !7b , H (,9;,.% ab(ati"e)< 3 g, H (,9;?% (ocati"e)< 0, H (. Bohn 6% accusati"e)' Cf' Bo' :;.F< , Bo' .;,% ,,% /.< 6;/,< / Bo' :< , Cor' F;,?< Re"' /;/,' In Bo' ,9;,/ H +,Y (sub#')
% &f. Good3in, :. and !., pp. 1 ff.

'urton 'C8!B<, 7. 6., "ynta> of the :oods and !enses of the <. !. Gk. %d ed. ?1(,(@. 4 <. !. :. and !., p. $%. 1 :oulton, 0rol., p. ,5. It is seen as early as 6emosthenes ?I9, $@. % Jebb in 9. and 6.=s Handb., p. % ,. !hackeray !H#&*78#M, H. "!., # Grammar of the B. !. in Greek. 9ol. I, Introduction, Brthography and #ccidence ?1(,(@. ;;;, 8elation of "t. 0aul to &ontemporary !hought ?1(,,@. 4 &f. 'lass, Gr. of <. !. Gk., p. 5 E.+!h., p. %%$ f. $.

is in a&&osition )ith 3"' +ome of these are com&(ementar* or e&e1e!etic c(auses' In the sub#ect an ob#ect (or a&&ositi"e) c(auses the sub#uncti"e is usua((* foun % thou!h occasiona((* the fut' in '% as in 300 H +" (Re"' F;6)' +ee further e1am&(es of the fut' in ' in Re"' .;F< :;,,< ,.;,/< ,6;,. (es&ecia((* common in the A&oca(*&se)' In Re"' F;9 )e ha"e 3* H !1 ,75 4, +] H 6"' In Bo' ,K;. some M++' rea H 9 (rea b* Tre!' an Tisch')' Ob#ect@c(auses )ith H after "erbs of stri"in!% beseechin!% etc'% (ar!e(* is&(ace J,5' Man* of these "erbs use a(so the infiniti"e an a fe) retain J,5': -(assK !i"es a carefu( (ist of the construction in the =' T' )ith each of these "erbs' +ee a(so Tha*er un er H (/)' Cf' ,cta Pauli et 'heclae% /F% ,0*F X,K0 = !, H b"' 5ith these "erbs H !i"es the &ur&ort or ob#ect rather than the &ur&ose' This use of H is "er* rare, in c(assic 0reek% thou!h in itse(f not out of harmon* )ith the 0reek !enius' The &ara((e( bet)een H in this sense an J is seen in Bo' ,,;98< , Bo' 9;.% F% ,,' Per contra see , Bo' 9;,. for istinction' Cf' a(so J in Mt' ,.;,. )ith H in Ju' ?;,8' It is )orth re&eatin! that in the mo ern 0reek (e1ce&t in the Pontic ia(ect) it is uni"ersa( () to the e1c(usion of the inf' an J,5' It is common after "erbs of sa*in! (Thumb% Handb.% &' ,?F)' The e1am&(es in the =' T' are too numerous to !i"e a com&(ete (ist' -ut note H after +05 (Mt' /K;./)< +! (Bo' ?;9:)< +57b! (Bo' ,?;.:)< D! (Co(' ,;F)< +,5 (Mt' /?;,8' +o ,05% Mk' :;?)< +,5 (Ac' ,:;.:)< +-7! (Mk' ,,;,:)< 6! (Bo' ,/;,8)< an !6' (Mt' /:;6)< 6,5 (, Cor' ,:;,8)< 0-5 (Mk' F;,/)< ! (man* M++' in Mt' ,:;/8)< ! (Ju' F;68)< 75! (Mk' ,8;.K)< 31 75! l!65m% as in Bo' ,,;9K (,.;.6< ,9;,/)< 3! (Mk' ,.;.6)< 3,!5 (Mt' ,/;,:< ,:;/8% 5' H')< 3F07b5 (Mt' /:;:.)< 3055 (Mk' K;/:)< A, (Mt' 6;.)< an 5 (Ac' ,F;6)< 5 (Mk' :;/9)< ! (Mt' ,?;,6)< b*5 (, Cor' ,6;,)< b5 (, Cor' 6;/)< 05 (Mk' :;,/)< !0!5 (, Cor' K;.6)< ,05 (Mt' ,6;.:)< ,75 (Mt' /K;/8)< ,5 (Bo' ,,;.K)< ,0! (Mk' ,6;.9)< 7! (Bo' F;// an inf')< 7! (Bo' ,9;,:)< -! (/ Pet' .;,K)' This is a most interestin! (ist' LE(ker (.uestiones de elocutione Polybiana% ,??8' Cf' Mou(ton< Prol.% &' /8) has sho)n ho) Po(*bius fa"ours H )ith "erbs of comman in! (ike D!, ,05% etc' =o rea( istinction in sense can here be ra)n bet)een the inf' an H' The (ater " (an so the =' T') carrie this use of H much further than i Po(*bius% )ho ha more affinit* )ith the o( (iterar* 0reek' There is no nee to a&&ea( to Jatin inf(uence for this sub@fina( use of H% as Mou(ton (&' /8?) abun ant(* sho)s from the &a&*ri' +o O' P' K66 (iQ-'C') 305<
!isch !I"&H., =o"um Testamentum 0raece, by &. !ischendorf. E itio octa"a critica ma#or' 4ols. ?1$.(D1$2 @. . 'lass, Gr. of <. !. Gk., p. 2 Ib. !hayer !H#M78, J. H., Greek+7nglish 5e>icon of the <. !. ?1$$2@. ;;;, 5anguage of the <. !. ?Hastings= 6. '., 1(,,@. 1 It is found in Hom. &f. Good3in, :. and !., p. 1 $. *Plker *Q5*78, -., Wuestiones e e(ocutione Po(*biana ?1$$,@. 5 f.

 H !1 +5S% =' P' K (iQA'D') 0 H -<% -' I' 9., (iiQA'D') ,0< H S% O' P' ,/, (iiiQA'D') A, 95' Mou(ton (Prol.% &&' ,KK% /8?) reca((s the o( #ussi"e sub#' as sufficient e1&(anation of this use of H' Ra ermacher (3h. 1.% J$I% /8.) an Thumb (Hellen.% &' ,9F) su&&ort Mou(ton a!ainst the Jatin inf(uence theor*' Per contra see 0oetDe(er% "e Polybii !l.% &&' ,K ff'< LE(ker% .uest.< $iereck% Sermo Graecus% &' :K' Mou(ton scores his &oint an obser"es a(so that the inf' )as not ri"en out b* H in the &a&*ri% see ()' Cf' A' P' ,.9 (iiQA'D')% 305< !1 +!: !' Ra ermacher (%. '. Gr.% &' ,99 f') !i"es numerous other e1am&(es of non@fina( H in &a&*ri an inscri&tions' The sub#' is the usua( mo e em&(o*e e"en after secon ar* tenses' Thus 36 H +,75 (Bo' ,/;,8)' In Mk' F;.8% 4 M H :% )e ha"e sti(( the sub#'% not the o&t' As a(rea * note % H { in E&h' ,;,K is an o&tati"e of )ish after a &rimar* tense' It is here a(so the subfina( H' Cf' Phi(' ,6< Co(' 6;,/' Mou(ton, &oints out ho) c(ose(* akin are ,0 H !1 (Mk' ,6;.?) an /0Y - (Ju' ,/;,9)' The &aratactic ori!in of the H construction is thus )e(( i((ustrate ' 2An inno"ation in He((enistic is H c' sub#' in comman s% )hich takes the &(ace of the c(assic J,5 c' fut' in ic'3/ Mou(ton cites a mo erate number of e1am&(es of this abru&t use of H in the &a&*ri' +o F' P' ,,/ (FF A'D') 3, l5m 575 H 4W !1 5,"S% (etter of Cicero (,tt. :;9) = G, ,0< !, H , bz 0 , H !K < *5 R50"S% -' I' 6? (iiQiii A'D') H /!* 9!' There is a oubtfu( e1' of this sense of H in +o&h'% )ed. C' ,99% thou!h J,5 )as so use '. It a&&ears in Arrian an E&ictetus' In the mo ern 0reek the c(ause sometimes 2a&&roaches the nature of a &rinci&a( sentence3 (Thumb% Handb.% &' ,F?)' -ut this e((i&tica( im&erati"e is un oubte in the =' T' Cf' Mk' 9;/.% H 3? 3,n' +o a(so Mt' /8;./< , Cor' K;/F< / Cor' ?;K< E&h' 6;/F< 9;..' 5ith this construction com&are the as*n eton )ithout H in Mk' ,8;.:% 7 ,"5 X!:$ As a(rea * e1&(aine (&' 6.8)% this ma* be &arata1is (t)o 7uestions)' Cf' H in Mk' ,8;.9 an 0a(' 9;,K'6
8h. Rh. M., 8heinisches :useum ?'onn@. GoetFeler GB7!N7578, 5., De Po(*bii e(ocutione ?1$$2@. ;;;, Einf(uO ' Dion' Ha(' auf ' +&rach!ebrauch ?1$(1@. 9iereck 9I787&*, 0., 6ie griech. 0apyruskunde ?1$((D1(,5@. %4. Jahrgang 1(,.. III. #bt. ?1(,2@. ;;;, Die Pa&*rus(iteratur in en K8 Bahren bis 1$($ ?1(,,@. 2. Jahrgang 1$((. III. #bt. ;;;, +ermo 0raecus 7uo senatus &o&u(us7ue Romanus ?1$$$@. 1 0rol., p. 12$. Ib. % E.+:., p. %(.. 4 "ee art. by Jann., 7>positor, ser. 9, 4ol. IA, p. (..

( ,5' It is much rarer in the =' T' in these constructions' It no (on!er occurs )ith the future in ' after "erbs of stri"in!' The &a&*ri sho) J,5 occasiona((* in this sense a(so' Mou(ton (Prol.% &' /8?) cites -' M' /, (iiQ-'C') F75 J,5 +,n% )hi(e 2+F< c' infin' occurs in the same &a&*rus'3 Ra ermacher (%. '. Gr.% &' ,6, f') 7uotes 'heoph. ad ,utolycum% /% .6 5 30Y 8 = = J,5 "% inscr' from Ma!n'% F8% ,/ (iiQ-'C') 3-0* J,5N+,<' The fe) e1am&(es in the =' T' are a(( in the sub#' -urton notes on(* three (Mt' ,/;,6< //;,9< Mk' .;:)% an a(( three after !6 6 l37m' The c(ause thus &artakes of the nature of an in irect e(iberati"e 7uestion (cf' Mk' ,,;,?% ,<)' The* are a(( after secon ar* tenses' There are some instances in the =' T' of J,5 after "erbs of beseechin!% thou!h man* "erbs that in Attic ha this i iom no (on!er ha"e it' Thus J,5 an the sub#' occur )ith ! (Mt' F;.?)% D! (Ac' /9;.)% 3055 (Ju' K;.)% ,05 (Mt' ?;.6)% ,0! (Ac' ?;,9)' ( )", !" ,5, !" ,' The usua( construction in the ne!ati"e sub@fina( c(auses is H !"% but a sma(( (ist of "erbs common(* ha"e !" as the con#unction' This is true of "erbs meanin! Nto take hee %H Nto care for%H Nfear'H, It is a much narro)er ran!e than the sub@fina( use of H' In the =' T' the sub#' a()a*s occurs )ith !" e1ce&t in Co(' /;? 6, !" ' Thus 6, !" X!Y ,"S (Mt' /6;6)' Tre!' an Tisch' rea the fut' in ' in / Cor' ,/;/,% but 5' H' an =est(e ri!ht(* ha"e ,9S (cf' "erse /8)' The &res' sub#' occurs in Heb' ,/;,9 3,,= !1 3n' E(se)here )e ha"e on(* the aor' sub#' Thus after 6,5 (Mk' ,.;9)< /05 (Mt' ,?;,8)< ,5 (0a(' :;,)< -6! (Ac' /K;,K)' In Ac' /.;,8 some M++' ha"e 46!% but -6! is correct' This construction )ith -6! is rare in the =' T' (Juke% Pau( an Hebre)s) an is a&&arent(* a (iterar* touch' Cf' Ac' /K;/F' In Ac' 9;/:% 3-6= 80 W W !1 < (note sub#' after secon ar* tense)% there is a &ro(e&sis of W *'/ )" ,5 is foun after 6,5 )ith the aor' sub#' (, Cor' ?;F) an -6! (/ Cor' ,,;.< ,/;/8)' Cf' 0a(' /;/ in :% (c)% () Pure Fina( C(auses' If the fear is about an ob#ect in the &resent or &ast% the in ' is use ' Cf' &' ,869' Thus in Ju' ,,;.9% *, !1 N37% an in 0a(' 6;,,% -6=! X!Y !" ,5 Dn ,7 D X!Y' This is in strict accor )ith Attic i iom'. The &a&*ri sho) it a(so (Mou(ton% Prol.% &' ,F.)' +o Par' P' 6F (iiQ-'C') +5< !" , +005:% =' P' ,K (iiiQA'D') X-50=! !1 0 3095 q' Ra ermacher (%. '. Gr.% &' ,6,) a s e1am&(es of fut' in '% as Enoch :;.% -6=! !1 4 "< Dio Chr*s'% 111i"% 66% 4 80 7, !1 )5< 3!5 +0 *F' The ne!ati"e in such a c(ause is 4' Thus -6=! !" ,5 4 H 5 q05 (/ Cor' ,/;/8)' This is to sho) contrast to !"' Cf' Co(' /;?% !" N 4' +ometimes a "erb of fearin! is im&(ie % thou!h not e1&resse (cf' e((i&tica( use of H an H !")' Thus Ac' 9;.F% !" , X0[' This is a &ossib(e e1&(anation of !" , 4 !1 +0S (or !" , 4) in Mt' /9;F (note ne!ati"es) an !" , { (/ Tim' /;/9)' )" , is use )ith the aorist sub#' after ,05 (Ju' /,;.6< Heb' /;,)% )ith a &resent sub#' after -6! (Heb' 6;,)% )ith a &res' o&t' after 7b! (Ju' .;,9% in ' 7uestion)% )ith a fut' in ' after 6,5 (Heb' .;,/)' These c(auses are of &aratactic ori!in', This &aratactic construction
1 'urton, <. !. :. and !., pp. $$, (5 f. &f. 'urton, <. !. :. and !., p. (5. % Good3in, :. and !., p. 1%%. 1 :oulton, 0rol., pp. 1$5, 4$.

sur"i"es in the use of J0 )ith the im&erati"e (Mt' F;.8< /6;:)% but e"en so the c(ause ma* be e&en ent in actua( use as in Mt' ,?;,8< , Th' 9;,9' +ome oubt/ arises concernin! the c(auses )ith 6,5 )hich ha"e a &aratactic ori!in% but are &ractica((* e&en ent' Those in the thir &erson are c(ear(* so (Mk' ,.;9< Ac' ,.;68% etc')' This ar!ues for a (ike usa!e in Ju' /,;?< 0a(' 9;,9< Heb' ,/;/9' ( 'he 3elative Clause' It is a c(assic i iom for com&(ementar* re(ati"e c(auses to be use in a sub@fina( sense'. As e1am&(es of this i iom in the =' T' note F* 3 ,0FS (Ju' K;6)< 4 5 ` ,0"5 (,,;:)< 4 5 J !0!" (Ph' /;/8)' Cf' < 7 05 (Ac' /9;/:) an 0 4 5 (ib.)' Ra ermacher (%. '. Gr.% &' ,.?) 7uotes from Achi((es Tatius% I$% ,:% .% +,! = J +7 6S' ( 'he Infinitive' 5ith "erbs of e1hortin!% beseechin!% etc'% the infiniti"e )as the norma( i iom in the ancient 0reek' In the =' T' it sti(( occurs t)ice as often as H an J,5 to!ether'6 +ome of these "erbs ha"e on(* the inf' in the =' T'% as D!, +F*5, +5, 6!, 5, 35, 3,!5, 3,,5, 3,0,5, 3,05, 5, R5, ,05, ,05, ,b5, 5 an com&oun s% -07b5, -6! in the sense of Nto be afrai to oH (Mt' /;//)' Man* of the "erbs that use sub@ fina( H ma* ha"e the inf' a(so' Thus ,"5 X!Y (Mk' ,;,K)' +o a(so 6!, D!, ,0!, 5% etc' Cf' F = (Ac' ,.;/9) an F H 5 (Bo' ,;/K)' In / Cor' F;9 the inf' is use after the H c(ause to e1&ress an e&e1e!etic or com&(ementar* &ur&ose ( d7! A)% a rather common usa!e' Cf' in , Cor' F;,9 both H an the inf' in a broken sentence' Mou(ton9 ar!ues that in Pau( the ma#orit* of cases of = )ith the inf' are e&e1e!etic (Ro' ,;/6< K;.< ?;,/< , Cor' ,8;,.) or a nomina( (Ro' ,9;/.< , Cor' F;,8< ,:;6< / Cor' ?;,,< Ph' .;/,) or the ab(ati"e construction (Ro' ,9;//< / Cor' ,;?)' Certain(* = !1 3: in Ju' ,K;, is not &ur&ose% nor = D: in Ac' ,8;/9' Cf' a(so Mt' /,;./% = ,=' Juke uses = an the inf' more than an* other =' T' )riter' The &a&*ri sho) this non@fina( use of = an the inf' (Mou(ton% Prol.% &' /,F f')' +o -' I' ,8., (iiQA'D') -0* = ,[% -' I' ,:6 (iiQiii A'D') ,: 4W = 3:% -' M' /. (iiQ-'C') ,0! ! = ,0,[' In Ju' ,?;,% ,0W W : is not fina(' ED * an the inf' )e fin chief(* in Pau( (66 e1am&(es% Mou(ton% Prol.% &' /,?' Mr' H' +cott makes 98 b* countin! the "erbs instea of the &re&osition)' The construction is a()a*s fina( in the other =' T' )riters' -ut Pau( has non@fina( uses% as in , Th' /;,/< 6;F' ( ED and J' In Ju' ,K;/ )e ha"e : D 00, O H 7S% )here D an H intro uce sub#ect@c(auses' Cf' a(so DJ in Mk' F;6/' In Ju' ,F;/,% 3-6! J 05, 40W A% the rare use of J )ith -6! ma* be causa(' It is ma e easier b* the &ro(e&tic use of ' The usua( ob#ect@c(ause )ith J be(on!s to in irect iscourse' (e Consecutive C(auses. ( ' It is ebatab(e )hether H has the ecbatic use in the =' T' There is in itse(f no reason )h* it shou( not ha"e it% since un oubte (* it )as so use in the (ater 0reek',
'urton, <. !. :. and !., p. $(. % &f. Good3in, :. and !., p. 12. 4 'urton, <. !. :. and !., p. $2. 5 0rol., p. 1$ f. 1 Jann., Hist. Gk. Gr., p. 455.

It occurs a(so in mo ern 0reek% as A 8 S W !* % Nthat is for one to (ose his reasonH (Thumb% Handb.% &' ,FK)' The &ara((e( of the Jatin ut ma* ha"e ha some inf(uence on this (ate 0reek' The e"e(o&ment% ho)e"er% )as in the "ernacu(ar% an out of the subfina( use of H% an the Jatin inf(uence )as not nee e ' There is not s&ace to fo((o) the (on! ebate in the !rammars an commentaries on this sub#ect' LAhner/ he( that H ha the ecbatic sense% but Tha*er. bo( (* acce&ts the "er ict of FritDsche an 5iner )ho 2ha"e c(ear(* sho)n that in a(( the &assa!es a uce from the =' T' to &ro"e the usa!e the te(ic (or fina() force &re"ai(s'3 5' F' Mou(ton6 a!ree )ith 5iner as a!ainst FritDsche in the a mission of the sub@fina( use of H% but he ba(ke at the consecuti"e i ea' 2-ut it oes not fo((o) that the )eakene H is !enera((* e7ui"a(ent to r; this use of H is rather% as )e can sti(( &ercei"e in most cases% an e1tension of eo consilio ut'3 >es% in most cases% be*on a oubt' I once ha #ust this fee(in! an stoo a!ainst9 the a mission of the consecuti"e force of H' B' H' Mou(ton:
Gr., H 555, , #nm. %. % 5e>icon, p. %,4. #bbott, Joh. Gr., p. 114, holds to the strict use of H. Einer EI<78, G. '., De "erborum cum &rae&' com&os' in =' T' Isu ?1$%4D1$4%@. ;;;, 0ramm' ' neut' +&rachi ioms (,?//)' K' Auf(' "on JAnemann ?l$.2@. :oulton :BC5!B<, E. -., and G767<, #. "., # &oncordance to the Greek !estament ?1$(2@. 4 E.+:., p. 4 1. 5 "hort Gr. of the Gk. <. !., pp. 15%, 155. :oulton :BC5!B<, J. H., # Grammar of <. !. Greek. 9ol. I, 0rolegomena ?1(,.@. %d ed. ?1(,$@. ;;;, &haracteristics of <. !. Greek ?!he 7>positor, 1(,4@. ;;;, Ein(eitun! in ie +&rache es =' T' ?1(11@. ;;;, Grammatical <otes from the 0apyri ?!he 7>positor, 1(,1, pp. 21D $ ) 1(,%, pp. 1,4D1 1, 4 %D4%(. !he &lassical 8e4ie3, 1(,1, pp. %1D%2, 4%4D441) 1(,4, pp. 1,.D 11 , 151D155@. ;;;, Introduction to <. !. Greek ?1$(5@. d ed. ?1(,4@. ;;;, 5anguage of &hrist ?Hastings= Bne+4ol. 6. '., 1(,(@. ;;;, <. !. Greek in the 5ight of :odern 6isco4ery ?&ambr. 'ibl. 7ssays, 1(,(, pp. 4.1D 5,5@. ;;;, !he "cience of 5anguage ?1(,%@. . 0rol., p. ,..

confesses to a simi(ar e"e(o&ment of o&inion on this sub#ect' He ha onceK committe himse(f a!ainst the ecbatic H% but no) he confesses himse(f 2troub(e )ith unsett(in! oubts'3 He bo( (* a "ocates, the free om of commentators to inter&ret H as the conte1t eman s (fina(% sub@fina(% consecuti"e)' E((icott/ ha efen e #ust this &rinci&(e% an he is the most se"ere(* !rammatica( of commentators' The commentator must ha"e !rammar% but he nee s the !rammar of the author on )hose )ork he is makin! comments' +o a(so +an a* an Hea (am on Ro' ,,;,, (!1 , H ,5$) &ointe (* inter&ret it thus; 2H e1&resses the contem&(ate resu(t'3 The* a&&ea( to E((icott% Ji!htfoot an E"ans in su&&ort of this (a1er use of H as a!ainst 5iner an the 0ermans' The* a(so (&' ,6.) 7uote Chr*sostomHs e1&osition of H in Ro' 9;/8; W K H 3= 4 D7 , +] 369 3' Ji!htfoot a mits the consecuti"e force of H in 0a(' 9;,K< , Th' 9;6' He is correct in both instances' +ee a(so Ju' ,;6.' In Bo' ,:;/% 0 r0 H *FS% it is a(most tem&ora(' It is ar!ue that% )here H seems to be use in a consecuti"e c(ause% it is the i"ine &ur&ose that is to be consi ere ' -ut certain(* no such e1&(anation is &ossib(e in Ro' ,,;,,' There is such a thin! as the i"ine &ur&ose an it is seen. in Ju' F;69% 2 ,0!! +,] 4< H !1 5 4*' Cf' a(so Mt' ,;//% H ,05n' -ut sure(* no such &ur&ose6 a&&ears in Bo' :;K% 4 +0= 4: H L 60@ 6S' Here )e ha"e contem&(ate resu(t% it is true% but it is resu(t #ust the same' It is &robab(* #ust out of this i iom (concei"e resu(t) that the use of H for actua( resu(t came' -urton9 a mits this concei"e resu(t as in Heb' ,8;.:% an seeks to e1&(ain Bo' F;/% 7 f!0NH -W n$ -ut the effort is not successfu(' He enies that there is a certain% 2scarce(* a &robab(e% instance in the =' T' of a c(ause enotin! actua( resu(t concei"e as such'3: He consi ersK Re"' ,.;,.% : !: !, H ,=0 ,n 3= 40= 67% as the most &robab(e instance of H enotin! actua( resu(t' -ut there are others #ust as &(ain% if not c(earer' Thus , Bo' ,;F% ,* 3 7, H +-n 8 c!07' -(ass? &(aces this besi e 3, (Heb' :;,8) an thinks
2 Intr. to <. !. Gr., p. 12. 1 0rol., p. ,(. Bn 7ph. 1G12. "anday "#<6#M, E., !he &riticism of the -ourth Gospel ?1(,5@. 74ans 79#<", #. J., &retan 0ictographs and 0re+0hTnician "cript ?1$(5@. ;;;, -urther 8esearches ?1$($@. % :oulton, 0rol., p. 1,. 4 'lass, Gr. of <. !. Gk., p. 5 <. !. :. and !., p. ( f. . Ib., p. (4. 2 Ib. $ Gr. of <. !. Gk., p. 4. $.

that the consecuti"e use of H !re) out of the infiniti"e in that sense' 5ith this Mou(tonF a!rees' Cf' a(so Re"' F;/8% 4 !*, H !1 ,0"% )ith 4 !* = 4Q *F in ,:;F' =ote in &articu(ar , Bo' .;,% )here the c(ause 7 3! accents the ecbatic force of H' This use is &ossib(e a(so in Bo' F;.:< Mk' ,,;/?' In Mk' 6;//% 38 !1 H -05n% )e ha"e H (cf' +] H) use (ike r an the inf' (cf' -(ass% Gr. of %. '. Gk.% &' /,?)' In Mk' /;,8 H )e ha"e rea( &ur&ose' The consecuti"e H a&&ears outsi e of the =' T' as in Arrian ("iss. !pict.% II% /% ,:) q5 !50W 2, H !1 HS' +o&hoc(es in his *exicon !i"es a 7uite e1tensi"e (ist of &assa!es in the " )riters )here H has the consecuti"e sense' He has &robab(* c(aime too man*% but some of them are rea( instances' E"en Bose&hus has H in the sense of concei"e resu(t', Ra ermacher (%. '. Gr.% &' ,9:) cites E&ictetus% I$% .% F% 30 0 D! -7 = = H] d? ,75! 4Q' +e"era( other e1am&(es occur in E&ictetus' +o% then% )e conc(u e that H has in the =' T' a(( three uses (fina(% sub@fina(% consecuti"e)% an thus runs a c(ose &ara((e( )ith the infiniti"e )hich it fina((* is&(ace '/ +o&hoc(es cites se"era( e1am&(es of consecuti"e H from the JXX' One of these is certain(* &ertinent% 5is om of +o(' ,.;F% for H 5 fo((o)s = an H has the force of r' ( ' This con#unction is mere(* P an RNan so'H In Homer P is both a emonstrati"e an a re(ati"e' Either i ea ma* a&&ear in r' It is rea((* a com&arati"e &artic(e'. In the ear(* )riters the inf' )as more common than the in ' )ith r' Thus in Euri&i es the inf' occurs ,.8 times to /8 in icati"es' In Thuc* i es it is ,66 to ?/% but in P(ato it is /9. to /68' The consecuti"e sentence be!an )ith the inf' an )as e1ten e to the finite "erb'6 In (ate 0reek it returne to the inf' construction' Cf' 0reen% "iodorus and the Peloponnesian War% ,?FF% &' /,' Of the F9 instances9 of r in the =' T' &robab(* .8 o not come u& for iscussion un er either fina( or consecuti"e c(auses' The )or in these e1am&(es is mere(* an intro uctor* inferentia( &artic(e (ike G' The structure is )ho((* &aratactic' In this sense of NthereforeH the &artic(e occurs )ith the in ' nineteen times' Cf' Mt' ,/;,/% r F' Once the sub#' a&&ears% , Cor' 9;?% r d0b5!' Ra ermacher (%. '. Gr.% &' ,:,) e"en 7uotes P'O1*' I$% K6.% /K (iiQ-'C')% r] e =* 5 9% an there are other instances (ike it' The other e(e"en instances ha"e the im&er' (&res')' Cf' r 6,5 (, Cor' ,8;,/)' +ee , Cor' .;/,< ,,;..% etc' Of the h*&otactic e1am&(es :/ ha"e the infiniti"e an on(* t)o the in icati"e' In the Attic 0reek actua( resu(t )as e1&resse b* r an the in icati"e% )hi(e r an the inf' (Nso as toH) enote a resu(t natura((* or necessari(* fo((o)in! the &rece in! cause', In the =' T' there are on(* t)o instances of the in ' )ith r (as a h*&otactic con#unction)' The* are Bo' .;,:% q5 80 , / W W *!
( 0rol., p. 1,. "ophocles "B0HB&57", 7. #., Greek 5e>icon of the 8oman and 'yFantine 0eriod ?1$$$@. 1 'lass, Gr. of <. !. Gk., p. :oulton, 0rol., p. 1,. % &f. Gildersl., !he &onsec. "ent. in Gk., #m. Jour. of 0hilol., 1$$., p. 1.2. 4 &f. 'erdolt, Der Lonsekuti"satD in er E(tern !riech' Jitteratur , 1$(., pp. 1D 2. 5 :r. H. "cott makes (5 times by counting the 4erbs, Geden $%. 4.

r W W W ![ 5% an 0a(' /;,.% ,07 4Q , k: r 06 ," 4< n X,07' Here the actua( resu(t is istinct(* accente ' -(ass/ on the f(imsiest !roun s seeks to oust r in Bo' .;,: b* J an to &ut the inf' in 0a(' /;,.% so as to !et ri of this construction entire(* in the =' T' Mou(ton. ri!ht(* sho)s sma(( &atience )ith such 2summar*3 metho s in te1tua( criticism' The construction )ith the in ' is not 7uite obso(ete in the "ernacu(ar "% but in the JXX it is a(most absent' This c(assic i iom stan s% therefore% in the =' T'% but on(* to make the contrast shar&er' Of the :/ instances of r )ith the inf' in the =' T' the* are near(* a(( consecuti"e% not fina( nor e"en sub@fina(' E"en in the c(assica( 0reek the inf' )ith r in the sense of actua( resu(t )as is&(acin!6 the in ' an in the "ernacu(ar it !re) ra&i (*' Cf' rN+,% -' 0' I' /K (iiQA'D')' This is a istinct encroachment on the o( i iom an has a )i er ran!e than in Attic'9 In Ac' ,6;, note q5 r' +ee Mt' ,.;./ r 3: 8 ,8 = 40= : 3 : 4=% (Mk' 6;.K) r M !7b W ,:% (Ac' ,9;.F) r +,50[ 4@ +,] +"5' Tatian took r consecuti"e in Ju' 6;/F (Mou(ton% Prol.% &' /6F)' Consecuti"e r an inf' is too common in the inscri&tions an &a&*ri for Ra ermacher to mention (%. '. Gr.% &' ,:8)' 5e o not ha"e r after a com&arati"e (M r) in the =' T' There is no e1am&(e of r nor of 3-] in the sense of Non con ition that'H In 0a(' /;F H has &ractica((* that i ea' ( ' Tha*er consi ers that in Heb' .;,, an 6;. )e ha"e the consecuti"e use of P' It is a 7uotation from the JXX (Ps' F6;,,) an is &ossib(e% thou!h the sim&(e NasH is sufficient': -ut P has ke&t its &(ace as a consecuti"e &artic(e in the " (Ra ermacher% %. '. Gr.% &' ,:8)' ( ' There is no oubt about the consecuti"e use of J in the (ater 0reek', 5e fin it in the JXX% as in E1' .;,,% 7 D! 3? J ,0! ,0W 09$ Cf' a(so / Li' ?;,.' The instances in the =' T' are not numerous% but the* are "er* c(ear' Thus Mk' 6;6,% 7 0 U* 3 J / ! . X, 4Q$ In Mt' ?;/K note ,,W J (cf' q5 r)' +ee a(so Heb' /;: (Ps' ?;9)< Ju' 6;.:' Ra ermacher (%. '. Gr.% &' ,:8) 7uotes ,cta Christophori% :?% ,?% = 0 D X!< J X,W W 3"' Mou(ton (Prol.% &' /6F) !i"es 7 : : +!: , J b51 D9 $ Pela#ia /8' It occurs in Theocritus i1% /9 !N= J N% 1% ,6 3 = J' Abbott (6oh. Gr.% &' 9.6) takes J as consecuti"e in Bo' ,6;//% 7 J .!: ! 3!-7b$ Abbott fin s no instance of
1 Good3in, :. and !., pp. Gr. of <. !. Gk., p. % 0rol., p. ,(. 4 'urton, <. !. :. and !., p. ((. 5 'lass, Gr. of <. !. Gk., p. 4. 4. % ff.

. In Aen. P rather than r occurs both 3ith the inf. and the modes. &f. Eehmann, De r &articu(ae usu Hero iteo Thuc* i eo Xeno&honteo, 1$(1, p. 4,. 1 Jann., Hist. Gk. Gr., p. 455) :oulton, 0rol., p. 4(. &f. &ompernass, H %$. "ee "ophocles= 5e>icon. #bbott

consecuti"e J in the E!*&tian &a&*ri' The i iom is common in the (ate 0reek' Akin to it is the mo ern 0reek use of ,= as consecuti"e (Thumb% Handb.% &' ,FK)' The same i ea is foun in Bo' K;.9' ( 'he 3elative' This is a common c(assic i iom' The mo e is the in ' an the ne!ati"e 4'/ In Jatin the sub#' is the mo e )ith <ui' The tense is usua((* the fut' in '% thou!h the construction is rare. in the "' -ut one ma* note in the =' T'% Mt' ,8;/: an in &articu(ar /6;/% 4 !1 +-n 7 3, 7 ` 4 "' +ee a(so Ju' ?;,K< , Cor' :;9< Ro' ?;./' In Bo' 9;K% 05, 4 5 H 6S% )e see H usur&in! this &ro"ince of the re(ati"e' Cf' Re"' ,F;,9' +ee 2Re(ati"e3 un er +ub@fina(' ( 'he Infinitive' The inf' )ith r has been iscusse % but )e ha"e (eft the sim&(e inf'% the articu(ar (=) inf'% D * an the inf' There are a&&arent(* e1am&(es of each construction in the =' T' Thus the sim&(e inf' of resu(t is seen in Ju' ,;96% +6 k01 ,W 4= ![ 3< at an* rate it is use here "er* free(*' -(ass6 consi ers the infiniti"es in Ju' ,;K/ use 27uite incoherent(*'3 -ut in Ac' 9;. has a consecuti"e i ea% as has 3, in Heb' :;,8' +ee a(so +:F in Re"' 9;9 an = in ,:;F' Cf' Ju' ,;K:% K? f' It is &robab(e that ori!ina((* the ati"e p in the inf'% *! as o&&ose to *!% e1&resse 2 esi!ne resu(t3 (Mou(ton% Prol.% &&' /86% /8K)% but this i ea shrank into the back!roun ' This i iom is foun in the &a&*ri%, as in O' P' 9/: (iiQA'D')% 4 M! +,1 +*5 +,7,' Me*er on Ro' K;.% = !1 A% ar!ues that = an the inf' ne"er e1&resses resu(t% a &osition )hich I once he( '/ -ut the e"i ence is too stron! to resist' +ee Infiniti"e for istinction bet)een actua( an h*&othetica( resu(t' Ra ermacher (%. '. Gr.% &' ,96) 7uotes ,cta 5arnabae% ,8% !1 6S 06 = !1 ,0% as consecuti"e' The i iom is not common in the &a&*ri as is true of = an inf' (Mou(ton% Prol.% &' //8)' It be(on!s chief(* to the JXX an -*Dantine )riters% an Mou(ton &uts it in 2the hi!her stratum of e ucation in the main'3 The e&e1e!etic use occurs% as in C' P' R' ,9: 3F7N=N % O' P' /K9 = +,,[ 3,7!' This construction (= an the inf') ha a "er* )i e e"e(o&ment in the =' T' in o&&osition to the encroachments of H' +ee Ju' ,K;, an Ac' ,8;/9% )here = an the inf' is &ractica((* the sub#ect of the "erb (cf' ori!ina( ati"e an (ocati"e cases)' Juke has t)o@thir s of the e1am&(es of = an the inf' in the =' T' On(* ha(f of these (in 0os&e( an Acts) seem c(ear(* fina( accor in! to Mou(ton'. He ho( s that of the ,. e1am&(es in Pau( none are unmistakab(* fina(% thou!h Ro' :;: an Ph' .;,8 are &robab(* so' In both instances = an the inf' is e&e1e!etic of
#''B!!, 7. #., &lue. # Guide through Greek to Hebre3 ?1(,4@. ;;;, Johannine Grammar ?1(,.@. ;;;, Johannine 9ocabulary ?1(,5@. Good3in, :. and !., p. 1$ f. % Jann., Hist. Gk. Gr., p. 4.$. 4 Gr. of <. !. Gk., p. 4.

1 :oulton, 0rol., p. 1,. "hort Gr. of the Gk. <. !., p. 15.. % 0rol., p. 12.

a H c(ause (Mou(ton% Prol.% &' /,?)' In Pau( Nso as toH )i(( usua((* e1&ress his i ea )ith = an the inf' A c(ear instance in Juke is seen in Ac' K;,F% 35 @ ,0 = ,:RNso as to make'H -(ass6 cites a &ara((e( from the JXX (, Li' ,K;/8)% @ 35 = < W W 4[' Other JXX instances are 0en' .;//< ,F;/,< Is' 9;,6' Cf' Ro' K;. (e&e1'% consec'% &' ,8:K)% = !1 A' It is &robab(e in Ju' F;9,< Ac' ,?;,8< /8;.< /K;,< Ro' ,;/6' Cf' = 305[ an J,5 S in Ac' /.;/8' +o )ith D * an the inf' Its most natura( si!nification is aim or &ur&ose% but% #ust as )ith H% so here resu(t is sometimes the i ea' Me*er in his note on Ro' ,;/8% D W A 4@ +,"% insists that the meanin! of D * is a()a*s &ur&ose' In this &articu(ar instance i"ine &ur&ose ma* be the i ea% thou!h resu(t is the &robab(e conce&tion' +ee +an a* an Hea (am in loco' E((icott on , Th' /;,/% D W ,0,: (after ,0= ;)% a mits the sub@fina( use of D * (cf' H) after "erbs of e1hortin! (cf' , Th' .;,8)% thou!h en*in! the ecbatic use' -ut it is on(* a ste& to !o on an that the =' T' )riters took' +ee the e&e1e!etic use of D * in , Th' 6;F' 5iner, a mitte the consecuti"e use of D * an the inf' as in / Cor' ?;:% D W ,0 .!Y %7% Nso that )e besou!ht Titus'H This i iom is not &resent in the Bohannine )ritin!s% thou!h it is "er* fre7uent in Pau(Hs )ritin!s (es&ecia((* Ro' an , Th') an Hebre)s' =otice @ D W +=, 60@ D W [ (Bas' ,;,F)' In Heb' ,,;.% D W % )e ha"e a c(ear e1am&(e of resu(t' =ote the &erfect tense )ith notion of &ermanence'/ +ee a(so -0: D W 5-0: (Ro' ,/;.)% )here &ur&ose is im&ossib(e' Cf' 0a(' .;,K' As to ,0W * an the inf' the &oint is not c(ear' Pur&ose is un oubte (* &resent as in Mt' :;,< E&h' :;,,% an there is tota( absence of &ur&ose in Ju' ,?;,% ,0W W :' It is not certain% in s&ite of -(assH comment%. that in the =' T' ,0W * e1&resses resu(t' In Mt' 9;/?% ,0W W 3,![% either &ur&ose or resu(t is &ossib(e' 5' F' Mou(ton6 enies that the i iom e"er con"e*s mere resu(t% but a mits that it ma* ha"e sub#ecti"e &ur&ose as in , Th' /;F' B' H' Mou(ton9 ho( s that this is the i ea in a(( the four e1am&(es in Pau(Hs )ritin!s' +ee further / Th' .;?< / Cor' .;,.' K' 5I+HE+' The use of the o&tati"e for a future )ish (ike c (, Th' 9;/.)% !1 (0a(' :;,6)% is not a h*&otactic construction' This is &ure &arata1is an has a(rea * been iscusse un er the O&tati"e': +ee O&tati"e Mo e' The on(* h*&otactic sentence for the e1&ression of a )ish in the =' T' is that )ith I-% )hich comes in the (ate 0reek to be use as a &artic(e' E"en here it is &ossib(e to re!ar the construction as &aratactic% but note D 0 an ' It is the secon aorist in ' of R-75 )ithout the au!ment' j- )ith the inf' occurs in Hero otus% an the form is thus &robab(* Ionic'K For " &ara((e(s see 2Im&ossib(e 5ishes3 un er In icati"e Mo e' Cf'
4 Gr. of <. !. Gk., p. %.. 1 E.+:., p. 41% f. :oulton, 0rol., p. 1(. % Gr. of <. !. Gk., p. %.. 4 E.+:., p. 414 note. 5 0rol., p. 1$. "ee further Bgden, De infiniti"i fina(is "e( consecuti"i constructione a&u &riscos &oetas 0raecos, 1(1%. . "ee ch. on /Eishes1 in my "hort Gr. of the Gk. <. !., p. 152.

_- 7 in / Cor' ,/;,,' It is foun in the JXX? as a con#unction% as in E1' ,:;.% I- +,!' Cf' =um' ,6;/< /8;.' Mou(tonF su!!ests that its a&&(ication to the secon an thir &ersons is ue to the meanin! NI )ou( H rather than Nthou shou( st'H As a matter of fact its use in the =' T' is "er* (imite % thou!h an D 0 are )antin! as &artic(es of )ishin!' For a )ish about the &ast )e ha"e the aorist in ' +o I-* 36 (, Cor' 6;?)' Cf' Ps' ,,? (,,F);9' For a )ish about the &resent )e ha"e the im&erfect in ' +o / Cor' ,,;,% I- +7% an Re"' .;,9% I- y' The Te1t' Rec' here has I- % but it is base(ess' Ho)e"er% )e o fin the fut' in ' for a future )ish' +o 0a(' 9;,/% I- +,*' 5ishes as a se&arate i iom are "anishin! in the =' T' -ut I- a&&ears in Jucian% Athena!oras% 0re!' =aD'% +ocrates' Cf' +o&hoc(esH *exicon' To com&ensate for this (oss )e ha"e the stron! asse"erations )ith 4 !" (Mt' ,.;,6)% the use of D (ike the Hebre) (Mk' ?;,/< Heb' 6;.)% D !" (Heb' :;,6)% the use of the &artici&(e (ike the Hebre) inf' abso(ute (Mt' ,.;,6)' The istinction bet)een )ish an su&&osition )ith D )as sometimes har to make in Homer', The re(ation bet)een )ishes an con itions is not c(ear' ?' CO=DITIO=AJ +E=TE=CE+' (a T)o Ty"es. =o h*&otactic c(ause is more im&ortant than this' For some reason the 0reek con itiona( sentence has been "er* ifficu(t for stu ents to un erstan ' In truth the octors ha"e isa!ree themse("es an the rest ha"e not kno)n ho) to !o' The theor* of Hermann% fo((o)e b* most 0ermans (5iner%/ -(ass.)% is the one that I (earne from -roa us an ha"e e1&oun e in m* Short Grammar'6 It is a(so that of 0 i( ers(ee"e'9 This theor* in brief is that there are four c(asses of con itions )hich fa(( into t)o !rou&s or t*&es' The t)o t*&es are the etermine an the un etermine ' The
2 :oulton, 0rol., p. ,1. $ In E.+"ch., p. (, reference is made to D I- 3-F in Job 14G1% and D 80 J- 7! in Job %,G 4. 74idently I- 3as not felt to be sufficient alone. ( 0rol., p. ,1. 1 :onro, Hom. Gr., p. E.+:., pp. %.% ff. % Gr. of <. !. Gk., p. 1% f. 'roadus '8B#6C", JBH< #., &omm. on :att. ?1$$.@. 4 0p. 1.1 ff. Gilderslee4e GI5678"57797, '. 5., 7ditions of 0indar and Justin :artyr. ;;;, 5atin Grammar. :any editions since 1$.2. ;;;, <otes on "tahl=s "ynta> of the Greek 9erb ?1(1,@. ;;;, <umerous articles in the #merican Journal of 0hilology. 5 #m. Jour. of 0hilol., 1$$ , pp. 4%5 ff. 2. &f. Gildersl., #m. Jour. of 0hilol., 1(,(, p. 14.

&oint in 2 etermine 3 is that the &remise or con ition is assumed to be true (or untrue)' A &ositi"e statement is ma e in either case an the conc(usion fo((o)s (o!ica((* from this &remise' The in icati"e is the one use for this t*&e (the first an secon c(ass con itions% rea( an unrea(% or fu(fi((e an unfu(fi((e )' The other t*&e is the un etermine con ition' =atura((* the in icati"e is not a((o)e here' The e(ement of uncertaint* ca((s for the sub#' or the o&tati"e' The ifference therefore bet)een the thir an fourth c(ass con itions is #ust that bet)een the sub#' an the o&t' The* are both mo es of oubtfu(% hesitatin! affirmation% but the o&tati"e is more remote than the sub#' In this t*&e the &remise is not assume to be either true or untrue' The &oint is in the air an the c(ou !athers roun it' -ut there is (ess mist o"er the sub#' than the o&t' In broa out(ine this is the c(assification of the con itiona( sentences )hich I ho( to be true' T hom&son, is sure(* ri!ht in sa*in! that no i"ision can c(aim an* hi!her ri!ht than that of con"enience an inte((i!ibi(it*% e1ce&t that I shou( (ike to a that the e1&osition shou( be in harmon* )ith the facts of the historica( e"e(o&ment of the 0reek (an!ua!e' There is no nob(er achie"ement in s*nta1 than the 0reek con itiona( sentence before it broke o)n from the (oss of the o&tati"e an the future in icati"e' In the mo ern 0reek it is therefore a )reck% an there is corres&on in! obscurit* bet)een the "arious c(asses of con itions% as in En!(ish% in s&ite of s&ecia( e"e(o&ments to make atonement for the (oss'/ In broa out(ine these four c(asses of con itions ma* be terme Rea(it*% Inrea(it*% Probabi(it*% Possibi(it*' The )or Probabi(it* is% ho)e"er% too stron! a term for the thir @c(ass con ition (3 an the sub#')' Ja Roche. &refers 2ob#ekti"e MX!(ichkeit3 for the thir c(ass an 2sub#ekti"e MX!(ichkeit3 for the fourth c(ass (D an the o&t')' This is a(so the (an!ua!e of 5iner%6 2ob#ecti"e &ossibi(it*3 an 2sub#ecti"e &ossibi(it*'3 Farrar9 &refers the )or s Possibi(it*% Im&ossibi(it*% +(i!ht Probabi(it*% Incertaint*' Ra ermacher (%. '. Gr.% &' ,6/) ca((s D )ith in ' 2ob#ekti"%3 3 )ith sub#' 2an sich ob#ekti"%3 D )ith o&t' 2sub#ekti"%3 D )ith &ast tenses of in ' 2Irrea(itEt'3 +o it !oes' Ra ermacher thinks a(so that% to un erstan the 0reek con itions% )e must istin!uish shar&(* bet)een the "ernacu(ar an the " (2so mAssen )ir scharf schei en D)ischen $o(kss&rache un er LoinT3)% a mistaken "ie) in m* #u !ment' It is best to use " for both the "ernacu(ar an (iterar* (an!ua!e' This brin!s us face to face )ith the other theor*% the one a o&te b* Farrar' It )as e1&oun e b* 0oo )in:
!hompson !HB:0"B<, -. 7., # "ynta> of #ttic Greek. <e3 ed. ?1(,2@. 1 "ynt. of #ttic Gk., p. (.. Jebb, 9. and 6.=s Handb., pp. %%, ff.) !humb, Handb., p. 1(4 f. 5a 8oche 5# 8B&H7, -eitrE!e Dur !riech' 0r' ?1$$%@. ;;;, Das Au!ment es !riech' $erbums ?1$$ @. % -eitr' Dur !riech' Gr., 1$(%, pp. 14, 1$. He uses /Eirklichkeit1 and /IrrealitPt1 ?pp. $, $@ for the others. 4 E.+:., p. %.4. -arrar -#88#8, -. E., Greek "ynta> ?1$2.@. 5 Gk. "ynt., p. 15. f.

an has ha 7uite a "o!ue in America an En!(an 'K This theor* ca((s for 2&articu(ar3 an 2!enera(3 su&&ositions as a fun amenta( e(ement' This is a fa(se ste& in itse(f' As 0i( ers(ee"e, sho)s% each of the four c(asses of con itions ma* be &articu(ar or !enera(' That &oint has no bearin! on the 7ua(it* of the con ition' 0oo )inHs &ast !enera( su&&osition% )here a(one a sho) of istinct structure is ma e% is a mi1e con ition (see (ater un er fourth c(ass con ition)' -ut the &oint on )hich I )ish to attack 0oo )inHs scheme is chief(* in his efinition of the first an secon c(ass con itions' That in"o("es the thir a(so% as )i(( be seen' 0oo )in confuses the 2fact3 )ith the 2statement3 of the fact' He escribes the first con ition thus; 25hen the &rotasis simply states a &resent or &ast &articu(ar su&&osition% im&(*in! nothin! as to the fu(fi(ment of the con ition% it takes a &resent or &ast tense of the in icati"e )ith D'3 The )or s to )hich I ob#ect% besi es 2&articu(ar%3 are 2im&(*in! nothin! as to the fu(fi(ment of the con ition'3 This con ition pointedly im&(ies the fu(fi(ment of the con ition' It is the con ition of actua(it*% rea(it*% Wirklichkeit% an not mere 2&ossibi(it*3 as Farrar has it (see abo"e) > la 0oo )in' This is the crux of the )ho(e matter' Once see that the first c(ass con ition )ith the in ' im&(ies the rea(it* of the &remise% a(( e(se fo((o)s natura((*' In the iscussion of the secon c(ass con ition 0oo )in/ &ro&er(* sa*s; 25hen the &rotasis states a &resent or &ast su&&osition% im&(*in! that the con ition is not or -as not fu(fi((e % etc'3 This is the con ition of unreality as the other is that of reality an the in icati"e is% of course% use )ith both' Hence the sub#' an the o&t' con itions fa(( a&art to themse("es as un etermine ' The &oint about a(( the four c(asses to note is that the form of the con ition has to o on(* )ith the statement% not )ith the abso(ute truth or certaint* of the matter' E1am&(es )i(( be !i"en irect(* to sho) that the secon c(ass con ition is sometimes use )here the fact is #ust the o&&osite' The same thin! is true of the first c(ass con ition' 5e must istin!uish a()a*s therefore bet)een the fact an the statement of the fact' The con itiona( sentence ea(s on(* )ith the statement' This &oint is c(ear(* seen in LAhner@0erth% II% &' 6:9% e1ce&t that the thir c(ass is (ost si!ht of an mer!e )ith the first' -urton. fo((o)s 0oo )in throu!h a(( his ramifications' A )or further is eman e b* )a* of )arnin!' One must not tr* to e1&(ain the 0reek
Good3in GBB6EI<, E. E., Greek Grammar. 9arious editions. ;;;, "ynta> of the :oods and !enses of the Greek 9erb. 8e4. 7d. ?1$(,@. . "ee 0roc. of the #m. #cad., 4ol. 9I) Jour. of 0hilol., 9, pp. 1$.D ,5, 9III, pp. 1%D%$) :. and !., pp. 145 ff. 2 #dopted by !hompson, "ynt. of #ttic Gk., p. (.. 1 #m. Jour. of 0hilol., 1$$ , pp. 4%5 ff. Gildersl. still objects to the distinction of /particular1 and /general1 suppositions 3hich Good3in brought into fashion. !hat merely depends on the character of the apodosis. &f. #m. Jour. of 0hilol., 1(,(, p. 1,. :. and !., p. 142. *Ihner+Gerth *JH<78+G78!H, Ausf' 0ramm' ' !riech' +&r' .' Auf(' of LAhner' T(' II% - e' I, II ?1$($, 1(,4@. % <. !. :. and !., pp. 1,, ff. -arnell ?Gk. &onditional and 8el. "ent., 1$( @ also follo3s Good3in, as does 8. H. "mith ?!he !heory of &ond. "ent. in Gk. and 5at., 1$(4@.

con ition b* the En!(ish or 0erman trans(ation' The En!(ish is often ho&e(ess(* ambi!uous% )hi(e the 0reek is &ers&icuous if one )i(( on(* !i"e it a chance to s&eak for itse(f' The true e1&(anation is on(* &ossib(e b* the a&&roach from the 0reek stan &oint' An that is b* the mode% not b* D or 3; is nothin! but D ' The is not essentia( to either &rotasis or a&o osis' Homer, use D )ith the sub#' )ith or )ithout or ' The Attic 0reek/ sometimes has D )ith the o&t' an Demosthenes use D )ith the &ast in ' Ra ermacher (%. '. Gr.% &' ,/K) 7uotes Boh' Phi(o&' "e ?ternitate 6.8% /? (iiiQA'D') DN ' He !i"es a(so (&' ,:.) eN67% Dio ' XI% .K% .< 38 !1Nx% Dio ' I% KK% .' The mo ern 0reek uses (for 3) )ith an* tense of the in ' (Thumb% Handb.% &' ,F6)' There is no &rinci&(e in"o("e in % sim&(* custom' In mo ern 0reek the sub#' is use % of course% more free(* since the fut' in ' an the o&t' ha"e "anishe '. Bo((* ho( s that the in ' )as a (ater e"e(o&ment )ith con itiona( sentences in 0reek an that the first attem&t )as ma e )ith the sub#' an the o&t' He thinks that the use of the in ' )as the resu(t of a c(earer conce&tion of the (o!ica( &ossibi(ities of the con itiona( c(ause' The sub#' )as more common in the Cen an the +anskrit (an Jatin) than in the 0reek'6 Here as a()a*s is ifficu(t to e1&(ain' 2=o) it has a efinite reference% no) it is in efinite' +ometimes the reference is su&&(ie b* the conte1t% sometimes b* the o&&osite'39 +ee The Ise of in Re(ati"e +entences in this cha&ter' 5e sha(( first e1amine the stan ar forms of the con itiona( sentence an then note the "ariations an mo ifications' (b Four C(asses. (a "etermined as &ulfilled' This c(ass of con ition assumes the con ition to be a rea(it* an the conc(usion fo((o)s (o!ica((* an natura((* from that assum&tion' 0i( ers(ee"e (,m. 6our. of Philol.% ,??/% &' 6.9) obser"es that this is the fa"ourite con ition; 2It is the fa"ourite con ition )hen one )ishes to be or seem fair% the fa"ourite con ition )hen one is sure of the &remiss'3 The construction is D (sometimes 3): an an* tense of the in icati"e in the &rotasis' The a&o osis "aries "er* !reat(*' It a(( e&en s on )hat one is after% )hether mere statement% &re iction% comman % &rohibition% su!!estion% 7uestion' Hence the a&o osis ma* be in the in icati"e (an* tense) or the sub#uncti"e or the im&erati"e' There is no necessar* corres&on ence in tense bet)een &rotasis an a&o osis' The "ariation in the mo e of the a&o osis has no
1 :onro, Hom. Gr., p. 1, f. 'Pumlein, Cnters., pp. %5 ff. % &f. Jann., Hist. Gk. Gr., p. 4.%) !humb, Handb., p. 1(4 f. Jolly JB55M, Ein La&ite( ' "er!(' +*nta1' Der Lon#unkti" un O&tati". ;;;, 0eschichte es Infiniti"s im In o!. ?1$2%@. 4 &f. Jolly, Ein La&ite( "er!(' +*nt' , 1$2 , p. 1 5 Gildersl., #m. Jour. of 0hilol., 1$$ , p. 44(. . !he origin of D is uncertain. ED is the same as D in Homer ?and 6oric@. 5ange ?6er hom. Gebr. der 0artikel ED@ makes it e>clamatory. 'ut Hale ?!he Brig. of "ubj. and Bpt. &ond. in Gk., Har4. "tu. in &lass. 0hilol., 1(,1@ treats it as a demonstrati4e in the locati4e case, meaning Uin that case.= !his is more probable. f.

essentia( bearin! on the force of the con ition' This con ition% therefore% taken at its face "a(ue% assumes the con ition to be true' The conte1t or other (i!ht must etermine the actua( situation' The a&o osis is the &rinci&a( c(ause% but since the &rotasis is the &remise% the &rotasis usua((* &rece es the a&o osis' The a&o osis ma* be ec(arati"e or interro!ator*% &ositi"e or ne!ati"e' This con ition is so fre7uent in the =' T' that no e1hausti"e (ist can be !i"en% but re&resentati"e e1am&(es must suffice' Thus in Mt' ,/;/K% D 3? 3 b6@ 365 8 !*, X!< 3 7 36$ This is a !oo e1am&(e (cf' a(so 0a(' 9;,,) to be!in )ith% since the assum&tion is untrue in fact% thou!h assume to be true b* Besus for the sake of ar!ument' The 7uestion is a reductio ad absurdum' In "erse /:% D / Y W Y 36, 3-] dW 3!07% there is the a itiona( &oint of chan!e of tense in the a&o osis' He -as a(rea * i"i e a!ainst himse(f% in that case% before he casts himse(f out' -ut the tense ma* be mere(* ue to a 7uick chan!e of "ie)@&oint as accom&(ishe (time(ess aorist in rea(it*)' This &oint comes out )e(( in "erse /?% D K 3 ,! = 3? 365 8 !*, 0 - 3-] X!Y . 67' =ote 0 )ith the aorist' For the &ast in ' in both c(auses see Ac' ,,;,K (D 5, 7 M!)< , Cor' ,9;/< Re"' /8;,9 ( 4 X0, 36")' For the &resent in ' in both c(auses note Mt' ,F;,8 (D q5 37N 4 !-0)< Ro' ?;F< Bo' ,9;,?< , Cor' ,9;,/' The &resence of the &erfect in &rotasis (,9;,6% ,K% ,F) or a&o osis (,9;,.% ,:) oes not "ar* the &oint' In / Cor' /;9% the &erfect is fo((o)e b* the &erfect' The fut' in ' ma*% thou!h rare(* in the =' T'% occur in both c(auses% as in Mt' /:;.. (D ", "!)' Cf' Mk' ,6;/F< Ju' ,F;68< , Cor' .;,9< / Tim' /;,/< , Cor' .;,6 f' -ut such (itt(e niceties cut no fi!ure in this construction' There is &erfect (ibert* to mi1 the tenses ad libitum' +o &ast an &resent (Ju' ,F;? f'< ,,;,?< / Cor' K;?% ,6< Ro' 6;/< ,9;/K< , Bo' 6;,,)% &ast an future (Bo' .;,/< ,9;/8< Ju' ,:;,,)% &resent an future (Mt' ,K;6< Bo' 9;6K< ,,;,/< Ac' 9;.F< ,F;.F< Ro' ?;,,)' In , Cor' F;,, D 3,70! an D 07! occur si e b* si e' E1am&(es of the im&erati"e in the a&o osis occur as in Mk' 6;/. +, +5' Cf' Mt' 9;/F< ?;.,< Ju' 6;.< Ac' ,:;,9< Bo' K;6< ,?;/.' In Ju' 6;.% D W A = =, D,% )e ha"e a !oo e1am&(e of the first c(ass con ition' The e"i( )ou( not% of course% use the secon c(ass (assume to be untrue)% for that )ou( be an affront to Christ' The thir an fourth c(asses )ou( thro) oubt on the &oint' The tem&tation% to ha"e force% must be assume as true' The e"i( kne) it to be true' He acce&ts that fact as a )orkin! h*&othesis in the tem&tation' He is an1ious to !et Besus to prove it% as if it nee e &roof for ChristHs o)n satisfaction an for his rece&tion' If the e"i( use Aramaic% then )e ha"e ChristHs o)n trans(ation of it or that of the E"an!e(ist' In Bo' ,?;/. (D < 3, !00 ,0 = =)% ho)e"er% the assum&tion is not a fact% thou!h Christ treats it as such for ar!umentHs sake' Cf' Ju' /.;.9% .K' In Bo' /8;,9 note the aorist in ' (D 36) an the im&er' (D,)' -(ass (Gr. of %. '. Gk.% &' /,9 takes D in the (ate " to be (ike the French s4il vous pla@t' Cf' Mt' ,K;6' For the sub#' in the a&o osis note 0a(' 9;/9% D b<! ,!, ,! <!' The use of 3 )ith the in ' is rather more fre7uent in the (ate "' Fina((* D came to be 2a mere (iterar* a(ternati"e'3, In the " in Pisi ia an Phr*!ia 3 occurs )ith the aorist in '% the &res' in ' an the future in ' as )e(( as )ith the sub#'/ The &a&*ri e1am&(es are unmistakab(e% as 38 : in Tb' P' 9? (iiQ-'C')% 38 A -' I' 96: (-*D')% 38 -7 A' P' F. (iiQA'D')% 38 ] D7 O' P' (iiQA'D')% 38 O' P' ,,98% / f' ("iQA'D')% 38 != Par' P' ,?% 3,0 3,09 Par' P' :/
1 Jann., Hist. Gk. Gr., p. 4 ,. &ompernass, De +ermone, p. %5 f.

(iiQ-'C')'. Ra ermacher (%. '. Gr.% &&' ?.% ,:.) cites others from the &a&*ri an inscri&tions' +o Heber e*@5i(he(m% 3eisen% &' ,.K% 38 "< Eum' Hi&&iatr'% &' /66% .8% 3,0 3*0 37' Perha&s e1am&(es (ike 38 2 are not to be counte as instances% since 2 for is sometimes sub#'6 In !enera(% the ifference bet)een D an 3 is consi erab(* (essene in the "% thou!h it must be remembere that 3 )as ne"er confine to the sub#' nor D to the in ' an o&t' 8 2 occurs in Bob //;.% an Mou(ton, 7uotes it from Hb' P' K? (iiiQ-'C') as 2certain(* sub#'3 Cf' a(so 38 2 Tb' P' ... (iiiQA'D')% an a number of un oubte e1am&(es of 3 )ith &ast% &resent an future tenses of the in ' from " )riters are !i"en in +o&hoc(esH *exicon un er 3' Tha*er ca((s it 2a some)hat ne!(i!ent use% met )ith from the time of Aristot(e on'3 It )as #ust a norma( e"e(o&ment in the " ti(( in the mo ern 0reek is use in ifferent(* )ith either in ' or sub#' +o e * ]% Nif *ou i so%H e S Nif *ou thirstH (Thumb% Handb.% &' ,F6 f')' Theo&h*(act in his Proem to Juke has 38 !1 300% In the =' T' )e note 38 ! (, Bo' 9;,9)< 38 " (, Th' .;?)% )here the istinction is c(ear bet)een the t)o mo es (in ' an sub#')' In , Th' .;? D ha"e "% but in Ju' :;.6 there is consi erab(e su&&ort for 38 7b% as there is for 3 +,"! in Ro' ,6;?' In 0a(' ,;? a fe) M++' rea 38 47b' It is &ossib(e to treat 38 !00< as &res' in '% Bo' 9;.,< ?;,6' There is un ue sce&ticism on -(assH &art/ concernin! 3 an the fut' in ' It is true that the M++' are !enera((* i"i e % but there is no rea( room for oubt about fo((o)in! -CE in Ac' ?;.,% 38 /"% e1ce&t for &ossib(e itacism )ith pS' That is &ossib(e a(so in Re"' /;9 )here 5' H' rea 38 !"S' -ut there is no room for itacism in Mt' ,?;,F 38 !-5"%

su&&orte b* -DEJo ..% a(thou!h re#ecte b* 5' H' an =est(e (F0LM ha"e p 5)% nor in Ju' ,F;68 38 5,"% nor in Re"' /;// 38 !1 !"' In Mt' ,?;,F the e itors seem un)i((in! to fo((o) the M+' e"i ence for the fut' in ' It is mere tra ition to fee( that 3 has to ha"e the sub#' -esi es% )e ha"e 38 S an 38 ! ,0"5 in Hermas% 1and. $% ,' / an 1and. I$% .' K' In Je"' //;F )e fin 38 669' There is at an* rate no !reat ifference in the resu(tant sense bet)een the fut' in ' an the aor' sub#' an it )as a "er* natura( e"e(o&ment' Cf' HomerHs use of )ith both' -ut% )hen a(( is sai % as a matter of fact% in the =' T' as in the " !enera((*% the ru(e is for D to a&&ear )ith the in ' an 3 )ith the sub#' In , Cor' K;9 )e ha"e D !" (brackete b* 5' H') )ithout a "erb' It is matche b* the &a&*ri'. Thus -' I' ./: 38N7,5% O' P' ,89 (iiQA'D') D8 lm5 % -' M' /.. (i"QA'D') eN+9S% Tb' P' /? (iiQ-'C') D e ' In these the mo a( l3m is se&arate from D an use as if )ith J, J,' Ra ermacher (%. '. Gr.% &' ,:/) cites a(so Boh' Phi(o&'% "e ?tern.% &' ?9% ,F% D 4 eNX,0S' Deissman,
% :oulton, 0rol., p. 1.$. 4 Ib., pp. 4(, 1.$, 1$2) &l. 8e4., A9III, p. 1,$. -or the usage of the 5AA see "terenberg, !he Cse of &ond. "ent. in the #le>. 9ersion of the 0entateuch, 1(,$. 1 0rol., p. 1.$. Gr. of <. !. Gk., p. 15. % :oulton, 0rol., p. 1.(. 1 '. "., p. ,4.

sees no ana(*sis of 38 !" in this% thou!h Mou(ton conten s for this e1&(anation' The use of D ,07 in Mk' F;6/ in the sense of J -(ass (Gr. of %. '. Gk.% &' /,9) ca((s 27uite incorrect'3 He means it is not 2c(assic'3 =ote the iron* in , Cor' ,6;.?% +:, +:' The ne!ati"e of the &rotasis in the first c(ass con ition is &ractica((* a()a*s 4 in the =' T' 5e ha"e D 4 as a ru(e% not D !"' In the c(assic 0reek the ru(e )as to use D !"% an D 4 a&&eare on(* )here the 4 coa(esce )ith a sin!(e )or (the "erb !enera((*) or for shar& antithesis or em&hasis'/ -ut in the =' T'% as in the " !enera((* an occasiona((* in the Attic%. )e meet D 4 in the con ition of the first c(ass' Bannaris6 notes .6 e1am&(es of D 4 in the =' T'% but Mou(ton9 fin s on(* ., of this c(ass of con ition' There are on(* t)o in the secon % so that there is a s(i!ht iscre&anc*' In truth D !" occurs on(* fi"e times )ith the sim&(e (o!ica( con ition% an the e1am&(es are not 7uite norma( e1ce&t the one in Mk' :;9% 4 3 D !1 30, (a sim&(e &ast con ition)% an in , Tim' :;.% N!1 ,00 (-(ass ca((s this an 2abnorma(3 instance from the (iterar* st*(e an un(ike the =' T' i iom)' -ut see , Cor' ,9;/ 3W D !1 Dn 3,% / Cor' ,.;9 D !" +*!7 3% 0a(' ,;K D !" D' E(se)here the ne!ati"e is 4' This is in harmon* )ith the meanin! of 4 an the in ' mo e' The efinite ne!ati"e !oes )ith the efinite mo e' This is the con ition of su&&ose rea(it* an D 4 is the natura( combination' In !enera( -(ass: is correct in sa*in! that 4 is the ne!ati"e of the in ' an !" of the other mo es inc(u in! the inf' an &art' This% of course% )as not the Attic stan ar % but that )as ho&e(ess(* !one e"en for the Atticists'K In the mo ern 0reek (from 4) su&&(ants 4 )ith the in ' an !"lm !oes )ith the sub#' That is the !oa(% as Mou(ton obser"es%? )hich is not *et reache in the =' T'% for !" occurs in 7uestions of oubt )ith the in ' an D !" sti(( ho( s on' E"en in the mo ern 0reek% Thumb (Handb.% &' ,F9) !i"es )ith sub#' or in ' in con itions as e K ,S an e K ,"' Ra ermacher (%. '. Gr.% &' ,K/) cites Pa&' 5ess' 11"i% D 4 7' -ut the &oint to !et c(ear is that in the first c(ass con ition the norma( ne!ati"e in the " is D 4' Mou(ton counts the i iom : times in Juke% . in Bohn% ,: in Pau(% / in Bames% an one each in Matthe)% Hebre)s% / Peter an Re"e(ation' As e1am&(es take Ju' ,?;6 D W W 4 -6=! 4K 05,
E.+!h., p. 422. % Jann., Hist. Gk. Gr., p 4 (. Jannaris J#<<#8I", #. <., # Historical Greek Grammar ?1$(2@. ;;;, Bn the !rue :eaning of the " ?&lass. 8e4., 1(,%, pp. (% ff.@. 4 Ib. 5 0rol., p. 121. . Gr. of <. !. Gk., p. 5%. 2 :oulton, 0rol., p. 12,. &f. Gildersl., #m. Jour. of 0hilol., 1$$,, first copy. $ 0rol., p. 12,. &f. 0. !hou4enin, Jes =T!ations ans (e =ou"eau Testament% Re"ue e Phi(o(', 1$(4, p. (.

30,! an Bo' ,;/9 D @ 4 A / V0*' In the (atter case the ne!ati"e is "er* em&hatic' +o in Bo' 9;6K D 4 ,' Cf' further Ju' ,/;/:< ,:;,,% .,< Bo' .;,/< Ro' ,,;/,< , Cor' ,9;,.% ,9G,K< / Th' .;,8' +ometimes 4 &ractica((* coa(esces )ith the "erb% as in Ju' ,6;/:< , Cor' K;F< ,,;:< ,:;//< , Tim' 9;?< Re"' /8;,9' The notion of contrast is seen in Bo' ,8;.K D 4 ,<, D K ,<' =ote a(so e !1 ,' +o in 9;6: f' D ,, D KN4 ,' +ee further Ju' ,,;?< Bas' /;,,< / Pet' /;6' In Mt' /:;6/ note D 4 = ,0: 38 !1 ,75' In Ro' ,,;/,% D 4 3-7, 4K = -7% it is har (* &ossib(e to trans(ate D 4 b* Nun(ess'H The same thin! is true in , Cor' F;/ an ,9;/F' Cf' 38 !" in F;,:' ( "etermined as ;nfulfilled' In this some)hat ifficu(t con ition on(* &ast tenses of the in ' occur' The &remise is assume to be contrar* to fact' The thin! in itse(f ma* be true% but it is treated as untrue' Here a!ain the con ition has on(* to o )ith the statement% not )ith the actua( fact' A !oo i((ustration is foun in Ju' K;.F U D 2 / ,0-", 375 ' The Pharisee here assumes that Besus is not a &ro&het because he a((o)e the sinfu( )oman to )ash his feet' Besus is therefore boun to be i!norant of her true character' The form of the con ition re"ea(s the state of min of the Pharisee% not the truth about BesusH nature an &o)ers' As a matter of fact it is the Pharisee )ho is i!norant' For this reason I cannot a!ree )ith Mou(tonHs statement, that the in ' is not suite to the e1&ression of contin!encies% )ishes% comman s or other sub#ecti"e conce&tions' On &' /8, Mou(ton reco"ers himse(f b* sa*in! that 2these sentences of unfu(fi((e con ition state nothin! necessari(* unrea( in their a&o osis%3 an 2the sentence itse(f on(* makes it untrue un er the circumstances'3 I shou( a 2as concei"e b* the s&eaker or )riter'3 +ure(* the in ' is the mo e for &ositi"e an ne!ati"e statements% for irectness of statement an c(arit* of e1&ression' -ut one must em&hasiDe the )or s 2statement3 an 2e1&ression'3 The in ' oes not !o behin the face "a(ue of the recor ' Most untruths are to( in the in ' mo e' The statement of unrea(it* here from the stan &oint of the s&eaker or )riter% is as c(ear cut an &ositi"e as that of rea(it* in the first c(ass con ition' The term 2unrea(3 as a&&(ie to this use of the in ' &ro&er(* be(on!s on(* to the stan &oint of the user' To him the case is im&ossib(e an he makes a &ositi"e statement to that effect )ith the in ' -* the in ' mo e the con ition is etermine ' 5hether it is fu(fi((e or unfu(fi((e is a more ifficu(t matter' This i ea has to be con"e*e b* su!!estion' It is not a 7uestion of &ositi"e or ne!ati"e% but of efinite assum&tion of unrea(it*' The 2unrea(it*3 oes not come from the in ' That in its ori!in is a matter )ho((* of the conte1t' Take Mk' :;9% for instance% 4 3 D !1 30,' In the abstract it is not &ossib(e to te(( )hich c(ass of con ition )e ha"e here' It is either first or secon % )e kno)' If the )riter is ta(kin! about the &resent time in terms of &ast time% then it is a secon c(ass con ition etermine as unfu(fi((e ' The 0reek fe(( u&on the use of the &ast tenses of the in ' as a e"ice to he(& in this matter' An unfu(fi((e con ition about &resent time )as e1&resse in terms of the im&erfect in ' An unfu(fi((e con ition about &ast time )as e1&resse in terms of the aorist or the &ast &erfect in ' There is the ana(o!* of )ishes to #ustif* it% if% in ee % )ishes i not come out of this construction ( , D 0)' The ori!in of this &recise &oint is obscure', In the conte1t one must seek for (i!ht an he(&' In Mk' :;9 (4 3 3: ,[ 4!7 !, D !1 R7 +009 3, 8 :0 30,) it is c(ear that a efinite &ast e"ent is chronic(e ' +o it is a
1 0rol., p. 1((. Good3in, :. and !. ?p. 142@, sees clearly on this point. 1 &f. Eilhelmus, De Mo o Irrea(i 7ui $ocatur, 1$$1, p. %. :od. Gk. no longer has this idiom. It uses 3ith the past ind. and in the apodosis for .

con ition of the first c(ass% etermine as fu(fi((e ' -ut in Bo' ,9;// (an /6) D !1 2 3 4:, c!07 4 % ho) is it4 Is it a sim&(e historica( narrati"e about a &ast situation4 Is it a h*&othesis about the &resent time in terms of &ast time to su!!est its unrea(it*4 Fortunate(* here the conte1t sho)s' The "er* ne1t )or s are = K ,0*- 4 ,0 [ c!07 4<' (Cf' a(so = in "erse /6)' The contrast )ith the &resent an actua( situation is ma e in &(ain terms' In Bo' F;6, )e ha"e = e"en after ' This is not a()a*s one in the conte1t an one is either (eft to his )its or is a e to the a&o osis' In "erse ,F of Bohn ,9 )e ha"e D 3 = *! 2, / *! e W 3-7' 2The a ition of to an in icati"e h*&othesis &ro uce much the same effect as )e can e1&ress in )ritin! b* ita(icisin! NifH3/ or b* a in! to the a&o osis Nin that case'H This is the efinite use of ' -ut it is a mistake to sa*% as some )riters, o% that in the a&o osis is essentia( to the secon c(ass con ition' E"en Mou(ton/ sa*s; 2The ro&&in! of in the a&o osis of unfu(fi((e con itions )as c(assica( )ith &hrases (ike , 30[, W 2'3 The absence )as so un oubte (*% but )as e"er rea((* necessar* )ith these "erbs4 5hen )as use )ith them% there )as a s(i!ht chan!e of meanin!' The =' T' is in &erfect accor )ith ancient i iom )hen it has W 2 D 4 3" (Mt' /:;/6)< 3 D !1 3, (Ac' /:;./)< D !1 2, 4 3 (Bo' F;..)% not to mention the a&o osis a(one in Mt' /9;/K< Ju' ,F;/.< Ac' //;//< /K;/,< / Cor' /;/< ,/;,,< / Pet' /;/,' In Ac' /6;,F% \ 3, = ,0: 0: ,0W 3!% it is a mi1e con ' (&rotasis in fourth c(ass) an the a&o osis is itse(f a re(ati"e c(ause' -ut the i iom !oes further than these "erbs of &ro&riet* an &ossibi(it* an ob(i!ation% as is seen in 0a(' 6;,9% D *, 39 !< Bo' ,9;//% /6< ,F;,,% 4 A, D !1 2 !< Ro' K;K% 4 5 D !1 8 *! an 4 i D !1 ' In , Cor' 9;,8% 3, a-7% )e ha"e the a&o osis of this con ition' Mou(ton (Prol.% &' /88 note) cites O' P' 9/: (iiQA'D') D !1 +6, 3? 4 ,06< O' P' 9.8 (iiQA'D') DN,0, +,< Rein' P' K (iiQ-'C') 4 +,, D !1 ' -ut in most cases the re!u(ar(* a&&ears in the a&o osis% thou!h not as the first )or ' Thus D 3, , e !* (Mt' ,,;/,)' In Ac' ,?;,6 f' )e ha"e the secon an first c(ass con itions si e b* si e% D !K 2 +7! O x0! ,0*, k:, 8 * e +*! X!<z D K b"! 3 ,0 * R!5 *! = ] X!Y, I 47' Here 0a((io neat(* #ustifies his o)n im&atience b* the first con ition (secon c(ass) an sho)s his o)n o&inion b* the secon con ition (first c(ass)' +ometimes is re&eate )ith t)o "erbs as in D i, 30*0 e 4 e (Mt' /6;6.)% but it is not re&eate in the &ara((e( &assa!e in Ju' ,/;.F D i, 30*0 e 4 +-[% thou!h 5' H' ha"e one "erb in the mar!in' is re&eate a(so in Bo' 6;,8' The sim&(est form of this con ition is )hen the im&erfect occurs in both c(auses or the aorist in both' In the former case &resent time is !enera((* meant% as in Ju' K;.F D 2, 375 < Bo' 9;6: D 3,, 3, ' +o a(so Bo' ?;6/< F;6,< ,9;,F< ,?;.:< , Cor' ,,;.,< 0a(' ,;,8< Heb' ?;6% K', In Bo' ?;,F% D iNe i% )e ha"e the same construction% for this &ast &erfect has the sense of the im&erfect' In Heb' ,,;,9% D 3!!*NA % ho)e"er% the reference is to &ast time as the conte1t makes
:oulton, 0rol., p. ,,. 1 -amber!% Hau&tre!e(n er !riech' +*nt' , 1$(,, p. 45.) &onditional &lauses in Gk., p. , #nonymous 0amphlet in 'odleian 5ibrary. 0rol., p. ,,.

c(ear' It is escri&ti"e of an unrea( h*&othesis in the &ast of a continuous nature' NIf the* ha kept on rememberin!% the* )ou( ha"e ke&t on ha"in!'H This is a c(assica( i iom% thou!h uncommon' Another e1am&(e is seen in Mt' /.;.8% D M! 3 : .!0 < ,05 .!<, 4 e M!' On(* the conte1t can he(& one te(( the kin of con ition in , Cor' ,/;,F an Heb' K;,,% for the a&o osis a&&ears in the form of a 7uestion )ithout an the "erb' The other norma( con ition of this c(ass is )here the aorist in ' occurs in both c(auses% as in Mt' ,,;/, D 3, , !*% Mk' ,.;/8 D !1 3*65, 4 e 39' This refers to &ast time' Cf' Mt' /9;/K< , Cor' /;?< Bo' ,6;/< Heb' ,8;/ (on(* a&o osis)' +ometimes one tense occurs in one c(ause% another in the other' The stan &oint is shifte ' Thus in Bo' ,6;/? D ,Y, 30 % 0a(' .;/, D 3*, e 2% Heb' 6;? D ,, 4 e 3' Cf' a(so Bo' ,9;//% /6' It is not a()a*s certain that the &resent reference of 2 can be insiste on% since there )as no se&arate aorist form of D!7' +ometimes 2 is aorist' +o as to Bo' ,,;/,% ./% D, 2, 4 e +,' -ut the &oint of ifference is certain(* ma e in Bo' ,?;.8% D !1 2 ,<, 4 e ,09!' Cf' Ac' ,?;,6< Mt' /:;/6' In Bo' 6;,8% D i, @ e i% )e ha"e the same thin!' Cf' a(so Mt' /6;6.' In Ac' ,?;,6 note in the ne1t "erse D 3, I (first c(ass)' In , Bo' /;,F )e ha"e the &ast &erfect in the a&o osis D 2, !!" % the so(itar* e1am&(e'/ -ut the &ast &erfect occurs in the &rotasis as in Ac' /:;./% +, 3, / 05, U D !1 3, 70' Cf' a(so D 39, 4 e (Mt' ,/;K)% thou!h 5estcott. takes this as a 2rea( im&erfect3 (ike i abo"e' The &eri&hrastic &ast &erfect )e fin in Bo' ,F;,, 4 A, D !1 2 !' Mou(ton6 has !i"en a (ist of the times that a&&ears in the a&o osis in the =' T' )ith the in ' im&erf' (,K times)% the in ' aor' (/6) an the &ast &erfect (,)' In Ju' ,K;: )e ha"e the &res' in ' an the im&erf' combine % D , 3 ' This is rea((* a mi1e con ition (first an secon c(asses)' Cf' Bo' ?;.F% D 3, 3,: (the mar!in of 5' H')' Ra ermacher (%. '. Gr.% &' ,:.) 7uotes P' O1*' I$% K/F (,.K A'D') 38 K !1 39 Nb % )here note 3 )ith aorist in ' (ike the mo ern 0reek e W MF0 (Thumb% Handb.% &' ,F9)' The ne!ati"e of the secon c(ass con ition is in the =' T' a()a*s !" e1ce&t t)ice% Mt' /:;/6 (Mk' ,6;/,) W 2 4Q D 4 3"' Here the 4 is "er* em&hatic' E(se)here )e ha"e D !" as in Mt' /6;// (note !" in &rotasis% 4 in a&o osis)< Bo' F;..< ,9;//% /6< ,?;.8< ,F;,,< Ac' /:;./< Ro' K;K' In itse(f D !" is three times as common in the =' T' as D 4% but outsi e of the fi"e e1am&(es of D !" in the first c(ass con itions abo"e an one in the thir c(ass (Ju' F;,.) D !" is confine to the secon c(ass con ition an to the e((i&tica( use (ike ," in the sense of Ne1ce&tH or the &hrase D K !" meanin! Nother)iseH )ithout a "erb (cf' D !" thus in Mt' ,/;6< Ju' 6;/:< D K !" in Bo' ,6;,,)', +ee a bit (ater on this &oint' As a(rea * note % mo ern 0reek uses e in this con ition (Thumb% Handb.% &' ,F9)'
1 &f. Eestcott on Heb., pp. 111 ff., for an e>cellent summary of the second class conditions. :oulton, 0rol., p. ,1. Eestcott E7"!&B!!, '. -., 5anguage of the <. !. ?"mith=s '. 6.@. % Bn Heb., p. 11%. 4 0rol., p. 1... 1 &f. 'lass, Gr. of <. !. Gk., p. 54) :oulton, 0rol., p. 121.

( ;ndetermined( but -ith Prospect of "etermination' This c(ass uses in the con ition c(ause the mo e of e1&ectation (!r-artun#)% the sub#' It is not etermine as is true of the first an secon c(ass con itions' -ut the sub#' mo e brin!s the e1&ectation )ithin the horiDon of a (i"e(* ho&e in s&ite of the c(ou of ho"erin! oubt' 5' 0' Ha(e/ consi ers that the sub#' in this con ition is ue 2to a fusion of "o(iti"e sub#' an the antici&ator* sub#'3 Monro. thinks it is the 7uasi@im&erati"e sense ("o(iti"e sub#')' He ar!ues that the use of !" )ith the sub#' (cf' &rohibitions) &ro"es this' -ut Mou(ton6 re&(ies that 2the ne!ati"e !"% ori!ina((* e1c(u e from this i"ision of the sub#uncti"e% has tres&asse here from the ear(iest times'3 +o he ur!es that the sub#' )ith 3 (as )ith J) is the futuristic% not the "o(iti"e% use' The futuristic sub#' in Homer ma* ha"e 4% but usua((* !" )ith the sub#' in con itions% an *et some cases of D 4 )ith the sub#' occur in Homer )hen 4 coa(esces )ith the "erb as D 4 35% Iliad .' /?F% D 4 D<% /8' ,.F' In Ber' :;? )e sti(( ha"e f 4 n in -' The truth &robab(* is that in some instances this sub#' is futuristic% in others "o(iti"e or e(iberati"e' The &oint is a fine one as one can rea i(* see' 0i( ers(ee"e9 fin s the &re"a(ence of the sub#' in con itiona( (as in tem&ora() c(auses ue to the !reater e1actness of the sub#' here' It enab(es one% since it has a 2ten enc* to rea(iDation3 ('enden8 8ur Wirklichkeit)%, to make a ifference bet)een the in icati"e an the o&tati"e con itions% thou!h it has more affinit* )ith the o&tati"e% e1ce&t in the case of some future in icati"e con itions )hich come "er* c(ose to the sub#' i ea' The kinshi& in ori!in an sense/ of the aorist sub#' an fut' in ' makes the (ine a rather fine one bet)een D an the fut' in ' an 3 an the sub#' In ee % as )e sometimes ha"e 3 an the fut' in ' in the first c(ass con ition% so )e occasiona((* meet D an the sub#' in the thir c(ass con ition' Ra ermacher (%. '. Gr.% &' ,:/) notes D an sub#' at first as a 2"u(!arism%3 but sure(* the c(assic usa!e ans)ers that' The inscri&tions ha"e usua((*

Hale H#57, E. G., !he #nticipatory "ubj. in Gk. and 5at. ?"tud. &l. 0hil., 1$(5@. ;;;, !he Cum &onstructions ?"tudies in &lass. 0hil., 1$$2@. ;;;, !he Brigin of "ubj. and Bpt. &onditions in Gk. and 5at. ?Har4ard "tudies in &lass. 0hilol., 1(,1@. !he Brigin of "ubj. and Bpt. &onditions in Gk. and 5at., Har4. "tu. in &lass. 0hilol., 1(,1, p. 115. :onro :B<8B, 6. '., Homeric Grammar ?1$$ @. d ed. ?1$(1@. -irst ed. used. % Hom. Gr., p. %,. "tahl, Griech. histor. "ynt., p. %(,, makes it futuristic. 4 0rol., p. 1$5. 5 #m. Jour. of 0hilol., 1(,(, p. 11. 1 'Pumlein, Griech. :odi, p. 122. Gildersl. ?#m. Jour. of 0hilol., AAAIII, 4, p. 4(,@ complains that in Germany no standing is gi4en to his distinction bet3een the /minatory and monitary1 use of D 3ith the future indicati4e. He first promulgated it in 1$2..

on(* 3 an aorist sub#' he fin s' -ut he fin s a(so abun ant instances of D an sub#' in " an (ate )riters' +o E&ictetus% II% ,?% ,, D !" 3F7S% $ettius% /K6% ,, D 7% Hi&&iatr'% ,KK% / D ,0n% Demetrius% "e eloc. /,% ,, D % Pausanias% II% .9% . DNX05' +o in Ju' F;,. D !" +05!% , Cor' ,6;9 3W D !1 0!S% Ph' .;,/ D 65 (&ossib(* a(so ,5 "5 in "erse ,,)% Re"' ,,;9 "S (te1t of 5' H'% but mar!in or ")' In Ro' ,,;,6% ,5 ,0b95 95% )e ma* a(so ha"e the aorist sub#' In , Th' 9;,8 )e ha"e 00<! 5!' It is in the mi st of a fina( sentence )ith H' In , Cor' F;,, some M++' rea D 075!' This construction occurs occasiona((* in c(assica( 0reek' It )as fre7uent in Homer an in the Attic &oets% but is rare in our norma(iDe te1ts of Attic &rose% thou!h a fe) e1am&(es occur in Thuc'% P(ato% Xeno&hon'. This 2(a1it*3 increase ti(( fina((* D% (ike J% "anishes before 3 lm )hich is use in iscriminate(* )ith in ' or sub#'% )hi(e D is a mere 2(iterar* a(ternati"e'3 In mo ern 0reek has ri"en D out of the "ernacu(ar' In Deut' ?;9 AF ha"e ,S' Cf' Bu !' ,,;F' Mou(ton6 fin s the same construction in the &a&*ri as oes Deissmann%9 thou!h it is rare in the ear(* &a&*ri', Mou(ton (Prol.% &' ,?K) cites
% Jann., Hist, Gk. Gr., pp. 4 ,, 4.4. 4 0rol., p. 1$2. &f. Good3in, :. and !., p. 1.2. 6eissmann 67I"":#<<, #., 'ible "tudies ?1(,1@. !r. by #. Grie4e) cf. -ibe(stu ien ?1$(5@ and =eue -ibe(stu ien ?1$(2@. ;;;, -ib(ische 0rEcitEt etc' ?!heol. 8undschau, Bkt. 1(1 @. ;;;, Die He((enisierun! es semitischen Monotheismus ?<. Jahrb. f. d. kl. #lt., 1(,%@. ;;;, Die neut' Forme( /in &hristo1 ?1$( @. ;;;, Die +&rache ' !riech' -ibe( ?!heol. 8undschau, 1(,., <o. 11.@. ;;;, Die Ir!eschichte es Christentums im Jichte er +&rachforschun! ?Intern. Eoch., %,. Bkt. 1(,(@. ;;;, He((enistisches 0riechisch ?HerFog+Hauck=s 8ealencyc., 9II, 1$((@. ;;;, Jicht "om Osten ?1(,$@. ;;;, 5ight from the #ncient 7ast ?1(1,@. !r. by "trachan. ;;;, <e3 5ight on the <. !. ?1(,2@. !r. by "trachan. ;;;, 0apyri ?7ncyc. 'ibl., III, 1(, @. ;;;, "t. 0aul in the 5ight of "ocial and 8eligious History ?1(1 @. 5 '. "., p. 11$. 1 !he 0hrygian inscr. sho3 similar e>>. &f. 8amsay, &ities and 'ish. of 0hrygia, II, ( . 'urton ?<. !. :. and !., p. 1,5@ admits that it is an o4er+refinement to rule out D and

O' P' 6F: (iiQA'D') D K 2 lm% thou!h he/ seems curious(* un)i((in! to a mit the e1am&(es in the =' T' As to 3W D !" in , Cor' ,9;/% )e ha"e the in ' )ith this combination' Deissmann (5. S.% &' ,,?) cites inscr' 3W D !1 38N"S' It is true that in the =' T' as a ru(e D !oes )ith the in ' an 3 )ith the sub#' It is main(* in the future con itions that the (ine is breakin! o)n' In Mt' ,/;/F )e ha"e 38 !1 "S an then 0,% but 5' H' break the sentence into t)o' -esi es the norma( 3 an the occasiona( D in this con ition )e ha"e a(so (shortene form of 3% not the mo a( )' Thus Bo' ,/;./ e X5<% ,.;/8 ,!5% ,:;/. D"' It occurs in

the =' T' on(* si1 times (cf' e !" in Bo' 9;,F) an a(( in Bohn' Cf' Ac' F;/ '-ut note Ju' ,/;.?% eNe S q0S (contraction of 3)' Cf' Mt' /,;/,< Ju' ,.;F' It is absent from the Attic inscri&tions% but su&&(ants 3 in mo ern 0reek' It is not c(ear )h* 3 isa&&eare thus in mo ern 0reek' The Ionic form is M'. The future con itions are natura((* the most fre7uent of a((' Bust as the secon c(ass con ition )as ebarre from the future% so the thir c(ass con ition is confine to the future (from the stan &oint of the s&eaker or )riter)' The first c(ass con ition co"ers &ast% &resent an future' In , Cor' ,8;/K note : an 3 ,S' In Ac' 9;.?% 38 an DN37% a rea( istinction is &reser"e ' 0ama(ie( !i"es the benefit of the oubt to Christianit*' He assumes that Christianit* is of 0o an &uts the a(ternati"e that it is of men in the thir c(ass' This oes not% of course% sho) that 0ama(ie( )as a Christian or an in7uirer' He )as mere(* )i((in! to score a &oint a!ainst the +a ucees' Here% in ee % the su&&osition is about a &resent situation% but 3 an the sub#' contem&(ate the future resu(t (turn out to be)' +o 38 in , Cor' 6;,9< 38 in Mt' :;//' 8 S in Mt' ?;/ is future in conce&tion' In Bo' 9;.,% 38 !00< (&ossib(* &res' in ')% the i ea )ou( be Nif &erchance I bear )itness'H Cf' a(so ?;,6' In such instances the matter ma* be (ooke at as a &resent rea(it* (so D 7b Mt' 9;/F) or a future &ossibi(it* (so 38 7S% Mk' F;6.)' Cf' a(so 38 +," in Mt' 9;6: )ith D +,Y in Ju' :;./ (in "erse ..% 38 +,[)', In Bo' ,.;,K note D = , !07 3 38 ,[ 4' Here )e ha"e the first an thir c(ass con itions ha&&i(* combine )ith c(ear istinction' Besus assumes the kno)(e !e as a fact% but the &erformance is oubtfu(' The tense is usua((* the aorist% thou!h sometimes the &res' sub#' occurs' Thus 38 +S (Mt' ,?;,9)< 38 | (Bo' K;.K)' In / Tim' /;9 note 38 K +n , 4 -= 38 !1 !7!5 +"S% )here the istinction is ra)n bet)een the t)o tenses' I oubt the &ro&riet*% ho)e"er% of rea in! a future &erfect sense U (a Jatin into this aorist sub#' as Mou(ton/ oes' He cites Mt' 9;6K% 38 +,% but sure(* the sim&(e aorist conce&tion is sufficient' BohnHs fon ness (see Tenses) for the &res' sub#' )ith 3 has been iscusse '. In Bo' .;/K )e ha"e the &eri&hrastic &erfect% 38 !1
the subj. &f. :oulton, 0rol., p. 4,. 0rol., p. 1$2. % &f. :oulton, 0rol., p. 4%) :eisterh.+"ch3., p. 5 f. In Jo. 5G1( 3e ha4e both uses of ?conditional and modal@. In :k 5G $ note 38 u5! e < !75, not a repetition of modal , but a particle VUe4en.= 1 &f. 'lass, Gr. of <. !. Gk., p. 15. 0rol., p. 1$.. % &f. #bbott, Joh. Gr., p. %21.

!' Cf' a(so Bas' 9;,9% e ,,9' The conc(usion of this con ition is natura((* most fre7uent(* the future in ' Thus Mt' F;/, 38 u5!, 5"!< Bo' ,:;K 38 ,0<, ,!5< Ac' 9;.? 38 , "' +o Mt' 9;,.< /?;,6< Bo' K;,K< ,/;/:< ,6;,9< Ro' /;/:' -ut this norma( a&o osis is b* no means uni"ersa(' Thus note 4 !1 S in Bo' ,:;K after 38 !1 +,5' +ee a(so Bo' ?;9,' Cf' Ac' ,.;6,' In Mk' ,6;., note 4 !1 +,0"!' The im&erati"e ma* occur in the a&o osis as in Mt' ,?;,9% 38 c!0"S, q, LF' +o Mt' ,8;,.< ,?;,K< /:;6/< Ro' ,/;/8< ,.;6< Ph' /;,' -ut ofttimes the conc(usion is state in terms of the &resent either as a &resent ho&e or a "i"i &ro#ection into the future (futuristic &resent)' +o in / Cor' 9;,% 38 n, !' The con ition is future in conce&tion% but the conc(usion is a &resent rea(it*% so confi ent is Pau( of the b(iss of hea"en' Cf' Mt' ,?;,.' In ,?;,/ both the fut' an the &res' in ' a&&ear in the a&o osis' A (i"e(* sense of &resent nee is seen in Mt' ?;/' A &ractica( turn is !i"en b* the &ointe 7uestion in Mt' 9;6K' In Ro' ,6;? note 3 N3 ' A ma1im often has the &res' in ' in the a&o osis' Thus 4 4N38 !1 ,0< "S (Mk' .;/K)' Cf' Bo' ?;,:% 96< ,,;F< ,/;/6< , Cor' K;.F% 68< / Tim' /;9' The &res' &erf' is (ike)ise so use % as in Ro' ,6;/.% / K 0*! 38 -S 0' +o Bo' /8;/.< Ro' /;/9< K;/' More ifficu(t seems the aorist in ' in the a&o osis' The aor' in ' is sometimes time(ess as is a()a*s true of the other mo es (see cha&ter on Tenses )here &a&*ri &ara((e(s are !i"en)' That ma* be the e1&(anation here' It is &ossib(e a(so to e1&(ain it as a chan!e of stan &oint' The &rotasis (ooks to the future% )hi(e the a&o osis turns back to the &ast' +uch "i"i chan!es in (an!ua!e are ue to the s)ift re"o(ution in thou!ht' +ee Mt' ,?;,9% 38 +S, 30< Bo' ,9;:% 38 !" !S 3 3!7, 36" F5 3F0 (cf' 3F H -0 a(so of the future)< , Cor' K;/?% 38 !"S, f!0z 38 "!S . ,0, 4 f!0' For a simi(ar i iom see I!natius% !p. to 3omans ?;.< to Polycarp 9;/' Mou(ton (Prol.% &' /6K) cites E&ict'% e !K 05!, +,' +ee a(so Abbott% 6oh. Gr.% &' 9?:' In Mk' ,8;.8% 38 !1 6S% )e ha"e 38 !" a(most in the sense of ` !"' Cf' a(so 38 !1 H in Mk' 6;//' The use of D 4 an 38 !" si e b* si e is seen in Mt' /:;6/% D 4 = ,0: 38 !1 4W ,75' Cf' a(so Bo' ,8;.K% D 4 ,< an e !1 ,' ( 3emote Prospect of "etermination' Ha(e, attributes 2the 0reek o&tati"e assum&tion to a fusion of the true o&t' an the &otentia( o&t'3 The use of the o&t' in the &rotasis of this con ition is &robab(* "o(iti"e% since the ne!ati"e/ is !"' That is certain(* true of the o&tati"e in )ishes )ith D or D 0 l m'. -ut the e(iberati"e use occurs a fe) times )ith D in in irect 7uestions' The &otentia( o&t' in the a&o osis )ith is more ifficu(t to e1&(ain' It is certain(* not "o(iti"e an* more% not more than mere fanc* (+orstellun#)% the o&tati"e of o&inion%6 an a&&arent(* futuristic' This fourth c(ass con ition is un etermine )ith (ess (ike(ihoo of etermination than is true of the thir c(ass )ith the sub#' The ifference bet)een the thir an fourth c(asses is )e(( i((ustrate in , Pet' .;,. f' +o Besus ra)s a istinction in Ju' //;:K' The use of the o&t' in both a&o osis an &rotasis accents the remoteness of the h*&othesis' An *et it is not

1 Brigin of "ubj. and Bpt. &ond., Har4. "tu. in &lass. 0hilol., 1(,1, p. 115. :oulton, 0rol., p. 1(.. % &f. :onro, Hom. Gr., p. 2.

4 Gildersl., #m. J. of 0hilol., 1(,(, p. 2.

in the cate!or* of unrea(it* as in the secon c(ass' It f(oats in a mira!e% but oes not s(i& 7uite a)a*' It is thus suitab(e not mere(* for rea( oubt% but it a(so fits )e(( the &o(ite tem&er of courteous a ress' It is e"i ent that this con ition )i(( be com&arati"e(* infre7uent' It is an ornament of the cu(ture c(ass an )as (itt(e use b* the masses sa"e in a fe) set &hrases (or )ishes)' It is not stran!e% therefore% that no com&(ete e1am&(e of this fourth c(ass con ition a&&ears in the JXX% the =' T' or the &a&*ri so far as e1amine '9 Ra ermacher (%. '. Gr.% &&' ,..% ,6.) )ith a(( his i(i!ence &ro uces no e1am&(e of the o&t' in both con ition an conc(usion in the current "' In the mo ern 0reek it has isa&&eare com&(ete(*' In the =' T'% as in the JXX% the instances of the &rotasis are "er* fe)' Mou(ton, notes on(* ,. in the JXX a&art from the Atticistic 6 Maccabees' Of these he obser"es that / are )ishes% 9 are cases of r l,0m an / are in irect 7uestions' There are in the =' T' on(* ,, e1am&(es' +ome of these are in irect 7uestions' Thus in D 6 ,0 (Ac' /9;/8) )e ha"e the o&t' of in ' iscourse' The irect )as D 6S' The same thin! is true of /K;.F% 36 D 3< W ,:' There is im&(ie in irect iscourse or &ur&ose (cf' the c(assic use of D for &ur&ose)'/ +o )e see aim in Ac' ,K;/K% b: D 0 -" 4W q0% an /8;,:% , D W ' In /K;,/% ,5 % )e ha"e both &ur&ose an im&(ie in irect iscourse' In /6;,F% % the &rotasis is more near(* that of the &ro&er fourth c(ass con ition% but e"en so it is a mi1e con ition% since the a&o osis be(on!s to the secon c(ass' -(ass. "entures to su!!est as more correct' -ut it is nee (ess to chan!e the te1t' These e1am&(es are a(( in Acts% one of the more (iterar* books of the =' T' Pau( has on(* the stereot*&e &hrase D (, Cor' ,6;,8< ,9;.K)% )hich is a true e1am&(e of this &rotasis% 2if it shou( ha&&en'3 The t)o other e1am&(es are in , Pet' .;,6 D 8 , !0% an .;,K 0: +,=, D W ! = =, ,' The i iom is a mere torso% as is e"i ent' In O' P' ,,8:% K ("iQA'D')% D 80 3,!, ,[ 3," 05*% )e ha"e a mi1e con ition' The a&o osis )ith (the (ess efinite ) is more fre7uent an occurs both in irect an in irect iscourse' +ince the &otentia( o&t' in the =' T' ne"er occurs in connection )ith the &rotasis% the matter )as iscusse sufficient(* un er The O&tati"e Mo e in In e&en ent +entences (see this cha&ter% III% .% (b))' This &otentia( o&t' is &ractica((* the a&o osis of an une1&resse &rotasis' -ut the e11' occur in 7uestions sa"e one (Ac' /:;/F)' T)ice the 7uestions are irect (Ac' ?;.,< ,K;,?)' The rest are in irect (o&t' &reser"e as in the irect)' Cf' Ju' ,;:/ 7 e % Ac' 9;/6 7 e ' +o Ju' :;,,' The e(iberati"e e(ement in some of these 7uestions is )e(( i((ustrate in Ju' F;6:< Ac' ,8;,K' The M++' "ar* in some cases about the &resence of % as in Ju' ,?;.:' The e1am&(es are a(( in JukeHs )ritin!s' In Ac' ?;., )e o in ee ha"e a &rotasis% but not of the fourth c(ass' It is a mi1e con ition' The isa&&earance of this o&t' con ition (e to the en(ar!e use of the first an thir c(asses' In Ro' .;: an , Cor' ,9;.9 the fut' in ' is use )here the &otentia( o&t' )ou( ha"e suite the Attic i iom', (c S"ecia( Points.
5 :oulton, 0rol., p. 1(.. 1 Ib. :onro, Hom. Gr., p. $ f. ,.

% Gr. of <. !. Gk., p. 1. 1 'lass, Gr. of <. !. Gk., p.

( 1ixed Conditions' The human min oes not a()a*s )ork in stereot*&e forms% ho)e"er e1ce((ent the* are' 0rammatica( construction is mere(* the e1&ression of the menta( conce&tion' Free om must be ackno)(e !e )ithout an* a&o(o!*' I sa* these some)hat common&(ace thin!s because of the bi(( of 2e1ce&tions3 )hich meet us in so man* !rammars at this &oint' It )ou( ha"e been a mirac(e if the four c(asses of con itions )ere ne"er 2mi1e %3 that is% if the &rotasis i not be(on! to one c(ass% )hi(e the a&o osis fe(( in another' In P' 0oo s&' 6 (iiQ-'C')% D 005, % )e ha"e the &rotasis of the first c(ass an the a&o osis of the fourth' Ra ermacher (%. '. Gr.% &' ,./) 7uotes Pastor Hermae% Sim. IX% ,/% 6 4 D D !1 6% Theo&h' ,d ,utolycum D 80 6N3' Thus in Ju' ,K;:% D , 3 % )e ha"e a &rotasis of the first c(ass ( etermine as fu(fi((e ) an the a&o osis of the secon ( etermine as unfu(fi((e )' The same thin! is true of the mar!ina( rea in! in the te1t of 5' H' in Bo' ?;.F% D 3, 3,:' In Ac' /6;,F% \ 3, = ,0: 0: ,0W 3!% )e fin a &rotasis of the fourth c(ass )ith an a&o osis of the secon c(ass' Then a!ain in Ac' ?;.,% ,< 80 e 7! 38 !" /" !$ )e ha"e a &rotasis of the first c(ass (barrin! itacism) an an a&o osis of the fourth' The e1am&(es (ike , Cor' K;/? o not amount to mi1e con ition% since it is mere(* a 7uestion of the stan &oint in time of the a&o osis% thou!h this a&o osis oes more natura((* !o )ith the first c(ass con ition' There ma* be t)o &rotases% as in , Cor' F;,,% an both of the same c(ass% or the t)o ma* be(on! to ifferent c(asses% as in Bo' ,.;,K' ( Implied Conditions' +ometimes the a&o osis is e1&resse % )hi(e the &rotasis is mere(* im&(ie b* a &artici&(e% an im&erati"e or a 7uestion' In such e1am&(es one must not think that the &artici&(e% for instance% means Nif'H Thus in Ro' /;/K = )ith 0: su!!ests a con ition of either the first or the thir c(ass accor in! as one concei"es it' The con ition is hinte at% not state ' The same thin! is true of !6*! in , Tim' 6;6 an !! in Heb' K;,/' Cf' a(so Heb' /;.< , Cor' ,,;/F< 0a(' :;F' This use of the &artici&(e is sti(( "er* fre7uent, in the =' T' In Mt' ,:;/: )e ha"e 38 0"S% )hi(e in Ju' F;/9 note 0"' In Ju' ,F;/.% +? 3? @ *g e 4W ,0F% the a&o osis ca((s for a con ition of the secon c(ass (conte1t)' The im&erati"e is use )here a &rotasis mi!ht ha"e been em&(o*e ' Thus in Mk' ,;,K% = R,75 !, ,"5' The a "erb = has the force of an im&erati"e' There is an im&(ie con ition here' +o a(so ,,;/6% , ' Cf' Mt' K;K< ,,;/?< ,F;/,< Ju' K;K< Bo' /;,F< ,6;,:< Bas' 6;K' The im&' ma* be (Bas' ,;9) the a&o osis of an e1&resse con ition an the im&(ie &rotasis of another conc(usion'/ In E&h' 6;/:< R07b !1 c!0% t)o im&erati"es to!ether &ractica((* ans)er as &rotasis an a&o osis' In Mt' K;,8% O D@ D"N!1 I- 3,9 4Q$ the t)o 7uestions o the same thin! in a rou!h sort of )a* (anaco(uthon)% not technica((* so' In Mt' /:;,9% 7 ! = +? X!: ,095 4*$ the 7uestion takes the &(ace of the &rotasis' Here 7 #oins the t)o &arts of the sentence% but in Bas' 9;,. )e ha"e 7uestion an im&erati"e in se&arate sentences' Cf' a(so , Cor' K;/,' These e"ices are a(( foun in the c(assic i iom'. ( !lliptical Conditions' An incom&(ete con ition is rea((* a s&ecies of e((i&sis or a&osio&esis an is common to a(( (an!ua!es'6 E((i&sis of the co&u(a in the a&o osis (,
1 :oulton, 0rol., p. %,. 'urton, <. !. :. and !., p. 11,. % Jann., Hist. Gk. Gr., p. 4.1. 4 8obertson, "hort Gr. of the Gk. <. !., p. 1...

Cor' ,/;,F) or the &rotasis (Ro' ?;,K) is not the &oint' That is% of course% common' +o Ro' 6;,6< ?;,K< ,,;,:< , Cor' K;9< , Pet' .;,6< / Cor' ,,;,:' There ma* be the absence of either &rotasis or a&o osis' The a&o osis is )antin! in some instances' The su&&ression of the a&o osis in Ju' ,.;F% e !K ,"S 0,W D W !N amounts to a&osio&esis'9 +ee a(so ,F;6/% D 5 ' Cf' further Mk' K;,,< Bo' :;:/< Ac' /.;F' In Ju' //;6/ the a&osio&esis isa&&ears from the te1t of 5' H' (,0% not ,0:)' In / Th' /;.% 38 !1 S% )e ha"e a mere anaco(uthon as in Ph' ,;//' These &rotases be(on! to either the first% secon or thir c(asses' The (one(* &rotases of the fourth c(ass iscusse abo"e (cf' , Pet' .;,6% ,K) come in here a(so' 5e ha"e a s&ecies of anaco(uthon' The structure of the sentence is chan!e so that the corres&on in! a&o osis oes not fo((o)' In the same )a* (su&&ression of a&o osis) is to be e1&(aine the use of D (ike in the sense of Nnot%H in so(emn oaths or 7uestions' The a&o osis is )antin!' +o D " n | S !: (Mk' ?;,/)' +o Heb' .;,, (6;.% 9) D 3 (Ps' F6GF9;,,)' This is a&osio&esis' The fu(( e1&ression is seen in 0en' ,6;/.< =um' ,6;.8< , +am' ,6;69' It is an a&&arent imitation of the Hebre) i iom% thou!h not un@0reek in itse(f' Ra ermacher (%. '. Gr.% &' ,?6) treats this i iom in Mk' ?;,/ as ue to trans(ation from the Hebre) (Aramaic)' Ana(o!ous to this is D !" in Heb' :;,6% if D is not rea((* 2 chan!e b* itacism (cf' EDek' ..;/K< .6;?)' Hort, ho( s to the ifference bet)een D !" an 2 !" an )ou( take D in Heb' :;,6 as the true D' -ut Mou(ton/ makes out a !oo case from the &a&*ri an the inscri&tions for takin! it as mere(* a "ariation of 2 !"' He fin s e(e"en &a&*ri e1am&(es of A !" from iiQ-'C' to iQA'D' Particu(ar(* c(ear is the Messenian M*steries inscr'% Miche( :F6% A !8 LF' If so% it oes not come in here' -ut the use of D in 7uestions is &ertinent' Thus D R7 5b*!$ (Ju' ,.;/.)' Cf' Mt' ,/;,8< Ju' ,/;/:< //;6F< Ac' ,K;/K< ,F;/' Ra ermacher (%. '. Gr.% &' ,.:) takes D in 7uestionsR2 as in Ju' //;6F' This is &ossib(e on !roun s of itacism% but it oes not entit(e Ra ermacher to sa* 2)er en muO'3 The use of the con ition in the sense of Nto see ifH bor ers on this e((i&tica( construction' +omethin! has to be su&&(ie before the &rotasis in or er to make the i ea c(ear' The a&o osis is "irtua((* containe in the &rotasis' It is a c(assic. i iom an rea&&ears in the &a&*ri'6 +o O' P' K6.% J ,=! D ; = +,*' The &rotasis here ma* conform to the first c(ass con ition as in D (Ju' ,6;/?)< ,5 M ,K 45"! (Ro' ,;,8)' +o Mk' ,,;,.< Ac' ?;//' In Ph' .;,/% D 65% )e ha"e the thir c(ass an &ossib(* a(so in Ro' ,,;,6' -ut in Ac' /K;,/ it is the fourth c(ass% ,5 ' The use of D in the in irect 7uestion% as in Mk' .;/% D 0,% corres&on s c(ose(* )ith the &rece in!' Cf' a(so ,,;,.' The same thin! is true of D in the sense of J% as in Ac' /:;/.' This is a(so true of D )ith "erbs of )on er% as in Mk' ,9;66< Ac' /:;?'
5 E.+!h., p. .,,. Hort HB8!, -. J. #., <otes on Brthography ?pp. 141D12%, 4ol. II of the <. !. in the Briginal Greek, 1$$ @. 1 #pp., p. 151. 0rol., p. 4.. % Good3in, :. and !., pp. 1$, ff. 4 :oulton, 0rol., p. 1(4.

The &rotasis itse(f is sometimes abbre"iate a(most to the "anishin! &oint% as in D !" )ithout a "erb% in the sense of Ne1ce&tH (Mt' 9;,.)' Here D an !" seem to coa(esce into one )or (ike ,"' Cf' ,,;/K% 4 3,9 W W D !1 / ,"0' This is "er* common as in c(assic 0reek' +ometimes )e ha"e D !1 !* as in Mt' /,;,F' The ori!in of this use of D !" )as the fact that the "erb )as i entica( )ith the &rece in! one in the a&o osis an so )as not re&eate ' From this e((i&sis the usa!e s&rea to mere e1ce&tions to the &re"ious statement% a (imitation sim&(*' ED !" ma* make e1ce&tion to a &rece in! ne!ati"e as in 0a(' ,;,F% L0 K < +,*5 4 A D !1 k56 W +-*' The effect here is to make D !" seem a "ersati"e instea of e1ce&ti"e' Cf' Mt' ,/;6' For 38 !" in this construction see 0a(' /;,:' In , Cor' K;,K D !" has the sense of Non(*H an is not to be construe )ith ,0,75' The use of D !" occurs in 7uestions e1&ectin! a ne!ati"e ans)er% as in Mk' /;K% 7 +- c!07 D !1 / *$ In , Cor' K;9% D !" }~% )e ha"e (cf' in Mt' ,?;/?) a e an &ossib(* a(so ' - here omits % &ossib(* to 2ease a ifficu(t*3 as Mou(ton, su!!ests' If !enuine% it )ou( be a sort of ana(*sis of 3 into D that occurs in the i((iterate &a&*ri' For e1am&(es see un er ?% (b)% ()' For D !" )ith the in ' &res' see / Cor' ,.;9 an the sub#' aorist' +ee Ju' F;,.' The use of 3W D !" &robab(* comes b* ana(o!* from 3W D (cf' Jatin nisi)% but it occurs in the =' T' )ithout "erbs on(* in , Tim' 9;,F' E((i&tica( a(so are D !1 H (Bo' ,8;,8)< D !1 J (/ Cor' ,/;,.)< D !1 J (Mk' F;F)' In Bo' ,6;,, note D K !" in the sense of Nbut if not%H Nother)ise'H Cf' Mk' /;/,< Re"' /;9% ,:' For D K !" see Ju' 9;.:' Other forms of D use e((i&tica((* are ,0 (Ro' .;.8)< P7 (Mt' .;,:)< P,07 (, Cor' ,9;?)' ED K !" an D K !" became such fi1e &hrases/ that the* occur e"en )hen the &rece in! sentence is ne!ati"e (Mt' F;,K) or )here 38 !" )ou( be more natura( (Ju' ,8;:% )here the &hrase ans)ers to 38 )' Cf' Ju' ,.;F' In Bo' ,6;/% D K !", A, % the conc(usion is e1&resse ' In / Cor' ,8;F )e ha"e P )ithout a "erbRNas if'H It is common to ha"e HNH (, Cor' ?;9) )ithout the "erb' The use of )ithout the "erb is a(so foun in the sense of Nif on(*%H Nat (east'H +o in Mk' 9;/?< :;9:' In / Cor' ,,;,: )e ha"e both D K !" an (F to be su&&(ie )' In Ju' ,/;.? note N' The su&&ression of the &rotasis occurs in a(( the e1am&(es of the &otentia( o&t' a(rea * iscusse % as in Ac' /:;/F' E"en in the e(iberati"e 7uestions of the o&t' )ith the same thin! is true' Cf' Ac' ,K;,? ( irect)< Ju' ,;:/ (in irect)' The &rotasis is a(so su&&resse sometimes )ith 3,7' Cf' , Cor' ,9;/F% 3, 7 ,"$ Here a &rotasis of the first or (more &robab(*) of the thir c(ass must be su&&(ie ' +o in Ro' .;:< ,,;:% //' In , Cor' ,6;,:% 3, 38 4n ,< 30:% the e((i&sis sti(( occurs in s&ite of 3' In Heb' F;/:% 3, % an ,8;/% 3, 4 e 3,% the &rotasis )ou( be(on! to the secon c(ass% as is true a(so of 3, a-7 0 in , Cor' 9;,8' In K;,6% 3, 0 37% the &rotasis )ou( be of the first c(ass' ( Concessive Clauses' These are rea((* #ust con itiona(, c(auses )ith the a ition of 7' In D an 3 lm the sense is Ne"en ifH an is c(imacteric' -urton/ seeks to ra) 7uite a istinction bet)een concessi"e an con itiona( c(auses' He cites Mt' /:;..% D , " 3 7, 3? 4, "!% as an
1 0rol., p. 1.(. 'urton, <. !. :. and !., p. 111. 1 'lass, Gr. of <. !. Gk., p. 15. <. !. :. and !., p. 11 .

instance of the concessi"e i ea )ithout 7' It is &ossib(e that )e ma* rea the i ea into this &assa!e because in the &ara((e( &assa!e in Mk' ,6;/F )e rea D 7N+] 39' Cf' a(so e S in Mt' /:;.9 )ith 38 S in Mk' ,6;.,' The use of D l3m in the sense of Nthou!hH sho)s that there is at bottom no essentia( ifference' The structure is &recise(* the same as the con itiona( sentence' The* are% to re&eat% nothin! but con itiona( sentences of a s&ecia( tone or em&hasis' The use of 7 )as to shar&en this em&hasis either u& or o)n' 5ith D the su&&osition is consi ere im&robab(e'. 5ith D the truth of the &rinci&a( sentence is stout(* affirme in the face of this one ob#ection' It is rhetorica((* an e1treme case' In , Cor' ?;9% 80 ,0 DN}+z~ .!: *% )e ha"e an instance' In Mk' ,6;/F the true te1t is D 7% not D' In , Pet' .;, 5' H' rea sim&(* D' In (ate 0reek D "anishes before l3m'6 +o in the =' T' )e ha"e 38 075 (Bo' ?;,:)' +o a(so 0a(' ,;?' For see Bo' ?;,6% e !00<' +o Mt' /,;/,< /:;.9' +ee Bo' ,8;.?% D K ,<, e 3! ,' The c(auses )ith 3 an the sub#' are% of course% thir c(ass con itions' +ometimes9 D an can har (*: be consi ere as stron! as Ne"en if'H The* ma* be reso("e into Nan if'H +o Mt' ,,;,6< Ju' :;./< Mk' ,:;,?< Bo' ?;99< Re"' ,,;9' Much more common is D 7' This &hrase means Nif a(so'H Here the &rotasis is treate as a matter of in ifference' If there is a conf(ict% it makes no rea( ifficu(t*' There is sometimes a tone of contem&t in D 7' The matter is be(itt(e ' There is often some &artic(e in the conc(usion in this construction as in Ju' ,?;6% D W W 4 -6=! 4K 05, 30,!, W ,0, ' =ote as in ,,;?' Cf' Co(' /;9% D 7N+' There is consi erab(e "ariet* )ith D 7' Thus in / Cor' K;? )e ha"e a con ition of the first c(ass (so Ju' ,,;?< ,?;6% etc')% )hi(e in , Pet' .;,6% D ,% )e ha"e one instance of the fourth c(ass' 5ith 38 7 an the sub#' )e fin % of course% the thir c(ass' +o 0a(' :;,% 38 ,0!-n' Cf' / Tim' /;9' In , Cor' K;/?% 38 !"S% the notion is Nif e"enH rather than Na(soH (cf' 38 "!S)' In Mt' ,?;,K note 38 ,0S 4< an 38 K [ 37 ,0S' There is nothin! &ecu(iar about Ro' ,6;?% 3 b<!N3 +,"5!' (Cf' E1' ,F;,.') Cf' N )ith the in ' (, Cor' .;//) or the sub#' (, Th' 9;,8)' The use of the &artici&(e for concession (see 7,0 _% Heb' 9;?) )i(( be treate un er the Partici&(e' For the use of e"en after 3 see Mk' 9;/?' ( )ther Particles -ith D and 3' These ha"e no effect on the con ition as a istinct c(ass% thou!h the* mo if* the &recise i ea in "arious )a*s' This &oint )i(( be treate more e1act(* un er Partic(es' -ut note D 0 (Mk' ,,;,.< Ac' ?;//)< (E&h' 6;/,)< D 0 (Ac' ,K;/K o&t')< 7 (/ Cor' 9;.)< D K !" (Ju' 9;.:)< D G (Mt' :;/.< Heb' K;,,)< ,0 (Ro' .;.8)< 3,0 (Heb' .;,6< :;.)< ,5 (Ro' ,;,8% the fut' in '< Ac' /K;,/% the o&t')' In Mk' ?;/. is in irect 7uestion' F' I=DIRECT DI+COIR+E ()ratio )bli<ua)' (a Recitative in Oratio Recta. Direct 7uotation is more fre7uent in &rimiti"e (an!ua!e% in the "ernacu(ar% an in a(( "i"i &ictures7ue narrati"e' It is the ramatic metho of re&ortin! s&eech' It is natura( in Homer% in the O( Testament an in the
% 0aley, Gk. 0art., p. %1. 4 Jann., Hist. Gk. Gr., p. 4.5. 5 !hayer=s 5e>icon. . &f. 'urton, <. !. :. and !., p. 114.

0os&e(s% in Aristo&hanes an in +hakes&eare% an in Inc(e Remus' The &ro(on!e in irect iscourse in Thuc* i es an in Ji"*% in Xeno&hon an CYsar% is more or (ess artificia(' In the JXX (itt(e use is ma e of in irect iscourse' The irect 7uotation ma* not be as "erba((* e1act as the in irect%, but it is more (i"e(* an interestin!' As a ru(e the irect iscourse is sim&(* intro uce )ith a )or of sa*in! or thinkin!' The ancients ha no 7uotation@marks nor our mo ern co(on' -ut sometimes J )as use before the irect 7uotation mere(* to in icate that the )or s are 7uote ' 5e fin this i iom occasiona((* )ith J% more se( om )ith P% in the Attic )riters'/ It is "er* rare. in the JXX% since the Hebre) so fre7uent(* has a s&ecia( &artici&(e (ike Nsa*in!'H -ut see 0en' /?;,:' In the =' T' Bannaris6 counts ,/8 instances of recitati"e J' The i iom a&&ears chief(* in the historica( books' +ee Mt' K;/.% /!"5 J 4, 5 X!Y' This &articu(ar instance can be (ooke u&on as in irect iscourse% since the &erson is the same in both c(auses an the tense an mo e are unaffecte ' It is &robab(e that in irect ec(arati"e c(auses !re) out of constructions of this nature', -ut in Mt' /K;6.% A, J = D! *% there is no oubt at a((' +ee /:;K6% R! J 4 A W 05,% an /:;K9% D0* J ,0 +0 -5[ 0 +,0"S !' +o Mk' ,;.K< /;,/% ,:< 6;/,< ?;/?< Bo' ,8;.:< Ac' /9;?< Ro' 6;,K' In Mt' ,:;K )e ha"e (5' H'% but R' $' mar!' has causa() recitati"e J lJ 0 4 36!m< )hi(e in "erse ? the in irect (&robab(* causa() use% J 0 4 $ In Mk' :;/. (5' H' mar!') )e ha"e a irect 7uotation )ith J% in Mt' ,6;K the same thin! a&&ears as in irect iscourse )ithout J' In Bo' ,8;.6% +,07N4 0!! J 3? A, 7 3% note a treb(e irect 7uotation% once )ith J an t)ice )ithout' In Bo' ,;98 the first J is causa(% the secon is in irect iscourse' The J in the be!innin! of Bo' /8;/F is causa(' In Bo' /8;,? J is recitati"e% causa( in .;,?% ec(ar' in .;,F' It is oubtfu( )hether first J is recitati"e or causa( in Bo' /,;,K' In Ro' .;?% J ,"5! (hortator* sub#')% J is a(so recitati"e' +o in / Th' .;,8 J is mere(* recitati"e' The instances of irect 7uotation )ithout J are "er* numerous' Cf' Mt' ?;.< /:;/9' +ometimes the same thin! is re&orte )ith J (Mt' ,F;F) or )ithout J (Mk' ,8;,,)' For sin!(e )or s 7uote )ithout a!reement )ith the )or )ith )hich the* are in a&&osition note / an / 0 in Bo' ,.;,.' 5' H' seek to in icate the &resence of recitati"e J b* be!innin! the 7uotation )ith a ca&ita( (etter as in a(( their 7uotations' Cf' Bo' F;F' This re un ant J ma* occur before irect 7uestions as in Mk' 6;/,< ?;6' It continues common in the " an the mo ern 0reek uses ,< in this i iom'/ (b Chan*e o+ Person in Indirect Discourse. +ometimes this )as not necessar*% as in Bo' ,?;?' +o in Mt' ,:;,?% +? 5 J @ A #0% there is no chan!e in the secon &erson' Cf' a(so Bo' ,,;/K< 0a(' /;,6' -ut in Mt' /8;,8% 3*! J ,: "!% the irect iscourse )ou( ha"e !*!' +o Ju' /6;/.' Com&are 36! in Mt' ,:;K )ith in "' ?' =ote 7 -5! ( irect) in Mt' :;.,% but 7
1 'urton, <. !. :. and !., p. 1%,. Good3in, :. and !., p. $5. % 9iteau, Je $erbe, p. 5,) but see on the other hand &on. and "tock, "el., p. 114. 4 Hist. Gk. Gr., p. 42 . 1 "chmitt, Pber en Irs&r' es +ubstanti"satDes, 1$$(, p. ... !humb, Handb., p. 1( . Jann., Hist. Gk. Gr., p. 42 . * , ,< o * ] 39) Uthen he said, 6idn=t I tell you soS=

- (in irect) in :;/9' In Mk' F;:% 4 80 i 7 +,0n% the irect )ou( be 7 +,0<$ The &erson ma* be both )a*s in the same sentence% as in Ac' ,;6% ,0"N,0! 1 3,7 = ,0W !' +ee further un er Mi1ture' (c Chan*e o+ Tense in Indirect Discourse. Mr' H' +cott ob#ects to the )i e sco&e here !i"en to the term 2in irect iscourse3 to co"er 2ob#ect c(auses3 after /05, ;% but I concei"e the &rinci&(e to be the same' After &rimar* tenses there is% of course% no chan!e in mo e or tense' =ote Mt' ,:;,? abo"e' +ee a(so Mk' ,,;/6% , J 36 X!:' It is on(* after secon ar* tenses that an* chan!e occurs' Isua((* e"en then there is no chan!e of tense in 0reek' Thus J, M J L (Mk' :;99)' +o )ith + J 6N3-6" (Mt' /;//)' +o ,7b! J 4* 3 (Ju' /6;/,)' +ee a(so Mt' /,;69< Mk' :;6F< Ju' ,;//< Bo' /;,K< :;/6' Cf' 0a(' /;,6% A J 4 R0,=' +o Bo' ,,;,.' In Bo' /,;,F the future in ' is retaine after A, !75' Cf' Mt' /8;,8' +o in Ju' 9;,F the aorist sub#' occurs' In Mk' /;,: )e ha"e J 37 t)ice% the first in in ' iscourse an the secon )ith interro!ati"e J' -ut sometimes the ancient 0reek% e"en the Attic%, use a &ast tense of the in icati"e in in ' iscourse )here the irect ha the tenses of &resent time' The =' T' sho)s occasiona((* the same construction' In a case (ike Bo' ,;98% A,* J A* % the aorist tense be(on!e to the irect' Cf' F;.8% ./% .9' +o as to the im&erfect 2 an aorist +6 in Bo' F;,?' Cf' a(so Ju' ,.;/' In Mt' /K;,?% i J 8 -* ,05 4*% the aorist is use for antece ent action' Cf' ,09 in Mk' ,9;,8' +ee a(so Mt' ,:;,/% J 4 A,' -ut in Bo' /;/9% 4W 80 375 7 2 3 Q +09,g% the irect form/ )ou( ha"e 3% not 2' +o )ith i 7 ! ,: (:;:)< 4 5 J W ,0 4: (?;/K)' Cf' a(so ,,;9,< ,/;,:% ..< ,?;./' In Ac' ,F;./% 4 M 7 L % the &ast &erfect stan s )hen the irect )ou( ha"e the &resent &erfect' In Ac' ,:;.% i J / ,10 4= X,[0% the im&erfect ma* in icate that TimotheusH father )as no (on!er (i"in!% thou!h it is not the necessar* meanin!% as )e ha"e #ust seen' Cf' Mk' ,,;./< Bo' :;//G /6< ,:;,F< Ac' //;/< , Pet' ,;,/' In Ac' //;/F% 3-6" 3,@ J 5!:* 3 J 4W 2 9% )e see both constructions combine ' In Bo' ,,;68% 4 A,* J 38 ,S IS% the sub#' an the fut' in ' are retaine after secon ar* tense% un(ess J is recitati"e' This &reser"ation of the ori!ina( tense a&&ears in c(auses not strict(* in in irect iscourse' In Ju' F;..% A,N!1 D? ` % the &resent tense is retaine in the re(ati"e c(ause ` % as it is in the causa( c(ause in F;6F% 35! 4W J 4 +: !] .!<' In Bo' /,;/9% 50"% the future inf' stan s for the future in ' in the irect% as oes in Ac' ,6;,F for the &erfect in ' In Ju' /8;: A rea((* re&resents the im&erfect in icati"e of the irect' (d Chan*e o+ Mode in Indirect Discourse. The ru(e )ith the 0reek )as not to chan!e the tense' The mo e after &ast tenses% )ith more free om% )as either retaine , or chan!e to the corres&on in! tense of the o&tati"e mo e' The o&tati"e% as the most
1 &f. Good3in, :. and !., p. .%. &f. 8obertson, "hort Gr., p. 1$1. #s a matter of fact, the primiti4e method in oratio obli<ua 3as probably this 4ery change of tense as in 7ng. Ee ha4e it more freOuently in Hom. than the change of mode or the graphic retention of tense. &f. !hompson, "ynt. of #ttic Gk., p. 4, . 1 In archaic 5at. the ind. 3as used in indirect discourse as in Gk. &f. 6raeger, Hist. "ynt., 'd. II, p. 4.,.

remote in stan &oint of the mo es% suite this i iom "er* )e((' The im&erfect an &ast &erfect in icati"e )ere% ho)e"er% retaine % thou!h e"en here the o&tati"e sometimes a&&eare '/ 5hen the aorist o&tati"e re&resente an aorist in icati"e of the irect iscourse the o&t' re&resente &ast time'. Isua((* the o&tati"e an sub#uncti"e are future as to time' 5e ha"e the o&tati"e in the =' T' in in irect iscourse on(* in Juke' It )as in the " a mark of (iterar* care% a(most Atticism% 7uite be*on the usua( "ernacu(ar' An )ith Juke the i iom is a(most confine to in irect 7uestions' Juke ne"er has the o&t' after J or P' Once (Ac' /9;,:) in a subor inate tem&ora( c(ause the o&tati"e occurs )here the sub#' )ith (cf' Ju' /;/:) or )ithout )ou( be in the irect% ,0 O N 6' An e"en here 4 after J comes #ust before' This chan!e in the subor inate c(ause )as a(so o&tiona( in the ancient i iom'6 If )as use )ith the sub#' in the irect it )as% of course% ro&&e )ith the chan!e to the o&tati"e in the in irect' +imi(ar to this is the use of D an the o&tati"e )ith e&en ent sin!(e c(ause either as &rotasis )ith im&(ie a&o osis or &ur&ose (ike D -" (Ac' ,K;/K)< D W (/8;,:)< ,5 (/K;,/)' Here after &rimar* tenses )e shou( ha"e 3 an the sub#' or D an the future in ' Cf' Ph' .;,/< Ro' ,;,8' Cf' 7 05 in Ac' /9;/:' As a(rea * e1&(aine a(so% the in irect 7uestions )ith D an the o&tati"e (Ac' /9;/8< /K;.F) are instances )here the in icati"e )ou( be use in the irect' E"en in in irect 7uestions Juke usua((* kee&s the mo e of the irect' +o the in icati"e as in W 7N : (Ju' //;/6)% the sub#uncti"e as in W ,<N+,Q (//;6) or the o&tati"e as in W 7 e (,;:/)' The in icati"e is ne"er chan!e to a sub#uncti"e as in Jatin' 5hen the sub#' in 0reek occurs in an in irect 7uestion it oes so because it )as the sub#' in the irect' Thus 4 80 M 7 +,0n (Mk' F;:)' Cf' Mt' :;/9% .,% 7 -, 7 -5!' +o Ju' //;/% 6< Ac' 6;/,' Cf' sub#' )ith H after secon ar* tenses (Ro' ,;,.< , Pet' 6;:)' The use of the o&tati"e (as istinct from sub#') in in ir' iscourse )as a 0reek e"e(o&ment' 5e see the be!innin! of it in Homer' The o&tati"e% ho)e"er% oes occur in Ju' (,?;.:% 5' H' te1t% mar!in ) in an in irect 7uestion )here the irect ha the in icati"e' Cf' ,,W in ,;/F' +o ?;F% 3,095 7 ' In Ac' /,;..% 3, 7 7 3 ,,9% both constructions occur si e b* si e' The "ariation here in the mo e (retention of the in ') !i"es a certain "i"i ness to this &art of the 7uestion' +ee O&tati"e in Paratactic +entences )here the " &ara((e(s are !i"en' In 7 0: , y e 0[ 90% P' Par' /: (-'C' ,:.)% there is no se7uence of mo e' The sub#' is )ith the in efinite re(ati"e an the o&t' is a )ish' It has been a(rea * (un er O&tati"e) sho)n that an the o&t' in an in irect 7uestion is there because it )as in the irect (cf' Ac' ,K;,?% 7 e $ )ith Ju' ,;:/% W 7 e )' +ometimes% one must a mit% the ifference bet)een the t)o is re uce to a minimum% as in the &a&*ri occasiona((*', +o in Ju' F;6:% W 7 e (cf' W 7 in Ju' //;/.)' +ee a(so Ju' ,9;/:< Ac' ,8;,K' -ut there is a()a*s a sha e of ifference' The manuscri&ts ref(ect this haDiness in the "ariations bet)een in ' an o&t' as in Ju' //;/.< Ac' /;,/% et cet' In Ju' .;,9% !" , % )e a(so ha"e the o&t' in an in ir' 7uestion' Ra ermacher (%. '. Gr.% &' ,:9) 7uotes Dio ' I% K9% 9% 3,8N,0*' The Atticists use it often'
Good3in, :. and !., p. .%. % :ad4ig, -emerk' Aber eini!e Punkte er !riech' 5ortfA!' 1$4$, p. %. 4 Good3in, :. and !., p. 2%. 1 :oulton, 0rol., p. 1($.

(e The ,i$its o+ Indirect Discourse. It is not a()a*s eas* to ra) the (ine bet)een in irect iscourse an other constructions' Thus Bannaris/ uses it on(* for ec(arati"e c(auses )ith J or P' -urton. confines it to in irect assertions an in irect 7uestions% but a mits that it a(so co"ers in irect comman s an &romises' Take Mt' ,6;K% P!* 4n = ` 38 D"' The infiniti"e = is the irect ob#ect of the "erb an oes not seem to be in in ir' iscourse% for in Mk' :;/. the irect form has 95' -ut% after a((% it is &ractica( in ir' iscourse% thou!h the ana(o!* of tense construction breaks o)n in this instance' -ut note fut' infiniti"e )ith _! in Heb' .;,?% accor in! to the &rinci&(e of in irect iscourse' On the )ho(e it is best to consi er three c(asses or kin s of in irect iscourse; ec(arati"e c(auses% in irect 7uestions% in irect comman s' (f Dec(arative C(auses (Indirect ,ssertions)' ( and the Indicative' There is no c(ear instance of P in this sense in the =' T' It )as common in the ancient 0reek', Bust as fina( J,5 retreate before H% so ec(arati"e P i before J'/ In (ate 0reek H mono&o(iDe the fie( as a fina( &artic(e an i"i e it )ith J as a ec(arati"e con#unction' 5e o ha"e P in in irect 7uestions a fe) times as )i(( be sho)n' This is more (ike(* the meanin! e"en in Ac' ,8;/?% 3,7 P +!' Reeb. &oints out that Demosthenes uses P for )hat is fa(se an J for )hat is true' The 0erman -ie is use (ike P )ith "erbs of rea in!% narratin!% testif*in!' 5ith these "erbs P is more than #ust J (NthatH)' e1&resses the thin! itse(f an P the mo e or 7ua(it* of the thin! (Tha*er)' 5ith this e1&(anation it is &ossib(e to consi er it as ec(arati"e% thou!h rea((* meanin! Nho)'H Cf' Ju' /6;:% !" P 3' +o in Ju' ?;6K )ith +,5% /.;99 after !% Ac' ,8;.? after A% Ac' /8;/8 )ith 3,7!% Ro' ,;F )ith !0 (so Ph' ,;?< , Th' /;,8)' The manuscri&ts "ar* in some &assa!es bet)een P an J an ,<' 5' H' bracket P in Ju' :;6 an rea ,< in Mk' ,/;/: an J in Bu e 9% thou!h P is retaine in K'6 In a(( these &assa!es it is &ossib(e to re!ar P as the Nho)H of in irect 7uestion rather than ec(arati"e' The encroachment of ,< on J is to be notice a(so' Cf' Mt' ,/;6 after +95 (an Mk' ,/;/:)% Mk' ,/;6, after 505% Mk' 9;,: after !% Ju' ,6;K after 3,5% Ac' ,,;,. after +,5 (so , Th' ,;F)' In the (ater 0reek ,< comes !ra ua((* to be e7ui"a(ent to J'9 0ra ua((* ,< !aine the ascen enc* o"er J ti(( in the mo ern 0reek it became the re!u(ar ec(arati"e &artic(e' +ee Thumb% Handb.% &' ,F8' In Ro' ,8;,9< ,,;..% P is e1c(amator*' The " )riters an the &a&*ri sho) this same retreat of P before J an the inroa of ,< on J (Ra ermacher% %. '. Gr.( &' ,9F)' Cf' -' I'% I% .K (9, A'D')% A ,<N0"b5% an E&ictetus often after /05' There is% ho)e"er% no oubt of the use of P J in the ec(arati"e senseRNthat'H It is an unc(assica( combination% but it a&&ears in the JXX
Hist. Gk. Gr., p. 421 f. % <. !. :. and !., p. 1%1. "o most of the grammars. 1 Good3in, :. and !., p. 5$. Jann., Hist. Gk. Gr., p. 521. % De Particu(orum J et P a&u Demosthenum Isu, 1$(,, p. %$. 4 &f. 'lass, Gr. of <. !. Gk., p. %, f. 5 HatF., 7inl., p. 1(.

(Esther 6;,6) an in the " )riters', It is (ike the Jatin <uasi in the $u(!ate' The (ate &a&*ri (fourth cent' A'D') sho) that P J came in the "ernacu(ar to mean sim&(* Nthat'H/ Mou(ton cites a(so t)o Attic inscri&tions from the first centur* -'C' )hich ha"e P J in the sense of P or J a(one' The e itors ha"e remo"e J from P J in Xeno&honHs Hellen. III% ii% ,6% D,? P J R7' Mou(ton a!rees to -(assH sti!ma of 2unc(assica(3 on P J% but Pau( has " su&&ort for his use of it in / Cor' 9;,F< ,,;/,< / Th' /;/' -ut J has )on its &(ace in the =' T' not on(* o"er P% but a(so o"er the infiniti"e' The use of the inf' in in ir' iscourse. takes 7uite a subor inate &(ace in the =' T' Juke a(one uses it to an* e1tent' The &eri&hrasis )ith J has su&erse e it in near(* a(( the =' T' )riters'6 The use of J is the common )a* of makin! a ec(aration in in irect iscourse in the =' T' There arose a(so * in the ec(arati"e sense9 (cf' (ate Jatin <uiaR<uod)% but no e1am&(e occurs in the =' T' The c(assic causa( sense of * &re"ai(e ' It is sometimes oubtfu( )hether J is causa( or ec(arati"e as in Ac' //;/F' The conte1t must eci e' Fina((*% as note % ,< came to be the norma( ec(arati"e con#unction in the "ernacu(ar (o"er the inf' as o"er P an J) as the infiniti"e isa&&eare from in ir' iscourse': The on(* mo e use )ith J in the =' T' is the in ' In Ro' .;? (sub#') J is recitati"e' At bottom J is #ust J % an Homer sometimes use J in the ec(arati"e sense (an J)' Cf' J J to!ether in , Cor' ,/;/' The "erbs after )hich J is use in the =' T' co"er a )i e ran!e' In ee % J comes a(so after substanti"es (ike +7 (, Bo' ,;9)< 07 (Bo' .;,F)< * (Bo' ,9;/9)< !007 (, Bo' 9;,,)< !0 (/ Cor' ,;/.)< ,007 (, Bo' 9;,6)% causa( in Ac' //;,6< - (Ac' /,;.,)' It is in a&&osition a(so )ith 3 R*! (Mk' F;6,)' 5e see a(so 3 g J (, Bo' .;,:)' +ometimes J itse(f seems to im&(* 3 g (Ro' 9;?) or ,0 (Mk' ,;.6) or D 3: (Bo' /;,?)' Cf' = J (Re"' /;:)' Another irre!u(arit* of construction is the &ro(e&sis of the substanti"e before J (an chan!e of case) as in , Cor' ,:;,9' This i iom is sometimes ca((e the e&e1e!etic use of J' Cf' further Ac' F;/8' It is a rather common i iom' Cf' Mt' /9;/6' +ee es&ecia((* Bo' ?;96' In Ro' F;: note 4 K J' In , Cor' ,9;/K [ J is a(most a "erbia(% but that is not true of ,0* J in Heb' K;,6' The e((i&tica( 7 J (Ju' /;6F) ma* be com&are )ith 7 J in Bo' ,6;//' The e((i&tica( 4 J (cf' Bo' :;6:) is (ike the corres&on in! En!(ish 2not that'3 The J c(ause ma* be in the nominati"e (sub#ect c(ause) as in Mk' 6;.?% 4 ! J +,!$ More usua((* it is% of course% in the accusati"e (ob#ect c(ause) as in Bo' ,,;/K% ,,7 J' The J c(ause ma* a(so be in a&&osition )ith the (ocati"e as in Mk' F;6,' In 0a(' ,;/8% D@ 39, = J% )e ha"e a so(emn oath as in +" J (/ Cor' ,,;,8)< ,W J (,;,?)< !0 J (/ Cor' ,;/.)< +!5 J (Re"' ,8;:)< b< 39, J (Ro' ,6;,,% JXX)' Rare(* the &ersona( construction occurs )ith J% as in , Cor' ,9;,/% V0W 0 `' In
1 "ee "ophocles= 5e>icon under P. &f. Jann., Hist. Gk. Gr., p. 41%. :oulton ?0rol., p. 1 @ gi4es &.0.8. 1( ?i4L#.6.@ ,09 667 3,5 n n 3,!7 P J 36" . :oulton, 0rol., p. 1 . % 'lass, Gr. of <. !. Gk., p. %1. 4 :oulton, 0rol., p. 11. 5 Jann., Hist. Gk. Gr., p. 41%. . :itsotakis, Praktische 0r' er neu!riechischen +chrift@ un Im!an!ss&rache , 1$(1, p. %5.

Bas' ,;,. )e either ha"e recitati"e J or oratio variata' In Bo' 6;, )e ha"e one J c(ause e&en ent on another' ma* be re&eate in &ara((e( c(auses as in Bo' :;//< Ac' ,K;.< //;/F< , Cor' ,9;. ff' In , Bo' 9;F )e ha"e t)o e1am&(es of J% but one is causa(' In Bo' ,;,9 ff' the three are a(( causa(' In Bo' ,,;98 )e ha"e J an H in much the same sense' =ot so , Bo' 9;,.' Cf' H in , Bo' 9;. )ith J in 9;,,' The "erbs that use ec(arati"e J in the =' T' are "er* numerous' A fe) ha"e on(* J' Thus Mk' ,,;./% u, A W k5 J ,0-" 2 (note 2)' -(ass, ca((s this use of 5 a Jatinism (ike habeo' Cf' a(so X,!65 J (Ju' K;6.)% a c(assica( construction' +o a(so 5 (Heb' ,,;,?)< !66b5 (Ac' ,:;,8)< -07b5 (Bo' .;..)< 507b5 (, Cor' ,/;.)< 3!-7b5 (Heb' ,,;,6)< 3F!5 (Ph' /;,,)< 5 (Ac' /,;/,)< 05 (, Cor' ,9;,/)< +,7! (/ Th' /;6)< !5 (Ju' /8;.K)< X,7! (Ac' /8;.9)< -0*! (/ Cor' .;.)< +,,5 (, Pet' ,;,/)< ,075! (, Cor' ,9;.)< ,07! (Ac' ,K;.)< ,0-5 (Bo' ,,;9,)' The !reat mass of the "erbs of &ercei"in!% sho)in! (contrar* to Attic)% kno)in!% be(ie"in!% ho&in!% thinkin!% sa*in!% ec(arin!% re&(*in!% testif*in!% etc'% use either the ec(arati"e J or the infiniti"e' In Ju' F;,? f' )ith 5 )e ha"e the inf' an J si e b* si e' +o a(so in Ac' ,6;// )ith ,05' Outsi e of the "erbs 5, 3,!005, 075 an ,05 the infiniti"e in in ir' iscourse in the =' T' is confine to the )ritin!s of Juke an Pau( an Hebre)s accor in! to $iteau%, 2comme "esti!e e (a (an!ue (ittTraire'3 -ut e"en )ith Juke an Pau( the ru(e is to use J' -(ass/ has a carefu( (ist of the uses of these "erbs' In mar!in of 5' H' in Bo' 9;,9 )e ha"e +5 )ith J% but the te1t has A,' -ut see J a(so in Ro' /;6 (+5)% Mt' ,/;9 (+95)% Ju' ,?;.K (+,5)% Ac' /9;,: (+,07!)% , Bo' /;// (+0!)% Ac' ,K;: (65)% , Pet' /;. (!)% Ro' ,8;9 (0-5)% Mt' ,:;/, (5)% , Cor' ,;,, (*5)% Ac' ,8;6/ (!00!)% Ac' ,K;. (75)% Mk' ?;., (5)% Mt' :;K (5)% Ac' F;/K (!)% Ju' /6;/, (3,7b5)% Mt' :;/: (3!6,5)% , Cor' ,,;/ (3,5)% Ac' ,.;./ (47b!)% Ju' ,?;,, (405)% Re"' /;6 (5 )% Ju' ,,;.? (!b5)% Bo' :;9 (!)% Ac' 6;,. (!6!)% Ju' ,/;/6 (5)% / Cor' 9;,6 (075)% / Pet' .;9 (5)% Mt' .;F (5)% Ac' /.;/K (!5)% / Cor' ,;/. (!00 W W 3,=!)% Heb' K;? (!005)% Ac' /8;/: (!00!)% Mt' /K;:. (!!"5)% Mt' 9;,K (!7b5)% Mt' ,9;,K (5)% Mt' /:;K6 (R!5)% Bas' ,;K ( !)% Ro' F;, (4 !)% , Cor' ,9;. (,075!)% Heb' ,.;,? (,7!)% Bo' :;:F (,5)% Ro' 6;/, (,0-05)% / Cor' ,.;/ (,070 ,05% cf' 0a(' 9;/,)% Ac' /.;.6 (,!)% Ju' ,9;:% F (705)% Bo' ,?;,6 (!65)% Ro' ?;,: (!!005)% Mt' ,:;,/ (7!)% Bu' 9 (X,!!"5)% , Cor' ,8;,F (-!7)% Ju' ,8;/8 (705)% , Tim' ,;,/ (0 5 7)' I cannot c(aim that this is a com&(ete (ist% but it is the best I can o )ith the he(& of H' +cott% -(ass% Tha*er% Mou(ton an 0e en%
1 Gr. of <. !. Gk., p. %1. 9iteau 9I!7#C, J., Essai sur (a s*nta1e es "oi1 ans (e !rec u =' T' ?8e4. de 0hil., 1$(4@. ;;;, Mtu e sur (e !rec u =' T' I, 5e 9erbe ?1$(%@) II, 5e "ujet ?1$(.@. 1 Je $erbe, p. 51. Gr. of <. !. Gk., p. %1 f.

an $iteauHs (ist' At an* rate it !i"es one a fair(* c(ear i ea of the a "ances ma e b* J on the c(assic infiniti"e i iom' +ome "erbs sti(( share the &artici&(e )ith J% but not "erbs of sho)in!' These no (on!er a&&ear in the =' T' )ith the &artici&(e'. +o )ith J note 6,5 (Heb' .;,F)< 505 (Mk' ,:;6)' Cf' Ac' ,F;/:% 505 an +5' +o a(so 3,95 (Ju' K;.K)< 3,7! (Ac' ,9;K)< X075 (Ro' K;/,)< !!5 (Ac' /8;.,)< /05 (Mk' /;,:)' -esi es some "erbs a&&ear )ith either J% the infiniti"e or the &artici&(e' Thus +5 (Mt' 9;/,< Bo' ,/;,?< Ju' 6;/.)< 95 (Mt' /,;69< Heb' ,8;.6< Ju' ?;6:)< 7b! (Ro' ?;,?< / Cor' ,8;/ both inf' an &art')< A (Ac' ,:;.< Ju' 6;6,< / Cor' ,/;/)< /!5 (Mt' K;/. un(ess recitati"e J< Tit' ,;,:< / Bo' K)' In Ac' /K;,8 )e fin J use )ith the infiniti"e 27uite irre!u(ar(*3 -(ass, ca((s it' -ut it is #ust the c(assic min!(in! of t)o constructions seen in the more usua( form in Ac' ,6;//% )here a chan!e is ma e from the inf' to J an :' Different "erbs ha "ar*in! histories in the matter of J' It )as not a mere a(ternati"e )ith man*' 5ith +5% for instance% J is the usua( i iom' The same thin! is true )ith 95, A, 5, !7b5, ,5' -ut )ith -!7% in c(assica( 0reek a(most a()a*s )ith the infiniti"e (Ro' .;?)% )e t)ice ha"e J (, Cor' ,8;,F< ,9;98)' For J an then the inf' see Mk' ?;/? f' The substanti"e nature of the J c(ause is )e(( sho)n in , Th' .;:' Ra ermacher (%. '. Gr.% &' ,9F) cites JNX,0 from Prok(usH In rem publ.% II% //9% //' The J c(ause is often ca((e an ob#ect c(ause an ma* be in the nominati"e or in the accusati"e' ( 'he Infinitive' 5ith some "erbs )e ha"e on(* sin!(e instances of the infiniti"e of in ir' iscourse in the =' T' +o )ith 65 (Ac' /9;/6)< 95 (Heb' ,8;.6)< !6! (Ac' /9;/9)< .! (Ph' .;?)< 5 (Heb' ,,;.)' &,07! has it on(* thrice (Ju' /8;K< Ac' /9;6)' +ee a(so +,5 (Ac' ,/;,6)< +,0! (Ju' //;.6)< 07b! (Ac' ,/;,9)< *5 (Heb' F;?)< 3,! (Mk' ,6;,,< Ac' K;9)< 3,!00! (, Pet' 9;,/)< 075 (Mk' ,6;:6)< !005 (Ac' ,8;6.)< ,0! (Ro' .;F)< ,05 (Ac' .;,?)< !75 (Ac' ,,;/?)< 0!7b5 (Ju' /;/:)' +ome of these are )or s that are not use )ith an* construction "er* often% some occur on(* )ith the infiniti"e% (ike 3,5 (Ac' ,?;/?)< ,05 (Ac' .;9< /?;:)< X,07! (Ju' /8;/8)< X,5 (Ac' ,.;/9< /K;/K)' There is% besi es% the inf' )ith 6!, 5, 5% etc'% more e1act(* the sim&(e ob#ect inf' Other "erbs that ha"e occasiona((* the inf' are in the (ist !i"en un er ()% those )ith either J or the inf' (ike +0! (Heb' ,,;/6)< 0-5 (Ac' ,?;/K)< 5 (Ac' ,8;/?)< 5 (Ju' ,,;,)< !00! (Ac' ,?;9)< 75 (Ac' ,:;,6' Cf' = in Ju' /6;69)< 47b! (Ac' ,6;,9)% !65 (Re"' .;,?)' In Juke an Pau( the inf' of in ir' iscourse is fair(* common )ith 5 (Ju' F;,?% /8% etc' Cf' Mt' ,/;/6< Mk' .;/?) an )ith !7b5 (Ju' /;66< Ac' K;/9% etc')' In the o( 0reek the inf' )as the fa"ourite construction in in irect iscourse'/ The Jatin ha it in a(( its !(or*% but the !ra ua( isa&&earance of the inf' from (ate 0reek ma e it )ither a)a*' In ee % it )as a com&arati"e(* (ate e"e(o&ment in 0reek an*ho) an is rare in Homer', It is not eas* to ra) the (ine bet)een 6! an 5 )ith
% Ib., p. %%. 1 Gr. of <. !. Gk., p. %%. &f. Good3in, :. and !., p. .2. 1 :onro, Hom. Gr., p. 1. .

the inf' on the one han an 5 an !7b5 )ith the inf' on the other'/ At bottom the construction is the same' The 7uestion of the case of the substanti"e or a #ecti"e use )ith this inf' is not "ita( to the i iom' It is rea((* a misnomer to ca(( it 2the accusati"e an infiniti"e'3 That is% in fact% more fre7uent(* the case foun )ith this inf'% but it is so% not because the i iom ca((s for it per se% but sim&(* because the infiniti"e can ha"e no sub#ect% not bein! a finite "erb (cf' the &artici&(e)' Hence )hen a noun (not the ob#ect) occurs )ith the inf' in in ir' iscourse it is &ut in the accusati"e of !enera( reference% if there is no )or in the sentence in another case for it natura((* to a!ree )ith b* a&&osition' This matter )as iscusse un er Cases% but )i(( bear some re&etition at this &oint since it is so often misun erstoo ' C(* e. correct(* sees that% since the inf' itse(f is in a case an is non@finite% it cannot ha"e a sub#ect' Monro6 thinks that the accusati"e )as a (ate e"e(o&ment to assist the 2"irtua(3 &re ication of the (ater inf' +ometimes this acc' itse(f is the irect ob#ect of the &rinci&a( "erb (so "erbs of askin!% etc')' 0i( ers(ee"e has a &ertinent )or ; 2I (ook )ith amaDement at the retention Zb* Cauer in his Grammatica 1ilitans[ of CurtiusH utter(* unsatisfactor*% utter(* inor!anic e1&(anation of the acc' c' inf' in oratio obli<ua% a!ainst )hich I &roteste *ears a!o (,. 6. P.% X$II% ,?F:% 9,K); M J / =0 37 becomes M W =0 J 37% but J 37[3 (,. 6. P.% XXXIII% 6% &' 6?F)' To !o no further% 0i( ers(ee"e sho)s that the J construction is later than the acc' c' inf' -ut the !rammarians )ent astra* an ca((e this accusati"e the 2sub#ect3 of the inf'% an % )hen some other case a&&ears )ith the inf'% it is an 2e1ce&tion3 to the ru(es of the !rammarians% thou!h in &erfect harmon* )ith the !enius of the 0reek inf' E"en Mou(ton9 sa*s; 2In c(assica( 0reek% as an* fifth@form bo* for!ets at his &eri(% the nominati"e is use re!u(ar(* instea of the accusati"e as sub#ect to the infiniti"e )hen the sub#ect of the main "erb is the same'3 =o)% there is no oubt about the &resence of the nominati"e in such an instance' -ut )h* sa* 2instea of the accusati"e34 The nominati"e is norma( an natura( in such a construction' This construction &robab(*% a(most certain(*% ante ate the accusati"e )ith the inf': 5e sti(( meet it in the =' T' The o( est i iom )as to ha"e no noun )ith the inf'% as in Ju' /6;/.% 2 R,7 +5 d50' The conte1t makes it &erfect(* c(ear that the )or R,7 is the ob#ect of d50 an the rest is matter of eas* inference' Cf' Ac' /:;F ()ith :)< Bas' /;,6< , Bo' /;:% F< Tit' ,;,:' In the ma#orit* of cases in the =' T'
Good3in, :. and !., p. .(. &lyde &5M67, J., Greek "ynta> ?1$2.@. % Gk. "ynt., p. 1%(. 4 Hom. Gr., p. 1. . &auer &#C78, Grammatica :ilitans. %d ed. ?1(1 @. &urtius &C8!IC", G., Greek 7tymology. 4ols. ?1$$.@.

;;;, +tu ien Dur !riech' un (at' 0rammatik ?1$.$D1$2$@. 5 0rol., p. 1 . . :onro, Hom. Gr., p. 1. .

the noun is not re&eate or referre to in the &re icate' +o in Ju' /8;K )e ha"e +,07 !1 D% but in Ac' /9;6 [ +,07 0: W #= D 07, dW K !' It is eas* to see )h* #= has to be in the acc' if e1&resse at a((' 5e cou( ha"e ha 4* rather than d* )hich &robab(* is #ust co@ or inate )ith #=' Cf' 01 A in Ac' ,?;,9< Mt' ,F;/, A% Ph' 6;,, ! 40 A% )here the &rinci&(e is the same% thou!h not technica((* in irect iscourse< it is the &re icate nominati"e' +o )ith 6!, 5, b5% etc' The &ersona( construction is a !oo i((ustration of the nominati"e' Cf' Heb' ,,;6% 3!00" A 7' The nominati"e occurs a(so in Ro' ,;//% - A -7' +ee further Ro' F;.< , Cor' .;,?< ?;/< ,6;.K< / Cor' ,8;/< Heb' 9;,/< Bas' ,;/:< Bo' K;6 (5' H' te1t)' In a case (ike Ju' /8;/8 7 A is ine"itab(e because of X,0!' -ut there are a !oo man* e1am&(es in the =' T' )here the nominati"e cou( ha"e been &ro&er(* retaine an )here the accusati"e has cre&t in% &erha&s o)in! to a ten enc* to)ar s uniformit* rather than to an* s&ecia( Jatin inf(uence as -(ass su&&ose ', Mou(ton/ notes the same ten enc* in the " outsi e of Jatin inf(uence' Mou(ton (Prol.% &' /6F) refers to Vsch*(us% P' $' /:? f'% )ith the note of +*kes an 5*nne@5i(son% an to A amHs note on P(ato% ,pol.% .: -'% for c(assica( e1am&(es of acc' )ith inf' )here nom' cou( ha"e occurre ' Cf' Ro' :;,,% X!: 7b d@ A 0' It is rare in the c(assica( 0reek for the accusati"e to occur in such sentences'. The =' T' un oubte (* sho)s an increase of the acc' )here the nominati"e )as the ru(e for the o( er 0reek' +o Ro' /;,F% ,, W /W A -<% )here 4* (cf' Ro' F;.) )ou( ha"e been sufficient' Cf' a(so Ac' 9;.: (cf' ?;F) 5 A7 d*% (Ph' .;,.) 3? 3!W Z,5 7b! -% (Heb' ,8;.6) 9 d@ 07 q,0F% (E&h' 6;//) +, X!Y (some istance from the "erb 3)' +ee a(so Ac' /,;,< Ro' ,;/8 f' -(ass% &' /.?% thinks that in / Cor' K;,, the c(ass' 0reek )ou( ha"e ha I% not A' E"en so% but the =' T' has A' An e1am&(e (ike Ju' /8;/8 (see abo"e) is har (* &ertinent% since the &artici&(e on )hich the inf' e&en s is itse(f in the accusati"e' Cf' Ju' :;6', In Ac' /9;/,% = # 3,! 0: 4*% the &ronoun cou( ha"e been assimi(ate to the case of # l4=m' +o a(so in Re"' /;F< .;F% < *5 k7 A d ( ifferent or er in .;F)' 5e fin the same (ack of assimi(ation in Ac' //;,K% !N!N!% an in /9;/K !N,!, an in Heb' /;,8 4QN+*' In / Pet' .;.% 9 is ue to anaco(uthon (cf' ,;/8) as )ith +,N (, Pet' /;,, f') an )ith *! (/ Cor' ?;/8)' +o Ju' ,;K6 .!: x% 9;K ! 3*' The 0reek of the =' T' i sometimes ha"e assimi(ation of case as in Ac' ,:;/,% ` 4 F .!: ,0 4K ,: 5!7 G' +o a(so ,9;/9% F .!: ! /!!W 3F! (p mar!in of 5' H') ,! (cf' accusati"e retaine in "erse //% 3F!)' Cf' a(so Ju' ,;.< F;9F< / Pet' /;/,' Contrast F ! of Ju' ,;. )ith LF 3!Q of Ac' /:;F' The same situation a&&(ies to the cases )ith the articu(ar infiniti"e' Cf' Mt' /:;./% !8 W 30[7 ! ,0F5' Here the ! is not necessar* an 4* cou( ha"e been
1 Gr. of the Gk. <. !., p. %$ f. 0rol., p. 1 f. % 'lass, Gr. of <. !. Gk., p. %2. 1 "ee also 5u. %G , XW A.

use ' +o )ith Ju' /;6% 8 W A 4*' The 4* is su&erf(uous% as in Heb' K;/6'/ Cf' Ju' ,8;.9% 3? 3 Q 3,07 ! +,95 ' +ee further Ju' ,;9K< /;/,< /6;.8< Ac' ,?;.' It is eas* to sho) from this use of the articu(ar inf' that the inf' has no &ro&er 2sub#ect'3 The accusati"e is ue to other reasons' Take Ju' /;/K% 3 Q D: @ : W ,7 k=% )here the conte1t makes &(ain that ,7 is the ob#ect of D: an : the acc' of !enera( reference' The artic(e Q must be consi ere in e1&(ainin! this instance' Cf' Ju' ,?;9< Ac' ,;.< /K;6< Heb' 9;,/ (three accusati"es in 5' H'Hs te1t)' The acc' )ith the inf' )as norma( )hen the substanti"e )ith the inf' )as ifferent from the sub#ect of the &rinci&a( "erb' Cf' Ro' .;?% -7 .!Y J (note inf' after -!7% an J after 5% but it is recitati"e J)' In Ju' /6;/.% 4W b[% )e see 5 )ith the acc' an inf' T*&ica( e1am&(es are seen in Mt' ,K;6% * 3 .!Y ^ A% Ac' ,/;,6< ,6;,F< ,:;,.< /6;,9< , Pet' .;,K< 9;,/< , Cor' ,6;9< Heb' F;?' +ee further $erba( As&ects of Inf'% (d)% in ne1t cha&ter' The tense of the ori!ina( is &reser"e in the inf' as a ru(e' A case (ike Mt' ,6;K% P!* 4n = ` 38 D"% ma* seem a bit isconcertin! since in the irect iscourse in Mk' :;/. )e fin 95' -ut the future is aoristic an*ho)' The (ine bet)een in ir' iscourse an the sim&(e ob#ect inf' is not shar&(* ra)n' Cf' Ac' /.;,/' In Ju' /8;:% ,,! 0 3 k5 ,0-" A% the inf' re&resents 2 of the irect' There )as no he(& for this% since there is no im&erfect inf' The future inf' in in ir' iscourse is rare% but see Bo' /,;/9< Ac' /.;.8 (see Tenses)' E1am&(es of the &erfect inf' in this i iom occur in Ac' ,/;,6< ,6;,F< ,:;/K< /9;/9< Heb' F;?' Cf' /!: D-% P' O1*' .K (A'D' 6F)' There is (itt(e more to sa*' The use of = an the inf' as sub#ect has been note (&&' FF:% ,88/)' +ee = 3:% Ju' ,K;,% )here 8 is the acc' of !enera( reference )hi(e this !eniti"e inf' is itse(f in the nominati"e case' +ee a(so Ac' ,8;/9' 5e o not ha"e )ith the inf' in in ir' iscourse' In / Cor' ,8;F% !1 *F5 P e 3-6:% )e ha"e P RNas if'H It is not the in a&o osis' =est(e in his =' T' !i"es at , Pet' 9;? b< 7 ,:% but sure(* 8 is the correct accent' 5' H' &(aces e"en this in the mar!in' +outer &rints 8% e&artin! from R' $' )hich has ' -ut Ra ermacher (%. '. Gr.% &' ,6K) cites Ca((inicus in +ita Hypatii% 9K% ,/% ,= X0:% an ,,.% ,,% 7 ,[ (cf' 0erman Was tun/)' It ma* be )orth )hi(e to a that fre7uent(*
:oulton, 0rol., p. 1 . &f. Neitlin, !he #ccusati4e 3ith Inf. and some *indred &onstr. in 7ng. ?1(,$@. <estle <7"!57, 7., EinfAhrun! in as !riech' =' T' /' Auf(' ?1$((@. Introd. to the !e>tual &rit. of the <. !. ?!r. 1(,1@. ;;;, =o"um Testamentum 0raece. $th ed. ?1(1,@. ;;;, "eptuagint ?Hastings= 6. '., 1(, @. ;;;, +e&tua!inta@+tu ien. ID9 ?1$$.D1(,2@. ;;;, Num neutest. Griechisch ?N. <. E., 4ii, 1(,.@. "outer "BC!78, #., =o"um Testamentum 0raece ?1(1,@. !he 8e4isers= !e>t 3ith a <e3 #pparatus &riticus.

)e meet an inf' e&en ent on an inf' (cf' inf' on &art' in Ju' /8;/8)' I ha"e notice the i iom in Juke% Pau(% Mk'% Heb' Cf' Ju' :;,/% 3F: 4W D W I0 ,0F% )here the first is in in irect iscourse% an Ac' ,?;/% 8 W 507b , @ k7% )here the secon is in irect iscourse (in ir' comman )' Cf' Ro' ,9;?' ( 'he Participle' Mi (eton, su!!ests that the use of the &artici&(e in in ir' iscourse is o( er than the inf' This ma* be true% since in the +anskrit it e"e(o&e much more ra&i (* than the inf' -ut there )ere cross@currents at )ork in in irect iscourse' Bust as the inf' )as circumscribe b* the ec(arati"e J% so the &artici&(e )as (imite b* J or the infiniti"e' Thus "erbs of sho)in! (7!, *5) an of manifestin! (-0*5) no (on!er occur )ith the &artici&(e in the =' T' Ho)e"er% )e ha"e the &artici&(e )ith -7! (Na&&earH)% as in Mt' :;,:' -esi es% the &artici&(e has isa&&eare from use )ith D!, !5, !!, 7!' The &artici&(es )ith !5 in , Tim' 9;,. are a itiona( statements% as the Re"ise $ersion correct(* trans(ates' 5ith the inf' !5 means Nto (earn ho)%H not Nto (earn that'H Cf' Ph' 6;,,< Tit' .;,6' -ut some "erbs in the =' T' sti(( ha"e the &artici&(e in in ir' iscourse' The* are "erbs of &erce&tion b* the senses (hearin!% seein!% kno)in!)' In the ancient 0reek the nominati"e )as use )hen the &artici&(e referre to the sub#ect of the "erb' Thus /0< .!09 meant NI see that I ha"e sinne 'H In the =' T'% ho)e"er% )e ha"e ec(arati"e J in such c(auses (Mk' 9;/F< , Bo' .;,6)', $iteau/ ri!ht(* insists on a rea( ifference bet)een the &artici&ia( conce&tion an the ec(arati"e J or the inf' If the i ea is one of inte((ectua( a&&rehension mere(*% an o&inion or #u !ment% )e ha"e /0< J (Bas' /;/6)' If it is a rea( e1&erience% the &artici&(e occurs as in Mk' ?;/6% P 0 /0< ,0,=' +o in Ac' ?;/.% D ! /0< I' There is somethin! in this istinction' Cf' 6,5 J (Bas' /;//)% but the &artici&(e in Heb' /;F% k= 3-5!' In Mk' ?;/6 )e ha"e J )ith 6,5 an the &art' )ith /0<' The rea(istic 7ua(it* of the &art' is fine(* brou!ht out in Mk' F;,% L5 e 5 1 67 = = 3: 3 !' =ote the tense as in Ju' ,8;,?% 390 W YN,*' Cf' F;6F< /,;/8< Ac' ,,;,.< ,K;,:' +ee Bo' ,F;..% P A M 4W *' The tense of the irect is &reser"e ' +ee for 505% Mk' ,:;6 an Ju' /6;.F% ? 3!K 50: ' For 3,7! take Ac' ,9;K an /6;,8' Cf' a(so !!5 )ith J (Ac' /8;.,) an the &art' (/ Tim' /;?)' It is "er* c(ear in X075 (see J in Ro' K;/,) )hich% as in c(assic 0reek% is common(* use )ith the &artici&(e'
:iddleton :I6657!B<, #nalogy in "ynta> ?1$( @. ;;;, !he 6octrine of the Greek #rticle ?1$55@. 1 #nalogy in "ynt., p. .4. 1 'lass, Gr. of <. !. Gk., p. 4.. 9iteau 9I!7#C, J., Essai sur (a s*nta1e es "oi1 ans (e !rec u =' T' ?8e4. de 0hil., 1$(4@. ;;;, Mtu e sur (e !rec u =' T' I, 5e 9erbe ?1$(%@) II, 5e "ujet ?1$(.@. Je $erbe, p. 5% f.

+ee Mt' ,;,?< ,/;66< Ju' /.;/< Ac' F;/' In Mt' ,;,? )e ha"e the &assi"e construction X0 ' In Ju' /.;/ )e fin three &artici&(es' o!b5 in the =' T' has on(* the inf' (Ro' ,;/?) an the &artici&(e (/ Cor' ?;//)' +o )ith .! (Ph' /;:< .;K)' Cf' a(so ! ,0S! (Ju' ,6;,?)' In / Bo' K note the &art' )ith /!5' In "erse 6% ,0,= )ith X075% the case a!rees on(* in sense )ith 3 < 5' The ifference bet)een J )ith A (Ac' /.;9) an the &art' is c(ear (/ Cor' ,/;/)% thou!h this is the on(* instance of the &art' )ith this "erb' It &refers J% but ma* ha"e the inf' (Ju' 6;6,)' The ifference is e"en c(earer in 95' +ee J in Mt' /,;69% the inf' in Heb' ,8;.6' The usua( i iom is J% but note Ju' ?;6:% 5 ! 3F: +,] 3!=% )here Christ thus !ra&hica((* escribes the terrib(e ner"ous (oss from his hea(in! )ork' He fe(t the &o)er 2!one3 out of him' In our "ernacu(ar )e s&eak of a sense of 2!oneness'3 +ee a(so Ac' ,F;.9< Heb' ,.;/.' -ut see Mk' 9;/F% 5 Q 9! J ' In Mk' 9;.8 3,95 has the attributi"e &artici&(e after it' &5 a(so occurs )ith ec(arati"e J (Mt' 9;/,< ./ times)% the inf' (Bo' ,/;,?< , Cor' ,,;,?) or the &art' (Ac' K;,/< ,6;F< . Bo' 6< / Th' .;,,% etc')' These e1am&(es ha"e the accusati"e )hen the thin! is un erstoo ' -(ass, curious(* ca((s the acc' incorrect in Ac' F;6< /:;,6' The !eniti"e )ith -5" oes occur in ,,;K< //;K' -(ass has an o"errefinement on this &oint' As )ith the acc' construction of the &art' )ith +5% so most of the !eniti"e e1am&(es are foun in the Acts' +o /;:< :;,,< ,6;F% etc' -ut see a(so Mk' ,/;/?% + 4< b5' +o ,6;9?< Ju' ,?;.:< Bo' ,;.K' The &erfect &art' in this construction is seen in Ju' ?;6:< Bo' ,F;..% etc' For the aorist see Ju' ,8;,?' In Mk' :;? )e ha"e oratio variata' The sentence starts )ith H an conc(u es )ith the inf' Hence the &art' X,! is construe )ith the inf' +ee the acc' &art' in Re"' 6;6 as e1&(aine b* A in "erse ,% thou!h D an the nominati"e ha"e come bet)een' ( 3' One har (* kno)s )hether to treat this construction as in irect iscourse or not' It is a c(ear imitation of the Hebre) an is common in the JXX )ith t)o constructions' It is either 3 7 )ith finite "erb (or 3 ) as in 0en' /6;.8< /F;,.< Bosh' 9;,% etc')% or )e ha"e as*n eton% 3 &(us finite "erb (0en' //;,< /6;69% etc')' For 3 )e often fin 3" (, +am' 6;,< ,,;,% etc')' This as*n eton is a(so common in the future as )ith finite "erb (Is' F;,:< ,8;/8% /K% etc')' This construction is 7uote a fe) times in the =' T' (Ac' /;,K% /,< Ro' F;/:) from the JXX' For 7 see E1' ,.;,, f' 5' F' Mou(ton/ has &ointe out that the i iom occurs )hen the &rinci&a( sentence has some note of time' B'

&hrist &H8I"!, E., 0eschichte er !riech' Jiteratur bis auf ie Ceit Bustinians' 6' Auf(' (,F89)' 9' Auf(' ?1(1%@. 1 Gr. of <. !. Gk., p. 4.. :oulton :BC5!B<, E. -., and G767<, #. "., # &oncordance to the Greek !estament ?1$(2@. E.+:., p. 2.,, n. .

H' Mou(ton. 7uotes Dri"er (Tenses% \ K?) as escribin! the construction in a simi(ar fashion% 2a c(ause s&ecif*in! the circumstances un er )hich an action takes &(ace'3 A(( the e1am&(es of these t)o constructions in Juke fit this escri&tion' Juke has in the 0os&e( e(e"en of the 3 7 e1am&(es an t)ent*@t)o of the 7 3 t*&e' For 3 7 see Ju' ,K;,,< )ithout the secon 7 ,K;,6' +ee in &articu(ar Ju' ? an F' It is fre7uent(* the case that Juke has 3 Q an the inf' )ith the i iom' +o F;9,% 3 K 3 Q !,0=N 4W 3"0' Here is a(most e7ui"a(ent to J' +o 3 3 Q ANA, (,,;,)' 5e ha"e 3 7 a(so in Mt' F;,8' The form 3 Mou(ton, counts outsi e of Juke on(* t)ice in Mark an fi"e times in Matthe) )ith the &hrase 3 J 3' Cf' Mt' K;/?' Mou(ton is
:oulton :BC5!B<, J. H., # Grammar of <. !. Greek. 9ol. I, 0rolegomena ?1(,.@. %d ed. ?1(,$@. ;;;, &haracteristics of <. !. Greek ?!he 7>positor, 1(,4@. ;;;, Ein(eitun! in ie +&rache es =' T' ?1(11@. ;;;, Grammatical <otes from the 0apyri ?!he 7>positor, 1(,1, pp. 21D $ ) 1(,%, pp. 1,4D1 1, 4 %D4%(. !he &lassical 8e4ie3, 1(,1, pp. %1D%2, 4%4D441) 1(,4, pp. 1,.D 11 , 151D155@. ;;;, Introduction to <. !. Greek ?1$(5@. d ed. ?1(,4@. ;;;, 5anguage of &hrist ?Hastings= Bne+4ol. 6. '., 1(,(@. ;;;, <. !. Greek in the 5ight of :odern 6isco4ery ?&ambr. 'ibl. 7ssays, 1(,(, pp. 4.1D 5,5@. ;;;, !he "cience of 5anguage ?1(,%@. % 0rol., p. 1.. :oulton :BC5!B<, J. H., # Grammar of <. !. Greek. 9ol. I, 0rolegomena ?1(,.@. %d ed. ?1(,$@. ;;;, &haracteristics of <. !. Greek ?!he 7>positor, 1(,4@. ;;;, Ein(eitun! in ie +&rache es =' T' ?1(11@. ;;;, Grammatical <otes from the 0apyri ?!he 7>positor, 1(,1, pp. 21D $ ) 1(,%, pp. 1,4D1 1, 4 %D4%(. !he &lassical 8e4ie3, 1(,1, pp. %1D%2, 4%4D441) 1(,4, pp. 1,.D 11 , 151D155@. ;;;, Introduction to <. !. Greek ?1$(5@. d ed. ?1(,4@. ;;;, 5anguage of &hrist ?Hastings= Bne+4ol. 6. '., 1(,(@. ;;;, <. !. Greek in the 5ight of :odern 6isco4ery ?&ambr. 'ibl. 7ssays, 1(,(, pp. 4.1D 5,5@. ;;;, !he "cience of 5anguage ?1(,%@.

concerne to sho) a!ainst Da(man that the i iom is not +emitic' He a mits the Hebraism in 3 7% but oubts as to 3 (as*n eton)' -ut sure(* the JXX has (eft its mark in this &oint a(so' The JXX oes not ha"e 3 (or 7) an the infiniti"e (but cf' / Macc' .;,: 2N09)' In the =' T' )e fin it in Mt' ,?;,.< Mk' /;,9< fi"e times in Juke an se"enteen times in Acts' Cf' X!: 7 0:% P' Par' /: (-'C' ,:.G/)' The other t)o constructions are absent from the Acts% sho)in! that in the 0os&e( Juke )as more irect(* usin! +emitic sources or imitatin! the JXX on the &oint' -ut e"en so inf' )ith 3 is not ancient 0reek% )hich use 6' 5e o ha"e 6 an the inf' in Ac' /,;.9' The mo ern Athenian "ernacu(ar has 6 J )hi(e the countr* istricts/ use ' Mou(ton fin s the inf' )ith 7 in the &a&*ri an ri!ht(* sees in the "ernacu(ar " the ori!in of this i iom' There is no essentia( ifference bet)een the inf' )ith 7 an 3' Cf' Ac' F;./< ,:;,:< F;./% .K% 6.< ,,;/:% etc' Outsi e of Juke (0os&e( an Acts) the inf' )ith 3 is confine to Mk' /;/.% )hich Mou(ton ca((s 2a &rimiti"e assimi(ation of Ju' :;,'3 +ee Ac' ,8;/9% 3 = D:' This is Mou(tonHs &resentation% )hich is certain(* more #ust than the mere escri&tion of 2Hebraism3 for a(( these constructions'. 5e o not ha"e the J c(ause )ith 7 or 3 in the =' T' (# Indirect -uestions' ( 'ense' +ee (c) un er In irect Discourse' It ma* here be sim&(* state that )hen the &rinci&a( "erb is &rimar* no chan!e in tense occurs' 5hen it is secon ar*% sti(( no chan!e a&&ears as a ru(e% thou!h occasiona((* one oes see it% as in Bo' /;/9< :;:< ,?;./' -ut note 3, ,= Y (Mt' /;6)< 390 ,= (Mk' ,9;6K)' Cf' Ac' ,8;,?' =ote ifference bet)een &resent &erfect in Mk' ,9;66 an the aorist in the same "erse' For the future in ' see Bo' /,;,F< Mk' ,,;,.' ( 1ode' It is on(* necessar* to sa* that as a ru(e the same mo e is retaine in the in irect 7uestion that )as in the irect' Thus see Mk' 9;,6< ,9;6K< Ju' ?;.:< /.;99< Ac' ,8;/F% )here the in icati"e occurs' 5e ha"e the in ' after secon ar* as )e(( as &rimar* tenses' This is the common i iom in the =' T' as in the "' In a(( instances )here a sub#' a&&ears in this construction it is ue to the fact that the sub#' )ou( ha"e been &resent in the irect ( e(iberati"e sub#')' =ote 7 -5!$ in Mt' :;., an 7 - (:;/9)' +ee a(so ,= !$ of Bo' ,;.? an A ,= ! of "erse .F for the retention
:BC5!B<, E. -., and G767<, #. "., # &oncordance to the Greek !estament ?1$(2@. :BC5!B< and :I55IG#<, 5e>ical <otes from the 0apyri ?!he 7>pos., 1(,$;@. ;;;, !he 9ocabulary of the <. !. Illustrated from the 0apyri and other <on+5iterary "ources. 0art I ?1(14@, II, III. 1 Ib. 6alman 6#5:#<, G., 0rammatik es #A isch@&a(Estinischen AramEisch ?1$(4@. ;;;, Eorte Jesu ?1(, @. ;;;, !he Eords of Jesus ?1(, @. !ranslation by 6. :. *ay. Ib., p. 12. % #s in 'urton, <. !. :. and !., p. 14 f.

of the in icati"e' The Jatin chan!e the in ' to the sub#' in in irect 7uestions% but the 0reek i not' This e(iberati"e sub#' occurs after &rimar* tenses as in Ju' F;9?% 4 ,= 1 -1 7S% an after secon ar* tenses a(so as in Mk' F;:% 4 80 i 7 +,0n' Cf' a(so Mk' :;.:< Ju' 9;,F< ,/;.:' +o a(so the o&tati"e occurs a fe) times )here it )as in the irect' This is the construction )ith )hich has a(rea * been iscusse t)ice' +ee Ac' ,K;,?% 7 e % for the irect form% an Ju' ,;:/% 7 C % for the in irect' Cf' Ju' F;6:< Ac' 9;/6' In / Tim' /;/9% !" , { (5' H' ha"e 9S in mar!in)% )e ha"e the o&tati"e )ithout after a &rimar* tense if { be correct' Mou(ton, consi ers the sub#' here a 2s*ntactica( necessit*'3 5e nee not mora(iDe% therefore% on this instance of the o&tati"e e"en if it is !enuine' Ra ermacher (%eut. Gr.% &' ,./) sho)s that the Atticists fre7uent(* use the o&t' after a &rimar* tense% as co&*ists often fai( to catch the s&irit of a thin!' The &a&*ri (ib.) ha"e some i((ustrations of the same i iom' The other e1am&(es of the o&t' in in irect 7uestions are a(( after secon ar* tenses an the chan!e is ma e from an in icati"e or a sub#' to the o&tati"e' These e1am&(es a(( occur in Juke' As instances of the o&t' )here the irect ha the in ' see Ju' ,;/F< .;,9< ,?;.:' +ee Ac' /,;.. for both mo es' In Ac' ,K;/K% D 0 -"% the o&t' re&resents a sub#' )ith 3 after a &rimar* tense' +o in Ac' /K;,/' In no instance )here the o&t' )ithout occurs in the in irect iscourse is it necessar*' In a(( these e1am&(es the in icati"e or the sub#' cou( ha"e been retaine ' The infiniti"e )ith 7 in , Pet' 9;? is rea b* =est(e% but not b* 5' H' or +outer' +ee un er (f)% (6)' ( Interro#ative Pronouns and Con0unctions ;sed' One notes at once the absence of J in this construction% the common c(assic i iom' 5e o ha"e J once in Ac' F;:% "7 J : ,:' E(se)here the most usua( &ronoun is 7 an 7 as in Ac' ,8;/F< /,;..' 5e e"en ha"e 7 7 0S in Mk' ,9;/6 ( oub(e interro!ati"e)' Tischen orf rea s 7 7 in Ju' ,F;,9% but 5' H' ha"e on(* 7' This oub(e use a&&ears rare(* in the o( er 0reek'/ As a ru(e the istinction bet)een 7 an J is &re@ser"e in in irect 7uestions% as in Bo' ,.;/6 (cf' ,.;,/)' The occasiona( confusion bet)een 7 an J )as iscusse un er Pronouns' +ee , Tim' ,;K an Bas' .;,.' =o) an then the
1 0rol., pp. 55, 1(%. &f. 'urton, <. !. :. and !., p. 1%4. 8adermacher 8#678:#&H78, 5., =eut' 0rammatik' Das 0riechisch es =' T' im Cusammenhan! mit er $o(kss&rache ?1(11@. <estle <7"!57, 7., EinfAhrun! in as !riech' =' T' /' Auf(' ?1$((@. Introd. to the !e>tual &rit. of the <. !. ?!r. 1(,1@. ;;;, =o"um Testamentum 0raece. $th ed. ?1(1,@. ;;;, "eptuagint ?Hastings= 6. '., 1(, @. ;;;, +e&tua!inta@+tu ien. ID9 ?1$$.D1(,2@. ;;;, Num neutest. Griechisch ?N. <. E., 4ii, 1(,.@. "outer "BC!78, #., =o"um Testamentum 0raece ?1(1,@. !he 8e4isers= !e>t 3ith a <e3 #pparatus &riticus. 9iteau, Je $erbe, p. .$.

sim&(e re(ati"e &ronoun or a "erb is use in an in irect 7uestion% as )as true of c(assica( 0reek a(so' +o Mk' 9;,F f' J% Ju' ?;6K ] D7% Ac' ,9;,6 9% , Th' ,;9 % an the "arious e1am&(es of P iscusse in connection )ith In irect Assertions (Ju' ?;6K< Ac' ,8;/?% .?% etc') )hich are more (ike(* to be un erstoo in the sense of Nho)%H an so in irect 7uestions' Cf' Ju' :;. f' (J an P)% Mt' ,8;,F (" ,< O 7 ") Ju' ,K;? (7)' Other interro!ati"e )or s use are ,= (Mt' /;6)% ,* (Bo' ?;,6)% ,: (Re"' .;.)% ,* (Ju' ,/;.:)% ,< (Ju' ?;.:)% ,7 (0a(' :;,,)% ,* (Mt' ,:;F)% ,,* (Ju' ,;/F)' The corre(ati"e )or s% besi es the (one instance of J in Ac' F;:% are J,5 (Ju' /6;/8)% /,: (, Th' ,;F)' In Mk' ,6;,6 (Ju' //;,,) ,=N J, -5$ most (ike(* the J, c(ause is an in irect 7uestion )ith the e(iberati"e sub#'% but it ma* be the "o(iti"e sub#' sim&(*' There are &(ent* of instances of D in in irect 7uestions (see Con itiona( +entences) as in Mk' ,9;66 after !b5 an 3,055< Ju' ,6;/? after -7b5< ,6;., after 6!< Mt' /:;:. after A,< /K;6F after /05< Mk' .;/ after ,005< Bo' F;/9 after A< Ac' 6;,F after 075< ,8;,? after ,!< ,F;/ after +5< / Cor' /;F after 95< ,.;9 after ,0b5' There are% besi es% those &assa!es, )here a )or is su&&resse % (ike Mk' ,,;,.< E&h' .;/< Ph' .;,/< / Th' /;,9' +ee a(so the o&tati"e )ith D in Ac' ,K;/K< /9;/8< /K;,/' This is a(( 7uite c(assica( an !i"es no troub(e' 5e fin !" a(so use (ike an in irect 7uestion after ,5 (cf' &' FF9) )ith the in ' (Ju' ,,;.9) an !" , after 7b! )ith the o&t' (Ju' .;,9)' In Bo' K;,K an a(ternati"e in irect 7uestion occurs )ith ,*0NM' The on(* other a(ternati"e construction in an in irect 7uestion is in / Cor' ,/;/ f' after A% an is N ' In a(( these &oints the =' T' is in harmon* )ith the "' The use of 7 )ith the sub#' (Mk' :;.:) or the future in ' (Ac' /9;/: &ossib(* sub#' aor') ma* be com&are )ith ,= after 5 in Ju' F;9?' In Co(' 6;: ,< after D is to be istin!uishe from the use of the inf' after A (Nkno) ho) to o'H Cf' Ju' ,,;,.)' In Mk' /;/6% 7 ,=$ the is &robab(* #ust the inter#ection as in Mt' /9;/9' For the acc' an the in ' 7uestion si e b* si e see Mt' ,:;F' ( 'he ,rticle -ith Indirect .uestions' This c(assica( i iom a&&ears in Juke an Pau(' +ee W 7 (Ju' ,;:/)% W 7 (F;6:)% W ,< (//;6)' +o Pau( has W ,< in , Th' 6;, an W 7 in Ro' ?;/: (cf' 7 * in ?;/K)' +ee a(so Ju' //;/. f'< Ac' 6;/,< //;.8' The substanti"e nature of the in irect 7uestion is )e(( sho)n a(so in Bo' 6;,8' Cf' Ju' /6;,F f' (h Indirect Co$$and. As a(rea * e1&(aine % this construction is some)hat "a!ue an the (ine is har to ra) bet)een this an other i ioms' ( "eliberative .uestion' A irect comman ma* be turne into a e(iberati"e 7uestion in the in irect )ith the sub#uncti"e' The "o(iti"e i ea of the im&erati"e thus !(i es into the e(iberati"e' In Ju' ,/;9% X,7F5 K X!: 7 -6[z -6" W, ;% )e ha"e the &oint i((ustrate both in the irect (im&erati"e) an the in irect ( e(iberati"e sub#')' Here the on(* ifference bet)een the t)o forms is the accent' Cf' !1 -6[ in "erse 6' In Mt' ,8;/? )e ha"e -6:' Ob"ious(* this is a natura(% thou!h not "er* fre7uent% turn for the comman to take' ( 'he Con0unctions H and J,5' These ma* be use after "erbs of comman in! an beseechin!' This i iom oes not iffer c(ear(* from the sub@fina( construction' It is a s&ecies of &ur&ose (or sub@fina(' +ee Fina( C(auses)' The e1am&(es there !i"en mi!ht suffice% but note the fo((o)in!; Mk' :;? ,0" 4: H !K 05% Mt' ,:;/8 3,7! : !: H ! ,5% / Th' .;,/ ,0! ,0=! 3 07g k= V0Q HN375% Ac' /9;. D! J,5
1 &f. 9iteau, Je $erbe, p. . .

!,!' +ee further Mt' ?;.6< Ju' ,:;/K< , Cor' ,;,8' In Ju' ,:;/K f' )e ha"e the &ure(* fina( i ea in both J,5 an H )hich are subor inate to the first H after 305<' -ut )e cannot fo((o) this use of H after 5 an such "erbs )here it is more or (ess &ure(* ob#ecti"e' The recitati"e J )ith the im&erati"e in / Th' .;,8 is not an instance of in irect comman % but sim&(* the irect comman &reser"e ' ( 'he Infinitive' It seems more ob"ious an is sti(( common in the "% thou!h retreatin! before H' The ne!ati"e is% of course% !"' This use of the infiniti"e must not be confoun e )ith the i iom for in irect assertion ( ec(arati"e) as in Mk' ,/;,?% H + !1 A' =ote Ac' /,;/,% 5 !1 ,0! 4@ 8 !K : ,0,:% )here )e ha"e &rohibition% not assertion (note inci enta((* the t)o accusati"es) )ith 5 (same "erb as abo"e)' +o a(so /.;,/% !" -: !" ,:' Cf' /,;6' +im&(e enou!h is the construction after A, in Ju' F;96% ,5! ,=0 6[$ +ee a(so Mk' ?;K' In Mt' ,:;,/% [ J 4 A, ,0 (cf' ,0 in "erses : an ,,)% )e ha"e the ec(arati"e J an the in icati"e fo((o)e b* the inf' in in irect comman ' In Ju' /;/:% 2 4Q 0!! !1 D: % the construction is (ike that of in irect comman % but the sense comes nearer to the mere ob#ect infiniti"e' +ee the irect 95 in Mk' :;/. re&ro uce in the in irect b* = (Mt' ,6;K)' There is a certain amount of free om taken in such transference to the in irect' In Ac' ,?;/% 8 W 507b ,% the inf' is e&en ent on an inf' Other instances of the inf' in in ir' comman are seen in Ac' /9;/6% 6< !1 : 4W b[% /:;/8% +," !:' In / Th' .;: )e ha"e ,0! % )hi(e in "erse ,/ )e ha"e H' In "erse ,8 the irect 7uotation fo((o)s this same "erb' In Mk' :;? f' )e ha"e both H !1 05 an !1 3 (mar!' of 5' H'% )1 3) after ,0"' Juke (F;.G9) !i"es it a(( in the irect form' In / Th' .;,6% = !=, !1 !7 4Q% the inf' is not in in irect comman % but rather the inf' use in the irect as the e7ui"a(ent of the im&erati"e' -ut in , Cor' 9;,,% 0 X!: !1 !7 (so a(so "erse F)% )e o ha"e in irect comman ' (i Mi.ture. +trict(* this &oint be(on!s to the cha&ter on Fi!ures of +&eech (cf' a(so% Oratio $ariata% The +entence)% but a )or is ca((e for here' 5e ha"e mi1ture of se"era( sorts as in the c(assic 0reek' In Ac' ,F;, f'% #= 3: X0:, A, % )e ha"e the infiniti"e (ob#ect@c(ause sub#ect of 3) an the finite c(ause A, si e b* si e' Cf' Ac' 6;9 f' for inf' fo((o)e b* 7 an the in icati"e' +o in Ju' F;,F )e ha"e the infiniti"e construction an the J construction si e b* si e after +,0 A,' In Ac' ,6;//% ,0= 3!! n ,7 JN:% the construction !(i es from the inf' into J' In Ro' .;? the recitati"e J is e&en ent on the inf' after -7' In Ac' F;/K% " ,< 3 n /Q A W 0 J 3 4Q, ,< ;% )e ha"e a chan!e from in ' 7uestion to in irect assertion an then back a!ain to in irect 7uestion' The chan!e ma* be from the in irect to the irect as in Ac' ,;6% ,0! 1 3,7 = ,0W !' Cf' a(so /.;//' +ee a(so Bo' ,/;/F' This chan!e a&&ears in Mk' :;? f'% if the true te1t is 3' -ut the chan!e ma* be #ust the re"erse% from the irect to the in irect% as in Ac' /.;/.% A, !N" ,0[' In /K;,8 J occurs )ith the inf'% a mi1ture of the J an the infiniti"e constructions in in irect assertions' This use of J )ith the inf' a&&ears in c(assic Attic (cf' Xen'% Cyr'% ,% :% ,?% etc')' +ee Bannaris% Hist. Gk. Gr.% &' 9K8'
Jannaris J#<<#8I", #. <., # Historical Greek Grammar ?1$(2@.

Mou(ton (Prol'% &' /,.) !i"es a &a&*rus e1am&(e% O' P' /.K (iiQA'D')% < J D 8 +[ -7 !K 075 : W ,0Y!' +ee further 5iner@Mou(ton% &' 6/:' (0 The Su ordinate C(ause. A com&(e1 sentence ma* be 7uote in in irect iscourse as rea i(* as the sim&(e sentence' This &rinci&a( c(ause fo((o)s the usua( (a)s a(rea * iscusse ' +econ ar* tenses of the in icati"e in the subor inate c(ause suffer no chan!e at a(( in moo or tense', This is ob"ious(* true after &rimar* tenses% as in 0a(' 6;,9% !00< X!: J D *N39 !' Here the co&u(a y is su&&resse ' In Ju' ,F;,9 note A, -5[NA 9' +o after &rimar* tenses the &rimar* tense fo((o)s% as in Mk' ,,;/.% 5 J ` e ,SN 4Q' Cf' Ac' /9;,6 f' -ut e"en after secon ar* tenses the ru(e is to retain the tense an mo e of the irect much more than in the Attic )here the mo e )as 7uite o&tiona('/ +ee Ju' F;..% A, !1 D? ` ' Another e1am&(e of the re(ati"e c(ause a&&ears in Mt' ,?;/9% 3N ,0[N J ' E"en after a con ition of the secon c(ass the &rimar* tense ma* be retaine % as in Ju' K;.F% 375 e 7 ,,1 . 1 f u, 4= J c!05* 3' For a causa( sentence see 35! 4W J 4 +: !] .!< (Ju' F;6F)' A tem&ora( c(ause )ith the sub#uncti"e a&&ears in Mt' ,6;//% N,0NL5 U +,S' +ee a(so Ac' /.;,/% +!N L5 U +,75' In /9;,:% ho)e"er% )e ha"e the o&tati"e in the subor inate c(ause of time )ith ,0 O l, 6m after +,07% the so(e e1am&(e' It is in Juke% as one )ou( e1&ect' The chan!e here is from the sub#' to the o&t' In Ju' K;6.% J % on(* the subor inate re(ati"e c(ause is !i"en' ,8' +ERIE+ OF +I-ORDI=ATE CJAI+E+' It is interestin! to obser"e ho) rich the 0reek (an!ua!e is in subor inate c(auses an ho) the* o"etai( into each other' It is a(most (ike an en (ess chain' The series ma* run on ad infinitum an *et a(( be in &erfect conformit* to the !enius of the (an!ua!e' I ha"e co((ecte 7uite a number of e1am&(es to i((ustrate this com&(e1it* of structure% some of )hich are here !i"en' A t*&ica( one is Mk' ,,;/.' After 5 J )e ha"e ` e ,S )hich has oratio recta% but the re(ati"e c(ause &rocee s )ith !1 0n +8 ,S J ` : 7' The re(ati"e ` : is the fourth in"o(ution of subor inate c(auses after 5' Cf' a(so Bo' ,K;/6' A simi(ar mu(ti&(icit* of subor inate c(auses is foun in Ac' /9;,6G,:' After + 5 )e ha"e oratio recta' The first ste& is the re(ati"e c(ause ,0 UN3-% on )hich han!s ,0W \ +,07% )hich in turn is fo((o)e b* J 4 an that b* 07b% an this a!ain b* ,0 O N6' The ,0 M c(ause is the fifth in"o(ution in the oratio recta' Cf' a(so Ac' .;,F ff' (,0W W 3F-[, J,5 , ` : F, ^)' In Ac' ,,;,. there are fi"e in"o(utions' The com&(ications are not% of course% a()a*s so man*' In Ju' K;.F the oratio recta has a series of three (7NfN J)' +ee the threefo( series in Ro' .;?% 9 -7 .!Y J, ' +o a(so Mk' :;99% ,0-0 J, M J (infiniti"e% re(ati"e% ec(arati"e)' +o a!ain , Cor' ,,;/. f' (J, w, A, an oratio recta)' Here a(so the J c(ause is in a&&osition )ith the J c(ause' Cf' Ju' ,F;,9 (inf'% H, 7)' In Ac' K;/9% 3*!b @ +-@ J, ;% )e ha"e t)o forms of in irect assertion (the inf'% then
;;;, Bn the !rue :eaning of the " ?&lass. 8e4., 1(,%, pp. (% ff.@. Einer+:oulton EI<78+:BC5!B<, # !reatise of the Grammar of <. !. Gk. %d ed. ?1$$ @. 9arious eds. 1 Good3in, :. and !., p. 2%. Ib., p. 2 .

J)% one e&en ent on the other' +o a(so J fo((o)s 8 W in Ju' F;K f' In Ph' 6;,8 )e ha"e the J c(ause an then the articu(ar inf' In Bo' :;/6 the J c(ause is subor inate to the J c(ause' In , Bo' 9;F )e ha"e a J c(ause e&en ent on a J c(ause' In Bo' 6;, )e ha"e PNJNJ' In Mt' ,:;/8 the se7uence is HNJ' +o Bo' ,:;6< ,K;/.' In Mk' ,6;,6 )e ha"e t)o cases of oratio recta% one e&en ent on the other' In Ju' /6;K it is PNJ' Cf' HNH in 0a( .;,6' In Co(' ,;F the H c(ause an the infiniti"e ,0,[ are &ara((e(' The instances are numerous )here one infiniti"e is e&en ent on another infiniti"e' Thus 3F: ,0F (Ju' :;,/)< [ -: (?;99)< ,0W W : ,0 (,?;,)< 8 W 507b% after 3* (Ac' ,?;/)< : ,0YF (/:;F)< [ D W 66< (Ro' ,9;?)< 07 D W (Heb' ,,;.)' In Ac' /.;.8% !7 ! 3,6[ D W 0 % the future inf' in in irect iscourse is e&en ent on the &artici&(e in the !eniti"e abso(ute' In Heb' F;?% = = = ,! = c7 ,-0<% the &erfect inf' fo((o)s the !eniti"e abso(ute' There are "arious other combinations' These are !i"en as i((ustrations' =o ru(es are ca((e for about the usin! of a series of subor inate c(auses' The &resence of so man* of them in Juke% Pau( an Hebre)s sho)s the (iterar* 7ua(it* of a more &erio ic structure'