Air Polution Control

Applied Chemistry 0505 Applied Chemistry 0505
HanHao HanHao
18thJ une 18thJ une, 2007 , 2007
Physical Chemistry
Physical Chemistry
Presentation
Presentation
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Air Pollution Control
Engineering
Uni t ed Nat i ons Envi r onment
Pr ogr amme
Contents
Air Pollution Control Engineering
5.Particulate pollution and health.
2.Air pollution meteorology
4.Thinking of air pollution control
3.The concentration model of air pollution
1.Chief introduction
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Introduction
In our daily life, it is the fact that most of
people dont treat the air pollution as seriously
as water pollution or other kinds of pollutions.
But it is really easy for us to ignore the bad
effect on our health caused by air pollution
because it seems that there are few examples to
be seen directly.
* Now lets have a look at the report of the general condition of
our country in the year of 2005 which is written by State
Environmental Protection Administration of China.
Lead-in Diagram
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Background knowledge
According to the report, we can see that the main
pollutant in the air is particulate. It is for sure that if we
want to make the sky over us clean, we must find some
efficient and possible ways to reduce the concentration
of particulate to a acceptable level.
* First of all, we have to get some information and background
knowledge about the meteorology
Density of the atmosphere
Stability of the atmosphere
Height of the mixed layer
Polar heating and cooling
Rotation of the Earth
Land and Ocean
Knowledge of atmosphere
Atmospheric Atmospheric
layer layer
B B
E E
C C
D D
A A
Horizontal
movement
Vertical
movement
Wind
Smog &
Stranded
Atmospheric
inversion(+,)
** I really want to sharethis part with you just becauseit is very interesting,
and maybethenext thing will even surpriseyou
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Vertical movement
The density of the atmosphere will change while
the temperature and humidity are changing.
According to the ideal gas equation:
So, at certain height, the density is depended on M
and T. If we take the fundamental equation of
hydrostatic into consideration:
then we can get:
(z is the height)
Mp
RT

dp gM
dz
p RT

dp
g
dz

Vertical movement
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65.840ft
20.061m
36.150ft
11.021m
-92.8.
-135/
15.
59/
-56.5.
-69.7/
Temperature
Adiabatic air
Standard air
While a air block is While a air block is
rising up, if we rising up, if we
ignored the heat ignored the heat
exchanged between it exchanged between it
and other air, the and other air, the
process can be process can be
regarded as adiabatic regarded as adiabatic
and reversible. and reversible. O Of f
course we are familiar course we are familiar
with such a process, with such a process,
we have the equation: we have the equation:
T Then we get an hen we get an
important equation: important equation:
p
C dT
dp
p RT

, adiabatic ideal p
dT gM
dz C
_

,
dT/dz is just the slop of the line.
The stability of the air
H
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g
h
t

a
b
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v
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t
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s
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z
Temperature
6000ft
1000ft
50/ 90/
Standard air: dT/dz=-6.5./km=-3.6//1000ft
Adiabatic air: dT/dz=-9.8./km=-5.4//1000ft
3.00 P.M
Dawn+4h
Dawn+2h
Dawn
When z 01000ft, we can see that the temperature of the air will
rise up when it is higher and higher, such a phenomenon is called
temperature inversion.
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Why should we know that?
Its very important for us to know how the atmosphere moves everyday, if we
want to find some available ways to solve the air pollution.
Hover Fly
There is something interesting: hovering is really different from flying,
because if you want to hover, you must keep agitating your wings, but
if you are flying, you can feel the real freedom.
But it is impossible for angle to fly at dawn or cloudy day. It is also
very dangerous for people to glide in that situation. Do you know why?
There is something interesting: hovering is really different from flying,
because if you want to hover, you must keep agitating your wings, but
if you are flying, you can feel the real freedom.
But it is impossible for angle to fly at dawn or cloudy day. It is also
very dangerous for people to glide in that situation. Do you know why?
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What forms temperature inversion
Temperature Temperature
Inversion Inversion
Cooling air form
bottom to top
Heating air form
top to bottom
Making a warm air layer
over a cool air layer
Making a cool air layer
Under a warm air layer
Stable atmosphere
Reduce the energy
exchange between lower
and upper air layers
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Smog & Stranded
If there is very strong surface temperature inversion at the disposal
of pollutants area, the plume of the pollutants will be stopped from
diffusing.
9:00 A.M
8:00 A.M
6:00 A.M
No temperature
inversion layer
Surface temperature rises.
Unstable layer comes out
The highest
pollutant density of ground
Strong inversion of terrestrial
surface radiation
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The concentration model
The ideal pollutant concentration model can predict the
discharge of any pointed pollutant and the pollutant
concentration under any climate condition, in any positions
and at any time area correctly.
We can use an equation to express the amount equilibrium
of some certain pollutant:
Accumulating rate = all flow of flowing into ! all flow of
flowing out + speed of producing ! speed of cutting down
Air pollutant concentration model
Fixed
box
Diffusion
model
The
concentration
model of the
air pollution
Two main kinds of air pollutant concentration model
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Fixed box model
The fixed box model is the simplest model with the lowest reliability.
Before we use it to calculate the pollutant concentration of a city, we
have to make some necessary hypothesis.
z
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W
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Fixed box model
8 hypothesis to the fixed box model:
1. The shape of city is rectangle with W and L as its width and length respectively. One
side of city parallels with the wind direction.
2. The atmospheric rapids makes the pollutants to mix completed under the mixed layer.
3. The pollutants over the city distribute uniformly.
4. The wind speed never changes.
5. The concentration of the pollutants which are just getting into the city is a constant b.
6. The speed of pollutant emission is Q. Q=qA, in which q means the speed of unit area
emission and A means the area of city.
7. No pollutant get through the top of box, nor passing the side paralleling with the wind
direction.
8. Pollutants stay in atmosphere for a long enough time.
Diffusion model
The fundamental model is Gauss
Plume Model, which is also a model
of mass equilibrium.
4h
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H
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W
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z
X=y=z=0(at thebottom
of thechimney5
Gauss Plume Model
In the picture, H is called the efficient height of the chimney, h
is the physical height of the chimney, 4h is the lifting
height of the pollutant plume.
H = h + 4h
We suppose that the wind speed wont change, then the
question is to calculate the pollutant concentration c at any
point (x,y,z,x60) caused by the point source.
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The model used in daily life
In fact, becausethesituation around us is so complexed that
noneof themodels weusenowadays can forecast the
concentration of thepollutants correctly.
So maybewecan only say :!All of themodels arewrong, but
someof themcan beused in certain aspects.!
It is impossiblefor us to useonly onemodel to deal with all
kinds of pollutants. But if wetakemany different sorts of
models into consideration, wecan get theresult which is the
most efficient one.
Thinking of air pollution control
Promote diffusion Promote diffusion
Change process of producing. Change process of producing.
Cutting down the discharging to prevent from polluting. Cutting down the discharging to prevent from polluting.
Application of the downstream pollution control equipments. Application of the downstream pollution control equipments.
Wh e n we wa n t to d e a l with th e p ro b le m s ca u se d b y a ir
p o llu tio n , we sh o u ld k n o w so m e co m m o n th in k in g o f a ir
p o llu tio n co n tro l.
Th e re a re th re e k in d s o f a va ila b le co n tro l p la n s wh e n we
co n fro n te d with th e a ir p o llu tio n
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Where will they finally go?
Burning them to be ashes
Transform them
into other forms
Stack them in the
landfill yard
Pollutants
?
?
?
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Particle pollution
What is particle pollution?
Particle pollution is a mixture of
microscopic solids and liquid
droplets suspended in air. This
pollution, also known as
particulate matter, is made up of
a number of components,
including acids (such as nitrates
and sulfates), organic chemicals,
metals, soil or dust particles, and
allergens (such as fragments of
pollen or mold spores).
The size of particles
The size of particles is
directly linked to their
potential for causing
health problems. EPA is
concerned about particles
that are 10 micrometers
in diameter or smaller
because those are the
particles that generally
pass through the throat
and nose and enter the
lungs.
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The size of particles
PM10 "Inhalable coarse particles," such as those found near
roadways and dusty industries, are larger than 2.5 micrometers and
smaller than 10 micrometers in diameter.
Once inhaled, these particles can affect the
heart and lungs and cause serious health effects.
EPA groups particle pollution into two categories:
PM2.5 "Fine particles," such as those found in smoke and haze, are
2.5 micrometers in diameter and smaller. These particles can be
directly emitted from sources such as forest fires, or they can form
when gases emitted from power plants, industries and automobiles
react in the air.
Primary and Secondary particles
* These particles come in many sizes and shapes and can
be made up of hundreds of different chemicals. Some
particles, known as primary particles are emitted directly from
a source, such as construction sites, unpaved roads, fields,
smokestacks or fires.
* Others form in complicated reactions in the atmosphere
of chemicals such as sulfur dioxides and nitrogen oxides that
are emitted from power plants, industries and automobiles.
These particles, known as secondary particles, make up
most of the fine particle pollution in the country.
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How can particles affect your health?
Long-term exposures,
such as those experienced
by people living for many
years in areas with high
particle levels, have been
associated with problems
such as reduced lung
function and the
development of chronic
bronchitis and even
premature death.
Particles
Short-term exposures to
particles (hours or days)
can aggravate lung disease,
causing asthma attacks and
acute bronchitis, and may
also increase susceptibility
to respiratory infections. In
people with heart disease,
short-term exposures have
been linked to heart attacks
and arrhythmias.
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How can you avoid unhealthy
exposure?
Particle levels can be elevated indoors, especially when outdoor
particle levels are high. Certain filters and room air cleaners can help
reduce indoor particle levels. You also can reduce particle levels
indoors by not smoking inside, and by reducing your use of other
particle sources such as candles, wood-burning stoves, and
fireplaces.
Your chances of being affected by particles increase the more
strenuous your activity and the longer you are active outdoors. If your
activity involves prolonged or heavy exertion, reduce your activity time
or substitute another that involves less exertion. Go for a walk instead of
a jog, for example. Plan outdoor activities for days when particle
levels are lower. And don't exercise near busy roads; particle
levels generally are higher in these areas.
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Applied Chemistry 0505 Applied Chemistry 0505

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