Fakulti Kejuruteraan Mekanikal, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia SMF 3333 Aerodynamics Tests 1 Semester 1 2008/09

Answer 2 (TWO) questions only. Problem 1 Consider a Lear jet flying at a velocity of 250 m/s at an altitude of 10 km, where the density and temperature are 0.414 kg/m3 and 223 K, respectively. Consider also a onefifth scale model of the Learjet being tested in a wind tunnel in the Aerolab laboratory. The pressure in the test section of the wind tunnel is 1 atm = 1.10 " 10 5 N m 2 . Calculate the necessary velocity, temperature, and density of the airflow in the wind tunnel test section such that the lift and drag coefficients are the same for the wind-tunnel model and ! among pressure, density, and temperature the actual airplane in flight. Note: The relation is given by the equation of state p = "RT .

Answer:

! For dynamics similarity, CL = fn (Re, M" ), CD = fn (Re, M" ) . Testing in wind tunnel,

Reynolds number and Mach number must be the same between model and Learjet. Let subscripts 1 and 2 denote free-flight and wind tunnel condition respectively. For ! CL ,1 = CL ,2 and CD,1 = CD ,2 to hold M1 = M 2 and Re1 = Re 2 . To find velocity, temperature, and density of wind tunnel model (V2 , T2 and " 2 )

Learjet is flying at altitude ! 10 km with

V1 = 250 m s , "1 = 0.414 kg m3 , T1 = 223K!

!
!

a1 = "RT1 = 1.4 # 287 # 223 = 299.3 m s , therefore M1 =

V1 250 = = 0.835 a 299.3

For Mach number similarity

M2 =

! V2 V2 V2 = = = 0.835 $ V2 = 0.835 # 1.4 # 287 # T2 a2 "RT2 1.4 # 287 # T2

For Reynolds number similarity

"1V1L1 " 2V2 L2 = 1 2

V2 =

"1 2 L1 V1 " 2 1 L2

L1 =5 L2

" T and therefore

!

2 T = 2 1 T1

V2 =

T "1 2 L1 0.414 T 517.5 T2 V1 = # 2 # 5 # 250 = = 34.65 2 " 2 1! L2 "2 T1 "2 "2 223

From equation of state

!

"2 =
Therefore

p2 1.10 # 10 5 383.3 = = RT2 287 # T2 T2

V2 = 16.74 T2

(i) (ii)

V2 = 34.65
383.3 T2

T2 "2

"2 =
!
from (i) & (ii)
!

(iii)

16.74 T2 = 34.65
Therefore

T2 "2

"2 =
T2 =

34.65 = 2.07 kg 3 m 16.74

383.3 383.3 = = 185.2 K "2 2.07

V2 = 16.74 T2 = 16.74 185.2 = 227.8 m s

!
!

Problem 2 For an inviscid flow with no body force, the x component momentum equation can be written as

or "

#u #u #u #u #p + "u + "v + "w = $ #t #x #y #z #x

a) Starting from the above equation, derived the inviscid, incompressible Euler equations

!
b) From the Euler equations, show that the total pressure, streamline in a steady, inviscid flow. c) Consider an aerofoil in UTMLST wind tunnel at standard sea level conditions ( p = 1.01325 " 10 5 N m 2 , # = 1.225 kg m 3 ) with a free stream velocity of 60 m/s. At a given point on the aerofoil, the pressure is 0.913 x 105 N/m2. Calculate the velocity at this point. , is constant along a

Answer: a)

"

#u #u #u #u #p + "u + "v + "w = $ #t #x #y #z #x "u "u "u 1 "p +v +w =# "x "y "z $ "x

u !

Multiplying this equation by dx gives

! u "u "u "u 1 "p dx + v dx + w dx = # dx "x "y "z $ "x
u dz " wdx = 0 v dx " u dy = 0

Fron definition of streamline !

# "u "u "u & 1 "p u% dx + dy + dz( = u du = ) dx "y "z ' * "x $ "x !
1 1 $p u du = du 2 = " dx 2 # $x

! Similarly

1 2 1 $p dv = " dy 2 # $y 1 2 1 $p dw = " dz 2 # $z

1 2 1 1 % $p $p $p ( 1 dV = d ( u 2 + v 2 + w 2 ) = " ' dx + dy + dz* = " dp Therefore 2 2 # & $x $y $z ) # !

1 1 dV 2 = " dp 2 # 1 1 1 " 2VdV = # dp % V dV = # dp 2 $ $

dp = "#V dV

Hence
! b)
!

" dp = #$ " V dV
V2 p = "# + const 2

!
c).

1 p + " V 2 = const 2 1 1 2 2 p1 + "V1 = p2 + "V2 2 2 1.01325 " 10 5 + 1 1 2 " 1.225 " 60 2 = 0.913 " 10 5 + " 1.225 " V2 2 2

!
V2 =
2

!
2

2 " (1.01325 # 0.913) " 10 5 + 60 2 1.225

V2 = 1.6367 " 10 4 + 3600 = 19967

!
V = 141.3 m s

!
!
Problem 3

Consider a convergence divergence nozzle at a one-dimensional flow with point 1 and 2 at upstream and downstream of a throat respectively. Starting with the continuity equation ! " " # dV + $$ #V dS = 0 , show that for a steady flow "1 A1V1 = " 2 A2V2 . $$$ "t V S Answer:
!
!
!1 A1 V1 !2 A2 V2

" "t

$$$ # dV + $$ #V dS = 0
V S

"

" For steady flow, $$$ # dV = 0 "t V ! " ! Therefore, ## "V dS = 0

S

For flow through the nozzle, ! $ $ ! "' $ ! "' ! "' & ## "V dS ) + & ## "V dS ) + & ## "V dS ) = 0 % S ( % S ( % S (2 ! ! 1 ! wall ! "#1V1 $$ dS + # wallVwall $$ dS + # 2V2 $$ dS = 0
S1 Swall S2

"#1V1 A1 + 0 + # 2V2 A2 = 0 since Vwall = 0 ! Therefore "1 A1V1 = " 2 A2V2 ! ! ! !