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Equipment earthing is a connection done through a metal link between the body of any electrical appliance, or neutral point, as the case may be, to the deeper ground soil. The metal link is normally of MS flat, CI flat, GI wire which should be penetrated to the ground earth grid. Equipment earthing based on IS:3043-1987 Standard
Classification of electrical equipment IS: 9409-1980 Important rules for safety and earthing practice is based on IE rules 1956 Guide on effects of electric current passing through human body IS:8437-1997 Protection of buildings and structures from lightning IS:2309-1969 Earth: The conductive mass of the earth, whose electric potential at any point is conventionally assumed and taken as ZERO. Earth electrode: A Conductor or group of conductors in intimate contact with and providing as electrical connection to earth. Earth electrode resistance: The electrical resistance of an earth electrode to the general mass of earth. Earthing Conductor: A protective conductor connecting the main earthing terminal to an earth electrode or other means of earthing. Equipotential Bonding: Electrical connection putting various exposed conductive parts and extraneous conductive parts at a substantially equal potential. Example: Inter connect protective conductor, earth continuity conductors and risers of AC/HV systems if any. Potential gradient: The potential difference per unit length measured in the direction in which it is max. Touch Voltage: The P.D. between a grounded metallic structure and a point on the earths surface separated by a horizontal reach of one Meter. Step voltage: The P.D. between two points on the earths surface separated by a distance one pace (step) assumed to be one Meter. Earth grid: A System of grounding electrodes consisting of interconnected connectors buried in the earth to provide a common ground for electrical devices and metallic structures. Earth mat: A grounding system formed by a grid of horizontally buried conductors Serves to dissipate the earth fault current to earth and also as an equipotential bonding conductor system.
Classification of Earthing
The earthing is broadly divided as a) System earthing (Connection between part of plant in an operating system like LV neutral of a power transformer winding) and earth. b) Equipment earthing (safety grounding) connecting bodies of equipment (like electric motor body, transformer tank, switchgear box, operating rods of air break switches, LV breaker body, HV breaker body, feeder breaker bodies etc) to earth.
c) Maximum fault current is 100 KVA the current in 100 KVA is about 100 A; where percentage impedance is 4%
0.26 ohms being quite low, quality work is to be done during construction, to obtain such a value of earthing system, and the expenditure for that will be very high. Hence the electrical inspectors are insisting about 1.0 ohms. This seems justifying for the urban areas. This value may be 2 ohms in case of rural areas, which is recommended by most of the authorities.
e) The earth electrode resistance value also carries importance in view of full protection by lightning arrestors against lightning. The earth electrode resistance value in that case is given by the formula
Type of Earthing
Plate Type Earthing
In this, cast Iron plate of size 600 mm X 600 mm X 6.3 mm thick plate is being used as earth plate. This is being connected with Hot dip GI main earth strip of size 50mm X 6mm thick X 2.5 meter long by means of nut, bolts & washers of required size. The main earth strip is connected with hot dip GI strip of size 40mm X 3mm of required length as per the site location up to the equipment earth / neutral connection. The earth plate is back filled & covered with earthing material (mixture of charcoal & salt) by 150mm from all six sides. The remaining pit is back filled with excavated earth. Along with earth plate, rigid PVC pipe of 2.5 meter long is also provided in the earth pit for watering purpose for to keep the earthing resistance within specific limit.
Other types of earthing: When the capabilities of certain equipment are limited, they may not with stand certain fault currents then the following types of earthing are resorted to limit the fault current. (a) (b) (c) (d) Resistance earthing Reactance earthing Peterson coil earthing Earthing through grounding transformer.