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GROUP OF SUSTAINABLE HOUSES FOR STUDENTS LOCATED IN TIMIOARA, ROMANIA Mirela Alexandra ENACHE1, Norbert KAZAMER1, Radu STEPANESCU1 1 University Politehnica of Timioara, Timioara, Romania

ABSTRACT The current paper contains the constructive solution of


a group of green homes. The purpose was to construct a sustainable student campus which is not only minimising usage of energy but is also a friendly environment system. The design of the life cycle and the demolition of the construction is integrated as an analysis of the current project. Solutions for energy, water and recycling for both individual and group of homes are contained in the paper. Conclusions will emphasis the advantages of creating a group consisted of green buildings instead of small isolated houses. Keywords: green house, group of homes, energy optimisations, water optimisation

The purpose of the project is to achieve the three major requirements of sustainability (environmental, social and economical).

Figure 1 The Sustainabilty Piles

CONSTRUCTION Campus presentation

INTRODUCTION
The current project is designed in three main parts. The first part is consisted of the campus location which is set in the city of Timisoara, the architecture of the houses which is the same for all the five houses excepting the technical house, the campus structure which includes some spare time activities fields and the main building materials used which are mostly local. The optimisation and demand of energy is approached in the second part of the paper. After setting the source, it is presented an optimal solution for the main energy users. For the heating system we have chosen the Infrared Heat Panels, for hot water the solution was using solar panels, for the cooling system the optimisation consisted of both natural and mechanical ventilation and for all the energy production is obtained of photovoltaic panels. The third part is approached by optimising the main water consumers in the house and also by getting the best solution for recycling the produced waste. For water we have identified solutions for the toilet consumption, for having as few leaks as possible in the system and for having hot water as soon as possible at the faucets and showerheads. The paper presents solutions for managing the stormwater and the waste through composting piles. Within this subject we have chosen to achieve a small campus consisted of a group of houses for students, which can live there the entire year (including holidays). The campus is located in the city of Timisoara, and we chose as constrution area the land marked on the Figure 1. We chose this place because it is a location with a wide perspective for development and also it is close to a sports gym, market, and it has access to the main road. The surface is of 5 000 square meters and includes 5 houses, a technical house, 2 polyvalent sport fields, 1 swimming pool, 1 park and parking places. The district is surrounded by hedge.

Figure 2 The construction site chosen in the city of Timioara

The campus area is redesignable for more homes in the future with another arrangement of the paths. The dwellings are in number of 5, and are designed to host 20 students, 4 students in each house. The 5 houses are designed with the same architecture and materials and is intended for both female and male, and persons with special needs. The architecture of the dwelling consists of :4 bedrooms(4 x12,00 sqm), 1 living room (23,00 sqm), 2 bathrooms (2x4,00 sqm), 1 kitchen (13,00 sqm).The shape of the house is rectangular because it avoids the thermal bridges, which loses a considerable amount of energy. The rooms are positioned to comply the rules regarding heating and lighting. The living room is inhabited daytime and because of that is located in the south in order to benefit the sun light all day. The bedrooms are located on the east and on the west side. These are positioned to the east as the sun rises and people can wake up easily, and to the west because it is not so lighted during the day. The bedrooms must have a surface of at least 12,00 sqm so that people do not become claustrophobic. Bathrooms are situated at east and west , and the kitchen is situated in north because it is a work space, temperatures are higher due to cooking, and is therefore not recommended to have solar heat. The kitchen must have at least 10,00 sqm.

Because all the 5 dwelling are the same, for the house presentation in detail, we take as model one house. The house has 117,00 sqm and is home grounded. It has a wood frame structure with rammed earth walls and recyclable mineral wool insulation. For the left gaps it is used low-e glass. The roof is made of 2 types of materials: green roof, and ecological roof shingles. The technical house has 123,00 sqm, is home grounded, and it has the same building materials as the houses, only that the roof is completely green.

Figure 4 The technical house plan

Building Materials In order to achieve a green house, minimising the energy consumption and using green energy, the houses are also built of ecological construction materials. Walls of rammed earth and recycling mineral wool. Rammed earth, is a technique used in the building of walls using the raw materials of mud, chalk, lime, gravel, 3-5% cement and water. Because of the nature of the materials used it is incombustible, thermally insulating and very strong and hardwearing. It also has the added advantage of being a simple way to construct walls. Rammed earth buildings are common in arid regions where wood is in scarce supply. The techniques of realizing the wall is simple: the mixture of materials shall be inserted in the formwork and compacted. The wall has a compressive strength of 4,3 MPa ideal for a ground house, compared to a concrete class C8/10 that has compressive strength of 8 MPa. The wall humidity is between 40-60%. The rammed earth wall has a thickness of 35 cm. The advantages of rammed earth walls are: 100% recyclable; Water resistant; Does not favour the mould development, even if the humidity is high; Does not emanate chemicals like other building materials; During the day, does not allow the sunlight penetration. They absorb the heat and keeps the house cool during the day at high

Figure 3 The plan of the dwelling

The technical house is situated in the centre of the campus. This is divided in 4 parts: .1 Technical room (19,00 sqm): consists of the technical room which serves at electricity distributor both for the campus dwellings and for the national network. We chose this option because is less polluting, is automated and can provide optimal temperature for all homes; the automation of the lighting; 2. Laundry room (4,00 sqm): Common to all persons on campus and also is advantageous for saving energy and space inside the dwellings, and also solve the possible noise problems. 3. The media room (22,00 sqm): is intended for both as a meeting space as well as media space, and can be occupied by at least 20 people; 4. Study room (60,00 sqm): divided into study areas and a small library.

temperatures and in the evening they are slowly releasing the stored heat and warm up the rooms; Can have a unique design, either by their implementation in different colours as well as different shapes and paintings.

Figure 6 Layers consisted of the green roof

Figure 5 Image of a rammed earth wall

The recycled mineral wool insulation is willed at the exterior of the walls. Mineral wool fibres are synthetic vitreous with random orientation and a mass content of over 18% of oxides of sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium and barium. This type of insulating is used because it is ecological, provide sound insulation, fire safety, is resistant over time and is resistant to humidity. Thermal insulation layer calculation According to the calculation of Thermotechnical norm of building construction elements (indicative C1072005) results: R=Rsi+Rs+Rse; (1) U= ; (2) U=0.15 W/ mp*K (3) R= + + =0.46; (4) 0.46* =6.66; d mineral wool=0.24 m= 25 cm (5) (6)

The ecological roof shingles contains special photocatalytic granules coated with titanium dioxide (TiO2): this substance is activated by UV rays and triggers an oxidation process that converts pollutants (NO, NOx, CO, etc.) that are coming in contact with the roof, in salts (nitrates and carbonates) to be washed by rainwater. Advantages of the ecological shingels are: Anti-polluting; Self-cleaning; Antibacterial.

Roof The green roof is a part of the building that is partially covered with vegetation and a growing medium, planted over a waterproofing membrane. The green roof is uncirculable and has a thickness of 50 cm. Advantages of the green roof are: Reduces and delays stormwater runoff; Help improve air quality by reducing CO2 levels; Insulate the building, reducing cost of both heating and cooling; Sound-absorbing, make the buildings and their surroundings quieter; Reduce the urban heat island effect; Absorb the rain water; Help filter and bind airborne dust and other particles.

Figure 7 Shingles roof

Glass Low-E is a very thin, an almost invisible layer, applied to glass to increase its thermal efficiency. Forming a covalent bond with the glass, the resulting baked-on pyrolytic or hard coat low-E is extremely durable. The window has 3 sheets of 3 mm of glass. Advantages of Low-e glass are: Is designed to deflect Ultra-Violet and infrared radiation; Helping to reduce heating costs; Keeps the home cooler in the summer by reflecting solar heat away; Reducing the energy consumed by the air conditioner;

Keeps the home warmer in the winter by reflecting furnace heat back into the home.

when panels will not produce the entire energy required (e.g. Figure 9). The good thing is that it is sold green energy which has a better price and buy energy on a lower price. In that way, it is possible to obtain even a small profit. For every house it is necessary a total of 20 photovoltaic panels with an output of 300 W and 16% efficiency. In that way, the entire installed capacity for a home is 6 kWh and for every installed watt, it should be obtained at least 1 600 W/year. In this way, the entire production of energy is about 800 kWh/month, so that is enough for our demand. These panels occupy an area of 40,00 sqm for a house. Overall system cost will payback in about 25 years.

Figure 8 Low-E glass principle

ENERGY SOLUTIONS AND OPTIMISATIONS


Demand of energy The designed home it is made for 4 students. Because the house is a green one, also the students should have a green living, so it means to be aware of all sources that consume energy unnecessarily and of all energy losses that may occur. So, the average energy demand for a home is about to 780 kWh/month. This value was obtained after calculating the amount of energy consumed by all the devices in the home (e.g. computer, fridge, T.V.) and the major consumers: cooling and heating systems. For saving a high amount of consumption, it is needed to be used only energysaving light and devices from A energy efficiency class and also the most performant systems for heating and cooling.

Fig. x

Figure 9 The principle of obtaining and distributing energy from solar panels

Heating system
For heating the dwellings, it is preferred to use an infrared heating technology. The waves are emitted by the panels located inside the house. The Infrared Heat Panels produce heat in a similar way with the one created by the Sun. This technology is also advantageous in terms of energy because for a house of 120,00 sqm, which has a good thermal insulation, the system consumes only 1000 kWh/month in the coldest period of the year, when the difference between inside and outside temperature is more than 30 C. This energy consumption is possible because the house is well insulated and the materials used to build the house have a high thermal inertia, which means that the walls will store heat and will release it gradually, so the temperature will be constant and the residents will have an extra comfort. The Infrared Panels will be placed in every room, they occupy a very small space (e.g. Figure 10). These panels also look very good and can be used like decorations in the period when are not in use.

Obtaining the energy


The electricity is obtained entirely from a photovoltaic system that uses panels to capture solar radiation and convert it into electricity. For maximum efficiency, the panels must be placed in a position and at an angle that allows maximum sun exposure, so the best place for panels is on the roof. Because the efficiency of these panels depends on the weather conditions, the system is connected to the national electricity distribution system. In this way, during periods of high solar radiation, the energy surplus produced can be sold to the distributor and bought back in the sunless period

Figure 12 Comparisson between a green and a traditional roof Figure 10 The Infrared panels heating system

Hot water
To obtain hot water, it is used a solar system, with solar panels. These panels will be mounted on the roof and facing the sun. These use solar radiation to heat water and function even when the outside temperature is lower than the temperature of the hot water. If the solar panels cannot heat the water to the desired temperature, the water will pass through an electrical boiler before being consumed. The entire system is presented in the Figure 11.

The natural system uses the natural airflow to ventilate the house. The dwelling is specially designed to obtain a lower temperature and to stop the sunlight to enter in the house in certain periods of the day. Also, the walls and the roof material help a lot to keep an optimum temperature because the materials have a high thermal inertia, resulting a cool house. The second cooling system, is mechanic and uses electricity for cooling the air. Because of that, will be used only when the natural system can not cool the entire required space. The entire system has a power of 48 000 Btu.

WATER. SOLUTIONS AND OPTIMISATIONS.


Water-Efficient Appliances and Fixtures A typical dwelling is consuming approximately 1 000 l of water every day. By having installed in the system high efficiency clothes washers or toilets, or by watering the lawn and garden with minimum amount of water it can be saved a lot of money.In building a new home, it should be considered the following ways to save water and money: Install a pressure-regulating valve to reduce the pressure of water entering the house to 4 atm. This could help with leaks, saves water and money, and can lower the chance of damage from burst pipes; Design the hot water system to minimize the distance between the hot water heater and each fixture (faucets, showers, appliances). It can be fixed by centrally locating the water heater; Insulate hot water pipes. Insulating pipes can provide hot water a quicker use, and it can reduce the utility bills.

Figure 11 The heating water system

Every day, a house consumes 200 l of hot water so it is necessary to install 5 sqm of solar panels for each house.

Cooling system
As the house was designed to be comfortable and the area where is built is a worm one it is necessary to improve the air quality. For this purpose, there were designed two systems: a natural and a mechanical one.

decomposition. The decomposition process is generally faster than the anaerobic decomposition used in wet sewage treatment systems such as septic tanks. Faucets and showerheads

Figure 13 Water consumption graph for a typical dwelling

Figure 15 Aerator screw-on tip of the faucet

Faucets

Toilets Costs can be reduced by using water more efficiently -detecting and fixing leaky faucets, installing high efficiency toilets. Composting toilets can help conserve water and energy, reduce water pollution, and may generate useful garden compost. Toilets are by far the biggest water consumption system in the house, using more than 30 percent of the indoor water usage. Toilets also happen to be a major source of wasted water due to leaks and inefficiency.

account for more than 15 % of indoor household water use. The aerator-the screw-on tip of the faucetultimately determines the maximum flow rate of a faucet. Aerators are inexpensive and are an effective water-efficiency measure. Showering accounts for approximately 17 % of residential indoor water. There can be purchased highefficiency shower fixtures for around 10 euro to 20 euros a piece and achieve water savings of 25-60 %. Selecting a high-efficiency showerhead with a flow rate of less than 10 l/min. for maximum water efficiency. Landscaping and Irrigation With common watering practices, a large portion of the water applied to lawns and gardens is not absorbed by the plants. It is lost through evaporation or by watering too quickly or in excess of the plants' needs. Although not watering the lawn, garden, or other landscape is the most water-efficient practice, sometimes irrigation is necessary. Irrigating lawns, gardens, and landscapes can be accomplished either manually or with an automatic irrigation system. The optimum solution it was using an automatic irrigation systems. Drip-type irrigation systems, including water efficient spray heads, are considered the most efficient of the automated irrigation methods because they deliver water directly to the plants' roots. In-ground sprinkler and drip irrigation systems need to be operated and maintained properly to be water efficient. Installing system controllers such as rain sensors that prevent sprinklers from turning on during and immediately after rainfall, or soil moisture sensors that activate sprinklers only when soil moisture levels drop below pre-programmed levels. While controllers come in all types of shapes and sizes, the most important features are how well they can be programmed to handle diverse landscape and weather

Figure 14 The composting toilet principle

Composting toilets are another option for those who want to be very green. A composting toilet is a dry toilet that uses a predominantly aerobic processing system that treats excreta, typically with no water or small volumes of flush water, via composting or managed aerobic

conditions. A weather-based controller will be considered to be purchased. It is also important to revise the watering schedule as the seasons change. Over-watering with automated sprinklers is most common during the spring and fall because irrigation schedules are set to summer watering needs. Managing stormwater Rain rushes off roofs, pavement and compacted soil in developed areas. This rush of stormwater causes flooding downstream, erodes soil and stream banks, and muddies the water, which harms fish and other wildlife. Stormwater picks up chemicals, debris, dirt, and other pollutants and flows into a storm sewer system or directly to a lake, stream, river, wetland, or coastal water. Anything that enters most storm sewer systems is discharged untreated into the waterbodies we use for swimming, fishing and providing drinking water. Reducing irrigation water use, in combination with reducing impervious surface areas and pollutants such as pesticides, helps to minimize the negative impacts of stormwater runoff. Capture Rainwater

RECYCLING
Compost is organic material that can be added to soil to help plants grow. Food scraps and yard waste currently make up 20 to 30 percent of what we throw away, and should be composted instead. Making compost keeps these materials out of landfills where they take up space and release methane, a potent green house gas.

Figure 17 A typical composting pile

Figure 16 Rainwater capture system

Another alternative is to collect rainwater from rooftops in rain barrels, mosquito-proof containers that collect and store rainwater that would otherwise wind up in storm drains and streams. Rain provides free "soft water" with no chlorine, lime or calcium-making it ideal for gardens, flower pots, and car and window washing. A rain barrel can also be used to collect water and store it for when it is most need. A rain barrel will save the average dwell about 20 000 l. of water during the peak summer months, or 40% of total household water use. At every dwell will be installed a different rain barrel which will manage the captured rainwater. Regarding the studies, using rain barrels is legal in Timisoara.

All composting requires three basic ingredients: Browns - This includes materials such as dead leaves, or branches; Greens - This includes materials such as grass clippings, vegetable waste, fruit scraps, and coffee grounds; Water - Having the right amount of water, greens, and browns is important for compost development. The compost pile should have an equal amount of browns to greens. It should be also alternated layers of organic materials of different-sized particles. The brown materials provide carbon for the compost, the green materials provide nitrogen, and the water provides moisture to help break down the organic matter. Advantages of composting: Enriches soil, helping retain moisture and suppress plant diseases and pests; Reduces the need for chemical fertilizers; Encourages the production of beneficial bacteria and fungi that break down organic matter to create humus, a rich nutrient-filled material; Reduces methane emissions from landfills and lowers your carbon footprint.

DISCUSSION
Using a campus system like the one presented in the paper instead of only one dwelling can obtain certain advantages. To demonstrate the statement above, it is presented in Figure 18 the campus design.

Figure 18 Campus design

Figure 20 Building materials influence over the environment at a mansoury house

The campus system presents the following advantages: the technical house is providing both study and multimedia room for the students and also is a place for social interaction; the sports ground offers a higher efficiency because is served for a large number of householders; the technical house is the only place where the electricity, lighting and water income are managed. From this point the utilities are distributed to each dwelling; because of the green environment of the campus the noise pollution is reduced. Building material Rammed earth Glass Low-e Mineral wool Shingles Green roof Wood This analysis was made for the main building materials. It can be easily observed that the rammedearth built house obtained a fossil fuel usance of five times smaller than the traditional mansoury home. Also in the charts represented in Figure 18 and Figure 19 can be observed various differences between major indicators regarding the impact of building materials over the environment and health. Table 1 End of life for building materials Reuse [%] Recycling [%] 100% 100% 100% 100% 60% 50% 40% 50% Burn [%] Landfill [%]

The graph below represents the influence of the building materials over the environment.

Table 1 shows that the main part of the materials are recyclable or reusable. This emphasys the fact that after the full life of the house, the materials are unpolluting and can be still used for other different projects.
Figure 19 Building materials influence over the environment at a rammed-earth house

CONCLUSION
From the environmental point of view the campus contains green spaces, uses local and reusable and recyclable materials. The site is also using green energy. From a social perspective, the campus provides a meeting, interaction and study place for the inhabitants. A campus with persons of same age and occupation can generate creative group activities (e.g. research, sport). The architecture is also seen as an unity and it is fitted with surroundings. Economically, there have been found methods for using global energetic systems, usage of common spaces, cheap materials, which all contributed at an inexpensive and simple method of construction. Regarding the whole from environmental, social and economical point of view, it can be concluded that the campus is a sustainable and green complex of dwellings.

REFERENCES
[1] I.Braganca, H. Konkkari, R. Blok, 2007, Multicompa Lds., Sustainability of Construction Integrated Approach to Life-time Structural Engineering, COST, Portugal

[2] M. Bauer, P. Msle, M. Schwarz, 2007, Springer, Green Building-Guidebook for Sustainable Arhitecture, Germany [3] A. Stang, C. Hawthom, 2010, Princeton Architectural Press, The Green Hous: New Directions in Sustainable Architecture, USA

[4] E. Neufert, P.Neufert, C. Neufert, 2004, Alutus, Manualul arhitectului, Romania [5] L. Huan, V. Laurence, T. Snyder, 2008, The Tauton Press, How to build a house, USA

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors wish to thank to Associate Prof.Phd.Eng. Nicolae CRAINIC, Prof.Phd.Eng. Daniel GRECEA, Associate Prof.Phd.Eng. Adrian CIUTIN, Associate Prof.Phd.Eng. Daniel DAN, Associate Prof.Phd.Eng. Dorin LELEA, Assistant Prof.Phd.Eng. Dinu GUBENCU for their advice and support at editing this paper. This paper was elaborated for the preparation of IP Erasmus ISTIAS 2013 Project (AUTARCHIC House) held in Valladolid, Spain.

[6] Learning About Renewable Energy | Using Renewable Energy, 2012. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.nrel.gov [Accessed 04 January 2013]. [7] Hot Water And Heating With The Cheapest Energy | Calculate The Demand, 2012. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.profi-solar.ro [Accessed 04 January 2013].

[8] ECO Systems | Solar Photovoltaic Panels, 2012. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.sistemeeco.ro [Accessed 06 January 2013]. [9] Green House | Photovoltaic Panels,2012. [ONLINE] Available at: http://forum.softpedia.com [Accessed 10 January 2013]. Sizing Solar Panels | Calculator., 2012. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.panosol.ro [Accessed 12 January 2013].

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NOMENCLATURE
[ds] - layer width [m] [R] heat transfer resistance [m2K/W] [Ri] heat transfer resistance for internal surfaces [m2K/W] [Re] heat transfer resistance for external surfaces [m2K/W] [U] thermical transmittance [W/m2K] [] thermical conductivity [W/mK]

[11] United States Environmental Protection Agency. 2012. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.epa.gov [12] Rain Water Harvesting. 2010. [ONLINE] Available at: http://technicalstudies.youngster.com

[13] Eartheasy. 2012. [ONLINE] Available at: http://eartheasy.com

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