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v03.1211
Typical Applications
The HMC704LP4E is ideal for:
Features
Wide band: DC - 8 GHz RF Input, 4 GHz 19-bit Prescaler Industry Leading Phase Noise & Spurious: -112 dBc/Hz @ 8 GHz Fractional, 50 kHz Offset Figure of Merit -230 dBc/Hz Fractional Mode -233 dBc/Hz Integer Mode 100 MHz PFD High PFD rate: 100 MHz 24 Lead 4x4 mm SMT Package: 16 mm2
PLLS - SMT
Functional Diagram
General Description
The HMC704LP4E has been designed for the best phase noise and lowest spurious content possible in an integrated PLL. Fabricated in a SiGe BiCMOS process, this Fractional-N PLL con sists of a very low noise digital phase detector, VCO divider, reference divider and a precision controlled charge pump. Ultra low in-close phase noise and low spurious allows wide loop bandwidths for faster frequency hopping and low micro-phonics. Exact frequency mode with 24-bit fractional mod ulator provides the ability to generate fractional frequencies with zero frequency error, an important feature for Digital Pre-Distortion systems. The serial interface offers read back capability and is compatible with a wide variety of protocols.
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For price, delivery, and to place orders: Hittite Microwave Corporation,20 Alpha Road, Chelmsford, MA 01824 Phone: 978-250-3343 Fax: 978-250-3373 Order On-line at www.hittite.com Application Support: Phone: 978-250-3343 or apps@hittite.com
HMC704LP4E
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DC DC
50 50
80 100
MHz MHz
Flicker Noise at foffset Phase Noise Floor at f vco with fpd Total Phase Noise vs foffset, f vco, fpd Jitter SPURIOUS Integer Boundary Spurs @~8GHz LOGIC INPUTS
PNflick = Flicker FOM +20log(f vco) -10log(foffset) PNfloor = Floor FOM + 10log(fpd) +20log(f vco/fpd) PN = 10log(10(PNflick /10) + 10(PNfloor /10) ) SSB 100Hz to 50kHz [4][5] offsets less than loop bandwidth, fpd = 50MHz -60 -52
dBc
For price, delivery, and to place orders: Hittite Microwave Corporation,20 Alpha Road, Chelmsford, MA 01824 Phone: 978-250-3343 Fax: 978-250-3373 Order On-line at www.hittite.com Application Support: Phone: 978-250-3343 or apps@hittite.com
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PLLS - SMT
DC
50
115
MHz
HMC704LP4E
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[1] Frequency is guaranteed across process, voltage and temperature from -400C to 850C. [2] With high charge-pump current, +12dBm 100MHz sine reference [3] Fractional FOM degrades about 3dB/octave for prescaler input frequencies below 2GHz [4] Using 50MHz reference with VCO tuned to within one loop bandwidth of an integer multiple of the PD frequency. Larger offsets produce better results. See the Spurious Performance section for more information. [5] Measured with the HMC704LP4E evaluation board. Board design and isolation will affect performance. [6] Internal divide-by-2 must be enabled for frequencies >4GHz [7] At low RF Frequency, Rise and fall times should be less than 1ns to maintain performance [8] Slew rate of greater or equal to 0.5ns/V [9] Current consumption depends upon operating mode and frequency of the VCO [10] Reference input disconnected [11] Min/Max versus temperature and supply, under typical reference & frequencies & RF power levels [12] Slew > 0.5V/ns is recommended , see Table 6 for more information [13] Operable with reduced spectral performance up to +7 dBm
PLLS - SMT
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For price, delivery, and to place orders: Hittite Microwave Corporation,20 Alpha Road, Chelmsford, MA 01824 Phone: 978-250-3343 Fax: 978-250-3373 Order On-line at www.hittite.com Application Support: Phone: 978-250-3343 or apps@hittite.com
HMC704LP4E
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-226
-263 -264
-228
-265
FLOOR FOM -230
-232
-234
int Frac Mode A Hik int Hik Frac Mode A
-236 -40
40 TEMPERATURE (C)
80
-20
20
40
60
80
TEMPERATURE (C)
Frac Mode A
Frac Mode B
-265
-225
-266 HiK Frac Mode B -267 HiK Frac Mode A Int -268
Int -230
2 FREQUENCY (GHz)
For price, delivery, and to place orders: Hittite Microwave Corporation,20 Alpha Road, Chelmsford, MA 01824 Phone: 978-250-3343 Fax: 978-250-3373 Order On-line at www.hittite.com Application Support: Phone: 978-250-3343 or apps@hittite.com
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PLLS - SMT
FLICKER FOM
HMC704LP4E
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-228
FLICKER FOM
FLOOR FOM
-268
-230
-269
-270
-232
int Frac Mode A Hik int Hik Frac Mode A
-271
-234 -1
10
11
12
-272 -4
-2
10
12
PLLS - SMT
FLICKER FOM
-255
FLICKER FOM
-260
-265
-268
-270 0 1 2 3 4 5
CP VOLTAGE (V)
FLICKER FOM
FLOOR FOM
0 1 2 3 4 5
-266
-222
-224
-268
-226
-228
-270
-230 0 1 2 3 4 5
CP VOLTAGE (V)
CP VOLTAGE (V)
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For price, delivery, and to place orders: Hittite Microwave Corporation,20 Alpha Road, Chelmsford, MA 01824 Phone: 978-250-3343 Fax: 978-250-3373 Order On-line at www.hittite.com Application Support: Phone: 978-250-3343 or apps@hittite.com
HMC704LP4E
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-210
FLOOR FOM
FLOOR FOM
0 1 2 3 4 5
-228
-215
-230
-220
-232
-225
-234
CP VOLTAGE (V)
-50 -55
-55 -60
10
100
1000
10
100
1000
-60 -65 -70 Mode A -75 HiK Mode A Mode A Mode B HiK Mode A HiK Mode B 4200 4250 4300 4350 4400 4450 4500
HiK Mode B
-60
-65
Mode A
-70
HiK Mode A
-80 -85 4150
-75 8450
8750
8850
8950
4550
4600
FREQUENCY (MHz)
FREQUENCY (MHz)
[1] CP Current = 2.5 mA, Loop Filter = 20 kHz, Phase Margin = 78 [2] Hi K, CP Current = 6 mA, Loop Filter BW = 45 kHz, Phase Margin = 78
For price, delivery, and to place orders: Hittite Microwave Corporation,20 Alpha Road, Chelmsford, MA 01824 Phone: 978-250-3343 Fax: 978-250-3373 Order On-line at www.hittite.com Application Support: Phone: 978-250-3343 or apps@hittite.com
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HMC704LP4E
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-100
-120
-140
-160
1000
10
10
10
10
10
OFFSET (Hz)
PLLS - SMT
Figure 19. Modelled vs. Measured Phase Noise, Fractional Mode [3]
-80
Figure 20. Floor FOM Near 8 GHz vs. RF Power and Mode
-227 -228
-100
-230 -231 -232 -233 HiK int HiK Mode A HiK Mode B -21 -18 -15 -12 -9 -6 -3 0 3
-140
-160
-180 100
1000
10
10
10
10
10
-234 -24
OFFSET (Hz)
RF POWER (dBm)
Figure 21. Flicker FOM Near 8 GHz vs. RF Power and Mode
-266
Figure 22. Integer Boundary Spurious at 8 GHz + 10 kHz vs. RF Power [3]
-50 -55
SPUR (dBc)
-267
-65
-267.5 HiK int HiK Mode A HiK Mode B -268 -24 -21 -18 -15 -12 -9 -6 -3 0 3
-70
-75 -15
-12
-9
-6 RF POWER (dBm)
-3
RF POWER (dBm)
[3] VCO Near 8.6 GHz, Prescalar = VCO/2 [4] Active Fractional A Mode (Prescalar @ 4 GHz + 5 kHz)
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For price, delivery, and to place orders: Hittite Microwave Corporation,20 Alpha Road, Chelmsford, MA 01824 Phone: 978-250-3343 Fax: 978-250-3373 Order On-line at www.hittite.com Application Support: Phone: 978-250-3343 or apps@hittite.com
HMC704LP4E
v03.1211
External bypass decoupling for precision bias circuits, 1.920V +/-20mV NOTE: BIAS ref voltage cannot drive an external load. Must be measured with 10GOhm meter such as Agilent 34410A, normal 10Mohm DVM will read erroneously. No Connect Power supply for analog bias generation, Nominal +3.3V Power supply for charge pump, Nominal +5V Charge pump output. Power Supply for charge pump digital section, Nominal +5V Ref path supply, Nominal +3.3V Reference input Auxiliary Serial Port Clock Output Auxiliary Serial Port Data Output Digital supply, Nominal +3.3V Hardware Chip Enable Main Serial port latch enable input
For price, delivery, and to place orders: Hittite Microwave Corporation,20 Alpha Road, Chelmsford, MA 01824 Phone: 978-250-3343 Fax: 978-250-3373 Order On-line at www.hittite.com Application Support: Phone: 978-250-3343 or apps@hittite.com
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HMC704LP4E
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PLLS - SMT
Maximum Junction Temperature Reflow Soldering Peak Temperature Time at Peak Temperature ESD Sensitivity HBM
Stresses above those listed under Absolute Maximum Ratings may cause permanent damage to the device. This is a stress rating only; functional operation of the device at these or any other conditions above those indicated in the operational section of this specification is not implied. Exposure to absolute maximum rating conditions for extended periods may affect device reliability.
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For price, delivery, and to place orders: Hittite Microwave Corporation,20 Alpha Road, Chelmsford, MA 01824 Phone: 978-250-3343 Fax: 978-250-3373 Order On-line at www.hittite.com Application Support: Phone: 978-250-3343 or apps@hittite.com
HMC704LP4E
v03.1211
Outline Drawing
NOTES: [1] PACKAGE BODY MATERIAL: LOW STRESS INJECTION MOLDED PLASTIC SILICA AND SILICON IMPREGNATED. [2] LEAD AND GROUND PADDLE MATERIAL: COPPER ALLOY. [3] LEAD AND GROUND PADDLE PLATING: 100% MATTE TIN. [4] DIMENSIONS ARE IN INCHES [MILLIMETERS]. [5] LEAD SPACING TOLERANCE IS NON-CUMULATIVE. [6] PAD BURR LENGTH SHALL BE 0.15mm MAX. PAD BURR HEIGHT SHALL BE 0.05mm MAX. [7] PACKAGE WARP SHALL NOT EXCEED 0.05MM [8] ALL GROUND LEADS AND GROUND PADDLE MUST BE SOLDERED TO PCB RF GROUND. [9] REFER TO HITTITE APPLICATION NOTE FOR SUGGESTED PCB LAND PATTERN.
[1] 4-Digit lot number XXXX [2] Max peak reflow temperature of 260C
For price, delivery, and to place orders: Hittite Microwave Corporation,20 Alpha Road, Chelmsford, MA 01824 Phone: 978-250-3343 Fax: 978-250-3373 Order On-line at www.hittite.com Application Support: Phone: 978-250-3343 or apps@hittite.com
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PLLS - SMT
HMC704LP4E
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Evaluation PCB
PLLS - SMT
The circuit board used in the application should use RF circuit design techniques. Signal lines should have 50 Ohms impedance while the package ground leads and exposed paddle should be connected directly to the ground plane similar to that shown. A sufficient number of via holes should be used to connect the top and bottom ground planes. The evaluation circuit board shown is available from Hittite upon request.
Evaluation Kit
129856-HMC704LP4E
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For price, delivery, and to place orders: Hittite Microwave Corporation,20 Alpha Road, Chelmsford, MA 01824 Phone: 978-250-3343 Fax: 978-250-3373 Order On-line at www.hittite.com Application Support: Phone: 978-250-3343 or apps@hittite.com
HMC704LP4E
v03.1211
For price, delivery, and to place orders: Hittite Microwave Corporation,20 Alpha Road, Chelmsford, MA 01824 Phone: 978-250-3343 Fax: 978-250-3373 Order On-line at www.hittite.com Application Support: Phone: 978-250-3343 or apps@hittite.com
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PLLS - SMT
HMC704LP4E
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Theory of Operation
The PLL consists of the following functional blocks: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Reference Path Input Buffer and R Divider VCO Path Input Buffer, RF Divide-by-2 and Multi-Modulus N Divider Fractional Modulator Phase Detector Charge Pump Main Serial Port Lock Detect and Register Control Auxiliary Output Serial Port
External VCO
PLLS - SMT
The PLL charge pump can operate with the charge pump supply as high as 5.2 Volts. The charge pump output at the varactor tuning port, normally can maintain low noise performance to within 500mV of ground or 800mV of the upper supply voltage.
The contributions of the PLL to the output phase noise can be characterized in terms of a Figure of Merit (FOM) for both the PLL noise floor and the PLL flicker (1/f) noise regions, as follows:
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HMC704LP4E
v03.1211
where:
p 2
Phase Noise Contribution of the PLL (rads2/Hz) Frequency of the VCO (Hz) Frequency of the Phase Detector (Hz) Frequency offset from the carrier (Hz) Figure of Merit (FOM) for the phase noise floor Figure of Merit (FOM) for the flicker noise region
(EQ 1)
PLL Noise Floor Closed Loop Bandwidth LOG OFFSET FREQUENCY (fm)
Figure 24. Figures of Merit Noise Models for the PLL If the free running phase noise of the VCO is known, it may also be represented by a figure of merit for both 1/f2 , Fv2, and the 1/f3, Fv3, regions.
2 2 F F 3 f0 2 f0 f f , = + ( 0 m) 2 3 fm fm
(EQ 2)
The Figures of Merit are essentially normalized noise parameters for both the PLL and VCO that can allow quick estimates of the performance levels of the PLL at the required VCO, offset and phase detector fre quency. Normally, the PLL IC noise dominates inside the closed loop bandwidth of the PLL, and the VCO dominates outside the loop bandwidth at offsets far from the carrier. Hence a quick estimate of the closed loop performance of the PLL can be made by setting the loop bandwidth equal to the frequency where the PLL and free running phase noise are equal. The Figure of Merit is also useful in estimating the noise parameters to be entered into a closed loop design tool such as Hittite PLL Design, which can give a much more accurate estimate of the closed loop phase noise and PLL loop filter component values. Given an optimum loop design, the approximate closed loop performance is simply given by the minimum of the PLL and VCO noise contributions.
For price, delivery, and to place orders: Hittite Microwave Corporation,20 Alpha Road, Chelmsford, MA 01824 Phone: 978-250-3343 Fax: 978-250-3373 Order On-line at www.hittite.com Application Support: Phone: 978-250-3343 or apps@hittite.com
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PLLS - SMT
HMC704LP4E
v03.1211
PLL-VCO Noise
2 2 = min 2 p ,
(EQ 3)
An example of the use of the FOM values to make a quick estimate of PLL performance: Estimate the phase noise of an 8GHz closed loop PLL with a 100MHz reference operating in Fractional Mode B with the VCO operating at 8GHz and the VCO divide by 2 port driving the PLL at 4GHz. Assume an HMC509 VCO has free running phase noise in the 1/f2 region at 1MHz offset of -135dBc/Hz and phase noise in the 1/f3 region at 1kHz offset of -60dBc/Hz. Fv1_dB = Fv3_dB = -135 Free Running VCO PN at 1MHz offset +20*log10(1e6) PNoise normalized to 1Hz offset -20*log10(8e9) Pnoise normalized to 1Hz carrier = -213.1 dBc/Hz at 1Hz VCO FOM -60 Free Running VCO PN at 1kHz offset +30*log10(1e3) PNoise normalized to 1Hz offset -20*log10(8e9) Pnoise normalized to 1Hz carrier = -168 dBc/Hz at 1Hz VCO Flicker FOM
PLLS - SMT
We can see from Figure 3 and Figure 4 respectively that the PLL FOM floor and FOM flicker parameters in fractional Mode A: Fpo_dB = -227 dBc/Hz at 1Hz Fp1_dB = -266 dBc/Hz at 1Hz Each of the Figure of Merit equations result in straight lines on a log-frequency plot. We can see in the example below the resulting PLL floor at 8GHz = Fpo_dB +20log10(fvco) -10log10(fpd) = -227+198 -80 = -109 dBc/Hz PLL Flicker at 1kHz = Fp1_dB+20log10(fvco)-10log10(fm) = -266 +198-30 = -98 dBc/Hz VCO at 1MHz = Fv1_dB+20log10(fvco)-20log10(fm)= -213 +198-120 = -135dBc/Hz VCO flicker at 1kHz = Fv3_dB+20log10(fvco)-30log10(fm)= -168 +198-90 = -60dBc/Hz These four values help to visualize the main contributors to phase noise in the closed loop PLL. Each falls on a linear line on the log-frequency phase noise plot shown in Figure 25.
-20 -40 PHASE NOISE (dBc/Hz) -60 -80 -100 -120 PLL at 1 kHz -140 -160 -180 100 VCO at 1 MHz PLL Floor
VCO at 1 kHz
1000
10
10
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HMC704LP4E
v03.1211
It should be noted that actual phase noise near the corner frequency of the loop bandwidth is affected by loop parameters and one should use a more complete design tool such as Hittite PLL Design for better esti mates of the phase noise performance. Noise models for each of the components in Hittite PLL Design can be derived from the FOM equations or can be provided by Hittite applications engineering.
Reference spurious levels of below -100dBc require superb board isolation of power supplies, isolation of the VCO from the digital switching of the PLL and isolation of the VCO load from the PLL. Typical board layout, regulator design, demo boards and application information are available for very low spurious operation. Operation with lower levels of isolation in the application circuit board, from those rec ommended by Hittite, can result in higher spurious levels. Of course, if the application environment contains other interfering frequencies unrelated to the PD fre quency, and if the application isolation from the board layout and regulation are insufficient, then the unwanted interfering frequencies will mix with the desired PLL output and cause additional spurs. The level of these spurs is dependant upon isolation and supply regulation or rejection (PSRR).
Fractional Operation
Unlike an integer PLL, spurious signals in a fractional PLL can occur due to the fact that the VCO operates at frequencies unrelated to the PD frequency. Hence intermodulation of the VCO and the PD harmonics can cause spurious sidebands. Spurious emissions are largest when the VCO operates very close to an integer multiple of the PD. When the VCO operates exactly at a harmonic of the PD then, no in-close mixing products are present. Interference is always present at multiples of the PD frequency, fpd, and the VCO frequency, fvco. If the fractional mode of operation is used, the difference, , between the VCO frequency and the nearest har monic of the reference, will create what are referred to as integer boundary spurs. Depending upon the mode of operation of the PLL, higher order, lower power spurs may also occur at multiples of integer fractions (sub-harmonics) of the PD frequency. That is, fractional VCO frequencies which are near nfpd + fpdd/m, where n, d and m are all integers and d<m (mathematicians refer to d/m as a rational num ber). We will refer to fpdd/m as an integer fraction. The denominator, m, is the order of the spurious product. Higher values of m produce smaller amplitude spurious at offsets of m and usually when m>4 spurs are very small or unmeasurable. The worst case, in fractional mode, is when d=0, and the VCO frequency is offset from nfpd by less than the loop bandwidth. This is the in-band fractional boundary case.
For price, delivery, and to place orders: Hittite Microwave Corporation,20 Alpha Road, Chelmsford, MA 01824 Phone: 978-250-3343 Fax: 978-250-3373 Order On-line at www.hittite.com Application Support: Phone: 978-250-3343 or apps@hittite.com
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PLLS - SMT
The HMC704LP4E has been designed and tested for ultra-low spurious performance. Reference spuri ous levels are typically below -100dBc with a well designed board layout. A regulator with low noise and high power supply rejection, such as the HMC860LP3E, is recommended to minimize external spurious sources.
HMC704LP4E
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Integer Boundary
fVCO
Integer Boundary
nfpd
Integer Boundary
fVCO
Integer Boundary
2
(n+1/2)fpd
PLLS - SMT
nfpd
(n+1)fpd
Figure 26. Fractional Spurious Example Characterization of the levels and orders of these products is not unlike a mixer spur chart. Exact levels of the products are dependent upon isolation of the various PLL parts. Hittite can offer guidance about expected levels of spurious with our PLL and VCO application boards. Regulators with high power supply rejection ratios (PSRR) are recommended, especially in noisy applications. When operating in fractional mode, charge pump and phase detector linearity is of paramount importance. Any nonlinearity degrades phase noise and spurious performance. Phase detector linearity degrades when the phase error is very small and is operating back and forth between reference lead and VCO lead. To mitigate these non-linearities in fractional mode it is critical to operate the phase detector with some finite phase offset such that either the reference or VCO always leads. To provide a finite phase error, extra current sources can be enabled which provide a constant DC current path to VDD (VCO leads always) or ground (reference leads always). These current sources are called charge pump offset and they are controlled via Reg 09h. The time offset at the phase detector should be ~2.5ns + 4Tps, where Tps is the RF period at the fractional prescaler input in nanoseconds (ie. after the optional fixed divide by 2). The specific level of charge pump offset current is determined by this time offset, the comparison frequency and the charge pump current and can be calculated from:
Required CP Offset (A) = 2.5 10 9 + 4TPS (sec) ( Fcomparison ) (Hz ) ICP (A)
(EQ 4)
Operation with charge pump offset influences the required configuration of the Lock Detect function. Refer to the description of PD Window Based Lock Detect later in this document. Note that this calculation can be performed for the center frequency of the VCO, and does not need refinement for small differences (<25%) in center frequencies. Another factor in the spectral performance in Fractional Mode is the choice of the Delta-Sigma Modulator mode. Mode A can offer better in-band spectral performance (inside the loop bandwidth) while Mode B offers better out of band performance. See Reg 06h[3:2] for DSM mode selection. Finally, all fractional PLLs cre ate fractional spurs at some level. Hittite offers the lowest level fractional spurious in the indus try in an integrated solution.
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HMC704LP4E
v03.1211
Figure 27. Reference Path Input Stage The reference buffer provides the path from an external reference source (generally crystal based) to the R divider, and eventually to the phase detector. The buffer has two modes of operation. High Gain (recommended below 200MHz), and High frequency, for 200 to 350MHz operation. The buffer is internally DC biased, with 100 Ohm internal termination. For 50 Ohm match, an external 100 Ohm resistance to ground should be added, followed by an AC coupling capacitance (impedance < 1 Ohm), then to the XREFP pin of the part. At low frequencies, a relatively square reference is recommended to keep the input slew rate high. At higher frequencies, a square or sinusoid can be used. The following table shows the recommended operating regions for different reference frequencies. If operating outside these regions the part will normally still operate, but with degraded performance. Minimum pulse width at the reference buffer input is 2.5ns. For best spur performance when R = 1, the pulse width should be (2.5ns + 8Tps), where Tps is the period of the VCO at the prescaler input. When R > 1 minimum pulse width is 2.5ns.
Note: For greater than 200MHz operation, use buffer in High Frequency Mode. Reg[8] bit 21 = 1
Input referred phase noise of the PLL when operating at 50MHz is between -150 and -156dBc/Hz at 10kHz offset depending upon the mode of operation. The input reference signal should be 10dB better than this floor to avoid deg radation of the PLL noise contribution. It should be noted that such low levels are only necessary if the PLL is the dominant noise contributor and these levels are required for the system goals.
For price, delivery, and to place orders: Hittite Microwave Corporation,20 Alpha Road, Chelmsford, MA 01824 Phone: 978-250-3343 Fax: 978-250-3373 Order On-line at www.hittite.com Application Support: Phone: 978-250-3343 or apps@hittite.com
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RF Path
The RF path is shown in Figure 28. This path features a low noise 8GHz RF input buffer followed by an 8GHz RF divideby-2 with a selectable bypass. If the VCO input is below 4GHz the RF divide-by-2 should be by-passed for reduced power consumption and improved performance in fractional mode. The RF divide-by-2 is followed by the N divider, a 19 bit divider that can operate in either integer or fractional mode with up to 4GHz inputs. Finally the N divider is followed by the Phase Detector (PD), which has two inputs, the RF path from the VCO (V) and the reference path (R) from the crystal. The PD can operate at speeds up to 80MHz in fractional Mode A, 100MHz in fractional Mode B and 115MHz in integer mode.
RF Buffer 8GHz RF Divide by 2 N Divider Phase Detector Charge Pump 80MHz/100MHz Fractional VPPCP 8GHz 4GHz 115MHz Integer /2 or CP UP 19 Bit /N V Bypass CP PD
SEL CONTROL Ref Path R DN
PLLS - SMT
VCOIN VCOIP
RF Input Stage
The RF input stage provides the path from the external VCO to the phase detector via the RF or N divider. The RF input path is rated to operate up to 8GHz across all conditions. The RF input stage is a differential common emitter stage with internal DC bias, and is protected by ESD diodes as shown in Figure 29. This input is not matched to 50 Ohms. A 50 Ohm resistor placed across the inputs can be used if desired. In most applications the input is used single-ended into either the VCOIP or VCOIN pin with the other input connected to ground through a DC blocking capacitor. The preferred input level for best spectral performance is -10dBm nominally.
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HMC704LP4E
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RF Path N Divider
The main RF path N divider is capable of divide ratios anywhere between 219-1 (524,287) and 16 . This divider for example could divide a 4GHz input to a PD frequency anywhere between its maximum output limit of 115MHz to as low as 7.6kHz. The N divider output may be viewed in test mode on LD_SDO by set ting Reg 0Fh[4:0] = 10d. When operating in fractional mode the N divider can change by up to +/-4 from the average value. Hence the selected divide ratio in fractional mode is restricted to values between 219-5 (524,283) and 20. If the VCO input is above 4GHz then the 8GHz fixed RF divide-by-2 should be used, Reg 08h[19] = 1. In this case the total division range is restricted to even numbers over the range 2*(219-5) (1,048,566) to 40.
PLL Jitter
The standard deviation of the arrival time of the VCO signal, or the jitter, may be estimated with a simple approximation if we assume that the locked VCO has a constant phase noise, 2 ( f0 ) , at offsets less than the loop 3dB bandwidth and a 20dB per decade roll off at greater offsets. The simple locked VCO phase noise approximation is shown on the left of Figure 30.
For price, delivery, and to place orders: Hittite Microwave Corporation,20 Alpha Road, Chelmsford, MA 01824 Phone: 978-250-3343 Fax: 978-250-3373 Order On-line at www.hittite.com Application Support: Phone: 978-250-3343 or apps@hittite.com
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PLLS - SMT
The PD compares the phase of the RF path signal with that of the reference path signal and controls the charge pump output current as a linear function of the phase difference between the two signals. The out put current varies in a linear fashion over nearly 2 radians (360) of input phase difference.
HMC704LP4E
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( f)
r 2 Hz
( f o)
rms (t)
fo
Figure 30. Synthesizer Phase Noise and Jitter With this simplification the total integrated VCO phase noise,
2 , in rads2 is given by
2 = 2 ( f0 ) B
(EQ 5)
PLLS - SMT
where 2 ( f0 ) is the single sideband phase noise in rads2/Hz inside the loop bandwidth, and B is the 3dB corner frequency of the closed loop PLL The integrated phase noise at the phase detector,
2 pd
2 pd
2 =2 N
The rms phase jitter of the VCO ( v ) in rads, is just the square root of the phase noise integral. Since the simple integral of (EQ 5) is just a product of constants, we can easily do the integral in the log domain. For example if the phase noise inside the loop is -110dBc/Hz at 10kHz offset and the loop band width is 100kHz, and the division ratio is 100, then the integrated phase noise at the phase detector, in dB, is given by;
2 = 10log 2 ( f0 ) N 2 = -110 + 5 +50 - 40 = -95 dBrads , or equivalently =10 pd dB
rms.
95
20
= 18urads = 1 milli-degrees
While the phase noise reduces by a factor of 20logN after division to the reference, due to the increased period of the PD reference signal, the jitter is constant.
= Tpd pd 2 The rms jitter from the phase noise is then given by Tjpn
In this example if the PD reference was 50MHz, Tpd = 20nsec, and hence Tjpn = 56 femto-sec.
5 - 21
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HMC704LP4E
v03.1211
Declaration of Lock
Reg 07h[2:0] defines the number of consecutive counts of the divided VCO that must land inside the lock detect window to declare lock. If for example we set Reg 07h[2:0] =5 then the VCO arrival would have to occur inside the widow 2048 times in a row to be declared locked, which would result in a Lock Detect Flag high. A single occurrence outside of the window will result in an out of lock, i.e. Lock Detect Flag low. Once low, the Lock Detect Flag will stay low until the lkd_wincnt_max = 2048 condition is met again. The Lock Detect Flag status is always readable in Reg 12h[1]. Lock Detect status is also output to the LD_SDO pin if Reg 0Fh[4:0]=1, Reg 0Fh[6]=1 and Reg 0Fh[7]=1. ClearingReg 0Fh[6]=0 will display the Lock Detect Flag on LD_SDO except when a serial port read is requested, in which case the pin reverts temporarily to the Serial Data Out pin and returns to the Lock Detect Flag after the read is completed. Timing of the Lock Detect function is shown in Figure 31 and Figure 32.
Twindow = 10nsec LOCK DETECT WINDOW 50MHz PD VCO with Jitter PHASE JITTER AVG PHASE OFFSET ~ 0 INTEGER MODE LOCK WINDOW
Figure 31. Normal Lock Detect Window - Integer Mode, Zero Offset
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PLLS - SMT
HMC704LP4E
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REFERENCE SIGNAL VCO AT PD with FRAC Jitter REF PHASE ARRIVAL REF PHASE ARRIVAL VCO ARRIVAL DISTRIBUTION AT PD AVG VCO PHASE OFFSET FRACTIONAL MODE AVG VCO PHASE OFFSET FRACTIONAL MODE PHASE JITTER AT PD
PLLS - SMT
Figure 32. Lock Detect Window - Fractional Mode with Offset In integer mode, 0 offset is recommended. In fractional mode, the time offset should be set to ~ 2.5ns + 4Tps, where Tps is the RF period at the fractional prescaler input (i.e. after the optional fixed divide by 2). Refer to the Fractional Operation section for further details about calculating charge pump offset currents
As an example if we operate in fractional mode, with a 50MHz PD, a 2700 MHz VCO and a Charge pump gain of 2mA (Reg 09h), based on the previous example, we should set the DC phase offset near 2.5ns+4x370ps =4ns, or 20% of the 20ns reference period. It becomes a larger proportion with increasing fpd. The offset current is therefore 20% x 2mA=400uA. The polarity of the offset should be chosen so that the VCO lags the reference for the most consistent results. For non-inverting /inverting loop filter configurations, we recommend down/up offsets, respectively. For price, delivery, and to place orders: Hittite Microwave Corporation,20 Alpha Road, Chelmsford, MA 01824 Phone: 978-250-3343 Fax: 978-250-3373 Order On-line at www.hittite.com Application Support: Phone: 978-250-3343 or apps@hittite.com
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Given a DC phase offset as described in the above example, when in lock, the divided VCO will arrive at the PD about 4nsec after the divided Reference. The Lock Detect Window always starts on the arrival of the first signal at the PD, in this case the Reference. The Lock Detect win dow must be longer than 4ns+4Tps and shorter than the period of the PD, in this example, 20nsec. A comfortable solution of 8.9ns with timer speed set at Reg 07h[11:10]=1 and Timer divider Reg 07h[9:7]=1 works well for the example PD frequency and charge pump offset setting. Tolerance on the window is +25% at +85C, -25% at -40C. Here 8.9ns nominal window may extend by +25% at +85C to 11.1ns, which is fine for a PD period of 20ns. Also the minimum window may shrink by 25% to 6.7ns at -40C, which again works well for the DC offset of 4.0ns (worst case instantaneous phase offset of 5.5ns).
There is always a good solution for the lock detect window for a given operating point. The user should understand however that one solution does not fit all operating points. If charge pump offset or PD fre quency are changed significantly then the lock detect window may need to be adjusted.
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PLLS - SMT
-Window Margin
HMC704LP4E
v03.1211
PD Polarity
Reg 0Bh[4]=0 sets the phase detector polarity for use with a passive loop filter together with a VCO with a positive tuning slope (increasing tuning voltage increases VCO frequency). Reg 0Bh[4]=1 inverts the phase detector polarity. This is most often used if an inverting op-amp is used in an active loop filter together with a VCO with a positive tuning slope.
PLLS - SMT
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HMC704LP4E
v03.1211
UP Pump Gain
UP Loop Filter
DN
DN Pump Gain
Frequency Tuning
The HMC704LP4E Fractional-N PLL can operate in either integer mode, or 3 different fractional modes. Integer Mode: Delta Sigma modulator is disabled., Reg 06h[11]=0, Reg 06h[7]=1
Fractional Modes: delta sigma modulator is enabled., Reg 06h11]=1, Reg 06h[7]=0 Mode A: provides better phase noise performance inside the loop bandwidth, worse outside; Mode B : higher phase noise inside the loop bandwidth, better outside; Exact Frequency Mode: Must be in Mode B. Provides zero frequency error; Frequency programming and mode control is described below.
Frequency of VCO
where Nint Nfrac d R fxtal fPD
(EQ 6)
integer division ratio, Reg 03h, Integer Mode : an integer number between 16 and 219-1 Fractional Mode : an integer number between 20 and 219-5 fractional part, a number from 0 to 224-1, Reg 04h Divide by 2 for operation > 4GHz, Reg 08h[19] = 1, < 4GHz = 0 Reference path division ratio, a number from 1 to 214 , Reg 02h Frequency of the reference oscillator input PD operating frequency, fxtal /R
As an example for fractional operation at 2.3GHz + 2.98Hz: fxtal = 50MHz R =1 fref = 50MHz
Nint= 46 Nfrac = 1 d= 0
(EQ 7)
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PLLS - SMT
HMC704LP4E
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In this example the output frequency of 2,300,000,002.98Hz is achieved by programming the 16 bit binary value of 46d = 002Eh = 0000 0000 0010 1110 into dsm_intg. Similarly the 24 bit binary value of the fractional word is written into dsm_frac, 1d = 000 001h = 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0001
Example 2: Set the output to 7.650 025 GHz using a 100MHz reference, R=2.
Here, output is greater than 4GHz, so we enable the internal divide by 2, d = 1. Find the nearest integer value Nint. Nint = 76, 2fint = 7.600 000GHz This leaves the fractional part to be 2ffrac =50.025MHz
= Nfrac
(EQ 8)
PLLS - SMT
Since Nfrac must be an integer number, we round it to 8,392,802, and the actual VCO frequency will be 7,650,024,998.19 Hz, an error of -1.81Hz or about 2 parts in 2-10. Here we program the 16 bit Nint = Reg 04h= 76d = 4Ch = 0000 0000 0100 1100 and the 24 bit Nfrac = 8,392,802d = 801062h = 1000 0000 0001 0000 0110 0010 In addition to the above frequency programming words, the fractional mode must be enabled using the frac register. Other DSM configuration registers should be set to the recommended values supplied with the product evaluation board or available from applications support.
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HMC704LP4E
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Proceed as follows: a. Calculate the GCD of the PD Rate, fpd , and the step size, fstep, GCD( 61.44MHz, 100kHz) = fgcd = 20kHz (same value for all channels) b. Set the Exact Frequency Register value, Reg 0Ch = fpd /fgcd = 61.44MHz/20kHz = 3072d = C00h (same value is used for all channels) c. Calculate the integer register setting for the channel, Reg 03h =Nint = fvco/fpd = floor (2000.2MHz/61.44MHz) = 32d =20h (Note: floor = round down to nearest integer). d. Calculate the equivalent integer boundary frequency, fint = Nint*fpd = 1966.080MHz. e. Calculate the fractional register setting for the channel, Reg 04h = Nfrac = 224(fvco -fint)/fpd = ceiling(224*(2000.2-1966.08)/61.44) = 9317035d=8E2AABh. It is important that this parameter be rounded up (hence the ceiling function). The fractional value is programmed for each new channel. The integer value is only programmed initially and then only if the output crosses an integer boundary.
Power on Reset
The HMC704LP4E features a hardware Power on Reset (POR) on the digital supply DVDD. All chip reg isters will be reset to default states approximately 250us after power up of DVDD. Once the supply is fully up, if the power supply then drops below 0.5V the digital portion will reset.
Chip Identification
Version information may be read from the PLL by reading the content of chip_ID in Reg 00h.
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PLLS - SMT
HMC704LP4E
v03.1211
PLLS - SMT
Optionally an external op-amp may be used to support VCOs requiring higher voltage tuning ranges. Hittites HITT-PLL design software is available to design active loop filters with external op-amps. Various filter con figurations are supported.
Figure 35. Synthesizer with Active Loop Filter and Conventional External VCO
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HMC704LP4E
v03.1211
Register 0 Modes
Register 0 has a dedicated function in each mode. Open Mode allows wider compatibility with other manu facturers SPI protocols.
WRITE
A decision to select the desired Serial Port mode (protocol) is made on the first occurrence of SEN or SCLK , after which the Serial Port mode is fixed and only changeable by a power down. a. If a rising edge on SEN is detected first HMC Mode is selected. b. If a rising edge on SCLK is detected first Open mode is selected.
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PLLS - SMT
On power up, both types of modes are active and listening. All digital IO must be low at power-up.
HMC704LP4E
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HMC RF PLLs with integrated VCOs also support HMC Open Mode. HMC700, HMC701, HMC702 and some generations of microwave PLLs with integrated VCOs do not support Open Mode. Typical HMC Open Mode serial port operation can be run with SCLK at speeds up to 50MHz.
PLLS - SMT
t2 t3 t4
A typical HMC Mode WRITE cycle is shown in Figure 36. a. The Master (host) both asserts SEN (Serial Port Enable) and clears SDI to indicate a WRITE cycle, followed by a rising edge of SCLK. b. The slave (PLL) reads SDI on the 1st rising edge of SCLK after SEN. SDI low indi cates a Write cycle (/WR). c. Host places the six address bits on the next six falling edges of SCLK, MSB first. d. Slave registers the address bits in the next six rising edges of SCLK (2-7). e. Host places the 24 data bits on the next 24 falling edges of SCK, MSB first. f. Slave registers the data bits on the next 24 rising edges of SCK (8-31). g. SEN is cleared on the 32nd falling edge of SCLK. h. The 32nd falling edge of SCLK completes the cycle.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 29 30 31 32 33
SCLK
t2
SDI x /WR a4 a3
t3
a2 a1 ao d23 d22 d3 d2 d1 d0 x
t1
SEN
t4
Figure 36. Serial Port Timing Diagram - HMC Mode WRITE For price, delivery, and to place orders: Hittite Microwave Corporation,20 Alpha Road, Chelmsford, MA 01824 Phone: 978-250-3343 Fax: 978-250-3373 Order On-line at www.hittite.com Application Support: Phone: 978-250-3343 or apps@hittite.com
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HMC704LP4E
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28
29
30
31
32
SCLK
t3
SDI x RD a5 a4
t2
a3 a2 a1 ao x
t1
SEN
t5
LD_SDO
t4
d1 d0 LD
LD (Lock Detect)
d23
d22
d3
d2
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PLLS - SMT
HMC704LP4E
v03.1211
A typical WRITE cycle is shown in Figure 38. a. The Master (host) places 24 bit data, d23:d0, MSB first, on SDI on the first 24 falling edges of SCLK. b. the slave (PLL) shifts in data on SDI on the first 24 rising edges of SCLK c. Master places 5 bit register address to be written to, r4:r0, MSB first, on the next 5 falling edges of SCLK (25-29) d. Slave shifts the register bits on the next 5 rising edges of SCLK (25-29). e. Master places 3 bit chip address, a2:a0, MSB first, on the next 3 falling edges of SCLK (30-32). Hittite reserves chip address a2:a0 = 000 for all RF PLL-VCOs. f. Slave shifts the chip address bits on the next 3 rising edges of SCLK (30-32). g. Master asserts SEN after the 32nd rising edge of SCLK. h. Slave registers the SDI data on the rising edge of SEN. i. Master clears SEN to complete the WRITE cycle.
PLLS - SMT
t1
2 3 22
t2
23 24 25 26 31 32
t5
SCLK
SDI
d22
d2
d1
d0
r4
r3
r0
a2
a1
a0
SEN
t4 t3
Figure 38. Open Mode - Serial Port Timing Diagram - WRITE
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HMC704LP4E
v03.1211
For price, delivery, and to place orders: Hittite Microwave Corporation,20 Alpha Road, Chelmsford, MA 01824 Phone: 978-250-3343 Fax: 978-250-3373 Order On-line at www.hittite.com Application Support: Phone: 978-250-3343 or apps@hittite.com
5 - 34
PLLS - SMT
HMC704LP4E
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t1
2 19
t2
20 21 24
FIRST CYCLE
25 26 29 30 31 32
SCLK
SDI
d5
d4
d0
r4
r0
a2
a1
a0
t5
LD_SDO LD x x
READ Address
LD
PLLS - SMT
SEN
t6
t4
SECOND CYCLE
2 19 20 21 24 25 26 30 31 32
SCLK
SDI
d23
d5
d4
d0
r4
r0
a2
a1
a0
LD_SDO
LD
d31
d30
d10
d9
d8
d7
d6
d3
d2
d1
d0
LD**
SEN
t3
**Note: Read-back on LD_SDO can function without SEN, however SEN rising edge is required to return the LD_SDO to the LD state
Figure 39. Open Mode - Serial Port Timing Diagram - READ Operation 2-Cycles
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HMC704LP4E
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Table 13. Reg 00h Open Mode and HMC Mode Reset Strobe Register (Write Only)
BIT [5] TYPE WO NAME rst_swrst W 1 DEFLT DESCRIPTION Strobe (WRITE ONLY) generates soft reset. Resets all digital and registers to default states
Table 13. Reg 00h Open Mode Read Address Register (Write Only) (Continued)
BIT [4:0] TYPE WO NAME Open Mode Read Address W 5 DEFLT DESCRIPTION Specifies address to read when in Open Mode 2 cycle read
[0]
R/W
chipen_pin_select
[1]
R/W
chipen_from_spi
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
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PLLS - SMT
(Continued)
HMC704LP4E
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[13:0]
R/W
rdiv
14
[18:0]
R/W
intg
19
200d C8h
PLLS - SMT
[23:0]
R/W
frac
24
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HMC704LP4E
v03.1211
[1:0]
R/W
seed select
[3:2]
R/W
Modulator order
[6:4]
R/W
Reserved
7 0: Use Modulator, Required for Fractional Mode, 1: Bypass Modulator, Required for Integer Mode Note: In bypass fractional modulator output is ignored, but fractional modulator continues to be clocked if frac_rstb =1, Can be used to test the isolation of the digital fractional mod ulator from the VCO output in integer mode 1: loads the modulator seed (start phase) whenever the frac register is written 0: when frac register write changes frequency, modulator starts with previous contents selects the modulator core clock source- for Test Only 1: VCO divider clock 0: Ref divider clock Ignored if bits [10] or [21] are set 0 - Modulator auxclk, 1- Modulator VCO Clock delay 0: disable Modulator, use for Integer Mode or Integer Mode with CSP 1: Enable Modulator Core, required for Fractional Mode, or Integer isolation testing
[7]
R/W
frac_bypass
[8]
R/W
autoseed
[9]
R/W
clkrq_refdiv_sel
[10]
R/W
[11]
R/W
frac_rstb
1 1 2 2 1
0 0 0 0 0 Reserved Program to 3 decimal 11 binary Enable Built in Self Test 0:1023 1:2047 2:3071 3:4095 Reserved Reserved
[20:19]
R/W
[21] [22]
R/W R/W
Reserved Reserved
1 1
0 0
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PLLS - SMT
HMC704LP4E
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[2:0]
R/W
lkd_wincnt_max
1 2 1
1 0 0
PLLS - SMT
[9:7]
R/W
LD Digital Timer Freq Con trol LD Timer Test Mode Auto Relock - One Try
2 1 1
0 0 0
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HMC704LP4E
v03.1211
For price, delivery, and to place orders: Hittite Microwave Corporation,20 Alpha Road, Chelmsford, MA 01824 Phone: 978-250-3343 Fax: 978-250-3373 Order On-line at www.hittite.com Application Support: Phone: 978-250-3343 or apps@hittite.com
5 - 40
PLLS - SMT
HMC704LP4E
v03.1211
[6:0]
R/W
CP DN Gain
10d
[13:7]
R/W
CP UP Gain
10d
PLLS - SMT
[20:14]
R/W
Offset Current
1 1 1
0 1 0
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HMC704LP4E
v03.1211
[4]
R/W
pd_Invert
[5] [6]
R/W R/W
pd_up_en pd_dn_en
1 1
1 1
[8:7]
R/W
CSP Mode
1 1 1
0 0 0
[14:12]
R/W
PS Bias
[16:15]
R/W
[18:17]
R/W
1 2 2
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PLLS - SMT
HMC704LP4E
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[13:0]
R/W
14
PLLS - SMT
[4:0]
R/W
gpo_select
GPO Test Data Prevent Automux SDO Prevent Driver Disable Disable PFET Disable NFET
1 1 1 1 1
0 0 0 0 0
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HMC704LP4E
v03.1211
For price, delivery, and to place orders: Hittite Microwave Corporation,20 Alpha Road, Chelmsford, MA 01824 Phone: 978-250-3343 Fax: 978-250-3373 Order On-line at www.hittite.com Application Support: Phone: 978-250-3343 or apps@hittite.com
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PLLS - SMT